Animation Sequence of Comet Wild2 Once More Demonstrates Shape Peculiarities of Small Celestial Bodies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kochemasov, G. G.

The outstanding success of the Stardust mission having acquired in January 2004 images of Comet Wild2 allows us to compare them with images of some other small objects: satellites, asteroids, comets and confirm the earlier conclusion about prevailing shaping forces [1, 2]. The excellent images of the Comet Wild2 core (the best up to date among comets, Internet) show that it is not ``a ball of dirty ice and rock'' but rather a convexo-concave object resembling other small bodies. They all, independently of their nature, sizes, compositions, demonstrate oblong ``banana''-type style. This is a result of pressing in one side and bulging out another antipodean one (the fundamental wave action). Comet Wild2 (5.4 km long core) in this sense can be perfectly compared with asteroid Mathilde (60 km) and satellite Thebe (˜ 116 km). All three have deeply concave hemisphere opposed by clearly convex one. Bulging out friable material often induces deep fracturing of convex hemispheres. This is well visible in comet Borrelli (8 km long core) and especially pronounced in asteroids Eros (33 km) and Annefrank (`˜ 6 km). Deep ``saddle'' at the convex side of both makes their images rather similar. Another characteristic of small oblong bodies is a principal shape difference of two elongated ends: one is blunt, another sharp. Principally, it is the same process which makes the ``banana''-shape (wave1) but of a smaller scale (wave2). The blunt end is made by pressing in, the sharp end by bulging out. Obviously, an impact sculpturing cannot give similar complex forms in so different bodies. The main principal shaping is done by standing inertia-gravity waves arising in celestial bodies in response to their movement in elliptical orbits with periodically changing accelerations. The fundamental wave1 makes convexo-concave shape, the first overtone wave2 sharp-blunt ends. Larger celestial bodies: satellites, planets, stars react to these waves by universal tectonic dichotomy and

Many-body perturbation theory for understanding optical excitations in organic molecules and solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharifzadeh, Sahar

2018-04-01

Semiconductors composed of organic molecules are promising as components for flexible and inexpensive optoelectronic devices, with many recent studies aimed at understanding their electronic and optical properties. In particular, computational modeling of these complex materials has provided new understanding of the underlying properties which give rise to their excited-state phenomena. This article provides an overview of recent many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) studies of optical excitations within organic molecules and solids. We discuss the accuracy of MBPT within the GW/BSE approach in predicting excitation energies and absorption spectra, and assess the impact of two commonly used approximations, the DFT starting point and the Tamm–Dancoff approximation. Moreover, we summarize studies that elucidate the role of solid-state structure on the nature of excitons in organic crystals. These studies show that a rich physical understanding of organic materials can be obtained from GW/BSE.

The Impact of Timing of Introduction of Solids on Infant Body Mass Index.

PubMed

Sun, Cong; Foskey, Rebecca J; Allen, Katrina J; Dharmage, Shyamali C; Koplin, Jennifer J; Ponsonby, Anne-Louise; Lowe, Adrian J; Matheson, Melanie C; Tang, Mimi L K; Gurrin, Lyle; Wake, Melissa; Sabin, Matthew

2016-12-01

To evaluate the associations between breastfeeding duration, age at solids introduction, and their interaction in relation to infant (age 9-15 months) above normal body mass index (BMI). Cross-sectional, population-based study with 3153 infants from Melbourne (2007-2011). Above normal BMI (z score > 2, equivalent to >97.7th percentile) defined using the World Health Organization standard. Both longer duration of full and any (full or partial) breastfeeding were associated with lower odds of above normal BMI (eg, aOR, 0.37 [95% CI, 0.22-0.60] for full breastfeeding 4-5 months versus 0-1 months). Compared with introduction of solids at 5-6 months, both early and delayed introduction were associated with increased odds of above normal BMI (aOR for 4 months, 1.75 [95% CI, 1.10-2.80] and for ≥7 months, 2.64 [95% CI, 1.26-5.54] versus 6 months). Such associations differ by breastfeeding status at 4 months (interaction P = .08). Early introduction of solids was associated with increased odds of above normal BMI in both infants fully or partially breastfed for ≥4 months (aOR, 3.66; 95% CI, 1.41-9.51) and those breastfed for <4 months (aOR, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.39-6.97). Introduction of solids at ≥7 months was associated with increased odds of above normal BMI (aOR, 5.79; 95% CI, 1.91-17.49) among infants breastfed for <4 months only. Introduction of solids at 5-6 months, compared with either early or delayed introduction, is associated with decreased odds of above normal BMI at 1 year of age, regardless of infants' breastfeeding status at 4 months. These results may have implications for public health guidelines with regard to recommendations about the optimal timing of the introduction of solid foods in infancy. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Exposure data for personal care products: hairspray, spray perfume, liquid foundation, shampoo, body wash, and solid antiperspirant.

PubMed

Loretz, Linda; Api, Anne Marie; Barraj, Leila; Burdick, Joel; Davis, De Ann; Dressler, William; Gilberti, Enrico; Jarrett, Gwendolyn; Mann, Steve; Laurie Pan, Y H; Re, Thomas; Renskers, Kevin; Scrafford, Carolyn; Vater, Sally

2006-12-01

Reliable exposure information for cosmetic and other personal care products and ingredients is needed in order to conduct safety assessments. Essential information includes both the amount of product applied, and the frequency of use. To obtain current data, studies to assess consumer use practices were undertaken. Six widely used personal care product types were included in the studies. Five of the products were cosmetics (spray perfume, hairspray, liquid foundation, shampoo, body wash) and one product was a cosmetic/over-the-counter drug product (solid antiperspirant). Three hundred and sixty women, ages 19-65 years, who regularly use the products of interest, were recruited at 10 different geographical locations within the US. The number of recruits was chosen to ensure a minimum of three hundred completed responses per product type. Subjects were provided with a new container of the brand of product they normally use and kept diaries and recorded detailed daily usage information over a two week period. Products were weighed at the start and completion of the study in order to determine the total amount of product used. Statistical analyses of the data were conducted to derive summary distributions of use patterns. The geometric mean and median usage per application, respectively, for the six product types were: spray perfume, 0.33 g and 0.23 g; hairspray, 2.58 g and 1.83 g (aerosol); 3.64 g and 2.66 g (pump); liquid foundation, 0.54 g and 0.36 g; shampoo, 11.76 g and 9.56 g; body wash, 11.3g and 9.5 g; and solid antiperspirant, 0.61 g and 0.45 g. The mean and median usage per day for the six product types were: spray perfume, 0.53 g and 0.34 g; hairspray, 3.57 g and 2.71 g (aerosol); 5.18 g and 3.74 g (pump); liquid foundation, 0.67 g and 0.45 g; shampoo, 12.80 g and 10.75 g; body wash, 14.5 g and 12.9 g; and solid antiperspirant, 0.79 g and 0.59 g. The mean number of applications per day for spray perfume, hairspray, liquid foundation, shampoo, body wash, and

Expeditionary Oblong Mezzanine

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-01

Operating System OSI Open Systems Interconnection OS X Operating System Ten PDU Power Distribution Unit POE Power Over Ethernet xvii SAAS ...providing infrastructure as a service (IaaS) and software as a service ( SaaS ) cloud computing technologies. IaaS is a way of providing computing services...such as servers, storage, and network equipment services (Mell & Grance, 2009). SaaS is a means of providing software and applications as an on

Biopolymer-based thermoplastic mixture for producing solid biodegradable shaped bodies and its photo degradation stability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sulong, Nurulsaidatulsyida; Rus, Anika Zafiah M.

2013-12-01

In recent years, biopolymers with controllable lifetimes have become increasingly important for many applications in the areas of agriculture, biomedical implants and drug release, forestry, wild life conservation and waste management. Natural oils are considered to be the most important class of renewable sources. They can be obtained from naturally occurring plants, such as sunflower, cotton, linseed and palm oil. In Malaysia, palm oil is an inexpensive and commodity material. Biopolymer produced from palm oil (Bio-VOP) is a naturally occurring biodegradable polymer and readily available from agriculture. For packaging use however, Bio-VOP is not thermoplastic and its granular form is unsuitable for most uses in the plastics industry, mainly due to processing difficulties during extrusion or injection moulding. Thus, research workers have developed several methods to blend Bio-VOP appropriately for industrial uses. In particular, injections moulding processes, graft copolymerisation, and preparation of blends with thermoplastic polymers have been studied to produce solid biodegradable shaped bodies. HDPE was chosen as commercial thermoplastic materials and was added with 10% Bio-VOP for the preparation of solid biodegradable shaped bodies named as HD-VOP. The UV light exposure of HD-VOP at 12 minutes upon gives the highest strength of this material that is 17.6 MPa. The morphological structure of HD-VOP shows dwi structure surface fracture which is brittle and ductile properties.

Diffusion relaxation times of nonequilibrium isolated small bodies and their solid phase ensembles to equilibrium states

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tovbin, Yu. K.

2017-08-01

The possibility of obtaining analytical estimates in a diffusion approximation of the times needed by nonequilibrium small bodies to relax to their equilibrium states based on knowledge of the mass transfer coefficient is considered. This coefficient is expressed as the product of the self-diffusion coefficient and the thermodynamic factor. A set of equations for the diffusion transport of mixture components is formulated, characteristic scales of the size of microheterogeneous phases are identified, and effective mass transfer coefficients are constructed for them. Allowing for the developed interface of coexisting and immiscible phases along with the porosity of solid phases is discussed. This approach can be applied to the diffusion equalization of concentrations of solid mixture components in many physicochemical systems: the mutual diffusion of components in multicomponent systems (alloys, semiconductors, solid mixtures of inert gases) and the mass transfer of an absorbed mobile component in the voids of a matrix consisting of slow components or a mixed composition of mobile and slow components (e.g., hydrogen in metals, oxygen in oxides, and the transfer of molecules through membranes of different natures, including polymeric).

Many-Body Perturbation Theory for Understanding Optical Excitations in Organic Molecules and Solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharifzadeh, Sahar

Organic semiconductors are promising as light-weight, flexible, and strongly absorbing materials for next-generation optoelectronics. The advancement of such technologies relies on understanding the fundamental excited-state properties of organic molecules and solids, motivating the development of accurate computational approaches for this purpose. Here, I will present first-principles many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) calculations aimed at understanding the spectroscopic properties of select organic molecules and crystalline semiconductors, and improving these properties for enhanced photovoltaic performance. We show that for both gas-phase molecules and condensed-phase crystals, MBPT within the GW/BSE approximation provides quantitative accuracy of transport gaps extracted from photoemission spectroscopy and conductance measurements, as well as with measured polarization-dependent optical absorption spectra. We discuss the implications of standard approximations within GW/BSE on accuracy of these results. Additionally, we demonstrate significant exciton binding energies and charge-transfer character in the crystalline systems, which can be controlled through solid-state morphology or change of conjugation length, suggesting a new strategy for the design of optoelectronic materials. We acknowledge NSF for financial support; NERSC and Boston University for computational resources.

Video- Demonstrations of Stable and Unstable Solid Body Rotation on the International Space Station

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2003-01-01

Saturday Morning Science, the science of opportunity series of applied experiments and demonstrations, performed aboard the International Space Station (ISS) by Expedition 6 astronaut Dr. Don Pettit, revealed some remarkable findings. In this video clip, Pettit demonstrates stable and unstable modes for solid body rotation on the ISS. Using a hard cover textbook, he demonstrates that it will rotate stably about the longest and shortest axis, which represent the maximum and minimum movements of Inertia. Trying to rotate the book around an intermediate axis results in an unstable rotation in which the book appears to flip-flop while it rotates.

Geology and Photometric Variation of Solar System Bodies with Minor Atmospheres: Implications for Solid Exoplanets

PubMed Central

Kimura, Jun; Dohm, James; Ohtake, Makiko

2014-01-01

Abstract A reasonable basis for future astronomical investigations of exoplanets lies in our best knowledge of the planets and satellites in the Solar System. Solar System bodies exhibit a wide variety of surface environments, even including potential habitable conditions beyond Earth, and it is essential to know how they can be characterized from outside the Solar System. In this study, we provide an overview of geological features of major Solar System solid bodies with minor atmospheres (i.e., the terrestrial Moon, Mercury, the Galilean moons, and Mars) that affect surface albedo at local to global scale, and we survey how they influence point-source photometry in the UV/visible/near IR (i.e., the reflection-dominant range). We simulate them based on recent mapping products and also compile observed light curves where available. We show a 5–50% peak-to-trough variation amplitude in one spin rotation associated with various geological processes including heterogeneous surface compositions due to igneous activities, interaction with surrounding energetic particles, and distribution of grained materials. Some indications of these processes are provided by the amplitude and wavelength dependence of variation in combinations of the time-averaged spectra. We also estimate the photometric precision needed to detect their spin rotation rates through periodogram analysis. Our survey illustrates realistic possibilities for inferring the detailed properties of solid exoplanets with future direct imaging observations. Key Words: Planetary environments—Planetary geology—Solar System—Extrasolar terrestrial planets. Astrobiology 14, 753–768. PMID:25238324

Geology and photometric variation of solar system bodies with minor atmospheres: implications for solid exoplanets.

PubMed

Fujii, Yuka; Kimura, Jun; Dohm, James; Ohtake, Makiko

2014-09-01

A reasonable basis for future astronomical investigations of exoplanets lies in our best knowledge of the planets and satellites in the Solar System. Solar System bodies exhibit a wide variety of surface environments, even including potential habitable conditions beyond Earth, and it is essential to know how they can be characterized from outside the Solar System. In this study, we provide an overview of geological features of major Solar System solid bodies with minor atmospheres (i.e., the terrestrial Moon, Mercury, the Galilean moons, and Mars) that affect surface albedo at local to global scale, and we survey how they influence point-source photometry in the UV/visible/near IR (i.e., the reflection-dominant range). We simulate them based on recent mapping products and also compile observed light curves where available. We show a 5-50% peak-to-trough variation amplitude in one spin rotation associated with various geological processes including heterogeneous surface compositions due to igneous activities, interaction with surrounding energetic particles, and distribution of grained materials. Some indications of these processes are provided by the amplitude and wavelength dependence of variation in combinations of the time-averaged spectra. We also estimate the photometric precision needed to detect their spin rotation rates through periodogram analysis. Our survey illustrates realistic possibilities for inferring the detailed properties of solid exoplanets with future direct imaging observations. Key Words: Planetary environments-Planetary geology-Solar System-Extrasolar terrestrial planets.

Solid-Phase Extraction Strategies to Surmount Body Fluid Sample Complexity in High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics

PubMed Central

Bladergroen, Marco R.; van der Burgt, Yuri E. M.

2015-01-01

For large-scale and standardized applications in mass spectrometry- (MS-) based proteomics automation of each step is essential. Here we present high-throughput sample preparation solutions for balancing the speed of current MS-acquisitions and the time needed for analytical workup of body fluids. The discussed workflows reduce body fluid sample complexity and apply for both bottom-up proteomics experiments and top-down protein characterization approaches. Various sample preparation methods that involve solid-phase extraction (SPE) including affinity enrichment strategies have been automated. Obtained peptide and protein fractions can be mass analyzed by direct infusion into an electrospray ionization (ESI) source or by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) without further need of time-consuming liquid chromatography (LC) separations. PMID:25692071

Two- and three-body interatomic dispersion energy contributions to binding in molecules and solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anatole von Lilienfeld, O.; Tkatchenko, Alexandre

2010-06-01

We present numerical estimates of the leading two- and three-body dispersion energy terms in van der Waals interactions for a broad variety of molecules and solids. The calculations are based on London and Axilrod-Teller-Muto expressions where the required interatomic dispersion energy coefficients, C6 and C9, are computed "on the fly" from the electron density. Inter- and intramolecular energy contributions are obtained using the Tang-Toennies (TT) damping function for short interatomic distances. The TT range parameters are equally extracted on the fly from the electron density using their linear relationship to van der Waals radii. This relationship is empiricially determined for all the combinations of He-Xe rare gas dimers, as well as for the He and Ar trimers. The investigated systems include the S22 database of noncovalent interactions, Ar, benzene and ice crystals, bilayer graphene, C60 dimer, a peptide (Ala10), an intercalated drug-DNA model [ellipticine-d(CG)2], 42 DNA base pairs, a protein (DHFR, 2616 atoms), double stranded DNA (1905 atoms), and 12 molecular crystal polymorphs from crystal structure prediction blind test studies. The two- and three-body interatomic dispersion energies are found to contribute significantly to binding and cohesive energies, for bilayer graphene the latter reaches 50% of experimentally derived binding energy. These results suggest that interatomic three-body dispersion potentials should be accounted for in atomistic simulations when modeling bulky molecules or condensed phase systems.

Self-propulsion of free solid bodies with internal rotors via localized singular vortex shedding in planar ideal fluids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tallapragada, P.; Kelly, S. D.

2015-11-01

Diverse mechanisms for animal locomotion in fluids rely on vortex shedding to generate propulsive forces. This is a complex phenomenon that depends essentially on fluid viscosity, but its influence can be modeled in an inviscid setting by introducing localized velocity constraints to systems comprising solid bodies interacting with ideal fluids. In the present paper, we invoke an unsteady version of the Kutta condition from inviscid airfoil theory and a more primitive stagnation condition to model vortex shedding from a geometrically contrasting pair of free planar bodies representing idealizations of swimming animals or robotic vehicles. We demonstrate with simulations that these constraints are sufficient to enable both bodies to propel themselves with very limited actuation. The solitary actuator in each case is a momentum wheel internal to the body, underscoring the symmetry-breaking role played by vortex shedding in converting periodic variations in a generic swimmer's angular momentum to forward locomotion. The velocity constraints are imposed discretely in time, resulting in the shedding of discrete vortices; we observe the roll-up of these vortices into distinctive wake structures observed in viscous models and physical experiments.

Composition design for Laves phase-related body-centered cubic-V solid solution alloys with large hydrogen storage capacities.

PubMed

Wang, H B; Wang, Q; Dong, C; Yuan, L; Xu, F; Sun, L X

2008-03-19

This paper analyzes the characteristics of alloy compositions with large hydrogen storage capacities in Laves phase-related body-centered cubic (bcc) solid solution alloy systems using the cluster line approach. Since a dense-packed icosahedral cluster A(6)B(7) characterizes the local structure of AB(2) Laves phases, in an A-B-C ternary system, such as Ti-Cr (Mn, Fe)-V, where A-B forms AB(2) Laves phases while A-C and B-C tend to form solid solutions, a cluster line A(6)B(7)-C is constructed by linking A(6)B(7) to C. The alloy compositions with large hydrogen storage capacities are generally located near this line and are approximately expressed with the cluster-plus-glue-atom model. The cluster line alloys (Ti(6)Cr(7))(100-x)V(x) (x = 2.5-70 at.%) exhibit different structures and hence different hydrogen storage capacities with increasing V content. The alloys (Ti(6)Cr(7))(95)V(5) and Ti(30)Cr(40)V(30) with bcc solid solution structure satisfy the cluster-plus-glue-atom model.

Baseline toxicity of a chlorobenzene mixture and total body residues measured and estimated with solid-phase microextraction.

PubMed

Leslie, Heather A; Hermens, Joop L M; Kraak, Michiel H S

2004-08-01

Body residues of compounds with a narcotic mode of action that exceed critical levels result in baseline toxicity in organisms. Previous studies have shown that internal concentrations in organisms also can be estimated by way of passive sampling. In this experiment, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers were used as a tool to estimate the body residues, which were then compared to measured levels. Past application of SPME fibers in the assessment of toxicity risk of samples has focused on separate exposure of fibers and organisms, often necessitated by the amount of agitation needed in order to achieve steady state in the fibers within a convenient time period. Uptake kinetic studies have shown that in SPME fibers with thin coatings, equilibrium concentrations can be reached without agitation within the time frame of a toxicity test. In contrast to toxicity experiments to date, the SPME fibers in the current study were exposed concomitantly to the test water with the organisms, ensuring an exposure under the exact same conditions. Fibers and two aquatic invertebrate species were exposed to a mixture of four chlorobenzenes with a narcotic mode of action. The total body residue of these compounds in the organisms was determined, as was the acute toxicity resulting from the accumulation. The total body residues of both species were correlated to the total concentrations in SPME fibers. It was concluded that toxicity could be predicted based on total body residue (TBR) estimates from fiber concentrations.

Two and three-body interatomic dispersion energy contributions to binding in molecules and solids.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

von Lilienfeld-Toal, Otto Anatole; Tkatchenko, Alexandre

We present numerical estimates of the leading two- and three-body dispersion energy terms in van der Waals interactions for a broad variety of molecules and solids. The calculations are based on London and Axilrod-Teller-Muto expressions where the required interatomic dispersion energy coefficients, C{sub 6} and C{sub 9}, are computed 'on the fly' from the electron density. Inter- and intramolecular energy contributions are obtained using the Tang-Toennies (TT) damping function for short interatomic distances. The TT range parameters are equally extracted on the fly from the electron density using their linear relationship to van der Waals radii. This relationship is empiriciallymore » determined for all the combinations of He-Xe rare gas dimers, as well as for the He and Ar trimers. The investigated systems include the S22 database of noncovalent interactions, Ar, benzene and ice crystals, bilayer graphene, C{sub 60} dimer, a peptide (Ala{sub 10}), an intercalated drug-DNA model [ellipticine-d(CG){sub 2}], 42 DNA base pairs, a protein (DHFR, 2616 atoms), double stranded DNA (1905 atoms), and 12 molecular crystal polymorphs from crystal structure prediction blind test studies. The two- and three-body interatomic dispersion energies are found to contribute significantly to binding and cohesive energies, for bilayer graphene the latter reaches 50% of experimentally derived binding energy. These results suggest that interatomic three-body dispersion potentials should be accounted for in atomistic simulations when modeling bulky molecules or condensed phase systems.« less

Theoretical Studies of Solids under Extreme Conditions.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-01

properties of solids at low temperature. 5. Electron-phonon- magnon interactions. 6. Many body interactions in solids and at solid surfaces. - -a’ ELEC;TN4...and D. S. Marynick. 27. Trip to Louisiana State University to consult with Professor J. Callaway on electron-phonon- magnon interactions and set up to

Tribological properties of polymer films and solid bodies in a vacuum environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fusaro, Robert L.

1988-01-01

The tribological properties of ten different polymer based materials were evaluated in a vacuum environment to determine their suitability for possible lubrication applications in a space environment, such as might be encountered on the proposed Space Station. A pin-on-disk tribometer was used and the polymer materials were evaluated either as solid body disks or as films applied to 440C HT stainless steel disks. A 440C HT stainless steel hemispherically tipped pin was slid against the polymer materials. For comparison, similar tests were conducted in a controlled air atmosphere of 50 percent relative humidity air. In most instances, the polymer materials lubricated much better under vacuum conditions than in air. Thus, several of the materials show promise as lubricants for vacuum applications. Friction coefficients of 0.05 or less and polymer material wear rates of up to 2 orders of magnitude less than in air were obtained. One material showed considerable promise as a traction drive material. Relative high friction coefficients (0.36 to 0.52) and reasonably low wear rates were obtained in vacuum.

Tribological properties of polymer films and solid bodies in a vacuum environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fusaro, Robert L.

1987-01-01

The tribological properties of ten different polymer based materials were evaluated in a vacuum environment to determine their suitability for possible lubrication applications in a space environment, such as might be encountered on the proposed space station. A pin-on-disk tribometer was used and the polymer materials were evaluated either as solid body disks or as films applied to 440C HT stainless steel disks. A 440C HT stainless steel hemispherically tipped pin was slid against the polymer materials. For comparison, similar tests were conducted in a controlled air atmosphere of 50 percent relative humidity air. In most instances, the polymer materials lubricated much better under vacuum conditions than in air. Thus, several of the materials show promise as lubricants for vacuum applications. Friction coefficients of 0.05 or less and polymer material wear rates of up to 2 orders of magnitude less than in air were obtained. One material showed considerable promise as a traction drive material. Relatively high friction coefficients (0.36 to 0.52) and reasonably low wear rates were obtained in vacuum.

Armed oncolytic adenovirus expressing PD-L1 mini-body enhances anti-tumor effects of chimeric antigen receptor T-cells in solid tumors

PubMed Central

Tanoue, Kiyonori; Shaw, Amanda Rosewell; Watanabe, Norihiro; Porter, Caroline; Rana, Bhakti; Gottschalk, Stephen; Brenner, Malcolm; Suzuki, Masataka

2017-01-01

Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR T-cells) produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that increase expression of T cell checkpoint signals such as PD-L1, which may inhibit their functionality against solid tumors. In this study, we evaluated in human tumor xenograft models the pro-inflammatory properties of an oncolytic adenovirus (Onc.Ad) with a helper-dependent Ad (HDAd) that expresses a PD-L1 blocking mini-antibody (mini-body) (HDPDL1), as a strategy to enhance CAR T-cell killing. Co-administration of these agents (CAd-VECPDL1) exhibited oncolytic effects with production of PD-L1 mini-body locally at the tumor site. On their own, HDPDL1 exhibited no anti-tumor effect and CAd-VECPDL1 alone reduced tumors only to volumes comparable to Onc.Ad treatment. However, combining CAd-VECPDL1 with HER2.CAR T-cells enhanced anti-tumor activity compared to treatment with either HER2.CAR T-cells alone, or HER2.CAR T-cells plus Onc.Ad. The benefits of locally produced PD-L1 mini-body by CAd-VECPDL1 could not be replicated by infusion of anti-PD-L1 IgG plus HER2.CAR T-cells and co-administration of Onc.Ad in a HER2+ prostate cancer xenograft model. Overall, our data document the superiority of local production of PD-L1 mini-body by CAd-VECPDL1 combined with administration of tumor-directed CAR T-cells to control the growth of solid tumors. PMID:28235763

Study of guided wave propagation on a plate between two solid bodies with imperfect contact conditions.

PubMed

Balvantín, A J; Diosdado-De-la-Peña, J A; Limon-Leyva, P A; Hernández-Rodríguez, E

2018-02-01

In this work, fundamental symmetric Lamb wave S0 mode is characterized in terms of its velocity variation as function of the interfacial conditions between solid bodies in contact. Imperfect contact conditions are numerically and experimentally determined by using ultrasonic Lamb wave propagation parameters. For the study, an experimental system was used, formed by two solid aluminum rods (25.4mm in diameter) axially loading a thin aluminum plate to control contact interfacial stiffness. The axially applied load on the aluminum plate was varied from 0MPa to 10MPa. Experimental Lamb wave signals were excited on the plate through two longitudinal contact transducers (1MHz of central frequency) using a pitch-catch configuration. Numerical simulations of contact conditions and Lamb wave propagation were performed through Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in commercial software, ANSYS 15®. Simulated Lamb wave signals were generated by means of a 5 cycles tone burst signals with different frequency values. Results indicate a velocity change in both, experimental and simulated Lamb wave signals as function of the applied load. Finally, a comparison between numerical results and experimental measurements was performed obtaining a good agreement. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Organic Solid Matter as a Coloring Agent in Outer Solar System Bodies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cruikshank, D. P.; DalleOre, C. M.; Roush, T. L.; Khare, B. N.; Fonda, Mark (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

Small bodies in the outer Solar System OSS, exhibit a range of color, or slope of the reflectance in the photovisual spectral region, ranging from neutral to very red, sometimes with and sometimes without distinct absorption bands. These objects range in geometric albedo from 0.03 to 1.0, with the higher albedo objects typically showing clear evidence of water ice. Water ice has also been found in a few objects with albedo 0. 1 or less. We explore here the identification of the material or materials that color these icy and non-icy surfaces through scattering models that incorporate minerals, meteoritic material, and organic solids (tholins) produced ID the laboratory by energy deposition in ices and gases. These models must match not only the color in the photovisual region, but the spectral reflectance properties throughout the near-infrared. Among some classes of objects, such as Kuiper Belt objects, the coloring agent may be a single material that is present in greater or lesser abundance, thus accounting for the range in color from neutral to very red. This may also apply to the Centaur objects, the Jovian Trojans, and the outer-main belt asteroids, each taken as a separate class. If so, each class may be colored to varying degrees by a different material, or they all might be colored by a common material that is widespread throughout the OSS, from 3 to 50 AU, and beyond. In this paper, we model the reflectances of "Kuiper Belt objects, Centaurs, Trojans, outer ARAB asteroids, and planetary satellites. Our models show that the reddest surfaces cannot be colored by minerals or meteoritic materials, but can be matched throughout the photovisual and near-infrared by organic solids, specifically certain tholins.

Solid-on-solid contact in a sphere-wall collision in a viscous fluid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Birwa, Sumit Kumar; Rajalakshmi, G.; Govindarajan, Rama; Menon, Narayanan

2018-04-01

We study experimentally the collision between a sphere falling through a viscous fluid and a solid plate below. It is known that there is a well-defined threshold Stokes number above which the sphere rebounds from such a collision. Our experiment tests for direct contact between the colliding bodies and, contrary to prior theoretical predictions, shows that solid-on-solid contact occurs even for Stokes numbers just above the threshold for rebounding. The dissipation is fluid dominated, though details of the contact mechanics depend on the surface and bulk properties of the solids. Our experiments and a model calculation indicate that mechanical contact between the two colliding objects is generic and will occur for any realistic surface roughness.

7 CFR 810.1202 - Definition of other terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., sorghum, soybeans, spelt, sunflower seed, sweet corn, triticale, wheat, and wild oats. (f) Sieve—0.064 × 3/8 oblong-hole sieve. A metal sieve 0.032 inch thick with oblong perforations 0.064 by 0.375 (3/8) inch. (g) Thin rye. Rye and other matter that passes through a 0.064 × 3/8 oblong-hole sieve after...

7 CFR 810.1202 - Definition of other terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., sorghum, soybeans, spelt, sunflower seed, sweet corn, triticale, wheat, and wild oats. (f) Sieve—0.064 × 3/8 oblong-hole sieve. A metal sieve 0.032 inch thick with oblong perforations 0.064 by 0.375 (3/8) inch. (g) Thin rye. Rye and other matter that passes through a 0.064 × 3/8 oblong-hole sieve after...

7 CFR 810.1202 - Definition of other terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., sorghum, soybeans, spelt, sunflower seed, sweet corn, triticale, wheat, and wild oats. (f) Sieve—0.064 × 3/8 oblong-hole sieve. A metal sieve 0.032 inch thick with oblong perforations 0.064 by 0.375 (3/8) inch. (g) Thin rye. Rye and other matter that passes through a 0.064 × 3/8 oblong-hole sieve after...

7 CFR 810.1202 - Definition of other terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., sorghum, soybeans, spelt, sunflower seed, sweet corn, triticale, wheat, and wild oats. (f) Sieve—0.064 × 3/8 oblong-hole sieve. A metal sieve 0.032 inch thick with oblong perforations 0.064 by 0.375 (3/8) inch. (g) Thin rye. Rye and other matter that passes through a 0.064 × 3/8 oblong-hole sieve after...

A Fully Nonlinear, Dynamically Consistent Numerical Model for Solid-Body Ship Motion. I. Ship Motion with Fixed Heading

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, Ray-Quing; Kuang, Weijia

2011-01-01

In this paper, we describe the details of our numerical model for simulating ship solidbody motion in a given environment. In this model, the fully nonlinear dynamical equations governing the time-varying solid-body ship motion under the forces arising from ship wave interactions are solved with given initial conditions. The net force and moment (torque) on the ship body are directly calculated via integration of the hydrodynamic pressure over the wetted surface and the buoyancy effect from the underwater volume of the actual ship hull with a hybrid finite-difference/finite-element method. Neither empirical nor free parametrization is introduced in this model, i.e. no a priori experimental data are needed for modelling. This model is benchmarked with many experiments of various ship hulls for heave, roll and pitch motion. In addition to the benchmark cases, numerical experiments are also carried out for strongly nonlinear ship motion with a fixed heading. These new cases demonstrate clearly the importance of nonlinearities in ship motion modelling.

Path-integral simulation of solids.

PubMed

Herrero, C P; Ramírez, R

2014-06-11

The path-integral formulation of the statistical mechanics of quantum many-body systems is described, with the purpose of introducing practical techniques for the simulation of solids. Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics methods for distinguishable quantum particles are presented, with particular attention to the isothermal-isobaric ensemble. Applications of these computational techniques to different types of solids are reviewed, including noble-gas solids (helium and heavier elements), group-IV materials (diamond and elemental semiconductors), and molecular solids (with emphasis on hydrogen and ice). Structural, vibrational, and thermodynamic properties of these materials are discussed. Applications also include point defects in solids (structure and diffusion), as well as nuclear quantum effects in solid surfaces and adsorbates. Different phenomena are discussed, as solid-to-solid and orientational phase transitions, rates of quantum processes, classical-to-quantum crossover, and various finite-temperature anharmonic effects (thermal expansion, isotopic effects, electron-phonon interactions). Nuclear quantum effects are most remarkable in the presence of light atoms, so that especial emphasis is laid on solids containing hydrogen as a constituent element or as an impurity.

One-dimensional analysis of plane and radial thin film flows including solid-body rotation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thomas, S.; Hankey, W.; Faghri, A.; Swanson, T.

1989-01-01

The flow of a thin liquid film with a free surface along a horizontal plate which emanates from a pressurized vessel is examined by integrating the equations of motion across the thin liquid layer and discretizing the integrated equations using finite difference techniques. The effects of 0-g and solid-body rotation will be discussed. The two cases of interest are plane flow and radial flow. In plane flow, the liquid is considered to be flowing along a channel with no change in the width of the channel, whereas in radial flow the liquid spreads out radially over a disk, so that the area changes along the radius. It is desired to determine the height of the liquid film at any location along the plate of disk, so that the heat transfer from the plate or disk can be found. The possibility that the flow could encounter a hydraulic jump is accounted for.

Accurate description of charged excitations in molecular solids from embedded many-body perturbation theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Jing; D'Avino, Gabriele; Duchemin, Ivan; Beljonne, David; Blase, Xavier

2018-01-01

We present a novel hybrid quantum/classical approach to the calculation of charged excitations in molecular solids based on the many-body Green's function G W formalism. Molecules described at the G W level are embedded into the crystalline environment modeled with an accurate classical polarizable scheme. This allows the calculation of electron addition and removal energies in the bulk and at crystal surfaces where charged excitations are probed in photoelectron experiments. By considering the paradigmatic case of pentacene and perfluoropentacene crystals, we discuss the different contributions from intermolecular interactions to electronic energy levels, distinguishing between polarization, which is accounted for combining quantum and classical polarizabilities, and crystal field effects, that can impact energy levels by up to ±0.6 eV. After introducing band dispersion, we achieve quantitative agreement (within 0.2 eV) on the ionization potential and electron affinity measured at pentacene and perfluoropentacene crystal surfaces characterized by standing molecules.

Rings of non-spherical, axisymmetric bodies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, Akash; Nadkarni-Ghosh, Sharvari; Sharma, Ishan

2018-01-01

We investigate the dynamical behavior of rings around bodies whose shapes depart considerably from that of a sphere. To this end, we have developed a new self-gravitating discrete element N-body code, and employed a local simulation method to simulate a patch of the ring. The central body is modeled as a symmetric (oblate or prolate) ellipsoid, or defined through the characteristic frequencies (circular, vertical, epicyclic) that represent its gravitational field. Through our simulations we explore how a ring's behavior - characterized by dynamical properties like impact frequency, granular temperature, number density, vertical thickness and radial width - varies with the changing gravitational potential of the central body. We also contrast properties of rings about large central bodies (e.g. Saturn) with those of smaller ones (e.g. Chariklo). Finally, we investigate how the characteristic frequencies of a central body, restricted to being a solid of revolution with an equatorial plane of symmetry, affect the ring dynamics. The latter process may be employed to qualitatively understand the dynamics of rings about any symmetric solid of revolution.

Density-functional theory for fluid-solid and solid-solid phase transitions.

PubMed

Bharadwaj, Atul S; Singh, Yashwant

2017-03-01

We develop a theory to describe solid-solid phase transitions. The density functional formalism of classical statistical mechanics is used to find an exact expression for the difference in the grand thermodynamic potentials of the two coexisting phases. The expression involves both the symmetry conserving and the symmetry broken parts of the direct pair correlation function. The theory is used to calculate phase diagram of systems of soft spheres interacting via inverse power potentials u(r)=ε(σ/r)^{n}, where parameter n measures softness of the potential. We find that for 1/n<0.154 systems freeze into the face centered cubic (fcc) structure while for 1/n≥0.154 the body-centred-cubic (bcc) structure is preferred. The bcc structure transforms into the fcc structure upon increasing the density. The calculated phase diagram is in good agreement with the one found from molecular simulations.

A position-aware linear solid constitutive model for peridynamics

DOE PAGES

Mitchell, John A.; Silling, Stewart A.; Littlewood, David J.

2015-11-06

A position-aware linear solid (PALS) peridynamic constitutive model is proposed for isotropic elastic solids. The PALS model addresses problems that arise, in ordinary peridynamic material models such as the linear peridynamic solid (LPS), due to incomplete neighborhoods near the surface of a body. We improved model behavior in the vicinity of free surfaces through the application of two influence functions that correspond, respectively, to the volumetric and deviatoric parts of the deformation. Furthermore, the model is position-aware in that the influence functions vary over the body and reflect the proximity of each material point to free surfaces. Demonstration calculations onmore » simple benchmark problems show a sharp reduction in error relative to the LPS model.« less

A position-aware linear solid constitutive model for peridynamics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mitchell, John A.; Silling, Stewart A.; Littlewood, David J.

A position-aware linear solid (PALS) peridynamic constitutive model is proposed for isotropic elastic solids. The PALS model addresses problems that arise, in ordinary peridynamic material models such as the linear peridynamic solid (LPS), due to incomplete neighborhoods near the surface of a body. We improved model behavior in the vicinity of free surfaces through the application of two influence functions that correspond, respectively, to the volumetric and deviatoric parts of the deformation. Furthermore, the model is position-aware in that the influence functions vary over the body and reflect the proximity of each material point to free surfaces. Demonstration calculations onmore » simple benchmark problems show a sharp reduction in error relative to the LPS model.« less

The mechanics of solids in the plastically-deformable state

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mises, R. V.

1986-01-01

The mechanics of continua, which is based on the general stress model of Cauchy, up to the present has almost exclusively been applied to liquid and solid elastic bodies. Saint-Venant has developed a theory for the plastic or remaining form changes of solids, but it does not give the required number of equations for determining motion. A complete set of equations of motion for plastic deformable bodies is derived. This is done within the framework of Cauch mechanics. And it is supported by certain experimental facts which characterize the range of applications.

On fast solid-body rotation of the solar core and differential (liquid-like) rotation of the solar surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pashitskii, E. A.

2017-07-01

On the basis of a two-component (two-fluid) hydrodynamic model, it is shown that the probable phenomenon of solar core rotation with a velocity higher than the average velocity of global rotation of the Sun, discovered by the SOHO mission, can be related to fast solid-body rotation of the light hydrogen component of the solar plasma, which is caused by thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium inside the hot dense solar core. Thermonuclear fusion of four protons into a helium nucleus (α-particle) creates a large free specific volume per unit particle due to the large difference between the densities of the solar plasma and nuclear matter. As a result, an efficient volumetric sink of one of the components of the solar substance—hydrogen—forms inside the solar core. Therefore, a steady-state radial proton flux converging to the center should exist inside the Sun, which maintains a constant concentration of hydrogen as it burns out in the solar core. It is demonstrated that such a converging flux of hydrogen plasma with the radial velocity v r ( r) = -β r creates a convective, v r ∂ v φ/∂ r, and a local Coriolis, v r v φ/ r,φ nonlinear hydrodynamic forces in the solar plasma, rotating with the azimuthal velocity v φ. In the absence of dissipation, these forces should cause an exponential growth of the solid-body rotation velocity of the hydrogen component inside the solar core. However, friction between the hydrogen and helium components of the solar plasma due to Coulomb collisions of protons with α-particles results in a steady-state regime of rotation of the hydrogen component in the solar core with an angular velocity substantially exceeding the global rotational velocity of the Sun. It is suggested that the observed differential (liquid-like) rotation of the visible surface of the Sun (photosphere) with the maximum angular velocity at the equator is caused by sold-body rotation of the solar plasma in the radiation zone and strong turbulence in

Simulation of the infiltration process of a ceramic open-pore body with a metal alloy in semi-solid state to design the manufacturing of interpenetrating phase composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schomer, Laura; Liewald, Mathias; Riedmüller, Kim Rouven

2018-05-01

Metal-ceramic Interpenetrating Phase Composites (IPC) belong to a special subcategory of composite materials and reveal enhanced properties compared to conventional composite materials. Currently, IPC are produced by infiltration of a ceramic open-pore body with liquid metal applying high pressure and I or high temperature to avoid residual porosity. However, these IPC are not able to gain their complete potential, because of structural damages and interface reactions occurring during the manufacturing process. Compared to this, the manufacturing of IPC using the semi-solid forming technology offers great perspectives due to relative low processing temperatures and reduced mechanical pressure. In this context, this paper is focusing on numerical investigations conducted by using the FLOW-3D software for gaining a deeper understanding of the infiltration of open-pore bodies with semi-solid materials. For flow simulation analysis, a geometric model and different porous media drag models have been used. They have been adjusted and compared to get a precise description of the infiltration process. Based on these fundamental numerical investigations, this paper also shows numerical investigations that were used for basically designing a semi-solid forming tool. Thereby, the development of the flow front and the pressure during the infiltration represent the basis of the evaluation. The use of an open and closed tool cavity combined with various geometries of the upper die shows different results relating to these evaluation arguments. Furthermore, different overflows were designed and its effects on the pressure at the end of the infiltration process were investigated. Thus, this paper provides a general guideline for a tool design for manufacturing of metal-ceramic IPC using semi-solid forming.

Heat Transfer and Cooling in Gas Turbines

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-09-01

The friction factor results of the present study are in agreement with Ref. 9, but the heat transfer data for oblong pin fins are not. This is...AG ARD Conference P ioecd igs 353, 62nd Meceting, October ! 98,3 DTW- I" c LrU a : ol-.• ,’ 󈧏• ![ Hazard Studies for Solid Propeliant Rocket Motors...Internal Flows 71 AGARI) Advisory Report 181 (in English and French). Results of WG 14 (June/August 1983) I’rodueibility and Cost Studies of Aviation

New interpretation of data of the Earth's solid core

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guliyev, H. H.

2017-06-01

The commonly accepted scientific opinions on the inner core as the deformable solid globe are based on the solution of the problem on the distribution of elastic parameters in the inner structures of the Earth. The given solution is obtained within the necessary integral conditions on its self-weight, moment of inertia concerning the axes of rotation and periods of free oscillations of the Earth. It is shown that this solution does not satisfy the mechanics of the deformable solid body with sufficient local conditions following from basic principles concerning the strength, stability and actuality of velocities of propagation of elastic waves. The violation of local conditions shows that the inner core cannot exist in the form of the deformable solid body within the commonly accepted elastic parameters.

Falling, flapping, flying, swimming,...: High-Re fluid-solid interactions with vortex shedding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Michelin, Sebastien Honore Roland

The coupling between the motion of a solid body and the dynamics of the surrounding flow is essential to the understanding of a large number of engineering and physical problems, from the stability of a slender structure exposed to the wind to the locomotion of insects, birds and fishes. Because of the strong coupling on a moving boundary of the equations for the solid and fluid, the simulation of such problems is computationally challenging and expensive. This justifies the development of simplified models for the fluid-solid interactions to study their physical properties and behavior. This dissertation proposes a reduced-order model for the interaction of a sharp-edged solid body with a strongly unsteady high Reynolds number flow. In such a case, viscous forces in the fluid are often negligible compared to the fluid inertia or the pressure forces, and the thin boundary layers separate from the solid at the edges, leading to the shedding of large and persistent vortices in the solid's wake. A general two-dimensional framework is presented based on complex potential flow theory. The formation of the solid's vortical wake is accounted for by the shedding of point vortices with unsteady intensity from the solid's sharp edges, and the fluid-solid problem is reformulated exclusively as a solid-vortex interaction problem. In the case of a rigid solid body, the coupled problem is shown to reduce to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations. This model is used to study the effect of vortex shedding on the stability of falling objects. The solid-vortex model is then generalized to study the fluttering instability and non-linear flapping dynamics of flexible plates or flags. The uttering instability and resulting flapping motion result from the competing effects of the fluid forcing and of the solid's flexural rigidity and inertia. Finally, the solid-vortex model is applied to the study of the fundamental effect of bending rigidity on the flapping performance of

Nonlinear elastic inclusions in isotropic solids.

PubMed

Yavari, Arash; Goriely, Alain

2013-12-08

We introduce a geometric framework to calculate the residual stress fields and deformations of nonlinear solids with inclusions and eigenstrains. Inclusions are regions in a body with different reference configurations from the body itself and can be described by distributed eigenstrains. Geometrically, the eigenstrains define a Riemannian 3-manifold in which the body is stress-free by construction. The problem of residual stress calculation is then reduced to finding a mapping from the Riemannian material manifold to the ambient Euclidean space. Using this construction, we find the residual stress fields of three model systems with spherical and cylindrical symmetries in both incompressible and compressible isotropic elastic solids. In particular, we consider a finite spherical ball with a spherical inclusion with uniform pure dilatational eigenstrain and we show that the stress in the inclusion is uniform and hydrostatic. We also show how singularities in the stress distribution emerge as a consequence of a mismatch between radial and circumferential eigenstrains at the centre of a sphere or the axis of a cylinder.

Nonlinear elastic inclusions in isotropic solids

PubMed Central

Yavari, Arash; Goriely, Alain

2013-01-01

We introduce a geometric framework to calculate the residual stress fields and deformations of nonlinear solids with inclusions and eigenstrains. Inclusions are regions in a body with different reference configurations from the body itself and can be described by distributed eigenstrains. Geometrically, the eigenstrains define a Riemannian 3-manifold in which the body is stress-free by construction. The problem of residual stress calculation is then reduced to finding a mapping from the Riemannian material manifold to the ambient Euclidean space. Using this construction, we find the residual stress fields of three model systems with spherical and cylindrical symmetries in both incompressible and compressible isotropic elastic solids. In particular, we consider a finite spherical ball with a spherical inclusion with uniform pure dilatational eigenstrain and we show that the stress in the inclusion is uniform and hydrostatic. We also show how singularities in the stress distribution emerge as a consequence of a mismatch between radial and circumferential eigenstrains at the centre of a sphere or the axis of a cylinder. PMID:24353470

A DFFD simulation method combined with the spectral element method for solid-fluid-interaction problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Li-Chieh; Huang, Mei-Jiau

2017-02-01

A 2D simulation method for a rigid body moving in an incompressible viscous fluid is proposed. It combines one of the immersed-boundary methods, the DFFD (direct forcing fictitious domain) method with the spectral element method; the former is employed for efficiently capturing the two-way FSI (fluid-structure interaction) and the geometric flexibility of the latter is utilized for any possibly co-existing stationary and complicated solid or flow boundary. A pseudo body force is imposed within the solid domain to enforce the rigid body motion and a Lagrangian mesh composed of triangular elements is employed for tracing the rigid body. In particular, a so called sub-cell scheme is proposed to smooth the discontinuity at the fluid-solid interface and to execute integrations involving Eulerian variables over the moving-solid domain. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified through an observed agreement of the simulation results of some typical flows with analytical solutions or existing literatures.

Reflection spectra of solids of planetary interest

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sill, G. T.

1973-01-01

The spectra of solids are reproduced which might be found on the surfaces of planetary bodies or as solid condensates in the upper planetary atmosphere. Among these are spectra of various iron compounds of interest in the study of the clouds of Venus. Other spectra are included of various sulfides, some at low temperature, relevant to the planet Jupiter. Meteorite and coal abstracts are also included, to illustrate dark carbon compounds.

Sub-Kelvin resistance thermometer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Castles, Stephen H. (Inventor)

1992-01-01

A device capable of accurate temperature measurement down to 0.01 K of a particular object is discussed. The device is comprised of the following: a heat sink wafer; a first conducting pad bonded near one end of the heat sink wafer; a second conducting pad bonded near the other end of the heat sink wafer; and an oblong doped semiconductor crystal such as germanium. The oblong doped semiconductor crystal has a third conducting pad bonded on its bottom surface with the oblong doped semiconductor crystal bonded to the heat sink wafer by having the fourth conducting pad bonded to the first conducting pad. A wire is bonded between the second and third conducting pads. Current and voltage wires bonded to the first and second conducting pads measure the change in resistance of the oblong doped semiconductor crystal; this indicates the temperature of the object whose temperature is to be measured.

Reflection spectra of solids of planetary interest

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sill, G. T.; Carm, O.

1973-01-01

This paper reproduces the spectra of solids which might be found on the surfaces of planetary bodies or as solid condensates in the upper planetary atmosphere. Among these are spectra of various iron compounds of interest in the study of the clouds of Venus. Other spectra (some at low temperature) are included for various sulfides relevant to the planet Jupiter. Meteorite and coal spectra are also included to illustrate dark carbon compounds.

Evolution of body weight parameters up to 3 years after solid organ transplantation: The prospective Swiss Transplant Cohort Study.

PubMed

Beckmann, Sonja; Nikolic, Nataša; Denhaerynck, Kris; Binet, Isabelle; Koller, Michael; Boely, Elsa; De Geest, Sabina

2017-03-01

Obesity and weight gain are serious concerns after solid organ transplantation (Tx); however, no unbiased comparison regarding body weight parameter evolution across organ groups has yet been performed. Using data from the prospective nationwide Swiss Transplant Cohort Study, we compared the evolution of weight parameters up to 3 years post-Tx in 1359 adult kidney (58.3%), liver (21.7%), lung (11.6%), and heart (8.4%) recipients transplanted between May 2008 and May 2012. Changes in mean weight and body mass index (BMI) category were compared to reference values from 6 months post-Tx. At 3 years post-Tx, compared to other organ groups, liver Tx recipients showed the greatest weight gain (mean 4.8±10.4 kg), 57.4% gained >5% body weight, and they had the highest incidence of obesity (38.1%). After 3 years, based on their BMI categories at 6 months, normal weight and obese liver Tx patients, as well as underweight kidney, lung and heart Tx patients had the highest weight gains. Judged against international Tx patient data, the majority of our Swiss Tx recipients' experienced lower post-Tx weight gain. However, our findings show weight gain pattern differences, both within and across organ Tx groups that call for preventive measures. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Many-body problem

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Parry, W.E.

1973-01-01

An introduction is given to techniques used in the many-body problem, and a reference book is given for those techniques. Sevcral different formulations of the techniques, and their interrelations, are discussed, to prepare the reader for the published literature. Examples are taken mostly from the physics of solids, fluids and plasmas. Second quantization, perturbation theory, Green functions and correlation functions, examples in the use of diagrammatic perturbation theory, the equation of motion method, magnetism (the drone-fermion representation), linear response and transport processes, niany- body systems at zero temperature, the variational principle and pair-wave approximation. (UK)

Ballistic Testing for Interceptor Body Armor Inserts Needs Improvement

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-01

030, “Ballistic Testing and Product Quality Surveillance for the Interceptor Body Armor - Vest Components Need Improvement,” January 3, 2011. This...Body Armor Ballistic Inserts Interceptor Body Armor (IBA) is a modular body armor system that consists of an outer tactical vest , ballistic inserts...altitude tests was because the ceramic ballistic inserts are solid structures that are not sensitive to reduced pressure and moisture. PM SEQ offered no

Turtle Watch: Community Engagement and Action

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lewis, Elaine; Baudains, Catherine

2015-01-01

Many threats face the freshwater turtle, Chelodina colliei, also known as the oblong turtle. A community education project, Turtle Watch, focused on this target species and enabled effective conservation action to be implemented. Turtle Watch was conducted in the Perth Metropolitan Area of Western Australia, as the oblong turtle inhabits the…

Modulated structure and molecular dissociation of solid chlorine at high pressures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Peifang; Gao, Guoying; Ma, Yanming

2012-08-01

Among diatomic molecular halogen solids, high pressure structures of solid chlorine (Cl2) remain elusive and least studied. We here report first-principles structural search on solid Cl2 at high pressures through our developed particle-swarm optimization algorithm. We successfully reproduced the known molecular Cmca phase (phase I) at low pressure and found that it remains stable up to a high pressure 142 GPa. At 150 GPa, our structural searches identified several energetically competitive, structurally similar, and modulated structures. Analysis of the structural results and their similarity with those in solid Br2 and I2, it was suggested that solid Cl2 adopts an incommensurate modulated structure with a modulation wave close to 2/7 in a narrow pressure range 142-157 GPa. Eventually, our simulations at >157 GPa were able to predict the molecular dissociation of solid Cl2 into monatomic phases having body centered orthorhombic (bco) and face-centered cubic (fcc) structures, respectively. One unique monatomic structural feature of solid Cl2 is the absence of intermediate body centered tetragonal (bct) structure during the bco → fcc transition, which however has been observed or theoretically predicted in solid Br2 and I2. Electron-phonon coupling calculations revealed that solid Cl2 becomes superconductors within bco and fcc phases possessing a highest superconducting temperature of 13.03 K at 380 GPa. We further probed the molecular Cmca → incommensurate phase transition mechanism and found that the softening of the Ag vibrational (rotational) Raman mode in the Cmca phase might be the driving force to initiate the transition.

A new species of Hemibrycon (Characiformes, Characidae) from the upper San Juan River drainage, Pacific versant, Colombia

PubMed Central

Román-Valencia, César; Ruiz-C, Raquel I.; Taphorn, Donald C.; García-Alzate, Carlos A.

2014-01-01

Abstract Hemibrycon sanjuanensis, new species, is described from the upper San Juan River drainage, Pacific versant, Colombia. It is distinguished from Hemibrycon boquiae, Hemibrycon brevispini, Hemibrycon cairoense, Hemibrycon colombianus, Hemibrycon mikrostiktos, Hemibrycon metae, Hemibrycon palomae, Hemibrycon rafaelense and Hemibrycon tridens by the presence of a circular or oblong humeral spot that is located two scales posterior to the opercle (vs. 3–4 scales in Hemibrycon palomae, Hemibrycon rafaelense, Hemibrycon brevispini and Hemibrycon cairoense, and 0–1 scales, in Hemibrycon metae and Hemibrycon boquiae). It further differs from Hemibrycon colombianus in having a round or oblong humeral spot (vs. rectangular). It differs from Hemibrycon beni, Hemibrycon dariensis, Hemibrycon divisorensis, Hemibrycon helleri, Hemibrycon huambonicus, Hemibrycon inambari, Hemibrycon jabonero, Hemibrycon jelskii, Hemibrycon mikrostiktos, Hemibrycon polyodon, Hemibrycon quindos, Hemibrycon raqueliae, Hemibrycon santamartae, Hemibrycon surinamensis, Hemibrycon taeniurus, Hemibrycon tridens, and Hemibrycon yacopiae in having melanophores on the posterior margins of the scales along the sides of body (vs. lacking melanophores on margins of scales along entire length of the sides of body). The new species differs from all congeners mentioned above in having, among other features, six teeth in the outer premaxillary row arranged in a straight line (vs. five or fewer teeth not arranged in straight line except Hemibrycon cairoense with two to six teeth in the outer premaxillary row). PMID:25493068

Why Is There an Abrupt Transition from Solid Rock to Low Crystallinity Magma in Drilled Magma Bodies?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eichelberger, J. C.; Carrigan, C. R.; Sun, Y.; Lavallée, Y.

