Toward Millions of File System IOPS on Low-Cost, Commodity Hardware.

PubMed

Zheng, Da; Burns, Randal; Szalay, Alexander S

2013-01-01

We describe a storage system that removes I/O bottlenecks to achieve more than one million IOPS based on a user-space file abstraction for arrays of commodity SSDs. The file abstraction refactors I/O scheduling and placement for extreme parallelism and non-uniform memory and I/O. The system includes a set-associative, parallel page cache in the user space. We redesign page caching to eliminate CPU overhead and lock-contention in non-uniform memory architecture machines. We evaluate our design on a 32 core NUMA machine with four, eight-core processors. Experiments show that our design delivers 1.23 million 512-byte read IOPS. The page cache realizes the scalable IOPS of Linux asynchronous I/O (AIO) and increases user-perceived I/O performance linearly with cache hit rates. The parallel, set-associative cache matches the cache hit rates of the global Linux page cache under real workloads.

Evaluation of posterior porcine sclera elasticity in situ as a function of IOP

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nair, Achuth; Wu, Chen; Singh, Manmohan; Liu, Chih Hao; Raghunathan, Raksha; Nguyen, Jennifer; Goh, Megan; Aglyamov, Salavat; Larin, Kirill V.

2018-02-01

The biomechanical properties of the sclera could provide key information regarding the progression and etiology of ocular diseases. For example, an elevated intraocular pressure is one of the most common risk factors for glaucoma and can cause pathological deformations in the tissues of the posterior eye, such as the sclera, potentially damaging these vital tissues. Previous work has evaluated scleral biomechanical response to global displacements with techniques such as inflation testing. However, these methods cannot provide localized biomechanical assessments. In this pilot work, we induce low amplitude (< 10 μm) elastic waves using acoustic radiation force in posterior scleral tissue of fresh porcine eyes (n=2) in situ. The wave propagation induced using an ultrasound transducer was detected across an 8 mm region using a phase-sensitive optical coherence elastography system (PhS-OCE). The elastographic measurements were taken at various artificially controlled intraocular pressures (IOP). The IOP was pre-cycled before being set to 10 mmHg for the first measurement. Subsequent measurements were taken at 20 mmHg and 30 mmHg for each sample. The results show an increase in the stiffness of the sclera as a function of IOP. Furthermore, we observed a variation in the elasticity based on direction, suggesting that the sclera has anisotropic biomechanical properties. Our results show that OCE is an effective method for evaluating the mechanical properties of the sclera, and reveals a new area for our future work.

Predictive value of early postoperative IOP and bleb morphology in Mitomycin-C augmented trabeculectomy.

PubMed

Esfandiari, Hamed; Pakravan, Mohammad; Loewen, Nils A; Yaseri, Mehdi

2017-01-01

Background : To determine the predictive value of postoperative bleb morphological features and intraocular pressure (IOP) on the success rate of trabeculectomy. Methods : In this prospective interventional case series, we analyzed for one year 80 consecutive primary open angle glaucoma patients who underwent mitomycin-augmented trabeculectomy. Bleb morphology was scored using the Indiana bleb appearance grading scale (IBAGS). Success was defined as IOP ≤15 mmHg at 12 months. We applied a multivariable regression analysis and determined the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results : The mean age of participants was 62±12.3 years in the success and 63.2±16.3 years in the failure group (P= 0.430) with equal gender distribution (P=0.911). IOPs on day 1, 7 and 30 were similar in both (P= 0.193, 0.639, and 0.238, respectively.) The AUC of IOP at day 1, day 7 and 30 for predicting a successful outcome was 0.355, 0.452, and 0.80, respectively. The AUC for bleb morphology parameters of bleb height, extension, and vascularization, on day 14 were 0.368, 0.408, and 0.549, respectively. Values for day 30 were 0.428, 0.563, and 0.654. IOP change from day 1 to day 30 was a good predictor of failure (AUC=0.838, 95% CI: 0.704 to 0.971) with a change of more than 3 mmHg predicting failure with a sensitivity of 82.5% (95% CI: 68 to 91%) and a specificity of 87.5% (95% CI: 53 to 98%). Conclusions : IOP on day 30 had a fair to good accuracy while bleb features failed to predict success except bleb vascularity that had a poor to fair accuracy.  An IOP increase more than 3 mmHg during the first 30 days was a good predictor of failure.

Toward Millions of File System IOPS on Low-Cost, Commodity Hardware

PubMed Central

Zheng, Da; Burns, Randal; Szalay, Alexander S.

2013-01-01

We describe a storage system that removes I/O bottlenecks to achieve more than one million IOPS based on a user-space file abstraction for arrays of commodity SSDs. The file abstraction refactors I/O scheduling and placement for extreme parallelism and non-uniform memory and I/O. The system includes a set-associative, parallel page cache in the user space. We redesign page caching to eliminate CPU overhead and lock-contention in non-uniform memory architecture machines. We evaluate our design on a 32 core NUMA machine with four, eight-core processors. Experiments show that our design delivers 1.23 million 512-byte read IOPS. The page cache realizes the scalable IOPS of Linux asynchronous I/O (AIO) and increases user-perceived I/O performance linearly with cache hit rates. The parallel, set-associative cache matches the cache hit rates of the global Linux page cache under real workloads. PMID:24402052

Latanoprostene bunod ophthalmic solution 0.024% for IOP lowering in glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

PubMed

Kaufman, Paul L

2017-03-01

Intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering has been demonstrated to slow the progression or onset of visual field loss in open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT). Pharmacological lowering of IOP is the most common initial intervention in patients with OAG or OHT, however, many patients will require more than one therapy to achieve target IOP. Latanoprostene bunod is a novel nitric oxide (NO)-donating prostaglandin F2α analog for the reduction of IOP. Areas covered: Current knowledge concerning the mechanism of action of latanoprostene bunod is presented. Additionally, clinical safety and efficacy data from published Phase 1 (KRONUS), Phase 2 (VOYAGER, CONSTELLATION) and Phase 3 (APOLLO, LUNAR, JUPITER) studies are reviewed. Expert opinion: Latanoprostene bunod is a dual mechanism, dual pathway molecule, consisting of latanoprost acid, which is known to enhance uveoscleral (unconventional) outflow by upregulating matrix metalloproteinase expression and remodeling of the ciliary muscle's extracellular matrix, linked to an NO-donating moiety, which enhances trabecular meshwork/Schlemm's canal (conventional) outflow by inducing cytoskeletal relaxation via the soluble guanylyl cyclase-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (sGC-cGMP) signaling pathway. Latanoprostene bunod 0.024% solution applied topically once daily appears more effective in reducing IOP in OHT and OAG subjects than either latanoprost or timolol, with a side effect profile similar to that of latanoprost.

Noncontact optical coherence elastography of the posterior porcine sclera in situ as a function of IOP

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, Manmohan; Nair, Achuth; Aglyamov, Salavat R.; Wu, Chen; Han, Zhaolong; Lafon, Ericka; Larin, Kirill V.

2017-02-01

Recent work has shown that the biomechanical properties of tissues in the posterior eye have are critical for understanding the etiology and progression of ocular diseases. For instance, the primary risk for glaucoma is an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Weak tissues will deform under the large pressure, causing damage to vital tissues. In addition, scleral elasticity can influence the shape of the eye-globe, altering the axial length. In this work, we utilize a noncontact form of optical coherence elastography (OCE) to quantify the spatial distribution of biomechanical properties of the optic nerve, its surrounding tissues, and posterior sclera on the exterior of in situ porcine eyes in the whole eyeglobe configuration. The OCE measurements were taken at various IOPs to evaluate the biomechanical properties of the tissues as a function of IOP. The air-pulse induced dynamic response of the tissues was linked to Young's modulus by a simple kinematic equation by quantified the damped natural frequency (DNF). The results show that the posterior sclera is not as stiff as the optic nerve and its surrounding tissues ( 460 Hz and 894 Hz at 10 mmHg IOP, respectively). Moreover, the scleral stiffness was generally unaffected by IOP ( 460 Hz at 10 mmHg IOP as compared to 516 Hz at 20 mmHg), whereas the optic nerve and its surrounding tissues stiffened as IOP was increased ( 894 Hz at 10 mmHg to 1221 Hz at 20 mmHg).

Head-down posture in glaucoma suspects induces changes in IOP, systemic pressure and PERG that predict future loss of optic nerve tissue

PubMed Central

Porciatti, Vittorio; Feuer, William J.; Monsalve, Pedro; Triolo, Giacinto; Vazquez, Luis; McSoley, John; Ventura, Lori M.

2017-01-01

Purpose To obtain pilot data on posture-induced changes of IOP, systemic pressure and pattern electroretinogram (PERG) predictive of future optic nerve tissue loss glaucoma suspects (GS). Methods Mean peripapillary retinal fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) was measured with OCT two times/year in 28 GS aged 58 ± 8.9 years over 5.0 ± 0.73 years. All patients had a baseline PERG, IOP and brachial blood pressure measurements in the seated and – 10 degrees head-down-body-tilt position (HDT). Outcome measures were seated/HDT PERG amplitude and phase, IOP, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and estimated ocular perfusion pressure (OPP). An additional group of 11 similarly-aged controls (SAC) aged 56.9 ± 13 years was tested for comparison. Results While all GS had initial RNFLT in the normal range, 9/28 of them developed significant (P < 0.05) loss of mean RNFLT (thinners, T) over the follow-up period as opposed to 19/28 who did not (non-thinners, NT). Significant (P<0.05) differences between SAC, NT and T were found in PERG amplitude, PERG phase, MAP, IOP, and OPP. A nominal logistic regression using baseline PERG and hemodynamic variables was able to distinguish T from NT with an AUROC of 0.89 (SE 0.07). Conclusions Baseline PERG, IOP, and systemic blood pressure, together with their changes upon HDT, may have predictive value for future loss of optic nerve tissue in GS. This study supports the rationale for a full-scale clinical trial to identify patients at high-risk of development of glaucoma. PMID:28263259

Deformation of the Normal Monkey Optic Nerve Head Connective Tissue Following Acute IOP Elevation within 3-D Histomorphometric Reconstructions

PubMed Central

Yang, Hongli; Downs, J. Crawford; Sigal, Ian A.; Roberts, Michael D.; Thompson, Hillary; Burgoyne, Claude F.

2010-01-01

Purpose To characterize optic nerve head (ONH) connective tissue deformation following acute (15 or 30 minutes) intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation within six adult normal monkeys using 3-D histomorphometry. Methods Trephinated ONH and peripapillary sclera from both eyes of six monkeys, each perfusion fixed with one eye at IOP 10 mmHg and the other at IOP 30 or 45 mmHg by anterior chamber manometer were serial sectioned, 3-D reconstructed, 3-D delineated and quantified using standard parameters. For each monkey, inter-eye differences (high IOP eye minus IOP 10 eye) for each parameter were calculated and compared by ANOVA and EPIDmax both overall and regionally. EPIDmax deformations for each parameter were defined to be those statistically significant differences that exceeded the maximum physiologic inter-eye difference within six bilaterally normal monkeys of a previous report. Results Regional EPIDmax laminar thinning, posterior bowing of the peripapillary sclera, thinning and expansion of the scleral canal were present in most high IOP eyes and were colocalized in those demonstrating the most deformation. Laminar deformation was minimal and not only posterior but in some cases anterior in the high IOP eyes. No increase in deformation was seen in the IOP-45 versus the IOP-30 eyes. Conclusion ONH connective tissue alterations following acute IOP elevation involve regional thinning, stretching and deformation of the lamina cribrosa and peripapillary sclera which are minimal to modest in magnitude. The time-dependent character of these alterations, as well as their compressive, expansile, and shear effects on the contained axons, astrocytes, laminar and posterior ciliary circulations remain to be determined. PMID:19628739

Peer-review: An IOP Publishing Perspective

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, Timothy

2015-03-01

Online publishing is challenging, and potentially changing, the role of publishers in both managing the peer-review process and disseminating the work that they publish in meeting contrasting needs from diverse groups of research communities. Recognizing the value of peer-review as a fundamental service to authors and the research community, the underlying principles of managing the process for journals published by IOP Publishing remain unchanged and yet the potential and demand for alternative models exists. This talk will discuss the traditional approach to peer-review placed in the context of this changing demand.

UGV Interoperability Profile (IOP) Communications Profile, Version 0

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-21

some UGV systems employ Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ( OFDM ) or Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (COFDM) waveforms which...other portions of the IOP. Attribute Paragraph Title Values Waveform 3.3 Air Interface/ Waveform OFDM , COFDM, DDL, CDL, None OCU to Platform...Sight MANET Mobile Ad-hoc Network Mbps Megabits per second MC/PM Master Controller/ Payload Manager MHz Megahertz MIMO Multiple Input Multiple

Airborne Cavity Ring-Down Measurement of Aerosol Extinction and Scattering During the Aerosol IOP

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Strawa, A. W.; Ricci, K.; Provencal, R.; Schmid, B.; Covert, D.; Elleman, R.; Arnott, P.

2003-01-01

Large uncertainties in the effects of aerosols on climate require improved in-situ measurements of extinction coefficient and single-scattering albedo. This paper describes preliminary results from Cadenza, a new continuous wave cavity ring-down (CW-CRD) instrument designed to address these uncertainties. Cadenza measures the aerosol extinction coefficient for 675 nm and 1550 nm light, and simultaneously measures the scattering coefficient at 675 nm. In the past year Cadenza was deployed in the Asian Dust Above Monterey (ADAM) and DOE Aerosol Intensive Operating Period (IOP) field projects. During these flights Cadenza produced measurements of aerosol extinction in the range from 0.2 to 300 Mm-1 with an estimated precision of 0.1 Min-1 for 1550 nm light and 0.2 Mm-1 for 675 nm light. Cadenza data from the ADAM and Aerosol IOP missions compared favorably with data from the other instruments aboard the CIRPAS Twin Otter aircraft and participating in those projects.= We present comparisons between the Cadenza measurements and those friom a TSI nephelometer, Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP), and the AATS 14 sun-photometer. Measurements of the optical properties of smoke and dust plumes sampled during these campaigns are presented and estimates of heating rates due to these plumes are made.

Overview of TANGENT (Tandem Aerosol Nucleation and Growth ENvironment Tube) 2017 IOP Study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tiszenkel, L.

2017-12-01

New particle formation consists of two steps: nucleation and growth of nucleated particles. However, most laboratory studies have been conducted under conditions where these two processes are convoluted together, thereby hampering the detailed understanding of the effect of chemical species and atmospheric conditions on two processes. The objective of the Tandem Aerosol Nucleation and Growth ENvironment Tube (TANGENT) laboratory study is to investigate aerosol nucleation and growth properties independently by separating these two processes in two different flow tubes. This research is a collaboration between the University of Alabama in Huntsville and the University of Delaware. In this poster we will present the experimental setup of TANGENT and summarize the key results from the first IOP (intense observation period) experiments undertaken during Summer 2017. Nucleation takes place in a temperature- and RH-controlled fast flow reactor (FT-1) where sulfuric acid forms from OH radicals and sulfur dioxide. Sulfuric acid and impurity base compounds are detected with chemical ionization mass spectrometers (CIMS). Particle sizes and number concentrations of newly nucleated particles are measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and particle size magnifier (PSM), providing concentrations of particles between 1-100 nm. The nucleation particles are transferred directly to the growth tube (FT-2) where oxidants and biogenic organic precursors are added to grow nucleated nanoparticles. Sizes of particles after growth are analyzed with an additional SMPS and elemental chemical composition of 50 nm and above particles detected with a nano-aerosol mass spectrometer (NAMS). TANGENT provides the unique ability to conduct experiments that can monitor and control reactant concentrations, aerosol size and aerosol chemical composition during nucleation and growth. Experiments during this first IOP study have elucidated the effects of sulfur dioxide, particle size

The effect of lateral decubitus position on nocturnal intraocular pressure over a habitual 24-hour period in healthy adults.

PubMed

Hao, Jie; Zhen, Yi; Wang, Hao; Yang, Diya; Wang, Ningli

2014-01-01

To investigate the effect of lateral decubitus position (LDP) on nocturnal intraocular pressure (IOP) and the effect of LDP on 24-hour habitual IOP pattern in healthy subjects. Intraocular pressure was measured every 2-hours using an Accupen Applanation Tonometer (Accutome, USA). During the diurnal period (7:30 am, 9:30 am, 11:30 am, 1:30 pm, 3:30 pm, 5:30 pm, 7:30 pm, and 9:30 pm), IOP was measured in the sitting position under bright light (500-1000 lux) after the subjects had been seated for 5 min. The nocturnal IOP was measured in the supine position, right LDP, and left LDP, with randomized sequences, under dim light (<10 lux) at 11:30 pm, 1:30 am, 3:30 am, and 5:30 am. The subjects were awakened and maintained each position for 5 min before the measurement. The 24-hour habitual IOP patterns were obtained according to the nocturnal position (supine, right LDP and left LDP) for either eye. P<0.05 was considered to be significant. Nineteen healthy subjects were included with a mean age of 51.3±5.8 years. During the nocturnal period, a significant IOP difference was found between the dependent eye (the eye on the lower side) of LDP and the supine position, but not for all the nocturnal time points. Over a 24-hour period, the effect of LDP on habitual IOP pattern was not statistically significant, although the mean nocturnal IOP and the diurnal-nocturnal IOP change for the right and the left eye in the LDP pattern was slightly higher than that in the sitting-supine pattern. Significant nocturnal IOP differences existed between the dependent eye and the supine, but did not occur consistently for all time points. Over a 24-hour period, the effect of LDP on habitual IOP pattern was not statistically significant in healthy subjects.

Interaction between local and regional pollution during Escompte 2001: impact on surface ozone concentrations (IOP2a and 2b)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cousin, F.; Tulet, P.; Rosset, R.

2005-03-01

Escompte, a European programme which took place in the Marseille region in June-July 2001, has been designed as an exhaustive database to be used for the development and validation of air pollution models. The air quality Mesoscale NonHydrostatic Chemistry model (Meso-NH-C) is used to simulate 2 days of an Intensive Observation Period (IOP) documented during the Escompte campaign, June 23 and 24, 2001. We first study the synoptic and local meteorological situation on June 23 and 24, using surface and aircraft measurements. Then, we focus on the pollution episode of June 24. This study emphasizes the deep impact of synoptic and local dynamics on observed ozone concentrations. It is shown that ozone levels are due both to regional and local factors, with highlights of the importance of ozone layering. More generally this confirms, even in an otherwise predominant local sea-breeze regime, the need to consider larger scale regional pollutant transport.

Rational reduction of periodic propagators for off-period observations.

PubMed

Blanton, Wyndham B; Logan, John W; Pines, Alexander

2004-02-01

Many common solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance problems take advantage of the periodicity of the underlying Hamiltonian to simplify the computation of an observation. Most of the time-domain methods used, however, require the time step between observations to be some integer or reciprocal-integer multiple of the period, thereby restricting the observation bandwidth. Calculations of off-period observations are usually reduced to brute force direct methods resulting in many demanding matrix multiplications. For large spin systems, the matrix multiplication becomes the limiting step. A simple method that can dramatically reduce the number of matrix multiplications required to calculate the time evolution when the observation time step is some rational fraction of the period of the Hamiltonian is presented. The algorithm implements two different optimization routines. One uses pattern matching and additional memory storage, while the other recursively generates the propagators via time shifting. The net result is a significant speed improvement for some types of time-domain calculations.

The Correlation Between Aqueous Humor Flow and IOP Before and After Trabectome: Developing a Grading System to Quantify Flow.

PubMed

Ueda, Toshihiko; Suzumura, Hirotaka; Johnstone, Murray; Uda, Shigekazu; Yoshida, Kazuhide

2018-06-01

To develop a grading system that provides objective quantification of flow through the conventional aqueous humor outflow (AHO) system. The technique gives clinicians an additional assessment option in the evaluation of glaucoma treatment approaches. This was a retrospective observational study. This study evaluated the eyes of all primary open-angle glaucoma patients who underwent a Trabectome (NeoMedix Corp., Tustin, CA, USA) procedure with or without cataract surgery in the interval between April and September 2016 (n = 73). The nasal hemisphere was divided into three regions. Utilizing a four-level grading system designed for this study, an aqueous humor outflow grade (G0-G3) was assigned to each region using a video taken during examinations. The individual grade levels of the three regions were combined to get a composite AHO score. The correlation between the composite AHO score and intraocular pressure (IOP) was then analyzed. Additionally, the speed of red blood cell (RBC) clusters in the episcleral veins (ESV) was calculated when made possible by the existence of pulsatile flow. At 3 months following the Trabectome procedure, average IOP decreased from 26 to 15 mmHg. Assessment of the relationship between AHO grade and IOP demonstrated that a high composite AHO score was correlated with lowered IOP (Tukey-Kramer method p < 0.05). Additionally, it was found that if one of the three regions had an AHO grade of ≥ G2, an IOP of < 20 mmHg could be predicted. (Fischer's exact test p < 0.0001). Calculated speed was as follows: at G1, the speed was 0.68 ± 0.26 mm/s (n = 7), at G2, the speed was 1.8 ± 0.84 mm/s (n = 5), and at G3, the speed was 6.8 ± 3.3 mm/s (n = 6). There was a significant correlation between an increase in the composite AHO score and a decrease in IOP. Additionally, the speed of RBC clusters as they traveled through the ESVs remained consistent for each of the grades, and the span of the

Prospective Observational Post-Marketing Study of Tafluprost for Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension: Effectiveness and Treatment Persistence.

PubMed

Kuwayama, Yasuaki; Hashimoto, Masako; Kakegawa, Reiko; Nomura, Akio; Shimada, Fumiki

2017-06-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effect and safety of tafluprost, a prostaglandin analogue, in actual clinical practice and to determine persistency of tafluprost as an indicator of its benefit-risk balance. This was a large-scale, post-marketing, multicenter, non-interventional, open-label, long-term study. Patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension who initiated tafluprost treatment were registered and prospectively observed over a 2-year period in the real-world setting in Japan. Long-term IOP and safety data were collected. Of the 4502 patients registered from 553 medical institutions, 4265 patients were analyzed. The majority of patients had normal-tension glaucoma (44.4%) and primary open-angle glaucoma (37.8%), and patients with ocular hypertension constituted 7.0%. Treatment patterns with tafluprost during the study period were as follows: naïve monotherapy (48.1%), switching monotherapy (18.4%), and concomitant therapy (33.5%). In all patients analyzed, mean IOP was significantly reduced from 18.6 ± 5.9 mmHg (month 0) to 15 mmHg or below throughout the 2-year observation period after initiation of tafluprost. Significant IOP-lowering effects were shown in various treatment patterns and disease types. Adverse reactions were observed in 795 patients (18.64%). Major adverse reactions included eyelid pigmentation, ocular hyperemia, eyelash changes, eyelid hypertrichosis, and iris hyperpigmentation. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that 84.6% and 76.1% of patients were persistent on tafluprost for 1 and 2 years, respectively, when discontinuation due to insufficient efficacy or adverse events was defined as a treatment failure event. Furthermore, among treatment-naïve patients (n = 2304), the persistency rates on tafluprost monotherapy were 77.0% for 1 year and 67.0% for 2 years. Tafluprost showed significant long-term IOP-lowering effects regardless of treatment patterns or diagnosis, with

Systematic Occlusion of Shunts: Control of Early Postoperative IOP and Hypotony-related Complications Following Glaucoma Shunt Surgery.

PubMed

Sharkawi, Eamon; Artes, Paul H; Oleszczuk, Justyna D; Bela, Cyrielle; Achache, Farid; Barton, Keith; Bergin, Ciara

2016-01-01

Evaluation of a protocol of total intraluminal occlusion of Baerveldt shunts and its effects on early postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) control and hypotony-related complications. This was a noncomparative, prospective, and interventional study. Glaucoma patients were recruited to undergo Baerveldt shunt surgery. A total of 116 eyes of 112 patients were enrolled. During shunt implantation, aqueous outflow was restricted using an intraluminal occluding stent inserted through the entire tube length, with and without external ligation, to halt aqueous flow. Postoperatively, eyes underwent ligature laser suture lysis and partial or complete stent removals, at predetermined time intervals. Loss of postoperative IOP control was categorized as transient or persistent hypotony (IOP≤5 mm Hg) or hypertony (IOP>21 mm Hg). Patients were followed up for 1 year. Preoperatively median IOP was 23 mm Hg (mean 26 mm Hg, SD 12 mm Hg), median number of glaucoma medications was 3.0 (mean 3.0, SD 1.2). During year 1, laser suture lysis was performed in 30 eyes (26%) and stent removal in 93 eyes (80%) (23 partial; 70 complete). There was 1 case of transient hypotony, no cases of persistent hypotony, 10 of transient hypertony, and 3 of persistent hypertony. Nine eyes had IOP≤5 mm Hg at ≥1 time points and hypotony-related complications occurred in 8 eyes (7%). At 1 year, median IOP was 12 mm Hg (mean 13 mm Hg, SD 4 mm Hg) with a median of 1.0 glaucoma medications (mean 1.1, SD 1.3). The cumulative probability of failure during the first 12 months follow-up was 6% (n=7). Overall postoperative complications occurred in 11 eyes (9%). The surgical and postoperative protocol resulted in controlled, step-wise reductions of IOP with low rates of hypotony and related complications.

C-IOP/NiO/Ni7S6 composite with the inverse opal lattice as an electrode for supercapacitors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sukhinina, Nadezhda S.; Masalov, Vladimir M.; Zhokhov, Andrey A.; Zverkova, Irina I.; Emelchenko, Gennadi A.

2015-06-01

In this work, we demonstrate the results of studies on the synthesis, the structure and properties of carbon inverted opal (C-IOP) nanostructures, the surface of which is modified by oxide and sulfide of nickel. It is shown that the modification of the matrix C-IOP by nickel compounds led to a decreasing the specific surface area more than three times and was 250 m2/g. The specific capacitance of the capacitor with the C-IOP/NiO/Ni7S6 composite as electrode has increased more than 4 times, from 130 F/g to 600 F/g, as compared with the sample C-IOP without the modification by nickel compounds. The significant contribution of the faradaic reactions in specific capacitance of the capacitor electrodes of the composites is marked.