2017-12-01

We report on a preliminary evaluation, from basic principles of heat and mass transfer, on the unexpectedly abrupt transition from cuttings of solid rock to fragments of crystal poor glass during drilling into magma bodies. Our analysis is based on conditions determined and inferred for the 2009 IDDP-1 well in Krafla Caldera, which entered apparently liquidus rhyolite magma at about 900oC at a depth of 2104 m. Simple conduction would predict some 30 m of crystallization and partial crystallization since the latest time the magma could have been intruded, approximately 30 years prior to discovery by drilling. Option 1: The expected crystallization of magma has occurred but interstitial melt remains. The pressure difference between lithostatic load of about 50 MPa on the mush and 20 MPa hydrostatic pressure in the well causes pore melt to flow from the permeable mush into the borehole, where it becomes the source of the quenched melt chips. To be viable, this mechanism must work over the time frame of a day. Option 2: The expected crystallization is occurring, but high Rayleigh number thermal convection in the magma chamber continuously displaces crystallizing roof magma by liquidus magma from the interior of the body. To be viable, this mechanism must result in overturning magma in the chamber on a time scale that is much shorter than that of crystallization. Option 3: Flow-induced crystal migration away from zones of high shear created during drilling into magma may preferentially produce low-crystal-content melt at the boundary of the borehole, which is then sampled.

Bacterial body plans

PubMed Central

Rieger, Tomáš; Neubauer, Zdeněk; Blahůšková, Anna; Cvrčková, Fatima

2008-01-01

The bacterium Serratia marcescens produces a plethora of multicellular shapes of different colorations on solid substrates, allowing immediate visual detection of varieties. Such a plasticity allows studies on multicellular community scale spanning two extremes, from well-elaborated individual colonies to undifferentiated cell mass. For a single strain and medium, we obtained a range of different multicellular bodies, depending on the layout of initial plating. Four principal factors affecting the morphogenetic pathways of such bodies can be distinguished: (1) amount, density and distribution pattern of founder cells; (2) the configuration of surrounding free medium; (3) the presence and character of other bacterial bodies sharing the same niche; and (4) self-perception, resulting in delimitation towards other bodies. The last feature results in an ability of well-formed multicellular individuals to maintain their identity upon a close mutual contact, as well as in spontaneous separation of cell masses in experimental chimeras. We propose an “embryo-like” colony model where multicellular bacterial bodies develop along genuine ontogenetic pathways inherent to the given species (clone), while external shaping forces (like nutrient gradients, pH, etc.,) exert not formative, but only regulative roles in the process. PMID:19513204

Valve for controlling solids flow

DOEpatents

Feldman, David K.

1980-01-01

A fluidized solids control valve is disclosed that is particularly well adapted for use with a flow of coal or char that includes both large particles and fines. The particles may or may not be fluidized at various times during the operation. The valve includes a tubular body that terminates in a valve seat covered by a normally closed closure plate. The valve body at the seat and the closure plate is provided with aligned longitudinal slots that receive a pivotally supported key plate. The key plate is positionable by an operator in inserted, intermediate and retracted positions respecting the longitudinal slot in the valve body. The key plate normally closes the slot within the closure plate but is shaped and aligned obliquely to the longitudinal slot within the valve body to provide progressively increasing slot openings between the inserted and retracted positions. Transfer members are provided between the operator, key plate and closure plate to move the closure plate into an open position only when the key plate is retracted from the longitudinal slot within the valve body.

Many-body effects in the mobility and diffusivity of interstitial solute in a crystalline solid: The case of helium in BCC tungsten

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wen, Haohua; Semenov, A. A.; Woo, C. H.

2017-09-01

The many-body dynamics of a crystalline solid containing an interstitial solute atom (ISA) is usually interpreted within the one-particle approximation as a random walker hopping among trapping centers at periodic lattice sites. The corresponding mobility and diffusivity can be formulated based on the transition-state theory in the form of the Arrhenius law. Possible issues arising from the many-body nature of the dynamics may need to be understood and resolved both scientifically and technologically. Noting the congruence between the dynamics of the many-body and stochastic systems within the Mori-Zwanzig theory, we analyzed the dynamics of a model particle subjected to a saw-tooth potential in a noisy medium. The ISA mobility is found to be governed by two sources of dissipative friction: that which is produced by the scattering of lattice waves by the moving ISA (phonon wind), and that which is derived from the energy dissipation associated with overcoming the migration barrier screened by lattice waves (i.e., phonon screened). The many-body effect in both cases increases with temperature, so that the first component of the friction is important at high temperatures and the second component is important at low temperatures. A formulation built on this mechanistic structure of the dissipative friction requires the mobility and diffusivity to be expressed not only in terms of the migration enthalpy and entropy, but also of the phonon drag coefficient. As a test, the complex temperature dependence of the mobility and diffusivity of interstitial helium in BCC W obtained from molecular-dynamics simulation is very well reproduced.

Temperature-sensitive optrode

DOEpatents

Hirschfeld, T.B.

1985-09-24

Method and apparatus are provided for measuring temperature and for generating optical signals related to temperature. Light from a fiber optic is directed to a material whose fluorescent response varies with ambient temperature. The same fiber optic delivering the excitation beam also collects a portion of the fluorescent emission for analysis. Signal collection efficiency of the fiber optic is enhanced by requiring that the fluorescent probe material be in the shape of an oblong parabolically tapered solid. Reproducibility is enhanced by using Raman backscatter to monitor excitation beam fluctuations, and by using measurements of fluorescence lifetime. 10 figs.

Temperature-sensitive optrode

DOEpatents

Hirschfeld, Tomas B.

1985-01-01

Method and apparatus are provided for measuring temperature and for generating optical signals related to temperature. Light from a fiber optic is directed to a material whose fluorescent response varies with ambient temperature. The same fiber optic delivering the excitation beam also collects a portion of the fluorescent emission for analysis. Signal collection efficiency of the fiber optic is enhanced by requiring that the fluorescent probe material be in the shape of an oblong parabolically tapered solid. Reproducibility is enhanced by using Raman backscatter to monitor excitation beam fluctuations, and by using measurements of fluorescence lifetime.

Effect of dried solids of nejayote on broiler growth.

PubMed

Velasco-Martinez, M; Angulo, O; Vazquez-Couturier, D L; Arroyo-Lara, A; Monroy-Rivera, J A

1997-11-01

The purpose of the present study was to test the suitability of the solids of nejayote (a waste product from the tortilla industry) in diets for broilers. The nejayote was obtained from two different tortilla-making factories and the solids were obtained by centrifuge then dried in a hot-air drier. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous according to the NRC dietary requirements (1994). Nejayote solids were supplemented at 2, 4, and 6% of the diet. Results show that the content of protein and calcium in the dried solids of nejayote were 5 and 13%, respectively. The performance of broilers fed diets supplemented with dried nejayote did not differ from that of those fed the control diet. Therefore, it is concluded that nejayote solids are suitable for broiler feed and do not affect growth performance. Utilization of nejayote solids at higher levels is a possibility provided that no adverse effects on body weight, feed utilization, and feed:gain ratios are observed.

Modelling low Reynolds number vortex-induced vibration problems with a fixed mesh fluid-solid interaction formulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

González Cornejo, Felipe A.; Cruchaga, Marcela A.; Celentano, Diego J.

2017-11-01

The present work reports a fluid-rigid solid interaction formulation described within the framework of a fixed-mesh technique. The numerical analysis is focussed on the study of a vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a circular cylinder at low Reynolds number. The proposed numerical scheme encompasses the fluid dynamics computation in an Eulerian domain where the body is embedded using a collection of markers to describe its shape, and the rigid solid's motion is obtained with the well-known Newton's law. The body's velocity is imposed on the fluid domain through a penalty technique on the embedded fluid-solid interface. The fluid tractions acting on the solid are computed from the fluid dynamic solution of the flow around the body. The resulting forces are considered to solve the solid motion. The numerical code is validated by contrasting the obtained results with those reported in the literature using different approaches for simulating the flow past a fixed circular cylinder as a benchmark problem. Moreover, a mesh convergence analysis is also done providing a satisfactory response. In particular, a VIV problem is analyzed, emphasizing the description of the synchronization phenomenon.

Solid-loaded flows: applications in technology

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Molerus, O.

1983-01-01

The evaluation of experiments and the representation of the resulting data by nondimensional groups defined ad hoc largely governs the treatment of problems arising with solid-loaded flows in practice. Without doubt, this is a result of the very complex nature of solid-loaded flows and, consequently, empiricism tends to prevail, more or less. To overcome this situation, two sets of nondimensional groups, which take into consideration the translatory, as well as the rotary, motion of particles suspended in a fluid, are derived from the equations of motion of a solid body. The intuitive meaning of these nondimensional groups arises from theirmore » derivation. With respect to applications in engineering, the influence of the rotary motion of a particle on the motion of its center of gravity can thus be taken into account. As such, a common basis for the representation of the different phenomena observed with solid-loaded flows is established. The application of the above concepts to fluidization and hydraulic and pneumatic conveying proves their usefulness. New insights into well-known facts as well as new results demonstrate that taking the real nature of solid particles (i.e., those of finite dimensions) into consideration will provide a common and profound basis for the representation of different phenomena observed with solid-loaded flows in practice.« less

Solid anthropomorphic infant whole body DXA phantom: Design, evaluation, and multisite testing

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) requires phantoms for quality control and cross-calibration. No commercially available phantoms are designed specifically for infant whole-body scanning. We fabricated a phantom closely matching a 7-kg human infant in body habitus using PVC, nylon-mix, and poly...

Sources of spurious force oscillations from an immersed boundary method for moving-body problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Jongho; Kim, Jungwoo; Choi, Haecheon; Yang, Kyung-Soo

2011-04-01

When a discrete-forcing immersed boundary method is applied to moving-body problems, it produces spurious force oscillations on a solid body. In the present study, we identify two sources of these force oscillations. One source is from the spatial discontinuity in the pressure across the immersed boundary when a grid point located inside a solid body becomes that of fluid with a body motion. The addition of mass source/sink together with momentum forcing proposed by Kim et al. [J. Kim, D. Kim, H. Choi, An immersed-boundary finite volume method for simulations of flow in complex geometries, Journal of Computational Physics 171 (2001) 132-150] reduces the spurious force oscillations by alleviating this pressure discontinuity. The other source is from the temporal discontinuity in the velocity at the grid points where fluid becomes solid with a body motion. The magnitude of velocity discontinuity decreases with decreasing the grid spacing near the immersed boundary. Four moving-body problems are simulated by varying the grid spacing at a fixed computational time step and at a constant CFL number, respectively. It is found that the spurious force oscillations decrease with decreasing the grid spacing and increasing the computational time step size, but they depend more on the grid spacing than on the computational time step size.

The energy transfer mechanism of a perturbed solid-body rotation flow in a rotating pipe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Chunjuan; Liu, Feng; Rusak, Zvi; Wang, Shixiao

2017-04-01

Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of a solid-body rotation superposed on a uniform axial flow entering a rotating constant-area pipe of finite length are presented. Steady in time profiles of the radial, axial, and circumferential velocities are imposed at the pipe inlet. Convective boundary conditions are imposed at the pipe outlet. The Wang and Rusak (Phys. Fluids 8:1007-1016, 1996. doi: 10.1063/1.86882) axisymmetric instability mechanism is retrieved at certain operational conditions in terms of incoming flow swirl levels and the Reynolds number. However, at other operational conditions there exists a dominant, three-dimensional spiral type of instability mode that is consistent with the linear stability theory of Wang et al. (J. Fluid Mech. 797: 284-321, 2016). The growth of this mode leads to a spiral type of flow roll-up that subsequently nonlinearly saturates on a large amplitude rotating spiral wave. The energy transfer mechanism between the bulk of the flow and the perturbations is studied by the Reynolds-Orr equation. The production or loss of the perturbation kinetic energy is combined of three components: the viscous loss, the convective loss at the pipe outlet, and the gain of energy at the outlet through the work done by the pressure perturbation. The energy transfer in the nonlinear stage is shown to be a natural extension of the linear stage with a nonlinear saturated process.

FREE TRANSLATIONAL OSCILLATIONS OF ICY BODIES WITH A SUBSURFACE OCEAN USING A VARIATIONAL APPROACH

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Escapa, A.; Fukushima, T.

2011-03-15

We analyze the influence of the interior structure of an icy body with an internal ocean on the relative translational motions of its solid constituents. We consider an isolated body differentiated into three homogeneous layers with spherical symmetry: an external ice-I layer, a subsurface ammonia-water ocean, and a rocky inner core. This composition represents icy bodies such as Europa, Titania, Oberon, and Triton, as well as Pluto, Eris, Sedna, and 2004 DW. We construct the equations of motion by assuming that the solid constituents are rigid and that the ocean is an ideal fluid, the internal motion being characterized bymore » the relative translations of the solids and the induced flow in the fluid. Then we determine the dynamics of the icy body using the methods of analytical mechanics, that is, we compute the kinetic energy and the gravitational potential energy, and obtain the Lagrangian function. The resulting solution of the Lagrange equations shows that the solid layers perform translational oscillations of different amplitudes with respect to the barycenter of the body. We derive the dependence of the frequency of the free oscillations of the system on the characteristics of each layer, expressing the period of the oscillations as a function of the densities and masses of the ocean and the rocky inner core, and the mass of the icy body. We apply these results to previously developed subsurface models and obtain numerical values for the period and the ratio between the amplitudes of the translational oscillations of the solid components. The features obtained are quite different from the cases of Earth and Mercury. Our analytical formulas satisfactorily explain the source of these differences. When models of the same icy body, compatible with the existence of an internal ocean, differ in the thickness of the ice-I layer, their associated periods experience a relative variation of at least 10%. In particular, the different models for Titania and Oberon

Rheological investigation of body cream and body lotion in actual application conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kwak, Min-Sun; Ahn, Hye-Jin; Song, Ki-Won

2015-08-01

The objective of the present study is to systematically evaluate and compare the rheological behaviors of body cream and body lotion in actual usage situations. Using a strain-controlled rheometer, the steady shear flow properties of commercially available body cream and body lotion were measured over a wide range of shear rates, and the linear viscoelastic properties of these two materials in small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields were measured over a broad range of angular frequencies. The temperature dependency of the linear viscoelastic behaviors was additionally investigated over a temperature range most relevant to usual human life. The main findings obtained from this study are summarized as follows: (1) Body cream and body lotion exhibit a finite magnitude of yield stress. This feature is directly related to the primary (initial) skin feel that consumers usually experience during actual usage. (2) Body cream and body lotion exhibit a pronounced shear-thinning behavior. This feature is closely connected with the spreadability when cosmetics are applied onto the human skin. (3) The linear viscoelastic behaviors of body cream and body lotion are dominated by an elastic nature. These solid-like properties become a criterion to assess the selfstorage stability of cosmetic products. (4) A modified form of the Cox-Merz rule provides a good ability to predict the relationship between steady shear flow and dynamic viscoelastic properties for body cream and body lotion. (5) The storage modulus and loss modulus of body cream show a qualitatively similar tendency to gradually decrease with an increase in temperature. In the case of body lotion, with an increase in temperature, the storage modulus is progressively decreased while the loss modulus is slightly increased and then decreased. This information gives us a criterion to judge how the characteristics of cosmetic products are changed by the usual human environments.

The Effect of Body Build and BMI on Aerobic Test Performance in School Children (10-15 Years)

PubMed Central

Slinger, Jantine; Verstappen, Frans; Breda, Eric Van; Kuipers, Harm

2006-01-01

Body Mass Index (BMI) has often questionably been used to define body build. In the present study body build was defined more specifically using fat free mass index (FFMI = fat free mass normalised to the stature) and fat mass index (FMI = fat mass normalised to stature). The body build of an individual is ‘solid’ in individuals with a high FFMI for their FMI and is ‘slender’ in individuals with a low FFMI relative to their FMI. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between aerobic test performance and body build defined as solid, average or slender in 10 to 15 year old children. Five-hundred-and-two children (53% boys) aged 10 to 15 years of age were included in the study. Aerobic test performance was estimated with an incremental cycle ergometer protocol and a shuttle run test. BMI and percentage fat (by skin folds) were determined to calculate FMI and FFMI. After adjustment for differences in age, gender and body mass the solid group achieved a significantly higher maximal power output (W) and power output relative to body mass (W/kg) during the cycle test (p < 0.05) and a higher shuttle-run score (p < 0.05) compared to the slender group. The power output relative to FFM (W/kg FFM) was comparable (p > 0.05) between different body build groups. This study showed that body build is an important determinant of the aerobic test performance. In contrast, there were no differences in aerobic test performance per kilogramme FFM over the body build groups. This suggests that the body build may be determined by genetic predisposition. Key Points Children with a solid body build perform better in aerobic exercise tests than slender children. The power output relative to fat free mass was comparable in the solid, slender and average group. Besides body composition, body build should be considered related to other performance measurements. PMID:24357967

Modal element method for scattering of sound by absorbing bodies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baumeister, Kenneth J.; Kreider, Kevin L.

1992-01-01

The modal element method for acoustic scattering from 2-D body is presented. The body may be acoustically soft (absorbing) or hard (reflecting). The infinite computational region is divided into two subdomains - the bounded finite element domain, which is characterized by complicated geometry and/or variable material properties, and the surrounding unbounded homogeneous domain. The acoustic pressure field is represented approximately in the finite element domain by a finite element solution, and is represented analytically by an eigenfunction expansion in the homogeneous domain. The two solutions are coupled by the continuity of pressure and velocity across the interface between the two subdomains. Also, for hard bodies, a compact modal ring grid system is introduced for which computing requirements are drastically reduced. Analysis for 2-D scattering from solid and coated (acoustically treated) bodies is presented, and several simple numerical examples are discussed. In addition, criteria are presented for determining the number of modes to accurately resolve the scattered pressure field from a solid cylinder as a function of the frequency of the incoming wave and the radius of the cylinder.

A Solid State Pyranometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dumitrescu, Anca Laura; Paulescu, Marius; Ercuta, Aurel

2015-12-01

The construction of a solid state device-based pyranometer designated to broadband irradiance measurements is presented in this paper. The device is built on the physical basis that the temperature difference between two bodies of identical shape and external surface area, identically exposed to the incident radiation, but having different absorption and heat transfer coefficients (e.g. one body is painted white and the other is painted black), is proportional to the incident irradiance. This proportionality may be put in evidence if the two bodies consisting of identical arrays of correspondingly painted semiconductor diodes, due to the thermal behaviour of their p-n junction. It is theoretically predicted and experimentally confirmed that the voltage drop across a diode passed through a constant forward current linearly decreases with the temperature of the junction. In other words, a signal proportional to the irradiance of the light source may be obtained via conventional analog electronics. The calibration of the apparatus, as performed by means of a professional device (LP PYRA 03), indicates a good linearity.

Ultrasonic transmission at solid-liquid interfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wadley, Haydn N. G.; Queheillalt, Douglas T.; Lu, Yichi

1996-11-01

New non-invasive solid-liquid interface sensing technologies are a key element in the development of improved Bridman growth techniques for synthesizing single crystal semiconductor materials. Laser generated and optically detect ultrasonic techniques have the potential to satisfy this need. Using an anisotropic 3D ray tracing methodology combined with elastic constant data measured near the melting point, ultrasonic propagation in cylindrical single crystal bodies containing either a convex, flat, or concave solid-liquid interface has been simulated. Ray paths, wavefronts and the time-of-flight (TOF) of rays that travel from a source to an arbitrarily positioned receiver have all been calculated. Experimentally measured TOF data have been collected using laser generated, optically detected ultrasound on model systems with independently known interface shapes. Both numerically simulated and experimental data have shown that the solidification region can be easily identified from transmission TOF measurements because the velocity of the liquid is much smaller than that of the solid. Since convex and concave solid-liquid interfaces result in distinctively different TOF data profiles, the interface shape can also be readily determined from the TOF data. When TOF data collected in the diametral plane is used in conjunction with a nonlinear least squares algorithm, the interface geometry has been successfully reconstructed and ultrasonic velocities of both the solid and liquid obtained with reconstruction errors less than 5 percent.

Hydraulic modeling of unsteady debris-flow surges with solid-fluid interactions

USGS Publications Warehouse

Iverson, Richard M.

1997-01-01

Interactions of solid and fluid constituents produce the unique style of motion that typifies debris flows. To simulate this motion, a new hydraulic model represents debris flows as deforming masses of granular solids variably liquefied by viscous pore fluid. The momentum equation of the model describes how internal and boundary forces change as coarse-grained surge heads dominated by grain-contact friction grade into muddy debris-flow bodies more strongly influenced by fluid viscosity and pressure. Scaling analysis reveals that pore-pressure variations can cause flow resistance in surge heads to surpass that in debris-flow bodies by orders of magnitude. Numerical solutions of the coupled momentum and continuity equations provide good predictions of unsteady, nonuniform motion of experimental debris flows from initiation through deposition.

Method for removing solid particulate material from within liquid fuel injector assemblies

DOEpatents

Simandl, Ronald F.; Brown, John D.; Andriulli, John B.; Strain, Paul D.

1998-01-01

A method for removing residual solid particulate material from the interior of liquid fuel injectors and other fluid flow control mechanisms having or being operatively associated with a flow-regulating fixed or variable orifice. The method comprises the sequential and alternate introduction of columns of a non-compressible liquid phase and columns of a compressed gas phase into the body of a fuel injector whereby the expansion of each column of the gas phase across the orifice accelerates the liquid phase in each trailing column of the liquid phase and thereby generates turbulence in each liquid phase for lifting and entraining the solid particulates for the subsequent removal thereof from the body of the fuel injector.

Recent researches into solid bodies and magnetic fields in the solar system; Proceedings of the Topical Meeting and Symposium, Ottawa, Canada, May 16-June 2, 1982

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vette, J. I. (Editor); Runcorn, S. K. (Editor); Gruen, E. (Editor); Mcdonnell, J. A. M.

1982-01-01

Topics discussed include the magnetic history of the early solar system, impact processes in solid bodies (e.g., meteoroids and asteroids), and topics related to cometary missions. The section devoted to cometary missions lays particular stress on missions to Comet Halley; attention is given to such aspects of these missions as the investigation of hypervelocity impact on the Giotto Halley mission dust shield, the detection of energetic cometary and solar particles by the EPONA instrument on the Giotto mission, the dust hazard near Comet Halley in regard to the Vega project, and cometary ephemerides for spacecraft flyby missions.

Spike-Nosed Bodies and Forward Injected Jets in Supersonic Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gilinsky, M.; Washington, C.; Blankson, I. M.; Shvets, A. I.

2002-01-01

The paper contains new numerical simulation and experimental test results of blunt body drag reduction using thin spikes mounted in front of a body and one- or two-phase jets injected against a supersonic flow. Numerical simulations utilizing the NASA CFL3D code were conducted at the Hampton University Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics Laboratory (FM&AL) and experimental tests were conducted using the facilities of the IM/MSU Aeromechanics and Gas Dynamics Laboratory. Previous results were presented at the 37th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. Those results were based on some experimental and numerical simulation tests for supersonic flow around spike-nosed or shell-nosed bodies, and numerical simulations were conducted only for a single spike-nosed or shell-nosed body at zero attack angle, alpha=0. In this paper, experimental test results of gas, liquid and solid particle jet injection against a supersonic flow are presented. In addition, numerical simulation results for supersonic flow around a multiple spike-nosed body with non-zero attack angles and with a gas and solid particle forward jet injection are included. Aerodynamic coefficients: drag, C(sub D), lift, C(sub L), and longitudinal momentum, M(sub z), obtained by numerical simulation and experimental tests are compared and show good agreement.

Spike-Nosed Bodies and Forward Injected Jets in Supersonic Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gilinsky, M.; Washington, C.; Blankson, I. M.; Shvets, A. I.

2002-01-01

The paper contains new numerical simulation and experimental test results of blunt body drag reduction using thin spikes mounted in front of a body and one- or two-phase jets injected against a supersonic flow. Numerical simulations utilizing the NASA CFL3D code were conducted at the Hampton University Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics Laboratory (FM&AL) and experimental tests were conducted using the facilities of the IM/MSU Aeromechanics and Gas Dynamics Laboratory. Previous results were presented at the 37th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. Those results were based on some experimental and numerical simulation tests for supersonic flow around spike-nosed or shell-nosed bodies, and numerical simulations were conducted only for a single spike-nosed or shell-nosed body at zero attack angle, alpha = 0 degrees. In this paper, experimental test results of gas, liquid and solid particle jet injection against a supersonic flow are presented. In addition, numerical simulation results for supersonic flow around a multiple spike-nosed body with non-zero attack angles and with a gas and solid particle forward jet injection are included. Aerodynamic coefficients: drag, C (sub D), lift, C(sub L), and longitudinal momentum, M(sub z), obtained by numerical simulation and experimental tests are compared and show good agreement.

[Marshmallow for investigating functional disturbances of the esophageal body].

PubMed

Keren, S; Argaman, E

1992-09-01

Manometric studies using water boluses do not always demonstrate disturbances in esophageal motility. We tested the use of a marshmallow bolus to induce abnormal manometric patterns in patients with dysphagia in whom manometric studies using water boluses were normal or nearly so. The study group included 12 normal volunteers and 22 patients with dysphagia and nearly normal manometric studies. Pressure was recorded along the esophageal body using 10 "wet" swallows followed by 10 "solid" swallows of marshmallow. In normal subjects there were fewer abnormal contractions after solid swallows than after wet swallows. In 15 patients solid swallows induced abnormal motility patterns which were not observed after wet swallows. The probability of inducing abnormal contractions in patients after solid swallows is significantly greater than after wet swallows (p < 0.0001). Solid swallowing is therefore useful in evaluating functional disturbances of the esophagus in patients with dysphagia.

Solid H2 in the interstellar medium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Füglistaler, A.; Pfenniger, D.

2018-06-01

Context. Condensation of H2 in the interstellar medium (ISM) has long been seen as a possibility, either by deposition on dust grains or thanks to a phase transition combined with self-gravity. H2 condensation might explain the observed low efficiency of star formation and might help to hide baryons in spiral galaxies. Aims: Our aim is to quantify the solid fraction of H2 in the ISM due to a phase transition including self-gravity for different densities and temperatures in order to use the results in more complex simulations of the ISM as subgrid physics. Methods: We used molecular dynamics simulations of fluids at different temperatures and densities to study the formation of solids. Once the simulations reached a steady state, we calculated the solid mass fraction, energy increase, and timescales. By determining the power laws measured over several orders of magnitude, we extrapolated to lower densities the higher density fluids that can be simulated with current computers. Results: The solid fraction and energy increase of fluids in a phase transition are above 0.1 and do not follow a power law. Fluids out of a phase transition are still forming a small amount of solids due to chance encounters of molecules. The solid mass fraction and energy increase of these fluids are linearly dependent on density and can easily be extrapolated. The timescale is below one second, the condensation can be considered instantaneous. Conclusions: The presence of solid H2 grains has important dynamic implications on the ISM as they may be the building blocks for larger solid bodies when gravity is included. We provide the solid mass fraction, energy increase, and timescales for high density fluids and extrapolation laws for lower densities.

Continuum limit of the vibrational properties of amorphous solids.

PubMed

Mizuno, Hideyuki; Shiba, Hayato; Ikeda, Atsushi

2017-11-14

The low-frequency vibrational and low-temperature thermal properties of amorphous solids are markedly different from those of crystalline solids. This situation is counterintuitive because all solid materials are expected to behave as a homogeneous elastic body in the continuum limit, in which vibrational modes are phonons that follow the Debye law. A number of phenomenological explanations for this situation have been proposed, which assume elastic heterogeneities, soft localized vibrations, and so on. Microscopic mean-field theories have recently been developed to predict the universal non-Debye scaling law. Considering these theoretical arguments, it is absolutely necessary to directly observe the nature of the low-frequency vibrations of amorphous solids and determine the laws that such vibrations obey. Herein, we perform an extremely large-scale vibrational mode analysis of a model amorphous solid. We find that the scaling law predicted by the mean-field theory is violated at low frequency, and in the continuum limit, the vibrational modes converge to a mixture of phonon modes that follow the Debye law and soft localized modes that follow another universal non-Debye scaling law.

On sharp vorticity gradients in elongating baroclinic eddies and their stabilization with a solid-body rotation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sutyrin, Georgi G.

2016-06-01

Wide compensated vortices are not able to remain circular in idealized two-layer models unless the ocean depth is assumed to be unrealistically large. Small perturbations on both cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies grow slower if a middle layer with uniform potential vorticity (PV) is added, owing to a weakening of the vertical coupling between the upper and lower layers and a reduction of the PV gradient in the deep layer. Numerical simulations show that the nonlinear development of the most unstable elliptical mode causes self-elongation of the upper vortex core and splitting of the deep PV anomaly into two corotating parts. The emerging tripolar flow pattern in the lower layer results in self-intensification of the fluid rotation in the water column around the vortex center. Further vortex evolution depends on the model parameters and initial conditions, which limits predictability owing to multiple equilibrium attractors existing in the dynamical system. The vortex core strips thin filaments, which roll up into submesoscale vortices to result in substantial mixing at the vortex periphery. Stirring and damping of vorticity by bottom friction are found to be essential for subsequent vortex stabilization. The development of sharp PV gradients leads to nearly solid-body rotation inside the vortex core and formation of transport barriers at the vortex periphery. These processes have important implications for understanding the longevity of real-ocean eddies.

49 CFR 177.838 - Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5 (oxidizing) materials, and Division 4.2 (pyroforic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... (flammable solid) or Class 5 (oxidizing) materials shall be contained entirely within the body of the motor.... Special care shall also be taken in the loading of any motor vehicle with Class 4 (flammable solid) or... 49 Transportation 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5...

49 CFR 177.838 - Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5 (oxidizing) materials, and Division 4.2 (pyroforic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... (flammable solid) or Class 5 (oxidizing) materials shall be contained entirely within the body of the motor.... Special care shall also be taken in the loading of any motor vehicle with Class 4 (flammable solid) or... 49 Transportation 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5...

49 CFR 177.838 - Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5 (oxidizing) materials, and Division 4.2 (pyroforic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... (flammable solid) or Class 5 (oxidizing) materials shall be contained entirely within the body of the motor.... Special care shall also be taken in the loading of any motor vehicle with Class 4 (flammable solid) or... 49 Transportation 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5...

Optical constants of liquid and solid methane

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Martonchik, John V.; Orton, Glenn S.

1994-01-01

The optical constants n(sub r) + in(sub i) of liquid methane and phase 1 solid methane were determined over the entire spectral range by the use of various data sources published in the literature. Kramers-Kronig analyses were performed on the absorption spectra of liquid methane at the boiling point (111 K) and the melting point (90 K) and on the absorption spectra of phase 1 solid methane at the melting point and at 30 K. Measurements of the static dielectric constant at these temperatures and refractive indices determined over limited spectral ranges were used as constraints in the analyses. Applications of methane optical properties to studies of outer solar system bodies are described.

Method for removing solid particulate material from within liquid fuel injector assemblies

DOEpatents

Simandl, R.F.; Brown, J.D.; Andriulli, J.B.; Strain, P.D.

1998-09-08

A method is described for removing residual solid particulate material from the interior of liquid fuel injectors and other fluid flow control mechanisms having or being operatively associated with a flow-regulating fixed or variable orifice. The method comprises the sequential and alternate introduction of columns of a non-compressible liquid phase and columns of a compressed gas phase into the body of a fuel injector whereby the expansion of each column of the gas phase across the orifice accelerates the liquid phase in each trailing column of the liquid phase and thereby generates turbulence in each liquid phase for lifting and entraining the solid particulates for the subsequent removal thereof from the body of the fuel injector. 1 fig.

Solid-state greenhouses and their implications for icy satellites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Matson, Dennis L.; Brown, Robert H.

1989-01-01

The 'solid-state greenhouse effect' model constituted by the subsurface solar heating of translucent, high-albedo materials is presently applied to the study of planetary surfaces, with attention to frost and ice surfaces of the solar system's outer satellites. Temperature is computed as a function of depth for an illustrative range of thermal variables, and it is discovered that the surfaces and interiors of such bodies can be warmer than otherwise suspected. Mechanisms are identified through which the modest alteration of surface properties can substantially change the solid-state greenhouse and force an interior temperature adjustment.

On the mechanical stability of the body-centered cubic phase and the emergence of a metastable cI16 phase in classical hard sphere solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Warshavsky, Vadim B.; Ford, David M.; Monson, Peter A.

2018-01-01

The stability of the body-centered cubic (bcc) solid phase of classical hard spheres is of intrinsic interest and is also relevant to the development of perturbation theories for bcc solids of other model systems. Using canonical ensemble Monte Carlo, we simulated systems initialized in a perfect bcc lattice at various densities in the solid region. We observed that the systems rapidly evolved into one of four structures that then persisted for the duration of the simulation. Remarkably, one of these structures was identified as cI16, a cubic crystalline structure with 16 particles in the unit cell, which has recently been observed experimentally in lithium and sodium solids at high pressures. The other three structures do not exhibit crystalline order but are characterized by common patterns in the radial distribution function and bond-orientational order parameter distribution; we refer to them as bcc-di, with i ranging from 1 to 3. We found similar outcomes when employing any of the three single occupancy cell (SOC) restrictions commonly used in the literature. We also ran long constant-pressure simulations with box shape fluctuations initiated from bcc and cI16 initial configurations. At lower pressures, all the systems evolved to defective face-centered cubic (fcc) or hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structures. At higher pressures, most of the systems initiated as bcc evolved to cI16 with some evolving to defective fcc/hcp. High pressure systems initiated from cI16 remained in that structure. We computed the chemical potential of cI16 using the Einstein crystal reference method and found that it is higher than that of fcc by ˜0.5kT-2.5kT over the pressure range studied, with the difference increasing with pressure. We find that the undistorted bcc solid, even with constant-volume and SOC restrictions applied, is so mechanically unstable that it is unsuitable for consideration as a metastable phase or as a reference system for studying bcc phases of other systems

Effects of triacylglycerol structure and solid fat content on fasting responses of mice.

PubMed

Wang, Xiaosan; Wang, Tong; Spurlock, Michael E; Wang, Xingguo

2016-06-01

Fat randomization and interesterification change triacylglycerol (TAG) structure and its solid fat content profile. It has not been thoroughly investigated whether these changes affect lipid metabolism. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of TAG structure and solid fat content on feed intake, body weight change, and serum metabolite concentrations in mice. An experiment used two fats rich in 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-oleoylglycerol (PPO) and 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol (POP) as comparative pair of fats to assess the effect of TAG structure since PPO and POP have the same fatty acid composition and solid fat content at 37 °C. Another experiment used a fat rich in 1-palmitoyl-2,3-dioleoylglycerol (POO) with solid fat content of zero at 37 °C and a mixture of fats that had the same general fatty acid composition and palmitic acid positional distribution, but with solid fat content of 22 % at 37 °C. This pair of fats was used to examine the effect of solid fat content on blood lipid profile. After 6-week feeding, the pair of fats with different solid fat contents did not significantly affect the concentrations of total serum cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, TAG, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), or blood glucose. However, the PPO fat significantly reduced feed intake, body weight, and serum glucose concentration as compared to POP. These results suggest that the presence of solid fat at the level examined does not affect lipid metabolism and lipemia, but PPO diet significantly affects NEFA and glucose concentrations. Palmitic acid at the sn-2 position of the TAG may have significant effect on appetite, which may be mediated via the gut receptors.

Modeling and testing of a tube-in-tube separation mechanism of bodies in space

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Michaels, Dan; Gany, Alon

2016-12-01

A tube-in-tube concept for separation of bodies in space was investigated theoretically and experimentally. The separation system is based on generation of high pressure gas by combustion of solid propellant and restricting the expansion of the gas only by ejecting the two bodies in opposite directions, in such a fashion that maximizes generated impulse. An interior ballistics model was developed in order to investigate the potential benefits of the separation system for a large range of space body masses and for different design parameters such as geometry and propellant. The model takes into account solid propellant combustion, heat losses, and gas phase chemical reactions. The model shows that for large bodies (above 100 kg) and typical separation velocities of 5 m/s, the proposed separation mechanism may be characterized by a specific impulse of 25,000 s, two order of magnitude larger than that of conventional solid rockets. It means that the proposed separation system requires only 1% of the propellant mass that would be needed for a conventional rocket for the same mission. Since many existing launch vehicles obtain such separation velocities by using conventional solid rocket motors (retro-rockets), the implementation of the new separation system design can reduce dramatically the mass of the separation system and increase safety. A dedicated experimental setup was built in order to demonstrate the concept and validate the model. The experimental results revealed specific impulse values of up to 27,000 s and showed good correspondence with the model.

Translational Research in Pediatrics IV: Solid Tissue Collection and Processing.

PubMed

Gillio-Meina, Carolina; Zielke, H Ronald; Fraser, Douglas D

2016-01-01

Solid tissues are critical for child-health research. Specimens are commonly obtained at the time of biopsy/surgery or postmortem. Research tissues can also be obtained at the time of organ retrieval for donation or from tissue that would otherwise have been discarded. Navigating the ethics of solid tissue collection from children is challenging, and optimal handling practices are imperative to maximize tissue quality. Fresh biopsy/surgical specimens can be affected by a variety of factors, including age, gender, BMI, relative humidity, freeze/thaw steps, and tissue fixation solutions. Postmortem tissues are also vulnerable to agonal factors, body storage temperature, and postmortem intervals. Nonoptimal tissue handling practices result in nucleotide degradation, decreased protein stability, artificial posttranslational protein modifications, and altered lipid concentrations. Tissue pH and tryptophan levels are 2 methods to judge the quality of solid tissue collected for research purposes; however, the RNA integrity number, together with analyses of housekeeping genes, is the new standard. A comprehensive clinical data set accompanying all tissue samples is imperative. In this review, we examined: the ethical standards relating to solid tissue procurement from children; potential sources of solid tissues; optimal practices for solid tissue processing, handling, and storage; and reliable markers of solid tissue quality. Copyright © 2016 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Continuum limit of the vibrational properties of amorphous solids

PubMed Central

Mizuno, Hideyuki; Ikeda, Atsushi

2017-01-01

The low-frequency vibrational and low-temperature thermal properties of amorphous solids are markedly different from those of crystalline solids. This situation is counterintuitive because all solid materials are expected to behave as a homogeneous elastic body in the continuum limit, in which vibrational modes are phonons that follow the Debye law. A number of phenomenological explanations for this situation have been proposed, which assume elastic heterogeneities, soft localized vibrations, and so on. Microscopic mean-field theories have recently been developed to predict the universal non-Debye scaling law. Considering these theoretical arguments, it is absolutely necessary to directly observe the nature of the low-frequency vibrations of amorphous solids and determine the laws that such vibrations obey. Herein, we perform an extremely large-scale vibrational mode analysis of a model amorphous solid. We find that the scaling law predicted by the mean-field theory is violated at low frequency, and in the continuum limit, the vibrational modes converge to a mixture of phonon modes that follow the Debye law and soft localized modes that follow another universal non-Debye scaling law. PMID:29087941

A continuum theory of a lubrication problem with solid particles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dai, Fuling; Khonsari, M. M.

1993-01-01

The governing equations for a two-dimensional lubrication problem involving the mixture of a Newtonian fluid with solid particles at an arbitrary volume fraction are developed using the theory of interacting continuua (mixture theory). The equations take the interaction between the fluid and the particles into consideration. Provision is made for the possibility of particle slippage at the boundaries. The equations are simplified assuming that the solid volume fraction varies in the sliding direction alone. Equations are solved for the velocity of the fluid phase and that of the solid phase of the mixture flow in the clearance space of an arbitrary shaped bearing. It is shown that the classical pure fluid case can be recovered as a special case of the solutions presented. Extensive numerical solutions are presented to quantify the effect of particulate solid for a number of pertinent performance parameters for both slider and journal bearings. Included in the results are discussions on the influence of particle slippage on the boundaries as well as the role of the interacting body force between the fluid and solid particles.

Analysis, approximation, and computation of a coupled solid/fluid temperature control problem

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gunzburger, Max D.; Lee, Hyung C.

1993-01-01

An optimization problem is formulated motivated by the desire to remove temperature peaks, i.e., 'hot spots', along the bounding surfaces of containers of fluid flows. The heat equation of the solid container is coupled to the energy equations for the fluid. Heat sources can be located in the solid body, the fluid, or both. Control is effected by adjustments to the temperature of the fluid at the inflow boundary. Both mathematical analyses and computational experiments are given.

Diffuse interface immersed boundary method for multi-fluid flows with arbitrarily moving rigid bodies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patel, Jitendra Kumar; Natarajan, Ganesh

2018-05-01

We present an interpolation-free diffuse interface immersed boundary method for multiphase flows with moving bodies. A single fluid formalism using the volume-of-fluid approach is adopted to handle multiple immiscible fluids which are distinguished using the volume fractions, while the rigid bodies are tracked using an analogous volume-of-solid approach that solves for the solid fractions. The solution to the fluid flow equations are carried out using a finite volume-immersed boundary method, with the latter based on a diffuse interface philosophy. In the present work, we assume that the solids are filled with a "virtual" fluid with density and viscosity equal to the largest among all fluids in the domain. The solids are assumed to be rigid and their motion is solved using Newton's second law of motion. The immersed boundary methodology constructs a modified momentum equation that reduces to the Navier-Stokes equations in the fully fluid region and recovers the no-slip boundary condition inside the solids. An implicit incremental fractional-step methodology in conjunction with a novel hybrid staggered/non-staggered approach is employed, wherein a single equation for normal momentum at the cell faces is solved everywhere in the domain, independent of the number of spatial dimensions. The scalars are all solved for at the cell centres, with the transport equations for solid and fluid volume fractions solved using a high-resolution scheme. The pressure is determined everywhere in the domain (including inside the solids) using a variable coefficient Poisson equation. The solution to momentum, pressure, solid and fluid volume fraction equations everywhere in the domain circumvents the issue of pressure and velocity interpolation, which is a source of spurious oscillations in sharp interface immersed boundary methods. A well-balanced algorithm with consistent mass/momentum transport ensures robust simulations of high density ratio flows with strong body forces. The

Antitumor and radiosensitizing synergistic effects of apigenin and cryptotanshinone against solid Ehrlich carcinoma in female mice.

PubMed

Medhat, Amina M; Azab, Khaled Sh; Said, Mahmoud M; El Fatih, Neama M; El Bakary, Nermeen M

2017-10-01

Considerable attention has been paid to the introduction of novel naturally occurring plant-derived radiosensitizer compounds in order to augment the radiation efficacy and improve the treatment outcome of different tumors. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the antitumor, antiangiogeneic, and synergistic radiosensitizing effects of apigenin, a dietary flavonoid, and/or cryptotanshinone, a terpenoid isolated from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, against the growth of solid Ehrlich carcinoma in female mice. Apigenin (50 mg/kg body weight) and/or cryptotanshinone (40 mg/kg body weight) was intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected into non-irradiated or γ-irradiated (6.5 Gy whole-body γ-irradiation) solid Ehrlich carcinoma-bearing mice for 30 consecutive days. Investigations included molecular targets involved in proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumor invasiveness. Treatment with apigenin and/or cryptotanshinone significantly suppressed the growth of solid Ehrlich carcinoma tumors and demonstrated a synergistic radiosensitizing efficacy together with γ-irradiation. These effects were achieved through downregulating the expression of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic regulators, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, vascular endothelial growth factor C, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activities, which play a key role in tumor invasion and metastasis, and enhancing apoptosis via inducing cleaved caspase-3 and granzyme B levels. Histological findings of solid Ehrlich carcinoma tumors verified the recorded data. In conclusion, a synergistic radiosensitizing efficacy for apigenin and cryptotanshinone was demonstrated against Ehrlich carcinoma in the current in vivo murine model, representing therefore a potential therapeutic strategy for increasing the radiation response of solid tumors.

A kinetic study of the formation of organic solids from formaldehyde: Implications for the origin of extraterrestrial organic solids in primitive Solar System objects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kebukawa, Yoko; Cody, George D.

2015-03-01

Aqueous organic solid formation from formaldehyde via the formose reaction and subsequent reactions is a possible candidate for the origin of complex primitive chondritic insoluble organic matter (IOM) and refractory carbon in comets. The rate of formation of organic solids from formaldehyde was studied as a function of temperature and time, with and without ammonia, in order to derive kinetic expressions for polymer yield. The evolution in molecular structure as a function of time and temperature was studied using infrared spectroscopy. Using these kinetic expressions, the yield of organic solids is estimated for extended time and temperature ranges. For example, the half-life for organic solid formation is ∼5 days at 373 K, ∼200 days at 323 K, and ∼70 years at 273 K with ammonia, and ∼25 days at 373 K, ∼13 years at 323 K, and ∼2 × 104 years at 273 K without ammonia. These results indicate that organic solids could form during the aqueous alteration in meteorite parent bodies. If liquid water existed early in the interiors of Kuiper belt objects (KBOs), formaldehyde could convert into organic solids at temperatures close to 273 K, and possibly even below 273 K in the ammonia-water system.

Bifurcation of elastic solids with sliding interfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bigoni, D.; Bordignon, N.; Piccolroaz, A.; Stupkiewicz, S.

2018-01-01

Lubricated sliding contact between soft solids is an interesting topic in biomechanics and for the design of small-scale engineering devices. As a model of this mechanical set-up, two elastic nonlinear solids are considered jointed through a frictionless and bilateral surface, so that continuity of the normal component of the Cauchy traction holds across the surface, but the tangential component is null. Moreover, the displacement can develop only in a way that the bodies in contact do neither detach, nor overlap. Surprisingly, this finite strain problem has not been correctly formulated until now, so this formulation is the objective of the present paper. The incremental equations are shown to be non-trivial and different from previously (and erroneously) employed conditions. In particular, an exclusion condition for bifurcation is derived to show that previous formulations based on frictionless contact or `spring-type' interfacial conditions are not able to predict bifurcations in tension, while experiments-one of which, ad hoc designed, is reported-show that these bifurcations are a reality and become possible when the correct sliding interface model is used. The presented results introduce a methodology for the determination of bifurcations and instabilities occurring during lubricated sliding between soft bodies in contact.

Nature of the Surface and Its Effect on Solid-state Interactions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Georges, J. M.

1984-01-01

An important aspect of the friction and wear of solids is the nature and the mechanical behavior of the surface films. A description of the mechanical, physical, and chemical behavior of surface films is achieved by an investigation of boundary lubrication. Two major points are demonstrated. First, the sliding of two solid surfaces under boundary lubricating conditions creates third bodies in the interface. Second, the nature and the evolution of the interface are dictated by the colloidal behavior of the products generated. To illustrate these two propositions, some recent work is presented.

End-to-end system test for solid-state microdosemeters.

PubMed

Pisacane, V L; Dolecek, Q E; Malak, H; Dicello, J F

2010-08-01

The gold standard in microdosemeters has been the tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) that utilises a gas cavity. An alternative is the solid-state microdosemeter that replaces the gas with a condensed phase (silicon) detector with microscopic sensitive volumes. Calibrations of gas and solid-state microdosemeters are generally carried out using radiation sources built into the detector that impose restrictions on their handling, transportation and licensing in accordance with the regulations from international, national and local nuclear regulatory bodies. Here a novel method is presented for carrying out a calibration and end-to-end system test of a microdosemeter using low-energy photons as the initiating energy source, thus obviating the need for a regulated ionising radiation source. This technique may be utilised to calibrate both a solid-state microdosemeter and, with modification, a TEPC with the higher average ionisation energy of a gas.

Aerodynamic characteristics of a 142-inch diameter solid rocket booster, configuration 139 (SA2FA/SA2FB)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Radford, W. D.; Johnson, J. D.

1974-01-01

Tests of a 2.112 percent scale model of the space shuttle solid rocket booster model were conducted in a transonic pressure tunnel. Tests were conducted at Mach numbers ranging from 0.4 to 1.2, angles of attack from minus one degree to plus 181 degrees, and Reynolds numbers from 0.6 million to 6.1 million per foot. The model configurations investigated were as follows: (1) solid rocket booster without external protuberances, (2) solid rocket booster with an electrical tunnel and a solid rocket booster/external tank thrust attachment structure, and (3) solid rocket booster with two body strakes.

Propagation Velocity of Solid Earth Tides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pathak, S.

2017-12-01

One of the significant considerations in most of the geodetic investigations is to take into account the outcome of Solid Earth tides on the location and its consequent impact on the time series of coordinates. In this research work, the propagation velocity resulting from the Solid Earth tides between the Indian stations is computed. Mean daily coordinates for the stations have been computed by applying static precise point positioning technique for a day. The computed coordinates are used as an input for computing the tidal displacements at the stations by Gravity method along three directions at 1-minute interval for 24 hours. Further the baseline distances are computed between four Indian stations. Computation of the propagation velocity for Solid Earth tides can be done by the virtue of study of the concurrent effect of it in-between the stations of identified baseline distance along with the time consumed by the tides for reaching from one station to another. The propagation velocity helps in distinguishing the impact at any station if the consequence at a known station for a specific time-period is known. Thus, with the knowledge of propagation velocity, the spatial and temporal effects of solid earth tides can be estimated with respect to a known station. As theoretically explained, the tides generated are due to the position of celestial bodies rotating about Earth. So the need of study is to observe the correlation of propagation velocity with the rotation speed of the Earth. The propagation velocity of Solid Earth tides comes out to be in the range of 440-470 m/s. This velocity comes out to be in a good agreement with the Earth's rotation speed.

Assessment of environmental policy implementation in solid waste management in Kathmandu, Nepal.

PubMed

Dangi, Mohan B; Schoenberger, Erica; Boland, John J

2017-06-01

In Nepal, full-fledged environmental legislation was rare before the democratic constitution of 1990. The first law covering the environment and sustainability was the Environment Protection Act 1997. While the Solid Waste Act was introduced in 1987, the problem of solid waste management still surfaces in Kathmandu. In order to understand the bedrock of this unrelenting failure in solid waste management, the manuscript digs deeper into policy implementation by dissecting solid waste rules, environmental legislations, relevant local laws, and solid waste management practices in Kathmandu, Nepal. A very rich field study that included surveys, interviews, site visits, and literature review provided the basis for the article. The study shows that volumes of new Nepalese rules are crafted without effective enforcement of their predecessors and there is a frequent power struggle between local government bodies and central authority in implementing the codes and allocating resources in solid waste management. The study concludes that Kathmandu does not require any new instrument to address solid waste problems; instead, it needs creation of local resources, execution of local codes, and commitment from central government to allow free exercise of these policies.

Exciton dispersion in molecular solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cudazzo, Pierluigi; Sottile, Francesco; Rubio, Angel; Gatti, Matteo

2015-03-01

The investigation of the exciton dispersion (i.e. the exciton energy dependence as a function of the momentum carried by the electron-hole pair) is a powerful approach to identify the exciton character, ranging from the strongly localised Frenkel to the delocalised Wannier-Mott limiting cases. We illustrate this possibility at the example of four prototypical molecular solids (picene, pentacene, tetracene and coronene) on the basis of the parameter-free solution of the many-body Bethe-Salpeter equation. We discuss the mixing between Frenkel and charge-transfer excitons and the origin of their Davydov splitting in the framework of many-body perturbation theory and establish a link with model approaches based on molecular states. Finally, we show how the interplay between the electronic band dispersion and the exchange electron-hole interaction plays a fundamental role in setting the nature of the exciton. This analysis has a general validity holding also for other systems in which the electron wavefunctions are strongly localized, as in strongly correlated insulators.

A High Performance Computing Approach to the Simulation of Fluid Solid Interaction Problems with Rigid and Flexible Components (Open Access Publisher’s Version)

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-08-01

performance computing, smoothed particle hydrodynamics, rigid body dynamics, flexible body dynamics ARMAN PAZOUKI ∗, RADU SERBAN ∗, DAN NEGRUT ∗ A...HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING APPROACH TO THE SIMULATION OF FLUID-SOLID INTERACTION PROBLEMS WITH RIGID AND FLEXIBLE COMPONENTS This work outlines a unified...are implemented to model rigid and flexible multibody dynamics. The two- way coupling of the fluid and solid phases is supported through use of

Solid Variant of an Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the Thoracic Spine.

PubMed

Mehta, Varshil; Padalkar, Pravin; Kale, Maya; Kathare, Ambadas

2017-05-01

The solid variant of an aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) has been observed very rarely, especially those involving the spine. In this case report, we present a very unusual tumour of the thoracic spine which was managed by 360˚ decompression via posterior-only approach and stabilization. A 16-year-old boy presented to us with a sudden onset of weakness in both lower limbs leading to paraplegia. He also had a history of back and chest pain over the past one year. A collapse of the T5 vertebrae on plain radiograph was observed. The patient was immediately shifted to the operation theatre with an initial plan of a total en bloc spondylectomy of the T5. However, intraoperatively, histology favored a solid-ABC variant rather than a spindle cell tumour or giant cell tumour. Thus, the initial plan was revised to a 360˚ decompression without resecting the body en bloc via a posterolateral approach. After surgery, complete resolution of his sensory and motor dysfunction was achieved. His chest and back pain also resolved. The diseased vertebral body gradually healed and new bone formation was seen at 18 months postoperatively. This case report concludes that a solid variant of an ABC should be considered as a differential diagnosis for tumours involving the spine. An intraoperative frozen section procedure should be undertaken, especially during emergency situations. Early diagnosis and appropriate surgical management play an important role in the successful management of a solid variant of ABC.

Collection-efficient, axisymmetric vacuum sublimation module for the purification of solid materials.

PubMed

May, Michael; Paul, Elizabeth; Katovic, Vladimir

2015-11-01

A vacuum sublimation module of axisymmetric geometry was developed and employed to purify solid-phase materials. The module provides certain practical advantages and it comprises: a metering valve, glass collector, glass lower body, main seal, threaded bushing, and glass internal cartridge (the latter to contain starting material). A complementary process was developed to de-solvate, sublime, weigh, and collect solid chemical materials exemplified by oxalic acid, ferrocene, pentachlorobenzene, chrysene, and urea. The oxalic acid sublimate was analyzed by titration, melting range, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and its (aqueous phase) electrolytically generated gas. The analytical data were consistent with a high-purity, anhydrous oxalic acid sublimate. Cyclic voltammograms of 0.11 mol. % oxalic acid in water displayed a 2.1 V window on glassy carbon electrode beyond which electrolytic decomposition occurs. During module testing, fifteen relatively pure materials were sublimed with (energy efficient) passive cooling and the solid-phase recovery averaged 95 mass %. Key module design features include: compact vertical geometry, low-angle conical collector, uniformly compressed main seal, modest power consumption, transparency, glovebox compatibility, cooling options, and preferential conductive heat transfer. To help evaluate the structural (module) heat transfer, vertical temperature profiles along the dynamically evacuated lower body were measured versus electric heater power: for example, an input of 18.6 W generated a temperature 443-K at the bottom. Experimental results and engineering calculations indicate that during sublimation, solid conduction is the primary mode of heat transfer to the starting material.

Ginzburg-Landau theory for the solid-liquid interface of bcc elements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shih, W. H.; Wang, Z. Q.; Zeng, X. C.; Stroud, D.

1987-01-01

Consideration is given to a simple order-parameter theory for the interfacial tension of body-centered-cubic solids in which the principal order parameter is the amplitude of the density wave at the smallest nonzero reciprocal-lattice vector of the solid. The parameters included in the theory are fitted to the measured heat of fusion, melting temperature, and solid-liquid density difference, and to the liquid structure factor and its temperature derivative at freezing. Good agreement is found with experiment for Na and Fe and the calculated anisotropy of the surface tension among different crystal faces is of the order of 2 percent. On the basis of various assumptions about the universal behavior of bcc crystals at melting, the formalism predicts that the surface tension is proportional to the heat of fusion per surface atom.

Calculation of Water Entry Problem for Free-falling Bodies Using a Developed Cartesian Cut Cell Mesh

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wenhua, Wang; Yanying, Wang

2010-05-01

This paper describes the development of free surface capturing method on Cartesian cut cell mesh to water entry problem for free-falling bodies with body-fluid interaction. The incompressible Euler equations for a variable density fluid system are presented as governing equations and the free surface is treated as a contact discontinuity by using free surface capturing method. In order to be convenient for dealing with the problem with moving body boundary, the Cartesian cut cell technique is adopted for generating the boundary-fitted mesh around body edge by cutting solid regions out of a background Cartesian mesh. Based on this mesh system, governing equations are discretized by finite volume method, and at each cell edge inviscid flux is evaluated by means of Roe's approximate Riemann solver. Furthermore, for unsteady calculation in time domain, a time accurate solution is achieved by a dual time-stepping technique with artificial compressibility method. For the body-fluid interaction, the projection method of momentum equations and exact Riemann solution are applied in the calculation of fluid pressure on the solid boundary. Finally, the method is validated by test case of water entry for free-falling bodies.

Spectrum of lesions derived from branchial arches occurring in the thyroid: from solid cell nests to tumors.

PubMed

Srbecka, Kristyna; Michalova, Kvetoslava; Curcikova, Radmila; Michal, Michael; Dubova, Magdalena; Svajdler, Marian; Michal, Michal; Daum, Ondrej

2017-09-01

There is a group of lesions in the head and neck region derived from branchial arches and related structures which, when inflamed, are characterized by the formation of cysts lined by squamous or glandular epithelium and surrounded by a heavy inflammatory infiltrate rich in germinal centers. In the thyroid, the main source of various structures which may cause diagnostic dilemma is the ultimobranchial body. To investigate the spectrum of such thyroid lesions, the consultation files were reviewed for thyroid samples containing pathological structures regarded to arise from the ultimobranchial body. Positive reaction with antibodies against CK5/6, p63, galectin 3, and CEA, and negative reaction with antibodies against thyroglobulin, TTF-1, and calcitonin were used to confirm the diagnosis. The specific subtype of the ultimobranchial body-derived lesion was then determined based on histological examination of H&E-stained slides. Twenty-one cases of ultimobranchial body-derived lesions were retrieved from the consultation files, 20 of them along with clinical information (M/F = 6/14, mean age 55 years, range 36-68 years). Lesions derived from the ultimobranchial body were classified as follows: (hyperplastic) solid cell nests (nine cases), solid cell nests with focal cystic change (five cases), cystic solid cell nests (two cases), branchial cleft-like cyst (four cases), and finally a peculiar Warthin tumor-like lesion (one case). We suggest that the common denominator of these structures is that they all arise due to activation of inflammatory cells around the vestigial structures, which leads to cystic dilatation and proliferation of the epithelial component.

Effects of weightlessness on body composition in the rat

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pitts, G. C.; Ushakov, A. S.; Pace, N.; Smith, A. H.; Rahlmann, D. F.; Smirnova, T. A.

1983-01-01

The effects of weightlessness on the body composition of rats were investigated using 5 male rats exposed to 18.5 days of weightlessness on the COSMOS 1129 biosatellite and killed after reentry. The animals were immediately dissected and the three major body divisions (musculoskeletal system, skin, and pooled viscera) were analyzed for fat, water, solids, and six elements. These results were determined as percentages of the fat-free body or its components and then compared with two groups of terrestrial controls, one of which was subjected to a flight simulation in a spacecraft mock-up while the other was under standard vivarium conditions. Compared with the control groups, the flight group was found to exhibit a reduced fraction of total body water, a net shift of body water from skin to viscera, a marked diminution in the fraction of extracellular water in the fat-free body, a marked reduction in the fraction of bone mineral, no change in the quantity of stored fat or adrenal masses, and a net increase in total muscle mass as indicated by total body creatine, protein, and body cell mass.

CRYOCHEM, Thermodynamic Model for Cryogenic Chemical Systems: Solid-Vapor and Solid-Liquid-Vapor Phase Equilibria Toward Applications on Titan and Pluto

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tan, S. P.; Kargel, J. S.; Adidharma, H.; Marion, G. M.

2014-12-01

Until in-situ measurements can be made regularly on extraterrestrial bodies, thermodynamic models are the only tools to investigate the properties and behavior of chemical systems on those bodies. The resulting findings are often critical in describing physicochemical processes in the atmosphere, surface, and subsurface in planetary geochemistry and climate studies. The extremely cold conditions on Triton, Pluto and other Kuiper Belt Objects, and Titan introduce huge non-ideality that prevents conventional models from performing adequately. At such conditions, atmospheres as a whole—not components individually—are subject to phase equilibria with their equilibrium solid phases or liquid phases or both. A molecular-based thermodynamic model for cryogenic chemical systems, referred to as CRYOCHEM, the development of which is still in progress, was shown to reproduce the vertical composition profile of Titan's atmospheric methane measured by the Huygens probe (Tan et al., Icarus 2013, 222, 53). Recently, the model was also used to describe Titan's global circulation where the calculated composition of liquid in Ligeia Mare is consistent with the bathymetry and microwave absorption analysis of T91 Cassini fly-by data (Tan et al., 2014, submitted). Its capability to deal with equilibria involving solid phases has also been demonstrated (Tan et al., Fluid Phase Equilib. 2013, 360, 320). With all those previous works done, our attention is now shifting to the lower temperatures in Titan's tropopause and on Pluto's surface, where much technical development remains for CRYOCHEM to assure adequate performance at low temperatures. In these conditions, solid-vapor equilibrium (SVE) is the dominant phase behavior that determines the composition of the atmosphere and the existing ices. Another potential application is for the subsurface phase equilibrium, which also involves liquid, thus three-phase equilibrium: solid-liquid-vapor (SLV). This presentation will discuss the

On the statistical distribution in a deformed solid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gorobei, N. N.; Luk'yanenko, A. S.

2017-09-01

A modification of the Gibbs distribution in a thermally insulated mechanically deformed solid, where its linear dimensions (shape parameters) are excluded from statistical averaging and included among the macroscopic parameters of state alongside with the temperature, is proposed. Formally, this modification is reduced to corresponding additional conditions when calculating the statistical sum. The shape parameters and the temperature themselves are found from the conditions of mechanical and thermal equilibria of a body, and their change is determined using the first law of thermodynamics. Known thermodynamic phenomena are analyzed for the simple model of a solid, i.e., an ensemble of anharmonic oscillators, within the proposed formalism with an accuracy of up to the first order by the anharmonicity constant. The distribution modification is considered for the classic and quantum temperature regions apart.

In vitro folding of inclusion body proteins.

PubMed

Rudolph, R; Lilie, H

1996-01-01

Insoluble, inactive inclusion bodies are frequently formed upon recombinant protein production in transformed microorganisms. These inclusion bodies, which contain the recombinant protein in an highly enriched form, can be isolated by solid/liquid separation. After solubilization, native proteins can be generated from the inactive material by using in vitro folding techniques. New folding procedures have been developed for efficient in vitro reconstitution of complex hydrophobic, multidomain, oligomeric, or highly disulfide-bonded proteins. These protocols take into account process parameters such as protein concentration, catalysis of disulfide bond formation, temperature, pH, and ionic strength, as well as specific solvent ingredients that reduce unproductive side reactions. Modification of the protein sequence has been exploited to improve in vitro folding.

The interaction between a solid body and viscous fluid by marker-and-cell method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cheng, R. Y. K.

1976-01-01

A computational method for solving nonlinear problems relating to impact and penetration of a rigid body into a fluid type medium is presented. The numerical techniques, based on the Marker-and-Cell method, gives the pressure and velocity of the flow field. An important feature in this method is that the force and displacement of the rigid body interacting with the fluid during the impact and sinking phases are evaluated from the boundary stresses imposed by the fluid on the rigid body. A sample problem of low velocity penetration of a rigid block into still water is solved by this method. The computed time histories of the acceleration, pressure, and displacement of the block show food agreement with experimental measurements. A sample problem of high velocity impact of a rigid block into soft clay is also presented.

Aerodynamic Analysis of Tektites and Their Parent Bodies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Adams, E. W.; Huffaker, R. M.

1962-01-01

Experiment and analysis indicate that the button-type australites were derived from glassy spheres which entered or re-entered the atmosphere as cold solid bodies; in case of average-size specimens, the entry direction was nearly horizontal and the entry speed between 6.5 and 11.2 km/sec. Terrestrial origin of such spheres is impossible because of extremely high deceleration rates at low altitudes. The limited extension of the strewn fields rules out extraterrestrial origin of clusters of such spheres because of stability considerations for clusters in space. However, tektites may have been released as liquid droplets from glassy parent bodies ablating in the atmosphere of the earth. The australites then have skipped together with the parent body in order to re-enter as cold spheres. Terrestrial origin of a parent body would require an extremely violent natural event. Ablation analysis shows that fusion of opaque siliceous stone into glass by aerodynamic heating is impossible.

Static heterogeneities in liquid water

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stanley, H. Eugene; Buldyrev, Sergey V.; Giovambattista, Nicolas

2004-10-01

The thermodynamic behavior of water seems to be closely related to static heterogeneities. These static heterogeneities are related to the local structure of water molecules, and when properly characterized, may offer an economical explanation of thermodynamic data. The key feature of liquid water is not so much that the existence of hydrogen bonds, first pointed out by Linus Pauling, but rather the local geometry of the liquid molecules is not spherical or oblong but tetrahedral. In the consideration of static heterogeneities, this local geometry is critical. Recent experiments suggested more than one phase of amorphous solid water, while simulations suggest that one of these phases is metastable with respect to another, so that in fact there are only two stable phases.

Solid deuterated water in space: detection constraints from laboratory experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Urso, R. G.; Palumbo, M. E.; Baratta, G. A.; Scirè, C.; Strazzulla, G.

2018-06-01

The comparison between astronomical spectra and laboratory experiments is fundamental to spread light on the structure and composition of ices found in interstellar dense molecular clouds and in Solar System bodies. Water is among the most abundant solid-phase species observed in these environments, and several attempts have been made to investigate the presence of its solid-phase isotopologues. In particular, the detection of the O-D stretching mode band at 4.1 μm due to both D2O and HDO within icy grain mantles is still under debate, and no detection have been reported about the presence of these species within icy bodies in the Solar System yet. In the near future, an important contribution could derive from the data acquired in the O-D stretching mode spectral range by the sensitive instruments on board the James Webb Space Telescope. With this in mind, we performed several laboratory experiments to study the O-D stretching mode band in solid mixtures containing water and deuterated water deposited in the temperature range between 17 and 155 K, in order to simulate astrophysical relevant conditions. Furthermore, samples have been studied at various temperature and irradiated with energetic ions (200 keV H+) in order to study the effects induced by both thermal and energetic processing. Our results provide some constraints on the detection of the 4.1 μm band in astronomical environments.

On the effects of higher convection modes on the thermal evolution of small planetary bodies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arkani-Hamed, J.

1979-01-01

The effects of higher modes of convection on the thermal evolution of a small planetary body is investigated. Three sets of models are designed to specify an initially cold and differentiated, an initially hot and differentiated, and an initially cold and undifferentiated Moon-type body. The strong temperature dependence of viscosity enhances the thickening of lithosphere so that a lithosphere of about 400 km thickness is developed within the first billion years of the evolution of a Moon-type body. The thermally isolating effect of such a lithosphere hampers the heat flux out of the body and increases the temperature of the interior, causing the solid-state convection to occur with high velocity so that even the lower modes of convection can maintain an adiabatic temperature gradient there. It is demonstrated that the effect of solid-state convection on the thermal evolution of the models may be adequately determined by a combination of convection modes up to the third or the fourth order harmonic. The inclusion of higher modes does not affect the results significantly.

Finsler geometry of nonlinear elastic solids with internal structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clayton, J. D.

2017-02-01

Concepts from Finsler differential geometry are applied towards a theory of deformable continua with internal structure. The general theory accounts for finite deformation, nonlinear elasticity, and various kinds of structural features in a solid body. The general kinematic structure of the theory includes macroscopic and microscopic displacement fields-i.e., a multiscale representation-whereby the latter are represented mathematically by the director vector of pseudo-Finsler space, not necessarily of unit magnitude. A physically appropriate fundamental (metric) tensor is introduced, leading to affine and nonlinear connections. A deformation gradient tensor is defined via differentiation of the macroscopic motion field, and another metric indicative of strain in the body is a function of this gradient. A total energy functional of strain, referential microscopic coordinates, and horizontal covariant derivatives of the latter is introduced. Variational methods are applied to derive Euler-Lagrange equations and Neumann boundary conditions. The theory is shown to encompass existing continuum physics models such as micromorphic, micropolar, strain gradient, phase field, and conventional nonlinear elasticity models, and it can reduce to such models when certain assumptions on geometry, kinematics, and energy functionals are imposed. The theory is applied to analyze two physical problems in crystalline solids: shear localization/fracture in a two-dimensional body and cavitation in a spherical body. In these examples, a conformal or Weyl-type transformation of the fundamental tensor enables a description of dilatation associated, respectively, with cleavage surface roughness and nucleation of voids or vacancies. For the shear localization problem, the Finsler theory is able to accurately reproduce the surface energy of Griffith's fracture mechanics, and it predicts dilatation-induced toughening as observed in experiments on brittle crystals. For the cavitation problem

Mind-body dualism and the compatibility of medical methods.

PubMed

Burkhardt, Hans; Imaguire, Guido

2002-01-01

In this paper we analyse some misleading theses concerning the old controversy over the relation between mind and body presented in contemporary medical literature. We undertake an epistemological clarification of the axiomatic structure of medical methods. This clarification, in turn, requires a precise philosophical explanation of the presupposed concepts. This analysis will establish two results: (1) that the mind-body dualism cannot be understood as a kind of biological variation of the subject-object dichotomy in physics, and (2) that the thesis of the incompatibility between somatic and psychosomatic medicine held by naturalists and others lacks solid epistemological foundation.

A Population Pharmacokinetic Model for a Solid Oral Tablet Formulation of Posaconazole.

PubMed

van Iersel, Marlou L P S; Rossenu, Stefaan; de Greef, Rik; Waskin, Hetty

2018-04-30

A delayed-release solid tablet formulation that releases posaconazole in the small intestine was developed to maximize systemic absorption. This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of the posaconazole solid tablet formulation in adult subjects and to investigate the potential impact of demographic and clinical factors on posaconazole exposure through a population pharmacokinetic approach. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was performed using data from several studies conducted in healthy volunteers and patients. The influence of demographic and clinical factors on pharmacokinetic parameters was evaluated using a stepwise forward inclusion/backward exclusion procedure. The final pharmacokinetic model was used to simulate posaconazole exposure in patients at high risk for invasive fungal diseases treated with the proposed posaconazole dose of 300 mg twice daily on day 1, followed by 300 mg daily for 27 days. A one-compartment pharmacokinetic model with sequential zero-order and first-order absorption and a first-order disposition from the central compartment adequately described the pharmacokinetic profile of the posaconazole solid tablet formulation. Significant covariates included disease state (acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplasia vs allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation), body weight, and formulation on bioavailability; food status on first-order absorption rate; and dosing regimen (single dose vs multiple doses) on clearance. Except for body weight, the impact of these covariates on posaconazole exposure was considered clinically irrelevant. This population pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed that the proposed dose of the posaconazole solid tablet formulation provides adequate target therapeutic exposure (>0.5 mg/l) to a broad range of patients at high risk for invasive fungal disease. Copyright © 2018 American Society for Microbiology.

Infant and maternal predictors of early life feeding decisions: The timing of solid food introduction

PubMed Central

Doub, Allison E.; Moding, Kameron J.; Stifter, Cynthia A.

2015-01-01

There is limited research on the maternal and infant characteristics associated with the timing of solid food introduction. The current study examined how maternal feeding style and infant temperament independently and interactively predicted the age at which infants were introduced to solid food. Data from 115 predominately white, middle-class mothers were collected when infants were 4 and 6 months of age. The timing of solid food introduction was positively correlated with mothers' age, education, breastfeeding at 4 months, self-reported responsiveness to infants' hunger and satiety cues, and negatively correlated with mothers' pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), beliefs about feeding infants solid food prior to 6 months of age, and infants' temperamental motor reactivity. When controlling for maternal age, education, pre-pregnancy BMI, and milk feeding method at 4 months, the timing of solid food introduction was negatively predicted by mothers' beliefs about feeding solid food prior to 6 months of age. Exploratory interaction analyses suggested that infant temperament marginally moderated maternal feeding style in predicting the timing of solid food introduction. PMID:26025089

Infant and maternal predictors of early life feeding decisions. The timing of solid food introduction.

PubMed

Doub, Allison E; Moding, Kameron J; Stifter, Cynthia A

2015-09-01

There is limited research on the maternal and infant characteristics associated with the timing of solid food introduction. The current study examined how maternal feeding style and infant temperament independently and interactively predicted the age at which infants were introduced to solid food. Data from 115 predominately white, middle-class mothers were collected when infants were 4 and 6 months of age. The timing of solid food introduction was positively correlated with mothers' age, education, breastfeeding at 4 months, self-reported responsiveness to infants' hunger and satiety cues, and negatively correlated with mothers' pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), beliefs about feeding infants solid food prior to 6 months of age, and infants' temperamental motor reactivity. When controlling for maternal age, education, pre-pregnancy BMI, and milk feeding method at 4 months, the timing of solid food introduction was negatively predicted by mothers' beliefs about feeding solid food prior to 6 months of age. Exploratory interaction analyses suggested that infant temperament marginally moderated maternal feeding style in predicting the timing of solid food introduction. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Decoherence and Noise in Spin-based Solid State Quantum Computers. Approximation-Free Numerical Simulations

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-07-21

the spin coherent states P-representation", Conference on Quantum Computations and Many- Body Systems, February 2006, Key West, FL 9. B. N. Harmon...solid-state spin-based qubit systems was the focus of our project. Since decoherence is a complex many- body non-equilibrium process, and its...representation of the density matrix, see Sec. 3 below). This work prompted J. Taylor from the experimental group of C. Marcus and M. Lukin (funded by

Measurements of thermophysical properties of solids at the Institute VINČA

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Milošević, Nenad, E-mail: nenadm@vinca.rs; Stepanić, Nenad, E-mail: nenad.s@vinca.rs; Terzić, Marijana, E-mail: marijanab@vinca.rs

2016-07-07

This paper presents the Metrological Laboratory for Thermophysical Quantities (MLTV) and its actual measurement possibilities. The MLTV is located in the Department of Thermal Engineering and Energy of the Institute of Nuclear Sciences VINČA in Serbia. It was founded in 1963, accredited by the National Accreditation Body in 2007 and became the national designated laboratory for thermophysical quantities and received the status of a EURAMET Associate Member in 2015. Today, the laboratory develops, maintains and disseminates traceability of different national standards, such as those for thermal conductivity of insulations and poorly conductive solid materials from 250 K to 350 K,more » thermal diffusivity of a large variety of solid materials from 200 K to 1450 K and specific heat and specific electrical resistivity from 250 K to 2400 K of electroconductive solid materials. Total hemispherical and spectral normal emissivity from 1200 K to 2400 K of electroconductive solid materials are also measured in the MLTV. The methods and experimental setups for the realization and measurement of all of these standards and quantities are described with corresponding examples.« less

Developmental parallels in understanding minds and bodies.

PubMed

Leslie, Alan M

2005-10-01

A recent article by Onishi and Baillargeon presents evidence that 15-month-old infants attribute false beliefs (FBs) to other people. If correct, it lends dramatic new support to the idea that mental state concepts ("theory of mind") emerge from a specialized neurocognitive mechanism that matures during the second year of life. But it also raises new puzzles concerning the FB task--puzzles that have intriguing parallels in results from infants' reasoning about solid bodies.

A conserved quantity in thin body dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hanna, J. A.; Pendar, H.

2016-02-01

Thin, solid bodies with metric symmetries admit a restricted form of reparameterization invariance. Their dynamical equilibria include motions with both rigid and flowing aspects. On such configurations, a quantity is conserved along the intrinsic coordinate corresponding to the symmetry. As an example of its utility, this conserved quantity is combined with linear and angular momentum currents to construct solutions for the equilibria of a rotating, flowing string, for which it is akin to Bernoulli's constant.

Nasal Foreign Bodies: A Sweet Experiment.

PubMed

Leopard, D C; Williams, R G

2015-10-01

It is generally accepted that paediatric intranasal foreign bodies should be removed in the emergency setting. In the case of a difficult to access dissolvable foreign body in an uncooperative child, the question must be raised regarding whether or not a watch and wait strategy is more appropriate. We ask: How long does it take for popular sweets (candy) to dissolve in the human nose? Five popular UK sweets were placed in the right nasal cavity of a 29-year-old male (the author) with no sino-nasal disease. Time taken to dissolve was recorded. All five sweets were completely dissolved in under one hour. A watch and wait strategy in favour of examination under anaesthetic may be a viable option in some cases. Limitations of the study include the age of the participant and size of the sweets. It is also important in practice that the clinician is able to elicit an accurate history regarding the exact nature of the foreign body. It remains prudent to perform an examination under anaesthetic of an uncooperative child with a solid or unknown nasal foreign body. However, if the clinician can be certain the foreign body is a small sugar or chocolate based sweet only, a watch and wait strategy may be a reasonable choice. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Piazzi On Ceres and Pacific On Earth Are Tectonically Comparable Features

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kochemasov, G.

Earth is more than 10 times larger than Ceres but the wave planetary tectonics [1] is not perplexed with this. Theorem 1 states that "Celestial bodies are dichotomic". This theorem is valid for bodies of various sizes, compositions and physical states. What is common for all of them that they are moving, moving in non-circular orbits, and rotate. These properties are sufficient for invoking inertia forces making celestial bodies oscillate and acquire a convexo-concave shape. of the recent planetological achievements three should be mentioned particularly as they concern small celestial bodies where general rules of body shaping are expressed very sharply. A small aster- oid 433 Eros, the largest asteroid 1 Ceres and Borrelli comet were studied in different scales but all of them have essential features predicted by the wave planetology. The convexo-concave shape of asteroid Eros (stony, 33 km long) is repeated in comet Bor- relli (icy, 8 km long). Borrelli's convex hemisphere is sharply jagged because of exten- sion. The same is observed on Eros ("saddle") but in a lesser degree. Borrelli's concave strongly contracted hemisphere is a source of a large complexly built tail of expulsion. This extruded material samples interior of the comet and leaves whitish spots in the centre of the concave side. Eros also have many signes of past degassing in a form of regular net of pits (craters); in the centre of the concave side is a large complexly built crater Psych. Both oblong bodies -Eros and Borrelli - have different opposite ends: blunt and sharp, predicted by the wave planetology (the Arctic-Antarctic symp- tom). The oblong body of Ceres (major/minor axes of 898/788 km [2] and 970/ 930 km,[Parker &Stern]) according to HST (J.Parker &Stern) has a prominent dusky dark spot (Piazzi) from one side. It occupies a significant part of the asteroid (about 250 km, more than a quarter the size of Ceres) and probably might be assigned to a depression. Tectonically one may compare

Comparing Results of SPH/N-body Impact Simulations Using Both Solid and Rubble-pile Target Asteroids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Durda, Daniel D.; Bottke, W. F.; Enke, B. L.; Nesvorný, D.; Asphaug, E.; Richardson, D. C.

2006-09-01

We have been investigating the properties of satellites and the morphology of size-frequency distributions (SFDs) resulting from a suite of 160 SPH/N-body simulations of impacts into 100-km diameter parent asteroids (Durda et al. 2004, Icarus 170, 243-257; Durda et al. 2006, Icarus, in press). These simulations have produced many valuable insights into the outcomes of cratering and disruptive impacts but were limited to monolithic basalt targets. As a natural consequence of collisional evolution, however, many asteroids have undergone a series of battering impacts that likely have left their interiors substantially fractured, if not completely rubblized. In light of this, we have re-mapped the matrix of simulations using rubble-pile target objects. We constructed the rubble-pile targets by filling the interior of the 100-km diameter spherical shell (the target envelope) with randomly sized solid spheres in mutual contact. We then assigned full damage (which reduces tensile and shear stresses to zero) to SPH particles in the contacts between the components; the remaining volume is void space. The internal spherical components have a power-law distribution of sizes simulating fragments of a pre-shattered parent object. First-look analysis of the rubble-pile results indicate some general similarities to the simulations with the monolithic targets (e.g., similar trends in the number of small, gravitationally bound satellite systems as a function of impact conditions) and some significant differences (e.g., size of largest remnants and smaller debris affecting size frequency distributions of resulting families). We will report details of a more thorough analysis and the implications for collisional models of the main asteroid belt. This work is supported by the National Science Foundation, grant number AST0407045.

(234)U/(238)U signatures associated with uranium ore bodies: part 1 Ranger 3.

PubMed

Lowson, Richard T; McIntyre, Mark G

2013-04-01

The Ranger 3 ore body is an early Proterozoic U ore body in the Alligator Rivers U province, Northern Territory, Australia. It has surface expression with a redox front located between 30 and 50 m below the surface. The ground water U concentration and (234)U/(238)U AR signature in the top 10 m of the weathered zone are reported for 357 samples collected over 4 wet seasons, at 5 depths, along a transect in-line with the hydraulic gradient and along the centre line of the ore body and its associated dispersion halo. The results show that the weathered zone displays a general U isotope feature for this type of ore body with the (234)U/(238)U AR for the ground water and amorphous phase of the solid matrix being less than 1. The ground water (234)U/(238)U AR is independent of the annual monsoonal climate and depth within the range surface to 10 m. In the vicinity of the U ore body the ground water (234)U/(238)U AR is 0.75 and is very similar to the (234)U/(238)U AR of the amorphous phase of the solid (0.76). The (234)U/(238)U ARs of the amorphous phase and ground water rise and separate to values of 0.88 and 1.02 at the end of the transect. The rise and separation in (234)U/(238)U AR are interpreted as evidence that the source of the U in the ground water is from the water-soluble sub-phase of the amorphous phase and that the ground water flow is too fast to allow the processes occurring across the solid-water interface to reach chemical equilibrium. The data set is a robust characterisation of the coarse and fine detail of the (234)U/(238)U AR signature in the weathered zone of U ore bodies. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pressure deformation of tires using differential stiffness for triangular solid-of-revolution elements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, C. H. S.

1975-01-01

The derivation is presented of the differential stiffness for triangular solid of revolution elements. The derivation takes into account the element rigid body rotation only, the rotation being about the circumferential axis. Internal pressurization of a pneumatic tire is used to illustrate the application of this feature.

The effect of microgeometry, implant thickness and polyurethane chemistry on the foreign body response to subcutaneous implants.

PubMed

Ward, W Kenneth; Slobodzian, Emily P; Tiekotter, Kenneth L; Wood, Michael D

2002-11-01

We addressed the effect of implant thickness, implant porosity, and polyurethane (PU) chemistry on angiogenesis and on the foreign body response in rats. The following materials were implanted subcutaneously for 7 weeks then excised for histologic analysis: a solid PU; a solid polyurethane with silicone and polyethylene oxide (PU-S-PEO); porous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE); and porous polyvinyl alcohol sponge (PVA). Two thicknesses of PU-S-PEO were compared: 300 microns (thin) and 2000 microns (thick). Foreign body capsule (FBC) thickness was much less in PU-S-PEO implants than in PU implants. In addition, FBC were thinner in thin implants than in thick implants. FBC was much more dense in solid implants than in porous implants. As compared with solid implants, porous implants (PVA and ePTFE) led to a marked increase in the number of microvessels that developed adjacent to the implant, as observed both with hematoxylin/eosin staining and with an immunohistochemical anti-endothelial stain. We conclude that the polyethylene oxide and silicone moieties in PU reduce the thickness of the subsequent FBC. In addition, thin implants lead to a thin FBC. Porous implants (PVA and ePTFE) cause more angiogenesis than solid implants. These results may have implications for the measurement of blood-derived analytes by biosensors.

Bacterial body plans: Colony ontogeny in Serratia marcescens.

PubMed

Rieger, Tomás; Neubauer, Zdenek; Blahůsková, Anna; Cvrcková, Fatima; Markos, Anton

2008-01-01

The bacterium Serratia marcescens produces a plethora of multicellular shapes of different colorations on solid substrates, allowing immediate visual detection of varieties. Such a plasticity allows studies on multicellular community scale spanning two extremes, from well-elaborated individual colonies to undifferentiated cell mass.For a single strain and medium, we obtained a range of different multicellular bodies, depending on the layout of initial plating. Four principal factors affecting the morphogenetic pathways of such bodies can be distinguished: (1) amount, density and distribution pattern of founder cells; (2) the configuration of surrounding free medium; (3) the presence and character of other bacterial bodies sharing the same niche; and (4) self-perception, resulting in delimitation towards other bodies. The last feature results in an ability of well-formed multicellular individuals to maintain their identity upon a close mutual contact, as well as in spontaneous separation of cell masses in experimental chimeras. We propose an "embryo-like" colony model where multicellular bacterial bodies develop along genuine ontogenetic pathways inherent to the given species (clone), while external shaping forces (like nutrient gradients, pH, etc.,) exert not formative, but only regulative roles in the process.

The rate of planet formation and the solar system's small bodies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Safronov, Viktor S.

1991-01-01

The evolution of random velocities and the mass distribution of preplanetary body at the early stage of accumulation are currently under review. Arguments were presented for and against the view of an extremely rapid, runaway growth of the largest bodies at this stage with parameter values of Theta approximately greater than 10(exp 3). Difficulties are encountered assuming such a large Theta: (1) bodies of the Jovian zone penetrate the asteroid zone too late and do not have time to hinder the formation of a normal-sized planet in the asteroidal zone and thereby remove a significant portion of the mass of solid matter and (2) Uranus and Neptune cannot eject bodies from the solar system into the cometary cloud. Therefore, the values Theta less than 10(exp 2) appear to be preferable.

Simulations of solid-fluid coupling with application to crystal entrainment in vigorous convection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suckale, J.; Elkins-Tanton, L. T.; Sethian, J.; Yu, J.

2009-12-01

Many problems in computational geophysics require the accurate coupling of a solid body to viscous flow. Examples range from understanding the role of highly crystalline magma for the dynamic of volcanic eruptions to crystal entrainment in magmatic flow and the emplacement of xenoliths. In this paper, we present and validate a numerical method for solid-fluid coupling. The algorithm relies on a two-step projection scheme: In the first step, we solve the multiple-phase Navier-Stokes or Stokes equation in both domains. In the second step, we project the velocity field in the solid domain onto a rigid-body motion by enforcing that the deformation tensor in the respective domain is zero. This procedure is also used to enforce the no-slip boundary condition on the solid-fluid interface. We perform several benchmark computations to validate our computations. More precisely, we investigate the formation of a wake behind both fixed and mobile cylinders and cuboids with and without imposed velocity fields in the fluid. These preliminary tests indicate that our code is able to simulate solid-fluid coupling for Reynolds numbers of up to 1000. Finally, we apply our method to the problem of crystal entrainment in vigorous convection. The interplay between sedimentation and re-entrainment of crystals in convective flow is of fundamental importance for understanding the compositional evolution of magmatic reservoirs of various sizes from small lava ponds to magma oceans at the planetary scale. Previous studies of this problem have focused primarily on laboratory experiments, often with conflicting conclusions. Our work is complementary to these prior studies as we model the competing processes of gravitational sedimentation and entrainment of crystals at the length scale of the size of the crystals.

Whole-body MRI in pediatric patients with cancer.

PubMed

Guimarães, Marcos Duarte; Noschang, Julia; Teixeira, Sara Reis; Santos, Marcel Koenigkam; Lederman, Henrique Manoel; Tostes, Vivian; Kundra, Vikas; Oliveira, Alex Dias; Hochhegger, Bruno; Marchiori, Edson

2017-02-10

Cancer is the leading cause of natural death in the pediatric populations of developed countries, yet cure rates are greater than 70% when a cancer is diagnosed in its early stages. Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging methods have markedly improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, while avoiding the risks of ionizing radiation that are associated with most conventional radiological methods, such as computed tomography and positron emission tomography/computed tomography. The advent of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in association with the development of metabolic- and function-based techniques has led to the use of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging for the screening, diagnosis, staging, response assessment, and post-therapeutic follow-up of children with solid sporadic tumours or those with related genetic syndromes. Here, the advantages, techniques, indications, and limitations of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in the management of pediatric oncology patients are presented.

Gastric emptying of solids in children: reference values for the (13) C-octanoic acid breath test.

PubMed

Hauser, B; Roelants, M; De Schepper, J; Veereman, G; Caveliers, V; Devreker, T; De Greef, E; Vandenplas, Y

2016-10-01

(99m) Technetium scintigraphy ((99m) TS) is the 'gold standard' for measuring gastric emptying (GE), but it is associated with a radiation exposure. For this reason, the (13) C-octanoic acid breath test ((13) C-OBT) was developed for measuring GE of solids. The objective of this study was to determine normal values for gastric half-emptying time (t1/2 GE) of solids in healthy children. Gastric emptying of a standardized solid test meal consisting of a pancake evaluated with (99m) TS and (13) C-OBT was compared in 22 children aged between 1 and 15 years with upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Subsequently, the (13) C-OBT was used to determine normal values for GE of the same solid test meal in 120 healthy children aged between 1 and 17 years. The results showed a significant correlation (r = 0.748, p = 0.0001) between t1/2 GE measured with both techniques in the group of children with upper gastrointestinal symptoms. In the group of healthy children, mean t1/2 GE was 157.7 ± 54.0 min (range 71-415 min), but t1/2 GE decreased with age between 1 and 10 years and remained stable afterward. There was no influence of gender, weight, height, body mass index, and body surface area on t1/2 GE. Normal values for GE of solids measured with the (13) C-OBT using a standardized methodology were determined in healthy children. We propose to use this method and corresponding reference ranges to study GE of solids in children with gastrointestinal problems. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Simulation and Analyses of Multi-Body Separation in Launch Vehicle Staging Environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pamadi, Bandu N.; Hotchko, Nathaniel J.; Samareh, Jamshid; Covell, Peter F.; Tartabini, Paul V.

2006-01-01

The development of methodologies, techniques, and tools for analysis and simulation of multi-body separation is critically needed for successful design and operation of next generation launch vehicles. As a part of this activity, ConSep simulation tool is being developed. ConSep is a generic MATLAB-based front-and-back-end to the commercially available ADAMS. solver, an industry standard package for solving multi-body dynamic problems. This paper discusses the 3-body separation capability in ConSep and its application to the separation of the Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) from the External Tank (ET) and the Orbiter. The results are compared with STS-1 flight data.

Solid phase stability of molybdenum under compression: Sound velocity measurements and first-principles calculations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Xiulu; Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 621010 Mianyang, Sichuan; Liu, Zhongli

2015-02-07

The high-pressure solid phase stability of molybdenum (Mo) has been the center of a long-standing controversy on its high-pressure melting. In this work, experimental and theoretical researches have been conducted to check its solid phase stability under compression. First, we performed sound velocity measurements from 38 to 160 GPa using the two-stage light gas gun and explosive loading in backward- and forward-impact geometries, along with the high-precision velocity interferometry. From the sound velocities, we found no solid-solid phase transition in Mo before shock melting, which does not support the previous solid-solid phase transition conclusion inferred from the sharp drops of themore » longitudinal sound velocity [Hixson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 637 (1989)]. Then, we searched its structures globally using the multi-algorithm collaborative crystal structure prediction technique combined with the density functional theory. By comparing the enthalpies of body centered cubic structure with those of the metastable structures, we found that bcc is the most stable structure in the range of 0–300 GPa. The present theoretical results together with previous ones greatly support our experimental conclusions.« less

Apparatus for recovering gaseous hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon-containing solid hydrates

DOEpatents

Elliott, Guy R. B.; Barraclough, Bruce L.; Vanderborgh, Nicholas E.

1984-01-01

A method and apparatus are provided for producing gaseous hydrocarbons from formations comprising solid hydrocarbon hydrates located under either a body of land or a body of water. The vast natural resources of such hydrocarbon hydrates can thus now be economically mined. Relatively warm brine or water is brought down from an elevation above that of the hydrates through a portion of the apparatus and passes in contact with the hydrates, thus melting them. The liquid then continues up another portion of the apparatus, carrying entrained hydrocarbon vapors in the form of bubbles, which can easily be separated from the liquid. After a short startup procedure, the process and apparatus are substantially self-powered.

Squid-inspired vehicle design using coupled fluid-solid analytical modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Giorgio-Serchi, Francesco; Weymouth, Gabriel

2017-11-01

The need for enhanced automation in the marine and maritime fields is fostering research into robust and highly maneuverable autonomous underwater vehicles. To address these needs we develop design principles for a new generation of soft-bodied aquatic vehicles similar to octopi and squids. In particular, we consider the capability of pulsed-jetting bodies to boost thrust by actively modifying their external body-shape and in this way benefit of the contribution from added-mass variation. We present an analytical formulation of the coupled fluid-structure interaction between the elastic body and the ambient fluid. The model incorporates a number of new salient contributions to the soft-body dynamics. We highlight the role of added-mass variation effects of the external fluid in enhancing thrust and assess how the shape-changing actuation is impeded by a confinement-related unsteady inertial term and by an external shape-dependent fluid stiffness contribution. We show how the analysis of these combined terms has guided us to the design of a new prototype of a squid-inspired vehicle tuning of the natural frequency of the coupled fluid-solid system with the purpose of optimizing its actuation routine.

Recent Application of Solid Phase Based Techniques for Extraction and Preconcentration of Cyanotoxins in Environmental Matrices.

PubMed

Mashile, Geaneth Pertunia; Nomngongo, Philiswa N

2017-03-04

Cyanotoxins are toxic and are found in eutrophic, municipal, and residential water supplies. For this reason, their occurrence in drinking water systems has become a global concern. Therefore, monitoring, control, risk assessment, and prevention of these contaminants in the environmental bodies are important subjects associated with public health. Thus, rapid, sensitive, selective, simple, and accurate analytical methods for the identification and determination of cyanotoxins are required. In this paper, the sampling methodologies and applications of solid phase-based sample preparation methods for the determination of cyanotoxins in environmental matrices are reviewed. The sample preparation techniques mainly include solid phase micro-extraction (SPME), solid phase extraction (SPE), and solid phase adsorption toxin tracking technology (SPATT). In addition, advantages and disadvantages and future prospects of these methods have been discussed.

Effects of carbohydrates on satiety: differences between liquid and solid food.

PubMed

Pan, An; Hu, Frank B

2011-07-01

To examine the satiety effect of carbohydrates with a focus on the comparison of liquid and solid food and their implications for energy balance and weight management. A number of studies have examined the role of dietary fiber, whole grains, and glycemic index or glycemic load on satiety and subsequent energy intake, but results remain inconclusive. Intake of liquid carbohydrates, particularly sugar-sweetened beverages, has increased considerably across the globe in recent decades in both adolescents and adults. In general, liquid carbohydrates produce less satiety compared with solid carbohydrates. Some energy from liquids may be compensated for at subsequent meals but because the compensation is incomplete, it leads to an increase in total long-term energy intake. Recent studies also suggest some potential differential responses of satiety by characteristics of the patients (e.g., race, sex, and body weight status). These differences warrant further research. Satiety is a complex process influenced by a number of properties in food. The physical form (solid vs. liquid) of carbohydrates is an important component that may affect the satiety process and energy intake. Accumulating evidence suggests that liquid carbohydrates generally produce less satiety than solid forms.

Establishing a molecular relationship between chondritic and cometary organic solids

PubMed Central

Cody, George D.; Heying, Emily; Alexander, Conel M. O.; Nittler, Larry R.; Kilcoyne, A. L. David; Sandford, Scott A.

2011-01-01

Multidimensional solid-state NMR spectroscopy is used to refine the identification and abundance determination of functional groups in insoluble organic matter (IOM) isolated from a carbonaceous chondrite (Murchison, CM2). It is shown that IOM is composed primarily of highly substituted single ring aromatics, substituted furan/pyran moieties, highly branched oxygenated aliphatics, and carbonyl groups. A pathway for producing an IOM-like molecular structure through formaldehyde polymerization is proposed and tested experimentally. Solid-state 13C NMR analysis of aqueously altered formaldehyde polymer reveals considerable similarity with chondritic IOM. Carbon X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy of formaldehyde polymer reveals the presence of similar functional groups across certain Comet 81P/Wild 2 organic solids, interplanetary dust particles, and primitive IOM. Variation in functional group concentration amongst these extraterrestrial materials is understood to be a result of various degrees of processing in the parent bodies, in space, during atmospheric entry, etc. These results support the hypothesis that chondritic IOM and cometary refractory organic solids are related chemically and likely were derived from formaldehyde polymer. The fine-scale morphology of formaldehyde polymer produced in the experiment reveals abundant nanospherules that are similar in size and shape to organic nanoglobules that are ubiquitous in primitive chondrites. PMID:21464292

A fictitious domain method for fluid/solid coupling applied to the lithosphere/asthenosphere interaction.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cerpa, Nestor; Hassani, Riad; Gerbault, Muriel

2014-05-01

A large variety of geodynamical problems can be viewed as a solid/fluid interaction problem coupling two bodies with different physics. In particular the lithosphere/asthenosphere mechanical interaction in subduction zones belongs to this kind of problem, where the solid lithosphere is embedded in the asthenospheric viscous fluid. In many fields (Industry, Civil Engineering,etc.), in which deformations of solid and fluid are "small", numerical modelers consider the exact discretization of both domains and fit as well as possible the shape of the interface between the two domains, solving the discretized physic problems by the Finite Element Method (FEM). Although, in a context of subduction, the lithosphere is submitted to large deformation, and can evolve into a complex geometry, thus leading to important deformation of the surrounding asthenosphere. To alleviate the precise meshing of complex geometries, numerical modelers have developed non-matching interface methods called Fictitious Domain Methods (FDM). The main idea of these methods is to extend the initial problem to a bigger (and simpler) domain. In our version of FDM, we determine the forces at the immersed solid boundary required to minimize (at the least square sense) the difference between fluid and solid velocities at this interface. This method is first-order accurate and the stability depends on the ratio between the fluid background mesh size and the interface discretization. We present the formulation and provide benchmarks and examples showing the potential of the method : 1) A comparison with an analytical solution of a viscous flow around a rigid body. 2) An experiment of a rigid sphere sinking in a viscous fluid (in two and three dimensional cases). 3) A comparison with an analog subduction experiment. Another presentation aims at describing the geodynamical application of this method to Andean subduction dynamics, studying cyclic slab folding on the 660 km discontinuity, and its relationship

First-Principles Investigation of Electronic Properties in Sodium-Ion Electrolytes for Solid-State Battery Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rush, Larry E., Jr.

This thesis mainly focuses on characterizing and understanding the electronic properties of sodium-ion electrolytes using first-principles calculations. The core of these calculations is built upon a functional understanding of the relationship between quantum mechanics and the crystalline geometries that contribute to unique properties of materials such as diffusion mechanisms of ions within solid-state materials, conductivity, and ground state structures. The goal of this body of work is to understand how this relationship can give us insight into materials that might have use in an emerging field within battery technology. Sodium-ion solid-state batteries are an auspicious technology because nature has provided us with widely distributed precursor materials in such a way that removes geopolitical constraints in its construction and distribution. This is extremely important to individuals (and a collection of individuals) who want to expedite the wide use of clean and renewable energy from a societal perspective. An example is Morocco's initiative to generate 52% of its total energy consumption from clean and renewable energy sources to eliminate dependencies on foreign countries to supply energy resources. Sodium-ion solid-state batteries are an inexpensive option for large-scale grid storage, so this could play a role in providing a cost-effective option for Morocco. The challenging part is to sift through the large chemical space of sodium-ion solid-state electrolytes to find optimal materials for battery technology, and that is what motivates this body of work.

SYSTEM FOR UNLOADING REACTORS

DOEpatents

Rand, A.C. Jr.

1961-05-01

An unloading device for individual vertical fuel channels in a nuclear reactor is shown. The channels are arranged in parallel rows and underneath each is a separate supporting block on which the fuel in the channel rests. The blocks are raounted in contiguous rows on an array of parallel pairs of tracks over the bottom of the reactor. Oblong hollows in the blocks form a continuous passageway through the middle of the row of blocks on each pair of tracks. At the end of each passageway is a horizontal grappling rod with a T- or L extension at the end next to the reactor of a length to permit it to pass through the oblong passageway in one position, but when rotated ninety degrees the head will strike one of the longer sides of the oblong hollow of one of the blocks. The grappling rod is actuated by a controllable reciprocating and rotating device which extends it beyond any individual block desired, rotates it and retracts it far enough to permit the fuel in the vertical channel above the block to fall into a handling tank below the reactor.

Many-body interferometry of magnetic polaron dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ashida, Yuto; Schmidt, Richard; Tarruell, Leticia; Demler, Eugene

2018-02-01

The physics of quantum impurities coupled to a many-body environment is among the most important paradigms of condensed-matter physics. In particular, the formation of polarons, quasiparticles dressed by the polarization cloud, is key to the understanding of transport, optical response, and induced interactions in a variety of materials. Despite recent remarkable developments in ultracold atoms and solid-state materials, the direct measurement of their ultimate building block, the polaron cloud, has remained a fundamental challenge. We propose and analyze a platform to probe time-resolved dynamics of polaron-cloud formation with an interferometric protocol. We consider an impurity atom immersed in a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate where the impurity generates spin-wave excitations that can be directly measured by the Ramsey interference of surrounding atoms. The dressing by spin waves leads to the formation of magnetic polarons and reveals a unique interplay between few- and many-body physics that is signified by single- and multi-frequency oscillatory dynamics corresponding to the formation of many-body bound states. Finally, we discuss concrete experimental implementations in ultracold atoms.

Influence of everyday bolus consistencies in different body positions on high-resolution esophageal pressure topography (HREPT) parameters.

PubMed

Hasan, Y; Go, J; Hashmi, S M; Valestin, J; Schey, R

2015-04-01

The standard protocol for esophageal manometry involves placing the patient in the supine position with head turned to left (supine head left [SHL]) while evaluating liquid bolus swallows. Routinely, semisolid or solid boluses are not evaluated. Currently, the daily American diet includes up to 40% solid or semisolid texture. Thus far, the data on the effect of different bolus on high-resolution esophageal pressure topography (HREPT) parameters are scarce. This study aims to evaluate the effect of every day bolus consistencies in different body positions on HREPT variables. HREPT was performed on healthy volunteers with a modified protocol including liquid swallows in the SHL position followed by applesauce (semisolid), cracker (solid), and marshmallow (soft solid) in three different positions (SHL, sitting, and standing). A total of 38 healthy adult subjects (22 males and 16 females, median age = 27, and mean body mass index = 25) were evaluated. The resting upper esophageal sphincter pressure was significantly different while subjects swallowed crackers, applesauce, and marshmallows in most positions compared with liquid SHL (P < 0.05). The lower esophageal sphincter, contractile front velocity, and distal contractile integral pressures did not differ in all different consistencies compared with SHL. The integrated relaxation period was significantly higher with solid bolus compared with liquid bolus only in SHL position. The intrabolus pressure was significantly different with solid and soft solid boluses in all postures compared to liquid SHL. The American diet consistency affects upper esophageal sphincter pressure and partially integrated relaxation period and intrabolus pressure in various positions. Semisolid bolus swallows do not cause substantial pressure changes and are safe for evaluation and maintaining adequate caloric intake in patients with dysphagia who cannot tolerate solids. © 2014 International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus.

Solids fluidizer-injector

DOEpatents

Bulicz, Tytus R.

1990-01-01

An apparatus and process for fluidizing solid particles by causing rotary motion of the solid particles in a fluidizing chamber by a plurality of rotating projections extending from a rotatable cylinder end wall interacting with a plurality of fixed projections extending from an opposite fixed end wall and passing the solid particles through a radial feed orifice open to the solids fluidizing chamber on one side and a solid particle utilization device on the other side. The apparatus and process are particularly suited for obtaining intermittent feeding with continual solids supply to the fluidizing chamber. The apparatus and process are suitable for injecting solid particles, such as coal, to an internal combustion engine.

Solids fluidizer-injector

DOEpatents

Bulicz, T.R.

1990-04-17

An apparatus and process are described for fluidizing solid particles by causing rotary motion of the solid particles in a fluidizing chamber by a plurality of rotating projections extending from a rotatable cylinder end wall interacting with a plurality of fixed projections extending from an opposite fixed end wall and passing the solid particles through a radial feed orifice open to the solids fluidizing chamber on one side and a solid particle utilization device on the other side. The apparatus and process are particularly suited for obtaining intermittent feeding with continual solids supply to the fluidizing chamber. The apparatus and process are suitable for injecting solid particles, such as coal, to an internal combustion engine. 3 figs.

Design principles for solid-state lithium superionic conductors.

PubMed

Wang, Yan; Richards, William Davidson; Ong, Shyue Ping; Miara, Lincoln J; Kim, Jae Chul; Mo, Yifei; Ceder, Gerbrand

2015-10-01

Lithium solid electrolytes can potentially address two key limitations of the organic electrolytes used in today's lithium-ion batteries, namely, their flammability and limited electrochemical stability. However, achieving a Li(+) conductivity in the solid state comparable to existing liquid electrolytes (>1 mS cm(-1)) is particularly challenging. In this work, we reveal a fundamental relationship between anion packing and ionic transport in fast Li-conducting materials and expose the desirable structural attributes of good Li-ion conductors. We find that an underlying body-centred cubic-like anion framework, which allows direct Li hops between adjacent tetrahedral sites, is most desirable for achieving high ionic conductivity, and that indeed this anion arrangement is present in several known fast Li-conducting materials and other fast ion conductors. These findings provide important insight towards the understanding of ionic transport in Li-ion conductors and serve as design principles for future discovery and design of improved electrolytes for Li-ion batteries.

3-D components of a biological neural network visualized in computer generated imagery. I - Macular receptive field organization

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ross, Muriel D.; Cutler, Lynn; Meyer, Glenn; Lam, Tony; Vaziri, Parshaw

1990-01-01

Computer-assisted, 3-dimensional reconstructions of macular receptive fields and of their linkages into a neural network have revealed new information about macular functional organization. Both type I and type II hair cells are included in the receptive fields. The fields are rounded, oblong, or elongated, but gradations between categories are common. Cell polarizations are divergent. Morphologically, each calyx of oblong and elongated fields appears to be an information processing site. Intrinsic modulation of information processing is extensive and varies with the kind of field. Each reconstructed field differs in detail from every other, suggesting that an element of randomness is introduced developmentally and contributes to endorgan adaptability.

High-harmonic spectroscopy of ultrafast many-body dynamics in strongly correlated systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silva, R. E. F.; Blinov, Igor V.; Rubtsov, Alexey N.; Smirnova, O.; Ivanov, M.

2018-05-01

We bring together two topics that, until now, have been the focus of intense but non-overlapping research efforts. The first concerns high-harmonic generation in solids, which occurs when an intense light field excites a highly non-equilibrium electronic response in a semiconductor or a dielectric. The second concerns many-body dynamics in strongly correlated systems such as the Mott insulator. We show that high-harmonic generation can be used to time-resolve ultrafast many-body dynamics associated with an optically driven phase transition, with accuracy far exceeding one cycle of the driving light field. Our work paves the way for time-resolving highly non-equilibrium many-body dynamics in strongly correlated systems, with few femtosecond accuracy.

Gastric emptying of solids and liquids in obesity.

PubMed

Glasbrenner, B; Pieramico, O; Brecht-Krauss, D; Baur, M; Malfertheiner, P

1993-07-01

The purpose of this study was to determine whether obese patients have different rates of solid and liquid gastric emptying compared to healthy controls. Twenty-four obese patients (7 males, 17 females) were investigated prior to dietary restriction. The patients had a weight excess above ideal weight ranging from 25% to 216% (mean weight 118.1 +/- 6.5 kg). The control group consisted of 8 healthy subjects (4 males, 4 females), within 10% of the ideal weight. The solid phase of the test meal consisted of 40 g bread, 30 g ham, 10 g margarine, and two scrambled eggs labeled with 99mTc. For the liquid phase, 200 ml orange juice was labeled with 201Tl. Three-minute counts of both tracers were taken for 106 min using a large field-of-view gamma camera. In obese patients, a significantly shortened lag phase for the emptying of solids was observed (27.0 +/- 3.3 versus 38.4 +/- 4.1 min; P < 0.05). Half-emptying time (105.9 +/- 6.7 versus 100.7 +/- 5.7 min), emptying rate (0.60 +/- 0.04 versus 0.71 +/- 0.07%/min), and total emptying of solids (49.4 +/- 3.6 versus 50.5 +/- 5.0%) were not different from controls. Obese subjects had a trend to slowed liquid emptying (half-time 82.7 +/- 4.8 versus 69.9 +/- 6.9 min; emptying rate 0.59 +/- 0.03 versus 0.65 +/- 0.03%/min; total emptying 59.8 +/- 2.9 versus 66.0 +/- 3.3%), but this was not statistically significant. There was no correlation between weight or body surface area and rate of solid or liquid gastric emptying.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Elastocapillarity: When Surface Tension Deforms Elastic Solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bico, José; Reyssat, Étienne; Roman, Benoît

2018-01-01

Although negligible at large scales, capillary forces may become dominant for submillimetric objects. Surface tension is usually associated with the spherical shape of small droplets and bubbles, wetting phenomena, imbibition, or the motion of insects at the surface of water. However, beyond liquid interfaces, capillary forces can also deform solid bodies in their bulk, as observed in recent experiments with very soft gels. Capillary interactions, which are responsible for the cohesion of sandcastles, can also bend slender structures and induce the bundling of arrays of fibers. Thin sheets can spontaneously wrap liquid droplets within the limit of the constraints dictated by differential geometry. This review aims to describe the different scaling parameters and characteristic lengths involved in elastocapillarity. We focus on three main configurations, each characterized by a specific dimension: three-dimensional (3D), deformations induced in bulk solids; 1D, bending and bundling of rod-like structures; and 2D, bending and stretching of thin sheets. Although each configuration deserves a detailed review, we hope our broad description provides a general view of elastocapillarity.