Comparison of Columnar Water Vapor Measurements During The Fall 1997 ARM Intensive Observation Period: Optical Methods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schmid, Beat; Michalsky, J.; Slater, D.; Barnard, J.; Halthore, R.; Liljegren, J.; Holben, B.; Eck, T.; Livingston, J.; Russell, P.;

First-line treatment for elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) associated with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension: focus on bimatoprost

PubMed Central

Law, Simon K

2007-01-01

The goal of treatment for open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension is to improve quality of life through reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) to preserve visual function. Prostaglandins, as a newer class of ocular hypotensive agents, have been shown to be effective in IOP reduction by the primary mechanism of action of increase the uveoscleral outflow. Bimatoprost is a member this class, but different from the other members by having an ethyl amide group rather than an isopropyl ester at the C-1 carbon of the alpha chain. Bimatoprost used once daily has been shown to be more effect in IOP reduction than other classes of topical ocular hypotensive agents including beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and alpha agonists. Comparing with other topical prostaglandins, bimatoprost may be slightly more effective in IOP reduction, but the clinical significance is uncertain. The commonly reported adverse events associated with bimatoprost are localized to the eye and include conjunctival hyperemia, changes in the pigmentation of the periocular skin and iris, and eyelash darkening and growth. It is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Commission (EC) for first-line therapy for the reduction of elevated IOP in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. PMID:19668476

An Applet to Estimate the IOP-Induced Stress and Strain within the Optic Nerve Head

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Purpose. The ability to predict the biomechanical response of the optic nerve head (ONH) to intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation holds great promise, yet remains elusive. The objective of this work was to introduce an approach to model ONH biomechanics that combines the ease of use and speed of analytical models with the flexibility and power of numerical models. Methods. Models representing a variety of ONHs were produced, and finite element (FE) techniques used to predict the stresses (forces) and strains (relative deformations) induced on each of the models by IOP elevations (up to 10 mm Hg). Multivariate regression was used to parameterize each biomechanical response as an analytical function. These functions were encoded into a Flash-based applet. Applet utility was demonstrated by investigating hypotheses concerning ONH biomechanics posited in the literature. Results. All responses were parameterized well by polynomials (R2 values between 0.985 and 0.999), demonstrating the effectiveness of our fitting approach. Previously published univariate results were reproduced with the applet in seconds. A few minutes allowed for multivariate analysis, with which it was predicted that often, but not always, larger eyes experience higher levels of stress and strain than smaller ones, even at the same IOP. Conclusions. An applet has been presented with which it is simple to make rapid estimates of IOP-related ONH biomechanics. The applet represents a step toward bringing the power of FE modeling beyond the specialized laboratory and can thus help develop more refined biomechanics-based hypotheses. The applet is available for use at www.ocularbiomechanics.com. PMID:21527378

Intercomparison of microphysical datasets collected from CAIPEEX observations and WRF simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pattnaik, S.; Goswami, B.; Kulkarni, J.

2009-12-01

In the first phase of ongoing Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX) program of Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), intensive cloud microphysical datasets are collected over India during the May through September, 2009. This study is designed to evaluate the forecast skills of existing cloud microphysical parameterization schemes (i.e. single moment/double moments) within the WRF-ARW model (Version 3.1.1) during different intensive observation periods (IOP) over the targeted regions spreading all across India. Basic meteorological and cloud microphysical parameters obtained from the model simulations are validated against the observed data set collected during CAIPEEX program. For this study, we have considered three IOP phases (i.e. May 23-27, June 11-15, July 3-7) carried out over northern, central and western India respectively. This study emphasizes the thrust to understand the mechanism of evolution, intensification and distribution of simulated precipitation forecast upto day four (i.e. 96 hour forecast). Efforts have also been made to carryout few important microphysics sensitivity experiments within the explicit schemes to investigate their respective impact on the formation and distribution of vital cloud parameters (e.g. cloud liquid water, frozen hydrometeors) and model rainfall forecast over the IOP regions. The characteristic features of liquid and frozen hydrometers in the pre-monsoon and monsoon regimes are examined from model forecast as well as from CAIPEEX observation data set for different IOPs. The model is integrated in a triply nested fashion with an innermost nest explicitly resolved at a horizontal resolution of 4km.In this presentation preliminary results from aforementioned research initiatives will be introduced.

Intraocular pressure change over a habitual 24-hour period after changing posture or drinking water and related factors in normal tension glaucoma.

PubMed

Sakata, Rei; Aihara, Makoto; Murata, Hiroshi; Saito, Hitomi; Iwase, Aiko; Yasuda, Noriko; Araie, Makoto

2013-08-07

We investigated the correlation between 24-hour IOP in the habitual (sitting during day and supine during night) position (H24h-IOP) and IOP after a postural-change test (PCT-IOP) and a water-drinking test (WDT-IOP). We also investigated ocular and systemic factors related with them in patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Japanese NTG patients underwent H24h-IOP, PCT-IOP, and WDT-IOP measurements during a 24-hour period. Correlations among H24h-IOP, PCT-IOP, and WDT-IOP, and contributing ocular/systemic factors were investigated using regression analysis. There were 33 patients included. Peak H24h-IOP correlated positively with peak PCT-IOP and peak WDT-IOP (estimate = 0.422 and 0.419, P ≤ 0.010), and peak PCT-IOP with WDT-IOP (0.44, P = 0.002). Peak H24h-IOP correlated with refraction (0.36, P = 0.048) and negatively with the mean deviation (MD, -0.066, P = 0.031). MD and baseline IOP (the mean of H24h-IOP) correlated negatively with the H24h-IOP fluctuation (-0.058 and -0.58, P ≤ 0.050). Refraction, baseline IOP, mean blood pressure (mBP), and body mass index (BMI) correlated with peak PCT-IOP (0.23, 0.52, 0.097, and 0.32, respectively, P ≤ 0.038). PCT-IOP difference correlated with refraction and mBP (0.31 and 0.093, P ≤ 0.016) and negatively with age (-0.069, P = 0.003). Central corneal thickness, baseline IOP, age, and BMI correlated with peak WDT-IOP (0.030, 0.40, 0.088, and 0.26, P ≤ 0.050). Age and BMI correlated with WDT-IOP difference (0.086 and 0.20, P < 0.032). Positive correlation was found among the peaks of H24h-, PCT-, and WDT-IOP. A worse visual field was associated with higher peak and greater fluctuation of H24h-IOP in NTG. Several ocular/systemic factors were important in interpreting H24h-, PCT-, and WDT-IOP.

Corneal elastic anisotropy and hysteresis as a function of IOP assessed by optical coherence elastography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Jiasong; Singh, Manmohan; Han, Zhaolong; Wu, Chen; Raghunathan, Raksha; Liu, Chih-Hao; Nair, Achuth; Noorani, Shezaan; Aglyamov, Salavat R.; Twa, Michael D.; Larin, Kirill V.

2016-03-01

The mechanical anisotropic properties of the cornea can be an important indicator for determining the onset and severity of different diseases and can be used to assess the efficacy of various therapeutic interventions, such as cross-linking and LASIK surgery. In this work, we introduce a noncontact method of assessing corneal mechanical anisotropy as a function of intraocular pressure (IOP) using optical coherence elastography (OCE). A focused air-pulse induced low amplitude (<10 μm) elastic waves in fresh porcine corneas in the whole eye-globe configuration in situ. A phase-stabilized swept source optical coherence elastography (PhS-SSOCE) system imaged the elastic wave propagation at stepped radial angles, and the OCE measurements were repeated as the IOP was cycled. The elastic wave velocity was then quantified to determine the mechanical anisotropy and hysteresis of the cornea. The results show that the elastic anisotropy at the corneal of the apex of the cornea becomes more pronounced at higher IOPs, and that there are distinct radial angles of higher and lower stiffness. Due to the noncontact nature and small amplitude of the elastic wave, this method may be useful for characterizing the elastic anisotropy of ocular and other tissues in vivo completely noninvasively.

Introduction: Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martin, S. T.; Artaxo, P.; Machado, L. A. T.; Manzi, A. O.; Souza, R. A. F.; Schumacher, C.; Wang, J.; Andreae, M. O.; Barbosa, H. M. J.; Fan, J.; Fisch, G.; Goldstein, A. H.; Guenther, A.; Jimenez, J. L.; Pöschl, U.; Silva Dias, M. A.; Smith, J. N.; Wendisch, M.

2015-11-01

The Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) Experiment was carried out in the environs of Manaus, Brazil, in the central region of the Amazon basin during two years from 1 January 2014 through 31 December 2015. The experiment focused on the complex interactions among vegetation, atmospheric chemistry, and aerosol production on the one hand and their connections to aerosols, clouds, and precipitation on the other. The objective was to understand and quantify these linked processes, first under natural conditions to obtain a baseline and second when altered by the effects of human activities. To this end, the pollution plume from the Manaus metropolis, superimposed on the background conditions of the central Amazon basin, served as a natural laboratory. The present paper, as the Introduction to the GoAmazon2014/5 Special Issue, presents the context and motivation of the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment. The nine research sites, including the characteristics and instrumentation of each site, are presented. The sites range from time point zero (T0) upwind of the pollution, to T1 in the midst of the pollution, to T2 just downwind of the pollution, to T3 furthest downwind of the pollution (70 km). In addition to the ground sites, a low-altitude G-159 Gulfstream I (G1) observed the atmospheric boundary layer and low clouds, and a high-altitude Gulfstream G550 (HALO) operated in the free troposphere. During the two-year experiment, two Intensive Operating Periods (IOP1 and IOP2) also took place that included additional specialized research instrumentation at the ground sites as well as flights of the two aircraft. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP1 was carried out from 1 February to 31 March 2014 in the wet season. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP2 was conducted from 15 August to 15 October 2014 in the dry season. The G1 aircraft flew during both IOP1 and IOP2, and the HALO aircraft flew during IOP2. In the context of the Amazon basin, the two IOPs also correspond to the clean

Introduction: Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martin, S. T.; Artaxo, P.; Machado, L. A. T.; Manzi, A. O.; Souza, R. A. F.; Schumacher, C.; Wang, J.; Andreae, M. O.; Barbosa, H. M. J.; Fan, J.; Fisch, G.; Goldstein, A. H.; Guenther, A.; Jimenez, J. L.; Pöschl, U.; Silva Dias, M. A.; Smith, J. N.; Wendisch, M.

2016-04-01

The Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) Experiment was carried out in the environs of Manaus, Brazil, in the central region of the Amazon basin for 2 years from 1 January 2014 through 31 December 2015. The experiment focused on the complex interactions among vegetation, atmospheric chemistry, and aerosol production on the one hand and their connections to aerosols, clouds, and precipitation on the other. The objective was to understand and quantify these linked processes, first under natural conditions to obtain a baseline and second when altered by the effects of human activities. To this end, the pollution plume from the Manaus metropolis, superimposed on the background conditions of the central Amazon basin, served as a natural laboratory. The present paper, as the introduction to the special issue of GoAmazon2014/5, presents the context and motivation of the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment. The nine research sites, including the characteristics and instrumentation of each site, are presented. The sites range from time point zero (T0) upwind of the pollution, to T1 in the midst of the pollution, to T2 just downwind of the pollution, to T3 furthest downwind of the pollution (70 km). In addition to the ground sites, a low-altitude G-159 Gulfstream I (G-1) observed the atmospheric boundary layer and low clouds, and a high-altitude Gulfstream G550 (HALO) operated in the free troposphere. During the 2-year experiment, two Intensive Operating Periods (IOP1 and IOP2) also took place that included additional specialized research instrumentation at the ground sites as well as flights of the two aircraft. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP1 was carried out from 1 February to 31 March 2014 in the wet season. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP2 was conducted from 15 August to 15 October 2014 in the dry season. The G-1 aircraft flew during both IOP1 and IOP2, and the HALO aircraft flew during IOP2. In the context of the Amazon basin, the two IOPs also correspond to the clean and

A Multisensor Investigation of Convection During HyMeX SOP1 IOP13

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roberto, N.; Adirosi, E.; Baldini, L.; Casella, D.; Dietrich, S.; Panegrossi, G.; Petracca, M.; Sano, P.; Gatlin, P.

2014-01-01

A multisensor analysis of the convective precipitation event occurred over Rome during the IOP13 (October 15th, 2012) of the HyMeX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean eXperiment) Special Observation Period (SOP) 1 is presented. Thanks to the cooperation among Italian meteorological services and scientific community and a specific agreement with NASA-GSFC, different types of devices for meteorological measurements were made available during the HyMeX SOP.1. For investigating this event, used are the 3-D lightning data provided by the LINET, the CNR ISAC dual-pol C-band radar (Polar 55C), located in Rome, the Drop Size Distributions (DSD) collected by the 2D Video Disdrometer (2DVD) and the collocated Micro Rain Radar (MRR) installed at the Radio Meteorology Lab. of "Sapienza" University of Rome, located 14 km from the Polar 55C radar. The relation between microphysical structure and electrical activity during the convective phase of the event was investigated using LINET lightning data and Polar 55C (working both in PPI and RHI scanning mode) observations. Location of regions of high horizontal reflectivity (Zh) values ( > 50 dBz), indicating convective precipitation, were found to be associated to a high number of LINET strokes. In addition, an hydrometeor classification scheme applied to the Polar 55C scans was used to detect graupel and to identify a relation between number of LINET strokes and integrated IWC of graupel along the event. Properties of DSDs measured by the 2DVD and vertical DSD profiles estimated by MRR and their relation with the lighting activity registered by LINET were investigated with specific focus on the transition from convective to stratiform regimes. A good agreement was found between convection detected by these instruments and the number of strokes detected by LINET.

Experimental observation of intraocular pressure changes during microkeratome suctioning in laser in situ keratomileusis.

PubMed

Bissen-Miyajima, Hiroko; Suzuki, Shintaro; Ohashi, Yoshie; Minami, Keiichiro

2005-03-01

To observe changes in intraocular pressure (IOP), the manner in which the eye is suctioned, and the effect of the number of suction ports. Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College, Suidobashi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. Suction rings with single or dual ports were made of transparent acrylic acid resin to facilitate observation with a digital video camera. The IOP and the duration of the IOP increase (time to reach 90% of the maximum IOP) were measured in 6 porcine eyes with an intra-vein pressure-sensor catheter in the vitreous cavity. The IOP changes were recorded using a personal computer. Suctioning with single- and dual-port suction rings was similar. The IOP increases with single- and dual-port suction rings were similar (99.1 mm Hg +/- 6.1 [SD] and 99.0 +/- 6.5 mm Hg, respectively) (P=.987). The duration of the IOP increase was also similar (4.21 +/- 0.24 seconds and 4.12 +/- 0.33 seconds, respectively) (P=.190). The number of ports did not affect suctioning and changes in IOP. This technique is useful in developing the ideal shape and setting of the suction ring.

Robotics Systems Joint Project Office (RSJPO) Interoperability Profiles (IOPS) 101

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-07-01

interoperability, although they are supported by some interoperability attributes  For example, stair climbing » Stair climbing is not something that...IOPs need to specify » However, the mobility & actuation related interoperable messages can be used to provide stair climbing » Also...interoperability can enable management of different poses or modes, one of which may be stair climbing R O B O T IC S Y S T E M S J P O L e a d e r s h i p

Introduction: Observations and modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martin, S. T.; Artaxo, P.; Machado, L. A. T.

The Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) Experiment was carried out in the environs of Manaus, Brazil, in the central region of the Amazon basin for 2 years from 1 January 2014 through 31 December 2015. The experiment focused on the complex interactions among vegetation, atmospheric chemistry, and aerosol production on the one hand and their connections to aerosols, clouds, and precipitation on the other. The objective was to understand and quantify these linked processes, first under natural conditions to obtain a baseline and second when altered by the effects of human activities. To this end, the pollution plume from themore » Manaus metropolis, superimposed on the background conditions of the central Amazon basin, served as a natural laboratory. The present paper, as the introduction to the special issue of GoAmazon2014/5, presents the context and motivation of the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment. The nine research sites, including the characteristics and instrumentation of each site, are presented. The sites range from time point zero (T0) upwind of the pollution, to T1 in the midst of the pollution, to T2 just downwind of the pollution, to T3 furthest downwind of the pollution (70 km). In addition to the ground sites, a low-altitude G-159 Gulfstream I (G-1) observed the atmospheric boundary layer and low clouds, and a high-altitude Gulfstream G550 (HALO) operated in the free troposphere. During the 2-year experiment, two Intensive Operating Periods (IOP1 and IOP2) also took place that included additional specialized research instrumentation at the ground sites as well as flights of the two aircraft. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP1 was carried out from 1 February to 31 March 2014 in the wet season. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP2 was conducted from 15 August to 15 October 2014 in the dry season. In addition, the G-1 aircraft flew during both IOP1 and IOP2, and the HALO aircraft flew during IOP2. In the context of the Amazon basin, the two IOPs

Introduction: Observations and modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5)

DOE PAGES

Martin, S. T.; Artaxo, P.; Machado, L. A. T.; ...

2016-04-19

The Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) Experiment was carried out in the environs of Manaus, Brazil, in the central region of the Amazon basin for 2 years from 1 January 2014 through 31 December 2015. The experiment focused on the complex interactions among vegetation, atmospheric chemistry, and aerosol production on the one hand and their connections to aerosols, clouds, and precipitation on the other. The objective was to understand and quantify these linked processes, first under natural conditions to obtain a baseline and second when altered by the effects of human activities. To this end, the pollution plume from themore » Manaus metropolis, superimposed on the background conditions of the central Amazon basin, served as a natural laboratory. The present paper, as the introduction to the special issue of GoAmazon2014/5, presents the context and motivation of the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment. The nine research sites, including the characteristics and instrumentation of each site, are presented. The sites range from time point zero (T0) upwind of the pollution, to T1 in the midst of the pollution, to T2 just downwind of the pollution, to T3 furthest downwind of the pollution (70 km). In addition to the ground sites, a low-altitude G-159 Gulfstream I (G-1) observed the atmospheric boundary layer and low clouds, and a high-altitude Gulfstream G550 (HALO) operated in the free troposphere. During the 2-year experiment, two Intensive Operating Periods (IOP1 and IOP2) also took place that included additional specialized research instrumentation at the ground sites as well as flights of the two aircraft. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP1 was carried out from 1 February to 31 March 2014 in the wet season. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP2 was conducted from 15 August to 15 October 2014 in the dry season. In addition, the G-1 aircraft flew during both IOP1 and IOP2, and the HALO aircraft flew during IOP2. In the context of the Amazon basin, the two IOPs

Long-term titrated IOP control with one, two, or three trabecular micro-bypass stents in open-angle glaucoma subjects on topical hypotensive medication: 42-month outcomes

PubMed Central

Erb, Carl; Carceller Guillamet, Amadeu; Fea, Antonio M; Voskanyan, Lilit; Giamporcaro, Jane Ellen; Hornbeak, Dana M

2018-01-01

Purpose Evaluate long-term outcomes after one, two, or three trabecular micro-bypass stents implanted in a standalone procedure in eyes with open-angle glaucoma taking ocular hypotensive medication. Patients and methods Prospective randomized ongoing study of 119 subjects (109 with 42-month follow-up) with open-angle glaucoma, preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) 18–30 mmHg on one to three glaucoma medications, and unmedicated (post-washout) IOP 22–38 mmHg. Subjects were randomized to receive one (n=38), two (n=41), or three (n=40) iStent trabecular micro-bypass stents in a standalone procedure. Postoperatively, IOP was measured with medication and annually following washout. Data included IOP, medications, gonioscopy, pachymetry, visual field, visual acuity, adverse events, and slit-lamp and fundus examinations. Results Preoperative mean medicated IOP was 19.8±1.3 mmHg on 1.71 medications in one-stent eyes, 20.1±1.6 mmHg on 1.76 medications in two-stent eyes, and 20.4±1.8 mmHg on 1.53 medications in three-stent eyes. Post-washout IOP prior to stent implantation was 25.0±1.2, 25.0±1.7, and 25.1±1.9 mmHg in the three groups, respectively. Postoperatively, Month 42 medicated IOP was 15.0±2.8, 15.7±1.0 and 14.8±1.3 mmHg in the three groups, and post-washout IOP (Months 36–37) was 17.4±0.9, 15.8±1.1 and 14.2±1.5 mmHg, respectively. IOP reduction ≥20% without medication was achieved in 89%, 90%, and 92% of one-, two-, and three-stent eyes, respectively, at Month 12; and in 61%, 91%, and 91% of eyes, respectively, at Month 42. The need for additional medication remained consistent at Months 12 and 42 in multi-stent eyes (four two-stent eyes and three three-stent eyes at both time points), whereas it increased in single-stent eyes (four eyes at Month 12 versus 18 eyes at Month 42). Safety parameters were favorable in all groups. Conclusion The standalone implantation of either single or multiple iStent® device(s) produced safe, clinically

The Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX-1): Analysis and Modelling of LSOS Data (IOP3 Period)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tedesco, Marco; Kim, Edward J.; Cline, Don; Graf, Tobias; Koike, Toshio; Hardy, Janet; Armstrong, Richard; Brodzik, Mary

2004-01-01

Microwave brightness temperatures at 18.7,36.5, and 89 GHz collected at the Local-Scale Observation Site (LSOS) of the NASA Cold-Land Processes Field Experiment in February, 2003 (third Intensive Observation Period) were simulated using a Dense Media Radiative Transfer model (DMRT), based on the Quasi Crystalline Approximation with Coherent Potential (QCA-CP). Inputs to the model were averaged from LSOS snow pit measurements, although different averages were used for the lower frequencies vs. the highest one, due to the different penetration depths and to the stratigraphy of the snowpack. Mean snow particle radius was computed as a best-fit parameter. Results show that the model was able to reproduce satisfactorily brightness temperatures measured by the University of Tokyo s Ground Based Microwave Radiometer system (CBMR-7). The values of the best-fit snow particle radii were found to fall within the range of values obtained by averaging the field-measured mean particle sizes for the three classes of Small, Medium and Large grain sizes measured at the LSOS site.

Comparison of Columnar Water Vapor Measurements During The Fall 1997 ARM Intensive Observation Period: Solar Transmittance Methods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schmid, B.; Michalsky, J. J.; Slater, D. W.; Barnard, J. C.; Halthore, R. N.; Liljegren, J. C.; Holben, B. N.; Eck, T. F.; Livingston, J. M.; Russell, P. B.

2000-01-01

In the fall of 1997, during an Intensive Observation Period (IOP), the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program conducted a study of water vapor abundance measurement at its Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. Among a large number of instruments, four sun-tracking radiometers were present to measure the columnar water vapor (CWV). All four solar radiometers retrieve CWV by measuring total solar transmittance in the 0.94-gm water vapor absorption band and subtracting contributions due to Rayleigh, ozone and aerosol transmittances. The aerosol optical depth comparisons among the same four radiometers has been presented elsewhere (Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 17, 2725-2728, 1999). We have used three different methods to retrieve CWV. In a first round of comparison no attempt was made to standardize on the same radiative transfer model and its underlying water vapor spectroscopy. In the second round of comparison we used the same line-by-line code (which includes recently corrected H2O spectroscopy) to retrieve CAN from all four suntracking radiometers. This decreased the mean CWV by 8% or 13%. The spread of 8% in the solar radiometer results found when using the same model is an indication of the other-than-model uncertainties involved in determining CWV from solar transmittance measurements with current instrumentation.

Numerical simulation of cloud and precipitation structure during GALE IOP-2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Robertson, F. R.; Perkey, D. J.; Seablom, M. S.

1988-01-01

A regional scale model, LAMPS (Limited Area Mesoscale Prediction System), is used to investigate cloud and precipitation structure that accompanied a short wave system during a portion of GALE IOP-2. A comparison of satellite imagery and model fields indicates that much of the large mesoscale organization of condensation has been captured by the simulation. In addition to reproducing a realistic phasing of two baroclinic zones associated with a split cold front, a reasonable simulation of the gross mesoscale cloud distribution has been achieved.

Evaluation of the Orssengo-Pye IOP corrective algorithm in LASIK patients with thick corneas.

PubMed

Kirstein, Elliot M; Hüsler, André

2005-09-01

The objective of this study was to evaluate the Orssengo-Pye central corneal thickness (CCT) Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) corrective algorithm by observing changes in GAT and CCT before and after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery in patients with CCT that remains greater than 545 microm postoperatively. Tonometric and pachymetric measurements were made on 14 patients (28 eyes) before and after LASIK surgery. The selected patients were required to have average or above average postoperative central corneal thickness values in both eyes (not less than 545 microm). Preoperatively, all patients had CCT and GAT measurements taken. Postoperatively patients had CCT, GAT, and dynamic contour tonometric (DCT) measurements taken. Preoperatively, median CCT values were 589.536 microm. Median GAT values were 16.750 mmHg. Median corrected preoperative GAT values were 14.450 mmHg. After LASIK treatment, median CCT values were 559.417 microm. The decrease in median CCT was 30.119 microm. Median postoperative GAT values were 11.500 mmHg (decrease, 5.250 mmHg). Median corrected postoperative GAT values were 10.775 mmHg (decrease, 3.675 mmHg). Median postoperative DCT values were 17.858 mmHg. LASIK treatment causes a significant reduction in measured GAT intraocular pressure (IOP) values. The Orssengo-Pye formula, which attempts to correct for GAT error associated with individual variation in CCT, appears to yield misleading results in these circumstances. An unexpected 3.675-mmHg decrease in "corrected IOP" by the Orssengo-Pye method seen in this study may be attributed to some limitation or error in the formula. After adjusting for the approximate1.7-mmHg difference, which has been demonstrated between DCT and GAT, postoperative DCT values were similar to preoperative measured GAT values.

Laboratory Studies of Temperature and Relative Humidity Dependence of Aerosol Nucleation during the TANGENT 2017 IOP Study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ouyang, Q.; Tiszenkel, L.; Stangl, C. M.; Krasnomowitz, J.; Johnston, M. V.; Lee, S.

2017-12-01

In this poster, we will present recent measurements of temperature and relative humidity dependence of aerosol nucleation of sulfuric acid under the conditions representative of the ground level to the free troposphere. Aerosol nucleation is critically dependent on temperature, but the current global aerosol models use nucleation algorithms that are independent of temperature and relative humidity due to the lack of experimental data. Thus, these models fail to simulate nucleation in a wide range of altitude and latitude conditions. We are currently conducting the Tandem Aerosol Nucleation and Growth Environment Tube (TANGENT) the intense observation period (IOP) experiments to investigate the aerosol nucleation and growth properties independently, during nucleation and growth. Nucleation takes place from sulfuric acid, water and some base compounds in a fast flow nucleation tube (FT-1). Nucleation precursors are detected with two chemical ionization mass spectrometers (CIMS) and newly nucleated particles are measured with a particle size magnifier (PSM) and a scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPS). Then these particles grow further in the second flow tube (FT-2) in the presence of oxidants of biogenic organic compounds. Chemical compositions of grown particles are further analyzed with a nano-aerosol mass spectrometer (NAMS). Our experimental results will provide a robust algorithm for aerosol nucleation and growth rates as a function of temperature and relative humidity.

[Reliability and reproducibility of introcular pressure (IOP) measurement with the Icare® Home rebound tonometer (model TA022) and comparison with Goldmann applanation tonometer in glaucoma patients].