Modeling the non-grey-body thermal emission from the full moon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vogler, Karl J.; Johnson, Paul E.; Shorthill, Richard W.

1991-01-01

The present series of thermophysical computer models for solid-surfaced planetary bodies whose surface roughness is modeled as paraboloidal craters of specified depth/diameter ratio attempts to characterize the nongrey-body brightness temperature spectra of the moon and of the Galilean satellites. This modeling, in which nondiffuse radiation properties and surface roughness are included for rigorous analysis of scattered and reemitted radiation within a crater, explains to first order the behavior of both limb-scans and disk-integrated IR brightness temperature spectra for the full moon. Only negative surface relief can explain lunar thermal emissions' deviation from smooth Lambert-surface expectations.

Many-body interactions in quasi-freestanding graphene

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Siegel, David; Park, Cheol-Hwan; Hwang, Choongyu

2011-06-03

The Landau-Fermi liquid picture for quasiparticles assumes that charge carriers are dressed by many-body interactions, forming one of the fundamental theories of solids. Whether this picture still holds for a semimetal such as graphene at the neutrality point, i.e., when the chemical potential coincides with the Dirac point energy, is one of the long-standing puzzles in this field. Here we present such a study in quasi-freestanding graphene by using high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. We see the electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions go through substantial changes when the semimetallic regime is approached, including renormalizations due to strong electron-electron interactions with similarities tomore » marginal Fermi liquid behavior. These findings set a new benchmark in our understanding of many-body physics in graphene and a variety of novel materials with Dirac fermions.« less

Optical response of the cultured bovine lens; testing opaque or partially transparent semi-solid/solid common consumer hygiene products.

PubMed

Wong, W; Sivak, J G; Moran, K L

2003-01-01

This study determines the relative ocular lens irritancy of 16 common partially transparent or non-transparent consumer hygiene products. The irritancy was found by measuring the changes in the sharpness of focus [referred to as the back vertex distance (BVD) variability] of the cultured bovine lens using a scanning laser In Vitro Assay System. This method consists of a laser beam that scans across the lens, and a computer, which then analyses the average focal length (mm), the BVD variability (mm), and the intensity of the beam transmitted. Lenses were exposed to the 16 hygiene products and the lens' focusing ability was monitored over 192 h. The products are semi-solids or solids (e.g. gels, lotions, shampoos). They are categorized into six groups: shampoos, body washes, lotions, toothpastes, deodorant, and anti-perspirant. Damage (measured by > 1 mm BVD variability) occurred slower for the shampoos, especially in the case of baby shampoo. The results indicate that shampoos exhibit the lowest level of ocular lens toxicity (irritability) while the deodorant is the most damaging.

Pick-off annihilation of positronium in matter using full correlation single particle potentials: solid He.

PubMed

Zubiaga, A; Tuomisto, F; Puska, M J

2015-01-29

We investigate the modeling of positronium (Ps) states and their pick-off annihilation trapped at open volumes pockets in condensed molecular matter. Our starting point is the interacting many-body system of Ps and a He atom because it is the smallest entity that can mimic the energy gap between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals of molecules, and yet the many-body structure of the HePs system can be calculated accurately enough. The exact-diagonalization solution of the HePs system enables us to construct a pairwise full-correlation single-particle potential for the Ps-He interaction, and the total potential in solids is obtained as a superposition of the pairwise potentials. We study in detail Ps states and their pick-off annihilation rates in voids inside solid He and analyze experimental results for Ps-induced voids in liquid He obtaining the radii of the voids. More importantly, we generalize our conclusions by testing the validity of the Tao-Eldrup model, widely used to analyze ortho-Ps annihilation measurements for voids in molecular matter, against our theoretical results for the solid He. Moreover, we discuss the influence of the partial charges of polar molecules and the strength of the van der Waals interaction on the pick-off annihilation rate.

Solid - solid and solid - liquid phase transitions of iron and iron alloys under laser shock compression

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harmand, M.; Krygier, A.; Appel, K.; Galtier, E.; Hartley, N.; Konopkova, Z.; Lee, H. J.; McBride, E. E.; Miyanishi, K.; Nagler, B.; Nemausat, R.; Vinci, T.; Zhu, D.; Ozaki, N.; Fiquet, G.

2017-12-01

An accurate knowledge of the properties of iron and iron alloys at high pressures and temperatures is crucial for understanding and modelling planetary interiors. While Earth-size and Super-Earth Exoplanets are being discovered in increasingly large numbers, access to detailed information on liquid properties, melting curves and even solid phases of iron and iron at the pressures and temperatures of their interiors is still strongly limited. In this context, XFEL sources coupled with high-energy lasers afford unique opportunities to measure microscopic structural properties at far extreme conditions. Also the achievable time resolution allows the shock history and phase transition mechanisms to be followed during laser compression, improving our understanding of the high pressure and high strain experiments. Here we present recent studies devoted to investigate the solid-solid and solid-liquid transition in laser-shocked iron and iron alloys (Fe-Si, Fe-C and Fe-O alloys) using X-ray diffraction and X-ray diffuse scattering. Experiment were performed at the MEC end-station of the LCLS facility at SLAC (USA). Detection of the diffuse scattering allowed the identification of the first liquid peak position along the Hugoniot, up to 4 Mbar. The time resolution shows ultrafast (between several tens and several hundreds of picoseconds) solid-solid and solid-liquid phase transitions. Future developments at XFEL facilities will enable detailed studies of the solid and liquid structures of iron and iron alloys as well as out-of-Hugoniot studies.

Diversity in C-Xanes Spectra Obtained from Carbonaceous Solid Inclusions from Monahans Halite

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kebukawa, Y.; Zolensky, M. E.; Fries, M.; Kilcoyne, A. L. D.; Rahman, Z.; Cody, G. D.

2014-01-01

. The natures of the macromolecular carbon in the solid inclusions observed by C-XANES are consistent with the previous studies showing that the carbonaceous solid inclusions have not originated from Monahans parent body [1-3], and have various origins, including various chondritic meteorite parent bodies as well as other unknown source(s).

System for conversion between the boundary representation model and a constructive solid geometry model of an object

DOEpatents

Christensen, Noel C.; Emery, James D.; Smith, Maurice L.

1988-04-05

A system converts from the boundary representation of an object to the constructive solid geometry representation thereof. The system converts the boundary representation of the object into elemental atomic geometrical units or I-bodies which are in the shape of stock primitives or regularized intersections of stock primitives. These elemental atomic geometrical units are then represented in symbolic form. The symbolic representations of the elemental atomic geometrical units are then assembled heuristically to form a constructive solid geometry representation of the object usable for manufacturing thereof. Artificial intelligence is used to determine the best constructive solid geometry representation from the boundary representation of the object. Heuristic criteria are adapted to the manufacturing environment for which the device is to be utilized. The surface finish, tolerance, and other information associated with each surface of the boundary representation of the object are mapped onto the constructive solid geometry representation of the object to produce an enhanced solid geometry representation, particularly useful for computer-aided manufacture of the object.

The effects of increasing amounts of milk replacer powder added to whole milk on passage rate, nutrient digestibility, ruminal development, and body composition in dairy calves.

PubMed

Azevedo, R A; Machado, F S; Campos, M M; Lopes, D R G; Costa, S F; Mantovani, H C; Lopes, F C F; Marcondes, M I; Pereira, L G R; Tomich, T R; Coelho, S G

2016-11-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on feed intake, calf performance, feed efficiency, fecal score, passage rate, apparent nutrient digestibility, development of rumen and other organs, and body composition of increasing the total solids content of liquid feed (whole milk) by adding increasing amounts of milk replacer powder during the preweaning period. Crossbred Holstein-Gyr calves (n=32) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (n=8 per group), which consisted of different total solids concentrations: 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0% of liquid feed. Calves received 6 L of liquid per day, divided into 2 equal meals (0800 and 1600 h) and provided in buckets, from 5 to 55d of age. Starter and water were provided ad libitum during the entire experiment. At 56d of age, animals were killed. Laboratory analysis determined that the actual total solids contents of the liquid feed were 13.5, 16.1, 18.2, and 20.4%, for the proposed 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0% total solids treatments, respectively. The osmolality of liquid feed treatments was 265 to 533 mOsm/L. Fecal score was similar among treatments, except for wk 2 and 7. Intake of liquid feed was similar among treatments from 6wk of age. During wk 4, 5, and 6, we detected a linear decrease in starter intake. After wk 7, we observed greater starter intake for calves fed approximately 16.1% total solids. Water intake, feed efficiency, and withers height were similar among treatments. Increasing concentrations of total solids in liquid feed quadratically affected average daily gain, final body weight, and empty body weight. We observed a greater average daily gain for calves fed approximately 20.4% total solids. Passage rate, nutrient digestibility, development of pre-stomachs and intestine, and body composition were similar among treatments. Increasing the concentration of total solids in liquid feed up to 20.4% reduced starter intake between 4 and 6wk of life, but increased average daily gain. It did not affect

Reuse of solid petroleum waste in the manufacture of porcelain stoneware tile.

PubMed

Pinheiro, B C A; Holanda, J N F

2013-03-30

This study investigates the incorporation of solid petroleum waste as raw material into a porcelain stoneware tile body, in replacement to natural kaolin material by up to 5 wt.%. Tile formulations containing solid petroleum waste were pressed and fired at 1240 °C by using a fast-firing cycle. The tile pieces were tested to determine their properties (linear shrinkage, water absorption, apparent density, and flexural strength), sintered microstructure, and leaching toxicity. The results therefore indicated that the growing addition of solid petroleum waste into tile formulations leads to a decrease of linear shrinkage, apparent density, and flexural strength, and to an increase of water absorption of the produced tile materials. It was also found that the replacement of kaolin with solid petroleum waste, in the range up to 2.5 wt.%, allows the production of porcelain stoneware tile (group BIa, ISO 13006 standard). All concentrations of Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cr (total), Hg, and Pb of the fired porcelain stoneware tile pieces in the leachate comply with the current regulatory limits. These results indicate that the solid petroleum waste could be used for high-quality porcelain stoneware tile production, thus giving rise to a new possibility for an environmentally friendly management of this abundant waste. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

New database for improving virtual system “body-dress”

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, J. Q.; Zhang, S. C.; Kuzmichev, V. E.; Adolphe, D. C.

2017-10-01

The aim of this exploration is to develop a new database of solid algorithms and relations between the dress fit and the fabric mechanical properties, the pattern block construction for improving the reality of virtual system “body-dress”. In virtual simulation, the system “body-clothing” sometimes shown distinct results with reality, especially when important changes in pattern block and fabrics were involved. In this research, to enhance the simulation process, diverse fit parameters were proposed: bottom height of dress, angle of front center contours, air volume and its distribution between dress and dummy. Measurements were done and optimized by ruler, camera, 3D body scanner image processing software and 3D modeling software. In the meantime, pattern block indexes were measured and fabric properties were tested by KES. Finally, the correlation and linear regression equations between indexes of fabric properties, pattern blocks and fit parameters were investigated. In this manner, new database could be extended in programming modules of virtual design for more realistic results.

Apparatus for removing oil and other floating contaminants from a moving body of water

DOEpatents

Strohecker, J.W.

1973-12-18

The patent describes a process in which floating contaminants such as oil and solid debris are removed from a moving body of water by employing a skimming system which uses the natural gravitational flow of the water. A boom diagonally positioned across the body of water diverts the floating contaminants over a floating weir and into a retention pond where an underflow weir is used to return contaminant-free water to the moving body of water. The floating weir is ballasted to maintain the contaminant-receiving opening therein slightly below the surface of the water during fluctuations in the water level for skimming the contaminants with minimal water removal.

Complicated Outcomes After Emergent Lower Extremity Surgery in Patients With Solid Organ Transplants.

PubMed

Reid, Alexander T; Perdue, Aaron; Goulet, James A; Robbins, Christopher B; Pour, Aidin Eslam

2016-11-01

The complications of emergent or urgent surgery in solid organ transplant recipients are unclear. The goal of this nonrandomized retrospective case study, conducted at a large public university teaching hospital, was to determine the following: (1) 90-day postsurgical complications in solid organ transplant recipients who undergo fracture surgery of the lower extremities; (2) 90-day and 1-year mortality rates for this cohort; (3) correlation of particular postsurgical complications with the 90-day or 1-year mortality rate; and (4) correlation of body mass index with the 90-day or 1-year mortality rate. Subjects included 36 solid organ transplant recipients who underwent surgical treatment for 37 emergent or urgent lower extremity fractures within 72 hours of presentation to the emergency department. Patients were followed for all medical and surgical complications for 90 days and for all-cause mortality for 1 year. Within 90 days of surgery, patients had complications that included acute renal failure (15, 40.5%), deep venous thrombosis (3, 8.1%), pulmonary embolus (2, 5.4%), pneumonia (7, 18.9%), superficial surgical site infection (3, 8.1%), and nonorthopedic sepsis (4, 10.8%). In addition, 3 (8.1%) and 5 (13.9%) patients died within 90 days and 1 year, respectively. Hospital readmission correlated with a higher 1-year mortality rate (odds ratio, 14.000; P=.016). Higher body mass index correlated with higher 90-day (odds ratio, 1.425; P=.035) and 1-year (odds ratio, 1.334; P=.033) mortality rates. Solid organ transplant recipients with lower extremity fracture have high 90-day and 1-year mortality rates and may have multiple complications within 90 days of treatment. [Orthopedics. 2016; 39(6):e1063-e1069.]. Copyright 2016, SLACK Incorporated.

The optimal density of cellular solids in axial tension.

PubMed

Mihai, L Angela; Alayyash, Khulud; Wyatt, Hayley

2017-05-01

For cellular bodies with uniform cell size, wall thickness, and shape, an important question is whether the same volume of material has the same effect when arranged as many small cells or as fewer large cells. To answer this question, for finite element models of periodic structures of Mooney-type material with different structural geometry and subject to large strain deformations, we identify a nonlinear elastic modulus as the ratio between the mean effective stress and the mean effective strain in the solid cell walls, and show that this modulus increases when the thickness of the walls increases, as well as when the number of cells increases while the volume of solid material remains fixed. Since, under the specified conditions, this nonlinear elastic modulus increases also as the corresponding mean stress increases, either the mean modulus or the mean stress can be employed as indicator when the optimum wall thickness or number of cells is sought.

Body composition in remission of childhood cancer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tseytlin, G. Ja; Anisimova, A. V.; Godina, E. Z.; Khomyakova, I. A.; Konovalova, M. V.; Nikolaev, D. V.; Rudnev, S. G.; Starunova, O. A.; Vashura, A. Yu

2012-12-01

Here, we describe the results of a cross-sectional bioimpedance study of body composition in 552 Russian children and adolescents aged 7-17 years in remission of various types of cancer (remission time 0-15 years, median 4 years). A sample of 1500 apparently healthy individuals of the same age interval was used for comparison. Our data show high frequency of malnutrition in total cancer patients group depending on type of cancer. 52.7% of patients were malnourished according to phase angle and percentage fat mass z-score with the range between 42.2% in children with solid tumors located outside CNS and 76.8% in children with CNS tumors. The body mass index failed to identify the proportion of patients with malnutrition and showed diagnostic sensitivity 50.6% for obesity on the basis of high percentage body fat and even much less so for undernutrition - 13.4% as judged by low phase angle. Our results suggest an advantage of using phase angle as the most sensitive bioimpedance indicator for the assessment of metabolic alterations, associated risks, and the effectiveness of rehabilitation strategies in childhood cancer patients.

History of Solid Rockets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Green, Rebecca

2017-01-01

Solid rockets are of interest to the space program because they are commonly used as boosters that provide the additional thrust needed for the space launch vehicle to escape the gravitational pull of the Earth. Larger, more advanced solid rockets allow for space launch vehicles with larger payload capacities, enabling mankind to reach new depths of space. This presentation will discuss, in detail, the history of solid rockets. The history begins with the invention and origin of the solid rocket, and then goes into the early uses and design of the solid rocket. The evolution of solid rockets is depicted by a description of how solid rockets changed and improved and how they were used throughout the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Modern uses of the solid rocket include the Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) on the Space Shuttle and the solid rockets used on current space launch vehicles. The functions and design of the SRB and the advancements in solid rocket technology since the use of the SRB are discussed as well. Common failure modes and design difficulties are discussed as well.

Prediction of Sublimation Pressures of Low Volatility Solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drake, Bruce Douglas

Sublimation pressures are required for solid-vapor phase equilibrium models in design of processes such as supercritical fluid extraction, sublimation purification and vapor epitaxy. The objective of this work is to identify and compare alternative methods for predicting sublimation pressures. A bibliography of recent sublimation data is included. Corresponding states methods based on the triple point (rather than critical point) are examined. A modified Trouton's rule is the preferred method for estimating triple point pressure in the absence of any sublimation data. Only boiling and melting temperatures are required. Typical error in log_{10} P _{rm triple} is 0.3. For lower temperature estimates, the slope of the sublimation curve is predicted by a correlation based on molar volume. Typical error is 10% of slope. Molecular dynamics methods for surface modeling are tested as estimators of vapor pressure. The time constants of the vapor and solid phases are too different to allow the vapor to come to thermal equilibrium with the solid. The method shows no advantages in prediction of sublimation pressure but provides insight into appropriate models and experimental methods for sublimation. Density-dependent augmented van der Waals equations of state based on hard-sphere distribution functions are examined. The perturbation term is almost linear and is well fit by a simple quadratic. Use of the equation provides reasonable fitting of sublimation pressures from one data point. Order-of-magnitude estimation is possible from melting temperature and solid molar volume. The inverse -12 fluid is used to develop an additional equation of state. Sublimation pressure results, including quality of pressure predictions, are similar to the hard-sphere results. Three-body (Axilrod -Teller) interactions are used to improve results.

Solid lubricants: A survey

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Campbell, M. E.

1972-01-01

A survey is presented of the most recent developments and trends in the field of solid lubrication. Topics discussed include: a history of solid lubrication, lubricating solids, bonded lubricants, new developments, methods of evaluation, environmental effects, application methods, novel materials, and designs for the use of solid lubricants. Excerpts of solid lubricant specifications and a discussion of contact stresses imposed on specimens in three types of test machines used for the evaluation of solid lubricants are presented.

Enzyme activities and substrate degradation during white rot fungi growth on sugar-cane straw in a solid state fermentation.

PubMed

Ortega, G M; Martinez, E O; González, P C; Betancourt, D; Otero, M A

1993-03-01

Two strains of Pleurotus spp., grown in solid state fermentation on sugar-cane straw, degraded the dry matter by 50% after 60 days. The rate of substrate consumption and the dry weight of fruiting bodies decreased in consecutive flushings. Both strains vigorously attacked hemicellulose (80% of total degradation) and lignin (70%). Fruiting bodies were rich in protein and lipids, and had a low content of carbohydrates and ash.

Solid lubricants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sliney, Harold E.

1991-01-01

The state of knowledge of solid lubricants is reviewed. The results of research on solid lubricants from the 1940's to the present are presented from a historical perspective. Emphasis is placed largely, but not exclusively, on work performed at NASA Lewis Research Center with a natural focus on aerospace applications. However, because of the generic nature of the research, the information presented in this review is applicable to most areas where solid lubricant technology is useful.

On enigmatic properties of the main belt asteroids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kochemasov, G.

two warping waves cannot be inscribed in a sphere otherwise than to stretch a body in one direction and to press it in the perpendicular one. Thus, an enigmatic shape of Mars is explained by this way. Asteroids are subjected to a warping action of the wave that bulges one hemisphere and presses the opposite one making convexo-concave bean shape [1]. This wave resonate (1 to 1) with the fundamental wave causing dichotomy of all celestial bodies . This very strong resonance enhances a warping action. That is why asteroids are flat, oblong and bean-shaped. The bulging hemisphere is always cracked, and this cracking sometimes is so strong that "saddles" appear sometimes cutting body into two or more pieces (binaries, satellites). Eros and the small Trojan satellite of Saturn Calypso (PIA07633) are very similar in this typical shape (convexo-concave shape and a "saddle") though they have different compositions, sizes and strengths. It was 1 shown earlier that degassing and rotations of terrestrial planets may be tied by redistribution of their angular momentum between a solid body and its gaseous envelope [2]. Bodies with higher orb. fr. and thus more finely granulated (Mercury, Venus) are more thoroughly wiped out of its volatiles and rotate slower because a significant part of their momenta gone with atmosphere (The Mercury's atmosphere was destroyed by the solar wind). The main asteroid belt rather stretched (2.2-3.2 a.u.) is composed of metallic, stone and carbonaceous bodies (judging by spectra and meteorites) , the first two dominating its inner part, the third -the outer one (similarity with the inner planets in respect of volatiles distribution). Less degassed asteroids keeping their original mass and "original" momentum (i.e.,the larger bodies) differ from the smaller ones having lost their original mass by degassing and spalling and shared their momenta with gone off parts. That is why the larger bodies are fast, the smaller ones slow rotating. References: [1

A New Mathematical and Computational Framework for BVPs and IVPs in Solids, Fluids, Gases and their Interactions

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-02-04

their numerical solutions for solid-liquid and liquid-solid phase transition: In the third area of research we consider development of mathematical models...momentum must be equal to the sum of the forces acting on the volume of matter) in terms of a dissipative force (the third term in (I.71)). Using (I.70...case, the momentum and constitutive equations (in the absence of body forces) in the x1-coordinate direction are ρ 0 ∂2ux1 ∂t2 + ∂p ∂x1 − ∂( dσx1x1

Sagittal endplate morphology of the lower lumbar spine.

PubMed

Lakshmanan, Palaniappan; Purushothaman, Balaji; Dvorak, Vlasta; Schratt, Walter; Thambiraj, Sathya; Boszczyk, Maximilian

2012-05-01

The sagittal profile of lumbar endplates is discrepant from current simplified disc replacement and fusion device design. Endplate concavity is symmetrical in the coronal plane but shows considerable variability in the sagittal plane, which may lead to implant-endplate mismatch. The aim of this investigation is to provide further analysis of the sagittal endplate morphology of the mid to lower lumbar spine study (L3–S1), thereby identifying the presence of common endplate shape patterns across these levels and providing morphological reference values complementing the findings of previous studies. Observational study. A total of 174 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the adult lumbar spine from the digital archive of our centre, which met the inclusion criteria, were studied. Superior (SEP) and inferior (IEP) endplate shape was divided into flat (no concavity), oblong (homogeneous concavity) and ex-centric (inhomogeneous concavity). The concavity depth (ECD) and location of concavity apex (ECA) relative to endplate diameter of the vertebrae L3–S1 were determined. Flat endplates were only predominant at the sacrum SEP (84.5%). The L5 SEP was flat in 24.7% and all other endplates in less than 10%. The majority of endplates were concave with a clear trend of endplate shape becoming more ex-centric from L3 IEP (56.9% oblong vs. 37.4% ex-centric) to L5 IEP (4% oblong vs. 94.3% ex-centric). Ex-centric ECA were always found in the posterior half of the lumbar endplates. Both the oblong and ex-centric ECD was 2-3 mm on average with the IEP of a motion segment regularly possessing the greater depth. A sex- or age-related difference could not be found. The majority of lumbar endplates are concave, while the majority of sacral endplates are flat. An oblong and an ex-centric endplate shape can be distinguished, whereby the latter is more common at the lower lumbar levels. The apex of the concavity of ex-centric discs is located in the posterior half of the endplate

High-Dose Chemotherapy, Total-Body Irradiation, and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation or Bone Marrow Transplantation in Treating Patients With Hematologic Cancer or Solid Tumors

ClinicalTrials.gov

2013-05-07

Breast Cancer; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Multiple Myeloma and Plasma Cell Neoplasm; Testicular Germ Cell Tumor; Unspecified Adult Solid Tumor, Protocol Specific; Unspecified Childhood Solid Tumor, Protocol Specific

A 3D interactive method for estimating body segmental parameters in animals: application to the turning and running performance of Tyrannosaurus rex.

PubMed

Hutchinson, John R; Ng-Thow-Hing, Victor; Anderson, Frank C

2007-06-21

We developed a method based on interactive B-spline solids for estimating and visualizing biomechanically important parameters for animal body segments. Although the method is most useful for assessing the importance of unknowns in extinct animals, such as body contours, muscle bulk, or inertial parameters, it is also useful for non-invasive measurement of segmental dimensions in extant animals. Points measured directly from bodies or skeletons are digitized and visualized on a computer, and then a B-spline solid is fitted to enclose these points, allowing quantification of segment dimensions. The method is computationally fast enough so that software implementations can interactively deform the shape of body segments (by warping the solid) or adjust the shape quantitatively (e.g., expanding the solid boundary by some percentage or a specific distance beyond measured skeletal coordinates). As the shape changes, the resulting changes in segment mass, center of mass (CM), and moments of inertia can be recomputed immediately. Volumes of reduced or increased density can be embedded to represent lungs, bones, or other structures within the body. The method was validated by reconstructing an ostrich body from a fleshed and defleshed carcass and comparing the estimated dimensions to empirically measured values from the original carcass. We then used the method to calculate the segmental masses, centers of mass, and moments of inertia for an adult Tyrannosaurus rex, with measurements taken directly from a complete skeleton. We compare these results to other estimates, using the model to compute the sensitivities of unknown parameter values based upon 30 different combinations of trunk, lung and air sac, and hindlimb dimensions. The conclusion that T. rex was not an exceptionally fast runner remains strongly supported by our models-the main area of ambiguity for estimating running ability seems to be estimating fascicle lengths, not body dimensions. Additionally, the

Bacteria-mediated in vivo delivery of quantum dots into solid tumor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Ying; Zhou, Mei; Luo, Dan

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer New approach using the probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum as a vehicle to deliver QDs into the deep tissue of solid tumors in vivo was achieved. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Bifidobacterium bifidum delivery system has intrinsic biocompatibility. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The targeting efficacy was improved by folic acids. -- Abstract: Semiconductor nanocrystals, so-called quantum dots (QDs), promise potential application in bioimaging and diagnosis in vitro and in vivo owing to their high-quality photoluminescence and excellent photostability as well as size-tunable spectra. Here, we describe a biocompatible, comparatively safe bacteria-based system that can deliver QDs specifically into solid tumor of living animals. In our strategy, anaerobicmore » bacterium Bifidobacterium bifidum (B. bifidum) that colonizes selectively in hypoxic regions of animal body was successfully used as a vehicle to load with QDs and transported into the deep tissue of solid tumors. The internalization of lipid-encapsuled QDs into B. bifidum was conveniently carried by electroporation. To improve the efficacy and specificity of tumor targeting, the QDs-carrying bacterium surface was further conjugated with folic acids (FAs) that can bind to the folic acid receptor overexpressed tumor cells. This new approach opens a pathway for delivering different types of functional cargos such as nanoparticles and drugs into solid tumor of live animals for imaging, diagnosis and therapy.« less

Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: case report and literature review.

PubMed

Camacho-Aguilera, José Francisco; Romero-Mejía, César; Valenzuela-Espinoza, Alfonso

2010-01-01

Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is an epithelial tumor of low malignancy that primarily affects young women and represents approximately 1-2% of all pancreatic neoplasms. We present a case of this type of tumor treated in the General Hospital of Tijuana, Mexico, as well as a review of the literature. We present the case of a 37-year-old female with symptomatology of early satiety and abdominal distension. During open cholecystectomy we found a tumor in the body of the pancreas. Biopsy was done, establishing the diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas. The patient was treated successfully with distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is a rare neoplasm. It is more frequent in young women and has an unknown etiology. Clinical manifestations include abdominal pain, sensation of plenitude or early satiety, abdominal mass, nausea and vomiting. Laboratory tests are usually normal. Computerized axial tomography may show a large encapsulated heterogeneous mass. Diagnosis is established through biopsy and surgery is the best treatment for this pathological entity. One may conclude that the solid pseudopapillary tumor is a differential diagnosis in the presence of pancreatic tumors, although due to its rarity it is not the first option to discard. Surgery represents the best treatment for this pathological entity and should be attempted in all cases, independent of the size of the pancreatic injury.

Determination of thermal diffusivities of cylindrical bodies being cooled

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dincer, I.

1996-09-01

This paper deals with the development of an analytical model for determining the thermal diffusivities of the individual solid cylindrical bodies subjected to cooling is presented. Applications of this model were made using the experimental center temperature data obtained from the cylindrical products (e.g., cucumber and grape) during air cooling at the flow velocity of 2 m/s. As an experimental result, the thermal diffusivities of products were found to be 1.45{times}10{sup {minus}7} m{sup 2}/s for cucumber and 1.68{times}10{sup {minus}7} m{sup 2}/s for grape. It can be concluded that the present model is capable of determining the thermal diffusivities of cylindricalmore » bodies during cooling in a simple and effective form.« less

Evaluating Descent and Ascent Trajectories Near Non-Spherical Bodies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Werner, Robert A.

2010-01-01

Spacecraft landing on small bodies pass through regions where conventional gravitation formulations using exterior spherical harmonics are inaccurate. An investigation shows that a formulation using interior solid spherical harmonics might be satisfactory. Interior spherical harmonic expansions are usable inside an imaginary, empty sphere. For this application, such a sphere could be positioned in empty space above the intended landing site and rotating with the body. When the spacecraft is inside this sphere, the interior harmonic expansion would be used instead of the conventional, exterior harmonic expansion. Coefficients can be determined by a least-squares fit to gravitation measurements synthesized from conventional formulations. Due to their unfamiliarity, recurrences for interior, as well as exterior, expansions are derived. Hotine's technique for partial derivatives of exterior spherical harmonics is extended to interior harmonics.

Simple formula for the surface area of the body and a simple model for anthropometry.

PubMed

Reading, Bruce D; Freeman, Brian

2005-03-01

The body surface area (BSA) of any adult, when derived from the arithmetic mean of the different values calculated from four independent accepted formulae, can be expressed accurately in Systeme International d'Unites (SI) units by the simple equation BSA = 1/6(WH)0.5, where W is body weight in kg, H is body height in m, and BSA is in m2. This formula, which is derived in part by modeling the body as a simple solid of revolution or a prolate spheroid (i.e., a stretched ellipsoid of revolution) gives students, teachers, and clinicians a simple rule for the rapid estimation of surface area using rational units. The formula was tested independently for human subjects by using it to predict body volume and then comparing this prediction against the actual volume measured by Archimedes' principle. Copyright 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Atomic kinetic energy, momentum distribution, and structure of solid neon at zero temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cazorla, C.; Boronat, J.

2008-01-01

We report on the calculation of the ground-state atomic kinetic energy Ek and momentum distribution of solid Ne by means of the diffusion Monte Carlo method and Aziz HFD-B pair potential. This approach is shown to perform notably for this crystal since we obtain very good agreement with respect to experimental thermodynamic data. Additionally, we study the structural properties of solid Ne at densities near the equilibrium by estimating the radial pair-distribution function, Lindemann’s ratio, and atomic density profile around the positions of the perfect crystalline lattice. Our value for Ek at the equilibrium density is 41.51(6)K , which agrees perfectly with the recent prediction made by Timms , 41(2)K , based on their deep-inelastic neutron scattering experiments carried out over the temperature range 4-20K , and also with previous path integral Monte Carlo results obtained with the Lennard-Jones and Aziz HFD-C2 atomic pairwise interactions. The one-body density function of solid Ne is calculated accurately and found to fit perfectly, within statistical uncertainty, to a Gaussian curve. Furthermore, we analyze the degree of anharmonicity of solid Ne by calculating some of its microscopic ground-state properties within traditional harmonic approaches. We provide insightful comparison to solid He4 in terms of the Debye model in order to assess the relevance of anharmonic effects in Ne.

The sand bag model of the dispersion of the cosmic body in the atmosphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Teterev, A. V.; Nemchinov, I. V.

1993-01-01

The strength of the extraterrestrial bodies depends on their structure, composition, dimensions, and the history of this body. The fragmentation of the body due to aerodynamic stresses begins at sufficiently large heights above the surface of the Earth. The process of fragmentation and dispersion of the fragments usually is studied by the hydrodynamic or even gasdynamic models. If the fragmentation process begins due to the initial cracks and faults of the body, or this body consists of large boulders glued by ice, the strength of these boulders after fragmentation remains higher than the aerodynamic stresses exerted at the remaining part of the body. It is supposed that fragmentation occurs at initial moment t = 0 at some height z(sub o) above the surface of the air, these fragments remain solid. The possibility of further fragmentation during the remaining part of the trajectory is not taken into account. If the number of these parts is large enough and their size is small in comparison to the initial radius of the body than we can use the sand bag model proposed in qualitative form.

System for conversion between the boundary representation model and a constructive solid geometry model of an object

DOEpatents

Christensen, N.C.; Emery, J.D.; Smith, M.L.

1985-04-29

A system converts from the boundary representation of an object to the constructive solid geometry representation thereof. The system converts the boundary representation of the object into elemental atomic geometrical units or I-bodies which are in the shape of stock primitives or regularized intersections of stock primitives. These elemental atomic geometrical units are then represented in symbolic form. The symbolic representations of the elemental atomic geometrical units are then assembled heuristically to form a constructive solid geometry representation of the object usable for manufacturing thereof. Artificial intelligence is used to determine the best constructive solid geometry representation from the boundary representation of the object. Heuristic criteria are adapted to the manufacturing environment for which the device is to be utilized. The surface finish, tolerance, and other information associated with each surface of the boundary representation of the object are mapped onto the constructive solid geometry representation of the object to produce an enhanced solid geometry representation, particularly useful for computer-aided manufacture of the object. 19 figs.

(234)U/(238)U signatures associated with uranium ore bodies: part 3 Koongarra.

PubMed

Lowson, Richard T

2013-04-01

The Koongarra ore body is an early Proterozoic U ore body in the Alligator Rivers U province, Northern Territory, Australia. It has surface expression with a redox front located ∼30 m below the surface. The (234)U/(238)U activity ratios (AR) for the ground water and the amorphous phase of the solid have been analysed for the ore zone and dispersion halo as a function of depth. The results display a (234)U/(238)U AR signature with depth which may be common to all U ore bodies. The (234)U/(238)U AR is depressed below secular equilibrium in the weathered material above the redox front; rises significantly above secular equilibrium in the vicinity of the redox front; and is followed by a gradual decrease with depth below the redox front. The amplitude of the profile is a function of local conditions. A model is proposed for the signature in which oxidising waters preferentially leach the (234)U sites at the redox front due to preconditioning of the (234)U sites by α recoil during the decay of (23)(8)U to (23)(4)U. Mass balance requires the solid material left behind the redox front to have a (234)U/(238)U AR reduced below 1. Local second order effects may be superimposed on the signature. The signature may have application to calibrating scenarios for nuclear waste repositories, assisting in understanding historical climates, economic evaluation of U ore bodies and U exploration. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Development of a morphology-based modeling technique for tracking solid-body displacements: examining the reliability of a potential MRI-only approach for joint kinematics assessment.

PubMed

Mahato, Niladri K; Montuelle, Stephane; Cotton, John; Williams, Susan; Thomas, James; Clark, Brian

2016-05-18

Single or biplanar video radiography and Roentgen stereophotogrammetry (RSA) techniques used for the assessment of in-vivo joint kinematics involves application of ionizing radiation, which is a limitation for clinical research involving human subjects. To overcome this limitation, our long-term goal is to develop a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-only, three dimensional (3-D) modeling technique that permits dynamic imaging of joint motion in humans. Here, we present our initial findings, as well as reliability data, for an MRI-only protocol and modeling technique. We developed a morphology-based motion-analysis technique that uses MRI of custom-built solid-body objects to animate and quantify experimental displacements between them. The technique involved four major steps. First, the imaging volume was calibrated using a custom-built grid. Second, 3-D models were segmented from axial scans of two custom-built solid-body cubes. Third, these cubes were positioned at pre-determined relative displacements (translation and rotation) in the magnetic resonance coil and scanned with a T1 and a fast contrast-enhanced pulse sequences. The digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) images were then processed for animation. The fourth step involved importing these processed images into an animation software, where they were displayed as background scenes. In the same step, 3-D models of the cubes were imported into the animation software, where the user manipulated the models to match their outlines in the scene (rotoscoping) and registered the models into an anatomical joint system. Measurements of displacements obtained from two different rotoscoping sessions were tested for reliability using coefficient of variations (CV), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Bland-Altman plots, and Limits of Agreement analyses. Between-session reliability was high for both the T1 and the contrast-enhanced sequences. Specifically, the average CVs for translation were 4

Safety and Clinical Activity of Pembrolizumab and Multisite Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors.

PubMed

Luke, Jason J; Lemons, Jeffrey M; Karrison, Theodore G; Pitroda, Sean P; Melotek, James M; Zha, Yuanyuan; Al-Hallaq, Hania A; Arina, Ainhoa; Khodarev, Nikolai N; Janisch, Linda; Chang, Paul; Patel, Jyoti D; Fleming, Gini F; Moroney, John; Sharma, Manish R; White, Julia R; Ratain, Mark J; Gajewski, Thomas F; Weichselbaum, Ralph R; Chmura, Steven J

2018-02-13

Purpose Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) may stimulate innate and adaptive immunity to augment immunotherapy response. Multisite SBRT is an emerging paradigm for treating metastatic disease. Anti-PD-1-treatment outcomes may be improved with lower disease burden. In this context, we conducted a phase I study to evaluate the safety of pembrolizumab with multisite SBRT in patients with metastatic solid tumors. Patients and Methods Patients progressing on standard treatment received SBRT to two to four metastases. Not all metastases were targeted, and metastases > 65 mL were partially irradiated. SBRT dosing varied by site and ranged from 30 to 50 Gy in three to five fractions with predefined dose de-escalation if excess dose-limiting toxicities were observed. Pembrolizumab was initiated within 7 days after completion of SBRT. Pre- and post-SBRT biopsy specimens were analyzed in a subset of patients to quantify interferon-γ-induced gene expression. Results A total of 79 patients were enrolled; three patients did not receive any treatment and three patients only received SBRT. Patients included in the analysis were treated with SBRT and at least one cycle of pembrolizumab. Most (94.5%) of patients received SBRT to two metastases. Median follow-up for toxicity was 5.5 months (interquartile range, 3.3 to 8.1 months). Six patients experienced dose-limiting toxicities with no radiation dose reductions. In the 68 patients with imaging follow-up, the overall objective response rate was 13.2%. Median overall survival was 9.6 months (95% CI, 6.5 months to undetermined) and median progression-free survival was 3.1 months (95% CI, 2.9 to 3.4 months). Expression of interferon-γ-associated genes from post-SBRT tumor biopsy specimens significantly correlated with nonirradiated tumor response. Conclusion Multisite SBRT followed by pembrolizumab was well tolerated with acceptable toxicity. Additional studies exploring the clinical benefit and predictive biomarkers of combined

General view of the Solid Rocket Booster's (SRB) Solid Rocket ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

General view of the Solid Rocket Booster's (SRB) Solid Rocket Motor Segments in the Surge Building of the Rotation Processing and Surge Facility at Kennedy Space Center awaiting transfer to the Vehicle Assembly Building and subsequent mounting and assembly on the Mobile Launch Platform. - Space Transportation System, Solid Rocket Boosters, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, Harris County, TX

Analysis of vibrational load influence upon passengers in trains with a compulsory body tilt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Antipin, D. Ya; Kobishchanov, V. V.; Lapshin, V. F.; Mitrakov, A. S.; Shorokhov, S. G.

2017-02-01

The procedure for forecasting the vibrational load influence upon passengers of trains of rolling stocks equipped with a system of a compulsory body tilt on railroad curves is offered. The procedure is based on the use of computer simulation methods and application of solid-state models of anthropometrical mannequins. As a result of the carried out investigations, there are substantiated criteria of the comfort level estimate for passengers in the rolling-stock under consideration. The procedure is approved by the example of the promising domestic rolling stock with a compulsory body tilt on railroad curves.

Continuous method for manufacturing grain-oriented magnetostrictive bodies

DOEpatents

Gibson, Edwin D.; Verhoeven, John D.; Schmidt, Frederick A.; McMasters, O. Dale

1988-01-01

The invention comprises a continuous casting and crystallization method for manufacturing grain-oriented magnetostrictive bodies. A magnetostrictive alloy is melted in a crucible having a bottom outlet. The melt is discharged through the bottom of the crucible and deposited in an elongated mold. Heat is removed from the deposited melt through the lower end portion of the mold to progressively solidify the melt. The solid-liquid interface of the melt moves directionally upwardly from the bottom to the top of the mold, to produce the axial grain orientation.

Gradient effects in a new class of electro-elastic bodies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arvanitakis, Antonios

2018-06-01

Continuum theories for electro-elastic solids suggest the development of electric field or polarization-based models. Advanced versions of these models are the so-called gradient models, i.e., polarization gradient and electric field gradient models, which prove to be more than capable of explaining the behavior of a continuum in a wider range of length scales. In this work, implicit constitutive relations for electro-elastic bodies are considered with the introduction of polarization and electric field gradient effects. In this sense, the new class of electro-elastic bodies extends even further to account for nonlocality in constitutive equations, besides strain-limiting behavior and polarization saturation for large values of stresses and electric field, respectively. Nonlocality in constitutive equations is essential in modeling various phenomena.

One body, many heads; the Cerberus of catalysis. A new multipurpose in-situ cell for XAS at ALBA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guilera, G.; Rey, F.; Hernández-Fenollosa, J.; Cortés-Vergaz, J. J.

2013-04-01

A new multi-purpose in-situ cell and its control system have been developed for synchrotron-based techniques as are X-Ray Absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The cell is made of a stainless steel 'body' and three different exchangeable 'heads' to tackle different scientific areas that include solid-gas catalysis, solid-liquid catalysis and electrocatalysis. The different versions of the cell are herein described and their functionality is exemplified by some case studies.

An advanced computational bioheat transfer model for a human body with an embedded systemic circulation.

PubMed

Coccarelli, Alberto; Boileau, Etienne; Parthimos, Dimitris; Nithiarasu, Perumal

2016-10-01

In the present work, an elaborate one-dimensional thermofluid model for a human body is presented. By contrast to the existing pure conduction-/perfusion-based models, the proposed methodology couples the arterial fluid dynamics of a human body with a multi-segmental bioheat model of surrounding solid tissues. In the present configuration, arterial flow is included through a network of elastic vessels. More than a dozen solid segments are employed to represent the heat conduction in the surrounding tissues, and each segment is constituted by a multilayered circular cylinder. Such multi-layers allow flexible delineation of the geometry and incorporation of properties of different tissue types. The coupling of solid tissue and fluid models requires subdivision of the arterial circulation into large and small arteries. The heat exchange between tissues and arterial wall occurs by convection in large vessels and by perfusion in small arteries. The core region, including the heart, provides the inlet conditions for the fluid equations. In the proposed model, shivering, sweating, and perfusion changes constitute the basis of the thermoregulatory system. The equations governing flow and heat transfer in the circulatory system are solved using a locally conservative Galerkin approach, and the heat conduction in the surrounding tissues is solved using a standard implicit backward Euler method. To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed model, temperature field evolutions are monitored at different points of the arterial tree and in the surrounding tissue layers. To study the differences due to flow-induced convection effects on thermal balance, the results of the current model are compared against those of the widely used modelling methodologies. The results show that the convection significantly influences the temperature distribution of the solid tissues in the vicinity of the arteries. Thus, the inner convection has a more predominant role in the human body heat

Solids mass flow determination

DOEpatents

Macko, Joseph E.

1981-01-01

Method and apparatus for determining the mass flow rate of solids mixed with a transport fluid to form a flowing mixture. A temperature differential is established between the solids and fluid. The temperature of the transport fluid prior to mixing, the temperature of the solids prior to mixing, and the equilibrium temperature of the mixture are monitored and correlated in a heat balance with the heat capacities of the solids and fluid to determine the solids mass flow rate.

Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Solid Tumor Based on Body's Intrinsic Antitumor Immune System.

PubMed

Duan, Haifeng

2018-05-22

The accumulation of mutated somatic cells due to the incompetency of body's immune system may lead to tumor onset. Therefore, enhancing the ability of the system to eliminate such cells should be the core of tumor therapy. The intrinsic antitumor immunity is triggered by tumor-specific antigens (TSA) or TSA-sensitized dendritic cells (DC). Once initiated, specific anti-tumor antibodies are produced and tumor-specific killer immune cells, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), NK cells, and macrophages, are raised or induced. Several strategies may enhance antitumor action of immune system, such as supplying tumor-targeted antibody, activating T cells, enhancing the activity and tumor recognition of NK cells, promoting tumor-targeted phagocytosis of macrophages, and eliminating the immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Treg cells. Apart from the immune system, the removal of tumor burden still needs to be assisted by drugs, surgery or radiation. And the body's internal environment and tumor microenvironment should be improved to recover immune cell function and prevent tumor growth. Multiple microenvironment modulatory therapies may be applied, including addressing hypoxia and oxidative stress, correcting metabolic disorders, and controlling chronic inflammation. Finally, to cure tumor and prevent tumor recurrence, repairing or supporting therapy that consist of tissue repair and nutritional supplement should be applied properly. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.

Tholins as Coloring Agents on Outer Solar System Bodies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cruikshank, Dale P.; Imanaka, Hiroshi; DalleOre, Cristina M.

2005-01-01

The red colors of many solid bodies in outer Solar System may be caused by tholins, which are refractory organic complexes, incorporated in their surface materials. Tholins synthesized in the laboratory are shown to match the colors of these bodies when their optical properties are used in rigorous scattering models. We review recent successes in modeling the spectra of icy outer Solar System bodies with tholins as the coloring agents. New work on the systematic laboratory synthesis and analysis of tholins made by cold plasma discharge in mixtures of gaseous CH4/N2 shows that the composition of the tholin depends strongly on the pressure in the reaction chamber, and only weakly on the mixing fraction of CH4 relative to N2. In tholins made at high pressure (e.g., 23 hPa) the abundance of aliphatic hydrocarbons is greater and the abundance of aromatic hydrocarbons is less than in tholins made at low pressure (e.g., 0.13 hPa). Tholins made at low deposition pressures show a greater abundance of N-H bonds.

Solid aerosol generator

DOEpatents

Prescott, Donald S.; Schober, Robert K.; Beller, John

1992-01-01

An improved solid aerosol generator used to produce a gas borne stream of dry, solid particles of predetermined size and concentration. The improved solid aerosol generator nebulizes a feed solution of known concentration with a flow of preheated gas and dries the resultant wet heated aerosol in a grounded, conical heating chamber, achieving high recovery and flow rates.

Offline solid phase microextraction sampling system

DOEpatents

Harvey, Chris A.

2008-12-16

An offline solid phase microextraction (SPME) sampling apparatus for enabling SPME samples to be taken a number of times from a previously collected fluid sample (e.g. sample atmosphere) stored in a fused silica lined bottle which keeps volatile organics in the fluid sample stable for weeks at a time. The offline SPME sampling apparatus has a hollow body surrounding a sampling chamber, with multiple ports through which a portion of a previously collected fluid sample may be (a) released into the sampling chamber, (b) SPME sampled to collect analytes for subsequent GC analysis, and (c) flushed/purged using a fluidically connected vacuum source and purging fluid source to prepare the sampling chamber for additional SPME samplings of the same original fluid sample, such as may have been collected in situ from a headspace.

Current status of solid-state lithium batteries employing solid redox polymerization cathodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Visco, S. J.; Doeff, M. M.; Dejonghe, L. C.

1991-03-01

The rapidly growing demand for secondary batteries having high specific energy and power has naturally led to increased efforts in lithium battery technology. Still, the increased safety risks associated with high energy density systems has tempered the enthusiasm of proponents of such systems for use in the consumer marketplace. The inherent advantages of all-solid-state batteries in regards to safety and reliability are strong factors in advocating their introduction to the marketplace. However, the low ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes relative to nonaqueous liquid electrolytes implies low power densities for solid state systems operating at ambient temperatures. Recent advances in polymer electrolytes have led to the introduction of solid electrolytes having conductivities in the range of 10(exp -4)/ohm cm at room temperature; this is still two orders of magnitude lower than liquid electrolytes. Although these improved ambient conductivities put solid state batteries in the realm of practical devices, it is clear that solid state batteries using such polymeric separators will be thin film devices. Fortunately, thin film fabrication techniques are well established in the plastics and paper industry, and present the possibility of continuous web-form manufacturing. This style of battery manufacture should make solid polymer batteries very cost-competitive with conventional secondary cells. In addition, the greater geometric flexibility of thin film solid state cells should provide benefits in terms of the end-use form factor in device design. This work discusses the status of solid redox polymerization cathodes.

Emission properties of body-centered cubic elemental metal photocathodes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Tuo; Rickman, Benjamin L., E-mail: brickm2@uic.edu; Schroeder, W. Andreas

2015-04-07

A first principles analysis of photoemission is developed to explain the lower than expected rms transverse electron momentum measured using the solenoid scan technique for the body-centered cubic Group Vb (V, Nb, and Ta) and Group VIb (Cr, Mo, and W) metallic photocathodes. The density functional theory based analysis elucidates the fundamental role that the electronic band structure (and its dispersion) plays in determining the emission properties of solid-state photocathodes and includes evaluation of work function anisotropy using a thin-slab method.

Methods for the preparation and analysis of solids and suspended solids for methylmercury

USGS Publications Warehouse

DeWild, John F.; Olund, Shane D.; Olson, Mark L.; Tate, Michael T.

2004-01-01

This report presents the methods and method performance data for the determination of methylmercury concentrations in solids and suspended solids. Using the methods outlined here, the U.S. Geological Survey's Wisconsin District Mercury Laboratory can consistently detect methylmercury in solids and suspended solids at environmentally relevant concentrations. Solids can be analyzed wet or freeze dried with a minimum detection limit of 0.08 ng/g (as-processed). Suspended solids must first be isolated from aqueous matrices by filtration. The minimum detection limit for suspended solids is 0.01 ng per filter resulting in a minimum reporting limit ranging from 0.2 ng/L for a 0.05 L filtered volume to 0.01 ng/L for a 1.0 L filtered volume. Maximum concentrations for both matrices can be extended to cover nearly any amount of methylmercury by limiting sample size.

Maths Resource.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tapson, Frank

1985-01-01

Flow diagrams developing cube roots and formulas for the square, sphere, cube, circle and sector, oblong, and cylinder are presented. Some comments on their use, along with calculators, are included. (MNS)

Polyphosphazene Solid Electrolytes.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-10-01

soL..I’IIN ’ . LAV A - .:.u.s 009 ’-" 4. T .. T. edSutoe .TVCO EO T EI O Polyphosphazene Solid Electrolytes Interim Technical Repor 6. PEAFORMING RG ...Y. T.; Whitmore , D. H. Solid State Ionics 1982, 7, 129. (10) Bauerle, J. E. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1969, 30, 2657. (11) MacDonald, J. R. J. Chem. Phys

Solid aerosol generator

DOEpatents

Prescott, D.S.; Schober, R.K.; Beller, J.

1992-03-17

An improved solid aerosol generator used to produce a gas borne stream of dry, solid particles of predetermined size and concentration is disclosed. The improved solid aerosol generator nebulizes a feed solution of known concentration with a flow of preheated gas and dries the resultant wet heated aerosol in a grounded, conical heating chamber, achieving high recovery and flow rates. 2 figs.

Mercury in municipal solid wastes and New Jersey mercury prevention and reduction program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Erdogan, H.; Stevenson, E.

1994-12-31

Mercury is a very toxic heavy metal which accumulates in the brain causing neurological damages involving psychasthenic and vegetative syndrome. At high exposure levels it causes behavioral and personality changes, loss of memory and insomnia. Long-term exposure or exposure during pregnancy to mercury or mercury compounds can permanently damage the kidney and fetus. In addition to potential effects on human health, mercury poisoning can also affect other living organisms. Mercury is different than other heavy metals. It consistently biomagnifies and bioaccumulates within the aquatic food chain. Global sources of mercury release are both natural and anthropogenic. Natural sources include volatilizationmore » of gaseous-mercury iron soils ana rocks, volcanic releases, evaporation from the ocean and other water bodies. Anthropogenic sources are fuel and coal combustion, mining, smelting, manufacturing activities, disposal of sludge, pesticides, animal and food waste, and incineration of municipal solid waste. Worldwide combustion of municipal solid waste is the second largest source of atmospheric emission of mercury. In New Jersey, incineration of solid waste is the largest source of atmospheric emission of mercury. The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy (NJDEPE) has developed a comprehensive program to control and prevent emission of mercury resulting from combustion municipal solid waste.« less

Slip Casting and Green Body Evaluation of 6% Yttria, 2% Alumina Silicon Nitride

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-12-01

Slurries containing this lignosulphonate wood derivative did not exhibit uniform rheological behavior. Some of the slips with high solids...the Figure 3 axes for easier comparison. Reference 2 also notes a marked shear-sensitivity decrease in slurries containing a lignosulphonate dispersant...Any advantage to using lignosulphonate dispersants must be weighed against the difficulty of burning the additives out of the resultant green bodies

Measurement of suspended solids in lakes and oceans using satellite remote sensing data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sydor, M. (Principal Investigator)

1980-01-01

Using satellite remote sensing data to measure low concentrations of suspended solids in lakes and oceans requires careful evaluation of background signals from the atmosphere and the water surface. Typical background corrections for Lake Superior are presented and the spectral distribution of the residual radiance from three major categories of turbidity in the lake are determined. The results indicate that for large bodies of water, some general information on atmospheric scattering, water clarity, and the optical properties of suspended solids allows estimates of concentrations of suspended solids to within + or - 0.5 mg/L without using real time ground truth data. Under calibrated conditions the threshold detection level is 0.3 mg/L for the fine particulates dispersed throughout the lake and 1 mg/L for the highly light absorbing effluent from rivers. Comparisons of the minimum reflectance over the open lake areas with reflection from the highly absorbing tannin water from rivers provides a check on the clarity of the atmosphere and the excessive background scatter from the water surface.

Effect of liquid-to-solid ratio on semi-solid Fenton process in hazardous solid waste detoxication.

PubMed

Hu, Li-Fang; Feng, Hua-Jun; Long, Yu-Yang; Zheng, Yuan-Ge; Fang, Cheng-Ran; Shen, Dong-Sheng

2011-01-01

The liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) of semi-solid Fenton process (SSFP) designated for hazardous solid waste detoxication was investigated. The removal and minimization effects of o-nitroaniline (ONA) in simulate solid waste residue (SSWR) from organic arsenic industry was evaluated by total organic carbon (TOC) and ONA removal efficiency, respectively. Initially, Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimize the key factors of SSFP. Results showed that the removal rates of TOC and ONA decreased as L/S increased. Subsequently, four target initial ONA concentrations including 100 mg kg(-1), 1 g kg(-1), 10 g kg(-1), and 100 gk g(-1) on a dry basis were evaluated for the effect of L/S. A significant cubic empirical model between the initial ONA concentration and L/S was successfully developed to predict the optimal L/S for given initial ONA concentration for SSFP. Moreover, an optimized operation strategy of multi-SSFP for different cases was determined based on the residual target pollutant concentration and the corresponding environmental conditions. It showed that the total L/S of multi-SSFP in all tested scenarios was no greater than 3.8, which is lower than the conventional slurry systems (L/S ≥ 5). The multi-SSFP is environment-friendly when it used for detoxication of hazardous solid waste contaminated by ONA and provides a potential method for the detoxication of hazardous solid waste contaminated by organics. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mechanics of the acoustic radiation force in tissue-like solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dontsov, Egor V.

The acoustic radiation force (ARF) is a phenomenon affiliated with the nonlinear effects of high-intensity wave propagation. It represents the mean momentum transfer from the sound wave to the medium, and allows for an effective computation of the mean motion (e.g. acoustic streaming in fluids) induced by a high-intensity sound wave. Nowadays, the high-intensity focused ultrasound is frequently used in medical diagnosis applications due to its ability to "push" inside the tissue with the radiation body force and facilitate the local quantification of tissue's viscoelastic properties. The main objectives of this study include: i) the theoretical investigation of the ARF in fluids and tissue-like solids generated respectively by the amplitude modulated plane wave and focused ultrasound; ii) computation of the nonlinear acoustic wave propagation when the amplitude of the focused ultrasound field is modulated by a low-frequency signal, and iii) modeling of the ARF-induced motion in tissue-like solids for the purpose of quantifying their nonlinear elasticity via the magnitude of the ARF. Regarding the first part, a comparison with the existing theory of the ARF reveals a number of key features that are brought to light by the new formulation, including the contributions to the ARF of ultrasound modulation and thermal expansion, as well as the precise role of constitutive nonlinearities in generating the sustained body force in tissue-like solids by a focused ultrasound beam. In the second part, the hybrid time-frequency domain algorithm for the numerical analysis of the nonlinear wave equation is proposed. The approach is validated by comparing the results to the finite-difference modeling in time domain. Regarding the third objective, the Fourier transform approach is used to compute the ARF-induced shear wave motion in tissue-mimicking phantoms. A comparison between the experiment (tests performed at the Mayo Clinic) and model permitted the estimation of a particular

What Are Solid Fats?

MedlinePlus

... Menus Seasonal Winter Spring Summer Fall Food Waste Food Safety Newsroom Dietary ... Solid fats are fats that are solid at room temperature, like beef fat, butter, and shortening. Solid fats mainly come ...

Role of anisotropy in determining stability of electrodeposition at solid-solid interfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmad, Zeeshan; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian

2017-10-01

We investigate the stability of electrodeposition at solid-solid interfaces for materials exhibiting an anisotropic mechanical response. The stability of electrodeposition or resistance to the formation of dendrites is studied within a linear stability analysis. The deformation and stress equations are solved using the Stroh formalism and faithfully recover the boundary conditions at the interface. The stability parameter is used to quantify the stability of different solid-solid interfaces incorporating the full anisotropy of the elastic tensor of the two materials. Results show a high degree of variability in the stability parameter depending on the crystallographic orientation of the solids in contact, and point to opportunities for exploiting this effect in developing Li metal anodes.

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas: CT imaging features and radiologic-pathologic correlation.

PubMed

Anil, Gopinathan; Zhang, Junwei; Al Hamar, Nawal Ebrahim; Nga, Min En

2017-01-01

We aimed to evaluate the imaging features of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) of the pancreas with an emphasis on radiologic-pathologic correlation. Ten patients (all female; mean age, 32 years) with histologic or cytologic diagnosis of SPN encountered between January 2007 and December 2013 were included in this study. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) images were reviewed for location, attenuation, enhancement pattern, margin, shape, size, morphology, presence of capsule and calcification. CT appearances were correlated with histopathologic findings. Tumors in the distal pancreatic body and tail had a tendency to be larger (mean size 12.6 cm vs. 4.0 cm). Six of the nine tumors that were resected had a fibrous pseudocapsule at histology, five of which could be identified on CT scan. Eight lesions had mixed hypoenhancing solid components and cystic areas corresponding to tumor necrosis and hemorrhage. The two smallest lesions were purely solid and nonencapsulated. Varied patterns of calcification were seen in four tumors. Three of the four pancreatic tail tumors invaded the spleen. At a median follow-up of 53 months, there was no evidence of recurrence in the nine patients who underwent surgical resection of the tumor. A mixed solid and cystic pancreatic mass in a young woman is suggestive of SPN. However, smaller lesions may be completely solid. Splenic invasion can occur in pancreatic tail SPNs; however, in this series it did not adversely affect the long-term outcome.

Solid electrolytes

DOEpatents

Abraham, Kuzhikalail M.; Alamgir, Mohamed

1993-06-15

This invention pertains to Li ion (Li.sup.+) conductive solid polymer electrolytes composed of solvates of Li salts immobilized (encapsulated) in a solid organic polymer matrix. In particular, this invention relates to solid polymer electrolytes derived by immobilizing complexes (solvates) formed between a Li salt such as LiAsF.sub.6, LiCF.sub.3 SO.sub.3 or LiClO.sub.4 and a mixture of aprotic organic solvents having high dielectric constants such as ethylene carbonate (EC) (dielectric constant=89.6) and propylene carbonate (PC) (dielectric constant=64.4) in a polymer matrix such as polyacrylonitrile, poly(tetraethylene glycol diacrylate), or poly(vinyl pyrrolidinone).

Solid expellant plasma generator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stone, Nobie H. (Inventor); Poe, Garrett D. (Inventor); Rood, Robert (Inventor)

2010-01-01

An improved solid expellant plasma generator has been developed. The plasma generator includes a support housing, an electrode rod located in the central portion of the housing, and a mass of solid expellant material that surrounds the electrode rod within the support housing. The electrode rod and the solid expellant material are made of separate materials that are selected so that the electrode and the solid expellant material decompose at the same rate when the plasma generator is ignited. This maintains a point of discharge of the plasma at the interface between the electrode and the solid expellant material.

Solid-solid collapse transition in a two dimensional model molecular system.

PubMed

Singh, Rakesh S; Bagchi, Biman

2013-11-21

Solid-solid collapse transition in open framework structures is ubiquitous in nature. The real difficulty in understanding detailed microscopic aspects of such transitions in molecular systems arises from the interplay between different energy and length scales involved in molecular systems, often mediated through a solvent. In this work we employ Monte-Carlo simulation to study the collapse transition in a model molecular system interacting via both isotropic as well as anisotropic interactions having different length and energy scales. The model we use is known as Mercedes-Benz (MB), which, for a specific set of parameters, sustains two solid phases: honeycomb and oblique. In order to study the temperature induced collapse transition, we start with a metastable honeycomb solid and induce transition by increasing temperature. High density oblique solid so formed has two characteristic length scales corresponding to isotropic and anisotropic parts of interaction potential. Contrary to the common belief and classical nucleation theory, interestingly, we find linear strip-like nucleating clusters having significantly different order and average coordination number than the bulk stable phase. In the early stage of growth, the cluster grows as a linear strip, followed by branched and ring-like strips. The geometry of growing cluster is a consequence of the delicate balance between two types of interactions, which enables the dominance of stabilizing energy over destabilizing surface energy. The nucleus of stable oblique phase is wetted by intermediate order particles, which minimizes the surface free energy. In the case of pressure induced transition at low temperature the collapsed state is a disordered solid. The disordered solid phase has diverse local quasi-stable structures along with oblique-solid like domains.

Solid-solid collapse transition in a two dimensional model molecular system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, Rakesh S.; Bagchi, Biman

2013-11-01

Solid-solid collapse transition in open framework structures is ubiquitous in nature. The real difficulty in understanding detailed microscopic aspects of such transitions in molecular systems arises from the interplay between different energy and length scales involved in molecular systems, often mediated through a solvent. In this work we employ Monte-Carlo simulation to study the collapse transition in a model molecular system interacting via both isotropic as well as anisotropic interactions having different length and energy scales. The model we use is known as Mercedes-Benz (MB), which, for a specific set of parameters, sustains two solid phases: honeycomb and oblique. In order to study the temperature induced collapse transition, we start with a metastable honeycomb solid and induce transition by increasing temperature. High density oblique solid so formed has two characteristic length scales corresponding to isotropic and anisotropic parts of interaction potential. Contrary to the common belief and classical nucleation theory, interestingly, we find linear strip-like nucleating clusters having significantly different order and average coordination number than the bulk stable phase. In the early stage of growth, the cluster grows as a linear strip, followed by branched and ring-like strips. The geometry of growing cluster is a consequence of the delicate balance between two types of interactions, which enables the dominance of stabilizing energy over destabilizing surface energy. The nucleus of stable oblique phase is wetted by intermediate order particles, which minimizes the surface free energy. In the case of pressure induced transition at low temperature the collapsed state is a disordered solid. The disordered solid phase has diverse local quasi-stable structures along with oblique-solid like domains.

Sugar intake by type (added vs. naturally occurring) and physical form (liquid vs. solid) and its varying association with children's body weight, NHANES 2009-2014.

PubMed

Welsh, J A; Wang, Y; Figueroa, J; Brumme, C

2018-04-01

Sugars and their primary dietary sources (milk, fruits, sweetened foods and beverages) are associated, in different ways, with a range of health outcomes, including obesity. The contribution made to total sugar intake and how the different types and forms of sugar associate with body weight is unclear. To describe sugar consumption and examine its association with weight status among U.S. children by sugar type [added {AS} vs. naturally occurring {NOS}] and form (solid vs. liquid). Cross-sectional dietary data (2 24-h recalls) from children 2-19 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009-2014 (n = 8136) were used to estimate the amount of each type and form of sugar by age and weight status. Linear regression models tested trends and the multivariate adjusted association between the different sugars and weight status. Mean total sugar, AS, and NOS was 118.1 g [25.3% total energy {TE}], 71.5 g (14.8% TE), 46.7 g (10.5% TE), respectively. AS in sugar-sweetened (non-dairy) beverages and NOS in juices contributed 6.9% and 2.4% of TE, respectively. Only %TE from AS (controlled for potential demographic, lifestyle confounders) was associated with change in body mass index z-score (BMIz) [AS in beverages: BMIz β + 0.01 {95% CI: 0.002, 0.03}; AS in foods: BMIz β - 0.03 {95% CI: -0.04, -0.02}]. Dietary sugars, most of which are AS, are a major contributor of calories in the diets of U.S. children. Only AS in non-dairy sources were associated with weight although the direction differed by the form consumed. AS in beverages were associated positively and those in foods were associated inversely with children's weight status. © 2018 World Obesity Federation.

2018 DOE Solid-State Lighting Project Portfolio

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

The 2018 Solid-State Lighting Project Portfolio provides an overview of all SSL projects that have been funded by DOE since 2000. Projects that were active during 2017 are found in the main body of this report, and all historic projects can be found in the appendix. Within these sections, project profiles are sorted by technology type (i.e., LED or OLED) and then by performer name. A profile is provided on each project. Each profile includes a brief technical description, as well as information about project partners, funding, and the research period. This report is updated annually, although the research describedmore » in the Portfolio changes periodically as new projects are initiated and existing ones are concluded.« less

Lubrication with solids.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buckley, D. H.; Johnson, R. L.

1972-01-01

Brief discussion of the historical background, variety range, chemistry, physics, and other properties of solid lubricants, and review of their current uses. The widespread use of solid lubricants did not occur until about 1947. At present, they are the object of such interest that a special international conference on their subject was held in 1971. They are used at temperatures beyond the useful range of conventional lubricating oils and greases. Their low volatility provides them with the capability of functioning effectively in vacuum and invites their use in space applications. Their high load carrying ability makes them useful with heavily loaded components. Solid lubricants, however, do lack some of the desirable properties of conventional lubricants. Unlike oils and greases, which have fluidity and can continuously be carried back into contact with lubricated surfaces, solid lubricants, because of their immobility, have finite lives. Also, oils and greases can carry away frictional heat from contacting surfaces, while solid lubricants cannot.

Review on solid electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Feng; Kotobuki, Masashi; Song, Shufeng; Lai, Man On; Lu, Li

2018-06-01

All-solid-state (ASS) lithium-ion battery has attracted great attention due to its high safety and increased energy density. One of key components in the ASS battery (ASSB) is solid electrolyte that determines performance of the ASSB. Many types of solid electrolytes have been investigated in great detail in the past years, including NASICON-type, garnet-type, perovskite-type, LISICON-type, LiPON-type, Li3N-type, sulfide-type, argyrodite-type, anti-perovskite-type and many more. This paper aims to provide comprehensive reviews on some typical types of key solid electrolytes and some ASSBs, and on gaps that should be resolved.

Reconstruction of failed acetabular component in the presence of severe acetabular bone loss: a systematic review.

PubMed

Volpin, A; Konan, S; Biz, C; Tansey, R J; Haddad, F S

2018-04-13

Acetabular revision especially in the presence of severe bone loss is challenging. There is a paucity of literature critiquing contemporary techniques of revision acetabular reconstruction and their outcomes. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature and to report clinical outcomes and survival of contemporary acetabular revision arthroplasty techniques (tantalum metal shells, uncemented revision jumbo shells, reinforced cages and rings, oblong shells and custom-made triflange constructs). Full-text papers and those with an abstract in English published from January 2001 to January 2016 were identified through international databases. A total of 50 papers of level IV scientific evidence, comprising 2811 hips in total, fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included. Overall, patients had improved outcomes irrespective of the technique of reconstruction as documented by postoperative hip scores. Our pooled analysis suggests that oblong cups components had a lower failure rate compared with other different materials considered in this review. Custom-made triflange cups had one of highest failure rates. However, this may reflect the complexity of revisions and severity of bone loss. The most common postoperative complication reported in all groups was dislocation. This review confirms successful acetabular reconstructions using diverse techniques depending on the type of bone loss and highlights key features and outcomes of different techniques. In particular, oblong cups and tantalum shells have successful survivorship.

The construction of tridimensional representation of body and external reality in man. The greatest achievement of evolution to date implications for virtual reality.

PubMed

Woodbury, M A; Woodbury, M F

1998-01-01

Our 3-D Body Representation constructed during development by our Central Nervous System under the direction of our DNA, consists of a holographic representation arising from sensory input in the cerebellum and projected extraneurally in the brain ventricular fluid which has the chemical structure of liquid crystal. The structure of 3-D holographic Body Representation is then extrapolated by such cognitive instruments as boundarization, geometrization and gestalt organization upon the external environment which is perceived consequently as three dimensional. When the Body Representation collapses as in psychotic panic states. patients become terrified as they suddenly lose the perception of themselves and the world around them as three dimensional, solid in a reliably solid environment but feel suddenly that they are no longer a person but a disorganized blob. In our clinical practice we found serendipitously that the structure of three dimensionality can be restored even without medication by techniques involving stimulation of the body sensory system in the presence of a benevolent psychotherapist. Implications for Virtual Reality will be discussed.

Nanoscale hydrodynamics near solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Camargo, Diego; de la Torre, J. A.; Duque-Zumajo, D.; Español, Pep; Delgado-Buscalioni, Rafael; Chejne, Farid

2018-02-01

Density Functional Theory (DFT) is a successful and well-established theory for the study of the structure of simple and complex fluids at equilibrium. The theory has been generalized to dynamical situations when the underlying dynamics is diffusive as in, for example, colloidal systems. However, there is no such a clear foundation for Dynamic DFT (DDFT) for the case of simple fluids in contact with solid walls. In this work, we derive DDFT for simple fluids by including not only the mass density field but also the momentum density field of the fluid. The standard projection operator method based on the Kawasaki-Gunton operator is used for deriving the equations for the average value of these fields. The solid is described as featureless under the assumption that all the internal degrees of freedom of the solid relax much faster than those of the fluid (solid elasticity is irrelevant). The fluid moves according to a set of non-local hydrodynamic equations that include explicitly the forces due to the solid. These forces are of two types, reversible forces emerging from the free energy density functional, and accounting for impenetrability of the solid, and irreversible forces that involve the velocity of both the fluid and the solid. These forces are localized in the vicinity of the solid surface. The resulting hydrodynamic equations should allow one to study dynamical regimes of simple fluids in contact with solid objects in isothermal situations.

Energy properties of solid fossil fuels and solid biofuels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Holubcik, Michal, E-mail: michal.holubcik@fstroj.uniza.sk; Jandacka, Jozef, E-mail: jozef.jandacka@fstroj.uniza.sk; Kolkova, Zuzana, E-mail: zuzana.kolkova@rc.uniza.sk

The paper deals about the problematic of energy properties of solid biofuels in comparison with solid fossil fuels. Biofuels are alternative to fossil fuels and their properties are very similar. During the experiments were done in detail experiments to obtain various properties of spruce wood pellets and wheat straw pellets like biofuels in comparison with brown coal and black coal like fossil fuels. There were tested moisture content, volatile content, fixed carbon content, ash content, elementary analysis (C, H, N, S content) and ash fusion temperatures. The results show that biofuels have some advantages and also disadvantages in comparison withmore » solid fossil fuels.« less

Rotary bulk solids divider

DOEpatents

Maronde, Carl P.; Killmeyer, Jr., Richard P.

1992-01-01

An apparatus for the disbursement of a bulk solid sample comprising, a gravity hopper having a top open end and a bottom discharge end, a feeder positioned beneath the gravity hopper so as to receive a bulk solid sample flowing from the bottom discharge end, and a conveyor receiving the bulk solid sample from the feeder and rotating on an axis that allows the bulk solid sample to disperse the sample to a collection station.

ROTARY BULK SOLIDS DIVIDER

DOEpatents

Maronde, Carl P.; Killmeyer JR., Richard P.

1992-03-03

An apparatus for the disbursement of a bulk solid sample comprising, a gravity hopper having a top open end and a bottom discharge end, a feeder positioned beneath the gravity hopper so as to receive a bulk solid sample flowing from the bottom discharge end, and a conveyor receiving the bulk solid sample from the feeder and rotating on an axis that allows the bulk solid sample to disperse the sample to a collection station.

Stability of Electrodeposition at Solid-Solid Interfaces and Implications for Metal Anodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmad, Zeeshan; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian

2017-08-01

We generalize the conditions for stable electrodeposition at isotropic solid-solid interfaces using a kinetic model which incorporates the effects of stresses and surface tension at the interface. We develop a stability diagram that shows two regimes of stability: a previously known pressure-driven mechanism and a new density-driven stability mechanism that is governed by the relative density of metal in the two phases. We show that inorganic solids and solid polymers generally do not lead to stable electrodeposition, and provide design guidelines for achieving stable electrodeposition.

History of Solid Rockets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Green, Becky; Hales, Christy

2017-01-01

Solid rockets were created by accident and their design and uses have evolved over time. Solid rockets are more simple and reliable than liquid rockets, but they have reduced performance capability. All solid rockets have a similar set of failure modes.

Consensus Contouring Guidelines for Postoperative Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Metastatic Solid Tumor Malignancies to the Spine

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Redmond, Kristin J., E-mail: kjanson3@jhmi.edu; Robertson, Scott; Lo, Simon S.

Purpose: To develop consensus contouring guidelines for postoperative stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for spinal metastases. Methods and Materials: Ten spine SBRT specialists representing 10 international centers independently contoured the clinical target volume (CTV), planning target volume (PTV), spinal cord, and spinal cord planning organ at risk volume (PRV) for 10 representative clinical scenarios in postoperative spine SBRT for metastatic solid tumor malignancies. Contours were imported into the Computational Environment for Radiotherapy Research. Agreement between physicians was calculated with an expectation minimization algorithm using simultaneous truth and performance level estimation with κ statistics. Target volume definition guidelines were established by finding optimizedmore » confidence level consensus contours using histogram agreement analyses. Results: Nine expert radiation oncologists and 1 neurosurgeon completed contours for all 10 cases. The mean sensitivity and specificity were 0.79 (range, 0.71-0.89) and 0.94 (range, 0.90-0.99) for the CTV and 0.79 (range, 0.70-0.95) and 0.92 (range, 0.87-0.99) for the PTV), respectively. Mean κ agreement, which demonstrates the probability that contours agree by chance alone, was 0.58 (range, 0.43-0.70) for CTV and 0.58 (range, 0.37-0.76) for PTV (P<.001 for all cases). Optimized consensus contours were established for all patients with 80% confidence interval. Recommendations for CTV include treatment of the entire preoperative extent of bony and epidural disease, plus immediately adjacent bony anatomic compartments at risk of microscopic disease extension. In particular, a “donut-shaped” CTV was consistently applied in cases of preoperative circumferential epidural extension, regardless of extent of residual epidural extension. Otherwise more conformal anatomic-based CTVs were determined and described. Spinal instrumentation was consistently excluded from the CTV. Conclusions: We

How Do Tsetse Recognise Their Hosts? The Role of Shape in the Responses of Tsetse (Glossina fuscipes and G. palpalis) to Artificial Hosts

PubMed Central

Tirados, Inaki; Esterhuizen, Johan; Rayaisse, Jean Baptiste; Diarrassouba, Abdoulaye; Kaba, Dramane; Mpiana, Serge; Vale, Glyn A.; Solano, Philippe; Lehane, Michael J.; Torr, Stephen J.

2011-01-01

Palpalis-group tsetse, particularly the subspecies of Glossina palpalis and G. fuscipes, are the most important transmitters of human African trypanomiasis (HAT), transmitting >95% of cases. Traps and insecticide-treated targets are used to control tsetse but more cost-effective baits might be developed through a better understanding of the fly's host-seeking behaviour. Electrocuting grids were used to assess the numbers of G. palpalis palpalis and G. fuscipes quanzensis attracted to and landing on square or oblong targets of black cloth varying in size from 0.01 m2 to 1.0 m2. For both species, increasing the size of a square target from 0.01 m2 (dimensions = 0.1×0.1 m) to 1.0 m2 (1.0×1.0 m) increased the catch ∼4x however the numbers of tsetse killed per unit area of target declined with target size suggesting that the most cost efficient targets are not the largest. For G. f. quanzensis, horizontal oblongs, (1 m wide×0.5 m high) caught ∼1.8x more tsetse than vertical ones (0.5 m wide×1.0 m high) but the opposite applied for G. p. palpalis. Shape preference was consistent over the range of target sizes. For G. p. palpalis square targets caught as many tsetse as the oblong; while the evidence is less strong the same appears to apply to G. f. quanzensis. The results suggest that targets used to control G. p. palpalis and G. f. quanzensis should be square, and that the most cost-effective designs, as judged by the numbers of tsetse caught per area of target, are likely to be in the region of 0.25×0.25 m2. The preference of G. p. palpalis for vertical oblongs is unique amongst tsetse species, and it is suggested that this response might be related to its anthropophagic behaviour and hence importance as a vector of HAT. PMID:21829734

How do tsetse recognise their hosts? The role of shape in the responses of tsetse (Glossina fuscipes and G. palpalis) to artificial hosts.

PubMed

Tirados, Inaki; Esterhuizen, Johan; Rayaisse, Jean Baptiste; Diarrassouba, Abdoulaye; Kaba, Dramane; Mpiana, Serge; Vale, Glyn A; Solano, Philippe; Lehane, Michael J; Torr, Stephen J

2011-08-01

Palpalis-group tsetse, particularly the subspecies of Glossina palpalis and G. fuscipes, are the most important transmitters of human African trypanomiasis (HAT), transmitting >95% of cases. Traps and insecticide-treated targets are used to control tsetse but more cost-effective baits might be developed through a better understanding of the fly's host-seeking behaviour. Electrocuting grids were used to assess the numbers of G. palpalis palpalis and G. fuscipes quanzensis attracted to and landing on square or oblong targets of black cloth varying in size from 0.01 m(2) to 1.0 m(2). For both species, increasing the size of a square target from 0.01 m(2) (dimensions=0.1 × 0.1 m) to 1.0 m(2) (1.0 × 1.0 m) increased the catch ~4x however the numbers of tsetse killed per unit area of target declined with target size suggesting that the most cost efficient targets are not the largest. For G. f. quanzensis, horizontal oblongs, (1 m wide × 0.5 m high) caught ~1.8x more tsetse than vertical ones (0.5 m wide × 1.0 m high) but the opposite applied for G. p. palpalis. Shape preference was consistent over the range of target sizes. For G. p. palpalis square targets caught as many tsetse as the oblong; while the evidence is less strong the same appears to apply to G. f. quanzensis. The results suggest that targets used to control G. p. palpalis and G. f. quanzensis should be square, and that the most cost-effective designs, as judged by the numbers of tsetse caught per area of target, are likely to be in the region of 0.25 × 0.25 m(2). The preference of G. p. palpalis for vertical oblongs is unique amongst tsetse species, and it is suggested that this response might be related to its anthropophagic behaviour and hence importance as a vector of HAT.

Substantially self-powered method and apparatus for recovering hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon-containing solid hydrates

DOEpatents

Elliott, G.R.B.; Barraclough, B.L.; Vanderborgh, N.E.

1981-02-19

A method and apparatus are provided for producing gaseous hydrocarbons from formations comprising solid hydrocarbon hydrates located under either a body of land or a body of water. The vast natural resources of such hydrocarbon hydrates can thus now be economically mined. Relatively warm brine or water is brought down from an elevation above that of the hydrates through a portion of the apparatus, and passes in contact with the hydrates, thus melting them. The liquid then continues up another portion of the apparatus carrying entrained hydrocarbon vapors in the form of bubbles, which can easily be separated from the liquid. After a short startup procedure, the process and apparatus are substantially self-powered.

Substantially self-powered method and apparatus for recovering hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon-containing solid hydrates

DOEpatents

Elliott, Guy R. B.; Barraclough, Bruce L.; Vanderborgh, Nicholas E.

1983-01-01

A method and apparatus are provided for producing gaseous hydrocarbons from formations comprising solid hydrocarbon hydrates located under either a body of land or a body of water. The vast natural resources of such hydrocarbon hydrates can thus now be economically mined. Relatively warm brine or water is brought down from an elevation above that of the hydrates through a portion of the apparatus and passes in contact with the hydrates, thus melting them. The liquid then continues up another portion of the apparatus, carrying entrained hydrocarbon vapors in the form of bubbles, which can easily be separated from the liquid. After a short startup procedure, the process and apparatus are substantially self-powered.

Control of Supercavitation Flow and Stability of Supercavitating Motion of Bodies

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-02-01

sign opposite to a sign of angle Vf - accidental deflection of the model Sgn M = -Sgn i. 4.3. EQUATIONS OF THE SCM DYNAMICS The most effective method of...the motion stability in interactive regime "researcher - computer" [ 16]. The complete mathematical model of the SCM motion includes a set of equations ...of solid body dynamics, equations to calculate the unsteady cavity shape and relations to calculate the acting forces. A set of dynamic equations of

A continuum treatment of sliding in Eulerian simulations of solid-solid and solid-fluid interfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Subramaniam, Akshay; Ghaisas, Niranjan; Lele, Sanjiva

2017-11-01

A novel treatment of sliding is developed for use in an Eulerian framework for simulating elastic-plastic deformations of solids coupled with fluids. In this method, embedded interfacial boundary conditions for perfect sliding are imposed by enforcing the interface normal to be a principal direction of the Cauchy stress and appropriate consistency conditions ensure correct transmission and reflection of waves at the interface. This sliding treatment may be used either to simulate a solid-solid sliding interface or to incorporate an internal slip boundary condition at a solid-fluid interface. Sliding laws like the Coulomb friction law can also be incorporated with relative ease into this framework. Simulations of sliding interfaces are conducted using a 10th order compact finite difference scheme and a Localized Artificial Diffusivity (LAD) scheme for shock and interface capturing. 1D and 2D simulations are used to assess the accuracy of the sliding treatment. The Richmyer-Meshkov instability between copper and aluminum is simulated with this sliding treatment as a demonstration test case. Support for this work was provided through Grant B612155 from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, US Department of Energy.

A revision of the Neotropical tortoise beetle genus Eurypedus Gistel 1834 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

PubMed

Shin, Chulwoo

2016-09-06

The genus Eurypedus Gistel is revised based on detailed morphological study, including examination of the mouthparts and genitalia. Besides previously known diagnostic characters, such as an oblong and laterally parallel-sided body, narrow elytral lamella, narrow prosternal process between the procoxae, and angled pronotal base, new diagnostic characters are identified: antennal notches on the ventral surface of antennomeres V-XI, a stridulatory file on the vertex, and paired projections on the ventral surface of the pronotum. The distinct stridulatory file is found only in males. The number of ridges of the stridulatory file varies between 48 and 59. Eurypedus thoni Barber (= Cassida oblonga Sturm in Thon) syn. nov. is synonymized with E. peltoides (Boheman). The remaining two species E. peltoides and E. nigrosignatus (Boheman) show distinct distributions separated by the Amazon Basin.

Body Image and Body Contouring Procedures.

PubMed

Sarwer, David B; Polonsky, Heather M

2016-10-01

Dissatisfaction with physical appearance and body image is a common psychological phenomena in Western society. Body image dissatisfaction is frequently reported by those who have excess body weight, but also is seen in those of normal body weight. For both groups of individuals, this dissatisfaction impacts self-esteem and quality of life. Furthermore, it is believed to be the motivational catalyst to a range of appearance-enhancing behaviors, including weight loss efforts and physical activity. Body image dissatisfaction is also believed to play a role in the decision to seek the wide range of body contouring procedures offered by aesthetic physicians. Individuals who seek these procedures typically report increased body image dissatisfaction, focus on the feature they wish to alter with treatment, and often experience improvement in body image following treatment. At the same time, extreme body image dissatisfaction is a symptom of a number of recognized psychiatric disorders. These include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), all of which can contraindicate aesthetic treatment. This special topic review paper provides an overview of the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and aesthetic procedures designed to improve body contouring. The review specifically focuses on the relationship of body image and body weight, as well as the presentation of body image psychopathology that would contraindicate aesthetic surgery. The overall goal of the paper is to highlight the clinical implications of the existing research and provide suggestions for future research on the psychological aspects of body contouring procedures. © 2016 The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Inc. Reprints and permission: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Neonatal period: body composition changes in breast-fed full-term newborns.

PubMed

Roggero, Paola; Giannì, Maria L; Orsi, Anna; Piemontese, Pasqua; Amato, Orsola; Moioli, Claudia; Mosca, Fabio

2010-01-01

Weight loss during initial days of life in healthy infants is known to consist of loss of both body solids and total body water. However, the nature of these body composition changes needs further investigation. To investigate the nature of changes in body composition that accompany weight loss during the first days of life in healthy term newborns. Body composition of healthy full-term newborns was assessed using air-displacement plethysmography. Cross-sectional (n = 262) and longitudinal samples (n = 28) were assessed during the first 4 and 5 days after delivery, respectively. In the cross-sectional sample, mean body weight decreased significantly through day 4 (p < 0.001), mean fat mass (FM) and %FM decreased significantly (p = 0.005 and p = 0.031, respectively) by day 3. There was a significant decrease in mean fat-free mass on days 3 and 4 (p = 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). In the longitudinal sample, there was a significant decrease in mean body weight, FM and %FM (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.013, respectively) by day 4. On day 5 there was a significant increase in mean body weight, FM and %FM (p < 0.001, p = 0.024, p = 0.036, respectively) when compared to day 4. There was no significant difference in mean FM and %FM values between day 1 and day 5. These results indicate that body composition changes are constituted by a reduction in both fat and fat free mass. However, a greater %FM is lost and consequently regained by day 5 when compared to fat-free mass. Copyright 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Women gaze behaviour in assessing female bodies: the effects of clothing, body size, own body composition and body satisfaction.

PubMed

Cundall, Amelia; Guo, Kun

2017-01-01

Often with minimally clothed figures depicting extreme body sizes, previous studies have shown women tend to gaze at evolutionary determinants of attractiveness when viewing female bodies, possibly for self-evaluation purposes, and their gaze distribution is modulated by own body dissatisfaction level. To explore to what extent women's body-viewing gaze behaviour is affected by clothing type, dress size, subjective measurements of regional body satisfaction and objective measurements of own body composition (e.g., chest size, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio), in this self-paced body attractiveness and body size judgement experiment, we compared healthy, young women's gaze distributions when viewing female bodies in tight and loose clothing of different dress sizes. In contrast to tight clothing, loose clothing biased gaze away from the waist-hip to the leg region, and subsequently led to enhanced body attractiveness ratings and body size underestimation for larger female bodies, indicating the important role of clothing in mediating women's body perception. When viewing preferred female bodies, women's higher satisfaction of a specific body region was associated with an increased gaze towards neighbouring body areas, implying satisfaction might reduce the need for comparison of confident body parts; furthermore undesirable body composition measurements were correlated with a gaze avoidance process if the construct was less changeable (i.e. chest size) but a gaze comparison process if the region was more changeable (i.e. body mass index, dress size). Clearly, own body satisfaction and body composition measurements had an evident impact on women's body-viewing gaze allocation, possibly through different cognitive processes.

75 FR 34682 - Bulk Solid Hazardous Materials: Harmonization With the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-18

...] RIN 1625-AB47 Bulk Solid Hazardous Materials: Harmonization With the International Maritime Solid Bulk... on June 17, 2010, entitled ``Bulk Solid Hazardous Materials: Harmonization With the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes (IMSBC) Code.'' This correction provides correct information with regard to the...

Restoration of promyelocytic leukemia protein-nuclear bodies in neuroblastoma cells enhances retinoic acid responsiveness.

PubMed

Yu, Jiang Hong; Nakajima, Ayako; Nakajima, Hiroshi; Diller, Lisa R; Bloch, Kenneth D; Bloch, Donald B

2004-02-01

Neuroblastoma is the most common solid tumor of infancy and is believed to result from impaired differentiation of neuronal crest embryonal cells. The promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML)-nuclear body is a cellular structure that is disrupted during the pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia, a disease characterized by impaired myeloid cell differentiation. During the course of studies to examine the composition and function of PML-nuclear bodies, we observed that the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y lacked these structures and that the absence of PML-nuclear bodies was a feature of N- and I-type, but not S-type, neuroblastoma cell lines. Induction of neuroblastoma cell differentiation with 5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine, all-trans-retinoic acid, or IFN-gamma induced PML-nuclear body formation. PML-nuclear bodies were not detected in tissue sections prepared from undifferentiated neuroblastomas but were present in neuroblasts in differentiating tumors. Expression of PML in neuroblastoma cells restored PML-nuclear bodies, enhanced responsiveness to all-trans-retinoic acid, and induced cellular differentiation. Pharmacological therapies that increase PML expression may prove to be important components of combined modalities for the treatment of neuroblastoma.

First-principles energetics of water clusters and ice: A many-body analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gillan, M. J.; Alfè, D.; Bartók, A. P.; Csányi, G.

2013-12-01

Standard forms of density-functional theory (DFT) have good predictive power for many materials, but are not yet fully satisfactory for cluster, solid, and liquid forms of water. Recent work has stressed the importance of DFT errors in describing dispersion, but we note that errors in other parts of the energy may also contribute. We obtain information about the nature of DFT errors by using a many-body separation of the total energy into its 1-body, 2-body, and beyond-2-body components to analyze the deficiencies of the popular PBE and BLYP approximations for the energetics of water clusters and ice structures. The errors of these approximations are computed by using accurate benchmark energies from the coupled-cluster technique of molecular quantum chemistry and from quantum Monte Carlo calculations. The systems studied are isomers of the water hexamer cluster, the crystal structures Ih, II, XV, and VIII of ice, and two clusters extracted from ice VIII. For the binding energies of these systems, we use the machine-learning technique of Gaussian Approximation Potentials to correct successively for 1-body and 2-body errors of the DFT approximations. We find that even after correction for these errors, substantial beyond-2-body errors remain. The characteristics of the 2-body and beyond-2-body errors of PBE are completely different from those of BLYP, but the errors of both approximations disfavor the close approach of non-hydrogen-bonded monomers. We note the possible relevance of our findings to the understanding of liquid water.

Syntax diagrams for body wave nomenclature, with generalizations for terrestrial planets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Knapmeyer, M.

2003-04-01

The Apollo network on the Moon constitutes the beginning of planetary seismology. In the next few decades, we may see seismometers deployed on the Moon again, on Mars, and perhaps on other terrestrial planets or satellites. Any seismological software for computation of body wave travel times on other planets should be highly versatile and be prepared for a huge variety of velocity distributions and internal structures. A suite of trial models for a planet might, for example, contain models with and without solid inner cores. It would then be useful if the software could detect physically meaningless phase names automatically without actually carrying out any computation. It would also be useful if the program were prepared to deal with features like fully solid cores, internal oceans, and varying depths of mineralogical phase changes like the olivine-spinel transition. Syntax diagrams are a standard method to describe the syntax of programming languages. They represent a graphical way to define which letter or phrase is allowed to follow a given sequence of letters. Syntax diagrams may be stored in data structures that allow automatic evaluation of a given letter sequence. Such diagrams are presented here for a generalized body wave nomenclature. Generalizations are made to overcome earth-specific notations which incorporate discontinuity depths into phase names or to distinguish olivine transitions from ice-ice transitions (as expected on the Galilean Satellites).

76 FR 8658 - Bulk Solid Hazardous Materials: Harmonization With the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-15

... Solid Hazardous Materials: Harmonization With the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes (IMSBC) Code..., the Coast Guard amended its regulations governing the carriage of solid hazardous materials in bulk to... hazardous bulk solid materials not addressed in the amended regulations. This notice announces that the...

Management of solid waste

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thompson, W. T.; Stinton, L. H.

1980-04-01

Compliance with the latest regulatory requirements addressing disposal of radioactive, hazardous, and sanitary solid waste criteria in the selection, design, and operation of solid waste management facilities. Due to the state of flux of these regulatory requirements from EPA and NRC, several waste management options were of solid waste. The current regulatory constraints and the design and operational requirements for construction of both storage and disposal facilities for use in management of DOE-ORO solid waste are highlighted. Capital operational costs are included for both disposal and storage options.

Spheroidal and Toroidal Modes for Tidal Kinetic Energy in Spherical Elastic Bodies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Getino, Juan; Escapa, Alberto; Garcia, Amelia

In this work, the total expression of the perturbation of the kinetic energy of rotation, when an elastic spherical solid is deformed due to the gravitational attraction of external bodies, is studied. We do not limit this study to any order in the expansion of the perturbing potential in spherical harmonics, and we consider in the expression of the displacement vector the complete solution, composed by spheroidal and toroidal modes. We show in a very simple way, by using the properties of the Legendre polynomials, that the toroidal modes have no contribution at all under the hypothesis of spherical body, and, among the spheroidal modes, only the term n=2 acts, therefore the perturbation produced by the spheroidal component for n=2 gathers the total perturbation.

Fluid-solid coupled simulation of the ignition transient of solid rocket motor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Qiang; Liu, Peijin; He, Guoqiang

2015-05-01

The first period of the solid rocket motor operation is the ignition transient, which involves complex processes and, according to chronological sequence, can be divided into several stages, namely, igniter jet injection, propellant heating and ignition, flame spreading, chamber pressurization and solid propellant deformation. The ignition transient should be comprehensively analyzed because it significantly influences the overall performance of the solid rocket motor. A numerical approach is presented in this paper for simulating the fluid-solid interaction problems in the ignition transient of the solid rocket motor. In the proposed procedure, the time-dependent numerical solutions of the governing equations of internal compressible fluid flow are loosely coupled with those of the geometrical nonlinearity problems to determine the propellant mechanical response and deformation. The well-known Zeldovich-Novozhilov model was employed to model propellant ignition and combustion. The fluid-solid coupling interface data interpolation scheme and coupling instance for different computational agents were also reported. Finally, numerical validation was performed, and the proposed approach was applied to the ignition transient of one laboratory-scale solid rocket motor. For the application, the internal ballistics were obtained from the ground hot firing test, and comparisons were made. Results show that the integrated framework allows us to perform coupled simulations of the propellant ignition, strong unsteady internal fluid flow, and propellant mechanical response in SRMs with satisfactory stability and efficiency and presents a reliable and accurate solution to complex multi-physics problems.

A Solid Nitrogen Cooled MgB2 “Demonstration” Coil for MRI Applications

PubMed Central

Yao, Weijun; Bascuñán, Juan; Kim, Woo-Seok; Hahn, Seungyong; Lee, Haigun; Iwasa, Yukikazu

2009-01-01

A 700-mm bore superconducting magnet was built and operated in our laboratory to demonstrate the feasibility of newly developed MgB2 superconductor wire for fabricating MRI magnets. The magnet, an assembly of 10 coils each wound with a reacted and s-glass insulated wire ~1-km long, was immersed in solid nitrogen rather than in a bath of liquid cryogen. This MgB2 magnet was designed to operate in the temperature range 10–15 K, maintained by a cryocooler. A combination of this “wide” temperature range and immersion of the winding in solid nitrogen enables this magnet to operate under conditions not possible with a low temperature superconductor (LTS) counterpart. Tested individually at 13 K, each coil could carry current up to 100 A. When assembled into the magnet, some coils, however, became resistive, causing the magnet to prematurely quench at currents ranging from 79 A to 88 A, at which point the magnet generated a center field of 0.54 T. Despite the presence of a large volume (50 liters) of solid nitrogen in the cold body, cooldown from 77 K to 10 K went smoothly. PMID:20390056

Irwin's conjecture: Crack shape adaptability in transversely isotropic solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laubie, Hadrien; Ulm, Franz-Josef

2014-08-01

The planar crack propagation problem of a flat elliptical crack embedded in a brittle elastic anisotropic solid is investigated. We introduce the concept of crack shape adaptability: the ability of three-dimensional planar cracks to shape with the mechanical properties of a cracked body. A criterion based on the principle of maximum dissipation is suggested in order to determine the most stable elliptical shape. This criterion is applied to the specific case of vertical cracks in transversely isotropic solids. It is shown that contrary to the isotropic case, the circular shape (i.e. penny-shaped cracks) is not the most stable one. Upon propagation, the crack first grows non-self-similarly before it reaches a stable shape. This stable shape can be approximated by an ellipse of an aspect ratio that varies with the degree of elastic anisotropy. By way of example, we apply the so-derived crack shape adaptability criterion to shale materials. For this class of materials it is shown that once the stable shape is reached, the crack propagates at a higher rate in the horizontal direction than in the vertical direction. We also comment on the possible implications of these findings for hydraulic fracturing operations.

"That part of the body is just gone": understanding and responding to dissociation and physical health.

PubMed

Haven, Terri J

2009-01-01

The past 2 decades have brought a significant surge in interest and research regarding the ways in which psychological trauma relates to the physical body. Researchers now understand a great deal about how the brain and the body process traumatic experiences, as well as the increased likelihood of an array of physical health consequences associated with both childhood and adult trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder. Experts are increasingly challenging mind-body dualism through solid theoretical and clinical bases for the central importance of listening to and communicating with trauma clients' bodies as part of reducing the suffering and long-lasting consequences of trauma. This article integrates this growing body of knowledge through a particular focus on trauma-induced dissociation and the implications of the physical and neurological processes and consequences of dissociation on clients' ability to participate in caring for their own bodies. The author utilizes an in-depth clinical example of expanding relational trauma psychotherapy to include a focus on working directly with trauma-related sensorimotor and physiological sensations and patterns.

Surface thermodynamics, surface stress, equations at surfaces and triple lines for deformable bodies.

PubMed

Olives, Juan

2010-03-03

The thermodynamics and mechanics of the surface of a deformable body are studied here, following and refining the general approach of Gibbs. It is first shown that the 'local' thermodynamic variables of the state of the surface are only the temperature, the chemical potentials and the surface strain tensor (true thermodynamic variables, for a viscoelastic solid or a viscous fluid). A new definition of the surface stress is given and the corresponding surface thermodynamics equations are presented. The mechanical equilibrium equation at the surface is then obtained. It involves the surface stress and is similar to the Cauchy equation for the volume. Its normal component is a generalization of the Laplace equation. At a (body-fluid-fluid) triple contact line, two equations are obtained, which represent: (i) the equilibrium of the forces (surface stresses) for a triple line fixed on the body; (ii) the equilibrium relative to the motion of the line with respect to the body. This last equation leads to a strong modification of Young's classical capillary equation.

On the impact of a concave nosed axisymmetric body on a free surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mathai, Varghese; Govardhan, Raghuraman N.; Arakeri, Vijay H.

2015-02-01

We report on an experimental study of the vertical impact of a concave nosed axisymmetric body on a free surface. Previous studies have shown that bodies with a convex nose, like a sphere, produce a well defined splash with a relatively large cavity behind the model. In contrast, we find that with a concave nose, there is hardly a splash and the cavity extent is greatly reduced. This may be explained by the fact that in the concave nosed case, the initial impact is between a confined air pocket and the free surface unlike in the convex nosed case. From measurements of the unsteady pressure in the concave nose portion, we show that in this case, the maximum pressures are significantly lower than the classically expected "water hammer" pressures and also lower than those generally measured on other geometries. Thus, the presence of an air pocket in the case of a concave nosed body adds an interesting dimension to the classical problem of impact of solid bodies on to a free surface.

Mixed oxide solid solutions

DOEpatents

Magno, Scott; Wang, Ruiping; Derouane, Eric

2003-01-01

The present invention is a mixed oxide solid solution containing a tetravalent and a pentavalent cation that can be used as a support for a metal combustion catalyst. The invention is furthermore a combustion catalyst containing the mixed oxide solid solution and a method of making the mixed oxide solid solution. The tetravalent cation is zirconium(+4), hafnium(+4) or thorium(+4). In one embodiment, the pentavalent cation is tantalum(+5), niobium(+5) or bismuth(+5). Mixed oxide solid solutions of the present invention exhibit enhanced thermal stability, maintaining relatively high surface areas at high temperatures in the presence of water vapor.

Some properties of solid helium and helium nanoclusters using the effective HFD-like interaction potential: Adsorption and desorption inside carbon nanotube

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abbaspour, M.; Akbarzadeh, H.; Banihashemi, S. Z.; Sotoudeh, A.

2018-02-01

We have calculated the zero equation of state of solid helium using a two-body Hartree-Fock dispersion (HFD)-like potential from molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. To take many-body forces into account, our simple and accurate empirical expression is used with the HFD-like potential without requiring an expensive three-body calculation. This potential model also includes the quantum effects for helium at low temperatures. The results indicate that our effective HFD-like potential improves the prediction of the classical two-body results to get better agreement with experiment than many other two-body and three-body potentials of helium reported in the literature. We have also simulated the adsorption and desorption processes of the (He)55, (He)147, (He)309, (He)561, and (He)923 icosahedral nanoclusters confined into the different armchair and zigzag CNTs from 0 to 50 K using our effective model. We have observed an interesting phenomenon at 0 K for helium. The nanoclusters adsorb to the inner CNT wall as a melting process. But, the heavier noble gas clusters (such as Ne and Xe) show the different behavior than the He clusters. They form a multilayered solid structure into the CNT at zero temperature and adsorb into the inner wall of the CNT at higher temperatures. Our results for He clusters show that the absolute value of the adsorption energy increases as the size of the nanocluster increases. The desorption process begins at a certain temperature and represents itself by a jump in the configurational energy values. We have also investigated the structural and dynamical properties of the confined helium nanoclusters during the adsorption and desorption processes at different temperatures.

Numerical Simulation of Combustion and Extinction of a Solid Cylinder in Low-Speed Cross Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tien, J. S.; Yang, Chin Tien

1998-01-01

The combustion and extinction behavior of a diffusion flame around a solid fuel cylinder (PMMA) in low-speed forced flow in zero gravity was studied numerically using a quasi-steady gas phase model. This model includes two-dimensional continuity, full Navier Stokes' momentum, energy, and species equations with a one-step overall chemical reaction and second-order finite-rate Arrhenius kinetics. Surface radiation and Arrhenius pyrolysis kinetics are included on the solid fuel surface description and a parameter Phi, representing the percentage of gas-phase conductive heat flux going into the solid, is introduced into the interfacial energy balance boundary condition to complete the description for the quasi-steady gas-phase system. The model was solved numerically using a body-fitted coordinate transformation and the SIMPLE algorithm. The effects of varying freestream velocity and Phi were studied. These parameters have a significant effect on the flame structure and extinction limits. Two flame modes were identified: envelope flame and wake flame. Two kinds of flammability limits were found: quenching at low-flow speeds due to radiative loss and blow-off at high flow speeds due to insufficient gas residence time. A flammability map was constructed showing the existence of maximum Phi above which the solid is not flammable at any freestream velocity.

Next generation solid boosters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lund, R. K.

1991-01-01

Space transportation solid rocket motor systems; Shuttle derived heavy lift launch vehicles; advanced launch system (ALS) derived heavy lift launch vehicles; large launch solid booster vehicles are outlined. Performance capabilities and concept objectives are presented. Small launch vehicle concepts; enabling technologies; reusable flyback booster system; and high-performance solid motors for space are briefly described. This presentation is represented by viewgraphs.

Improved solid aerosol generator

DOEpatents

Prescott, D.S.; Schober, R.K.; Beller, J.

1988-07-19

An improved solid aerosol generator used to produce a gas borne stream of dry, solid particles of predetermined size and concentration. The improved solid aerosol generator nebulizes a feed solution of known concentration with a flow of preheated gas and dries the resultant wet heated aerosol in a grounded, conical heating chamber, achieving high recovery and flow rates. 2 figs.

An alternative to unstructured grids for computing gas dynamic flows around arbitrarily complex two-dimensional bodies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Quirk, James J.

1992-01-01

In this paper we describe an approach for dealing with arbitrary complex, two dimensional geometries, the so-called cartesian boundary method. Conceptually, the cartesian boundary method is quite simple. Solid bodies blank out areas of a background, cartesian mesh, and the resultant cut cells are singled out for special attention. However, there are several obstacles that must be overcome in order to achieve a practical scheme. We present a general strategy that overcomes these obstacles, together with some details of our successful conversion of an adaptive mesh algorithm from a body-fitted code to a cartesian boundary code.

Effect of solid-meal caloric content on gastric emptying kinetics of solids and liquids.

PubMed

Urbain, J L; Siegel, J A; Mortelmans, L; van Cutsem, E; van den Maegdenbergh, V; de Roo, M

1989-08-01

In this study, we have evaluated the effect of the caloric content of a physiological test meal on the gastric emptying kinetics of solids and liquids. 22 healthy male volunteers were studied in two groups matched for age. After an overnight fast, each volunteer underwent the same test procedure; in the first group (G I), 10 volunteers received a meal consisting of bread, 111In-DTPA water and 1 scrambled egg labeled with 99mTc-labelled sulphur colloid; in the second group (G II) 12 volunteers were given the same meal but with 2 labeled eggs in order to increase the caloric content of the solid phase meal. Simultaneous anterior and posterior images were recorded using a dual-headed gamma camera. Solid and liquid geometric mean data were analyzed to determine the lag phase, the emptying rate and the half-emptying time for both solids and liquids. Solid and liquid gastric half-emptying times were significantly prolonged in G II compared to G I volunteers. For the solid phased, the delay was accounted for by a longer lag phase and a decrease in the equilibrium emptying rate. The emptying rate of the liquid phase was significantly decreased in G II compared to G I. Within each group, no statistically significant difference was observed between solid and liquid emptying rates. We conclude that the caloric content of the solid portion of a meal not only alters the emptying of the solid phase but also affects the emptying of the liquid component of the meal.

Magnetically Enhanced Solid-Liquid Separation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rey, C. M.; Keller, K.; Fuchs, B.

2005-07-01

DuPont is developing an entirely new method of solid-liquid filtration involving the use of magnetic fields and magnetic field gradients. The new hybrid process, entitled Magnetically Enhanced Solid-Liquid Separation (MESLS), is designed to improve the de-watering kinetics and reduce the residual moisture content of solid particulates mechanically separated from liquid slurries. Gravitation, pressure, temperature, centrifugation, and fluid dynamics have dictated traditional solid-liquid separation for the past 50 years. The introduction of an external field (i.e. the magnetic field) offers the promise to manipulate particle behavior in an entirely new manner, which leads to increased process efficiency. Traditional solid-liquid separation typically consists of two primary steps. The first is a mechanical step in which the solid particulate is separated from the liquid using e.g. gas pressure through a filter membrane, centrifugation, etc. The second step is a thermal drying process, which is required due to imperfect mechanical separation. The thermal drying process is over 100-200 times less energy efficient than the mechanical step. Since enormous volumes of materials are processed each year, more efficient mechanical solid-liquid separations can be leveraged into dramatic reductions in overall energy consumption by reducing downstream drying requirements have a tremendous impact on energy consumption. Using DuPont's MESLS process, initial test results showed four very important effects of the magnetic field on the solid-liquid filtration process: 1) reduction of the time to reach gas breakthrough, 2) less loss of solid into the filtrate, 3) reduction of the (solids) residual moisture content, and 4) acceleration of the de-watering kinetics. These test results and their potential impact on future commercial solid-liquid filtration is discussed. New applications can be found in mining, chemical and bioprocesses.

Many-Body Effects in the Mesoscopic x-Ray Edge Problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hentschel, M.; R"Oder, G.; Ullmo, D.

Many-body phenomena, a key interest in the investigation ofbulk solid state systems, are studied here in the context of the x-ray edge problem for mesoscopic systems. We investigate the many-body effects associated with the sudden perturbation following the x-ray excition of a core electron into the conduction band. For small systems with dimensions at the nanoscale we find considerable deviations from the well-understood metallic case where Anderson orthogonality catastrophe and the Mahan-Nozières-DeDominicis response cause characteristic deviations of the photoabsorption cross section from the naive expectation. Whereas the K-edge is typically rounded in metallic systems, we find a slightly peaked K-edge in generic mesoscopic systems with chaotic-coherent electron dynamics. Thus the behavior of the photoabsorption cross section at threshold depends on the system size and is different for the metallic and the mesoscopic case.

Role of anisotropy in determining stability of electrodeposition at solid-solid interfaces

DOE PAGES

Ahmad, Zeeshan; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian

2017-10-24

Here, we investigate the stability of electrodeposition at solid-solid interfaces for materials exhibiting an anisotropic mechanical response. The stability of electrodeposition or resistance to the formation of dendrites is studied within a linear stability analysis. The deformation and stress equations are solved using the Stroh formalism and faithfully recover the boundary conditions at the interface. The stability parameter is used to quantify the stability of different solid-solid interfaces incorporating the full anisotropy of the elastic tensor of the two materials. Our results show a high degree of variability in the stability parameter depending on the crystallographic orientation of the solidsmore » in contact, and point to opportunities for exploiting this effect in developing Li metal anodes.« less

Packaging of solid state devices

DOEpatents

Glidden, Steven C.; Sanders, Howard D.

2006-01-03

A package for one or more solid state devices in a single module that allows for operation at high voltage, high current, or both high voltage and high current. Low thermal resistance between the solid state devices and an exterior of the package and matched coefficient of thermal expansion between the solid state devices and the materials used in packaging enables high power operation. The solid state devices are soldered between two layers of ceramic with metal traces that interconnect the devices and external contacts. This approach provides a simple method for assembling and encapsulating high power solid state devices.