PubMed

Valero, B; Fénolland, J-R; Rosenberg, R; Sendon, D; Mesnard, C; Sigaux, M; Giraud, J-M; Renard, J-P

2017-12-01

The Icare ® Home tonometer is a new rebound tonometer, developed for intraocular pressure (IOP) self-monitoring. The main objective of our study was to evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of measurements taken with the Icare ® Home tonometer in glaucoma patients compared to the Goldmann applanation tonometer. A secondary objective was to investigate factors that could influence the reproducibility of these measurements. Fifty-two glaucoma patients were included in this prospective, non-randomized, monocentric study. IOP measurements were performed on the right eye and then on the left eye in the following order (3 measurements of IOP for each method): air tonometer (T-Air), Icare ® Home tonometer by the patient (RT-P), Icare ® Home tonometer by an ophthalmologist (RT-O), Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT). Forty-four patients (85%) managed to take their IOP on both eyes with the Icare ® Home tonometer. Mean IOPs were 14.35±3.93mmHg (T-Air), 13.43±4.65mmHg (RT-P), 14.13±4.29mmHg (RT-O), 14.74±3.84mmHg (GAT). The intraclass correlation indices (ICC) on the 3 repeated IOP measurements were 0.924, 0.872, 0.947 and 0.957, respectively. Bland-Altman analysis found a mean difference (bias) between GAT and RT-P, between GAT and RT-O, and between RT-O and RT-P, respectively, of 1.31, 0.61 and 0.70mmHg, with a 95% confidence interval of -3.34 to 5.96, -3.91 to 5.14 and -3.44 to 4.84mmHg, respectively. The reproducibility of the measurements taken with the Icare ® Home tonometer did not vary according to corneal thickness or age of the patients. The Icare ® Home tonometer provides reliable and reproducible IOP values in glaucoma patients, although it appears to slightly underestimate the IOP measurements compared to the Goldmann applanation tonometer. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon 2014/15: Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis of Aerosol Particles Field Campaign Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Buseck, Peter

2016-03-01

During two Intensive Operational Periods (IOP), we collected samples at 3-hour intervals for transmission electron microscopy analysis. The resulting transmission electron microscopy images and compositions were analyzed for the samples of interest. Further analysis will be done especially for the plume of interest. We found solid spherical organic particles from rebounded samples collected with Professor Scot Martin’s group (Harvard University). Approximately 30% of the rebounded particles at 95% relative humidity were spherical organic particles. Their sources and formation process are not known, but such spherical particles could be solid and will have heterogeneous chemical reactions. We observed many organic particlesmore » that are internally mixed with inorganic elements such as potassium and nitrogen. They are either homogeneously mixed or have inorganic cores with organic aerosol coatings. Samples collected from the Manaus, Brazil, pollution plume included many nano-size soot particles mixed with organic material and sulfate. Aerosol particles from clean periods included organic aerosol particles, sulfate, sea salt, dust, and primary biogenic aerosol particles. There was more dust, primary biogenic aerosol, and tar balls in samples taken during IOP1 than those taken during IOP2. Many dust particles were found between March 2 and 3.« less

Observations of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer and Morning Transitional Periods in Houston, Texas during the TexAQS II Campaign

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Day, B. M.; Clements, C. B.; Rappenglueck, B.

2007-12-01

High-temporal resolution tethersonde profiles taken during the TexAQS II field campaign in Houston were used to study the overnight development and progression of the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) and the evolution of the convective boundary layer after sunrise. The measurements were made at the University of Houston campus, located approximately 4 km southeast of the downtown Houston central business district, and consisted of vertical profiles of potential temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, wind speed, wind direction, and ozone concentration. Profile heights averaged 250 m AGL with a few reaching 400 m AGL. Profiles were taken at approximately 30 min intervals throughout 4 nights during Intensive Observational Periods (IOPs), including both the evening and morning transitional periods. Tethersonde experiments also were performed during several additional morning break-up periods during the campaign. Preliminary results from the overnight experiments of Sept 7-8 and Sept 14-15, 2006 showed different NBL evolutions. Sept 7-8 exhibited a stronger and deeper inversion compared with Sept 14-15 when the inversion was weak with a fairly constant height throughout the night. The Sept 7-8 profiles showed elevated bluff-like structures in the virtual potential temperature profiles between 0300-0400 CDT, indicating neutral stability within the 40-90 m AGL level. And, just before sunrise a neutral layer with constant potential temperature developed between the surface and 75 m AGL reflecting horizontal cold air advection. Further analyses will be presented for other vertical profiles taken during the campaign, including the additional overnight profiles as well as the profiles taken during the morning transition to the convective boundary layer.

Comparison study of OCT, HRT and VF findings among normal controls and patients with pseudoexfoliation, with or without increased IOP.

PubMed

Riga, Fryni; Georgalas, Ilias; Tsikripis, Panagiotis; Papaconstantinou, Dimitrios

2014-01-01

To compare and evaluate optic nerve head (ONH) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurements obtained with the optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the Heidelberg retina tomography (HRT) to visual field (VF) parameters in normal and in patients with pseudoexfoliation with or without increased intraocular pressure (IOP). A total of 96 subjects were included in our study aged between 65 years and 78 years. The normal group consisted of 28 subjects (14 men and 14 women). Out of the total number of patients, 68 patients who showed pseudoexfoliation (21 men and 47 women) were divided into two groups. Of these, the first group had pseudoexfoliation with increased IOP and the second group showed deposits of pseudoexfoliative material without an increase in IOP. The normal controls were randomly chosen and restricted to those without any glaucomatous optic disc damages, VF defects, and an IOP <15 mmHg. All subjects were prospectively included for repeated measurements of IOP, OCT, HRT, and VFs during the same visit by the same examiner and all measurements were repeated every 3 months. Mean RNFL thickness measured by OCT was larger in the normal controls than in the other two groups (98.04 μm (first group) vs 75.42 μm and 97.02 μm (second group), P<0.05). Four-quadrant RNFL thickness measurements were significantly different between the normal and the group 1 (P<0.05) but not with the group 2 (P>0.05). Rim area had a mean difference of -0.44, whereas cup-to-disc ratio (C/D) showed a mean difference of 0.31, thus being significantly different between the normal and the two groups (all P<0.05). The median of the mean deviation parameter of VFs was -0.28 for the normal vs -0.32 and -0.18 for the other two groups, whereas pattern standard deviation median difference was 0.89 for the normal and 1.32 and 1.20 for the other two groups, respectively (P<0.05). Both OCT and HRT showed early ONH and RNFL changes in their parameters and did not correlate with the normal

Comparison study of OCT, HRT and VF findings among normal controls and patients with pseudoexfoliation, with or without increased IOP

PubMed Central

Riga, Fryni; Georgalas, Ilias; Tsikripis, Panagiotis; Papaconstantinou, Dimitrios

2014-01-01

Purpose To compare and evaluate optic nerve head (ONH) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurements obtained with the optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the Heidelberg retina tomography (HRT) to visual field (VF) parameters in normal and in patients with pseudoexfoliation with or without increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods A total of 96 subjects were included in our study aged between 65 years and 78 years. The normal group consisted of 28 subjects (14 men and 14 women). Out of the total number of patients, 68 patients who showed pseudoexfoliation (21 men and 47 women) were divided into two groups. Of these, the first group had pseudoexfoliation with increased IOP and the second group showed deposits of pseudoexfoliative material without an increase in IOP. The normal controls were randomly chosen and restricted to those without any glaucomatous optic disc damages, VF defects, and an IOP <15 mmHg. All subjects were prospectively included for repeated measurements of IOP, OCT, HRT, and VFs during the same visit by the same examiner and all measurements were repeated every 3 months. Results Mean RNFL thickness measured by OCT was larger in the normal controls than in the other two groups (98.04 μm (first group) vs 75.42 μm and 97.02 μm (second group), P<0.05). Four-quadrant RNFL thickness measurements were significantly different between the normal and the group 1 (P<0.05) but not with the group 2 (P>0.05). Rim area had a mean difference of −0.44, whereas cup-to-disc ratio (C/D) showed a mean difference of 0.31, thus being significantly different between the normal and the two groups (all P<0.05). The median of the mean deviation parameter of VFs was −0.28 for the normal vs −0.32 and −0.18 for the other two groups, whereas pattern standard deviation median difference was 0.89 for the normal and 1.32 and 1.20 for the other two groups, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion Both OCT and HRT showed early ONH and RNFL changes in their parameters

Visual and IOP outcomes after PRK in pigment dispersion syndrome.

PubMed

Bower, Kraig S; Sia, Rose K; Ryan, Denise S; Mines, Michael J; Stutzman, Richard D; Kuzmowych, Chrystyna P; Eaddy, Jennifer B; Coe, Charles D; Wroblewski, Keith J

2011-09-01

To report the results of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in patients with pigment dispersion syndrome. The pre- and postoperative records of patients with pigment dispersion syndrome who underwent PRK between January 2002 and March 2009 were reviewed. Data for analysis included gender, age, ablation depth, surgical complications, manifest refraction spherical equivalent, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), cup-to-disc (c/d) ratio, and postoperative complications. Thirty-seven eyes of 19 patients (17 men and 2 women) with a mean age of 37.5 ± 6.9 years were included for review. At final follow-up, mean 404.1±119.5 days postoperative, UDVA was 20/15 or better in 67.6%, 20/20 or better in 91.9%, and 20/25 or better in 100% of eyes; 94.6% of eyes were within 0.50 diopters (D) and 100% were within 1.00 D of emmetropia. Corrected distance visual acuity was unchanged from preoperative in 73% and improved by one line in 27% of eyes. No eye lost 1 or more lines of CDVA. When corrected for change in CCT and curvature, mean postoperative IOP was elevated from baseline (16.7 ± 3.8 mmHg) at 1 month (18.1 ± 4.9 mmHg, P =.044) but unchanged at any other time postoperatively. Two (11%) of 19 patients were steroid responders, requiring a single topical agent until completing the course of steroids. No significant change was noted in mean c/d ratio from baseline (0.35±0.12) to final postoperative (0.35 ± 0.13, P = .99). Although PRK in patients with pigment dispersion syndrome resulted in excellent UDVA, retention of CDVA, and low incidence of adverse effects 1 to 2 years after surgery, long-term safety and efficacy outcomes of PRK in this cohort remain speculative

Intraoperative direct puncture and embolization (IOPE) using a glue material for spinal cord arteriovenous fistula: a case report.

PubMed

Shin, Hong Kyung; Suh, Dae Chul; Jeon, Sang Ryong

2015-05-01

Spinal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is treated by embolization or surgery. However, transarterial embolization or surgery is difficult in rare cases when the fistula site is very complicated to access especially as in fistular nidus supplied by posterior and anterior spinal artery. We present the case which was treated with intraoperative direct puncture and embolization (IOPE) using glue material, since the usual transarterial or transvenous neurointerventional approach was difficult to embolize the AVF. A 36-year-old woman presented with progressive leg weakness and pain after a 20-year history of lower back pain. She had pelvic and spinal AVF combined with arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Despite prior treatment of the pelvic lesion with radiotherapy and coil embolization, the spinal lesion persisted and caused repeated subarachnoid hemorrhages. A spinal angiogram revealed a tortuous and long feeder of the AVF which had growing venous sac, as well as AVM. Two embolization trials failed because of the long tortuosity and associated anterior spinal artery. Four months later, drastic leg weakness and pain occurred, and IOPE was performed using a glue material. The subsequent recovery of the patient was rapid. One month later, the use of a strong opioid could be discontinued, and the patient could walk with aid. A follow-up spinal angiogram revealed that the venous sac of the AVF had disappeared. In spinal AVF which is not feasible to access by usual intervention approach and to dissect surgically, IOPE with glue material can be considered for the treatment.

Tyrosine triple mutated AAV2-BDNF gene therapy in a rat model of transient IOP elevation

PubMed Central

Igarashi, Tsutomu; Kobayashi, Maika; Kameya, Shuhei; Fujimoto, Chiaki; Nakamoto, Kenji; Takahashi, Hisatomo; Igarashi, Toru; Miyake, Noriko; Iijima, Osamu; Hirai, Yukihiko; Shimada, Takashi; Okada, Takashi; Takahashi, Hiroshi

2016-01-01

Purpose We examined the neuroprotective effects of exogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which provides protection to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in rodents, in a model of transient intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation using a mutant (triple Y-F) self-complementary adeno-associated virus type 2 vector encoding BDNF (tm-scAAV2-BDNF). Methods The tm-scAAV2-BDNF or control vector encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP; tm-scAAV2-GFP) was intravitreally administered to rats, which were then divided into four groups: control, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury only, I/R injury with tm-scAAV2-GFP, and tm-scAAV2-BDNF. I/R injury was then induced by transiently increasing IOP, after which the rats were euthanized to measure the inner retinal thickness and cell counts in the RGC layer. Results Intravitreous injection of tm-scAAV2-BDNF resulted in high levels of BDNF expression in the neural retina. Histological analysis showed that the inner retinal thickness and cell numbers in the RGC layer were preserved after transient IOP elevation in eyes treated with tm-scAAV2-BDNF but not in the other I/R groups. Significantly reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining after I/R injury in the rats that received tm-scAAV2-BDNF indicated reduced retinal stress, and electroretinogram (ERG) analysis confirmed preservation of retinal function in the tm-scAAV2-BDNF group. Conclusions These results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of neuroprotective gene therapy using tm-scAAV2-BDNF to protect the inner retina from transiently high intraocular pressure. An in vivo gene therapeutic approach to the clinical management of retinal diseases in conditions such as glaucoma, retinal artery occlusion, hypertensive retinopathy, and diabetic retinopathy thus appears feasible. PMID:27440998

Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon: Sounding Enhancement Field Campaign Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schumacher, Courtney

2016-05-01

The goal of this campaign was to provide higher temporal sampling of the vertical structure of the atmosphere during the two intensive observational periods (IOPs) of the GoAmazon 2014/15 campaign. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility’s first ARM Mobile Facility (AMF1) baseline launches for 2014 and 2015 was 4 sondes/day at 2 am, 8 am, 2 pm, and 8 pm local time (LT) (6, 12, 18 and 0 Coordinated Universal Time [UTC]). However, rapid changes in boundary layer and free tropospheric temperature, humidity, and wind profiles happen throughout the diurnal cycle over Manaus,more » Brazil's complex forest canopy with resulting responses in aerosol, cloud, and precipitation characteristics. This campaign increased sampling to 5 sondes/day for the 2014 wet and dry season IOPs by adding a launch at 11 am (15 UTC) to capture rapid changes in boundary layer properties and convective cloud growth during that time. The extra launch also corresponded to the time of day the ARM Gulfstream (G-1) and German HALO aircraft most often flew, thus providing useful measurements of the large-scale environment during the flights. In addition, the extra launch will significantly add to the quality of AMF1 instrument retrievals and variational analysis forcing data set during the IOPs.« less

Twenty-four–Hour Measurement of Intraocular Pressure in Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)

PubMed Central

Ansari-Mood, Maneli; Mehdi-Rajaei, Seyed; Sadjadi, Reza; Selk-Ghaffari, Masoud; Williams, David L

2016-01-01

The objective of this study was to measure intraocular pressure (IOP) in intact, healthy guinea pigs (15 male, 15 female) every 2 h for a 24-h period. First, IOP was measured by using rebound tonometry (RBT). After a 1-min rest period, 0.5% proparacaine ophthalmic solution, a topical anesthetic, was applied to both eyes; 4 min after anesthetic instillation, IOP was measured by using applanation tonometry (APT). The IOP was lower during the light period (0700 to 1900) than during the dark phase (2000 to 0600). The lowest IOP by both RBT and APT (3.68 and 13.37 mm Hg, respectively) occurred at 0700, whereas maximal IOP occurred at 2300 for RBT (8.12 mm Hg) but at 2100 for APT (20.62 mm Hg). No significant differences in IOP between the left and right eyes or between RBT and APT were noted. In addition, daily variations in the IOP of guinea pigs seem to be independent of sex and body weight. The results of this study may be beneficial in the diagnosis and observation of glaucoma in guinea pigs. PMID:26817986

Periodic Properties and Inquiry: Student Mental Models Observed during a Periodic Table Puzzle Activity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Larson, Kathleen G.; Long, George R.; Briggs, Michael W.

2012-01-01

The mental models of both novice and advanced chemistry students were observed while the students performed a periodic table activity. The mental model framework seems to be an effective way of analyzing student behavior during learning activities. The analysis suggests that students do not recognize periodic trends through the examination of…

Time Resolved 3-D Mapping of Atmospheric Aerosols and Clouds During the Recent ARM Water Vapor IOP

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schwemmer, Geary; Miller, David; Wilkerson, Thomas; Andrus, Ionio; Starr, David OC. (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

The HARLIE lidar was deployed at the ARM SGP site in north central Oklahoma and recorded over 100 hours of data on 16 days between 17 September and 6 October 2000 during the recent Water Vapor Intensive Operating Period (IOP). Placed in a ground-based trailer for upward looking scanning measurements of clouds and aerosols, HARLIE provided a unique record of time-resolved atmospheric backscatter at 1 micron wavelength. The conical scanning lidar images atmospheric backscatter along the surface of an inverted 90 degree (full angle) cone up to an altitude of 20 km. 360 degree scans having spatial resolutions of 20 meters in the vertical and 1 degree in azimuth were obtained every 36 seconds. Various boundary layer and cloud parameters are derived from the lidar data, as well as atmospheric wind vectors where there is Sufficiently resolved structure that can be traced moving through the surface described by the scanning laser beam. Comparison of HARLIE measured winds with radiosonde measured winds validates the accuracy of this new technique for remotely measuring atmospheric winds without Doppler information.

Ocular Dorzolamide Nanoliposomes for Prolonged IOP Reduction: in-vitroand in-vivo Evaluation in Rabbits

PubMed Central

Kouchak, Maryam; Bahmandar, Reza; Bavarsad, Neda; Farrahi, Fereydoun

2016-01-01

Dorzolamide ophthalmic drop is one of the most common glaucoma medications but it has a short residence time in the eye. The aim of this study is to develop ocular dorzolamide HCl nanoliposomes (DRZ – nanoliposomes) and to evaluate their potential use for the treatment of ocular hypertension. Nanoliposomes were prepared using Reverse-phase evaporation vesicle (REV) and thin layer hydration (TLH) method with 7:3 and 7:4 molar ratios of phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol. The physicochemical properties of the formulations were investigated. Formulations with 7:4 lipid ratios were evaluated in terms of drug release, physical stability and ex-vivo permeation through the excised albino rabbit cornea. The rabbits in groups of 6 were treated with selected DRZ – nanoliposomes or dorzolamide solution or marketed dorzolamid preparation (Biosopt®) and intraocular pressure (IOP) was monitored. Formulations with 7:4 molar ratio entrapped greater amount of drug compared to those with 7:3 lipid components ratio. DRZ – nanoliposomes with 7:4 lipid ratio showed more transcorneal permeation than Dorzolamide solution (p<0.05); and the formulation prepared by TLH method exhibited higher permeability than that prepared by REV method (p<0.05). The selected DRZ – nanoliposomes showed greater IOP lowering activity and a more prolonged effect compared to dorzolamide solution and Biosopt®. DRZ – nanoliposomes prepared by TLH method with 7:4 ratios showed promising results as a candidate for the treatment of ocular hypertension. PMID:27610160

An observational study of bimatoprost 0.01% in patients on prior intraocular pressure-lowering therapy: the Canadian Lumigan® RC Early Analysis Review (CLEAR) trial

PubMed Central

Crichton, Andrew C; Nixon, Donald R; Simonyi, Susan; Bhogal, Meetu; Sigouin, Christopher S; Discepola, Marino J; Hutnik, Cindy ML; Baptiste, Darryl C; Yan, David B

2014-01-01

Purpose To evaluate the ocular hyperemia and intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy of bimatoprost 0.01% in subjects with elevated IOP due to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT) in a real-world clinical setting. Subjects and methods This open-label, 12-week, observational study was conducted at 67 centers in Canada. Subjects with elevated IOP due to POAG or OHT instilled bimatoprost 0.01% as monotherapy once daily. Ocular hyperemia was graded by the investigator at baseline, week 6, and week 12 using a standardized photographic 5-point grading scale. Change in IOP from baseline was also evaluated at these time points. This analysis includes the subgroup of 268 subjects who had been previously treated with latanoprost 0.005%, bimatoprost 0.03%, travoprost 0.004%, and travoprost 0.004% with SofZia™ or nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blockers prior to the study. Results After 12 weeks of treatment with 0.01% bimatoprost, ocular hyperemia was graded as none-to-mild hyperemia (grades 0, +0.5, or +1) for 94.1% of subjects and as moderate-to-severe hyperemia (grades +2 or +3) for 5.9%. No statistically significant shifts in ocular hyperemia ratings were observed at week 12 for any of the prior IOP-lowering therapies except bimatoprost 0.03%, in which 20.8% of subjects experienced an improvement. The mean percentage change from baseline IOP at week 12 following the switch to bimatoprost 0.01% monotherapy ranged from −2.3%±17.3% to −26.3%±12.4%. Furthermore, the decreased mean percentage change from baseline IOP was statistically significant across all prior IOP-lowering medications, except for bimatoprost 0.03% at the 6- and 12-week visits and travoprost 0.004% at the 6-week visit. Conclusion This observational study demonstrates that bimatoprost 0.01% was well tolerated among POAG and OHT subjects who switched from prior IOP-lowering medication. Furthermore, a switch in ocular hypertensive treatment to bimatoprost 0.01% was

Prospective Observational Post-marketing Study of Tafluprost 0.0015%/Timolol 0.5% Combination Ophthalmic Solution for Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension: Short-Term Efficacy and Safety.

PubMed

Takagi, Yasutaka; Osaki, Hirotaka; Yamashita, Tomohiro; Kai, Yasuhiko

2016-12-01

The intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effect and safety of tafluprost 0.0015%/timolol maleate 0.5% combination ophthalmic solution (Taf-TFC) were investigated in a real-world clinical setting. A prospective up to 2-year (more than 1 year) observational study has been initiated to collect data on the IOP, conjunctival hyperemia score, corneal staining score, and adverse events suffered by patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension treated at 3 months, and up to 2 years (more than 1 year) after initiating treatment with Taf-TFC. The 3-month findings are reported here. Among 439 patients enrolled at 100 institutions in Japan, most had normal tension glaucoma (45.3%) or primary open angle glaucoma (36.0%). Adverse drug reaction (ADR) occurred in 5.01%. The important ADRs were conjunctival hyperemia (five patients), blepharitis (four patients), and punctate keratitis (two patients). Serious adverse reactions occurred in two patients (three events). In 410 patients with data both before and after treatment, baseline mean IOP was 17.5 ± 5.0 mmHg, and it was significantly decreased after 1, 2, and 3 months (all P < 0.05, paired-t test). IOP was significantly reduced in patients switched to Taf-TFC from either prostaglandin or β-blocker monotherapy. IOP also decreased significantly in patients switched from a prostaglandin/timolol fixed combination, but not in patients switched from concomitant use of a prostaglandin analog and a β-blocker. The use of Taf-TFC did not worsen the adherence in most patients. Taf-TFC significantly reduced the IOP in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension treated in daily clinical practice with controllable or recoverable ADRs in short period. Taf-TFC was effective regardless of treatment patterns, and particularly, Taf-TFC significantly reduced IOP in cases in which requiring the second line therapy as insufficient of monotherapy. Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.

An RFID-based on-lens sensor system for long-term IOP monitoring.

PubMed

Hsu, Shun-Hsi; Chiou, Jin-Chern; Liao, Yu-Te; Yang, Tzu-Sen; Kuei, Cheng-Kai; Wu, Tsung-Wei; Huang, Yu-Chieh

2015-01-01

In this paper, an RFID-based on-lens sensor system is proposed for noninvasive long-term intraocular pressure monitoring. The proposed sensor IC, fabricated in a 0.18um CMOS process, consists of capacitive sensor readout circuitry, RFID communication circuits, and digital processing units. The sensor IC is integrated with electroplating capacitive sensors and a receiving antenna on the contact lens. The sensor IC can be wirelessly powered, communicate with RFID compatible equipment, and perform IOP measurement using on-lens capacitive sensor continuously from a 2cm distance while the incident power from an RFID reader is 20 dBm. The proposed system is compatible to Gen2 RFID protocol, extending the flexibility and reducing the self-developed firmware efforts.

Modelling CLPX IOP3 Radiometric Data by Means of the Dense Media Theory: Preliminary Results for the LSOS Test Site

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tedesco, Marco; Kim, Edward J.; Cline, Don; Graf, Tobias; Koike, Toshio; Armstrong, Richard; Brodzik, Mary Jo; Hardy, Janet

2003-01-01

The capabilities of the Dense Media Radiative Transfer model using the Quasi Crystalline Approximation with Coherent Potential (QCA-CP) to reproduce measured radiometric data were tested using the University of Tokyo Ground Based Microwave Radiometer (GBMR-7) during the third Intensive Observation Period (IOP3) of the NASA Cold-land Processes Field Experiment (CLPX). The data were collected at the Local-Scale Observation Site (LSOS), a 0.8-ha study site consisting of two open meadows separated by trees. Intensive measurements were also made of snow depth and temperature, density, and grain size profiles. A DMRT model is needed to describe radiative transfer in a medium such as snow because the assumption of independent scattering used in classical radiative transfer theory (CRT) is not valid. Validation of the DMRT approach requires a relationship between measured snow grain size and the DMRT approximation of snow grain radius as spherical particles with a mean radius of the log-normal particle-size distribution. This relationship is very important for a better understanding of snow modelling and for practical applications. DMRT simulations were compared with observations of microwave brightnesses at 18.7, 36.5 and 89-GHz (V and H polarizations) collected on February-1 9-25, 2003. Observation angles ranged from 30\\deg to 70\\deg. Model inputs included measured snow parameters except mean grain size. The average snow temperature, fractional volume and depth were held constant, together with the ice and soil permittivities. The minimum and maximum measured mean grain sizes were used to test the capabilities of the DMRT to reproduce the brightnesses as upper and lower limits. The sensitivity to the largest and smallest measured grain size in the three classes of minimum, medium and maximum observed grain sizes was also investigated. DMRT particle sizes yielding a best-fit to the experimental data for each date were computed. Results show that the measured

Observation of a Short Period Quasi-periodic Pulsation in Solar X-Ray, Microwave, and EUV Emissions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kumar, Pankaj; Cho, Kyung-Suk; Nakariakov, Valery M., E-mail: pankaj@kasi.re.kr

2017-02-10

This paper presents the multiwavelength analysis of a 13 s quasi-periodic pulsation (QPP) observed in hard X-ray (12–300 keV) and microwave (4.9–34 GHz) emissions during a C-class flare that occurred on 2015 September 21. Atmospheric Image Assembly (AIA) 304 and 171 Å images show an emerging loop/flux tube (L1) moving radially outward, which interacts with the preexisting structures within the active region (AR). The QPP was observed during the expansion of and rising motion of L1. The Nobeyama Radioheliograph microwave images in 17/34 GHz channels reveal a single radio source that was co-spatial with a neighboring loop (L2). In addition,more » using AIA 304 Å images, we detected intensity oscillations in the legs of L2 with a period of about 26 s. A similar oscillation period was observed in the GOES soft X-ray flux derivative. This oscillation period seems to increase with time. We suggest that the observed QPP is most likely generated by the interaction between L2 and L3 observed in the AIA hot channels (131 and 94 Å). The merging speed of loops L2 and L3 was ∼35 km s{sup −1}. L1 was destroyed possibly by its interaction with preexisting structures in the AR, and produced a cool jet with the speed of ∼106–118 km s{sup −1} associated with a narrow CME (∼770 km s{sup −1}). Another mechanism of the QPP in terms of a sausage oscillation of the loop (L2) is also possible.« less

A Comparison of Aerosol Optical Property Measurements Made During the DOE Aerosol Intensive Operating Period and Their Effects on Regional Climate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Strawa, Anthony W.; Hallar, A. G.; Arnott, W. P.; Covert, D.; Elleman, R.; Ogren, J.; Schmid, B.; Luu, A.