40 CFR Table Jj-4 to Subpart Jj of... - Volatile Solids and Nitrogen Removal through Solids Separation

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Volatile Solids and Nitrogen Removal... Pt. 98, Subpt. JJ, Table JJ-4 Table JJ-4 to Subpart JJ of Part 98—Volatile Solids and Nitrogen Removal through Solids Separation Type of solids separation Volatile solids removal (decimal) Nitrogen...

40 CFR Table Jj-4 to Subpart Jj of... - Volatile Solids and Nitrogen Removal through Solids Separation

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 22 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Volatile Solids and Nitrogen Removal... Pt. 98, Subpt. JJ, Table JJ-4 Table JJ-4 to Subpart JJ of Part 98—Volatile Solids and Nitrogen Removal through Solids Separation Type of solids separation Volatile solids removal (decimal) Nitrogen...

40 CFR Table Jj-4 to Subpart Jj of... - Volatile Solids and Nitrogen Removal through Solids Separation

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 22 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Volatile Solids and Nitrogen Removal... Pt. 98, Subpt. JJ, Table JJ-4 Table JJ-4 to Subpart JJ of Part 98—Volatile Solids and Nitrogen Removal through Solids Separation Type of solids separation Volatile solids removal (decimal) Nitrogen...

A hydrostatic weighing method using total lung capacity and a small tank.

PubMed Central

Warner, J G; Yeater, R; Sherwood, L; Weber, K

1986-01-01

The purpose of this study was to establish the validity and reliability of a hydrostatic weighing method using total lung capacity (measuring vital capacity with a respirometer at the time of weighing) the prone position, and a small oblong tank. The validity of the method was established by comparing the TLC prone (tank) method against three hydrostatic weighing methods administered in a pool. The three methods included residual volume seated, TLC seated and TLC prone. Eighty male and female subjects were underwater weighed using each of the four methods. Validity coefficients for per cent body fat between the TLC prone (tank) method and the RV seated (pool), TLC seated (pool) and TLC prone (pool) methods were .98, .99 and .99, respectively. A randomised complete block ANOVA found significant differences between the RV seated (pool) method and each of the three TLC methods with respect to both body density and per cent body fat. The differences were negligible with respect to HW error. Reliability of the TLC prone (tank) method was established by weighing twenty subjects three different times with ten-minute time intervals between testing. Multiple correlations yielded reliability coefficients for body density and per cent body fat values of .99 and .99, respectively. It was concluded that the TLC prone (tank) method is valid, reliable and a favourable method of hydrostatic weighing. PMID:3697596

A hydrostatic weighing method using total lung capacity and a small tank.

PubMed

Warner, J G; Yeater, R; Sherwood, L; Weber, K

1986-03-01

The purpose of this study was to establish the validity and reliability of a hydrostatic weighing method using total lung capacity (measuring vital capacity with a respirometer at the time of weighing) the prone position, and a small oblong tank. The validity of the method was established by comparing the TLC prone (tank) method against three hydrostatic weighing methods administered in a pool. The three methods included residual volume seated, TLC seated and TLC prone. Eighty male and female subjects were underwater weighed using each of the four methods. Validity coefficients for per cent body fat between the TLC prone (tank) method and the RV seated (pool), TLC seated (pool) and TLC prone (pool) methods were .98, .99 and .99, respectively. A randomised complete block ANOVA found significant differences between the RV seated (pool) method and each of the three TLC methods with respect to both body density and per cent body fat. The differences were negligible with respect to HW error. Reliability of the TLC prone (tank) method was established by weighing twenty subjects three different times with ten-minute time intervals between testing. Multiple correlations yielded reliability coefficients for body density and per cent body fat values of .99 and .99, respectively. It was concluded that the TLC prone (tank) method is valid, reliable and a favourable method of hydrostatic weighing.

High temperature solid state storage cell

DOEpatents

Rea, Jesse R.; Kallianidis, Milton; Kelsey, G. Stephen

1983-01-01

A completely solid state high temperature storage cell comprised of a solid rechargeable cathode such as TiS.sub.2, a solid electrolyte which remains solid at the high temperature operating conditions of the cell and which exhibits high ionic conductivity at such elevated temperatures such as an electrolyte comprised of lithium iodide, and a solid lithium or other alkali metal alloy anode (such as a lithium-silicon alloy) with 5-50% by weight of said anode being comprised of said solid electrolyte.

Assessment of analytical techniques for predicting solid propellant exhaust plumes and plume impingement environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tevepaugh, J. A.; Smith, S. D.; Penny, M. M.

1977-01-01

An analysis of experimental nozzle, exhaust plume, and exhaust plume impingement data is presented. The data were obtained for subscale solid propellant motors with propellant Al loadings of 2, 10 and 15% exhausting to simulated altitudes of 50,000, 100,000 and 112,000 ft. Analytical predictions were made using a fully coupled two-phase method of characteristics numerical solution and a technique for defining thermal and pressure environments experienced by bodies immersed in two-phase exhaust plumes.

Solid state electrochemical current source

DOEpatents

Potanin, Alexander Arkadyevich; Vedeneev, Nikolai Ivanovich

2002-04-30

A cathode and a solid state electrochemical cell comprising said cathode, a solid anode and solid fluoride ion conducting electrolyte. The cathode comprises a metal oxide and a compound fluoride containing at least two metals with different valences. Representative compound fluorides include solid solutions of bismuth fluoride and potassium fluoride; and lead fluoride and potassium fluoride. Representative metal oxides include copper oxide, lead oxide, manganese oxide, vanadium oxide and silver oxide.

[Multifaceted body. 2. The lived body].

PubMed

Wykretowicz, H; Saraga, M; Bourquin, C; Stiefel, F

2015-02-11

The human body is the object upon which medicine is acting, but also lived reality, image, symbol, representation and the object of elaboration and theory. All these elements which constitute the body influence the way medicine is treating it. In this series of three articles, we address the human body from various perspectives: medical (1), phenomenological (2), psychosomatic and socio-anthropological (3). This second article distinguishes between the body as an object of knowledge or representation and the way the body is lived. This distinction which originates in phenomenological psychiatry aims to understand how the patient experiences his body and to surpass the classical somatic and psychiatric classifications.

[Multifaceted body. I. The bodies of medicine].

PubMed

Saraga, M; Bourquin, C; Wykretowicz, H; Stiefel, F

2015-02-11

The human body is the object upon which medicine is acting, but also lived reality, image, symbol, representation and the object of elaboration and theory. All these elements which constitute the body influence the way medicine is treating it. In this series of three articles, we address the human body from various perspectives: medical (1), phenomenological (2), psychosomatic and socio-anthropological (3). This first article discusses four distinct types of representation of the body within medicine, each related to a specific epistemology and shaping a distinct kind of clinical legitimacy: the body-object of anatomy, the body-machine of physiology, the cybernetic body of biology, the statistical body of epidemiology.

[Perspectives on body: embodiment and body image].

PubMed

Chang, Shiow-Ru; Chao, Yu-Mei Yu

2007-06-01

"Body" is a basic concept of both the natural and human sciences. This extensive review of the literature explores the various philosophical approaches to the body, including empiricism, idealism, existentialism and phenomenology, as well as the relationship between body and mind. Embodiment and body image are the two main concepts of body addressed in this article. Merleau-Ponty's perspective on embodiment, an important new area of theory development, emphasizes that embodiment research must focus on life experiences, such as the study of body image. Using Schilder's framework of psychosocialology, this article provides a comprehensive understanding of the concept of body image and women's perspectives on the "body" in both Western culture and Eastern cultures. Body size and shape significantly influence the self-image of women. Body image is something that develops and changes throughout one's life span and is continually being constructed, destructed, and reconstructed. Personal body image has important psychological effects on the individual, especially women. This integrative review can make a significant contribution to knowledge in this area and, consequently, to related practice and research.

Robe's restricted problem of 2+2 bodies when the bigger primary is a Roche ellipsoid and the smaller primary is an oblate body

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaur, Bhavneet; Aggarwal, Rajiv

2014-01-01

In this problem, one of the primaries of mass m 1 is a Roche ellipsoid filled with a homogeneous incompressible fluid of density ρ 1. The smaller primary of mass m 2 is an oblate body outside the Ellipsoid. The third and the fourth bodies (of mass m 3 and m 4 respectively) are small solid spheres of density ρ 3 and ρ 4 respectively inside the Ellipsoid, with the assumption that the mass and the radius of the third and the fourth body are infinitesimal. We assume that m 2 is describing a circle around m 1. The masses m 3 and m 4 mutually attract each other, do not influence the motions of m 1 and m 2 but are influenced by them. We have extended the Robe's restricted three-body problem to 2+2 body problem under the assumption that the fluid body assumes the shape of the Roche ellipsoid (Chandrashekhar in Ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium, Chap. 8, Dover, New York, 1987). We have taken into consideration all the three components of the pressure field in deriving the expression for the buoyancy force viz (i) due to the own gravitational field of the fluid (ii) that originating in the attraction of m 2 (iii) that arising from the centrifugal force. In this paper, equilibrium solutions of m 3 and m 4 and their linear stability are analyzed. We have proved that there exist only six equilibrium solutions of the system, provided they lie within the Roche ellipsoid. In a system where the primaries are considered as Earth-Moon and m 3, m 4 as submarines, the equilibrium solutions of m 3 and m 4 respectively when the displacement is given in the direction of x 1-axis or x 2-axis are unstable.

Charge transfer kinetics at the solid-solid interface in porous electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bai, Peng; Bazant, Martin Z.

2014-04-01

Interfacial charge transfer is widely assumed to obey the Butler-Volmer kinetics. For certain liquid-solid interfaces, the Marcus-Hush-Chidsey theory is more accurate and predictive, but it has not been applied to porous electrodes. Here we report a simple method to extract the charge transfer rates in carbon-coated LiFePO4 porous electrodes from chronoamperometry experiments, obtaining curved Tafel plots that contradict the Butler-Volmer equation but fit the Marcus-Hush-Chidsey prediction over a range of temperatures. The fitted reorganization energy matches the Born solvation energy for electron transfer from carbon to the iron redox site. The kinetics are thus limited by electron transfer at the solid-solid (carbon-LixFePO4) interface rather than by ion transfer at the liquid-solid interface, as previously assumed. The proposed experimental method generalizes Chidsey’s method for phase-transforming particles and porous electrodes, and the results show the need to incorporate Marcus kinetics in modelling batteries and other electrochemical systems.

Solid-solid phase change thermal storage application to space-suit battery pack

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Son, Chang H.; Morehouse, Jeffrey H.

1989-01-01

High cell temperatures are seen as the primary safety problem in the Li-BCX space battery. The exothermic heat from the chemical reactions could raise the temperature of the lithium electrode above the melting temperature. Also, high temperature causes the cell efficiency to decrease. Solid-solid phase-change materials were used as a thermal storage medium to lower this battery cell temperature by utilizing their phase-change (latent heat storage) characteristics. Solid-solid phase-change materials focused on in this study are neopentyl glycol and pentaglycerine. Because of their favorable phase-change characteristics, these materials appear appropriate for space-suit battery pack use. The results of testing various materials are reported as thermophysical property values, and the space-suit battery operating temperature is discussed in terms of these property results.

Contact Dependence and Velocity Crossover in Friction between Microscopic Solid/Solid Contacts.

PubMed

McGraw, Joshua D; Niguès, Antoine; Chennevière, Alexis; Siria, Alessandro

2017-10-11

Friction at the nanoscale differs markedly from that between surfaces of macroscopic extent. Characteristically, the velocity dependence of friction between apparent solid/solid contacts can strongly deviate from the classically assumed velocity independence. Here, we show that a nondestructive friction between solid tips with radius on the scale of hundreds of nanometers and solid hydrophobic self-assembled monolayers has a strong velocity dependence. Specifically, using laterally oscillating quartz tuning forks, we observe a linear scaling in the velocity at the lowest accessed velocities, typically hundreds of micrometers per second, crossing over into a logarithmic velocity dependence. This crossover is consistent with a general multicontact friction model that includes thermally activated breaking of the contacts at subnanometric elongation. We find as well a strong dependence of the friction on the dimensions of the frictional probe.

Emulating Many-Body Localization with a Superconducting Quantum Processor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Kai; Chen, Jin-Jun; Zeng, Yu; Zhang, Yu-Ran; Song, Chao; Liu, Wuxin; Guo, Qiujiang; Zhang, Pengfei; Xu, Da; Deng, Hui; Huang, Keqiang; Wang, H.; Zhu, Xiaobo; Zheng, Dongning; Fan, Heng

2018-02-01

The law of statistical physics dictates that generic closed quantum many-body systems initialized in nonequilibrium will thermalize under their own dynamics. However, the emergence of many-body localization (MBL) owing to the interplay between interaction and disorder, which is in stark contrast to Anderson localization, which only addresses noninteracting particles in the presence of disorder, greatly challenges this concept, because it prevents the systems from evolving to the ergodic thermalized state. One critical evidence of MBL is the long-time logarithmic growth of entanglement entropy, and a direct observation of it is still elusive due to the experimental challenges in multiqubit single-shot measurement and quantum state tomography. Here we present an experiment fully emulating the MBL dynamics with a 10-qubit superconducting quantum processor, which represents a spin-1 /2 X Y model featuring programmable disorder and long-range spin-spin interactions. We provide essential signatures of MBL, such as the imbalance due to the initial nonequilibrium, the violation of eigenstate thermalization hypothesis, and, more importantly, the direct evidence of the long-time logarithmic growth of entanglement entropy. Our results lay solid foundations for precisely simulating the intriguing physics of quantum many-body systems on the platform of large-scale multiqubit superconducting quantum processors.

7 CFR 810.1005 - Special grades and special grade requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... fine seeds, that pass through a 0.064×3/8 oblong-hole sieve but remain on top of a 5/64 triangular-hole sieve after sieving according to procedures prescribed in FGIS instructions. [52 FR 24418, June 30, 1987...

7 CFR 810.1005 - Special grades and special grade requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... fine seeds, that pass through a 0.064×3/8 oblong-hole sieve but remain on top of a 5/64 triangular-hole sieve after sieving according to procedures prescribed in FGIS instructions. [52 FR 24418, June 30, 1987...

7 CFR 810.1005 - Special grades and special grade requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... fine seeds, that pass through a 0.064×3/8 oblong-hole sieve but remain on top of a 5/64 triangular-hole sieve after sieving according to procedures prescribed in FGIS instructions. [52 FR 24418, June 30, 1987...

7 CFR 810.1005 - Special grades and special grade requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... fine seeds, that pass through a 0.064×3/8 oblong-hole sieve but remain on top of a 5/64 triangular-hole sieve after sieving according to procedures prescribed in FGIS instructions. [52 FR 24418, June 30, 1987...

7 CFR 810.1005 - Special grades and special grade requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... fine seeds, that pass through a 0.064×3/8 oblong-hole sieve but remain on top of a 5/64 triangular-hole sieve after sieving according to procedures prescribed in FGIS instructions. [52 FR 24418, June 30, 1987...

7 CFR 810.2002 - Definition of other terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... shrunken and broken kernels. The sum of these three factors may not exceed the limit for the factor defects..., and wild oats. (g) Shrunken and broken kernels. All matter that passes through a 0.064×3/8 oblong-hole...

7 CFR 810.2002 - Definition of other terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... shrunken and broken kernels. The sum of these three factors may not exceed the limit for the factor defects..., and wild oats. (g) Shrunken and broken kernels. All matter that passes through a 0.064×3/8 oblong-hole...

7 CFR 810.2002 - Definition of other terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... shrunken and broken kernels. The sum of these three factors may not exceed the limit for the factor defects..., and wild oats. (g) Shrunken and broken kernels. All matter that passes through a 0.064×3/8 oblong-hole...

7 CFR 810.2002 - Definition of other terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... shrunken and broken kernels. The sum of these three factors may not exceed the limit for the factor defects..., and wild oats. (g) Shrunken and broken kernels. All matter that passes through a 0.064×3/8 oblong-hole...

7 CFR 810.2002 - Definition of other terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... shrunken and broken kernels. The sum of these three factors may not exceed the limit for the factor defects..., and wild oats. (g) Shrunken and broken kernels. All matter that passes through a 0.064×3/8 oblong-hole...

Composite Solid Electrolyte For Lithium Cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peled, Emmanuel; Nagasubramanian, Ganesan; Halpert, Gerald; Attia, Alan I.

1994-01-01

Composite solid electrolyte material consists of very small particles, each coated with thin layer of Lil, bonded together with polymer electrolyte or other organic binder. Material offers significant advantages over other solid electrolytes in lithium cells and batteries. Features include high ionic conductivity and strength. Composite solid electrolyte expected to exhibit flexibility of polymeric electrolytes. Polymer in composite solid electrolyte serves two purposes: used as binder alone, conduction taking place only in AI2O3 particles coated with solid Lil; or used as both binder and polymeric electrolyte, providing ionic conductivity between solid particles that it binds together.

Contribution of Lattice Distortion to Solid Solution Strengthening in a Series of Refractory High Entropy Alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, H.; Kauffmann, A.; Laube, S.; Choi, I.-C.; Schwaiger, R.; Huang, Y.; Lichtenberg, K.; Müller, F.; Gorr, B.; Christ, H.-J.; Heilmaier, M.

2018-03-01

We present an experimental approach for revealing the impact of lattice distortion on solid solution strengthening in a series of body-centered-cubic (bcc) Al-containing, refractory high entropy alloys (HEAs) from the Nb-Mo-Cr-Ti-Al system. By systematically varying the Nb and Cr content, a wide range of atomic size difference as a common measure for the lattice distortion was obtained. Single-phase, bcc solid solutions were achieved by arc melting and homogenization as well as verified by means of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The atomic radii of the alloying elements for determination of atomic size difference were recalculated on the basis of the mean atomic radii in and the chemical compositions of the solid solutions. Microhardness (μH) at room temperature correlates well with the deduced atomic size difference. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of microscopic slip lead to pronounced temperature dependence of mechanical strength. In order to account for this particular feature, we present a combined approach, using μH, nanoindentation, and compression tests. The athermal proportion to the yield stress of the investigated equimolar alloys is revealed. These parameters support the universality of this aforementioned correlation. Hence, the pertinence of lattice distortion for solid solution strengthening in bcc HEAs is proven.

High-temperature, high-pressure oxygen metering valve

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Christianson, Rollin C. (Inventor); Lycou, Peter P. (Inventor); Daniel, James A. (Inventor)

1993-01-01

A control valve includes a body defining a central cavity arranged between a fluid inlet and outwardly-diverging first and second fluid outlets respectively disposed in a common transverse plane. A valve member is arranged in the cavity for rotation between first and second operating positions where a transverse fluid passage through the valve member alternatively communicates the fluid inlet with one or the other of the fluid outlets. To minimize fluid turbulence when the valve member is rotated to an alternate operating position, the fluid passage has a convergent entrance for maintaining the passage in permanent communication with the fluid inlet as well as an oblong exit opening with spaced side walls for enabling the exit opening to temporarily span the first and second fluid outlets as the valve member is turned between its respective operating positions.

Stormwater solids removal characteristics of a catch basin insert using geotextile.

PubMed

Alam, Md Zahanggir; Anwar, A H M Faisal; Heitz, Anna

2018-03-15

Suspended solids in urban runoff have multiple adverse environmental impacts and create a wide range of water quality problems in receiving water bodies. Geotextile filtration systems inserted within catch basins have the potential to mitigate these effects, through flow attenuation and pollutant removal. This study modelled a catch basin in a column and assessed the hydraulic and solids removal characteristics of a new type of non-woven geotextile (NWG1) in the capture of solids from stormwater runoff. The new geotextile was compared with two others readily available on the market (NWG2, NWG3). Synthetic stormwater containing TSS (200mg/L) was used with two particle size distributions of 0-180μm (P1; D 50 :106μm) and 0-300μm (P2; D 50 :150μm). The results revealed that the desired stormwater TSS concentration (<30mg/L; ANZECC, 2000) could be achieved with a short ripening process (e.g., 1-2kg/m 2 of suspended solids loading) for trials using the larger particle size distribution (P2). In addition, 36% more suspended solids were captured in trials using the soil with the larger range of particle sizes (P2) than for the soil with smaller particle sizes (P1). Geotextile fibre pattern appeared to have a significant influence on the TSS removal capacity. The NWG1 has higher permittivity than NWG3 but similar to NWG2. NWG1 could capture overall more TSS (which also resulted in earlier clogging) than NWG2 and NWG3 because of the special fibre structure of NWG1. The experimental data shows that these geotextiles may start to clog when the hydraulic conductivity reaches below 1.36×10 -5 m/s. The overall hydraulic performances of geotextiles showed that the NWG1 has better potential for use in CBIs because of its higher strength and multiple reuse capability. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Continuum approaches for describing solid-gas and solid-liquid flow

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Diamond, P.; Harvey, J.; Levine, H.

Two-phase continuum models have been used to describe the multiphase flow properties of solid-gas and solid-liquid mixtures. The approach is limited in that it requires many fitting functions and parameters to be determined empirically, and it does not provide natural explanations for some of the qualitative behavior of solid-fluid flow. In this report, we explore a more recent single-phase continuum model proposed by Jenkins and Savage to describe granular flow. Jenkins and McTigue have proposed a modified model to describe the flow of dense suspensions, and hence, many of our results can be straight-forwardly extended to this flow regime asmore » well. The solid-fluid mixture is treated as a homogeneous, compressible fluid in which the particle fluctuations about the mean flow are described in terms of an effective temperature. The particle collisions are treated as inelastic. After an introduction in which we briefly comment on the present status of the field, we describe the details of the single-phase continuum model and analyze the microscopic and macroscopic flow conditions required for the approach to be valid. We then derive numerous qualitative predictions which can be empirically verified in small-scale experiments: The flow profiles are computed for simple boundary conditions, plane Couette flow and channel flow. Segregaion effects when there are two (or more) particle size are considered. The acoustic dispersion relation is derived and shown to predict that granular flow is supersonic. We point out that the analysis of flow instabilities is complicated by the finite compressibility of the solid-fluid mixture. For example, the large compressibility leads to interchange (Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities) in addition to the usual angular momentum interchange in standard (cylindrical) Couette flow. We conclude by describing some of the advantages and limitations of experimental techniques that might be used to test predictions for solid-fluid flow. 19 refs.« less

Improving the dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drug by solid dispersion and solid solution: pros and cons.

PubMed

Chokshi, Rina J; Zia, Hossein; Sandhu, Harpreet K; Shah, Navnit H; Malick, Waseem A

2007-01-01

The solid dispersions with poloxamer 188 (P188) and solid solutions with polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVPK30) were evaluated and compared in an effort to improve aqueous solubility and bioavailability of a model hydrophobic drug. All preparations were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, intrinsic dissolution rates, and contact angle measurements. Accelerated stability studies also were conducted to determine the effects of aging on the stability of various formulations. The selected solid dispersion and solid solution formulations were further evaluated in beagle dogs for in vivo testing. Solid dispersions were characterized to show that the drug retains its crystallinity and forms a two-phase system. Solid solutions were characterized to be an amorphous monophasic system with transition of crystalline drug to amorphous state. The evaluation of the intrinsic dissolution rates of various preparations indicated that the solid solutions have higher initial dissolution rates compared with solid dispersions. However, after storage at accelerated conditions, the dissolution rates of solid solutions were lower due to partial reversion to crystalline form. The drug in solid dispersion showed better bioavailability in comparison to solid solution. Therefore, considering physical stability and in vivo study results, the solid dispersion was the most suitable choice to improve dissolution rates and hence the bioavailability of the poorly water soluble drug.

Distribution of fluids in the body of the centrifuged rat

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pitts, G. C.

1983-01-01

The effects of exposure to an elevated g-level throughout the period of rapid growth is investigated in a comparison of a group of female Sprague-Dawley rats centrifuged as adults with other groups centrifuged for prolonged intervals starting shortly after weaning. The fluid-solid composition of total body, heart, liver, gut, skin, and muscle for both study groups is compared with that of a control group. None of the changes as a result of centrifugation were truly persistent. The only increases in mass associated with centrifugation and the only responses to centrifugation per se were observed in the skin values.

Liquid and Solid Meal Replacement Products Differentially Affect Postprandial Appetite and Food Intake in Older Adults

PubMed Central

Stull, April J.; Apolzan, John W.; Thalacker-Mercer, Anna E.; Iglay, Heidi B.; Campbell, Wayne W.

2008-01-01

Liquid and solid foods are documented to elicit differential appetitive and food intake responses. This study was designed to assess the influences of liquid vs solid meal replacement products on postprandial appetite ratings and subsequent food intake in healthy older adults. This study used a randomized and crossover design with two 1-day trials (1 week between trials), and 24 adults (12 men and 12 women) aged 50 to 80 years with body mass index (calculated as kg/m2) between 22 and 30 participated. After an overnight fast, the subjects consumed meal replacement products as either a beverage (liquid) or a bar (solid). The meal replacement products provided 25% of each subject's daily estimated energy needs with comparable macro-nutrient compositions. Subjects rated their appetite on a 100 mm quasilogarithmic visual analog scale before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes after consuming the meal replacement product. At minute 120, each subject consumed cooked oatmeal ad libitum to a “comfortable level of fullness.” Postprandial composite (area under the curve from minute 15 to minute 120) hunger was higher (P=0.04) for the liquid vs solid meal replacement products and desire to eat (P=0.15), preoccupation with thoughts of food (P=0.07), and fullness (P=0.25) did not differ for the liquid vs solid meal replacement products. On average, the subjects consumed 13.4% more oatmeal after the liquid vs solid (P=0.006) meal replacement product. These results indicate that meal replacement products in liquid and solid form do not elicit comparable appetitive and ingestive behavior responses and that meal replacement products in liquid form blunt the postprandial decline in hunger and increase subsequent food intake in older adults. PMID:18589034

Timing of solid food introduction and association with later childhood overweight and obesity: The IDEFICS study.

PubMed

Papoutsou, Stalo; Savva, Savvas C; Hunsberger, Monica; Jilani, Hannah; Michels, Nathalie; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Tornaritis, Michael; Veidebaum, Toomas; Molnár, Dénes; Siani, Alfonso; Moreno, Luis A; Hadjigeorgiou, Charis

2018-01-01

This study investigated associations between timing of solid food introduction and childhood obesity and explored maternal characteristics influencing early feeding practices. Cross-sectional data from children 2-9 years (n = 10,808; 50.5% boys) residing in 8 European countries of the IDEFICS study (2007-2008) were included. Late solid food introduction (≥7 months of age) was associated with an increased prevalence of later childhood overweight/obesity among exclusively breastfed children (OR [odds ratio]: 1.38, 95% CI [confidence interval] [1.01, 1.88]). In contrast, early solid food introduction (<4 months of age) was associated with lower prevalence of overweight/obesity among children that ceased exclusive breastfeeding earlier than 4 months (OR: 0.63, 95% CI [0.47, 0.84]). Children that were introduced to solids right after 6 months exclusive breastfeeding and continued to receive breastmilk (≥12 months) were less likely to become overweight/obese (OR: 0.67, 95% CI [0.51, 0.88]) compared to children that discontinued to receive breastmilk. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, country, birth weight, parental education level, parental body mass index, tobacco use in pregnancy, gestational weight gain, and gestational diabetes. Underweight mothers, overweight mothers, mothers who reported daily smoking during pregnancy, and low-educated mothers were less likely to follow recommendations on breastfeeding and timely solids introduction. Future studies should examine whether guidelines for solid food introduction timing have to distinguish between exclusively breastfed, formula fed, and too early exclusive breastfeeding-ceased infants. There is also need for more prospective studies; recall bias was an important current limitation. In conclusion, health professionals should emphasize benefits of breastfeeding and appropriate solid food introduction, especially to mothers that are less likely to follow recommendations. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Planetary and satellite x ray spectroscopy: A new window on solid-body composition by remote sensing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chenette, D. L.; Wolcott, R. W.; Selesnick, R. S.

1993-01-01

The rings and most of the satellites of the outer planets orbit within the radiation belts of their parent bodies. This is an environment with intense fluxes of energetic electrons. As a result, these objects are strong emitters of X-rays. The characteristic X-ray lines from these bodies depend on atomic composition, but they are not sensitive to how the material is arranged in compounds or mixtures. X-ray fluorescence spectral analysis has demonstrated its unique value in the laboratory as a qualitative and quantitative analysis tool. This technique has yet to be fully exploited in a planetary instrument for remote sensing. The characteristic X-ray emissions provide atomic relative abundances. These results are complementary to the molecular composition information obtained from IR, visible, and UV emission spectra. The atomic relative abundances are crucial to understanding the formation and evolution of these bodies. They are also crucial to the proper interpretation of the molecular composition results from the other sensors. The intensities of the characteristic X-ray emissions are sufficiently strong to be measured with an instrument of modest size. Recent developments in X-ray detector technologies and electronic miniaturization have made possible space-flight X-ray imaging and nonimaging spectrometers of high sensitivity and excellent energy resolution that are rugged enough to survive long-duration space missions. Depending on the application, such instruments are capable of resolving elemental abundances of elements from carbon through iron. At the same time, by measuring the bremsstrahlung intensity and energy spectrum, the characteristics of the source electron flux can be determined. We will discuss these concepts, including estimated source strengths, and will describe a small instrument capable of providing this unique channel of information for future planetary missions. We propose to build this instrument using innovative electronics packaging

Lyophilization -Solid Waste Treatment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Litwiller, Eric; Flynn, Michael; Fisher, John; Reinhard, Martin

2004-01-01

This paper discusses the development of a solid waste treatment system that has been designed for a Mars transit exploration mission. The technology described is an energy-efficient lyophilization technique that is designed to recover water from spacecraft solid wastes. Candidate wastes include feces, concentrated brines from water processors, and other solid wastes that contain free water. The system is designed to operate as a stand-alone process or to be integrated into the International Space Station Waste Collection System. In the lyophilization process, water in an aqueous waste is frozen and then sublimed, separating the waste into a dried solid material and liquid water. The sublimed water is then condensed in a solid ice phase and then melted to generate a liquid product. In the subject system the waste solids are contained within a 0.2 micron bio-guard bag and after drying are removed from the system and stored in a secondary container. This technology is ideally suited to applications such as the Mars Reference Mission, where water recovery rates approaching 100% are desirable but production of CO2 is not. The system is designed to minimize power consumption through the use of thermoelectric heat pumps. The results of preliminary testing of a prototype system and testing of the final configuration are provided. A mathematical model of the system is also described.

Conversion of organic solids to hydrocarbons

DOEpatents

Greenbaum, Elias

1995-01-01

A method of converting organic solids to liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons includes impregnating an organic solid with photosensitizing ions and exposing the impregnated solid to light in a non-oxidizing atmosphere for a time sufficient to photocatalytically reduce the solid to at least one of a liquid and a gaseous hydrocarbon.

Universality of (2+1)-dimensional restricted solid-on-solid models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kelling, Jeffrey; Ódor, Géza; Gemming, Sibylle

2016-08-01

Extensive dynamical simulations of restricted solid-on-solid models in D =2 +1 dimensions have been done using parallel multisurface algorithms implemented on graphics cards. Numerical evidence is presented that these models exhibit Kardar-Parisi-Zhang surface growth scaling, irrespective of the step heights N . We show that by increasing N the corrections to scaling increase, thus smaller step-sized models describe better the asymptotic, long-wave-scaling behavior.

Study on the Pulsed Flashover Characteristics of Solid-Solid Interface in Electrical Devices Poured by Epoxy Resin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Manping; Wu, Kai; Yang, Zhanping; Ding, Man; Liu, Xin; Cheng, Yonghong

2014-09-01

In electrical devices poured by epoxy resin, there are a lot of interfaces between epoxy resin and other solid dielectrics, i.e. solid-solid interfaces. Experiments were carried out to study the flashover characteristics of two typical solid-solid interfaces (epoxy-ceramic and epoxy-PMMA) under steep high-voltage impulse for different electrode systems (coaxial electrodes and finger electrodes) and different types of epoxy resin (neat epoxy resin, polyether modified epoxy resin and polyurethane modified epoxy resin). Results showed that, the flashover of solid-solid interface is similar to the breakdown of solid dielectric, and there are unrecoverable carbonated tracks after flashover. Under the same distance of electrodes, the electric stress of coaxial electrodes is lower than that of finger electrodes; and after the flashover, there are more severe breakdown and larger enhanced surface conductivity at interface for coaxial electrodes, as compared with the case of finger electrode. The dielectric properties are also discussed.

Energy and solid/hazardous waste

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1981-12-01

This report addresses the past and potential future solid and hazardous waste impacts from energy development, and summarizes the major environmental, legislation applicable to solid and hazardous waste generation and disposal. A glossary of terms and acronyms used to describe and measure solid waste impacts of energy development is included. (PSB)

Cross-calibration of liquid and solid QCT calibration standards: corrections to the UCSF normative data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Faulkner, K. G.; Gluer, C. C.; Grampp, S.; Genant, H. K.

1993-01-01

Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) has been shown to be a precise and sensitive method for evaluating spinal bone mineral density (BMD) and skeletal response to aging and therapy. Precise and accurate determination of BMD using QCT requires a calibration standard to compensate for and reduce the effects of beam-hardening artifacts and scanner drift. The first standards were based on dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) solutions. Recently, several manufacturers have developed stable solid calibration standards based on calcium hydroxyapatite (CHA) in water-equivalent plastic. Due to differences in attenuating properties of the liquid and solid standards, the calibrated BMD values obtained with each system do not agree. In order to compare and interpret the results obtained on both systems, cross-calibration measurements were performed in phantoms and patients using the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) liquid standard and the Image Analysis (IA) solid standard on the UCSF GE 9800 CT scanner. From the phantom measurements, a highly linear relationship was found between the liquid- and solid-calibrated BMD values. No influence on the cross-calibration due to simulated variations in body size or vertebral fat content was seen, though a significant difference in the cross-calibration was observed between scans acquired at 80 and 140 kVp. From the patient measurements, a linear relationship between the liquid (UCSF) and solid (IA) calibrated values was derived for GE 9800 CT scanners at 80 kVp (IA = [1.15 x UCSF] - 7.32).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS).

Conversion of organic solids to hydrocarbons

DOEpatents

Greenbaum, E.

1995-05-23

A method of converting organic solids to liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons includes impregnating an organic solid with photosensitizing ions and exposing the impregnated solid to light in a non-oxidizing atmosphere for a time sufficient to photocatalytically reduce the solid to at least one of a liquid and a gaseous hydrocarbon. 5 Figs.

Elongated solid electrolyte cell configurations and flexible connections therefor

DOEpatents

Reichner, P.

1989-10-17

A flexible, high temperature, solid oxide electrolyte electrochemical cell stack configuration is made, comprising a plurality of flattened, elongated, connected cell combinations, each cell combination containing an interior electrode having a top surface and a plurality of interior gas feed conduits, through its axial length, electrolyte contacting the interior electrode and exterior electrode contacting electrolyte, where a major portion of the air electrode top surface is covered by interconnection material, and where each cell has at least one axially elongated, electronically conductive, flexible, porous, metal fiber felt material in electronic connection with the air electrode through contact with a major portion of the interconnection material, the metal fiber felt being effective as a shock absorbent body between the cells. 4 figs.

Flowmeter for gas-entrained solids flow

DOEpatents

Porges, Karl G.

1990-01-01

An apparatus and method for the measurement of solids feedrate in a gas-entrained solids flow conveyance system. The apparatus and method of the present invention include a vertical duct connecting a source of solids to the gas-entrained flow conveyance system, a control valve positioned in the vertical duct, and a capacitive densitometer positioned along the duct at a location a known distance below the control valved so that the solid feedrate, Q, of the gas entrained flow can be determined by Q=S.rho..phi.V.sub.S where S is the cross sectional area of the duct, .rho. is the density of the solid, .phi. is the solid volume fraction determined by the capacitive densitometer, and v.sub.S is the local solid velocity which can be inferred from the konown distance of the capacitive densitometer below the control valve.

Solid polymer electrolytes

DOEpatents

Abraham, Kuzhikalail M.; Alamgir, Mohamed; Choe, Hyoun S.

1995-01-01

This invention relates to Li ion (Li.sup.+) conductive solid polymer electrolytes composed of poly(vinyl sulfone) and lithium salts, and their use in all-solid-state rechargeable lithium ion batteries. The lithium salts comprise low lattice energy lithium salts such as LiN(CF.sub.3 SO.sub.2).sub.2, LiAsF.sub.6, and LiClO.sub.4.

Curved Solids Nets

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cohen, Nitsa

2003-01-01

The transformation of a solid to its net is based on something quite different from simple perceptual impression. It is a mental operation performed by manipulating mental images. The aim of this study was to observe pre-service and in-service teachers' ability to visualize the transformation of a curved solid to its net and vice versa, and to try…

Entropy production in a fluid-solid system far from thermodynamic equilibrium.

PubMed

Chung, Bong Jae; Ortega, Blas; Vaidya, Ashwin

2017-11-24

The terminal orientation of a rigid body in a moving fluid is an example of a dissipative system, out of thermodynamic equilibrium and therefore a perfect testing ground for the validity of the maximum entropy production principle (MaxEP). Thus far, dynamical equations alone have been employed in studying the equilibrium states in fluid-solid interactions, but these are far too complex and become analytically intractable when inertial effects come into play. At that stage, our only recourse is to rely on numerical techniques which can be computationally expensive. In our past work, we have shown that the MaxEP is a reliable tool to help predict orientational equilibrium states of highly symmetric bodies such as cylinders, spheroids and toroidal bodies. The MaxEP correctly helps choose the stable equilibrium in these cases when the system is slightly out of thermodynamic equilibrium. In the current paper, we expand our analysis to examine i) bodies with fewer symmetries than previously reported, for instance, a half-ellipse and ii) when the system is far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Using two-dimensional numerical studies at Reynolds numbers ranging between 0 and 14, we examine the validity of the MaxEP. Our analysis of flow past a half-ellipse shows that overall the MaxEP is a good predictor of the equilibrium states but, in the special case of the half-ellipse with aspect ratio much greater than unity, the MaxEP is replaced by the Min-MaxEP, at higher Reynolds numbers when inertial effects come into play. Experiments in sedimentation tanks and with hinged bodies in a flow tank confirm these calculations.

Solid Surface Combustion Experiment

NASA Image and Video Library

1994-09-12

STS064-10-011 (12 Sept. 1994) --- The Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE), designed to supply information on flame spread over solid fuel surfaces in the reduced-gravity environment of space, is pictured during flight day four operations. The middeck experiment measured the rate of spreading, the solid-phase temperature, and the gas-phase temperature of flames spreading over rectangular fuel beds. STS-64 marked the seventh trip into space for the Lewis Research Center experiment. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Thermal and elastic properties of solid neon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Acocella, Dominic; Horton, George K.; Cowley, E. Roger

2000-04-01

We apply the improved effective potential Monte Carlo (IEP) and the improved self-consistent (ISC) theories to study the thermal and elastic properties of natural solid Ne. As a first orientation, we use the (12-6) Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential for first-neighbor forces only. The two parameters in the potential are determined from the 0 K lattice spacing and the sublimation energy of the crystal. We also create a realistic interatomic potential for the Ne dimer based on our study of the existing literature. When supplemented by many-body contributions, this potential is also used with ISC and IEP. The results are then compared with the experimental data in the literature. We conclude that our realistic potential which we regard as the best currently available is not significantly superior in accounting for the experimental data to the LJ potential, though both give a decent account of the experimental data.

Valve for controlling solids flow

DOEpatents

Staiger, M. Daniel

1985-01-01

A valve for controlling the flow of solids comprises a vessel having an overflow point, an inlet line for discharging solids into the vessel positioned within the vessel such that the inlet line's discharge point is lower than the vessel's overflow point, and apparatus for introducing a fluidizing fluid into the vessel. The fluidizing fluid fluidizes the solids within the vessel so that they overflow at the vessel's overflow point. For the removal of nuclear waste product the vessel may be placed within a sealed container having a bottom connected transport line for transporting the solids to storage or other sites. The rate of solids flow is controlled by the flow rate of the fluidizing fluid and by V-notch weirs of different sizes spaced about the top of the vessel.

Valve for controlling solids flow

DOEpatents

Staiger, M.D.

1982-09-29

A valve for controlling the flow of solids comprises a vessel having an overflow point, an inlet line for discharging solids into the vessel positioned within the vessel such that the inlet line's discharge point is lower than the vessel's overflow point, and means for introducing a fluidizing fluid into the vessel. The fluidizing fluid fluidizes the solids within the vessel so that they overflow at the vessel's overflow point. For the removal of nuclear waste product the vessel may be placed within a sealed container having a bottom connected transport line for transporting the solids to storage or other sites. The rate of solids flow is controlled by the flow rate of the fluidizing fluid and by V-notch weirs of different sizes spaced about the top of the vessel.

Associations between added sugar (solid vs. liquid) intakes, diet quality, and adiposity indicators in Canadian children.

PubMed

Wang, JiaWei; Shang, Lei; Light, Kelly; O'Loughlin, Jennifer; Paradis, Gilles; Gray-Donald, Katherine

2015-08-01

Little is known about the influence of different forms of added sugar intake on diet quality or their association with obesity among youth. Dietary intake was assessed by three 24-h recalls in 613 Canadian children (aged 8-10 years). Added sugars (mean of 3-day intakes) were categorized according to source (solid or liquid). Dietary intake and the Canadian Healthy Eating Index (« HEI-C ») were compared across tertiles of solid and liquid added sugars separately as were adiposity indicators (body mass index (BMI), fat mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and waist circumference). Cross-sectional associations were examined in linear regression models adjusting for age, sex, energy intake, and physical activity (7-day accelerometer). Added sugar contributed 12% of total energy intake (204 kcal) on average, of which 78% was from solid sources. Higher consumption of added sugars from either solid or liquid source was associated with higher total energy, lower intake of micronutrients, vegetables and fruit, and lower HEI-C score. Additionally liquid sources were associated with lower intake of dairy products. A 10-g higher consumption of added sugars from liquid sources was associated with 0.4 serving/day lower of vegetables and fruit, 0.4-kg/m(2) higher BMI, a 0.5-kg higher fat mass, and a 0.9-cm higher waist circumference whereas the associations of added sugars from solid sources and adiposity indicators tended to be negative. In conclusion, higher consumption of added sugar from either solid or liquid sources was associated with lower overall diet quality. Adiposity indicators were only positively associated with added sugars from liquid sources.

Observation of a New High-Pressure Solid Phase in Dynamically Compressed Aluminum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Polsin, D. N.

2017-10-01

Aluminum is ideal for testing theoretical first-principles calculations because of the relative simplicity of its atomic structure. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict that Al transforms from an ambient-pressure, face-centered-cubic (fcc) crystal to the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) and body-centered-cubic (bcc) structures as it is compressed. Laser-driven experiments performed at the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics and the National Ignition Facility (NIF) ramp compressed Al samples to pressures up to 540 GPa without melting. Nanosecond in-situ x-ray diffraction was used to directly measure the crystal structure at pressures where the solid-solid phase transformations of Al are predicted to occur. Laser velocimetry provided the pressure in the Al. Our results show clear evidence of the fcc-hcp and hpc-bcc transformations at 216 +/- 9 GPa and 321 +/- 12 GPa, respectively. This is the first experimental in-situ observation of the bcc phase in compressed Al and a confirmation of the fcc-hcp transition previously observed under static compression at 217 GPa. The observations indicate these solid-solid phase transitions occur on the order of tens of nanoseconds time scales. In the fcc-hcp transition we find the original texture of the sample is preserved; however, the hcp-bcc transition diminishes that texture producing a structure that is more polycrystalline. The importance of this dynamic is discussed. The NIF results are the first demonstration of x-ray diffraction measurements at two different pressures in a single laser shot. This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration under Award Number DE-NA0001944.

Delayed introduction of solid feeding reduces child overweight and obesity at 10 years.

PubMed

Seach, K A; Dharmage, S C; Lowe, A J; Dixon, J B

2010-10-01

The function that the timing of introduction of solid foods may have in the development of child obesity has not been adequately explored, either as a potential confounder of the relationship between breastfeeding and child obesity, or as an independent modifiable risk factor. To determine the association between infant feeding practices and child overweight/obesity. Six hundred and twenty subjects were recruited antenatally from 1990 to 1994. A total of 18 telephone interviews over the first 2 years of life recorded infant feeding practices. At mean age of 10 years, height and weight were measured for 307 subjects. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine whether infant feeding practices (duration of exclusive and any breastfeeding, and age at introduction of solid foods) were associated with odds of being overweight/obese (internationally age- and sex-standardized body mass index category) at age 10 years, after adjustment for confounders. Delayed introduction of solid foods was associated with reduced odds of being overweight/obese at age 10 years, after controlling for socioeconomic status, parental smoking and childcare attendance (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=0.903 per week, 95% CI=0.841-0.970, P=0.005). Antenatal parental smoking was associated with overweight/obesity at age 10 years (aOR=3.178, 95% CI=1.643-6.147, P=0.001). Duration of exclusive or any breastfeeding was not associated with the outcome. Delayed introduction of solids is associated with reduced odds of child overweight/obesity. Wider promotion of current infant feeding guidelines could have a significant impact on the rates of child overweight and obesity.

Diffusive and martensitic nucleation kinetics in solid-solid transitions of colloidal crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, Yi; Li, Wei; Wang, Feng; Still, Tim; Yodh, Arjun G.; Han, Yilong

2017-05-01

Solid-solid transitions between crystals follow diffusive nucleation, or various diffusionless transitions, but these kinetics are difficult to predict and observe. Here we observed the rich kinetics of transitions from square lattices to triangular lattices in tunable colloidal thin films with single-particle dynamics by video microscopy. Applying a small pressure gradient in defect-free regions or near dislocations markedly transform the diffusive nucleation with an intermediate-stage liquid into a martensitic generation and oscillation of dislocation pairs followed by a diffusive nucleus growth. This transformation is neither purely diffusive nor purely martensitic as conventionally assumed but a combination thereof, and thus presents new challenges to both theory and the empirical criterion of martensitic transformations. We studied how pressure, density, grain boundary, triple junction and interface coherency affect the nucleus growth, shape and kinetic pathways. These novel microscopic kinetics cast new light on control solid-solid transitions and microstructural evolutions in polycrystals.

Comparison of a solid SMEDDS and solid dispersion for enhanced stability and bioavailability of clopidogrel napadisilate.

PubMed

Kim, Dong Wuk; Kwon, Min Seok; Yousaf, Abid Mehmood; Balakrishnan, Prabagar; Park, Jong Hyuck; Kim, Dong Shik; Lee, Beom-Jin; Park, Young Joon; Yong, Chul Soon; Kim, Jong Oh; Choi, Han-Gon

2014-12-19

The intention of this study was to compare the physicochemical properties, stability and bioavailability of a clopidogrel napadisilate (CN)-loaded solid dispersion (SD) and solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (solid SMEDDS). SD was prepared by a surface attached method using different ratios of Cremophor RH60 (surfactant) and HPMC (polymer), optimized based on their drug solubility. Liquid SMEDDS was composed of oil (peceol), a surfactant (Cremophor RH60) and a co-surfactant (Transcutol HP). A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed to identify the emulsifying domain, and the optimized liquid SMEDDS was spray dried with an inert solid carrier (silicon dioxide), producing the solid SMEDDS. The physicochemical properties, solubility, dissolution, stability and pharmacokinetics were assessed and compared to clopidogrel napadisilate (CN) and bisulfate (CB) powders. In solid SMEDDS, liquid SMEDDS was absorbed or coated inside the pores of silicon dioxide. In SD, hydrophilic polymer and surfactants were adhered onto drug surface. The drug was in crystalline and molecularly dispersed form in SD and solid SMEDDS, respectively. Solid SMEDDS and SD greatly increased the solubility of CN but gave lower drug solubility compared to CB powder. These preparations significantly improved the dissolution of CN, but the latter more increased than the former. Stability under accelerated condition showed that they were more stable compared to CB powder, and SD was more stable than solid SMEDDS. They significantly increased the oral bioavailability of CN powder. Furthermore, SD showed significantly improved oral bioavailability compared to solid SMEDDS and CB powder. Thus, SD with excellent stability and bioavailability is recommended as an alternative for the clopidogrel-based oral formulation. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Imaging in gynecological disease (9): clinical and ultrasound characteristics of tubal cancer.

PubMed

Ludovisi, M; De Blasis, I; Virgilio, B; Fischerova, D; Franchi, D; Pascual, M A; Savelli, L; Epstein, E; Van Holsbeke, C; Guerriero, S; Czekierdowski, A; Zannoni, G; Scambia, G; Jurkovic, D; Rossi, A; Timmerman, D; Valentin, L; Testa, A C

2014-03-01

To describe clinical history and ultrasound findings in patients with tubal carcinoma. Patients with a histological diagnosis of tubal cancer who had undergone preoperative ultrasound examination were identified from the databases of 13 ultrasound centers. The tumors were described by the principal investigator at each contributing center on the basis of ultrasound images, ultrasound reports and research protocols (when applicable) using the terms and definitions of the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) group. In addition, three authors reviewed together all available digital ultrasound images and described them using subjective evaluation of gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasound findings. We identified 79 women with a histological diagnosis of primary tubal cancer, 70 of whom (89%) had serous carcinomas and 46 (58%) of whom presented at FIGO stage III. Forty-nine (62%) women were asymptomatic (incidental finding), whilst the remaining 30 complained of abdominal bloating or pain. Fifty-three (67%) tumors were described as solid at ultrasound examination, 14 (18%) as multilocular solid, 10 (13%) as unilocular solid and two (3%) as unilocular. No tumor was described as a multilocular mass. Most tumors (70/79, 89%) were moderately or very well vascularized on color or power Doppler ultrasound. Normal ovarian tissue was identified adjacent to the tumor in 51% (39/77) of cases. Three types of ultrasound appearance were identified as being typical of tubal carcinoma using pattern recognition: a sausage-shaped cystic structure with solid tissue protruding into it like a papillary projection (11/62, 18%); a sausage-shaped cystic structure with a large solid component filling part of the cyst cavity (13/62, 21%); an ovoid or oblong completely solid mass (36/62, 58%). A well vascularized ovoid or sausage-shaped structure, either completely solid or with large solid component(s) in the pelvis, should raise the suspicion of tubal cancer, especially if normal

The solid waste dilemma

USGS Publications Warehouse

Amey, E.B.; Russell, J.A.; Hurdelbrink, R.J.

1996-01-01

In 1976, the U.S. Congress enacted the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to further address the problem of increasing industrial and municipal waste. The main objectives of RCRA were to responsibly manage hazardous and solid waste and to procure materials made from recovered wastes. To fulfill these objectives, four main programs of waste management were developed. These programs were defined under Subtitle C, the Hazardous Waste Program; Subtitle D, the Solid Waste Program; Subtitle I, the Underground Storage Tank Program; and Subtitle J, the Medical Waste Program. Subtitle D illustrates the solid waste dilemma occurring in the United States. Under this program, states are encouraged to develop and implement their own waste management plans. These plans include the promotion of recycling solid wastes and the closing and upgrading of all environmentally unsound dumps. ?? 1996 International Association for Mathematical Geology.

Solid polymer electrolytes

DOEpatents

Abraham, K.M.; Alamgir, M.; Choe, H.S.

1995-12-12

This invention relates to Li ion (Li{sup +}) conductive solid polymer electrolytes composed of poly(vinyl sulfone) and lithium salts, and their use in all-solid-state rechargeable lithium ion batteries. The lithium salts comprise low lattice energy lithium salts such as LiN(CF{sub 3}SO{sub 2}){sub 2}, LiAsF{sub 6}, and LiClO{sub 4}. 2 figs.

Synthesis of azines in solid state: reactivity of solid hydrazine with aldehydes and ketones.

PubMed

Lee, Byeongno; Lee, Kyu Hyung; Cho, Jaeheung; Nam, Wonwoo; Hur, Nam Hwi

2011-12-16

Highly conjugated azines were prepared by solid state grinding of solid hydrazine and carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes and ketones, using a mortar and a pestle. Complete conversion to the azine product is generally achieved at room temperature within 24 h, without using solvents or additives. The solid-state reactions afford azines as the sole products with greater than 97% yield, producing only water and carbon dioxide as waste.

Use of the cellular model of body composition to describe changes in body water compartments after total fasting, very low calorie diet and low calorie diet in obese men.

PubMed

Siervo, M; Faber, P; Gibney, E R; Lobley, G E; Elia, M; Stubbs, R J; Johnstone, A M

2010-05-01

The cellular model of body composition divides the body in body cell mass (BCM), extracellular solids and extracellular fluids. This model has been infrequently applied for the evaluation of weight loss (WL) programmes. (1) To assess changes in body compartments in obese men undergoing fasting, very low calorie diet (VLCD) and low calorie diet (LCD); (2) to evaluate two cellular models for the determination of changes in BCM, fat mass (FM) and body fluids. Three groups of six, obese men participated in a total fast (F) for 6 days, a VLCD (2.5 MJ per day) for 3 weeks or an LCD (5.2 MJ per day) for 6 weeks. Body composition was measured at baseline and after small ( approximately 5%) and moderate ( approximately 10%) WL. FM was measured using a four-compartment model. Total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were, respectively, measured by deuterium and sodium bromide dilution and intracellular water (ICW) calculated by difference. Two cellular models were used to measure BCM, FM and body fluids distribution. After about 5%WL changes in TBW were F=-3.2+/-1.2 kg (P<0.01), VLCD=-1.2+/-0.6 kg (P<0.01), LCD=-0.3+/-0.9 kg(n.s.). The contribution of TBW to total body mass loss was indirectly associated with FM loss. ECW increased during fasting (+1.5+/-3.1 kg, n.s.), decreased during the VLCD (-2.0+/-1.5 kg, P<0.05) and remained unchanged at the end of the LCD (-0.3+/-1.6 kg, n.s.). ICW significantly decreased during fasting (-4.7+/-3.9 kg, P<0.05) but did not change in the LCD and VLCD groups. The loss of BCM was more significant in the fasting group and it was directly associated with changes in ICW. After a 6-day period of fasting we observed more ICW losses and less fat mobilization compared with VLCD and LCD. The cellular model of body composition is suitable for the characterization of changes in body fluids distribution during WL.

Fluidized-Solid-Fuel Injection Process

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Taylor, William

1992-01-01

Report proposes development of rocket engines burning small grains of solid fuel entrained in gas streams. Main technical discussion in report divided into three parts: established fluidization technology; variety of rockets and rocket engines used by nations around the world; and rocket-engine equation. Discusses significance of specific impulse and ratio between initial and final masses of rocket. Concludes by stating three important reasons to proceed with new development: proposed engines safer; fluidized-solid-fuel injection process increases variety of solid-fuel formulations used; and development of fluidized-solid-fuel injection process provides base of engineering knowledge.