2004-01-01

The amount of radiant energy an aerosol absorbs has profound effects on climate and air quality. It is ironic that aerosol absorption coefficient is one of the most difficult to measure aerosol properties. One of the main purposes of the DOE Aerosol Intensive Operating Period (IOP) flown in May, 2003 was to assess our ability to measure absorption coefficient in situ. This paper compares measurements of aerosol optical properties made during the IOP. Measurements of aerosol absorption coefficient were made by Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP) aboard the CIRPAS Twin-Otter (U. Washington) and on the DOE Cessna 172 (NOAA-C,MDL). Aerosol absorption coefficient was also measured by a photoacoustic instrument (DRI) that was operated on an aircraft for the first time during the IOP. A new cavity ring-down (CRD) instrument, called Cadenza (NASA-AkC), measures the aerosol extinction coefficient for 675 nm and 1550 nm light, and simultaneously measures the scattering coefficient at 675 nm. Absorption coefficient is obtained from the difference of measured extinction and scattering within the instrument. Measurements of absorption coefficient from all of these instruments during appropriate periods are compared. During the IOP, several significant aerosol layers were sampled aloft. These layers are identified in the remote (AATS-14) as well as in situ measurements. Extinction profiles measured by Cadenza are compared to those derived from the Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-14, NASA-ARC). The regional radiative impact of these layers is assessed by using the measured aerosol optical properties in a radiative transfer model.

Patterns of intraocular pressure elevation after aqueous humor outflow obstruction in rats.

PubMed

Jia, L; Cepurna, W O; Johnson, E C; Morrison, J C

2000-05-01

To determine the diural intraocular pressure (IOP) response of Brown Norway rat eyes after sclerosis of the aqueous humor outflow pathways and its relationship to optic nerve damage. Hypertonic saline was injected into a single episcleral vein in 17 animals and awake IOP measured in both the light and dark phases of the circadian cycle for 34 days. Mean IOP for light and dark phases during the experimental period were compared with the respective pressures of the uninjected fellow eyes. Optic nerve cross sections from each nerve were graded for injury by five independent masked observers. For fellow eyes, mean light- and dark-phase IOP was 21 +/- 1 and 31 +/- 1 mm Hg, respectively. For four experimental eyes, mean IOPs for both phases were not altered. Six eyes demonstrated significant mean IOP elevations only during the dark phase. Of these, five showed persistent, large circadian oscillations, and four had partial optic nerve lesions. The remaining seven eyes experienced significant IOP elevations during both phases, and all had extensive optic nerve damage. Episcleral vein injection of hypertonic saline is more likely to increase IOP during the dark phase than the light. This is consistent with aqueous outflow obstruction superimposed on a circadian rhythm of aqueous humor production. Because these periodic IOP elevations produced optic nerve lesions, both light- and dark-phase IOP determinations are necessary for accurate correlation of IOP history to optic nerve damage in animals housed in a light- dark environment.

Nocturnal Boundary-Layer Phenomena Observed at a Complex Site During the Perdigão Experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bell, T.; Klein, P. M.; Smith, E.; Gebauer, J.; Turner, D. D.

2017-12-01

The Perdigão Field Experiment set out to study atmospheric flows in complex terrain and to collect a high-quality dataset for the validation of meso- and micro-scale models. An Intensive Observation Period (IOP) was conducted from May 1, 2017 through June 15, 2017 where a multitude of instruments were deployed in and around two nearly parallel ridges. The Collaborative Lower Atmospheric Mobile Profiling System (CLAMPS) was deployed and operated in the valley between the ridges. The CLAMPS facility, which was developed as a joint effort between the School of Meteorology at OU and NOAA's National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL), takes advantage of a microwave radiometer (MWR), an atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer (AERI), and a scanning doppler Lidar to profile the boundary layer with a high temporal and spatial resolution. Optimized Lidar scanning strategies and joint retrievals for the MWR and ARI data provide detailed information about the wind, turbulence and thermodynamic structure from the surface up to 1000 m AGL on most nights; sometimes the max height is even higher. Over the course of the IOP, CLAMPS observed many different phenomena. During some nights, when stronger background prevailed and was directed perpendicular to the valley, waves were observed at the ridges and in the valley. At the same time, radiational cooling led to drainage flows in the valley, particularly during nights when the mesoscale forcing was weak. At first, CLAMPS profile observations and data collected with radiosondes released at a near-by site are compared to assess the data quality. The radiosonde observations are also being used to document and classify the upper-level flow during the IOP. Additionally, CLAMPS data from a few selected nights will be presented and analyzed in terms of turbulence and its impact on mixing inside and above the valley. June 1-2 represents a good base-state case. Winds at ridge height were generally less than 5ms-1 after 0Z and valley flows

Turbulent Humidity Fluctuations in the Convective Boundary Layer: Case Studies Using Water Vapour Differential Absorption Lidar Measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muppa, Shravan Kumar; Behrendt, Andreas; Späth, Florian; Wulfmeyer, Volker; Metzendorf, Simon; Riede, Andrea

2016-01-01

Turbulent humidity fluctuations in the convective boundary layer (CBL) under clear-sky conditions were investigated by deriving moments up to fourth-order. High-resolution humidity measurements were collected with a water vapour differential absorption lidar system during the HD(CP)}2 Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE). Two cases, both representing a well-developed CBL around local noon, are discussed. While the first case (from the intensive observation period (IOP) 5 on 20 April 2013) compares well with what is considered typical CBL behaviour, the second case (from IOP 6 on 24 April 2013) shows a number of non-typical characteristics. Both cases show similar capping inversions and wind shear across the CBL top. However, a major difference between both cases is the advection of a humid layer above the CBL top during IOP 6. While the variance profile of IOP 5 shows a maximum at the interfacial layer, two variance peaks are observed near the CBL top for IOP 6. A marked difference can also be seen in the third-order moment and skewness profiles: while both are negative (positive) below (above) the CBL top for IOP 5, the structure is more complex for IOP 6. Kurtosis is about three for IOP 5, whereas for IOP 6, the distribution is slightly platykurtic. We believe that the entrainment of an elevated moist layer into the CBL is responsible for the unusual findings for IOP 6, which suggests that it is important to consider the structure of residual humidity layers entrained into the CBL.

Solar wind plasma periodicities observed at 1 AU by IMP 8

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Paularena, K. I.; Szabo, A.; Lazarus, A. J.

1995-01-01

The IMP 8 spacecraft has been in Earth orbit since 1973, gathering plasma data over one complete 22-year solar cycle. These data are being examined to look for periodicities at time scales ranging from several hours to the entire span of the data set. A 1.3-year periodicity in the radial speed observed by IMP 8 and Voyager 2 has already been reported for the years from 1987 to 1993. The periodogram method, useful for unevenly sampled data such as the IMP 8 plasma data, has been used to search for other periods. It is interesting to note that the 13-year period is not present in the out-of-the-ecliptic component of the velocity (Vz), although a 1-year period is very obvious both visually and on the periodogram. Both components show a very strong peak associated with the 11-year solar cycle variation. This work will be extended to the thermal speed (a measure of the wind's temperature) and density, although the frequent correlations between these parameters and the velocity are expected to cause similar results. Additionally, the fine resolution data will be examined for shorter time periods than are visible using the hourly average data which are appropriate for longer periods. A comparison with periods observed at other spacecraft may also be made.

Observations and Light Curve Solutions of Ultrashort-Period Eclipsing Binaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kjurkchieva, Diana P.; Dimitrov, Dinko P.; Ibryamov, Sunay I.; Vasileva, Doroteya L.

2018-02-01

Photometric observations in V and I bands and low-dispersion spectra of 10 ultrashort-period binaries (NSVS 2175434, NSVS 2607629, NSVS 5038135, NSVS 8040227, NSVS 9747584, NSVS 4876238, ASAS 071829-0336.7, SWASP 074658.62+224448.5, NSVS 2729229, NSVS 10632802) are presented. One of them, NSVS 2729229, is newly discovered target. The results from modelling and analysis of our observations revealed that (i) eight targets have overcontact configurations with considerable fill-out factor (up to 0.5), while NSVS 4876238 and ASAS 0718-03 have almost contact configurations; (ii) NSVS 4876238 is rare ultrashort-period binary of detached type; (iii) all stellar components are late dwarfs; (iv) the temperature difference of the components of each target does not exceed 400 K; (v) NSVS 2175434 and SWASP 074658.62 + 224448.5 exhibit total eclipses and their parameters could be assumed as well determined; (v) NSVS 2729229 shows emission in the Hα line. Masses, radii, and luminosities of the stellar components were estimated by the empirical relation `period, orbital axis' for short- and ultrashort-period binaries. We found linear relations mass-luminosity and mass-radius for the stellar components of our targets.

Equatorial late-afternoon periodic TEC fluctuations observed by multiple GPS receivers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsugawa, T.; Maruyama, T.; Saito, S.; Ishii, M.

2009-12-01

We report, for the first time, equatorial periodic total electron content (TEC) fluctuations observed in the late afternoon by multiple GPS receivers. As a part of Southeast Asia low-latitude ionospheric network (SEALION), GPS receivers at Chiang Mai and Chumphon, Thailand, have been operated since 2005. We found that periodic TEC fluctuations (PTF) with the periods of 15-30 minutes are often observed at these two sites in the spring (Apr-May) late afternoon. Further investigations using multiple GPS receivers in Southeast Asia revealed that the PTFs propagate at 150-200 m/s away from the equator and their amplitudes depend on the satellite azimuth angle. Statistical study of the PTF activity at different latitudes and longitudes clarified that the PTFs are not observed at mid-latitudes, and their seasonal variations are different at different longitudes and at geomagnetically conjugate regions. These observational results indicate that the PTFs are caused by the atmospheric gravity waves (AGW) which are generated in the equatorial lower atmosphere and propagate away from the equator. Simultaneous GPS-TEC and ionosonde observations at Chumphon revealed that the day-to-day variations of PTF activities are well correlated with those of the rate of TEC change index (ROTI) and the occurrence of equatorial spread F (ESF) after the sunset, indicating the PTFs may be related with the onset of the ESF and plasma bubbles.

An observational study of bimatoprost 0.01% in treatment-naïve patients with primary open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension: the CLEAR trial

PubMed Central

Nixon, Donald R; Simonyi, Susan; Bhogal, Meetu; Sigouin, Christopher S; Crichton, Andrew C; Discepola, Marino; Hutnik, Cindy ML; Yan, David B

2012-01-01

Background This study was designed to evaluate the occurrence and severity of ocular hyperemia in subjects with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) due to primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT) following treatment with bimatoprost 0.01% in a real-world clinical setting. Methods This was an open-label, observational study conducted at 67 centers in Canada. Subjects with elevated IOP due to POAG or OHT instilled bimatoprost 0.01% topically as monotherapy once daily. Ocular hyperemia was graded by the investigator at baseline and weeks 6 and 12 using a photographic five-point grading scale. Change in IOP from baseline was also evaluated at these time points. This analysis includes only the subgroup of 522 subjects who were naïve to IOP-lowering medication prior to the study. Results After 12 weeks of treatment with bimatoprost 0.01%, hyperemia was graded as none-to-mild (grades 0, +0.5, or +1) for 93.3% of subjects and as moderate-to-severe (grades +2 or +3) for 6.7%. At weeks 6 and 12, most subjects (93.2% and 93.5%) had no change in hyperemia grade from baseline. IOP was reduced by 7.4 mmHg (29.8%) at week 6 and 7.7 mmHg (30.9%) at week 12 from baseline. Conclusion This real-world, observational study found that bimatoprost 0.01% instilled once daily reduced IOP by a mean of 30% from baseline without moderate or severe ocular hyperemia in 93% of treatment-naïve subjects with POAG or OHT. PMID:23269858

Elemental GCR Observations during the 2009-2010 Solar Minimum Period

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lave, K. A.; Israel, M. H.; Binns, W. R.; Christian, E. R.; Cummings, A. C.; Davis, A. J.; deNolfo, G. A.; Leske, R. A.; Mewaldt, R. A.; Stone, E. C.;

Performance of Precipitation Algorithms During IPHEx and Observations of Microphysical Characteristics in Complex Terrain

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Erlingis, J. M.; Gourley, J. J.; Kirstetter, P.; Anagnostou, E. N.; Kalogiros, J. A.; Anagnostou, M.

2015-12-01

An Intensive Observation Period (IOP) for the Integrated Precipitation and Hydrology Experiment (IPHEx), part of NASA's Ground Validation campaign for the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission satellite took place from May-June 2014 in the Smoky Mountains of western North Carolina. The National Severe Storms Laboratory's mobile dual-pol X-band radar, NOXP, was deployed in the Pigeon River Basin during this time and employed various scanning strategies, including more than 1000 Range Height Indicator (RHI) scans in coordination with another radar and research aircraft. Rain gauges and disdrometers were also positioned within the basin to verify precipitation estimates and estimation of microphysical parameters. The performance of the SCOP-ME post-processing algorithm on NOXP data is compared with real-time and near real-time precipitation estimates with varying spatial resolutions and quality control measures (Stage IV gauge-corrected radar estimates, Multi-Radar/Multi-Sensor System Quantitative Precipitation Estimates, and CMORPH satellite estimates) to assess the utility of a gap-filling radar in complex terrain. Additionally, the RHI scans collected in this IOP provide a valuable opportunity to examine the evolution of microphysical characteristics of convective and stratiform precipitation as they impinge on terrain. To further the understanding of orographically enhanced precipitation, multiple storms for which RHI data are available are considered.

Observations and light curve solutions of three ultrashort-period W UMa binaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kjurkchieva, Diana P.; Michel, Raul; Popov, Velimir A.; Deras, Dan

2018-07-01

Photometric observations in V, Rc and Ic bands of the ultrashort-period W UMa binaries 1SWASP J044132.96+440613.7, 1SWASP J052926.88+461147.5 and NSVS 2175434 are presented. The results from the modeling and analysis of our observations reveal that: (i) All targets undergo total eclipses and their photometric mass ratios should be accepted with confidence; (ii) All stellar components are late-type dwarfs; (iii) The temperature difference of target components does not exceed 150 K; (iv) All targets have overcontact configurations with fill-out factor around 0.24; (v) The orbit of NSVS 2175434 is slightly eccentric which is unusual for such an ultrashort-period binary; (vi) The orbital periods of all targets were improved. Masses, radii and luminosities of the stellar components were estimated by the empirical relation "period, orbital axis" for short- and ultrashort-period binaries.

Developing methods of determining unknown roational periods of asteroids via observations of (3122) Florence by the Harvard Observing Project

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abrams, Natasha Sarah; Bieryla, Allyson; Gomez, Sebastian; Huang, Jane; Lewis, John; Todd, Zoe; Alam, Munazza; Carmichael, Theron; Garrison, Lehman H.; Weaver, Ian; Chen, Chen; McGruder, Chima; Medina, Amber

2018-06-01

(3122) Florence is an asteroid that made the headlines with its close approach to Earth in late 2017. It is one of the biggest and brightest near-Earth asteroids that has been discovered and it has recently been found to have two moons. By observing the light reflected off an asteroid, we can measure its brightness over time and determine the rotational period of the asteroid. An asteroid’s rotational period can reveal information about its physical characteristics, such as its shape, and further our knowledge about processes that contribute to asteroid rotation in general. The Harvard Observing Project (HOP) is an initiative that allows undergraduates to learn about observational astronomy and take part in formal data collection and analysis. Over the course of the fall 2017 semester, HOP obtained four multi-hour, continuous observations in the R-band of the asteroid using the Harvard University 16-inch Clay Telescope. In our analysis, we reduced the images and performed astrometry and photometry on the data. The asteroid’s light curve was produced using AstroImageJ and we used the Python package gatspy to determine its rotational period. We found the rotational period to be 2.22 hours +/- 0.25, which agrees with the known rotational period of 2.3580 hours +/- 0.0002. This spring 2018 semester we are applying our methods to data collected on asteroids with unknown rotational periods and plan to present our findings.

Investigation of the process chain leading to the development of convection during COP IOP 4b

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bauer, H.-S.; Schwitalla, T.; Aoshima, F.; Behrendt, A.; Wulfmeyer, V.

2012-04-01

The COPS IOP 4b took place from June 20th to June 21st 2007. It was characterized by widespread convection in the COPS domain. The development was steered by a strong low pressure system southwest of the British Isles. On its eastern side warm and moist subtropical air was directed to central Europe. First convection was triggered over the Vosges Mountains around noon on the 20th of June long before the front approached the COPS region. After a calm early afternoon, severe convection was triggered in wide regions of the COPS region in the evening and moved eastwards to Bavaria during the night to the 21st of June. In contrast to other IOPs, the situation was not captured correctly by most of the involved prediction models, no matter whether they were operated with or without sophisticated data assimilation. Aim of this presentation is to unravel the mechanisms responsible for the triggering of convection and to understand the processes preparing the atmosphere for the development of severe convection during the afternoon and night. For this purpose, many different data sets will be investigated ranging from the high resolution Vienna Enhanced Resolution Analysis (VERA), high resolution radar and satellite images and composites to soundings and data as well as retrieved products from the instruments at the COPS supersites. First impression is that the complicated low-level wind field is the major driver for the preparation of the atmosphere and therefore for the development of convection during the day. The inaccuracies in representing the low level wind field are also expected to be the major reason for the failure of the models to correctly predict the situation.

Aerosol classification using EARLINET measurements for an intensive observational period

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Papagiannopoulos, Nikolaos; Mona, Lucia; Pappalardo, Gelsomina

2016-04-01

ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds and Trace gases Research Infrastructure Network) organized an intensive observation period during summer 2012. This campaign aimed at the provision of advanced observations of physical and chemical aerosol properties, at the delivery of information about the 3D distribution of European atmospheric aerosols, and at the monitoring of Saharan dust intrusions events. EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) participated in the ACTRIS campaign through the addition of measurements according to the EARLINET schedule as well as daily lidar-profiling measurements around sunset by 11 selected lidar stations for the period from 8 June - 17 July. EARLINET observations during this almost two-month period are used to characterize the optical properties and vertical distribution of long-range transported aerosol over the broader area of Mediterranean basin. The lidar measurements of aerosol intensive parameters (lidar ratio, depolarization, Angstrom exponents) are shown to vary with location and aerosol type. A methodology based on EARLINET observations of frequently observed aerosol types is used to classify aerosols into seven separate types. The summertime Mediterranean basin is prone to African dust aerosols. Two major dust events were studied. The first episode occurred from the 18 to 21 of the June and the second one lasted from 28 June to 6 July. The lidar ratio within the dust layer was found to be wavelength independent with mean values of 58±14 sr at 355 nm and 57±11 sr at 532 nm. For the particle linear depolarization ratio, mean values of 0.27±0.04 at 532 nm have been found. Acknowledgements. The financial support for EARLINET in the ACTRIS Research Infrastructure Project by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 654169 and previously under grant agreement no. 262254 in the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) is gratefully acknowledged.

Relationship between progression of visual field defect and intraocular pressure in primary open-angle glaucoma.

PubMed

Naito, Tomoko; Yoshikawa, Keiji; Mizoue, Shiro; Nanno, Mami; Kimura, Tairo; Suzumura, Hirotaka; Shiraga, Fumio

2015-01-01

To analyze the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) and the progression of visual field defects in Japanese primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients. The subjects of the study were patients undergoing treatment for POAG or NTG who had performed visual field tests at least ten times with a Humphrey field analyzer (Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm standard, C30-2 program). The progression of visual field defects was defined by a significantly negative value of the mean deviation slope at the final visual field test during the follow-up period. The relationships between the progression of visual field defects and IOP, as well as other clinical factors, were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 156 eyes of 156 patients were included in the analysis. Significant progression of visual field defects was observed in 70 eyes of 70 patients (44.9%), while no significant progression was evident in 86 eyes of 86 patients (55.1%). The eyes with visual field defect progression had significantly lower baseline IOP (P<0.05), as well as significantly lower IOP reduction rate (P<0.01). The standard deviation of IOP values during follow-up was significantly greater in the eyes with visual field defect progression than in eyes without (P<0.05). Reducing IOP is thought to be useful for Japanese POAG or NTG patients to suppress the progression of visual field defects. In NTG, IOP management should take into account not only achieving the target IOP, but also minimizing the fluctuation of IOP during follow-up period.

The international seismological observing period in Africa

USGS Publications Warehouse

Engdahl, E.R.; Bergman, Eric A.

1992-01-01

The International Seismological Observing Period (ISOP) is a specific time interval designated for enhanced international cooperation in the collection and dissemination of observatory measurements from the global seismographic network. The primary purpose of the ISOP is to strengthen the international infrastructure that supports current seismological practice and increase the cooperation among nations that operate seismological observatories. Measurements, reported by the existing global network and compiled by agencies such as the International Seismological Centre (ISC), are providing new information about earthquakes and the structure of the Earth of fundamental importance to the Earth sciences. However, these data represent but a small fraction of the information contained in the seismograms. One of the goals of the ISOP is to collect improved sets of data. In particular, the measurement and reporting of later-arriving phases, during a fixed ISOP period, from earthquakes selected for detailed observation by the cooperating stations will be encouraged. The use of advanced, digital instrumentation provides an unprecedented opportunity for enhancing the methods of seismogram interpretation and seismic parameter extraction, by the implementation of digital processing methods at seismic observatories worldwide. It must be ensured that this new information will be available to the entire seismological community. It is believed that this purpose is best served with an ISOP that promotes increased on-site processing at digital stations in Africa and elsewhere. Improvements in seismology require truly international cooperation and the educational aspects of seismological practice form one of the goals of the ISOP. Thus, workshops will be needed in Africa to train analysts in ISOP procedures and to introduce them to modern techniques and applications of the data. Participants will, thus, benefit from theoretical results and practical experience that are of direct

EWING'S SARCOMA: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PROGNOSIS FOR PATIENTS TREATED AT THE PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY INSTITUTE, IOP-GRAACC-UNIFESP.

PubMed

Bellan, Davi Gabriel; Filho, Reynaldo Jesus-Garcia; Garcia, Jairo Greco; de Toledo Petrilli, Marcelo; Maia Viola, Dan Carai; Schoedl, Murillo Ferri; Petrilli, Antonio Sérgio

2012-01-01

To outline the epidemiological profile and prognosis for Ewing's sarcoma in the Brazilian population. The medical records of 64 patients with intraosseous Ewing's sarcoma who were treated at the Pediatric Oncology Institute, IOP-GRAACC-Unifesp, between 1995 and 2010, were retrospectively evaluated. The statistical analysis on the data obtained did not correlate factors such as sex, trauma, pathological fracture and time taken for case diagnosis with the treatment outcome. Factors such as initial metastasis, lung metastasis, tumor site, age, recurrence and type of surgery showed results corroborating what has been established in the literature. The prognosis in cases of Ewing's sarcoma was mainly influenced by the presence of metastases at the time of diagnosis.

Sunphotometric Measurement of Columnar H2O and Aerosol Optical Depth During the 3rd Water Vapor IOP in Fall 2000 at the SGP ARM Site

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schmid, B; Eilers, J. A.; McIntosh, D. M.; Longo, K.; Livingston, J. M.; Redemann, J.; Russell, P. B.; Braun, J.; Rocken, C.; Hipskind, R. Stephen (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

We conducted ground-based measurements with the Ames Airborne Tracking 6-channel Sunphotometer (AATS-6) during the 3rd Water Vapor IOP (WVIOP3), September 18 - October 8, 2000 at the SGP ARM site. For this deployment our primary result was columnar water vapor (CWV) obtained from continuous solar transmittance measurements in the 0.94-micron band. In addition, we simultaneously measured aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 380, 450, 525, 864 and 1020 nm. During the IOP, preliminary results of CWV and AOD were displayed in real-time. The result files were made available to other investigators by noon of the next day. During WVIOP3 those data were shown on the daily intercomparison plots on the IOP web-site. Our preliminary results for CWV fell within the spread of values obtained from other techniques. After conclusion of WVIOP3, AATS-6 was shipped directly to Mauna Loa, Hawaii for post-mission calibration. The updated calibration, a cloud screening technique for AOD, along with other mostly cosmetic changes were applied to the WVIOP3 data set and released as version 0.1. The resulting changes in CWV are small, the changes in AOD and Angstrom parameter are more noticeable. Data version 0.1 was successfully submitted to the ARM External Data Center. In the poster we will show data examples for both CWV and AOD. We will also compare our CWV results with those obtained from a GPS (Global Positioning System) slant path method.

A data assimilation experiment of RASTA airborne cloud radar data during HyMeX IOP16

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saussereau, Gaël; Caumont, Olivier; Delanoë, Julien

2015-04-01

The main goal of HyMeX first special observing period (SOP1), which took place from 5 September to 5 November 2012, was to document the heavy precipitation events and flash floods that regularly affect the north-western Mediterranean coastal areas. In the two-month campaign, around twenty rainfall events were documented in France, Italy, and Spain. Among the instrumental platforms that were deployed during SOP1, the Falcon 20 of the Safire unit (http://www.safire.fr/) made numerous flights in storm systems so as to document their thermodynamic, microphysical, and dynamical properties. In particular, the RASTA cloud radar (http://rali.projet.latmos.ipsl.fr/) was aboard this aircraft. This radar measures vertical profiles of reflectivity and Doppler velocity above and below the aircraft. This unique instrument thus allows us to document the microphysical properties and the speed of wind and hydrometeors in the clouds, quasi-continuously in time and at a 60-m vertical resolution. For this field campaign, a special version of the numerical weather prediction (NWP) Arome system was developed to cover the whole north-western Mediterranean basin. This version, called Arome-WMed, ran in real time during the SOP in order to, notably, schedule the airborne operations, especially in storm systems. Like the operational version, Arome-WMed delivers forecasts at a horizontal resolution of 2.5 km with a one-moment microphysical scheme that predicts the evolution of six water species: water vapour, cloud liquid water, rainwater, pristine ice, snow, and graupel. Its three-dimensional variational (3DVar) data assimilation (DA) system ingests every three hours (at 00 UTC, 03 UTC, etc.) numerous observations (radiosoundings, ground automatic weather stations, radar, satellite, GPS, etc.). In order to provide improved initial conditions to Arome-WMed, especially for heavy precipitation events, RASTA data were assimilated in Arome-WMed 3DVar DA system for IOP16 (26 October 2012), to

The Water-Drinking Test Revisited: An Analysis of Test Results in Subjects with Glaucoma.

PubMed

Razeghinejad, M Reza; Tajbakhsh, Zahra; Nowroozzadeh, M Hossein; Havens, Shane J; Ghate, Deepta; Gulati, Vikas

2018-01-01

The Water-Drinking Test (WDT) has been shown to predict the diurnal IOP change. This study evaluates the factors that may affect the WDT results. This study was conducted on 203 glaucoma patients who had undergone trabeculectomy (53) or tube surgery (31), or had a medically controlled open-angle (82) or closed-angle (37) glaucoma. IOP was measured at baseline and then every 15 minutes over a one-hour period after drinking water. The main outcome measures were IOP change (increase in IOP from baseline) at all measurement time points, IOP peak (highest IOP after drinking water), IOP fluctuation (difference between IOP peak and baseline), and assessing the association of these IOPs with a patient's demographic and management modalities. The mean age of the participants was 54±18 years, and 113 (56%) were male. Female patients showed greater IOP fluctuation than males (7.28 vs. 5.92 mm Hg; P=0.016), and a greater IOP peak (22.7 vs. 20.1 mm Hg; P=0.001). The observed associations between gender and IOP changes were only significant in <50 years. IOP at 60 minutes was greater in tube than trabeculectomy (5.6 vs. 3.1 mm Hg; P=0.007). The number of topical medications showed a direct independent association with IOP changes (P<0.001). Compared to other classes of topical medications, latanoprost showed lower WDT-IOP profile (P=0.0003). WDT-IOP change was diminished in subjects on latanoprost, and was greater in females <50 years, and those on greater number of medications.

Observed and modelled “chemical weather” during ESCOMPTE

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dufour, A.; Amodei, M.; Ancellet, G.; Peuch, V.-H.

2005-03-01

The new MOdèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Echelle (MOCAGE) three-dimensional multiscale chemistry and transport model (CTM) has been applied to study heavy pollution episodes observed during the ESCOMPTE experiment. The model considers the troposphere and lower stratosphere, and allows the possibility of zooming from the planetary scale down to the regional scale over limited area subdomains. Like this, it generates its own time-dependent chemical boundary conditions in the vertical and in the horizontal. This paper focuses on the evaluation and quantification of uncertainties related to chemical and transport modelling during two intensive observing periods, IOP2 and IOP4 (June 20-26 and July 10-14, 2001, respectively). Simulations are compared to the database of four-dimensional observations, which includes ground-based sites and aircraft measurements, radiosoundings, and quasi-continuous measurements of ozone by LIDARs. Thereby, the observed and modelled day-to-day variabilities in air composition both at the surface and in the vertical have been assessed. Then, three sensitivity studies are conducted concerning boundary conditions, accuracy of the emission dataset, and representation of chemistry. Firstly, to go further in the analysis of chemical boundary conditions, results from the standard grid nesting set-up and altered configurations, relying on climatologies, are compared. Along with other recent studies, this work advocates the systematic coupling of limited-area models with global CTMs, even for regional air quality studies or forecasts. Next, we evaluate the benefits of using the detailed high-resolution emissions inventory of ESCOMPTE: improvements are noticeable both on ozone reactivity and on the concentrations of various species of the ozone photochemical cycle especially primary ones. Finally, we provide some insights on the comparison of two simulations differing only by the parameterisation of chemistry and using two state

Observations of quasi-periodic phenomena associated with a large blowout solar jet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morton, R. J.; Srivastava, A. K.; Erdélyi, R.

2012-06-01

Aims: A variety of periodic phenomena have been observed in conjunction with large solar jets. We aim to find further evidence for (quasi-)periodic behaviour in solar jets and determine what the periodic behaviour can tell us about the excitation mechanism and formation process of the large solar jet. Methods: Using the 304 Å (He-II), 171 Å (Fe IX), 193 Å (Fe XII/XXIV) and 131 Å (Fe VIII/XXI) filters onboard the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO) Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA), we investigate the intensity oscillations associated with a solar jet. Results: Evidence is provided for multiple magnetic reconnection events occurring between a pre-twisted, closed field and open field lines. Components of the jet are seen in multiple SDO/AIA filters covering a wide range of temperatures, suggesting the jet can be classified as a blowout jet. Two bright, elongated features are observed to be co-spatial with the large jet, appearing at the jet's footpoints. Investigation of these features reveal they are defined by multiple plasma ejections. The ejecta display (quasi-)periodic behaviour on timescales of 50 s and have rise velocities of 40-150 km s-1 along the open field lines. Due to the suggestion that the large jet is reconnection-driven and the observed properties of the ejecta, we further propose that these ejecta events are similar to type-II spicules. The bright features also display (quasi)-periodic intensity perturbations on the timescale of 300 s. Possible explanations for the existence of the (quasi-)periodic perturbations in terms of jet dynamics and the response of the transition region are discussed. Movies are available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org

Periodicities observed on solar flux index (F10.7) during geomagnetic disturbances

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adhikari, B.; Narayan, C.; Chhatkuli, D. N.

2017-12-01

Solar activities change within the period of 11 years. Sometimes the greatest event occurs in the period of solar maxima and the lowest activity occurs in the period of solar minimum. During the time period of solar activity sunspots number will vary. A 10.7 cm solar flux measurement is a determination of the strength of solar radio emission. The solar flux index is more often used for the prediction and monitoring of the solar activity. This study mainly focused on the variation on solar flux index and amount of electromagnetic wave in the atmosphere. Both seasonal and yearly variation on solar F10.7 index. We also analyzed the dataset obatained from riometer.Both instruments show seasonal and yearly variations. We also observed the solar cycle dependence on solar flux index and found a strong dependence on solar activity. Results also show that solar intensities higher during the rising phase of solar cycle. We also observed periodicities on solar flux index using wavelet analysis. Through this analysis, it was found that the power intensities of solar flux index show a high spectral variability.

Periodic waves in the lower thermosphere observed by OI630 nm airglow images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paulino, I.; Medeiros, A. F.; Vadas, S. L.; Wrasse, C. M.; Takahashi, H.; Buriti, R. A.; Leite, D.; Filgueira, S.; Bageston, J. V.; Sobral, J. H. A.; Gobbi, D.

2016-02-01

Periodic wave structures in the thermosphere have been observed at São João do Cariri (geographic coordinates: 36.5° W, 7.4° S; geomagnetic coordinates based on IGRF model to 2015: 35.8° E, 0.48° N) from September 2000 to November 2010 using OI630.0 nm airglow images. During this period, which corresponds to almost one solar cycle, characteristics of 98 waves were studied. Similarities between the characteristics of these events and observations at other places around the world were noted, primarily the spectral parameters. The observed periods were mostly found between 10 and 35 min; horizontal wavelengths ranged from 100 to 200 km, and phase speed from 30 to 180 m s-1. These parameters indicated that some of the waves, presented here, are slightly faster than those observed previously at low and middle latitudes (Indonesia, Carib and Japan), indicating that the characteristics of these waves may change at different places. Most of observed waves have appeared during magnetically quiet nights, and the occurrence of those waves followed the solar activity. Another important characteristic is the quasi-monochromatic periodicity that distinguish them from the single-front medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) that have been observed previously over the Brazilian region. Moreover, most of the observed waves did not present a phase front parallel to the northeast-southwest direction, which is predicted by the Perkins instability process. It strongly suggests that most of these waves must have had different generation mechanisms from the Perkins instability, which have been pointed out as being a very important mechanism for the generation of MSTIDs in the lower thermosphere.

Effect of IOP based infusion system with and without balanced phaco tip on cumulative dissipated energy and estimated fluid usage in comparison to gravity fed infusion in torsional phacoemulsification.

PubMed

Malik, Praveen K; Dewan, Taru; Patidar, Arun Kr; Sain, Ekta

2017-01-01

To evaluate the effect of three different combinations of tip designs and infusion systems in torsional phacoemulsification (INFINITI and CENTURION) in patients with cataract. According to the manufacturer, two unique improvements in the Centurion are: active fluid dynamic management system and use of an intrepid balanced tip. The study specifically aimed to evaluate the beneficial effects, if any, of change in tip design and infusion system individually and in combination on both per-operative parameters as well as endothelial health over 6 months. One hundred and twenty six consenting patients of grade 4.0-6.9 senile cataract were randomized into three groups for phacoemulsification: Group A ( n  = 42): Gravity fed infusion system and 45 0 Kelman miniflared ABS phaco tip; Group B ( n  = 42): intraocular pressure (IOP) based infusion system and 45 0 Kelman miniflared ABS phaco tip; Group C ( n  = 42): IOP based infusion system and 45 0 Intrepid balanced phaco tip. The cumulative dissipated energy (CDE), estimated fluid usage (EFU) and total aspiration time (TAT) were compared peroperatively. The endothelial parameters were followed up postoperatively for six months. The three arms were matched for age ( p  = 0.525), gender ( p  = 0.96) and grade of cataract ( p  = 0.177). Group C was associated with significant reductions in CDE ( p  = 0.001), EFU ( p  < 0.0005) as well as TAT ( p  = 0.001) in comparison to the other groups. All three groups had comparable baseline endothelial cell density ( p  = 0.876) and central corneal thickness ( p  = 0.561). On post-operative evaluation, although all groups were comparable till 3 months, by 6 months, the percentage losses in endothelial cell density were significantly lower in group C as compared to the other groups. Use of an IOP based phacoemulsification system in association with use of the Intrepid balanced tip reduces the CDE, EFU and TAT in comparison to a gravity fed system with a mini flared

Spurious One-Month and One-Year Periods in Visual Observations of Variable Stars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Percy, J. R.

2015-12-01

Visual observations of variable stars, when time-series analyzed with some algorithms such as DC-DFT in vstar, show spurious periods at or close to one synodic month (29.5306 days), and also at about a year, with an amplitude of typically a few hundredths of a magnitude. The one-year periods have been attributed to the Ceraski effect, which was believed to be a physiological effect of the visual observing process. This paper reports on time-series analysis, using DC-DFT in vstar, of visual observations (and in some cases, V observations) of a large number of stars in the AAVSO International Database, initially to investigate the one-month periods. The results suggest that both the one-month and one-year periods are actually due to aliasing of the stars' very low-frequency variations, though they do not rule out very low-amplitude signals (typically 0.01 to 0.02 magnitude) which may be due to a different process, such as a physiological one. Most or all of these aliasing effects may be avoided by using a different algorithm, which takes explicit account of the window function of the data, and/or by being fully aware of the possible presence of and aliasing by very low-frequency variations.

Observation of a high-quality quasi-periodic rapidly propagating wave train using SDO/AIA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nisticò, G.; Pascoe, D. J.; Nakariakov, V. M.

2014-09-01

Context. We present a new event of quasi-periodic wave trains observed in EUV wavebands that rapidly propagate away from an active region after a flare. Aims: We measured the parameters of a wave train observed on 7 December 2013 after an M1.2 flare, such as the phase speeds, periods and wavelengths, in relationship to the local coronal environment and the energy sources. Methods: We compared our observations with a numerical simulation of fast magnetoacoustic waves that undergo dispersive evolution and leakage in a coronal loop embedded in a potential magnetic field. Results: The wave train is observed to propagate as several arc-shaped intensity disturbances for almost half an hour, with a speed greater than 1000 km s-1 and a period of about 1 min. The wave train followed two different patterns of propagation, in accordance with the magnetic structure of the active region. The oscillatory signal is found to be of high-quality, i.e. there is a large number (10 or more) of subsequent wave fronts observed. The observations are found to be consistent with the numerical simulation of a fast wave train generated by a localised impulsive energy release. Conclusions: Transverse structuring in the corona can efficiently create and guide high-quality quasi-periodic propagating fast wave trains. The movies are available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org

HST Observations of a Large-Amplitude, Long-Period Trojan: (11351) Leucus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noll, Keith S.; Levison, Harold F.; Buie, Marc W.; Grundy, William M.

2016-10-01

(11351) Leucus (1997 TS25) is a Trojan that is notable for having one of the longest known rotation periods of any small body, T=514 h. A possible cause for this long period would be the existence of a tidally locked binary similar to the already-known long period binary Trojan, (617) Patroclus. If this were the case, the system would become tidally circularized in a time short compared to the age of the solar system. In such a case, the components would be separated by ~0.18 arcsec at lightcurve maximum, resolvable by WFC3. We carried out observations in June 2016, coordinated with groundbased observations to schedule near a maximum to test whether (11351) Leucus is binary. We describe the results of these observations.Observations of (11351) Leucus are of particular interest because it is a target of the Lucy mission, a Discovery mission currently in phase A and one of five that may be selected in early 2017. Searches for binary Trojans also offer multiple scientific benefits independent of mission status. Orbit-derived mass and density can be used to constrain planetary migration models. Low density is characteristic of bodies found in the dynamically cold Kuiper Belt, a remnant of the solar system's protoplanetary disk. Only one undisputed density has been measured in the Trojans, that of the binary (617) Patroclus, which has a low density of 0.8 g/cm3, similar to the low densities found in the Kuiper Belt. Slow rotators offer a set of targets that are tidally evolved systems and therefore are among the most attractive potential targets for an HST search.

High latitude artificial periodic irregularity observations with the upgraded EISCAT heating facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vierinen, Juha; Kero, Antti; Rietveld, Michael T.

2013-12-01

We present a recently developed ionospheric modification experiment that produces artificial periodic irregularities in the ionosphere and uses them to make observations of the spatiotemporal behaviour of the irregularities. In addition, the method can be used to measure Faraday rotation and vertical velocities. We also introduce a novel experiment that allows monitoring the formation of the irregularities during heating, in addition to observing their decay after heating. The first measurements indicate, contrary to existing theory, that the amplitude of the radar echoes from the periodic irregularities grows faster than they decay. We focus on the API effects in the D- and E-region of the ionosphere.

Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Facilities Newsletter - September 1999

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Holdridge, D. J., ed

The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program September 1999 Facilities Newsletter discusses the several Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs) that the ARM SGP CART site will host in the near future. Two projects of note are the International Pyrgeometer Intercomparison and the Fall Single Column Model (SCM)/Nocturnal Boundary Layer (NBL) IOP. Both projects will bring many US and international scientists to the SGP CART site to participate in atmospheric research.

Assessing the changes in the spatial stiffness of the posterior sclera as a function of IOP with air-pulse OCE

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, Manmohan; Nair, Achuth; Aglyamov, Salavat R.; Wu, Chen; Han, Zhaolong; Lafon, Ericka; Larin, Kirill V.

2017-02-01

The mechanophysiology of tissues in the posterior eye have been implicated for diseases such as myopia and glaucoma. For example, the eye-globe shape, and consequently optical axial length, can be affected by scleral stiffness. In glaucoma, an elevated intraocular pressure is the primary risk factor for glaucoma, which is the 2nd most prevalent known cause of blindness. Recent work has shown that biomechanical properties of the optic nerve are critical for the onset and progression of glaucoma because weak tissues cause large displacements in the optic nerve, causing tissue damage. In this work, we utilize air-pulse optical coherence elastography (OCE) to quantify the spatial distribution of biomechanical properties of the optic nerve, its surrounding tissues, and the posterior sclera. Air-pulse measurements were made in a grid on in situ porcine eyes in the whole eye-globe configuration as various IOPs. The OCE-measured displacement process was linked to tissue stiffness by a simple kinematic equation. The results show that the optic nerve and peripapillary sclera are much stiffer than the surrounding sclera, and the stiffness of the optic nerve and peripapillary sclera increased as a function of IOP. However, the stiffness of the surrounding sclera did not dramatically increase. Our results show that understanding the dynamics of the biomechanical properties of the eye are critical to understand the aforementioned diseases and may provide additional information for assessing visual health and integrity.

The effect of nocturnal CPAP therapy on the intraocular pressure of patients with sleep apnea syndrome.

PubMed

Cohen, Yuval; Ben-Mair, Eyal; Rosenzweig, Eyal; Shechter-Amir, Dalia; Solomon, Arieh S

2015-12-01

Few studies have documented that nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is associated with an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). We re-examined the effect of CPAP therapy on the IOP of OSAS patients. The IOP of two different groups of newly diagnosed OSAS patients was compared at their first sleep lab exam without CPAP treatment (non-CPAP treated group; n = 20) and at the second sleep lab exam with CPAP treatment (CPAP treated group; n = 31). The sleep lab exam (sleep period: from 11:00 p.m. until 6:00 a.m.) included IOP measurements, a complete ophthalmologic exam, and nocturnal hemodynamic recordings. The IOP was measured serially using rebound tonometer (IOP; ICARE® PRO) performed while in sitting and supine positions before, during, and after the sleep period. We compared the difference in IOP of CPAP and non-CPAP groups. The mean IOP of the CPAP and non-CPAP groups measured in sitting position before the sleep period was 13.33 ± 2.04 mmHg and 14.02 ± 2.44 mmHg, respectively (p = 0.9). Assuming a supine position for 1 minute significantly increased the IOP by 1.93 mmHg and 2.13 mmHg for both the non-CPAP and CPAP groups (paired t-test; p = 0.02, p = 0.001 respectively), but this IOP rise showed no difference between the two groups. The IOP increased significantly further after 7 hours of sleep in the supine position, and the mean IOP of the CPAP and non-CPAP groups was 19.2 ± 5.68 mmHg and 19.69 ± 5.61 mmHg respectively (independent t-test; p = 0.74). The rise in IOP for both groups was not correlated with any hemodynamic parameters. Three OSAS patients with glaucoma treated with CPAP had mean IOP of 23.75 mmHg after 7 hours of sleep. OSAS patients have a significant rise in IOP during the sleep period when comparing measurements before and after the sleep period; however, CPAP therapy did not affect the measured

Evaluating intraocular pressure-lowering solutions for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma: comparison between bimatoprost 0.03% and bimatoprost 0.01% - an observational switch study.

PubMed

Deshpande, Sarita S; Sonty, Sriram; Ahmad, Afzal

2017-01-01

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy of bimatoprost 0.01% solution in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), who were switched from bimatoprost 0.03% solution, compared to patients with POAG who continued on bimatoprost 0.03% solution. A retrospective review evaluated 35 patients (35 right eyes [OD], 34 left eyes [OS]) who remained on bimatoprost 0.03% and 30 patients (27 OD, 30 OS) who were switched to bimatoprost 0.01% during the period January 8, 2010 to December 26, 2012. Mean IOP was measured 6 and 3 months before the switch, at switch, and 3, 6, and 12 months after the switch. Hyperemia scores were recorded before and after the switch and were compared to a picture scale. Mean IOP in the group that switched was 16.96±5.03 mmHg in OD and 17.67±5.33 mmHg in OS at baseline. Mean IOP postswitch to bimatoprost 0.01% solution was 17.60±4.34 mmHg in OD and 17.00±3.37 mmHg in OS. IOP was not significantly reduced in either OD or OS postswitch to bimatoprost 0.01% ( P 1 =0.5 OD, P 2 =0.2 OS). The hyperemia scores improved remarkably when bimatoprost 0.03% solution was switched to bimatoprost 0.01% solution ( P <0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first switch study evaluating the hypotensive efficacy and tolerability of bimatoprost in a group of patients with open-angle glaucoma. In this study comparing bimatoprost 0.03% and 0.01% solution, we found improved tolerability postswitch to 0.01% from 0.03% bimatoprost, similar efficacy between the two concentrations before and after switch in the same patient population, and similar IOPs comparable to nonswitch bimatoprost 0.03% solution.

Effect of high pressurization versus normal pressurization on changes in intraocular pressure immediately after clear corneal cataract surgery.

PubMed

Hayashi, Ken; Yoshida, Motoaki; Manabe, Shin-Ichi; Yoshimura, Koichi

2014-01-01

To compare changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) immediately after clear corneal incision (CCI) cataract surgery between eyes in which IOP was adjusted to a high or normal range at the conclusion of surgery. Hayashi Eye Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan. Comparative case series. Either eye of patients scheduled for phacoemulsification was randomized to 1 of 2 groups as follows: eyes that were to be adjusted to (1) high IOP (22 to 40 mm Hg) or (2) normal IOP (10 to 21 mm Hg). The IOP was measured using a rebound tonometer preoperatively; at the conclusion of surgery; and 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes and 24 hours postoperatively. The Seidel test and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) were performed. The mean IOP at the conclusion of surgery was 31.3 mm Hg in the high IOP group and 17.1 mm Hg in the normal IOP group. The IOP decreased to approximately 15 mm Hg by 15 minutes and did not change until 60 minutes in either group. The mean IOP did not differ significantly between groups throughout the observation period (P ≥.0634). Hypotony of 5 mm Hg or less was not detected in any eye. The Seidel test was negative and based on AS-OCT, the wound was closed at 60 minutes in all eyes. After adjusting IOP to a high or normal range, the IOP normalized within 15 minutes postoperatively and was stable for 24 hours. The wound was closed within 60 minutes postoperatively. Copyright © 2013 ASCRS and ESCRS. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

[Clinical observation on the treatment of untreatable childhood glaucoma with microcatheter-assisted trabeculotomy].

PubMed

Wang, H Z; Li, M; Hu, M; Wang, Y W; Shi, Y; Wang, W W; Wang, N L

2017-03-11

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of microcatheter-assisted trabeculotomy for untreatable childhood glaucoma with traditional surgeries repeatedly. Methods: Clinical charts of fifteen cases (16 eyes) with childhood glaucoma patients from Beijing Tongren Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. All eyes had previously received 2 or more traditional anti-glaucoma surgeries. We performed microcatheter-assisted trabeculotomy for these patients. The intraocular pressure (IOP), numbers of anti-glaucoma medications and post-operative complications were analyzed. The differences between pre-operative and last post-operative IOP and numbers of anti-glaucoma medications were compared using paried t test and wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: Thirteen male and 2 female children aged between 2-10 (median: 4) years old were recruited. 11 cases (12 eyes) were diagnosed as primary congenital glaucoma, 3 eyes of 3 cases were late-onset childhood glaucoma, and 1 eye was secondary glaucoma. The mean pre-operative IOP was (35.69 ± 6.27) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) on a mean of 3(1-4) medications for childhood glaucoma patients. The mean post-operative IOP decreased to (17.88 ± 7.74) mmHg ( t =6.97, P < 0.01) and the median post operative medications decreased to 0(0-3)( Z =-3.15, P <0.01) at last visit. Twelve cases and 14 cases achieved complete and qualified success, respectively. No severe complications were observed for all patients. Conclusion: Microcatheter-assisted trabeculotomy got lower introcular pressure results for 15 childhood glaucoma patients with untreadtable traditional surgeries repeatedly with minimal complications. ( Chin J Ophthalmol , 2017 , 53 :203-206).

Core decompression of the equine navicular bone: an in vivo study in healthy horses.

PubMed

Jenner, Florien; Kirker-Head, Carl

2011-02-01

To determine the physiologic response of the equine navicular bone to core decompression surgery in healthy horses. Experimental in vivo study. Healthy adult horses (n=6). Core decompression was completed by creating three 2.5-mm-diameter drill channels into the navicular bone under arthroscopic control. The venous (P(V)), arterial (P(A)), articular (P(DIPJ)), and intraosseous pressures (IOP) were recorded before and after decompression drilling. Each IOP measurement consisted of a baseline (IOP(B)) and a stress test (intramedullary injection of saline solution, IOP(S)) recording. Lameness was assessed subjectively and using force plate gait analysis. Fluorochrome bone labeling was performed. Horses were euthanatized at 12 weeks. Navicular bone mineral density (BMD) was measured, and bone histology evaluated. Peak IOP (IOP(max)) after stress testing was significantly (P<.05) reduced immediately after core decompression; however, the magnitude of these effects was decreased at 3 and 6 weeks after decompression. A significant (P<.05) correlation existed between IOP(max) and BMD. No lameness was observed beyond the first week after surgery. Substantial remodeling and neovascularization was evident adjacent the surgery sites. Navicular bone core decompression surgery reduced IOP(max), and, with the exception of a mild short-lived lameness, caused no other adverse effects in healthy horses during the 12-week study period. © Copyright 2011 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.

Observation of quasi-periodic solar radio bursts associated with propagating fast-mode waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goddard, C. R.; Nisticò, G.; Nakariakov, V. M.; Zimovets, I. V.; White, S. M.

2016-10-01

Aims: Radio emission observations from the Learmonth and Bruny Island radio spectrographs are analysed to determine the nature of a train of discrete, periodic radio "sparks" (finite-bandwidth, short-duration isolated radio features) which precede a type II burst. We analyse extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imaging from SDO/AIA at multiple wavelengths and identify a series of quasi-periodic rapidly-propagating enhancements, which we interpret as a fast wave train, and link these to the detected radio features. Methods: The speeds and positions of the periodic rapidly propagating fast waves and the coronal mass ejection (CME) were recorded using running-difference images and time-distance analysis. From the frequency of the radio sparks the local electron density at the emission location was estimated for each. Using an empirical model for the scaling of density in the corona, the calculated electron density was used to obtain the height above the surface at which the emission occurs, and the propagation velocity of the emission location. Results: The period of the radio sparks, δtr = 1.78 ± 0.04 min, matches the period of the fast wave train observed at 171 Å, δtEUV = 1.7 ± 0.2 min. The inferred speed of the emission location of the radio sparks, 630 km s-1, is comparable to the measured speed of the CME leading edge, 500 km s-1, and the speeds derived from the drifting of the type II lanes. The calculated height of the radio emission (obtained from the density) matches the observed location of the CME leading edge. From the above evidence we propose that the radio sparks are caused by the quasi-periodic fast waves, and the emission is generated as they catch up and interact with the leading edge of the CME. The movie associated to Fig. 2 is available at http://www.aanda.org

Observations and Modelling of Winds and Waves during the Surface Wave Dynamics Experiment. Report 1. Intensive Observation Period IOP-1, 20-31 October 1990

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-04-01

wave buoy provided by SEATEX, Norway (Figure 3). The modified Mills-cross array was designed to provide spatial estimates of the variation in wave, wind... designed for SWADE to examine the wave physics at different spatial and temporal scales, and the usefulness of a nested system. Each grid is supposed to...field specification. SWADE Model This high-resolution grid was designed to simulate the small scale wave physics and to improve and verify the source

Archive of observations of periodic comet Crommelin made during its 1983-84 apparition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sekanina, Z. (Editor); Aronsson, M.