Association between the age of solid food introduction and eczema: A systematic review and a meta-analysis.

PubMed

Waidyatillake, N T; Dharmage, S C; Allen, K J; Bowatte, G; Boyle, R J; Burgess, J A; Koplin, J J; Garcia-Larsen, V; Lowe, A J; Lodge, C J

2018-03-23

Eczema is a common childhood ailment responsible for a considerable disease burden. Both timing of introduction to solid food and allergenic food are believed to be related to childhood eczema. Despite the growing body of evidence, the relationship between timing of any solid food introduction (allergenic and/or non-allergenic) and development of eczema has not previously been systematically reviewed. PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched using food and eczema terms. Two authors selected papers according to the inclusion criteria and extracted information on study characteristics and measures of association. Meta-analyses were performed after grouping studies according to the age and type of exposure. A total of 17 papers met the inclusion criteria, reporting results from 16 study populations. Of these, 11 were cohort studies, 2 case-controls, 1 cross-sectional study and 2 randomized controlled trials. Limited meta-analyses were performed due to heterogeneity between studies. Timing of solid food introduction was not associated with eczema. One randomized controlled trial provided weak evidence of an association between early allergenic (around 4 months) food introduction and reduced risk of eczema. The available evidence is currently insufficient to determine whether the timing of introduction of any solid food influences the risk of eczema. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

p-Adic solid-on-solid model on a Cayley tree

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khakimov, O. N.

2017-12-01

We consider a p-adic solid-on-solid ( SOS) model with a nearest-neighbor coupling, m+1 spins, and a coupling constant J ∈ Q p on a Cayley tree. We find conditions under which a phase transition does not occur in the model. We show that if p | m + 1 for some J, then a phase transition occurs. Moreover, we formulate a criterion for the boundedness of p-adic Gibbs measures for the ( m+1)- state SOS model.

[Multifaceted body. 3. The contextualised body].

PubMed

Bourquin, C; Wykretowicz, H; Saraga, M; Stiefel, F

2015-02-11

The human body is the object upon which medicine is acting, but also lived reality, image, symbol, representation and the object of elaboration and theory. All these elements which constitute the body influence the way medicine is treating it. In this series of three articles, we address the human body from various perspectives: medical (1), phenomenological (2), psychosomatic and socio-anthropological (3). This third and last article focuses on the psychosomatic and socio-anthropological facets of the body and their contribution to its understanding.

36 CFR 13.1008 - Solid waste disposal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Solid waste disposal. 13.1008... § 13.1008 Solid waste disposal. (a) A solid waste disposal site may accept non-National Park Service solid waste generated within the boundaries of the park area. (b) A solid waste disposal site may be...

36 CFR 13.1604 - Solid waste disposal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Solid waste disposal. 13.1604... Solid waste disposal. (a) A solid waste disposal site may accept non-National Park Service solid waste generated within the boundaries of the park area. (b) A solid waste disposal site may be located within one...

36 CFR 13.1118 - Solid waste disposal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Solid waste disposal. 13.1118... Provisions § 13.1118 Solid waste disposal. (a) A solid waste disposal site may accept non-National Park Service solid waste generated within the boundaries of the park area. (b) A solid waste disposal site may...

36 CFR 13.1604 - Solid waste disposal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Solid waste disposal. 13.1604... Solid waste disposal. (a) A solid waste disposal site may accept non-National Park Service solid waste generated within the boundaries of the park area. (b) A solid waste disposal site may be located within one...

36 CFR 13.1912 - Solid waste disposal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Solid waste disposal. 13.1912....1912 Solid waste disposal. (a) A solid waste disposal site may accept non-National Park Service solid waste generated within the boundaries of the park area. (b) A solid waste disposal site may be located...

36 CFR 13.1008 - Solid waste disposal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Solid waste disposal. 13.1008... § 13.1008 Solid waste disposal. (a) A solid waste disposal site may accept non-National Park Service solid waste generated within the boundaries of the park area. (b) A solid waste disposal site may be...

36 CFR 13.1118 - Solid waste disposal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Solid waste disposal. 13.1118... Provisions § 13.1118 Solid waste disposal. (a) A solid waste disposal site may accept non-National Park Service solid waste generated within the boundaries of the park area. (b) A solid waste disposal site may...

Silk elasticity as a potential constraint on spider body size.

PubMed

Rodríguez-Gironés, Miguel A; Corcobado, Guadalupe; Moya-Laraño, Jordi

2010-10-07

Silk is known for its strength and extensibility and has played a key role in the radiation of spiders. Individual spiders use different glands to produce silk types with unique sets of proteins. Most research has studied the properties of major ampullate and capture spiral silks and their ecological implications, while little is known about minor ampullate silk, the type used by those spider species studied to date for bridging displacements. A biomechanical model parameterised with available data shows that the minimum radius of silk filaments required for efficient bridging grows with the square root of the spider's body mass, faster than the radius of minor ampullate silk filaments actually produced by spiders. Because the morphology of spiders adapted to walking along or under silk threads is ill suited for moving on a solid surface, for these species there is a negative relationship between body mass and displacement ability. As it stands, the model suggests that spiders that use silk for their displacements are prevented from attaining a large body size if they must track their resources in space. In particular, silk elasticity would favour sexual size dimorphism because males that must use bridging lines to search for females cannot grow large. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

100% Solids Polyurethane Sequestration Coating

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-04-11

Distribution Unlimited 100% Solids Polyurethane Sequestration Coating The views, opinions and/or findings contained in this report are those of the...Papers published in non peer-reviewed journals: 100% Solids Polyurethane Sequestration Coating Report Title Report developed under Topic #CBD13-101...Final Technical Report Contract #: W911NF-13-P-0010 Proposal #: 63958CHSB1 Project: 100% Solids Polyurethane Sequestration Coating

Solid polymer electrolyte lithium batteries

DOEpatents

Alamgir, Mohamed; Abraham, Kuzhikalail M.

1993-01-01

This invention pertains to Lithium batteries using Li ion (Li.sup.+) conductive solid polymer electrolytes composed of solvates of Li salts immobilized in a solid organic polymer matrix. In particular, this invention relates to Li batteries using solid polymer electrolytes derived by immobilizing solvates formed between a Li salt and an aprotic organic solvent (or mixture of such solvents) in poly(vinyl chloride).

Realistic Simulation for Body Area and Body-To-Body Networks.

PubMed

Alam, Muhammad Mahtab; Ben Hamida, Elyes; Ben Arbia, Dhafer; Maman, Mickael; Mani, Francesco; Denis, Benoit; D'Errico, Raffaele

2016-04-20

In this paper, we present an accurate and realistic simulation for body area networks (BAN) and body-to-body networks (BBN) using deterministic and semi-deterministic approaches. First, in the semi-deterministic approach, a real-time measurement campaign is performed, which is further characterized through statistical analysis. It is able to generate link-correlated and time-varying realistic traces (i.e., with consistent mobility patterns) for on-body and body-to-body shadowing and fading, including body orientations and rotations, by means of stochastic channel models. The full deterministic approach is particularly targeted to enhance IEEE 802.15.6 proposed channel models by introducing space and time variations (i.e., dynamic distances) through biomechanical modeling. In addition, it helps to accurately model the radio link by identifying the link types and corresponding path loss factors for line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS). This approach is particularly important for links that vary over time due to mobility. It is also important to add that the communication and protocol stack, including the physical (PHY), medium access control (MAC) and networking models, is developed for BAN and BBN, and the IEEE 802.15.6 compliance standard is provided as a benchmark for future research works of the community. Finally, the two approaches are compared in terms of the successful packet delivery ratio, packet delay and energy efficiency. The results show that the semi-deterministic approach is the best option; however, for the diversity of the mobility patterns and scenarios applicable, biomechanical modeling and the deterministic approach are better choices.

Realistic Simulation for Body Area and Body-To-Body Networks

PubMed Central

Alam, Muhammad Mahtab; Ben Hamida, Elyes; Ben Arbia, Dhafer; Maman, Mickael; Mani, Francesco; Denis, Benoit; D’Errico, Raffaele

2016-01-01

In this paper, we present an accurate and realistic simulation for body area networks (BAN) and body-to-body networks (BBN) using deterministic and semi-deterministic approaches. First, in the semi-deterministic approach, a real-time measurement campaign is performed, which is further characterized through statistical analysis. It is able to generate link-correlated and time-varying realistic traces (i.e., with consistent mobility patterns) for on-body and body-to-body shadowing and fading, including body orientations and rotations, by means of stochastic channel models. The full deterministic approach is particularly targeted to enhance IEEE 802.15.6 proposed channel models by introducing space and time variations (i.e., dynamic distances) through biomechanical modeling. In addition, it helps to accurately model the radio link by identifying the link types and corresponding path loss factors for line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS). This approach is particularly important for links that vary over time due to mobility. It is also important to add that the communication and protocol stack, including the physical (PHY), medium access control (MAC) and networking models, is developed for BAN and BBN, and the IEEE 802.15.6 compliance standard is provided as a benchmark for future research works of the community. Finally, the two approaches are compared in terms of the successful packet delivery ratio, packet delay and energy efficiency. The results show that the semi-deterministic approach is the best option; however, for the diversity of the mobility patterns and scenarios applicable, biomechanical modeling and the deterministic approach are better choices. PMID:27104537

Toxic trace elements in solid airborne particles and ecological risk assessment in the vicinity of local boiler house plants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Talovskaya, Anna V.; Osipova, Nina A.; Yazikov, Egor G.; Shakhova, Tatyana S.

2017-11-01

The article deals with assessment of anthropogenic pollution in vicinity of local boilers using the data on microelement composition of solid airborne particles deposited in snow. The anthropogenic feature of elevated accumulation levels of solid airborne particles deposited in snow in the vicinity of coal-fired boiler house is revealed in elevated concentrations (3-25 higher than background) of Cd, Sb, Mo, Pb, Sr, Ba, Ni, Mo, Zn and Co. In the vicinity oil-fired boiler house the specific elements as parts of solid airborne particles deposited in snow are V, Ni and Sb, as their content exceeds the background from 3 to 8 times. It is determined that the maximum shares in non-carcinogenic human health risk from chronic inhalation of trace elements to the human body in the vicinity of coal-fired boiler house belong to Al, Mn, Cu, Ba, Co, Pb, whereas in the vicinity of oil-fired boiler house - Al, Mn, Cu, Ni, V.

System and process for dissolution of solids

DOEpatents

Liezers, Martin; Farmer, III, Orville T.

2017-10-10

A system and process are disclosed for dissolution of solids and "difficult-to-dissolve" solids. A solid sample may be ablated in an ablation device to generate nanoscale particles. Nanoparticles may then swept into a coupled plasma device operating at atmospheric pressure where the solid nanoparticles are atomized. The plasma exhaust may be delivered directly into an aqueous fluid to form a solution containing the atomized and dissolved solids. The composition of the resulting solution reflects the composition of the original solid sample.

Diet-beverage consumption and caloric intake among US adults, overall and by body weight.

PubMed

Bleich, Sara N; Wolfson, Julia A; Vine, Seanna; Wang, Y Claire

2014-03-01

We examined national patterns in adult diet-beverage consumption and caloric intake by body-weight status. We analyzed 24-hour dietary recall with National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010 data (adults aged ≥ 20 years; n = 23 965). Overall, 11% of healthy-weight, 19% of overweight, and 22% of obese adults drink diet beverages. Total caloric intake was higher among adults consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) compared with diet beverages (2351 kcal/day vs 2203 kcal/day; P = .005). However, the difference was only significant for healthy-weight adults (2302 kcal/day vs 2095 kcal/day; P < .001). Among overweight and obese adults, calories from solid-food consumption were higher among adults consuming diet beverages compared with SSBs (overweight: 1965 kcal/day vs 1874 kcal/day; P = .03; obese: 2058 kcal/day vs 1897 kcal/day; P < .001). The net increase in daily solid-food consumption associated with diet-beverage consumption was 88 kilocalories for overweight and 194 kilocalories for obese adults. Overweight and obese adults drink more diet beverages than healthy-weight adults and consume significantly more solid-food calories and a comparable total calories than overweight and obese adults who drink SSBs. Heavier US adults who drink diet beverages will need to reduce solid-food calorie consumption to lose weight.

Diet-Beverage Consumption and Caloric Intake Among US Adults, Overall and by Body Weight

PubMed Central

Bleich, Sara N.; Wolfson, Julia A.; Vine, Seanna; Wang, Y. Claire

2014-01-01

Objectives. We examined national patterns in adult diet-beverage consumption and caloric intake by body-weight status. Methods. We analyzed 24-hour dietary recall with National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2010 data (adults aged ≥ 20 years; n = 23 965). Results. Overall, 11% of healthy-weight, 19% of overweight, and 22% of obese adults drink diet beverages. Total caloric intake was higher among adults consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) compared with diet beverages (2351 kcal/day vs 2203 kcal/day; P = .005). However, the difference was only significant for healthy-weight adults (2302 kcal/day vs 2095 kcal/day; P < .001). Among overweight and obese adults, calories from solid-food consumption were higher among adults consuming diet beverages compared with SSBs (overweight: 1965 kcal/day vs 1874 kcal/day; P = .03; obese: 2058 kcal/day vs 1897 kcal/day; P < .001). The net increase in daily solid-food consumption associated with diet-beverage consumption was 88 kilocalories for overweight and 194 kilocalories for obese adults. Conclusions. Overweight and obese adults drink more diet beverages than healthy-weight adults and consume significantly more solid-food calories and a comparable total calories than overweight and obese adults who drink SSBs. Heavier US adults who drink diet beverages will need to reduce solid-food calorie consumption to lose weight. PMID:24432876

Indigenous microbial capability in solid manure residues to start-up solid-phase anaerobic digesters.

PubMed

Yap, S D; Astals, S; Jensen, P D; Batstone, D J; Tait, S

2017-06-01

Batch solid-phase anaerobic digestion is a technology for sustainable on-farm treatment of solid residues, but is an emerging technology that is yet to be optimised with respect to start-up and inoculation. In the present study, spent bedding from two piggeries (site A and B) were batch digested at total solids (TS) concentration of 5, 10 and 20% at mesophilic (37°C) and thermophilic (55°C) temperatures, without adding an external inoculum. The results showed that the indigenous microbial community present in spent bedding was able to recover the full methane potential of the bedding (140±5 and 227±6L CH 4 kgVS fed -1 for site A and B, respectively), but longer treatment times were required than for digestion with an added external inoculum. Nonetheless, at high solid loadings (i.e. TS level>10%), the digestion performance was affected by chemical inhibition due to ammonia and/or humic acid. Thermophilic temperatures did not influence digestion performance but did increase start-up failure risk. Further, inoculation of residues from the batch digestion to subsequent batch enhanced start-up and achieved full methane potential recovery of the bedding. Inoculation with liquid residue (leachate) was preferred over a solid residue, to preserve treatment capacity for fresh substrate. Overall, the study highlighted that indigenous microbial community in the solid manure residue was capable of recovering full methane potential and that solid-phase digestion was ultimately limited by chemical inhibition rather than lack of suitable microbial community. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of breed and feeding system on milk production, body weight, body condition score, reproductive performance, and postpartum ovarian function.

PubMed

Walsh, S; Buckley, F; Pierce, K; Byrne, N; Patton, J; Dillon, P

2008-11-01

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential differences among Holstein-Friesian (HF), Montbéliarde (MB), Normande (NM), Norwegian Red (NRF), Montbéliarde x Holstein-Friesian (MBX), and Normande x Holstein-Friesian (NMX) across 2 seasonal grass-based systems of milk production. The effects of breed and feeding system on milk production, body weight, body condition score, fertility performance, hormone parameters, ovarian function, and survival were determined by using mixed model methodology, generalized linear models, and survival analysis. The 5-yr study comprised up to 749 lactations on 309 cows in one research herd. The HF produced the greatest yield of solids-corrected milk, the MB and NM produced the least yields, and NRF, MBX, and NMX were intermediate. The NRF had the lowest body weight throughout lactation, the NM had the highest, and the other breeds were intermediate. Body condition score was greatest for MB and NM, least for HF, and intermediate for NRF, MBX, and NMX. The HF had a lower submission rate and overall pregnancy rate compared with the NRF. The NRF survived the longest in the herd, the HF survived the shortest, and the NM, MB, MBX, and NMX were intermediate. Breed of dairy cow had no effect on selected milk progesterone parameters from 5 d postpartum until 26 d after first artificial insemination. Breed of dairy cow did not influence insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 around parturition or at the start of the breeding season. Animals offered a high-concentrate diet had greater milk yield, but they did not have improved reproductive performance. Differences observed between the different breeds in this study are a likely consequence of the past selection criteria for the respective breeds.

Sample Results from MCU Solids Outage

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Peters, T.; Washington, A.; Oji, L.

2014-09-22

Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has received several solid and liquid samples from MCU in an effort to understand and recover from the system outage starting on April 6, 2014. SRNL concludes that the presence of solids in the Salt Solution Feed Tank (SSFT) is the likely root cause for the outage, based upon the following discoveries: A solids sample from the extraction contactor #1 proved to be mostly sodium oxalate; A solids sample from the scrub contactor#1 proved to be mostly sodium oxalate; A solids sample from the Salt Solution Feed Tank (SSFT) proved to be mostly sodium oxalate;more » An archived sample from Tank 49H taken last year was shown to contain a fine precipitate of sodium oxalate; A solids sample from ; A liquid sample from the SSFT was shown to have elevated levels of oxalate anion compared to the expected concentration in the feed. Visual inspection of the SSFT indicated the presence of precipitated or transferred solids, which were likely also in the Salt Solution Receipt Tank (SSRT). The presence of the solids coupled with agitation performed to maintain feed temperature resulted in oxalate solids migration through the MCU system and caused hydraulic issues that resulted in unplanned phase carryover from the extraction into the scrub, and ultimately the strip contactors. Not only did this carryover result in the Strip Effluent (SE) being pushed out of waste acceptance specification, but it resulted in the deposition of solids into several of the contactors. At the same time, extensive deposits of aluminosilicates were found in the drain tube in the extraction contactor #1. However it is not known at this time how the aluminosilicate solids are related to the oxalate solids. The solids were successfully cleaned out of the MCU system. However, future consideration must be given to the exclusion of oxalate solids into the MCU system. There were 53 recommendations for improving operations recently identified. Some additional

First Report of Garlic Rust Caused by Puccinia allii on Allium sativum in Minnesota

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In July 2010, Allium sativum, cultivar German Extra Hardy Porcelain plants showing foliar symptoms typical of rust infection were brought to the Plant Disease Clinic at the University of Minnesota by a commercial grower from Fillmore county Minnesota. Infected leaves showed circular to oblong lesio...

Effect of UV-B light and different cutting styles on antioxidant enhancement of commercial fresh-cut carrot products

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The results of the present study show that exposing five commercial fresh-cut carrot products (baby carrots, carrot sticks, shredded carrots, crinkle cut coins, and oblong chips) to UV-B radiation can significantly increase the antioxidant capacity of carrots. Optimization of the nutritional benefic...

Studies on long-term preservation of dormant buds of Juglans cinerea

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Juglans cinerea (butternut) is a deciduous tree native to the United States and Canada with oblong shaped nuts with an oily texture and a pleasant flavour. The species is threatened by a canker disease caused by the introduced fungus (Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum) which already eradicated...

CSBB-ConeExclusion, adapting structure based solution virtual screening to libraries on solid support.

PubMed

Shave, Steven; Auer, Manfred

2013-12-23

Combinatorial chemical libraries produced on solid support offer fast and cost-effective access to a large number of unique compounds. If such libraries are screened directly on-bead, the speed at which chemical space can be explored by chemists is much greater than that addressable using solution based synthesis and screening methods. Solution based screening has a large supporting body of software such as structure-based virtual screening tools which enable the prediction of protein-ligand complexes. Use of these techniques to predict the protein bound complexes of compounds synthesized on solid support neglects to take into account the conjugation site on the small molecule ligand. This may invalidate predicted binding modes, the linker may be clashing with protein atoms. We present CSBB-ConeExclusion, a methodology and computer program which provides a measure of the applicability of solution dockings to solid support. Output is given in the form of statistics for each docking pose, a unique 2D visualization method which can be used to determine applicability at a glance, and automatically generated PyMol scripts allowing visualization of protein atom incursion into a defined exclusion volume. CSBB-ConeExclusion is then exemplarically used to determine the optimum attachment point for a purine library targeting cyclin-dependent kinase 2 CDK2.

Solid Waste: Health Concerns

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Duel, Ward

1975-01-01

In this article the means of disposing solid wastes are discussed with reference to their health hazards and environmental desirability. Included in the discussion are solid waste dumps, landfills, incinerators, and grinders. Some attention is given to the reclamation of mineral resources from trash. (MA)

Body dissatisfaction and attentional bias to thin bodies.

PubMed

Glauert, Rebecca; Rhodes, Gillian; Fink, Bernhard; Grammer, Karl

2010-01-01

Evidence for attentional biases to weight- and shape-related information in women with eating concerns is inconclusive. We investigated whether body dissatisfaction is associated with an attentional bias toward thin bodies using a modified dot probe task. In three studies, we found that undergraduate females were faster to discriminate the direction of an arrow cue when it appeared in the location previously occupied by a thin than a fat body. This attentional bias toward thin bodies was found using extreme stimuli (thin and fat bodies) presented for 500 ms (Experiment 1), extreme stimuli presented for 150 ms (Experiment 2), and less extreme stimuli that were equated for perceived extremity, presented for 150 ms (Experiment 3). When the stimuli were equated on perceptual extremity, the more dissatisfied a woman was with her body, and the larger her own BMI, the less of an attentional bias she showed toward thin bodies. Our results indicate that women have an attentional bias to thin bodies, which appears to be automatic. Contrary to prediction, this bias was weaker in women with greater BMI and body dissatisfaction. This result offers no support for the view that selective attention to thin bodies is causally related to body dissatisfaction.

Melting phase relations in the Fe-S and Fe-S-O systems at core conditions in small terrestrial bodies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pommier, Anne; Laurenz, Vera; Davies, Christopher J.; Frost, Daniel J.

2018-05-01

We report an experimental investigation of phase equilibria in the Fe-S and Fe-S-O systems. Experiments were performed at high temperatures (1400-1850 °C) and high pressures (14 and 20 GPa) using a multi-anvil apparatus. The results of this study are used to understand the effect of sulfur and oxygen on core dynamics in small terrestrial bodies. We observe that the formation of solid FeO grains occurs at the Fe-S liquid - Fe solid interface at high temperature ( > 1400 °C at 20 GPa). Oxygen fugacities calculated for each O-bearing sample show that redox conditions vary from ΔIW = -0.65 to 0. Considering the relative density of each phase and existing evolutionary models of terrestrial cores, we apply our experimental results to the cores of Mars and Ganymede. We suggest that the presence of FeO in small terrestrial bodies tends to contribute to outer-core compositional stratification. Depending on the redox and thermal history of the planet, FeO may also help form a transitional redox zone at the core-mantle boundary.

Solid polymer electrolyte lithium batteries

DOEpatents

Alamgir, M.; Abraham, K.M.

1993-10-12

This invention pertains to Lithium batteries using Li ion (Li[sup +]) conductive solid polymer electrolytes composed of solvates of Li salts immobilized in a solid organic polymer matrix. In particular, this invention relates to Li batteries using solid polymer electrolytes derived by immobilizing solvates formed between a Li salt and an aprotic organic solvent (or mixture of such solvents) in poly(vinyl chloride). 3 figures.

Superior Blends Solid Polymer Electrolyte with Integrated Hierarchical Architectures for All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries.

PubMed

Zhang, Dechao; Zhang, Long; Yang, Kun; Wang, Hongqiang; Yu, Chuang; Xu, Di; Xu, Bo; Wang, Li-Min

2017-10-25

Exploration of advanced solid electrolytes with good interfacial stability toward electrodes is a highly relevant research topic for all-solid-state batteries. Here, we report PCL/SN blends integrating with PAN-skeleton as solid polymer electrolyte prepared by a facile method. This polymer electrolyte with hierarchical architectures exhibits high ionic conductivity, large electrochemical windows, high degree flexibility, good flame-retardance ability, and thermal stability (workable at 80 °C). Additionally, it demonstrates superior compatibility and electrochemical stability toward metallic Li as well as LiFePO 4 cathode. The electrolyte/electrode interfaces are very stable even subjected to 4.5 V at charging state for long time. The LiFePO 4 /Li all-solid-state cells based on this electrolyte deliver high capacity, outstanding cycling stability, and superior rate capability better than those based on liquid electrolyte. This solid polymer electrolyte is eligible for next generation high energy density all-solid-state batteries.

SOLID PROPELLANT COMBUSTION MECHANISM STUDIES.

DTIC Science & Technology

SOLID ROCKET PROPELLANTS, BURNING RATE), LOW PRESSURE, COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, QUENCHING, THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, KINETIC THEORY, SURFACE PROPERTIES, PHASE STUDIES, SOLIDS, GASES, PYROLYSIS, MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS.

The SoLid experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalousis, L. N.; SoLid Collaboration

2017-09-01

The SoLid experiment is a short-baseline project, probing the disappearance of reactor antineutrinos using a novel detector design. Installed at a very short distance of ˜ 5.5 - 10 m from the BR2 research reactor at SCK·CEN in Mol (Belgium) it will be able to search for active-to-sterile neutrino oscillations, exploring most of the allowed parameter region. SoLid will make use of a highly segmented detector, built from 5 cm PVT cubes, interleaved with 6LiF:ZnS(Ag) screens, and read out by optical fibers and Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). The detector granularity allows for the localization of the positron and neutron signals from antineutrino interactions and the robust neutron identification capabilities, offered by the 6LiF:ZnS(Ag) inorganic scintillator, provide background suppression to an unparalleled level. This paper reviews the experimental layout and current status of SoLid. Emphasis is put on the challenges one faces towards this measurement, focusing on the decisions and strategy adapted by the SoLid collaboration. The analysis scheme and the details of the oscillation framework are also presented, highlighting the sensitivity contour and physics potential of SoLid. Finally, other physics topics, such as, reactor monitoring or measurement of the 235U spectrum are also covered.

Whole-body 3D scanner and scan data report

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Addleman, Stephen R.

1997-03-01

With the first whole-body 3D scanner now available the next adventure confronting the user is what to do with all of the data. While the system was built for anthropologists, it has created interest among users from a wide variety of fields. Users with applications in the fields of anthropology, costume design, garment design, entertainment, VR and gaming have a need for the data in formats unique to their fields. Data from the scanner is being converted to solid models for art and design and NURBS for computer graphics applications. Motion capture has made scan data move and dance. The scanner has created a need for advanced application software just as other scanners have in the past.

Electrically tunable soft solid lens inspired by reptile and bird accommodation.

PubMed

Pieroni, Michael; Lagomarsini, Clara; De Rossi, Danilo; Carpi, Federico

2016-10-26

Electrically tunable lenses are conceived as deformable adaptive optical components able to change focus without motor-controlled translations of stiff lenses. In order to achieve large tuning ranges, large deformations are needed. This requires new technologies for the actuation of highly stretchable lenses. This paper presents a configuration to obtain compact tunable lenses entirely made of soft solid matter (elastomers). This was achieved by combining the advantages of dielectric elastomer actuation (DEA) with a design inspired by the accommodation of reptiles and birds. An annular DEA was used to radially deform a central solid-body lens. Using an acrylic elastomer membrane, a silicone lens and a simple fabrication method, we assembled a tunable lens capable of focal length variations up to 55%, driven by an actuator four times larger than the lens. As compared to DEA-based liquid lenses, the novel architecture halves the required driving voltages, simplifies the fabrication process and allows for a higher versatility in design. These new lenses might find application in systems requiring large variations of focus with low power consumption, silent operation, low weight, shock tolerance, minimized axial encumbrance and minimized changes of performance against vibrations and variations in temperature.

Preparation and evaluation of valsartan by a novel semi-solid self-microemulsifying delivery system using Gelucire 44/14.

PubMed

Zhao, Kun; Yuan, Yue; Wang, Hui; Li, Panpan; Bao, Zhihong; Li, Yue

2016-10-01

The aim of the present study was to develop a novel semi-solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) using Gelucire(®) 44/14 as oil with strong solid character to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drug valsartan. The solubility of valsartan in various excipients was determined, the pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed in order to screen the optimal excipients, and DSC analysis was performed to evaluate the melting point of SMEDDS. The optimal drug-loaded SMEDDS formulation was consisted of 30% Gelucire(®) 44/14 (oil), 40% Solutol(®) HS 15 (surfactant), and 30% Transcutol(®) P (cosurfactant) (w/w) with 80 mg valsartan/g excipients. The average droplet sizes of the optimized blank and drug-loaded SMEDDS formulations were 26.20 ± 1.43 and 33.34 ± 2.15 nm, and the melting points of them were 35.6 and 36.8 °C, respectively. The in vitro dissolution rate of optimal semi-solid SMEDDS was increased compared with commercial capsules, resulting in the 2.72-fold and 2.97-fold enhancement of Cmax and AUC0-t after oral administration in rats, respectively. These results indicated that the novel semi-solid SMEDDS formulation could potentially improve the oral bioavailability of valsartan, and the semi-solid SMEDDS was a desirable system than the traditional liquid SMEDDS because it was convenient for preparation, storage and transportation due to semi-solid state at room temperature and melted state at body temperature.

Alternate pathways of body shape evolution translate into common patterns of locomotor evolution in two clades of lizards.

PubMed

Bergmann, Philip J; Irschick, Duncan J

2010-06-01

Body shape has a fundamental impact on organismal function, but it is unknown how functional morphology and locomotor performance and kinematics relate across a diverse array of body shapes. We showed that although patterns of body shape evolution differed considerably between lizards of the Phrynosomatinae and Lerista, patterns of locomotor evolution coincided between clades. Specifically, we found that the phrynosomatines evolved a stocky phenotype through body widening and limb shortening, whereas Lerista evolved elongation through body lengthening and limb shortening. In both clades, relative limb length played a key role in locomotor evolution and kinematic strategies, with long-limbed species moving faster and taking longer strides. In Lerista, the body axis also influenced locomotor evolution. Similar patterns of locomotor evolution were likely due to constraints on how the body can move. However, these common patterns of locomotor evolution between the two clades resulted in different kinematic strategies and levels of performance among species because of their morphological differences. Furthermore, we found no evidence that distinct body shapes are adaptations to different substrates, as locomotor kinematics did not change on loose or solid substrates. Our findings illustrate the importance of studying kinematics to understand the mechanisms of locomotor evolution and phenotype-function relationships.

Instability in a system of two interacting liquid films: Formation of liquid bridges between solid surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Forcada, Mikel L.

1993-01-01

A theoretical study of systems composed of two solid-supported liquid films that are subject to a mutual attractive interaction reveals the existence of a mechanical instability: for distances closer than a certain threshold value, the system composed by two separate liquid films has no stable equilibrium configurations, and the system collapses to form a single liquid body. The sudden condensation of a connecting liquid bridge when two solid surfaces are brought to close proximity inside an undersaturated medium has been observed experimentally using the surface-force apparatus [see, e.g., Christenson et al., Phys. Rev. B 39, 11750 (1989)]. In this paper, these results are explained as follows: first, liquid films condense on the surfaces; then, if the distance is short enough, the films jump to contact, because of a mechanical instability due to attractive interactions.

Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS) study: a randomised controlled trial of a baby-led approach to complementary feeding.

PubMed

Daniels, Lisa; Heath, Anne-Louise M; Williams, Sheila M; Cameron, Sonya L; Fleming, Elizabeth A; Taylor, Barry J; Wheeler, Ben J; Gibson, Rosalind S; Taylor, Rachael W

2015-11-12

In 2002, the World Health Organization recommended that the age for starting complementary feeding should be changed from 4 to 6 months of age to 6 months. Although this change in age has generated substantial debate, surprisingly little attention has been paid to whether advice on how to introduce complementary foods should also be changed. It has been proposed that by 6 months of age most infants will have developed sufficient motor skills to be able to feed themselves rather than needing to be spoon-fed by an adult. This has the potential to predispose infants to better growth by fostering better energy self-regulation, however no randomised controlled trials have been conducted to determine the benefits and risks of such a "baby-led" approach to complementary feeding. This is of particular interest given the widespread use of "Baby-Led Weaning" by parents internationally. The Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS) study aims to assess the efficacy and acceptability of a modified version of Baby-Led Weaning that has been altered to address potential concerns with iron status, choking and growth faltering. The BLISS study will recruit 200 families from Dunedin, New Zealand, who book into the region's only maternity hospital. Parents will be randomised into an intervention (BLISS) or control group for a 12-month intervention with further follow-up at 24 months of age. Both groups will receive the standard Well Child care provided to all parents in New Zealand. The intervention group will receive additional parent contacts (n = 8) for support and education on BLISS from before birth to 12 months of age. Outcomes of interest include body mass index at 12 months of age (primary outcome), energy self-regulation, iron and zinc intake and status, diet quality, choking, growth faltering and acceptability to parents. This study is expected to provide insight into the feasibility of a baby-led approach to complementary feeding and the extent to which this method of

Solid state recorders for airborne reconnaissance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klang, Mark R.

2003-08-01

Solid state recorders have become the recorder of choice for meeting airborne ruggedized requirements for reconnaissance and flight test. The cost of solid state recorders have decreased over the past few years that they are now less expense than the traditional high speed tape recorders. CALCULEX, Inc manufactures solid state recorders called MONSSTR (Modular Non-volatile Solid State Recorder). MONSSTR is being used on many different platforms such as F/A-22, Global Hawk, F-14, F-15, F-16, U-2, RF-4, and Tornado. This paper will discuss the advantages of using solid state recorders to meet the airborne reconnaissance requirement and the ability to record instrumentation data. The CALCULEX recorder has the ability to record sensor data and flight test data in the same chassis. This is an important feature because it eliminates additional boxes on the aircraft. The major advantages to using a solid state recorder include; reliability, small size, light weight, and power. Solid state recorders also have a larger storage capacity and higher bandwidth capability than other recording devices.

Flight service evaluation of Kevlar-49/epoxy composite panels in wide-bodied commercial transport aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stone, R. H.

1977-01-01

Kevlar-49 fairing panels, installed as flight service components on three L-1011s, were inspected after three years' service, and found to be performing satisfactorily. There are six Kevlar-49 panels on each aircraft, including sandwich and solid laminate wing-body panels, and 150 C service aft engine fairings. The service history to date indicates that Kevlar-49 epoxy composite materials have satisfactory service characteristics for use in aircraft secondary structure.

Response of Solid He-4 to External Stress: Interdigital Capacitor Solid Level Detector and Optical Interferometer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fay, J.; Wada, Y.; Masutomi, R.; Elkholy, T.; Kojima, H.

2003-01-01

Two experiments are being conducted to observe the liquid/solid interface of He-4 near 1 K. Interesting instabilities are expected to occur when the solid is non-hydrostatically stressed. (1)A compact interdigital capacitor is used as a level detector to observe solid He-4 to which stresses are applied externally. The capacitor consists of 38 interlaced 50 m wide and 3.8 mm long gold films separated by 50 m and deposited onto a 5 mm by 5 mm sapphire substrate. The capacitor is placed on one flat end wall of a cylindrical chamber (xx mm diameter and xx mm long). The solid is grown to a known height and a stress is applied by a tubular PZT along the cylindrical axis. The observed small change in height of the solid at the wall is linearly proportional to the applied stress. The solid height decreases under compressive stress but does not change under tensile stress. The response of the solid on compressive stress is consistent with the expected quadratic dependence on strain. (2)Interferometric techniques are being developed for observing the solid He-4 surface profile. A laser light source is brought into the low temperature region via single mode optical fiber. The interference pattern is transmitted back out of the low temperature apparatus via optical fiber bundle. The solid He-4 growth chamber will be equipped with two PZT's such that stress can be applied from orthogonal directions. Orthogonally applied stress is expected to induce surface instability with island-like deformation on a grid pattern. Apparatus design and progress of its construction are described.

ELECTRON IRRADIATION OF SOLIDS

DOEpatents

Damask, A.C.

1959-11-01

A method is presented for altering physical properties of certain solids, such as enhancing the usefulness of solids, in which atomic interchange occurs through a vacancy mechanism, electron irradiation, and temperature control. In a centain class of metals, alloys, and semiconductors, diffusion or displacement of atoms occurs through a vacancy mechanism, i.e., an atom can only move when there exists a vacant atomic or lattice site in an adjacent position. In the process of the invention highenergy electron irradiation produces additional vacancies in a solid over those normally occurring at a given temperature and allows diffusion of the component atoms of the solid to proceed at temperatures at which it would not occur under thermal means alone in any reasonable length of time. The invention offers a precise way to increase the number of vacancies and thereby, to a controlled degree, change the physical properties of some materials, such as resistivity or hardness.

Intra-event variability of Escherichia coli and total suspended solids in urban stormwater runoff.

PubMed

McCarthy, D T; Hathaway, J M; Hunt, W F; Deletic, A

2012-12-15

Sediment levels are important for environmental health risk assessments of surface water bodies, while faecal pollution can introduce significant public health risks for users of these systems. Urban stormwater is one of the largest sources of contaminants to surface waters, yet the fate and transport of these contaminants (especially those microbiological) have received little attention in the literature. Stormwater runoff from five urbanized catchments were monitored for pathogen indicator bacteria and total suspended solids in two developed countries. Multiple discrete samples were collected during each storm event, allowing an analysis of intra-event characteristics such as initial concentration, peak concentration, maximum rate of change, and relative confidence interval. The data suggest that a catchment's area influences pollutant characteristics, as larger catchments have more complex stormwater infrastructure and more variable pollutant sources. The variability of total suspended solids for many characteristics was similar to Escherichia coli, indicating that the variability of E. coli may not be substantially higher than that of other pollutants as initially speculated. Further, variations in E. coli appeared to be more commonly correlated to antecedent climate, while total suspended solids were more highly correlated to rainfall/runoff characteristics. This emphasizes the importance of climate on microbial persistence and die off in urban systems. Discrete intra-event concentrations of total suspended solids and, to a lesser extent E. coli, were correlated to flow, velocity, and rainfall intensity (adjusted by time of concentrations). Concentration changes were found to be best described by adjusted rainfall intensity, as shown by other researchers. This study has resulted in an increased understanding of the magnitude of intra-event variations of total suspended solids and E. coli and what physical and climatic parameters influence these variations

Aging, body image, and body shape.

PubMed

Ferraro, F Richard; Muehlenkamp, Jennifer J; Paintner, Ashley; Wasson, Kayla; Hager, Tracy; Hoverson, Fallon

2008-10-01

Participants were 25 older men (M age = 72 years, SD = 10 years) and 27 older women (M age = 71 years, SD = 8 years) who examined multiple line-drawing figures of babies, children, young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults. Participants picked a number on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (very thin) to 9 (very obese) in response to questions including "Which is the most attractive?" and "Which figure would you most like to look like?" They also completed questionnaires about their body image and body shape. In response to the age-specific line drawings (e.g., those depicting older men and older women), older women endorsed thinner figures (e.g., picked smaller numbers) than did men. Likewise, older women reported thinking more about their body shape and appearance than did men and perceived their body image as "a little too big" in comparison with the older men who perceived their body image as "just the right size." However, a breakdown of normal and overweight women in this sample revealed that for some overweight elderly women, obesity could become a satisfactory way of life. Much as with college-aged women, the endorsement of a thinner body image by many of the older adult female participants appeared to persist into late adulthood and suggests that research into body image issues with older adults is relevant and necessary.

Elongated solid electrolyte cell configurations and flexible connections therefor

DOEpatents

Reichner, Philip

1989-01-01

A flexible, high temperature, solid oxide electrolyte electrochemical cell stack configuration is made, comprising a plurality of flattened, elongated, connected cell combinations 1, each cell combination containing an interior electrode 2 having a top surface and a plurality of interior gas feed conduits 3, through its axial length, electrolyte 5 contacting the interior electrode and exterior electrode 8 contacting electrolyte, where a major portion of the air electrode top surface 7 is covered by interconnection material 6, and where each cell has at least one axially elongated, electronically conductive, flexible, porous, metal fiber felt material 9 in electronic connection with the air electrode 2 through contact with a major portion of the interconnection material 6, the metal fiber felt being effective as a shock absorbent body between the cells.

Solid-state rechargeable magnesium battery

DOEpatents

Shao, Yuyan; Liu, Jun; Liu, Tianbiao; Li, Guosheng

2016-09-06

Embodiments of a solid-state electrolyte comprising magnesium borohydride, polyethylene oxide, and optionally a Group IIA or transition metal oxide are disclosed. The solid-state electrolyte may be a thin film comprising a dispersion of magnesium borohydride and magnesium oxide nanoparticles in polyethylene oxide. Rechargeable magnesium batteries including the disclosed solid-state electrolyte may have a coulombic efficiency .gtoreq.95% and exhibit cycling stability for at least 50 cycles.

Solid State Research, 1980:1.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-02-15

ESD-TR-79-325 H 1 Solid State Research 1980 Prepared under Electronic Systems Division Contract FI%28-80-C-0002 by Lincoln Laboratory MASSkCHIISETTS...it is no longer needed. MASSACHUSETTS IN*STITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LINCOLN LABORATORY V SOLID STATE RESEARCH QUARTERLY TECHNICAL SUMMARY REPORT I NOVEMBER...January 1990. The topics covered a-e Solid State Device Research , Quantum Electronics, Materials Rese.rch, Microelec- tronics, and Analog Device

SOLIDS PRECIPITATION EVENT IN MCU CAUSAL ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM SOLIDS RECOVERY TEAM

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Garrison, A.; Aponte, C.

A process upset occurred in the Modular Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction Unit (MCU) facility on April 6th, 2014. During recovery efforts, a significant amount of solids were found in the Salt Solution Feed Tank (SSFT), Salt Solution Receipt Tanks (SSRTs), two extraction contactors, and scrub contactors. The solids were identified by Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) as primarily sodium oxalate and sodium alumina silicate (NAS) with the presence of some aluminum hydroxide. NAS solids have been present in the SSFT since simulant runs during cold chemical startup of MCU in 2007, and have not hindered operations since that time. During themore » process upset in April 2014, the oxalate solids partially blocked the aqueous outlet of the extraction contactors, causing salt solution to exit through the contactor organic outlet to the scrub contactors with the organic phase. This salt solution overwhelmed the scrub contactors and passed with the organic phase to the strip section of MCU. The partially reversed flow of salt solution resulted in a Strip Effluent (SE) stream that was high in Isopar™ L, pH and sodium. The primary cause of the excessive solids accumulation in the SSRTs and SSFT at MCU is attributed to an increase in the frequency of oxalic acid cleaning of the 512-S primary filter. Agitation in the SSRTs at MCU in response to cold weather likely provided the primary mechanism to transfer the solids to the contactors. Sources of the sodium oxalate solids are attributed to the oxalic acid cleaning solution used to clean the primary filter at the Actinide Removal Process (ARP) filtration at 512-S, as well as precipitation from the salt batch feed, which is at or near oxalate saturation. The Solids Recovery Team was formed to determine the cause of the solids formation and develop recommendations to prevent or mitigate this event in the future. A total of 53 recommendations were generated. These recommendations were organized into 4 focus areas: �

Novel Nanostructured Solid Materials for Modulating Oral Drug Delivery from Solid-State Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems.

PubMed

Dening, Tahnee J; Rao, Shasha; Thomas, Nicky; Prestidge, Clive A

2016-01-01

Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS) have gained significant attention in recent times, owing to their ability to overcome the challenges limiting the oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. Despite the successful commercialization of several LBDDS products over the years, a large discrepancy exists between the number of poorly water-soluble drugs displaying suboptimal in vivo performances and the application of LBDDS to mitigate their various delivery challenges. Conventional LBDDS, including lipid solutions and suspensions, emulsions, and self-emulsifying formulations, suffer from various drawbacks limiting their widespread use and commercialization. Accordingly, solid-state LBDDS, fabricated by adsorbing LBDDS onto a chemically inert solid carrier material, have attracted substantial interest as a viable means of stabilizing LBDDS whilst eliminating some of the various limitations. This review describes the impact of solid carrier choice on LBDDS performance and highlights the importance of appropriate solid carrier material selection when designing hybrid solid-state LBDDS. Specifically, emphasis is placed on discussing the ability of the specific solid carrier to modulate drug release, control lipase action and lipid digestion, and enhance biopharmaceutical performance above the original liquid-state LBDDS. To encourage the interested reader to consider their solid carrier choice on a higher level, various novel materials with the potential for future use as solid carriers for LBDDS are described. This review is highly significant in guiding future research directions in the solid-state LBDDS field and fostering the translation of these delivery systems to the pharmaceutical marketplace.

A short history of beverages and how our body treats them.

PubMed

Wolf, A; Bray, G A; Popkin, B M

2008-03-01

Numerous studies have demonstrated that beverages containing sugar, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) or alcohol are handled differently by the body than when sugar or HFCS are incorporated in solid foods and as a result the overall caloric intake from solid food does not adjust to account for the calories in these beverages. A consideration of our evolutionary history may help to explain our poor compensatory response to calories from fluids. This paper reviews the history of eight important beverages: milk, beer, wine, tea, coffee, distilled alcoholic beverages, juice and soft drinks. We arrive at two hypotheses. First, humans may lack a physiological basis for processing carbohydrate or alcoholic calories in beverage because only breast milk and water were available for the vast majority of our evolutionary history. Alternatives to those two beverages appeared in the human diet no more than 11,000 years ago, but Homo sapiens evolved between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago. Second, carbohydrate and alcohol-containing beverages may produce an incomplete satiation sequence which prevents us from becoming satiated on these beverages.

Evaluation of dry solid waste recycling from municipal solid waste: case of Mashhad city, Iran.

PubMed

Farzadkia, Mahdi; Jorfi, Sahand; Akbari, Hamideh; Ghasemi, Mehdi

2012-01-01

The recycling for recovery and reuse of material and energy resources undoubtedly provides a substantial alternative supply of raw materials and reduces the dependence on virgin feedstock. The main objective of this study was to assess the potential of dry municipal solid waste recycling in Mashhad city, Iran. Several questionnaires were prepared and distributed among various branches of the municipality, related organizations and people. The total amount of solid waste generated in Mashhad in 2008 was 594, 800  tons with per capita solid waste generation rate of 0.609  kg  person(-1) day(-1). Environmental educational programmes via mass media and direct education of civilians were implemented to publicize the advantages and necessity of recycling. The amount of recycled dry solid waste was increased from 2.42% of total dry solid waste (2588.36  ton  year(-1)) in 1999 to 7.22% (10, 165  ton  year(-1)) in 2008. The most important fractions of recycled dry solid waste in Mashhad included paper and board (51.33%), stale bread (14.59%), glass (9.73%), ferrous metals (9.73%), plastic (9.73%), polyethylene terephthalate (2.62%) and non-ferrous metals (0.97%). It can be concluded that unfortunately the potential of dry solid waste recycling in Mashhad has not been considered properly and there is a great effort to be made in order to achieve the desired conditions of recycling.

All-Solid-State Sodium-Selective Electrode with a Solid Contact of Chitosan/Prussian Blue Nanocomposite

PubMed Central

Ghosh, Tanushree; Rieger, Jana

2017-01-01

Conventional ion-selective electrodes with a liquid junction have the disadvantage of potential drift. All-solid-state ion-selective electrodes with solid contact in between the metal electrode and the ion-selective membrane offer high capacitance or conductance to enhance potential stability. Solution-casted chitosan/Prussian blue nanocomposite (ChPBN) was employed as the solid contact layer for an all-solid-state sodium ion-selective electrode in a potentiometric sodium ion sensor. Morphological and chemical analyses confirmed that the ChPBN is a macroporous network of chitosan that contains abundant Prussian blue nanoparticles. Situated between a screen-printed carbon electrode and a sodium-ionophore-filled polyvinylchloride ion-selective membrane, the ChPBN layer exhibited high redox capacitance and fast charge transfer capability, which significantly enhanced the performance of the sodium ion-selective electrode. A good Nernstian response with a slope of 52.4 mV/decade in the linear range from 10−4–1 M of NaCl was observed. The stability of the electrical potential of the new solid contact was tested by chronopotentiometry, and the capacitance of the electrode was 154 ± 4 µF. The response stability in terms of potential drift was excellent (1.3 µV/h) for 20 h of continuous measurement. The ChPBN proved to be an efficient solid contact to enhance the potential stability of the all-solid-state ion-selective electrode. PMID:29099804

Modelling dewatering behaviour through an understanding of solids formation processes. Part II--solids separation considerations.

PubMed

Dustan, A C; Cohen, B; Petrie, J G

2005-05-30

An understanding of the mechanisms which control solids formation can provide information on the characteristics of the solids which are formed. The nature of the solids formed in turn impacts on dewatering behaviour. The 'upstream' solids formation determines a set of suspension characteristics: solids concentration, particle size distribution, solution ionic strength and electrostatic surface potential. These characteristics together define the suspension's rheological properties. However, the complicated interdependence of these has precluded the prediction of suspension rheology from such a fundamental description of suspension characteristics. Recent shear yield stress models, applied in this study to compressive yield, significantly reduce the empiricism required for the description of compressive rheology. Suspension compressibility and permeability uniquely define the dewatering behaviour, described in terms of settling, filtration and mechanical expression. These modes of dewatering may be described in terms of the same fundamental suspension mechanics model. In this way, it is possible to link dynamically the processes of solids formation and dewatering of the resultant suspension. This, ultimately, opens the door to improved operability of these processes. In part I of this paper we introduced an integrated system model for solids formation and dewatering. This model was demonstrated for the upstream processes using experimental data. In this current paper models of colloidal interactions and dewatering are presented and compared to experimental results from batch filtration tests. A novel approach to predicting suspension compressibility and permeability using a single test configuration is presented and tested.

40 CFR 240.201 - Solid wastes excluded.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Solid wastes excluded. 240.201 Section 240.201 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR THE THERMAL PROCESSING OF SOLID WASTES Requirements and Recommended Procedures § 240.201 Solid...

40 CFR 240.201 - Solid wastes excluded.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Solid wastes excluded. 240.201 Section 240.201 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR THE THERMAL PROCESSING OF SOLID WASTES Requirements and Recommended Procedures § 240.201 Solid...

40 CFR 240.200 - Solid wastes accepted.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Solid wastes accepted. 240.200 Section 240.200 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR THE THERMAL PROCESSING OF SOLID WASTES Requirements and Recommended Procedures § 240.200 Solid...

40 CFR 240.200 - Solid wastes accepted.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Solid wastes accepted. 240.200 Section 240.200 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES GUIDELINES FOR THE THERMAL PROCESSING OF SOLID WASTES Requirements and Recommended Procedures § 240.200 Solid...

Separation of solids by varying the bulk density of a fluid separating medium

DOEpatents

Peterson, Palmer L.; Duffy, James B.; Tokarz, Richard D.

1978-01-01

A method and apparatus for separating objects having a density greater than a selected density value from objects having a density less than said selected density value. The method typically comprises: (a) providing a separation vessel having an upper and lower portion, said vessel containing a liquid having a density exceeding said selected density value; (b) reducing the apparent density of the liquid to said selected density value by introducing solid, bubble-like bodies having a density less than that of the liquid into the lower portion of the vessel and permitting them to rise therethrough; (c) introducing the objects to be separated into the separation vessel and permitting the objects having a density greater than the apparent density of the liquid to sink to the lower portion of the vessel, while the objects having a density less than said selected density value float in the upper portion of the vessel; and (d) separately removing the higher density objects in the lower portion and the lower density objects in the upper portion from the separation vessel. The apparatus typically comprises: (a) a vessel containing a liquid having a density such that at least part of said objects having a density exceeding said selected density value will float therein; (b) means to place said objects into said vessel; (c) means to reduce the effective density of at least a portion of said liquid to said selected density value, whereby said objects having a density exceeding said selected density value sink into said liquid and said objects having a density less than said selected density value remain afloat, said means to adjust the effective density comprising solid, bubble-like bodies having a density less than said selected density value and means for introducing said bodies into said liquid; and (d) means for separately removing said objects having a density exceeding said selected density value and said objects having a density less than said selected density value

Development and Implementation of Environmentally Compatible Solid Film Lubricants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Novak, Howard L.; Hall, Phillip B.

1999-01-01

Multi-body launch vehicles require the use of Solid Film Lubricants (SFLs) to allow for unrestricted relative motion between structural assemblies and components during lift-off and ascent into orbit. The Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster (SRB), uses a dual coat, ceramic-bonded high temperature SFL in several locations such as restraint hardware between the SRB aft skirt and the Mobile Launch Platform (MLP), the aft SRB/External Tank (ET) attach struts, and the forward skirt SRB/ET attach ball assembly. Future launch systems may require similar applications of SFLs for attachment and restraint hardware. A family of environmentally compatible non-lead/antimony bearing alternative SFLs have been developed including a compatible repair material. In addition, commercial applications for SFLs on transportation equipment, all types of lubricated fasteners, and energy related equipment allow for wide usage's of these new lubricants. The new SFLs trade named BOOSTERLUBE is a family of single layer thin film (0.001 inch maximum) coatings that are a unique mixture of non-hazardous pigments in a compatible resin system that allows for low temperature curing (450 F). Significant savings in energy and processing time as well as elimination of hazardous material usage and disposal would result from the non-toxic one-step SFL application. Compatible air-dry field repair lubricants will help eliminate disassembly of launch vehicle restraint hardware during critical time sensitive assembly operations.

Robe's Restricted Problem of 2 + 2 Bodies with a Roche Ellipsoid - Triaxial System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aggarwal, Rajiv; Kaur, Bhavneet; Yadav, Sushil

2018-03-01

This paper investigates the motion of two infinitesimal masses on the location and stability of the equilibrium points in Robe's restricted problem of 2 + 2 bodies with the bigger primary a Roche ellipsoid and the smaller a triaxial body. We suppose the bigger primary of mass m 1 to be filled with a homogeneous incompressible fluid of density ρ 1. The third and the fourth bodies (of mass m 3 and m 4 respectively) are small solid spheres of density ρ 3 and ρ 4 respectively inside the ellipsoid, with the assumption that the mass and the radius of the third and the fourth body are infinitesimal. We assume that m 2 is describing a circle around m 1. The masses m 3 and m 4 mutually attract each other, do not influence the motion of m 1 and m 2 but are influenced by them. We have taken into consideration all the three components of the pressure field in deriving the expression for the buoyancy force viz (i) due to the own gravitational field of the fluid (ii) that originating in the attraction of m 2 (iii) that arising from the centrifugal force. In this paper, equilibrium solutions of m 3 and m 4 and their linear stability are analyzed.

Solid-State Electrolyte Anchored with a Carboxylated Azo Compound for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries.