1985-01-01

This is an archive of 680 reduced observations of Periodic Comet Crommelin made during its 1984 apparition. The archive integrates reports by members of the eight networks of the International Halley Watch (IHW) and presents the results of a trial run designed to test the preparedness of the IHW organization for the current apparition of Periodic Comet Halley.

Twenty-four hour intraocular pressure monitoring with the SENSIMED Triggerfish contact lens: effect of body posture during sleep.

PubMed

Beltran-Agulló, Laura; Buys, Yvonne M; Jahan, Farzana; Shapiro, Colin M; Flanagan, John G; Cheng, Jason; Trope, Graham E

2017-10-01

To determine the difference in relative intraocular pressure (IOP) measured by the SENSIMED Triggerfish (TF) contact lens in flat compared with 30° head-up sleeping positions in patients with progressive primary open-angle glaucoma or normotensive glaucoma, based on recent or recurrent disc haemorrhage. Prospective, randomised, cross-over, open-label comparative study. IOP was monitored for 24 hours using TF on two separate sessions. Patients were randomly assigned to sleep flat one night and 30° head-up the other. Outputs in arbitrary units were obtained. Sleep and wake periods were defined as 22:00-6:00 and 8:00-22:00, respectively. Mean TF values during sleep and wake periods and wake-sleep and sleep-wake slopes were calculated for each session. TF output signals were compared between positions. Twelve subjects completed the study. Significant mean positive slopes were noted during the sleep period for both positions (p<0.01). No significant differences in the TF mean values were observed between positions (p=0.51). Six (54%) subjects had mean TF values significantly higher during the flat supine session, while four (36%) subjects had higher values during the head-up session. A significant increase in Goldmann IOP (p=0.001) and TF (p=0.02) measurements were observed after 24 hours of TF wear ('drift phenomenon'). Sleep position affects IOP as measured by TF in some patients with progressive glaucoma. The upward drift in TF output detected in >50% of the subjects requires further investigation to establish whether the increased output values over time are an artefact induced by the TF or a real change in IOP. NCT01351779. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

Long-term non-invasive measurement of intraocular pressure in the rat eye.

PubMed

Moore, C G; Epley, D; Milne, S T; Morrison, J C

1995-08-01

To study the optic neuropathy associated with glaucoma, a system for accurate, reliable, and non-invasive monitoring of intraocular pressure (IOP) is required. Of particular interest is the effect of sampling frequency on IOP. To address this issue, ten adult male brown Norway rats (group 1) were acclimatized to a 12-h/12-h light/dark cycle. On 20 days over a 30-day period, rats were anesthetized with short-acting isoflurane (Forane) inhalant anesthesia and IOP for each eye was determined by averaging 15 valid individual readings obtained with a TonoPen 2 tonometer. The last 12 measurement sessions were performed on a daily basis. To determine the minimum tolerable interval between IOP measurement sessions, a second group of 10 animals (group 2) was acclimatized in the same manner as group 1, and IOP was measured every 4 days over a period of 80 days. Next, IOP was measured every 4 days over a period of 28 days, and finally, every 2 days over a period of 19 days. For all group 1 measurements, there was no statistically significant difference between the right and left eye IOP, 14.75 +/- 1.08 (SEM) and 14.90 +/- 1.09 mm Hg, respectively. However, daily measurements produced a steady decrease in IOP and gradual weight loss. For group 2, overall mean right and left eye IOPs were 15.24 +/- 1.28 (SEM) and 15.12 +/- 1.26, respectively and were not significantly different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Dust emission mechanisms in the central Sahara: new insights from remote field observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Allen, C.; Washington, R.; Engelstaedter, S.

2013-12-01

North Africa is the world's largest source of mineral aerosol (dust). The Fennec Project, an international consortium led by the University of Oxford, is the first project to systematically instrument the remote central Sahara Desert. These observations have, among others, provided new insights into the atmospheric mechanisms of dust emission. Bordj Badji Mokhtar, in south-west Algeria, is within kilometres of the centre of the global mean summer dust maximum. The site, operated by Fennec partners ONM Algerie, has been heavily instrumented since summer 2011. During the Intensive Observation Period (IOP) in June 2011, four main emission mechanisms were observed and documented: cold pool outflows, low level jets (LLJs), monsoon surges and dry convective plumes. Establishing the relative importance of dust emission mechanisms has been a long-standing research goal. A detailed partitioning exercise of dust events during the IOP shows that 45% of the dust over BBM was generated by local emission in cold pool outflows, 14% by LLJs and only 2% by dry convective plumes. 27% of the dust was advected to the site rather than locally emitted and 12% of the dust was residual or ';background' dust. The work shows the primacy of cold pool outflows for dust emission in the region and also the important contribution of dust advection. In accordance with long-held ideas, the cube of wind speed is strongly correlated with dust emission. Surprisingly however, particles in long-range advection (>500km) were found to be larger than locally emitted dust. Although a clear LLJ wind structure is evident in the mean diurnal cycle during the IOP (12m/s peak winds at 935hPa between 04-05h), LLJs are only responsible for a relatively small amount of dust emission. There is significant daily variability in LLJ strength; the strongest winds are produced by a relatively small number of events. The position and strength of the Saharan Heat Low is strongly associated with the development (or

Investigation of the atmospheric boundary layer dynamics during the ESCOMPTE campaign

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saïd, F.; Brut, A.; Campistron, B.; Cousin, F.

2007-03-01

This paper presents some results about the behavior of the atmospheric boundary layer observed during the ESCOMPTE experiment. This campaign, which took place in south-eastern France during summer 2001, was aimed at improving our understanding of pollution episodes in relation to the dynamics of the lower troposphere. Using a large data set, as well as a simulation from the mesoscale non-hydrostatic model Meso-NH, we describe and analyze the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) development during two specific meteorological conditions of the second Intensive Observation Period (IOP). The first situation (IOP2a, from 22 June to 23 June) corresponds to moderate, dry and cold northerly winds (end of Mistral event), coupled with a sea-breeze in the lower layer, whereas sea-breeze events with weak southerly winds occurred during the second part of the period (IOP2b, from 24 June to 26 June). In this study, we first focus on the validation of the model outputs with a thorough comparison of the Meso-NH simulations with fields measurements on three days of the IOP: 22 June, 23 June and 25 June. We also investigate the structure of the boundary layer on IOP2a when the Mistral is superimposed on a sea breeze. Then, we describe the spatial and diurnal variability of the ABL depths over the ESCOMPTE domain during the whole IOP. This step is essential if one wants to know the depth of the layer where the pollutants can be diluted or accumulated. Eventually, this study intends to describe the ABL variability in relation to local or mesoscale dynamics and/or induced topographic effects, in order to explain pollution transport processes in the low troposphere.

Concentric waves and short-period oscillations observed in the ionosphere after the 2013 Moore EF5 tornado

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nishioka, Michi; Tsugawa, Takuya; Kubota, Minoru; Ishii, Mamoru

2013-11-01

We detected clear concentric waves and short-period oscillations in the ionosphere after an Enhanced Fujita scale (EF)5 tornado hit Moore, Oklahoma, U.S., on 20 May 2013 using dense wide-coverage ionospheric total electron content (TEC) observations in North America. These concentric waves were nondispersive, with a horizontal wavelength of ~120 km and a period of ~13 min. They were observed for more than 7 h throughout North America. TEC oscillations with a period of ~4 min were also observed to the south of Moore for more than 8 h. A comparison between the TEC observations and infrared cloud image from the GOES satellite indicates that the concentric waves and short-period oscillations are caused by supercell-induced atmospheric gravity waves and acoustic resonances, respectively. This observational result provides the first clear evidence of a severe meteorological event causing atmospheric waves propagating upward in the upper atmosphere and reaching the ionosphere.

Periodic magnetopause oscillations observed with the GOES satellites on March 24, 1991

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cahill, L. J., Jr.; Winckler, J. R.

1992-01-01

The GOES 6 and 7 satellites were in the dayside magnetosphere late on March 24, 1991, when the magnetopause moved in to geosynchronous orbit. Observations on GOES 6 near 1030 local time (LT) indicated six inward and outward periodic movements of the magnetopause past the satellite over a 30-min interval. Later the magnetopause moved farther in, placing GOES 6 (1100 LT) in the magnetosheath and then moving in past GOES 7, near 1245 LT. The periodic oscillations of the magnetopause at GOES 6 suggest surface waves propagating toward the dawn flank of the magnetopause.

Deformation of the Early Glaucomatous Monkey Optic Nerve Head Connective Tissue after Acute IOP Elevation in 3-D Histomorphometric Reconstructions

PubMed Central

Yang, Hongli; Thompson, Hilary; Roberts, Michael D.; Sigal, Ian A.; Downs, J. Crawford

2011-01-01

Purpose. To retest the hypothesis that monkey ONH connective tissues become hypercompliant in early experimental glaucoma (EEG), by using 3-D histomorphometric reconstructions, and to expand the characterization of EEG connective tissue deformation to nine EEG eyes. Methods. Trephinated ONH and peripapillary sclera from both eyes of nine monkeys that were perfusion fixed, with one normal eye at IOP 10 mm Hg and the other EEG eye at 10 (n = 3), 30 (n = 3), or 45 (n = 3) mm Hg were serial sectioned, 3-D reconstructed, 3-D delineated, and quantified with 3-D reconstruction techniques developed in prior studies by the authors. Overall, and for each monkey, intereye differences (EEG eye minus normal eye) for each parameter were calculated and compared by ANOVA. Hypercompliance in the EEG 30 and 45 eyes was assessed by ANOVA, and deformations in all nine EEG eyes were separately compared by region without regard for fixation IOP. Results. Hypercompliant deformation was not significant in the overall ANOVA, but was suggested in a subset of EEG 30/45 eyes. EEG eye deformations included posterior laminar deformation, neural canal expansion, lamina cribrosa thickening, and posterior (outward) bowing of the peripapillary sclera. Maximum posterior laminar deformation and scleral canal expansion co-localized to either the inferior nasal or superior temporal quadrants in the eyes with the least deformation and involved both quadrants in the eyes achieving the greatest deformation. Conclusions. The data suggest that, in monkey EEG, ONH connective tissue hypercompliance may occur only in a subset of eyes and that early ONH connective tissue deformation is maximized in the superior temporal and/or inferior nasal quadrants. PMID:20702834

Wilson's disease-cause of mortality in 164 patients during 1992-2003 observation period.

PubMed

Członkowska, A; Tarnacka, B; Litwin, T; Gajda, J; Rodo, M

2005-06-01

We studied the cause of death in a consecutive series of 164 patients with Wilson's disease (WD) diagnosed over an 11 year period. A total of 20 [12% (95% CI 10.3-16.0)] died during the observation period. The relative survival rate of all patients in our group was statistically smaller than in Polish population. The main cause of death was the diagnosis in advanced stage of disease, but in six patients presenting with mild signs, we observed the progression of the disease despite treatment. There was no difference in mortality rate in patients treated with d-penicillamine or zinc sulphate as initial therapy. The prognosis for survival in the majority of WD patients is favourable, provided that therapy is introduced early.

Circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure in cats.

PubMed

Del Sole, María J; Sande, Pablo H; Bernades, José M; Aba, Marcelo A; Rosenstein, Ruth E

2007-01-01

To evaluate the rhythm of intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy domestic cats with no evidence of ocular disease and to analyze the influence of photoperiod, age, gender and ocular diseases on diurnal-nocturnal variations of cat IOP. All animals were Domestic Short-haired cats; 30 were without systemic or ocular diseases, classified as follows: 12 male intact adult cats, five intact adult female, five adult spayed female, and eight male cats; the latter were less than 1 year of age. In addition, five adult cats with uveitis and three adult cats with secondary glaucoma were included. IOP was assessed with a Tono-Pen XL at 3-h intervals over a 24-h period in 12 healthy adult male cats kept under a photoperiod of 12-h light/12-h darkness for 2 weeks. Eight animals from the same group were then kept under constant darkness for 48 h, and IOP was measured at 3-h intervals for the following 24 h. In addition, IOP was assessed at 3 p.m. and 9 p.m. in five intact females, five spayed females, and in eight young cats, as well as in five adult cats with uveitis and three glaucomatous cats. Consistent, daily variations in IOP were observed in animals exposed to a light-dark cycle, with maximal values during the night. In cats exposed to constant darkness, maximal values of IOP were observed at subjective night. Differences of IOP values between 3 p.m. and 9 p.m. (diurnal-nocturnal variations) persisted in intact females, spayed females, and young animals, as well as in uveitic and glaucomatous eyes. The present results indicate a daily rhythm of cat IOP, which appears to persist in constant darkness, suggesting some level of endogenous circadian control. In addition, daily variations of cat IOP seem to be independent of gender, age, or ocular diseases (particularly uveitis and glaucoma).

313 new asteroid rotation periods from Palomar Transient Factory observations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chang, Chan-Kao; Ip, Wing-Huen; Lin, Hsing-Wen

2014-06-10

A new asteroid rotation period survey has been carried out by using the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF). Twelve consecutive PTF fields, which covered an area of 87 deg{sup 2} in the ecliptic plane, were observed in the R band with a cadence of ∼20 minutes during 2013 February 15-18. We detected 2500 known asteroids with a diameter range of 0.5 km ≤D ≤ 200 km. Of these, 313 objects had highly reliable rotation periods and exhibited the 'spin barrier' at ∼2 hr. In contrast to the flat spin-rate distribution of the asteroids with 3 km ≤D ≤ 15 km shownmore » by Pravec et al., our results deviated somewhat from a Maxwellian distribution and showed a decrease at the spin rate greater than 5 rev day{sup –1}. One superfast rotator candidate and two possible binary asteroids were also found in this work.« less

Monsoon Convection during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment Observed from Shipboard Radar and the TRMM Satellite

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rickenbach, Tom; Cifelli, Rob; Halverson, Jeff; Kucera, Paul; Atkinson, Lester; Fisher, Brad; Gerlach, John; Harris, Kathy; Kaufman, Cristina; Liu, Ching-Hwang;

Multi-instrument observations of sub-minute quasi-periodic pulsations in solar flares

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dominique, Marie; Zhukov, Andrei; Dolla, Laurent

2017-08-01

Since a decade, quasi-periodic pulsations (QPPs) have been regularly reported to be observed in EUV and SXR during solar flares, while they were previously mostly observed in HXR and radio wavelengths. These new detections can be credited to a new generation of EUV space radiometers (SDO/EVE, PROBA2/LYRA, etc.) that significantly enhanced the instrument performances in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and time resolution. These new instruments allow us to perform statistical analysis of QPPs, which could ultimately help solving the long-debated question of their origin. However, recently, the methods (mainly the way to pre-process data and to account for the noise) used to detect QPPs in those wavelengths were questioned. In this presentation, we will discuss our current understanding of QPPs and the difficulties inherent to their detection. I will particularly address the sub-minute QPPs in the EUV and analyze them in the broader picture of multi-wavelength detection. How do they compare to the pulsations observed in other wavelength ranges? Are sub-minute QPPs and QPPs with longer periods produced by the same processes? What can we learn from the analysis of QPPs? Possible answers to these questions will be presented and discussed.

Confrontation Between a Quantized Periods of Some Exo-planetary Systems and Observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El Fady Morcos, Abd

2012-07-01

Confrontation Between a Quantized Periods of Some Exo-planetary Systems and Observations A.B. Morcos Corot and Kepler were designed to detect Earth-like extra solar planets. The orbital elements and periods of these planets will contain some uncertainties. Many theoretical treatments depend on the idea of quantization were done aiming to find orbital elements of these exoplenets. In the present work, as an extension of previous works, the periods of some extoplanetary systems are calculated by using a simple derived formula. The orbital velocities of some of them are predicted . A comparison between the calculated and observed data is done References 1-J.M. Barnothy , the stability of the Solar System and of small Stellar Systems . (Y.Kazai edn,IAU,1974). 2-L.Nottale,Fractal Space-Time and Microphysics,Towards a Theory of Scale Relativity,( World Scientific, London,1994). 3-L. Nottale, A&A Lett. 315, L9 (1996). 4-L. Nottale, G. Schumacher and J. Gay, A&A , 322, 1018 , (1997). 5-L. Nottale, A&A , 361, 379 (2000). 6-A.G. Agnese and R.Festa, arXiv:astro-ph/9807186v1, (1998). 7-A.G. Agnese and R.Festa, arXiv:astro-ph/9910534v2. (1999). 8- A.B.Morcos, MG 12 , France (2009). 9- A.B.Morcs, Cospar 38 , Bremen , Germany (2010)

New side-view imaging technique for observing posterior chamber structures during cataract surgery in porcine eyes

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background To develop a side-view imaging technique for observing the dynamic behavior of posterior chamber structures (PCSs) in porcine eyes which mimics closed-eye cataract surgery in humans. Methods Enucleated porcine eyes were placed into liquid nitrogen for 5 seconds and immediately bisected at about a 45-degree angle to the equatorial plane. The anterior portion was attached firmly to a glass slide with superglue and sprinkled with wheat flour. Phacoemulsification and aspiration (PEA) was performed as in humans on 10 consecutive porcine eyes. The movements of the PCSs were monitored through the glass slide with a high-resolution video camera set below the cut surface of the eye. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was monitored during the surgery. The highest IOP, operation time, and volume of irrigation fluid of 10 whole eyes were compared to that obtained from the bisected eyes glued to a glass slide. In a second set of experiments, the strength of the seal between the bisected eye and the glass slide was tested in three sets of eyes: 1) frozen eye fixed with superglue with wheat flour for 3 min; 2) frozen eye fixed with superglue for 3 min; and 3) non-frozen eye fixed with superglue for 30 min. The highest IOP that led to a disruption of the seal was compared among the three groups. Results PEA was successfully performed on 9 of 10 (90%) eyes with the movements of the PCSs clearly observed. The average maximum intraocular pressure of the 9 bisected eyes was 55.8 ± 4.7 mmHg and that for the 10 unbisected eyes was 55.3 ± 5.0 mmHg (P = 0.650). The frozen eye fixed with superglue in combination with wheat flour (Group 1) had the strongest sealing strength with an average IOP at the breaking point of 117.3 ± 36.2 mmHg. Conclusions Our side-view imaging technique can be used to evaluate the changes of the PCSs during intraocular surgery and for surgical training of new residents. PMID:24053470

Photometric observations and orbital period variations of HS 0705 + 6700 and NY Vir

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Çamurdan, C. M.; Zengin Çamurdan, D.; İbanoǧlu, C.

2012-04-01

We present photometric observations of two post-common-envelope stars, NY Vir (=PG 1336-018) and HS 0705 + 6700. The V band CCD observation of NY Vir was performed by a 40 cm telescope at Ege University Observatory and the R band observations of HS 0705 + 6700 were performed by 100 cm telescope at TÜBİTAK National Observatory. The new light curves were analyzed by the WD code and the physical parameters of stars were determined. We obtained new mid-eclipse timings for HS 0705 + 6700 and combined them with those previously published data. The analysis of the O-C residuals yields a period of about 8.06 ± 0.28 yr and an amplitude of 98.5 s for the system HS 0705 + 6700, which is attributed to the third star physically bounded to the evolved eclipsing pair. A mass function of 1.2 × 10 -4 M⊙ for the third star is obtained. The existence of a third star is also confirmed by the light curve analysis, indicating light contribution of about 0.043 at phase 0.25 in R-bandpass of the eclipsing pair. Using mass-luminosity relationship of the low mass stars we estimate a mass of 0.12 M⊙ with an orbital inclination of about 20°. The O-C residuals obtained for the system NY Vir were represented by a downward parabola which indicates orbital period decrease in the system. Using the coefficient of quadratic term we calculate a rate of orbital period decrease of about dP/ dt = -4.09 × 10 -8days yr -1. The period decrease we have measured in NY Vir may be explained by angular momentum loss from the binary system.

EFFECTS OF TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROID ADMINISTRATION ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN NORMAL AND GLAUCOMATOUS CATS

PubMed Central

Gosling, Allyson A; Kiland, Julie A; Rutkowski, Lauren E; Hoefs, Adam; Ellinwood, N Matthew; McLellan, Gillian J

2016-01-01

Objective to determine the effect of topical corticosteroid (CCS) therapy on intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal cats and cats with primary feline congenital glaucoma (FCG). Animals studied 5 normal and 11 FCG cats were studied in 2 cohorts. Procedures IOP was measured by a single, masked observer, once daily 3–5 days/week throughout the course of CCS treatment and for up to 11 days after treatment discontinuation. One eye per cat was randomly assigned for treatment twice daily with CCS; Balanced salt solution (BSS) applied to the contralateral eye, served as a control. Differences between eyes and between weeks of the study period were calculated for each cat. A positive response to CCS was defined as a consistent >15% or >25% higher IOP in the treated relative to control eye in normal and FCG cats, respectively. Results 8/11 FCG cats responded to topical CCS after 1–5 weeks of treatment with an increase in IOP relative to the untreated eye (maximum IOP discrepancy of 56 mmHg). 2/5 normal cats responded to topical CCS with appreciable but clinically unimportant increase in IOP in the treated eye (maximum IOP discrepancy of 6.4 mmHg). Conclusions our data indicate that the incidence of steroid induced IOP elevation in cats is lower than previously published feline studies suggest. Cats with pre-existing compromise in aqueous humor outflow may show a greater, clinically relevant response to topical CCS than normal cats. PMID:26876736

Angle-recession glaucoma: long-term clinical outcomes over a 10-year period in traumatic microhyphema.

PubMed

Ng, Danny Siu-Chun; Ching, Ruby Hok-Ying; Chan, Clement Wai-Nang

2015-02-01

This study aims to determine the incidence of angle recession and glaucoma after traumatic microhyphema. Records of all patients treated for traumatic hyphema or microhyphema admitted to a district hospital throughout a 10-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with open-globe injury were excluded. The following clinical features were recorded during patients' initial presentation and follow-up visits: Snellen visual acuity, examination with slit-lamp biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure (IOP), dilated fundoscopic examination, gonioscopic examination and treatment. For patients with IOP > 21 mmHg and requiring glaucoma medications, visual field tests were performed. A total of 97 patients met the study criteria, of which 62 had microhyphema and 35 had gross hyphema. Among the traumatic microhyphema patients, 47 (75.8 %) had angle recession and 4 (6.5 %) had glaucoma with mean follow-up of 49 months (range 6-98 months). A statistically significant association was found between angle recession greater than 180° and the occurrence of glaucoma (p < 0.01). No statistically significant differences were found between groups of patients with microhyphema or gross hyphema regarding the incidence of angle recession and glaucoma. The complications of angle recession and glaucoma in patients after traumatic microhyphema appear similar to those found in patients after gross hyphema.

Seasonal changes of 24-hour intraocular pressure rhythm in healthy Shanghai population

PubMed Central

Cheng, Jingyi; Xiao, Ming; Xu, Huan; Fang, Shaobin; Chen, Xu; Kong, Xiangmei; Sun, Xinghuai

2016-01-01

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the 24-hour intraocular pressure (IOP) rhythms in winter and summer in the healthy population of Shanghai, China. This is a cross-sectional study in which 24-hour IOP measurements were taken for all eligible healthy volunteers in winter and summer, respectively, and the temperature, hours of sunlight (sunlight time), and circulatory parameters, including heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure, were also recorded. The 24-hour IOP curves and IOP parameters (mean, peak, trough, and fluctuation of IOP together with the diurnal-to-nocturnal IOP change) in winter and summer were obtained and compared. The magnitude of IOP changes from summer to winter was also calculated. A total of 29 participants (58 eyes), 14 (48.28%) male and 15 (51.72%) female, aged 43.66 ± 12.20 (19–61) years, were considered eligible for this study. Generally, IOP decreased progressively before noon, increased notably in the nocturnal period, and peaked at 12:00 am in winter and at 2:00 am in summer. The pattern of 24-hour IOP in winter and summer was significantly different (P = 0.002). The average IOPs from 4:00 pm to 8:00 am, except for 6:00 am, were significantly higher in winter (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were shown after adjusting for temperature and/or sunlight time. From summer to winter, the extent of IOP increase was mostly around 0 to 3 mm Hg, and the IOPs increased more significantly in the nocturnal period than in the diurnal period (P = 0.05). The 24-hour IOP rhythms were different in winter and summer, with higher IOP level in winter. Temperature and sunlight time, which are independent of heart rate and blood pressure, affected the 24-hour IOP rhythms in healthy people in Shanghai, China. Further investigations are expected for the rhythm of some endogenous substance secretion and the inner mechanism of regulation of IOP. PMID:27495076

Radiative Impact of Observed and Simulated Aerosol Layers Over the East Coast of North America

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berg, L. K.; Fast, J. D.; Burton, S. P.; Chand, D.; Comstock, J. M.; Ferrare, R. A.; Hair, J. W.; Hostetler, C. A.; Hubbe, J. M.; Kassianov, E.; Rogers, R. R.; Sedlacek, A. J., III; Shilling, J. E.; Tomlinson, J. M.; Wilson, J. M.; Zelenyuk, A.

2014-12-01

The vertical distribution of particles in the atmospheric column can have a large impact on the radiative forcing and cloud microphysics. A recent climatology constructed using data collected by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) suggests elevated layers of aerosol are quite common near the North American east coast during both winter and summer. The Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP), conducted from June 2012 through June 2013, was a unique study utilizing both in situ and remotely sensed measurements designed to provide a comprehensive data set that can be used to investigate science questions related to aerosol radiative forcing and the vertical distribution of aerosol. The study sampled the atmosphere at a number of altitudes within two atmospheric columns; one located near the coast of North America (over Cape Cod, MA) and a second over the Atlantic Ocean several hundred kilometers from the coast. TCAP included the yearlong deployment of the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mobile Facility (AMF) located at the base of the Cape Cod column, as well as summer and winter aircraft intensive observation periods (IOPs) using the ARM Aerial Facility. One important finding from the TCAP summer IOP is the relatively common occurrence (during four of the six nearly cloud-free flights) of elevated aerosol layers in both the Cape Cod and maritime columns that were detected using the nadir pointing second-generation NASA Langley Research Center High-Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL-2). These elevated layers contributed up to 60% of the total observed aerosol optical depth (AOD). Many of these layers were also intercepted by the aircraft configured for in situ sampling, and the aerosol in the layers was found to have increased amounts of biomass burning material and nitrate compared to aerosol found near the surface. Both the in situ and remote sensing observations have been compared to

Diurnal Alterations of Refraction, Anterior Segment Biometrics, and Intraocular Pressure in Long-Time Dehydration due to Religious Fasting.

PubMed

Baser, Gonen; Cengiz, Hakan; Uyar, Murat; Seker Un, Emine

2016-01-01

To investigate the effects of dehydration due to fasting on diurnal changes of intraocular pressure, anterior segment biometrics, and refraction. The intraocular pressures, anterior segment biometrics (axial length: AL; Central corneal thickness: CCT; Lens thickness: LT; Anterior chamber depth: ACD), and refractive measurements of 30 eyes of 15 fasting healthy male volunteers were recorded at 8:00 in the morning and 17:00 in the evening in the Ramadan of 2013 and two months later. The results were compared and the statistical analyses were performed using the Rstudio software version 0.98.501. The variables were investigated using visual (histograms, probability plots) and analytical methods (Kolmogorov-Smirnov/Shapiro-Wilk test) to determine whether or not they were normally distributed. The refractive values remained stable in the fasting as well as in the control period (p = 0.384). The axial length measured slightly shorter in the fasting period (p = 0.001). The corneal thickness presented a diurnal variation, in which the cornea measured thinner in the evening. The difference between the fasting and control period was not statistically significant (p = 0.359). The major differences were observed in the anterior chamber depth and IOP. The ACD was shallower in the evening during the fasting period, where it was deeper in the control period. The diurnal IOP difference was greater in the fasting period than the control period. Both were statistically significant (p = 0.001). The LT remained unchanged in both periods. The major difference was shown in the anterior chamber shallowing in the evening hours and IOP. Our study contributes the hypothesis that the posterior segment of the eye is more responsible for the axial length alterations and normovolemia has a more dominant influence on diurnal IOP changes.

Long-term effect of latanoprost/timolol fixed combination in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension: A prospective, observational, noninterventional study

PubMed Central

2010-01-01

Background Prospective, observational studies that enroll large numbers of patients with few exclusion criteria may better reflect actual ongoing clinical experience than randomized clinical trials. Our purpose was to obtain efficacy and safety information from a cohort of subjects exposed to latanoprost/timolol fixed combination (FC) for ≥18 months using a prospective, observational design. Methods In all, 577 office-based ophthalmologists in Germany switched 2339 patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension to latanoprost/timolol FC for medical reasons. Follow-up visits were scheduled for every 6 months over 24 months; physicians followed usual care routines. Intraocular pressure (IOP), visual field status, optic nerve head findings, and adverse events were recorded. Efficacy parameters were evaluated for the per protocol (PP) population; the safety population included subjects receiving ≥1 drop of FC. Physicians rated efficacy, tolerability, and subject compliance at month 24. Results Of the 2339 subjects switched to latanoprost/timolol FC (safety population), the primary reasons for switching were inadequate IOP reduction (78.2%) and desire to simplify treatment with once-daily dosing (29.4%; multiple reasons possible). In all, 1317 (56.3%) subjects completed the study, and 1028 (44.0%) were included in the PP population. Most discontinuations were due to loss to follow-up. Change in mean IOP from baseline to month 6 was -4.0 ± 4.31 mmHg, a reduction that was maintained throughout (P < 0.05 for change at all time points). By investigator assessments, optic disc parameters and visual field were stable over 24 months, and there was no relationship between IOP reduction over 24 months and development of a visual field defect. More than 90% of physicians rated latanoprost/timolol FC as "very good" or "good" for efficacy (PP population), tolerability, and compliance. The FC was safe and well tolerated. No change in iris color was reported by most subjects (83

Fixed combination of bimatoprost and timolol in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension with inadequate IOP adjustment

PubMed Central

Brief, Gerrett; Lammich, Tobias; Nagel, Edgar; Pfennigsdorf, Sabine; Spraul, Christoph W; Ho, Selwyn

2010-01-01

Objective To assess the efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of bimatoprost and timolol (BTFC) in a large patient sample in a clinical setting. Methods In this multicenter, observational, noncontrolled, open-label study, patients (n = 1862) with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension were treated with BTFC. Assessments were made at baseline, six weeks, and three months. Results Prior to starting BTFC, 92.3% of patients were taking other ocular hypotensive medications. In the overall group at three months, mean intraocular pressure was reduced from baseline (21.7 ± 4.5 mmHg and 21.8 ± 4.9 mmHg for the right and left eye, respectively) to 16.1 ± 3.0 mmHg for each eye (P < 0.0001). The majority of patients (92%) reported no adverse events. The most commonly reported adverse events (in >1% of patients) were eye irritation, and ocular and conjunctival hyperemia. Adherence to treatment was generally better than (35.4%) or the same as (57.5%) with prior therapy. BTFC tolerability was rated as excellent or good by 92.3% of physicians and 85.8% of patients. Conclusions In a large group of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension, treatment with BTFC was associated with consistent reductions in IOP, improved adherence to treatment, and good tolerability. PMID:20957059

Combined In-situ and Ground-based Observations of Quasi-periodic Radar Echoes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pfaff, R.; Kudeki, E.; Larsen, M.; Clemmons, J.; Earle, G.

A series of combined rocket/radar investigation of the electrodynamics and neutral- plasma coupling associated with sporadic-E layers and quasi-periodic backscatter radar echoes has been carried out from launch sites at both Puerto Rico and the Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia (USA) between 1998-2001. The instrumented rock- ets consisted of main and sub-payloads and were launched while strong quasi- periodic VHF echoes were observed simultaneously with the Univ. of Illinois 50 MHz backscatter radar. The rocket apogee was purposely limited so that the payloads would dwell in the sporadic-E region (90-115 km). The main payload included vector DC and AC electric field detectors, a DC magnetometer, an ion mass spectrometer, an ioniza- tion gauge, and spaced-electric field receivers to measure the wavelength and phase velocity of the unstable plasma waves. The sub-payload was instrumented to measure DC and wave electric fields and plasma density. In one case, a separate rocket was launched a few minutes later which released luminous TMA trails to measure the neu- tral wind, its velocity shear, and embedded neutral structures. In this experiment, the payloads successfully pierced a well-defined, 2-3 km thick metallic sporadic-E layer of approximately 10**5 e/cc near 103 km altitude. In-situ DC electric field measure- ments revealed ~5mV/m ambient meridional fields above and below the layer with 1-2 mV/m amplitude, large scale structures superimposed. The wavelengths of these structures were approximately 2-4 km and may be related to the seat of the quasi- periodic echoes. Intense (~5 mV/m), higher frequency (shorter scale) broadband waves were also observed in-situ, both above and below the layer, consistent with the VHF backscatter observations during the time of the launch. Neither the large scale nor short scale plasma waves appeared to be distinctly organized by the sporadic-E den- sity layer. The TMA release showed large amplitude (~ 100 m/s) meridional winds near

Steroid-induced glaucoma in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a possible complication.

PubMed

Yamashita, Takehiro; Kodama, Yuichi; Tanaka, Minoru; Yamakiri, Keita; Kawano, Yoshifumi; Sakamoto, Taiji

2010-03-01

To evaluate the ocular hypertensive response to repetitive cycles of high-dose systemic corticosteroid in young patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Five patients up to 6 years of age with ALL who received chemotherapy between November 2003 and March 2005 were examined. As maintenance therapy, they received oral or intravenous dexamethasone 6 to 12 mg/m²/day for 2 weeks, followed by 1-week taparing and 5 weeks break were used in 1 cycle. The duration of maintenance therapy was 15 cycles for 2.5 to 3 years. Comprehensive ophthalmic check-up, including best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and slit-lamp and fundus examinations, were performed. All patients were followed up until final cycle. Symmetrical IOP rise >21 mm Hg was observed in all patients. Right IOP increased to a maximum of mean 39.6 ± 7.2 mm Hg. (range: 28 to 47). The range of cycle to reach a maximal IOP was 5th to 11th. All patients were maintained IOP control with antiglaucoma medications. However, 1 patient already had severe glaucomatous optic atrophy at the time of consultation. Systemic corticosteroid in childhood-ALL treatment has a risk for IOP elevation. Periodical and careful ophthalmic check-up is necessary, especially in patients with dexamethasone.

Effects of silibinin hemisuccinate on the intraocular pressure in normotensive rabbits.

PubMed

Mohammed, Haider M; Abdulrazzaq, Munaf H; Hussain, Saad A

2007-09-01

To evaluate the effects of silibinin hemisuccinate on the normal intraocular pressure (IOP) in rabbits. This study took place in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad during the period from January to June 2005. Twenty-five New Zealand white rabbits weighing 1.5-2.5 kg were used in this study. The effects of corneal instillation of various concentrations of silibinin hemisuccinate (0.5%, 0.75% and 1%) dissolved in arachis oil, on the normal intraocular pressure in rabbits were evaluated using indentation tonometry; in addition to the possible modulation of normal IOP-recovery time after intravenous infusion of 20% sodium chloride solution. The results showed that within 30 minutes of application, silibinin in various concentrations significantly reduces IOP in comparison to baseline values (p<0.05), with greater reduction being achieved with 0.75%. The effect of IOP reduction lasts 2-3 hours and proportionate to the concentration used. Moreover, remarkable delay in IOP recovery was observed after instillation of silibinin compared with the vehicle treated (arachis oil) animals, indicating interference with aqueous humor formation. The results obtained in this study provide experimental evidences for the effectiveness of silibinin in the reduction of IOP and possible modulation of its regulatory mechanisms.

New O-C Observations for 150 Algols: Insight to the Origins of Period Shifts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoffman, D. I.; Harrison, T. E.; McNamara, B. J.; Vestrand, W. T.

2005-12-01

Many eclipsing binaries of type Algol, RS CVn, and W UMa have observed orbital period shifts. Of these, many show both increasing and decreasing period shifts. Two leading explanations for these shifts are third body effects and magnetic activity changing the oblateness of the secondary, though neither one can explain all of the observed period oscillations. The first-generation Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment (ROTSE-I) based in Los Alamos, NM, was primarily designed to look for the optical counterparts to gamma-ray bursts as well as searching for other optical transients not detected in gamma-rays. The telescope, consisting of four 200mm camera lenses, can image the entire northern sky twice in a night, which is a very useful tool in monitoring relatively bright eclipsing binaries for period shifts. The public data release from ROTSE-I, the Northern Sky Variability Survey (NSVS), spans one year of data stating in April, 1999. O-C data for 150 eclipsing binaries are presented using the NSVS data. We revisit work by Borkovits and Hegedüs on some third body candidates in several eclipsing binary systems using recent AAVSO and NSVS data. Some unusual light curves of eclipsing binaries produced from NSVS data is presented and discussed.

Initial clinical experience with the trabecular micro-bypass stent in patients with glaucoma.

PubMed

Spiegel, Detlev; Wetzel, Wolfgang; Haffner, David S; Hill, Richard A

2007-01-01

This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of a trabecular micro-bypass stent designed to allow direct aqueous drainage from the anterior chamber into Schlemm's canal in patients with glaucoma. In this prospective case series of 6 patients with open-angle glaucoma, the microstent was inserted ab interno under local anesthesia in an ophthalmic operating room. Patients were seen postoperatively at 1 to 2 d, 1 wk, and 1, 2, 6, and 12 mo. All stents were successfully placed within Schlemm's canal. Mean intraocular pressure (IOP) at preoperative baseline was 20.2+/-6.3 mm Hg (range, 14-31 mm Hg). Mean IOP decreased during the immediate postoperative period to approximately 12 to 13 mm Hg and was stabilized at 14 to 15 mm Hg with reduction of medication throughout 1 y of follow-up. No major complications occurred. According to observations reported in this feasibility study, the microstent was effective in reducing IOP and in decreasing the number of glaucoma medications required to control IOP. Implantation procedures were safe, and stents remained in place throughout the follow-up period. None of the complications traditionally associated with filtering surgery were reported. Further research on this stent in a larger group of patients is needed to assess its role in glaucoma therapy.

Air Bubble-Induced High Intraocular Pressure After Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty.

PubMed

Röck, Daniel; Bartz-Schmidt, Karl Ulrich; Röck, Tobias; Yoeruek, Efdal

2016-08-01

To investigate the incidence and risk factors of pupillary block caused by an air bubble in the anterior chamber in the early postoperative period after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). A retrospective review was conducted in 306 eyes that underwent DMEK from September 2009 through October 2014 at the Tübingen Eye Hospital. Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation was defined as a spike above 30 mm Hg. In the first 190 eyes, an intraoperative peripheral iridectomy was performed at the 12-o'clock position and in the other 116 eyes at the 6-o'clock position. If possible, reasons for IOP elevation were identified. For all eyes, preoperative and postoperative slit-lamp examinations and IOP measurements were performed. Overall, 30 eyes (9.8%) showed a postoperative IOP elevation within the first postoperative day. The incidence of IOP elevation was 13.9% (5/36) in the triple DMEK group, and 2 of 5 phakic eyes (40%) developed an air bubble-induced IOP elevation. All eyes presented with a de novo IOP elevation, associated in 25 patients with pupillary block from air anterior to iris and in 5 patients with angle closure from air migration posterior to the iris. All of them had an iridectomy at the 12-o'clock position. A postoperative pupillary block with IOP elevation caused by the residual intraoperative air bubble may be an important complication that could be avoided by close and frequent observations, especially in the first postoperative hours and by an inferior peripheral iridectomy and an air bubble with a volume of ≤80% of the anterior chamber.

Campaign datasets for Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP)

DOE Data Explorer

Berg,Larry; Mei,Fan; Cairns,Brian; Chand,Duli; Comstock,Jennifer; Cziczo,Daniel; Hostetler,Chris; Hubbe,John; Long,Chuck; Michalsky,Joseph; Pekour,Mikhail; Russell,Phil; Scott,Herman; Sedlacek,Arthur; Shilling,John; Springston,Stephen; Tomlinson,Jason; Watson,Thomas; Zelenyuk-Imre,Alla

2013-12-30

This campaign was designed to provide a detailed set of observations with which to 1) perform radiative and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) closure studies, 2) evaluate a new retrieval algorithm for aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the presence of clouds using passive remote sensing 3) extend a previously developed technique to investigate aerosol indirect effects, and 4) evaluate the performance of a detailed regional-scale model and a more parameterized global-scale model in simulating particle activation and AOD associated with the aging of anthropogenic aerosols. To meet these science objectives, the ARM Mobile Facility (AMF) and the Mobile Aerosol Observing System (MAOS) was deployed on Cape Cod, Massachusetts for a 12-month period starting in the summer of 2012 in order to quantify aerosol properties, radiation and cloud characteristics at a location subject to both clear- and cloudy- conditions, and clean- and polluted-conditions. These observations were supplemented by two aircraft intensive observation periods (IOPS), one in the summer and a second in the winter. Each IOP required two aircraft.

Monsoon Convective During the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment: Observations from Ground-Based Radar and the TRMM Satellite

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cifelli, Rob; Rickenbach, Tom; Halverson, Jeff; Keenan, Tom; Kucera, Paul; Atkinson, Lester; Fisher, Brad; Gerlach, John; Harris, Kathy; Kaufman, Cristina

1999-01-01

A main goal of the recent South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) was to study convective processes associated with the onset of the Southeast Asian summer monsoon. The NASA TOGA C-band scanning radar was deployed on the Chinese research vessel Shi Yan #3 for two 20 day cruises, collecting dual-Doppler measurements in conjunction with the BMRC C-Pol dual-polarimetric radar on Dongsha Island. Soundings and surface meteorological data were also collected with an NCAR Integrated Sounding System (ISS). This experiment was the first major tropical field campaign following the launch of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. These observations of tropical oceanic convection provided an opportunity to make comparisons between surface radar measurements and the Precipitation Radar (PR) aboard the TRMM satellite in an oceanic environment. Nearly continuous radar operations were conducted during two Intensive Observing Periods (IOPS) straddling the onset of the monsoon (5-25 May 1998 and 5-25 June 1998). Mesoscale lines of convection with widespread regions of both trailing and forward stratiform precipitation were observed following the onset of the active monsoon in the northern South China Sea region. The vertical structure of the convection during periods of strong westerly flow and relatively moist environmental conditions in the lower to mid-troposphere contrasted sharply with convection observed during periods of low level easterlies, weak shear, and relatively dry conditions in the mid to upper troposphere. Several examples of mesoscale convection will be shown from the ground (ship)-based and spaceborne radar data during times of TRMM satellite overpasses. Examples of pre-monsoon convection, characterized by isolated cumulonimbus and shallow, precipitating congestus clouds, will also be discussed.

The Effect of Laser Trabeculoplasty on Posture-Induced Intraocular Pressure Changes in Patients with Open Angle Glaucoma

PubMed Central

Yang, Jee Myung; Sung, Mi Sun; Heo, Hwan; Park, Sang Woo

2016-01-01

Purpose To investigate the effect of argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) on posture-induced intraocular pressure (IOP) changes in patients with open angle glaucoma (OAG). Methods Thirty eyes of 30 consecutive patients with OAG who underwent ALT were prospectively analyzed. The IOP was measured using Icare PRO in the sitting position, supine position, and dependent lateral decubitus position (DLDP) before ALT and at 1 week, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months after ALT. Results Compared to the baseline values, the IOP in each position was significantly decreased after ALT (all P < 0.001). During follow-up, the mean percentage of IOP reduction was similar in the sitting and supine positions, but was significantly lower in DLDP than in the sitting or supine positions (all P < 0.05). In terms of postural IOP changes, the IOP in the supine position and DLDP was significantly higher than that in the sitting position at the same time points during the follow-up period (all P < 0.001). The difference between the IOP in the supine position and DLDP during follow-up was significant (all P < 0.001). The extent of IOP differences between any positions did not show significant changes during the follow-up period (all P > 0.05). Conclusions ALT appears to be effective in lowering the IOP in various body positions, but the degree of this effect was significantly lower in DLDP. In addition, ALT seemed to have limited effects on posture-induced IOP changes. PMID:26807852

Intraocular pressure control of a novel glaucoma drainage device - in vitro and in vivo studies

PubMed Central

Cui, Li-Jun; Li, Di-Chen; Liu, Jian; Zhang, Lei; Xing, Yao

2017-01-01

AIM To evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP) control of an artificial trabeculum drainage system (ATDS), a newly designed glaucoma drainage device, and postoperative complications in normal rabbit eyes. METHODS Pressure drops in air and fluid of 30 ATDS were measured after being connected to a closed manometric system. Twenty of them were then chosen and implanted randomly into the eyes of 20 rabbits. Postoperative slit-lamp, gonioscopic examination and IOP measurements were recorded periodically. Ultrasound biomicroscopy and B-scan ultrasonography were also used to observe the complications. Eyes were enucleated on day 60. RESULTS Pressure drops of 4.6-9.4 mm Hg were obtained at physiological aqueous flow rates in the tests in vitro. The average postoperative IOP of the experimental eyes (11.6-12.8 mm Hg) was lower than the controls significantly (P<0.05) at each time point. Complications of hemorrhage (n=1), cellulosic exudation (two cases) and local iris congestion (two cases) were observed. The lumina of the devices were devoid of obstructions in all specimens examined and a thin fibrous capsule was found around the endplate. CONCLUSION ATDS reduce IOP effectively. However, further studies on the structure are needed to reduce complications. PMID:28944192

Management of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis during pregnancy, postpartum period and lactation: clinical observations.

PubMed

Brydak-Godowska, Joanna; Moneta-Wielgoś, Joanna; Kęcik, Dariusz; Borkowski, Piotr Karol

2015-02-25

During pregnancy and labor, the immune response is physiologically impaired and women are more susceptible to infections. Since many drugs may have potentially adverse effects on the fetus and newborn, less aggressive treatment regimens should be considered in pregnant and lactating patients. The aim of our study was to present the management of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis during pregnancy, postpartum period, and lactation. A retrospective study was undertaken of the clinical records of 24 women during pregnancy, postpartum period, and lactation who were referred in the years 1994-2014 to the Department of Zoonoses and Tropical Diseases or the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw for toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. The diagnosis was based on the typical ophthalmoscopic picture, confirmed by serological testing using an ELISA method. A total of 28 attacks of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis were observed in 24 patients during pregnancy, postpartum period, and lactation. The choice of treatment was guided by the character and location of the inflammatory lesion and the gestational age. Topical (steroidal/nonsteroidal eye drops) and systemic treatments with spiramycin or azithromycin, Fansidar (pyrimethamine 25 mg/sulfadoxine 500 mg), and prednisone were used. Management of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis during pregnancy, postpartum period, or lactation must be individualized and guided by the gestational age and location of the active lesion. Women of childbearing age with toxoplasma ocular lesions should be informed by their doctors about possible active recurrences during pregnancy and followed carefully by an ophthalmologist when pregnant.

On quasi-periodic variations of low-energy cosmic rays observed near earth.

PubMed

Kudela, Karel; Langer, Ronald

2015-06-01

Cosmic ray (CR) may partially, especially at high altitudes, contribute to the dosimetric characteristics. Along with irregular CR variations as Forbush decreases and solar particle events are, the quasi-periodic variations may be of some relevance too. A very short review (with references to original papers) of the present knowledge of various types of such variations is presented, namely (i) diurnal wave, (ii) ~27 d variability due to the solar rotation, (iii) Rieger-type periodicity, and (iv) quasi-biennial oscillations as well as waves on longer time scales related to solar activity and to polarity of magnetic field of the Sun. Variability is illustrated in measurements of secondary CR on the ground including the high-altitude observations at Lomnický štít. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

CCD observations and period determination of six minor planets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Willis, Sarah

2004-12-01

I report new period determinations for five minor planets and a revised period for a sixth. The new results are: 1528 Conrada, 6.321 ± 0.001h; 1816 Liberia, 3.0861 ± 0.0001h; 2653 Principia, 5.5228 ± 0.0007h; 3455 Kristensen, 8.111 ± 0.002; and (5599) 1991 SG1, 3.620 ± 0.005. 206 Hersilia had a previously published period of 7.33 hours which was inconsistent with my data, showing a revised period of 11.11 ± 0.05 hours.

Time Periods of Unusual Density Behavior Observed by GRACE and CHAMP

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McLaughlin, C. A.; Fattig, E.; Mysore Krishna, D.; Locke, T.; Mehta, P. M.

2011-12-01

Time periods of low cross correlation between precision orbit ephemeris (POE) derived density and accelerometer density for CHAMP and GRACE are examined. In particular, the cross correlation for GRACE dropped from typical values near 0.9 to much lower values and then returned to typical over the time period of late October to late December of 2005. This time period includes a maneuver where GRACE-A and GRACE-B swapped positions. However, the drop in cross correlation begins and reaches its low point before the maneuvers begin. In addition, the densities were found using GRACE-A, but GRACE-B did most of the maneuvering. The time period is characterized by high frequency variations in accelerometer density of the same magnitude as the daylight to eclipse variations over the course of an orbit. However, the daylight to eclipse variations are particularly small during this time period because the orbit plane is near the terminator. Additionally, the difference between the accelerometer and POE derived densities are not unusually large during this time period. This implies the variations are not unusual, just more significant when the orbit plane is near terminator. Cyclical variations in correlation of the POE derived densities with accelerometer derived densities are seen for both GRACE and CHAMP, but the magnitude of the variations are much larger for GRACE, possibly because of the higher altitude of GRACE. The cycles seem to be phased so that low correlations occur with low beta angle when the orbit plane is near the terminator. The low correlation is possibly caused by the lower amplitude of the daylight to eclipse signal making higher frequency variations relatively more important. However, another possible explanation is terminator waves in density that propagate to the thermosphere from lower in the atmosphere. These waves have been observed in CHAMP accelerometer data and global circulation model simulations. Further investigation is needed to see if the

Initial Clinical Experience with Ahmed Valve Implantation in Refractory Pediatric Glaucoma

PubMed

Novak-Lauš, Katia; Škunca Herman, Jelena; Šimić Prskalo, Marija; Jurišić, Darija; Mandić, Zdravko

2016-12-01

The purpose is to report on the safety and efficacy of Ahmed Glaucoma Valve (AGV, New World Medical, Inc., Rancho Cucamonga, CA, USA) implantation for the management of refractory pediatric glaucoma observed during one-year follow up period. A retrospective chart review was conducted on 10 eyes, all younger than 11 years, with pediatric glaucoma that underwent AGV implantation for medicamentously uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP) between 2010 and 2014. Outcome measures were control of IOP below 23 mm Hg (with or without antiglaucoma medications) and changes in visual acuity. Complications were recorded. After AGV implantation, IOP values ranged from 18 mm Hg to 23 mm Hg (except for one eye with postoperative hypotonia due to suprachoroid hemorrhage, where the postoperative IOP value was 4 mm Hg). The number of antiglaucoma medications was reduced, i.e. four patients had two medications, one patient had one medication, and the others did not need antiglaucoma medication on the last follow-up visit. One eye had suprachoroid hemorrhage, one eye had long-term persistent uveitic membrane, and two eyes had tube-cornea touch. In conclusion, AGV implantation appears to be a viable option for the management of refractory pediatric glaucoma and shows success in IOP control. However, there was a relatively high complication rate limiting the overall success rate.

Subarcsecond bright points and quasi-periodic upflows below a quiescent filament observed by IRIS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, T.; Zhang, J.