PubMed

Luo, Chao; Ji, Xiao; Chen, Ji; Gaskell, Karen J; He, Xinzi; Liang, Yujia; Jiang, Jianjun; Wang, Chunsheng

2018-05-23

Organic electrode materials are promising for green and sustainable lithium-ion batteries. However, the high solubility of organic materials in the liquid electrolyte results in the shuttle reaction and fast capacity decay. Herein, azo compounds are firstly applied in all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLB) to suppress the dissolution challenge. Due to the high compatibility of azobenzene (AB) based compounds to Li 3 PS 4 (LPS) solid electrolyte, the LPS solid electrolyte is used to prevent the dissolution and shuttle reaction of AB. To maintain the low interface resistance during the large volume change upon cycling, a carboxylate group is added into AB to provide 4-(phenylazo) benzoic acid lithium salt (PBALS), which could bond with LPS solid electrolyte via the ionic bonding between oxygen in PBALS and lithium ion in LPS. The ionic bonding between the active material and solid electrolyte stabilizes the contact interface and enables the stable cycle life of PBALS in ASSLB. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Breastfeeding FAQs: Solids and Supplementing

MedlinePlus

... Staying Safe Videos for Educators Search English Español Breastfeeding FAQs: Solids and Supplementing KidsHealth / For Parents / Breastfeeding FAQs: Solids and Supplementing What's in this article? ...

Solid state switch

DOEpatents

Merritt, Bernard T.; Dreifuerst, Gary R.

1994-01-01

A solid state switch, with reverse conducting thyristors, is designed to operate at 20 kV hold-off voltage, 1500 A peak, 1.0 .mu.s pulsewidth, and 4500 pps, to replace thyratrons. The solid state switch is more reliable, more economical, and more easily repaired. The switch includes a stack of circuit card assemblies, a magnetic assist and a trigger chassis. Each circuit card assembly contains a reverse conducting thyristor, a resistor capacitor network, and triggering circuitry.

Alpine Russet: A potato cultivar having long tuber dormancy making it suitable for processing from long-term storage

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Alpine Russet is a later maturing, oblong-long, lightly russeted potato cultivar, notable for having tuber dormancy comparable to Russet Burbank. Processing quality of Alpine Russet from long-term storage is superior to Russet Burbank, with low percent reducing sugars and uniform fry color due to a...

Mountain Gem Russet: A medium to late season potato variety with high early and full season yield potential and excellent fresh market characteristics

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Mountain Gem Russet is a medium to late maturing variety with both high early and full season yields of oblong-long, medium-russeted tubers having higher protein content than those of standard potato varieties. Mountain Gem Russet has greater resistance to tuber late blight, tuber malformations and ...

Introduction to Solid Rocket Propulsion

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-01-01

totally valid. Fluid-“ structure ” coupling: structure is understood here as the assembly of all the solid parts of the motor: restrictors, grain, case...Conference and Exhibit, San Diego, CA, July 12, 1995. ASSM/POP Program [10] Fonctionnement des moteurs à propergol solide segmentés pour lanceurs ...spatiaux, Colloque CNES/ONERA, Châtillon, FR, Dec. 8-9, 1992. [11] Fonctionnement des moteurs à propergol solide segmentés pour lanceurs spatiaux

Phonons in quantum solids with defects. [lattice vacancies and interstitials in solid helium and metallic hydrogen

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jacobi, N.; Zmuidzinas, J. S.

1974-01-01

A formalism was developed for temperature-dependent, self-consistent phonons in quantum solids with defects. Lattice vacancies and interstitials in solid helium and metallic hydrogen, as well as electronic excitations in solid helium, were treated as defects that modify properties of these systems. The information to be gained from the modified phonon spectrum is discussed.

Barochemistry: Predictive Solid State Chemistry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoo, Choong-Shik

The application of compression energy comparable to that of chemical bonds, but substantially greater than those of defects and grain boundaries in solids allows us to pursue novel concepts of high-pressure chemistry (or barochemistry) in materials development by design. At such extreme pressures, simple molecular solids covert into densely packed extended network structures that can be predicted from first principles. In recent years, a significant number of new materials and novel extended structures have been designed and discovered in highly compressed states of the first- and second- row elemental solids, including Li, C, H2,N2, O2, CO, CO2, and H2O. These extended solids are extremely hard, have high energy density, and exhibit novel electronic and nonlinear optical properties that are superior to other known materials at ambient conditions. However, these materials are often formed at formidable pressures and are highly metastable at ambient conditions; only a few systems have been recovered, limiting the materials within a realm of fundamental scientific discoveries. Therefore, an exciting new research area has emerged on the barochemistry to understand and, ultimately, control the stability, bonding, structure, and properties of low Z extended solids. In this paper, we will present our recent research to develop hybrid low Z extended solids amenable to scale up synthesis and ambient stabilization, utilizing kinetically controlled processes in dense solid mixtures and discuss the governing fundamental principles of barochemistry. This work was performed in support of the NSF (DMR-1203834), DTRA (HDTRA1-12-01-0020), and DARPA (W31P4Q-12-1-0009).

Link between Food Energy Density and Body Weight Changes in Obese Adults

PubMed Central

Stelmach-Mardas, Marta; Rodacki, Tomasz; Dobrowolska-Iwanek, Justyna; Brzozowska, Anna; Walkowiak, Jarosław; Wojtanowska-Krosniak, Agnieszka; Zagrodzki, Paweł; Bechthold, Angela; Mardas, Marcin; Boeing, Heiner

2016-01-01

Regulating the energy density of food could be used as a novel approach for successful body weight reduction in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to conduct a systemic review of the literature on the relationship between food energy density and body weight changes in obese adults to obtain solid evidence supporting this approach. The search process was based on the selection of publications in the English language listed in public databases. A meta-analysis was performed to combine individual study results. Thirteen experimental and observational studies were identified and included in the final analysis. The analyzed populations consist of 3628 individuals aged 18 to 66 years. The studies varied greatly in terms of study populations, study design and applied dietary approaches. The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between low energy density foods and body weight reduction, i.e., −0.53 kg when low energy density foods were eaten (95% CI: −0.88, −0.19). In conclusions, this study adds evidence which supports the energy density of food as a simple but effective measure to manage weight in the obese with the aim of weight reduction. PMID:27104562

Solid Waste Activity Packet for Teachers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Illinois Univ., Urbana. Cooperative Extension Service.

This solid waste activity packet introduces students to the solid waste problem in Illinois. Topics explore consumer practices in the market place, packaging, individual and community garbage generation, and disposal practices. The activities provide an integrated approach to incorporating solid waste management issues into subject areas. The…

Arecibo Radar Investigations of Planetary and Small-Body Surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taylor, P. A.

2016-12-01

The 305-m William E. Gordon telescope at Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico is the most sensitive, most powerful, and most active planetary radar facility in the world. Over the last 50-plus years, the S-band (12.6 cm, 2380 MHz) and P-band (70 cm, 430 MHz) radars at Arecibo have studied solid bodies in the solar system from Mercury to Saturn's rings. Radar provides fine spatial resolution of these bodies surpassed only by dedicated spacecraft while adding the extra dimensions of near-surface, wavelength-scale roughness and penetration to several wavelengths below the surface. For asteroids and comets, this spatial resolution is akin to a spacecraft flyby revealing spin, size, and shape information and geologic features such as ridges, crater-like depressions, and boulders. For planetary bodies, radar can reveal geologic features on the surface such as ancient lava flows or features buried beneath the regolith including lava tubes and water-ice deposits. We will present an overview of how the Arecibo radar systems are utilized in the study of planetary and small-body surfaces and what can be learned without ever leaving the comfort of Earth's surface. The Arecibo Observatory is operated by SRI International under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation (AST-1100968) and in alliance with Ana G. Mendez-Universidad Metropolitana (UMET) and the Universities Space Research Association (USRA). The Arecibo Planetary Radar Program is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant Nos. NNX12AF24G and NNX13AQ46G issued through the Near-Earth Object Observations program and operated by USRA in alliance with SRI International and UMET.

The anelastic Ericksen problem: universal eigenstrains and deformations in compressible isotropic elastic solids.

PubMed

Yavari, Arash; Goriely, Alain

2016-12-01

The elastic Ericksen problem consists of finding deformations in isotropic hyperelastic solids that can be maintained for arbitrary strain-energy density functions. In the compressible case, Ericksen showed that only homogeneous deformations are possible. Here, we solve the anelastic version of the same problem, that is, we determine both the deformations and the eigenstrains such that a solution to the anelastic problem exists for arbitrary strain-energy density functions. Anelasticity is described by finite eigenstrains. In a nonlinear solid, these eigenstrains can be modelled by a Riemannian material manifold whose metric depends on their distribution. In this framework, we show that the natural generalization of the concept of homogeneous deformations is the notion of covariantly homogeneous deformations -deformations with covariantly constant deformation gradients. We prove that these deformations are the only universal deformations and that they put severe restrictions on possible universal eigenstrains . We show that, in a simply-connected body, for any distribution of universal eigenstrains the material manifold is a symmetric Riemannian manifold and that in dimensions 2 and 3 the universal eigenstrains are zero-stress.

The anelastic Ericksen problem: universal eigenstrains and deformations in compressible isotropic elastic solids

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

The elastic Ericksen problem consists of finding deformations in isotropic hyperelastic solids that can be maintained for arbitrary strain-energy density functions. In the compressible case, Ericksen showed that only homogeneous deformations are possible. Here, we solve the anelastic version of the same problem, that is, we determine both the deformations and the eigenstrains such that a solution to the anelastic problem exists for arbitrary strain-energy density functions. Anelasticity is described by finite eigenstrains. In a nonlinear solid, these eigenstrains can be modelled by a Riemannian material manifold whose metric depends on their distribution. In this framework, we show that the natural generalization of the concept of homogeneous deformations is the notion of covariantly homogeneous deformations—deformations with covariantly constant deformation gradients. We prove that these deformations are the only universal deformations and that they put severe restrictions on possible universal eigenstrains. We show that, in a simply-connected body, for any distribution of universal eigenstrains the material manifold is a symmetric Riemannian manifold and that in dimensions 2 and 3 the universal eigenstrains are zero-stress. PMID:28119554

The electrolytical processes in dirty ices: implications for origin and chemistry of minor bodies and related objects.

PubMed

Drobyshevski, E M; Chesnakov, V A; Sinitsyn, V V

1995-01-01

Many moonlike bodies (M approximately or = 1 Moon) beyond the Martian orbit contain large amounts of dirty ice (approximately 50%) forming thick mantle with the solid phase thermal convection. When a body moves through the inter- or nearplanetary magnetized plasma, electric current is generated in the body and its environment. The current passing through a dirty ice containing up to 10% of organic admixtures produces a lot of electrochemical effects which have a profound impact on its composition. At this stage one can hardly say something definite concerning changes experienced by organics. The changes must occur inevitably and can be of a rather unexpected and far-reaching nature, so deserving a close study. Another obvious effect is a volumetric electrolysis of ice containing alien inclusions. The electrolysis products accumulate in ice in the form of a solid solution which is capable of detonation at 15-20 wt.% of 2H2 + O2. If M > or = 1 Moon (Galilean satellites, Titan), the body loses in explosion a part of its mass in the form of vapor and ice fragments (=short-period comet nuclei), whereas if M < or = 0.2 Moon, the body breaks up totally (the Main Belt asteroids origin approximately 3.9 Byr ago). 2H2 + O2 containing cometary nuclei are capable of burning or suffer new explosions when receiving an additional energy. The combustion in the sublimation products containing also light organics and 2H2 + O2 explains unexpected energetics and nearnuclear chemistry of Comet P/Halley (e.g. great abundances of negative and positive ions, atomic carbon, CO over CO2, origin of CHON particles etc) and its distant outbursts correlated, possibly, with the Solar activity. Thus the electrochemical processes in the dirty ice with organics, along with its subsequent thermal, radiative etc. processing, open up new potentials for explanation and prediction of quite unexpected discoveries.

The effect of fluid and solid properties on the auxetic behavior of porous materials having rock-like microstructures

DOE PAGES

Wollner, U.; Vanorio, T.; Kiss, A. M.

2017-09-30

Materials with a negative Poisson's Ratio (PR), known as auxetics, exhibit the counterintuitive behavior of becoming wider when uniaxially stretched and thinner when compressed. Though negative PR is characteristic of polymer foams or cellular solids, tight as well as highly porous rocks have also been reported to exhibit negative PR. The paper proposes a novel auxetic structure based on pore-space configuration observed in rocks. We developed a theoretical auxetic 3D model consisting of rotating rigid bodies. To alleviate the mechanical assumption of rotating bodies, the theoretical model was modified to include crack-like features being represented by intersecting, elliptic cylinders. Wemore » then used a 3D printer to create a physical version of the modified model, whose PR was tested. We also numerically explored how the compressibility of fluids located in the pore-space of the modified model as well as how the elastic properties of the material from which the model is made of affect its auxetic behavior. Here, we conclude that for a porous medium composed of a single material saturated with a single fluid (a) the more compliant the fluid is and (b) the lower the PR of the solid material, the lower the PR value of the composite material.« less

The effect of fluid and solid properties on the auxetic behavior of porous materials having rock-like microstructures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wollner, U.; Vanorio, T.; Kiss, A. M.

Materials with a negative Poisson's Ratio (PR), known as auxetics, exhibit the counterintuitive behavior of becoming wider when uniaxially stretched and thinner when compressed. Though negative PR is characteristic of polymer foams or cellular solids, tight as well as highly porous rocks have also been reported to exhibit negative PR. The paper proposes a novel auxetic structure based on pore-space configuration observed in rocks. We developed a theoretical auxetic 3D model consisting of rotating rigid bodies. To alleviate the mechanical assumption of rotating bodies, the theoretical model was modified to include crack-like features being represented by intersecting, elliptic cylinders. Wemore » then used a 3D printer to create a physical version of the modified model, whose PR was tested. We also numerically explored how the compressibility of fluids located in the pore-space of the modified model as well as how the elastic properties of the material from which the model is made of affect its auxetic behavior. Here, we conclude that for a porous medium composed of a single material saturated with a single fluid (a) the more compliant the fluid is and (b) the lower the PR of the solid material, the lower the PR value of the composite material.« less

Solid-State Nanopore.

PubMed

Yuan, Zhishan; Wang, Chengyong; Yi, Xin; Ni, Zhonghua; Chen, Yunfei; Li, Tie

2018-02-20

Solid-state nanopore has captured the attention of many researchers due to its characteristic of nanoscale. Now, different fabrication methods have been reported, which can be summarized into two broad categories: "top-down" etching technology and "bottom-up" shrinkage technology. Ion track etching method, mask etching method chemical solution etching method, and high-energy particle etching and shrinkage method are exhibited in this report. Besides, we also discussed applications of solid-state nanopore fabrication technology in DNA sequencing, protein detection, and energy conversion.

Solid-State Nanopore

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuan, Zhishan; Wang, Chengyong; Yi, Xin; Ni, Zhonghua; Chen, Yunfei; Li, Tie

2018-02-01

Solid-state nanopore has captured the attention of many researchers due to its characteristic of nanoscale. Now, different fabrication methods have been reported, which can be summarized into two broad categories: "top-down" etching technology and "bottom-up" shrinkage technology. Ion track etching method, mask etching method chemical solution etching method, and high-energy particle etching and shrinkage method are exhibited in this report. Besides, we also discussed applications of solid-state nanopore fabrication technology in DNA sequencing, protein detection, and energy conversion.

Solid state switch

DOEpatents

Merritt, B.T.; Dreifuerst, G.R.

1994-07-19

A solid state switch, with reverse conducting thyristors, is designed to operate at 20 kV hold-off voltage, 1,500 A peak, 1.0 [mu]s pulsewidth, and 4,500 pps, to replace thyratrons. The solid state switch is more reliable, more economical, and more easily repaired. The switch includes a stack of circuit card assemblies, a magnetic assist and a trigger chassis. Each circuit card assembly contains a reverse conducting thyristor, a resistor capacitor network, and triggering circuitry. 6 figs.

Body Hair

MedlinePlus

... girlshealth.gov/ Home Body Puberty Body hair Body hair Even before you get your first period , you ... removing pubic hair Ways to get rid of hair top Removing body hair can cause skin irritation, ...

Bacterial migration along solid surfaces.

PubMed Central

Harkes, G; Dankert, J; Feijen, J

1992-01-01

An in vitro system was developed to study the migration of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. In this system an aqueous agar gel is placed against a solid surface, allowing the bacteria to migrate along the gel/solid surface interface. Bacterial strains as well as solid surfaces were characterized by means of water contact angle and zeta potential measurements. When glass was used as the solid surface, significantly different migration times for the strains investigated were observed. Relationships among the observed migration times of six strains, their contact angles, and their zeta potentials were found. Relatively hydrophobic strains exhibited migration times shorter than those of hydrophilic strains. For highly negatively charged strains shorter migration times were found than were found for less negatively charged strains. When the fastest-migrating strain with respect to glass was allowed to migrate along solid surfaces differing in hydrophobicity and charge, no differences in migration times were found. Our findings indicate that strategies to prevent catheter-associated bacteriuria should be based on inhibition of bacterial growth rather than on modifying the physicochemical character of the catheter surface. PMID:1622217

Prediction of recrystallization behavior of troglitazone/polyvinylpyrrolidone solid dispersion by solid-state NMR.

PubMed

Ito, Atsutoshi; Watanabe, Tomoyuki; Yada, Shuichi; Hamaura, Takeshi; Nakagami, Hiroaki; Higashi, Kenjirou; Moribe, Kunikazu; Yamamoto, Keiji

2010-01-04

The purpose of this study was to elaborate the relationship between the (13)C CP/MAS NMR spectra and the recrystallization behavior during the storage of troglitazone solid dispersions. The solid dispersions were prepared by either the solvent method or by co-grinding. The recrystallization behavior under storage conditions at 40 degrees C/94% RH was evaluated by the Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (KJMA) equation. Solid dispersions prepared by the solvent method or by prolonged grinding brought about inhibition of the nucleation and the nuclei growth at the same time. No differences in the PXRD profiles were found in the samples prepared by the co-grinding and solvent methods, however, (13)C CP/MAS NMR showed significant differences in the spectra. The correlation coefficients using partial least square regression analysis between the PXRD profiles and the apparent nuclei-growth constant or induction period to nucleation were 0.1305 or 0.6350, respectively. In contrast, those between the (13)C CP/MAS NMR spectra and the constant or the period were 0.9916 or 0.9838, respectively. The (13)C CP/MAS NMR spectra had good correlation with the recrystallization kinetic parameters evaluated by the KJMA equation. Consequently, solid-state NMR was judged to be a useful tool for the prediction of the recrystallization behavior of solid dispersions.

The neural basis of body form and body action agnosia.

PubMed

Moro, Valentina; Urgesi, Cosimo; Pernigo, Simone; Lanteri, Paola; Pazzaglia, Mariella; Aglioti, Salvatore Maria

2008-10-23

Visual analysis of faces and nonfacial body stimuli brings about neural activity in different cortical areas. Moreover, processing body form and body action relies on distinct neural substrates. Although brain lesion studies show specific face processing deficits, neuropsychological evidence for defective recognition of nonfacial body parts is lacking. By combining psychophysics studies with lesion-mapping techniques, we found that lesions of ventromedial, occipitotemporal areas induce face and body recognition deficits while lesions involving extrastriate body area seem causatively associated with impaired recognition of body but not of face and object stimuli. We also found that body form and body action recognition deficits can be double dissociated and are causatively associated with lesions to extrastriate body area and ventral premotor cortex, respectively. Our study reports two category-specific visual deficits, called body form and body action agnosia, and highlights their neural underpinnings.

Solid oxide fuel cells fueled with reducible oxides

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chuang, Steven S.; Fan, Liang Shih

A direct-electrochemical-oxidation fuel cell for generating electrical energy includes a cathode provided with an electrochemical-reduction catalyst that promotes formation of oxygen ions from an oxygen-containing source at the cathode, a solid-state reduced metal, a solid-state anode provided with an electrochemical-oxidation catalyst that promotes direct electrochemical oxidation of the solid-state reduced metal in the presence of the oxygen ions to produce electrical energy, and an electrolyte disposed to transmit the oxygen ions from the cathode to the solid-state anode. A method of operating a solid oxide fuel cell includes providing a direct-electrochemical-oxidation fuel cell comprising a solid-state reduced metal, oxidizing themore » solid-state reduced metal in the presence of oxygen ions through direct-electrochemical-oxidation to obtain a solid-state reducible metal oxide, and reducing the solid-state reducible metal oxide to obtain the solid-state reduced metal.« less

49 CFR 172.420 - FLAMMABLE SOLID label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false FLAMMABLE SOLID label. 172.420 Section 172.420... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.420 FLAMMABLE SOLID label. (a) Except for size and color, the FLAMMABLE SOLID... the FLAMMABLE SOLID label must be white with vertical red stripes equally spaced on each side of a red...

49 CFR 172.420 - FLAMMABLE SOLID label.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false FLAMMABLE SOLID label. 172.420 Section 172.420... SECURITY PLANS Labeling § 172.420 FLAMMABLE SOLID label. (a) Except for size and color, the FLAMMABLE SOLID... the FLAMMABLE SOLID label must be white with vertical red stripes equally spaced on each side of a red...

The Body and the Beautiful: Health, Attractiveness and Body Composition in Men's and Women's Bodies.

PubMed

Brierley, Mary-Ellen; Brooks, Kevin R; Mond, Jonathan; Stevenson, Richard J; Stephen, Ian D

2016-01-01

The dominant evolutionary theory of physical attraction posits that attractiveness reflects physiological health, and attraction is a mechanism for identifying a healthy mate. Previous studies have found that perceptions of the healthiest body mass index (weight scaled for height; BMI) for women are close to healthy BMI guidelines, while the most attractive BMI is significantly lower, possibly pointing to an influence of sociocultural factors in determining attractive BMI. However, less is known about ideal body size for men. Further, research has not addressed the role of body fat and muscle, which have distinct relationships with health and are conflated in BMI, in determining perceived health and attractiveness. Here, we hypothesised that, if attractiveness reflects physiological health, the most attractive and healthy appearing body composition should be in line with physiologically healthy body composition. Thirty female and 33 male observers were instructed to manipulate 15 female and 15 male body images in terms of their fat and muscle to optimise perceived health and, separately, attractiveness. Observers were unaware that they were manipulating the muscle and fat content of bodies. The most attractive apparent fat mass for female bodies was significantly lower than the healthiest appearing fat mass (and was lower than the physiologically healthy range), with no significant difference for muscle mass. The optimal fat and muscle mass for men's bodies was in line with the healthy range. Male observers preferred a significantly lower overall male body mass than did female observers. While the body fat and muscle associated with healthy and attractive appearance is broadly in line with physiologically healthy values, deviations from this pattern suggest that future research should examine a possible role for internalization of body ideals in influencing perceptions of attractive body composition, particularly in women.

Tholins as Coloring Agents on Solar System Bodies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cruikshank, D. P.; Ore, C. M. Dalle; Imanaka, H.

2004-01-01

Pre-biotic organic materials appear to be common on many small bodies in the outer Solar System, as evidenced by the color properties of these objects. We report on our continuing study of color properties in connection with the presence of complex organic solids (tholins) among the planets and their satellites, the asteroids, and the trans- Neptunian objects (Kuiper Belt objects). Most small, icy bodies in the Solar System, whether they have high or low surface reflectance (albedo), show a pronounced downward slope in reflectance at wavelengths shorter than approx. 1 micron. This increasing absorption of sunlight toward shorter wavelengths is characteristic of pi-bonds in hydrocarbons having chains or rings of conjugated C atoms. Tholins, which contain polycyclic aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, exhibit these color properties. Using the complex refractive indices of tholins in models of the reflectance spectra of icy bodies in the Solar System, we find that these complex organic materials satisfactorily account for the coloration so widely observed. The new results presented here show that the wide variety of colors of Kuiper Belt objects can be fit very well with tholins, as can the colors of Pluto and Triton. The implications of these fits of Kuiper Belt objects is that complex organic material is created on their surfaces by energetic particle bombardment of native ices, and also may be accreted from external sources. In the cases of Pluto and Triton, photochemistry of their weak N2 + CH4 + CO atmospheres produces complex organic molecules that precipitate to the surface, providing local color.

Body metaphors--reading the body in contemporary culture.

PubMed

Skara, Danica

2004-01-01

This paper addresses the linguistic reframing of the human body in contemporary culture. Our aim is to provide a linguistic description of the ways in which the body is represented in modern English language. First, we will try to focus on body metaphors in general. We have collected a sample of 300 words and phrases functioning as body metaphors in modern English language. Reading the symbolism of the body we are witnessing changes in the basic metaphorical structuring of the human body. The results show that new vocabulary binds different fields of knowledge associated with machines and human beings according to a shared textual frame: human as computer and computer as human metaphor. Humans are almost blended with computers and vice versa. This metaphorical use of the human body and its parts reveals not only currents of unconscious though but also the structures of modern society and culture.

Polyimide Precursor Solid Residuum

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weiser, Erik S. (Inventor); St.Clair, Terry L. (Inventor); Echigo, Yoshiaki (Inventor); Kaneshiro, Hisayasu (Inventor)

2001-01-01

A polyimide precursor solid residuum is an admixture of an aromatic dianhydride or derivative thereof and an aromatic diamine or derivative thereof plus a complexing agent, which is complexed with the admixture by hydrogen bonding. The polyimide precursor solid residuum is effectively employed in the preparation of polyimide foam and the fabrication of polyimide foam structures.

Systems for production of polymer encapsuated solids

DOEpatents

Bourcier, William L.; Aines, Roger D.; Baker, Sarah E.; Duoss, Eric B.; Maiti, Amitesh; Roberts, Jeffery J.; Spadaccini, Christopher M.; Stolaroff, Joshuah K.; Vericella, John J.; Lewis, Jennifer A.; Hardin, IV, James O.; Floyd, III, William C.

2017-11-21

Encapsulated solids are made by first encapsulating precursor materials in a polymer shell. The precursors are some combination of solids, liquids, gases, and/or gels. The precursors are then transformed into solids by emplacement of the capsule in an environment where gas or fluid transport into or out of the polymer shell causes transformation into solids.

Formation of soft magnetic high entropy amorphous alloys composites containing in situ solid solution phase

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Ran; Sun, Huan; Chen, Chen; Tao, Juan; Li, Fushan

2018-03-01

Fe-Co-Ni-Si-B high entropy amorphous alloys composites (HEAACs), which containing high entropy solid solution phase in amorphous matrix, show good soft magnetic properties and bending ductility even in optimal annealed state, were successfully developed by melt spinning method. The crystallization phase of the HEAACs is solid solution phase with body centered cubic (BCC) structure instead of brittle intermetallic phase. In addition, the BCC phase can transformed into face centered cubic (FCC) phase with temperature rise. Accordingly, Fe-Co-Ni-Si-B high entropy alloys (HEAs) with FCC structure and a small amount of BCC phase was prepared by copper mold casting method. The HEAs exhibit high yield strength (about 1200 MPa) and good plastic strain (about 18%). Meanwhile, soft magnetic characteristics of the HEAs are largely reserved from HEAACs. This work provides a new strategy to overcome the annealing induced brittleness of amorphous alloys and design new advanced materials with excellent comprehensive properties.

A cross sectional study of the prevalence, risk factors and population attributable fractions for limb and body lesions in lactating sows on commercial farms in England

PubMed Central

KilBride, Amy L; Gillman, Claire E; Green, Laura E

2009-01-01

Background Lesions on sows' limbs and bodies are an abnormality that might impact on their welfare. The prevalence of and risks for limb and body lesions on lactating sows on commercial English pig farms were investigated using direct observation of the sows and their housing. Results The prevalence of lesions on the limbs and body were 93% (260/279) and 20% (57/288) respectively. The prevalence of limb and body lesions was significantly lower in outdoor-housed sows compared with indoor-housed sows. Indoor-housed sows had an increased risk of wounds (OR 6.8), calluses (OR 8.8) and capped hock (OR 3.8) on their limbs when housed on fully slatted floors compared with solid concrete floors. In addition, there was an increased risk of bursitis (OR 2.7), capped hock (OR 2.3) and shoulder lesions (OR 4.8) in sows that were unwilling to rise to their feet. There was a decreased risk of shoulder lesions (OR 0.3) and lesions elsewhere on the body (OR 0.2) in sows with more than 20 cm between their tail and the back of the crate compared with sows with less than 10 cm. Conclusion The sample of outdoor housed sows in this study had the lowest prevalence of limb and body lesions. In lactating sows housed indoors there was a general trend for an increased risk of limb and body lesions in sows housed on slatted floors compared with those housed on solid concrete floors with bedding. Sows that were less responsive to human presence and sows that had the least space to move within their crates had an additional increased risk of lesions. PMID:19703273

Rechargeable solid polymer electrolyte battery cell

DOEpatents

Skotheim, Terji

1985-01-01

A rechargeable battery cell comprising first and second electrodes sandwiching a solid polymer electrolyte comprising a layer of a polymer blend of a highly conductive polymer and a solid polymer electrolyte adjacent said polymer blend and a layer of dry solid polymer electrolyte adjacent said layer of polymer blend and said second electrode.

Solid Waste Management Plan. Revision 4

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1995-04-26

The waste types discussed in this Solid Waste Management Plan are Municipal Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste, Low-Level Mixed Waste, Low-Level Radioactive Waste, and Transuranic Waste. The plan describes for each type of solid waste, the existing waste management facilities, the issues, and the assumptions used to develop the current management plan.

Study of human phonation in a full-body domain

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saurabh, Shakti; Bodony, Daniel

2015-11-01

The generation and propagation of the human voice is studied in two-dimensions using a full-body domain, using direct numerical simulation. The fluid/air in the vocal tract is modeled as a compressible and viscous fluid interacting with the non-linear, viscoelastic vocal folds (VF). The VF tissue material properties are multi-layered, with varying stiffness, and a finite-strain model is utilized and implemented in a quadratic finite element code. The fluid-solid domains are coupled through a boundary-fitted interface and utilize a Poisson equation-based mesh deformation method. The full-body domain includes the near VF region, the vocal tract, a simplified model of the soft palate and mouth, and extends out into the acoustic far-field. A new kind of inflow boundary condition based upon a quasi-one-dimensional formulation with constant sub-glottal volume velocity, which is linked to the VF movement, has been adopted. The sound pressure levels (SPL) measured are realistic and we analyze their connection to the VF dynamics and glottal and vocal tract geometries. Supported by the National Science Foundation (CAREER award number 1150439).

Lexical-semantic body knowledge in 5- to 11-year-old children: How spatial body representation influences body semantics.

PubMed

Auclair, Laurent; Jambaqué, Isabelle

2015-01-01

This study addresses the relation between lexico-semantic body knowledge (i.e., body semantics) and spatial body representation (i.e., structural body representation) by analyzing naming performances as a function of body structural topography. One hundred and forty-one children ranging from 5 years 2 months to 10 years 5 months old were asked to provide a lexical label for isolated body part pictures. We compared the children's naming performances according to the location of the body parts (body parts vs. head features and also upper vs. lower limbs) or to their involvement in motor skills (distal segments, joints, and broader body parts). The results showed that the children's naming performance was better for facial body parts than for other body parts. Furthermore, it was found that the naming of body parts was better for body parts related to action. These findings suggest that the development of a spatial body representation shapes the elaboration of semantic body representation processing. Moreover, this influence was not limited to younger children. In our discussion of these results, we focus on the important role of action in the development of body representations and semantic organization.

Small-scale soft-bodied robot with multimodal locomotion.

PubMed

Hu, Wenqi; Lum, Guo Zhan; Mastrangeli, Massimo; Sitti, Metin

2018-02-01

Untethered small-scale (from several millimetres down to a few micrometres in all dimensions) robots that can non-invasively access confined, enclosed spaces may enable applications in microfactories such as the construction of tissue scaffolds by robotic assembly, in bioengineering such as single-cell manipulation and biosensing, and in healthcare such as targeted drug delivery and minimally invasive surgery. Existing small-scale robots, however, have very limited mobility because they are unable to negotiate obstacles and changes in texture or material in unstructured environments. Of these small-scale robots, soft robots have greater potential to realize high mobility via multimodal locomotion, because such machines have higher degrees of freedom than their rigid counterparts. Here we demonstrate magneto-elastic soft millimetre-scale robots that can swim inside and on the surface of liquids, climb liquid menisci, roll and walk on solid surfaces, jump over obstacles, and crawl within narrow tunnels. These robots can transit reversibly between different liquid and solid terrains, as well as switch between locomotive modes. They can additionally execute pick-and-place and cargo-release tasks. We also present theoretical models to explain how the robots move. Like the large-scale robots that can be used to study locomotion, these soft small-scale robots could be used to study soft-bodied locomotion produced by small organisms.

Small-scale soft-bodied robot with multimodal locomotion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Wenqi; Lum, Guo Zhan; Mastrangeli, Massimo; Sitti, Metin

2018-02-01

Untethered small-scale (from several millimetres down to a few micrometres in all dimensions) robots that can non-invasively access confined, enclosed spaces may enable applications in microfactories such as the construction of tissue scaffolds by robotic assembly, in bioengineering such as single-cell manipulation and biosensing, and in healthcare such as targeted drug delivery and minimally invasive surgery. Existing small-scale robots, however, have very limited mobility because they are unable to negotiate obstacles and changes in texture or material in unstructured environments. Of these small-scale robots, soft robots have greater potential to realize high mobility via multimodal locomotion, because such machines have higher degrees of freedom than their rigid counterparts. Here we demonstrate magneto-elastic soft millimetre-scale robots that can swim inside and on the surface of liquids, climb liquid menisci, roll and walk on solid surfaces, jump over obstacles, and crawl within narrow tunnels. These robots can transit reversibly between different liquid and solid terrains, as well as switch between locomotive modes. They can additionally execute pick-and-place and cargo-release tasks. We also present theoretical models to explain how the robots move. Like the large-scale robots that can be used to study locomotion, these soft small-scale robots could be used to study soft-bodied locomotion produced by small organisms.

Solar wind interaction with small bodies. 2: What can Galileo's detection of magnetic rotations tell us about Gaspra and Ida

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kivelson, M. G.; Wang, Z.; Joy, S.; Khurana, K. K.; Polanskey, C.; Southwood, D. J.; Walker, R. J.

1995-01-01

As the Galileo spacecraft passed the asteroids Gaspra in 1990 and Ida in 1993, the magnetometer recorded changes in the solar wind magnetic field that we associate with the presence of the nearby body. This paper focuses on the types of interactions that can produce perturbations in the solar wind. We have suggested that the interaction at Gaspra is consistent with expectations of flow diversion by a magnetic dipole moment and an associated 'magnetosphere' whose scale size is much larger than the diameter of the solid body. The conditions for the Ida flyby leave more room for ambiguity. The observations could plausibly be related to either interaction with a magnetized body or with a conducting body. We will report on details of the observations that may enable us to distinguish between the different types of interaction and to provide quantitative estimates of the physical properties of the asteroids themselves.

Mass, energy and material balances of SRF production process. Part 3: solid recovered fuel produced from municipal solid waste.

PubMed

Nasrullah, Muhammad; Vainikka, Pasi; Hannula, Janne; Hurme, Markku; Kärki, Janne

2015-02-01

This is the third and final part of the three-part article written to describe the mass, energy and material balances of the solid recovered fuel production process produced from various types of waste streams through mechanical treatment. This article focused the production of solid recovered fuel from municipal solid waste. The stream of municipal solid waste used here as an input waste material to produce solid recovered fuel is energy waste collected from households of municipality. This article presents the mass, energy and material balances of the solid recovered fuel production process. These balances are based on the proximate as well as the ultimate analysis and the composition determination of various streams of material produced in a solid recovered fuel production plant. All the process streams are sampled and treated according to CEN standard methods for solid recovered fuel. The results of the mass balance of the solid recovered fuel production process showed that 72% of the input waste material was recovered in the form of solid recovered fuel; 2.6% as ferrous metal, 0.4% as non-ferrous metal, 11% was sorted as rejects material, 12% as fine faction and 2% as heavy fraction. The energy balance of the solid recovered fuel production process showed that 86% of the total input energy content of input waste material was recovered in the form of solid recovered fuel. The remaining percentage (14%) of the input energy was split into the streams of reject material, fine fraction and heavy fraction. The material balances of this process showed that mass fraction of paper and cardboard, plastic (soft) and wood recovered in the solid recovered fuel stream was 88%, 85% and 90%, respectively, of their input mass. A high mass fraction of rubber material, plastic (PVC-plastic) and inert (stone/rock and glass particles) was found in the reject material stream. © The Author(s) 2014.

Room-Temperature Performance of Poly(Ethylene Ether Carbonate)-Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries.

PubMed

Jung, Yun-Chae; Park, Myung-Soo; Kim, Duck-Hyun; Ue, Makoto; Eftekhari, Ali; Kim, Dong-Won

2017-12-13

Amorphous poly(ethylene ether carbonate) (PEEC), which is a copolymer of ethylene oxide and ethylene carbonate, was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of ethylene carbonate. This route overcame the common issue of low conductivity of poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)-based solid polymer electrolytes at low temperatures, and thus the solid polymer electrolyte could be successfully employed at the room temperature. Introducing the ethylene carbonate units into PEEC improved the ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability and lithium transference number compared with PEO. A cross-linked solid polymer electrolyte was synthesized by photo cross-linking reaction using PEEC and tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate as a cross-linking agent, in the form of a flexible thin film. The solid-state Li/LiNi 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 O 2 cell assembled with solid polymer electrolyte based on cross-linked PEEC delivered a high initial discharge capacity of 141.4 mAh g -1 and exhibited good capacity retention at room temperature. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using this solid polymer electrolyte in all-solid-state lithium batteries that can operate at ambient temperatures.

Generalization of Jacobi's Decomposition Theorem to the Rotation and Translation of a Solid in a Fluid.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chiang, Rong-Chang

Jacobi found that the rotation of a symmetrical heavy top about a fixed point is composed of the two torque -free rotations of two triaxial bodies about their centers of mass. His discovery rests on the fact that the orthogonal matrix which represents the rotation of a symmetrical heavy top is decomposed into a product of two orthogonal matrices, each of which represents the torque-free rotations of two triaxial bodies. This theorem is generalized to the Kirchhoff's case of the rotation and translation of a symmetrical solid in a fluid. This theorem requires the explicit computation, by means of theta functions, of the nine direction cosines between the rotating body axes and the fixed space axes. The addition theorem of theta functions makes it possible to decompose the rotational matrix into a product of similar matrices. This basic idea of utilizing the addition theorem is simple but the carry-through of the computation is quite involved and the full proof turns out to be a lengthy process of computing rather long and complex expressions. For the translational motion we give a new treatment. The position of the center of mass as a function of the time is found by a direct evaluation of the elliptic integral by means of a new theta interpretation of Legendre's reduction formula of the elliptic integral. For the complete solution of the problem we have added further the study of the physical aspects of the motion. Based on a complete examination of the all possible manifolds of the steady helical cases it is possible to obtain a full qualitative description of the motion. Many numerical examples and graphs are given to illustrate the rotation and translation of the solid in a fluid.

The Effect of Molecular Orientation to Solid-Solid and Melting Transitions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yazici, Mustafa; Özgan, Şükrü

The thermodynamics of solid-solid and solid-liquid transitions are investigated with an account of the number of molecular orientation. The variations of the positional and orientational orders with the reduced temperature are studied. It is found out that orientational order parameter is very sensitive to the number of allowed orientation. The reduced transition temperatures, volume changes and entropy changes of the phase transitions and theoretical phase diagrams are obtained. The entropy changes of melting transitions for different numbers of allowed orientation of the present model are compared with the theoretical results and some experimental data. The quantitative predictions of the model are compared with experimental results for plastic crystals and agreement between predictions of the model and the experimental results are approximately good. Also, different numbers of allowed orientation D correspond to different experimental results HI, HBr, H2S for D = 2; HBr, CCl4, HI for D = 4; C2H12 for D = 6; CH4, PH3 for D = 20.

Solid versus Liquid Particle Sampling Efficiency of Three Personal Aerosol Samplers when Facing the Wind

PubMed Central

Koehler, Kirsten A.; Anthony, T. Renee; Van Dyke, Michael

2016-01-01

The objective of this study was to examine the facing-the-wind sampling efficiency of three personal aerosol samplers as a function of particle phase (solid versus liquid). Samplers examined were the IOM, Button, and a prototype personal high-flow inhalable sampler head (PHISH). The prototype PHISH was designed to interface with the 37-mm closed-face cassette and provide an inhalable sample at 10 l min−1 of flow. Increased flow rate increases the amount of mass collected during a typical work shift and helps to ensure that limits of detection are met, particularly for well-controlled but highly toxic species. Two PHISH prototypes were tested: one with a screened inlet and one with a single-pore open-face inlet. Personal aerosol samplers were tested on a bluff-body disc that was rotated along the facing-the-wind axis to reduce spatiotemporal variability associated with sampling supermicron aerosol in low-velocity wind tunnels. When compared to published data for facing-wind aspiration efficiency for a mouth-breathing mannequin, the IOM oversampled relative to mannequin facing-the-wind aspiration efficiency for all sizes and particle types (solid and liquid). The sampling efficiency of the Button sampler was closer to the mannequin facing-the-wind aspiration efficiency than the IOM for solid particles, but the screened inlet removed most liquid particles, resulting in a large underestimation compared to the mannequin facing-the-wind aspiration efficiency. The open-face PHISH results showed overestimation for solid particles and underestimation for liquid particles when compared to the mannequin facing-the-wind aspiration efficiency. Substantial (and statistically significant) differences in sampling efficiency were observed between liquid and solid particles, particularly for the Button and screened-PHISH, with a majority of aerosol mass depositing on the screened inlets of these samplers. Our results suggest that large droplets have low penetration efficiencies

Quantum simulations and many-body physics with light.

PubMed

Noh, Changsuk; Angelakis, Dimitris G

2017-01-01

In this review we discuss the works in the area of quantum simulation and many-body physics with light, from the early proposals on equilibrium models to the more recent works in driven dissipative platforms. We start by describing the founding works on Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard model and the corresponding photon-blockade induced Mott transitions and continue by discussing the proposals to simulate effective spin models and fractional quantum Hall states in coupled resonator arrays (CRAs). We also analyse the recent efforts to study out-of-equilibrium many-body effects using driven CRAs, including the predictions for photon fermionisation and crystallisation in driven rings of CRAs as well as other dynamical and transient phenomena. We try to summarise some of the relatively recent results predicting exotic phases such as super-solidity and Majorana like modes and then shift our attention to developments involving 1D nonlinear slow light setups. There the simulation of strongly correlated phases characterising Tonks-Girardeau gases, Luttinger liquids, and interacting relativistic fermionic models is described. We review the major theory results and also briefly outline recent developments in ongoing experimental efforts involving different platforms in circuit QED, photonic crystals and nanophotonic fibres interfaced with cold atoms.

Isolation of a novel promoter for efficient protein expression by Aspergillus oryzae in solid-state culture.

PubMed

Bando, Hiroki; Hisada, Hiromoto; Ishida, Hiroki; Hata, Yoji; Katakura, Yoshio; Kondo, Akihiko

2011-11-01

A novel promoter from a hemolysin-like protein encoding the gene, hlyA, was characterized for protein overexpression in Aspergillus oryzae grown in solid-state culture. Using endo-1,4-β-glucanase from A. oryzae (CelA) as the reporter, promoter activity was found to be higher than that of the α-amylase (amyA) and manganese superoxide dismutase (sodM) genes not only in wheat bran solid-state culture but also in liquid culture. Expression of the A. oryzae endoglucanase CelB and two heterologous endoglucanases (TrEglI and TrEglIII from Trichoderma reesei) under the control of the hlyA promoter were also found to be stronger than under the control of the amyA promoter in A. oryzae grown in wheat bran solid-state culture, suggesting that the hlyA promoter may be useful for the overproduction of other proteins as well. In wheat bran solid-state culture, the productivity of the hlyA promoter in terms of protein produced was high when the cultivation temperature was 30°C or 37°C, when the water content was 0.6 or 0.8 ml/g wheat bran, and from 48 to 72 h after inoculation. Because A. oryzae sporulated actively under these conditions and because hemolysin has been reported to play a role in fungal fruiting body formation, high-level expression of hlyA may be related to sporulation.

Low acetaldehyde collection efficiencies for 24-hour sampling with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-coated solid sorbents.

PubMed

Herrington, Jason S; Fan, Zhi-Hua Tina; Lioy, Paul J; Zhang, Junfeng Jim

2007-01-15

Airborne aldehyde and ketone (carbonyl) sampling methodologies based on derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-coated solid sorbents could unequivocally be considered the "gold" standard. Originally developed in the late 1970s, these methods have been extensively evaluated and developed up to the present day. However, these methods have been inadequately evaluated for the long-term (i.e., 24 h or greater) sampling collection efficiency (CE) of carbonyls other than formaldehyde. The current body of literature fails to demonstrate that DNPH-coated solid sorbent sampling methods have acceptable CEs for the long-term sampling of carbonyls other than formaldehyde. Despite this, such methods are widely used to report the concentrations of multiple carbonyls from long-term sampling, assuming approximately 100% CEs. Laboratory experiments were conducted in this study to evaluate the long-term formaldehyde and acetaldehyde sampling CEs for several commonly used DNPH-coated solid sorbents. Results from sampling known concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde generated in a dynamic atmosphere generation system demonstrate that the 24-hour formaldehyde sampling CEs ranged from 83 to 133%, confirming the findings made in previous studies. However, the 24-hour acetaldehyde sampling CEs ranged from 1 to 62%. Attempts to increase the acetaldehyde CEs by adding acid to the samples post sampling were unsuccessful. These results indicate that assuming approximately 100% CEs for 24-hour acetaldehyde sampling, as commonly done with DNPH-coated solid sorbent methods, would substantially under estimate acetaldehyde concentrations.

Discharge characteristics of four highway drainage systems in Ohio

USGS Publications Warehouse

Straub, D.E.

1995-01-01

Excessive water in the subbase of high-way combined with large traffic volumes and heavy loads is a major cause of road deterioration. Prompt removal of any excess water in a subbase will decrease the road deterioration and extend the effective life of a highway. This study presents discharge characteristics of four highway subbase drainage systems. These systems consisted of shallow, longitudal trenches with geocomposite drain materials (edge drains made from a polyethylene core surrounded by a geotextile filter fabric) that underline the joint between the shoulder and the traffic lane of State Route 16, approximately 1.0 mile southeast of Granville, Ohio. For selected rainfall-runoff events the maximum discharge, discharge characteristics from April 1991 through November 1993 were computed for three geocomposite products- a post type, an oblong-pipe type, and a cusp type-and a conventional perforated pipe edge drain. In general, the discharge characteristics of the conventional edge drain and that of the oblong-pipe edge drain were similar for most of the rainfall-runoff event characteristics. Both produced most of the highest maximum discharges and largest discharge volumes among the four longitudal edge drains. The post edge drain produced smaller maximum discharge and volumes than the conventional and oblong-pipe edge drains, but it had the shortest lag times for most of the event characteristics. The cusp edge drain produced small maximum discharges and small volumes similar to those from the post edge drain, but it had the longest lag times of all the edge drains for most of the event characteristics. The cusp edge drain may have also had some problems during installation which could have affected the discharge characteristics.

Solid oxygen revisited

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Freiman, Yu. A.; Jodl, H. J.; Crespo, Yanier

2018-05-01

The paper provides an up-to-date review of the experimental and theoretical works on solid oxygen published over the past decade. The most important results presented in this review are the following: Detection of magnetic collapse in neutron studies under the delta-epsilon transition. Identification of the lattice structure of the ɛ phase. In this structure the O2 molecules retain their individuality, but there is an additional link leading to the formation of clusters of molecular quartets with the structural formula (O2)4. Discovery of the unique magnetic properties of the delta phase, which hosts three different magnetic structures in the domain of the same crystallographic structure. The extension of the phase diagram to the high-pressure high-temperature region which was previously beyond the reach for experiment; the molecular η and η‧ phases were found and their structures were identified. Behavior of the melting line up to 60 GPa (1750 K). Discovery of a new molecular θ phase in ultrahigh magnetic fields up to over 190 T and the construction of the thermodynamical magnetic-field-temperature H- T phase diagram on the base of the ultrahigh-field magnetization, optical magneto-transmission, and adiabatic magnetocaloric effect measurements. Prediction of the persistence of the molecular state of solid oxygen up to the pressure of 1.9 TPa which is significantly higher than the corresponding limits in solid hydrogen and nitrogen, other generic molecular solids.

How to Reduce Solid Waste.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Martins, George; Clapp, Leallyn B.

1974-01-01

Discusses the problem of solid waste disposal in the United States, suggests ways in which solid wastes might be reduced, and proposes a number of related topics for student debate in classes or in science clubs. (JR)

Investigation on Dynamic Calibration for an Optical-Fiber Solids Concentration Probe in Gas-Solid Two-Phase Flows

PubMed Central

Xu, Guiling; Liang, Cai; Chen, Xiaoping; Liu, Daoyin; Xu, Pan; Shen, Liu; Zhao, Changsui

2013-01-01

This paper presents a review and analysis of the research that has been carried out on dynamic calibration for optical-fiber solids concentration probes. An introduction to the optical-fiber solids concentration probe was given. Different calibration methods of optical-fiber solids concentration probes reported in the literature were reviewed. In addition, a reflection-type optical-fiber solids concentration probe was uniquely calibrated at nearly full range of the solids concentration from 0 to packed bed concentration. The effects of particle properties (particle size, sphericity and color) on the calibration results were comprehensively investigated. The results show that the output voltage has a tendency to increase with the decreasing particle size, and the effect of particle color on calibration result is more predominant than that of sphericity. PMID:23867745

Managing America's solid waste

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Phillips, J. A.

This report presents an historical overview of the federal role in municipal solid waste management from 1965 to approximately 1995. Attention is focuses on the federal role in safeguarding public health, protecting the environment, and wisely using material and energy resources. It is hoped that this report will provide important background for future municipal solid waste research and development initiatives.

Solid electrolyte fuel cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Isaacs, H. S.

Progress in the development of functioning solid electrolyte fuel cells is summarized. The solid electrolyte cells perform at 1000 C, a temperature elevated enough to indicate high efficiencies are available, especially if the cell is combined with a steam generator/turbine system. The system is noted to be sulfur tolerant, so coal containing significant amounts of sulfur is expected to yield satisfactory performances with low parasitic losses for gasification and purification. Solid oxide systems are electrically reversible, and are usable in both fuel cell and electrolysis modes. Employing zirconium and yttrium in the electrolyte provides component stability with time, a feature not present with other fuel cells. The chemical reactions producing the cell current are reviewed, along with materials choices for the cathodes, anodes, and interconnections.

Over my fake body: body ownership illusions for studying the multisensory basis of own-body perception

PubMed Central

Kilteni, Konstantina; Maselli, Antonella; Kording, Konrad P.; Slater, Mel

2015-01-01

Which is my body and how do I distinguish it from the bodies of others, or from objects in the surrounding environment? The perception of our own body and more particularly our sense of body ownership is taken for granted. Nevertheless, experimental findings from body ownership illusions (BOIs), show that under specific multisensory conditions, we can experience artificial body parts or fake bodies as our own body parts or body, respectively. The aim of the present paper is to discuss how and why BOIs are induced. We review several experimental findings concerning the spatial, temporal, and semantic principles of crossmodal stimuli that have been applied to induce BOIs. On the basis of these principles, we discuss theoretical approaches concerning the underlying mechanism of BOIs. We propose a conceptualization based on Bayesian causal inference for addressing how our nervous system could infer whether an object belongs to our own body, using multisensory, sensorimotor, and semantic information, and we discuss how this can account for several experimental findings. Finally, we point to neural network models as an implementational framework within which the computational problem behind BOIs could be addressed in the future. PMID:25852524

DWPF DECON FRIT: SUMP AND SLURRY SOLIDS ANALYSIS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Crawford, C.; Peeler, D.; Click, D.

The Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has been requested to perform analyses on samples of the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) decon frit slurry (i.e., supernate samples and sump solid samples). Four 1-L liquid slurry samples were provided to SRNL by Savannah River Remediation (SRR) from the 'front-end' decon activities. Additionally, two 1-L sump solids samples were provided to SRNL for compositional and physical analysis. In this report, the physical and chemical characterization results of the slurry solids and sump solids are reported. Crawford et al. (2010) provide the results of the supernate analysis. The results of the sump solidsmore » are reported on a mass basis given the samples were essentially dry upon receipt. The results of the slurry solids were converted to a volume basis given approximately 2.4 grams of slurry solids were obtained from the {approx}4 liters of liquid slurry sample. Although there were slight differences in the analytical results between the sump solids and slurry solids the following general summary statements can be made. Slight differences in the results are also captured for specific analysis. (1) Physical characterization - (a) SEM/EDS analysis suggested that the samples were enriched in Li and Si (B and Na not detectable using the current EDS system) which is consistent with two of the four principle oxides of Frit 418 (B{sub 2}O{sub 3}, Na{sub 2}O, Li{sub 2}O and SiO{sub 2}). (b) SEM/EDS analysis also identified impurities which were elementally consistent with stainless steel (i.e., Fe, Ni, Cr contamination). (c) XRD results indicated that the sump solids samples were amorphous which is consistent with XRD results expected for a Frit 418 based sample. (d) For the sump solids, SEM/EDS analysis indicated that the particle size of the sump solids were consistent with that of an as received Frit 418 sample from a current DWPF vendor. (e) For the slurry solids, SEM/EDS analysis indicated that the particle size

40 CFR Table Jj-4 to Subpart Jj of... - Volatile Solids and Nitrogen Removal through Solids Separation

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Volatile Solids and Nitrogen Removal through Solids Separation JJ Table JJ-4 to Subpart JJ of Part 98 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Pt. 98, Subpt. JJ, Table JJ-4 Table JJ-4 to Subpart JJ of Part 98—Volatile Solids and Nitrogen...

Solid-state harmonics beyond the atomic limit.

PubMed

Ndabashimiye, Georges; Ghimire, Shambhu; Wu, Mengxi; Browne, Dana A; Schafer, Kenneth J; Gaarde, Mette B; Reis, David A

2016-06-23

Strong-field laser excitation of solids can produce extremely nonlinear electronic and optical behaviour. As recently demonstrated, this includes the generation of high harmonics extending into the vacuum-ultraviolet and extreme-ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. High harmonic generation is shown to occur fundamentally differently in solids and in dilute atomic gases. How the microscopic mechanisms in the solid and the gas differ remains a topic of intense debate. Here we report a direct comparison of high harmonic generation in the solid and gas phases of argon and krypton. Owing to the weak van der Waals interaction, rare (noble)-gas solids are a near-ideal medium in which to study the role of high density and periodicity in the generation process. We find that the high harmonic generation spectra from the rare-gas solids exhibit multiple plateaus extending well beyond the atomic limit of the corresponding gas-phase harmonics measured under similar conditions. The appearance of multiple plateaus indicates strong interband couplings involving multiple single-particle bands. We also compare the dependence of the solid and gas harmonic yield on laser ellipticity and find that they are similar, suggesting the importance of electron-hole recollision in these solids. This implies that gas-phase methods such as polarization gating for attosecond pulse generation and orbital tomography could be realized in solids.