2016-05-01

Context. The new Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) mission provides high-resolution observations of UV spectra and slit-jaw images (SJIs). These data have become available for investigating the dynamic features in the transition region (TR) below the on-disk filaments. Aims: The driver of "counter-streaming" flows along the filament spine is still unknown yet. The magnetic structures and the upflows at the footpoints of the filaments and their relations with the filament mainbody have not been well understood. We study the dynamic evolution at the footpoints of filaments in order to find some clues for solving these questions. Methods: Using UV spectra and SJIs from the IRIS, along with coronal images and magnetograms from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), we present the new features in a quiescent filament channel: subarcsecond bright points (BPs) and quasi-periodic upflows. Results: The BPs in the TR have a spatial scale of about 350-580 km and lifetimes of more than several tens of minutes. They are located at stronger magnetic structures in the filament channel with a magnetic flux of about 1017-1018 Mx. Quasi-periodic brightenings and upflows are observed in the BPs, and the period is about 4-5 min. The BP and the associated jet-like upflow comprise a "tadpole-shaped" structure. The upflows move along bright filament threads, and their directions are almost parallel to the spine of the filament. The upflows initiated from the BPs with opposite polarity magnetic fields have opposite directions. The velocity of the upflows in the plane of sky is about 5-50 km s-1. The emission line of Si IV 1402.77 Å at the locations of upflows exhibits obvious blueshifts of about 5-30 km s-1, and the line profile is broadened with the width of more than 20 km s-1. Conclusions: The BPs seem to be the bases of filament threads, and the upflows are able to convey mass for the dynamic balance of the filament. The "counter-streaming" flows in previous observations

Enhanced Soundings for Local Coupling Studies: 2015 ARM Climate Research Facility Field Campaign

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ferguson, CR; Santanello, JA; Gentine, P

2015-11-01

Matching observed diurnal cycles is a fundamental yet extremely complex test for models. High temporal resolution measurements of surface turbulent heat fluxes and boundary layer properties are required to evaluate the daytime evolution of the boundary layer and its sensitivity to land-atmosphere coupling. To address this need, (12) one-day intensive observing periods (IOP) with enhanced radiosonding will be carried out at the ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) Central Facility (CF) during summer 2015. Each IOP will comprise a single launch to correspond with the nighttime overpass of the A-Train of satellites (~0830 UTC) and hourly launches during daytime beginning frommore » 1130 UTC and ending at 2130 UTC. At 3-hourly intervals (i.e., 1140 UTC, 1440 UTC, 1740 UTC, and 2040 UTC) a duplicate second radiosonde will be launched 10 minutes subsequent to launch of the on-hour radiosonde for the purpose of assessing horizontal atmospheric variability. In summary, each IOP will have a 14-sounding supplement to the 6-hourly operational sounding schedule at the ARM-SGP CF. The IOP days will be decided before sunset on the preceding day, according to the judgment of the PI’s and taking into consideration daily weather forecasts and the operability of complimentary ARM-SGP CF instrumentation. An overarching goal of the project is to address how ARM could better observe land-atmosphere coupling to support the evaluation and refinement of coupled weather and climate models.« less

Occlusive ligature and standardized fenestration of a Baerveldt tube with and without antimetabolites for early postoperative intraocular pressure control.

PubMed

Trible, J R; Brown, D B

1998-12-01

To determine the effectiveness of a surgical modification for a nonvalved aqueous tube shunt in controlling intraocular pressure (IOP) in the early postoperative period. The effect of antimetabolite use on IOP also was studied. A retrospective study of consecutive patients who underwent modified Baerveldt 350-mm2 implant with varied, nonrandomized, exposure to antimetabolites. Fifty-one eyes of 46 patients with uncontrolled glaucoma were examined. Identical surgical modification of a Baerveldt 350-mm2 tube was performed in all cases and consisted of placement of an occlusive 7-0 polyglactin suture just anterior to the plate followed by a through-and-through penetration of the tube just anterior to the occlusive ligature with a standardized 15 degrees blade. Seventeen eyes were not exposed to antimetabolite, while 2 groups of 17 eyes had 3 minutes' episcleral exposure to either 5-fluorouracil 50 mg/ml or mitomycin C 0.4 mg/ml at the location corresponding to the fenestration. The Tenon's layer and conjunctiva were not exposed because of concerns regarding conjunctival erosion over the device. Intraocular pressure and number of antiglaucoma medications required were analyzed. For the group, mean IOP before surgery and on postoperative days 1, 4, 10, 21, 42, 63, 84, and 112 was (in millimeters of mercury) 34.6, 20.1, 17.0, 17.2, 22.0, 17.3, 18.7, 17.4, and 15.6, respectively. There was an elevation of IOP at day 21 relative to fibrotic blockage of the fenestration before suture autolysis. This was temporized with antiglaucoma medication until suture autolysis occurred or treated with laser suture lysis (8 eyes). On day 1, hypotony occurred in 3 (6%) eyes whereas IOP greater than 30 mmHg was observed in 13 (26%) eyes. By day 10, the frequency had decreased to one (2.1 %) eye and three (6.4%) eyes, respectively. The use of antimetabolites did not result in lower IOP or less medication needed for any group at any interval (analysis of variance). This modification of a

Impact of dehydration and fasting on intraocular pressure and corneal biomechanics measured by the Ocular Response Analyzer.

PubMed

Uysal, Betul Seher; Duru, Necati; Ozen, Umut; Arikan Yorgun, Mucella; Akcay, Emine; Caglayan, Mehtap; Cagil, Nurullah

2018-04-01

To investigate the effects of dehydration and fasting on the intraocular pressure (IOP) and corneal biomechanics during Ramadan in healthy subjects. A total of 36 healthy fasting male volunteers with a mean age of 32.7 ± 5.1 years (range 28-38 years) were enrolled in the study. A Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) was used to measure the corneal resistance factor (CRF), corneal hysteresis (CH), Goldman-correlated IOP (IOPg), and corneal-compensated IOP (IOPcc), additionally IOP with Goldmann applanation tonometer (IOP-GAT) was taken. All measurements were recorded at 8:00 am and 4:00 p.m. during Ramadan and during a 1-month follow-up after Ramadan was over. Statistical analysis demonstrated no difference in the ORA measurements including CH, CRF, IOPcc, and IOPg; CCT and CV values between fasting and non-fasting periods or within a single day (diurnal changes). Nine volunteers (25% of total subjects) were excluded because eyedrops were believed to disrupt the Ramadan fast consequently IOP-GAT could not be measured from these subjects. No statistically significant difference was noted between IOP-GAT and IOPg measurements of twenty-seven subjects at the different periods and time points. Our results reveal that fasting during Ramadan does not profoundly affect corneal biomechanics and IOP values in healthy volunteers without ocular diseases such as glaucoma. When planning corneal refractive surgery and determining IOP, the ORA measurements can be done safely during a Ramadan fast. Moreover, ORA may be a better alternative for patients that refuse IOP measurement via GAT for examining the accuracy of IOP during fasting. Further studies are needed to better understand the role of these parameters on corneal disease and glaucoma during fasting.

Wavenumber-4 structures observed in the low-latitude ionosphere during low and high solar activity periods using FORMOSAT/COSMIC observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Onohara, Amelia Naomi; Staciarini Batista, Inez; Prado Batista, Paulo

2018-03-01

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the four-peak structure observed in the low-latitude equatorial ionosphere by the FORMOSAT/COSMIC satellites. Longitudinal distributions of NmF2 (the density of the F layer peak) and hmF2 (ionospheric F2-layer peak height) averages, obtained around September equinox periods from 2007 to 2015, were submitted to a bi-spectral Fourier analysis in order to obtain the amplitudes and phases of the main waves. The four-peak structure in the equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere was present in both low and high solar activity periods. This kind of structure possibly has tropospheric origins related to the tidal waves propagating from below that modulate the E-region dynamo, mainly the eastward non-migrating diurnal tide with wavenumber 3 (DE3, E for eastward). This wave when combined with the migrating diurnal tide (DW1, W for westward) presents a wavenumber-4 (wave-4) structure under a synoptic view. Electron densities observed during 2008 and 2013 September equinoxes revealed that the wave-4 structures became more prominent around or above the F-region altitude peak (˜ 300-350 km). The four-peak structure remains up to higher ionosphere altitudes (˜ 800 km). Spectral analysis showed DE3 and SPW4 (stationary planetary wave with wavenumber 4) signatures at these altitudes. We found that a combination of DE3 and SPW4 with migrating tides is able to reproduce the wave-4 pattern in most of the ionospheric parameters. For the first time a study using wave variations in ionospheric observations for different altitude intervals and solar cycle was done. The conclusion is that the wave-4 structure observed at high altitudes in ionosphere is related to effects of the E-region dynamo combined with transport effects in the F region.

Application of high intensity focused ultrasound for treatment of open-angle glaucoma in Indian patients.

PubMed

Deb-Joardar, Nilanjana; Reddy, Kasu Prasad

2018-04-01

The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of ultrasound cycloplasty (UCP) in Indian patients with open angle glaucoma (OAG). A prospective interventional study was designed to treat 73 eyes of 73 patients with OAG with the EyeOP1 device equipped with six miniaturized cylindrical piezoelectric transducers. Two treatment protocols of ultrasound delivery depending on exposure time (8 s and 10 s of shot per transducer) were used. Complete ophthalmic examination, ocular biometry and anterior segment optical coherence tomography were performed preoperatively and patients were followed up at day 1, day 7 and months 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12. The primary outcome measure was "successful" intraocular pressure (IOP) control defined as IOP reduction ≥20% from baseline and IOP value >5 mm Hg at the last follow-up visit. Secondary outcomes were the occurrence of complications and mean IOP during the follow-up period. In all patients, the mean IOP reduced from 23.5 ± 3.0 mmHg before treatment to 15.7 ± 5.4 mmHg at 12 months (P < 0.05). Successful IOP control after a single procedure was 78.3% (79% and 78% in the 8 s and 10 s groups, respectively) at 12 months. Overall, the mean IOP reduction achieved in responding patients was 41% (standard deviation = 12%). Notwithstanding minor side effects such as transient pain, anterior chamber reaction, and refractive error changes, no major intraoperative or postoperative complications (severe hypotony or phthisis) were observed during the follow-up. Our short-term results reveal that UCP is a simple, safe, and noninvasive procedure which enables to significantly reduce the IOP in patients with OAG. The study results in Indian eyes corroborate findings in earlier studies on Caucasian eyes.

Combined in-situ and ground-based observations of quasi-periodic radar echoes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pfaff, R.; Kudeki, E.; Larsen, M.; Clemmons, J.; Earle, G.

A series of combined rocket/radar investigation of the electrodynamics and neutralplasma coupling associated with sporadic-E layers and quasi-periodic backscatter radar echoes has been carried out from launch sites at both Puerto Rico and the Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia (USA) between 1998-2001. The instrumented rockets consisted of main and sub-payloads and were launched while strong quasiperiodic VHF echoes were observed simultaneously with the Univ. of Illinois 50 MHz backscatter radar. The rocket apogee was purposely limited so that the payloads would dwell in the sporadic-E region (90-115 km). The main payload included vector DC and AC electric field detectors, a DC magnetometer, an ion mass spectrometer, an ionization gauge, and spaced-electric field receivers to measure the wavelength and phase velocity of the unstable plasma waves. The sub-payload was instrumented to measure DC and wave electric fields and plasma density. In one case, a separate rocket was launched a few minutes later which released luminous TMA trails to measure the neutral wind, its velocity shear, and embedded neutral structures. In this experiment, the payloads successfully pierced a well-defined, 2-3 km thick metallic sporadic-E layer of approximately 10**5 e/cc near 103 km altitude. In-situ DC electric field measurements revealed ~5mV/m ambient meridional fields above and below the layer with 1-2 mV/m amplitude, large scale structures superimposed. The wavelengths of these structures were approximately 2-4 km and may be related to the seat of the quasiperiodic echoes. Intense (~5 mV/m), higher frequency (shorter scale) broadband waves were also observed in-situ, both above and below the layer, consistent with the VHF backscatter observations during the time of the launch. Neither the large scale nor short scale plasma waves appeared to be distinctly organized by the sporadic-E density layer. The TMA release showed large amplitude (~ 100 m/s) meridional winds near 102-105 km, with

Estimating interevent time distributions from finite observation periods in communication networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kivelä, Mikko; Porter, Mason A.

2015-11-01

A diverse variety of processes—including recurrent disease episodes, neuron firing, and communication patterns among humans—can be described using interevent time (IET) distributions. Many such processes are ongoing, although event sequences are only available during a finite observation window. Because the observation time window is more likely to begin or end during long IETs than during short ones, the analysis of such data is susceptible to a bias induced by the finite observation period. In this paper, we illustrate how this length bias is born and how it can be corrected without assuming any particular shape for the IET distribution. To do this, we model event sequences using stationary renewal processes, and we formulate simple heuristics for determining the severity of the bias. To illustrate our results, we focus on the example of empirical communication networks, which are temporal networks that are constructed from communication events. The IET distributions of such systems guide efforts to build models of human behavior, and the variance of IETs is very important for estimating the spreading rate of information in networks of temporal interactions. We analyze several well-known data sets from the literature, and we find that the resulting bias can lead to systematic underestimates of the variance in the IET distributions and that correcting for the bias can lead to qualitatively different results for the tails of the IET distributions.

On the Diurnal Periodicity of Representative Earthquakes in Greece: Comparison of Data from Different Observation Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Desherevskii, A. V.; Sidorin, A. Ya.

2017-12-01

Due to the initiation of the Hellenic Unified Seismic Network (HUSN) in late 2007, the quality of observation significantly improved by 2011. For example, the representative magnitude level considerably has decreased and the number of annually recorded events has increased. The new observational system highly expanded the possibilities for studying regularities in seismicity. In view of this, the authors revisited their studies of the diurnal periodicity of representative earthquakes in Greece that was revealed earlier in the earthquake catalog before 2011. We use 18 samples of earthquakes of different magnitudes taken from the catalog of Greek earthquakes from 2011 to June 2016 to derive a series of the number of earthquakes for each of them and calculate its average diurnal course. To increase the reliability of the results, we compared the data for two regions. With a high degree of statistical significance, we have obtained that no diurnal periodicity can be found for strongly representative earthquakes. This finding differs from the estimates obtained earlier from an analysis of the catalog of earthquakes at the same area for 1995-2004 and 2005-2010, i.e., before the initiation of the Hellenic Unified Seismic Network. The new results are consistent with the hypothesis of noise discrimination (observational selection) explaining the cause of the diurnal variation of earthquakes with different sensitivity of the seismic network in daytime and nighttime periods.

Cavity Ring-Down Measurement of Aerosol Optical Properties During the Asian Dust Above Monterey Experiment and DOE Aerosol Intensive Operating Period

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ricci, K.; Strawa, A. W.; Provencal, R.; Castaneda, R.; Bucholtz, A.; Schmid, B.

2004-01-01

Large uncertainties in the effects of aerosols on climate require improved in-situ measurements of extinction coefficient and single-scattering albedo. This paper describes preliminary results from Cadenza, a new continuous wave cavity ring-down (CW-CRD) instrument designed to address these uncertainties. Cadenza measures the aerosol extinction coefficient for 675 nm and 1550 nm light, and simultaneously measures the scattering coefficient at 675 nm. In the past year Cadenza was deployed in the Asian Dust Above Monterey (ADAM) and DOE Aerosol Intensive Operating Period (IOP) field projects. During these flights Cadenza produced measurements of aerosol extinction in the range from 0.2 to 300/Mm with an estimated precision of 0.1/Mm for 1550 nm light and 0.2/Mm for 675 nm light. Cadenza data from the ADAM and Aerosol IOP missions compared favorably with data from the other instruments aboard the CIRPAS Twin Otter aircraft and participating in those projects. We present comparisons between the Cadenza measurements and those from a TSI nephelometer, Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP), and the AATS 14 sun-photometer. Measurements of the optical properties of smoke and dust plumes sampled during these campaigns are presented and estimates of heating rates due to these plumes are made.

Cavity Ring-Down Measurement of Aerosol Optical Properties During the Asian Dust Above Monterey Experiment and DOE Aerosol Intensive Operating Period

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ricci, K.; Strawa, A. W.; Provencal, R.; Castaneda, R.; Bucholtz, A.; Schmid, B.

2003-12-01

Large uncertainties in the effects of aerosols on climate require improved in-situ measurements of extinction coefficient and single-scattering albedo. This paper describes preliminary results from Cadenza, a new continuous wave cavity ring-down (CW-CRD) instrument designed to address these uncertainties. Cadenza measures the aerosol extinction coefficient for 675 nm and 1550 nm light, and simultaneously measures the scattering coefficient at 675 nm. In the past year Cadenza was deployed in the Asian Dust Above Monterey (ADAM) and DOE Aerosol Intensive Operating Period (IOP) field projects. During these flights Cadenza produced measurements of aerosol extinction in the range from 0.2 to 300 Mm-1 with an estimated precision of 0.1 Mm-1 for 1550 nm light and 0.2 Mm-1 for 675 nm light. Cadenza data from the ADAM and Aerosol IOP missions compared favorably with data from the other instruments aboard the CIRPAS Twin Otter aircraft and participating in those projects. We present comparisons between the Cadenza measurements and those from a TSI nephelometer, Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP), and the AATS14 sun-photometer. Measurements of the optical properties of smoke and dust plumes sampled during these campaigns are presented and estimates of heating rates due to these plumes are made.

Oral administration of forskolin and rutin contributes to intraocular pressure control in primary open angle glaucoma patients under maximum tolerated medical therapy.

PubMed

Vetrugno, Michele; Uva, Maurizio G; Russo, Vincenzo; Iester, Michele; Ciancaglini, Marco; Brusini, Paolo; Centofanti, Marco; Rossetti, Luca M

2012-10-01

Tight control of intraocular pressure (IOP) is still the only therapeutic approach available for the treatment of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). However, some patients do not respond adequately to hypotonising drugs, and despite multiple drug combinations they cannot reach their target IOP. Forskolin is a natural compound that has already shown efficacy in IOP reduction following topical application. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on the IOP of a food supplement containing forskolin and rutin when administered to POAG patients under maximum tolerated medical therapy (MTMT) and on a waiting list for filtrating surgery to further decrease their IOP. The design of the study was open and case-controlled. Ninety-seven (52 in the treatment group, and 45 in the reference group) patients were enrolled in 8 different glaucoma centers in Italy, all under MTMT and with IOP enrollment values above their target pressure. During the 30 days before surgery, patients in the treatment group were prescribed 2 tablets per day of a food supplement containing rutin and forskolin in addition to their usual topical drug treatment. Their IOP values were measured at 3 time points during the day, at enrollment and once a week until surgery. Control patients continued only with their normal topical therapy. All patients in the treatment group, independently of the combination drug therapy that they were taking, showed a further 10% decrease (P<0.01) of their IOP, starting from 1 week after introduction of the oral supplement and lasting until the last evaluation before surgery. This decrease was more evident (15% of the enrollment value; P<0.01) in those subjects with high (IOP≥21 mmHg) enrollment values rather than in those with low (IOP<21) enrollment values (9%; P<0.01). On the contrary, IOP values in the control group remained stable from the beginning to the end of the observation period, independently of their enrollment values. Forskolin and rutin given as

Longitudinal stability of the diurnal rhythm of intraocular pressure in subjects with healthy eyes, ocular hypertension and pigment dispersion syndrome.

PubMed

Huchzermeyer, Cord; Reulbach, Udo; Horn, Folkert; Lämmer, Robert; Mardin, Christian Y; Jünemann, Anselm G M

2014-10-15

The diurnal fluctuation of intraocular pressure may be relevant in glaucoma. The aim of this study was to find out whether the timing of diurnal fluctuation is stable over the years. Long-term IOP data from the Erlangen Glaucoma Registry, consisting of several annual extended diurnal IOP profiles for each patient, was retrospectively analyzed. Normal subjects, patients with ocular hypertension and with pigment dispersion syndrome were included because these subjects had not been treated with antiglaucomatous medications at the time of data acquisition. A cosine curve was fitted to the IOP data and the stability of individual rhythms over the years was tested using the Rayleigh test. To compare the peak times among groups, means were calculated only from subjects with a significant Rayleigh test. Of the fifty-two eligible subjects, a total of 364 extended diurnal IOP profiles measured in a sitting position had been collected over a period of 114 ± 39 months. The Rayleigh test indicated intraindividual stability of phase timing only in 19 subjects (36%). In subjects with pigment dispersions syndrome, peak IOP occurred on average two hours and seven minutes later during the day compared with subjects without this condition (p = 0.05). Fitting of cosine curves to the clinical IOP profiles was generally feasible, although careful interpretation is warranted due to lack of measurements in supine position and between midnight and 7 am. The interesting observation of a phase lag in eyes with pigment dispersion syndrome warrants confirmation and exploration in future prospective studies. The analysis of the IOP data showed no stable individual rhythm in the long term in a majority of patients.

Latanoprostene Bunod Ophthalmic Solution 0.024%: A Review in Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension.

PubMed

Hoy, Sheridan M

2018-05-14

Latanoprostene bunod ophthalmic solution 0.024% (hereafter referred to as latanoprostene bunod 0.024%) [Vyzulta™] is a nitric oxide (NO)-donating prostaglandin F 2α analogue approved in the USA for the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension. It is thought to lower IOP by increasing aqueous humour outflow through the uveoscleral pathway (mediated by latanoprost acid) and increasing the facility of aqueous humour outflow through the trabecular meshwork pathway (mediated by NO). Results from two multinational, phase III studies (APOLLO and LUNAR) and a pooled analysis of these studies demonstrated the noninferiority of latanoprostene bunod 0.024% to timolol ophthalmic solution 0.5% (hereafter referred to as timolol 0.5%) in terms of IOP-lowering efficacy over 3 months in patients with OAG or ocular hypertension, with the superiority of latanoprostene bunod 0.024% over timolol 0.5% subsequently demonstrated in APOLLO and the pooled analysis. Moreover, there was no apparent loss of IOP-lowering effect in subsequent safety extension periods of up to 9 months. The IOP-lowering efficacy seen in APOLLO and LUNAR was confirmed in a phase III study (JUPITER) in Japanese patients, with IOP reductions observed early (week 4) and maintained over the longer-term (12 months). Latanoprostene bunod 0.024% was well tolerated over up to 12 months in these studies, with most ocular treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) being mild to moderate in severity. Thus, current evidence indicates once-daily latanoprostene bunod 0.024% is an effective and well tolerated treatment option for the reduction of IOP in adults with OAG or ocular hypertension.

Deployment Notes for Sodars at the Stevens Institute of Technology during the March 2005 Urban Dispersion Program Field Campaign (MSG05)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Berg, Larry K.; Allwine, K Jerry

2006-08-01

This report documents the deployment of two sodars at the Stevens Institute of Technology (SIT) in Hoboken, New Jersey, during the March 2005 Madison Square Garden Urban Dispersion Field Campaign (MSG05) conducted in the vicinity of Madison Square Garden in Midtown Manhattan. One sodar was a Scintec MFAS sodar that was operated on a dock along the Hudson River. This sodar was only operated during Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs). The other sodar was an AeroVironment (AV) Model 3000 MiniSodar that was located on top of the Howe Center at SIT. This sodar was operated continually, but there were data qualitymore » issues in the lowest three and upper seven range gates during non-IOP periods. The IOP data from the AeroVironment was reprocessed so that only data from the lowest three and highest seven range gates was removed. Measurements from both sodars were compared to measurements made using a propeller and vane anemometer that was also located on top of the Howe Center. This report also describes the quality control methods applied to data from each sodar and the structure of the data files available. The agreement between the sodars is generally good, and we recommend using either the AV data or the Scintec data during the two IOPs, bearing in mind that there are some differences in the measured wind direction above 150 m MSL.« less

[Ocular hypotensive effect of alpha-adrenoceptor agonist and antagonist in the conscious pigmented rabbit].

PubMed

Moriwaki, Y; Iizuka, T; Nakamura, A; Nakata, K; Masaoka, Y; Ueda, T; Koide, R; Inatomi, M; Fukado, Y; Uchida, E

1992-02-01

It has been reported that some of the topically-used antiglaucomatics have a central ocular hypotensive effect. In this study, the influence of topical and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of phenylephrine, clonidine, guanfacine, prazosin, yohimbine on the intraocular pressure (IOP) was investigated in the rabbit. Male pigmented rabbits were used throughout the experiments. For measurement of IOP, an applanation pneumatonograph was used. By unilateral topical administration of phenylephrine, an increase in IOP in the eye in which instillation was performed was observed. On the other hand, a slight decrease in IOP was observed by similar treatment of prazosin and yohimbine. No significant change of IOP in the contralateral eye was observed with these drugs. On the contrary, unilateral topical administration of clonidine or guanfacine decreased the IOP of both eyes. Furthermore, the decrease of IOP was more remarkable in the contralateral eye compared to the eye which received instillation. The IOP of both eyes was decreased in a dose-related fashion by i.c.v. administration of clonidine or guanfacine. The ocular hypotensive effects of clonidine were diminished by the pretreatment by i.c.v. administration with yohimbine. These results suggest that the ocular hypotensive effect of clonidine and guanfacine is due to their alpha 2-adrenoceptor stimulation in the central nervous system.

Open-angle glaucoma in the Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen.

PubMed

Bedford, Peter G C

2017-03-01

To report the prevalence and clinical characteristics of an open-angle glaucoma in Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen (PBGV) dogs in the United Kingdom (UK). At breed society clinics extending over a 6-year period, 366 dogs of varying ages and both sexes were clinically examined for signs of glaucoma using slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect and direct ophthalmoscopy, tonometry, and gonioscopy. The prevalence of glaucoma was 10.4% (38 dogs). Clinical signs of the disease presented from 3 years of age onwards, the commonest initial feature being the elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in 15 dogs (39.4%). In addition to elevated IOP, another 13 dogs (34.2%) presented with other features of glaucoma, some with lens subluxation and globe enlargement and all with possible or known vision defects. In the remaining 10 dogs (26.3%), phacodonesis or lens subluxation was observed before subsequent elevation of IOP. High prevalence and similarity to the primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) seen in the Beagle and Elkhound breeds indicate that an open-angle glaucoma is present in the PBGV in the UK and that this disease may be genetically determined in this breed. Although increased IOP is the commonest early diagnostic feature, lens instability prior to an increase in IOP may be part of the clinical picture. © 2016 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.

Regulation of choroidal blood flow during combined changes in intraocular pressure and arterial blood pressure.

PubMed

Polska, Elzbieta; Simader, Christian; Weigert, Günter; Doelemeyer, Arno; Kolodjaschna, Julia; Scharmann, Ole; Schmetterer, Leopold

2007-08-01

To test the hypothesis that human choroidal blood flow (ChBF) may depend, not only on ocular perfusion pressure (OPP), but also on absolute mean arterial pressure (MAP) and intraocular pressure (IOP). There were two study days in an open design. On the first day, OPP was varied by elevating IOP during a squatting-induced increase in MAP (28 subjects). On the second day, only the IOP was increased (17 subjects). IOP was raised in stepwise increments by using the suction cup Subfoveal ChBF (laser Doppler flowmetry), MAP, and IOP were assessed, and OPP was calculated as (2/3)(MAP - IOP). For correlation analysis, data from all subjects were pooled according to IOP and MAP, and correlation analyses were performed. When data from study day 1 were grouped according to IOP, no correlation was observed between ChBF and MAP; but ChBFs were lower, the higher the IOP (P < 0.001). When data were grouped according to MAP, a significant correlation was found between ChBF and IOP (P < 0.001), but correlations were independent of MAP. When data of study day 2 were pooled according to IOP, a correlation between ChBF and OPP was seen only at IOP > 40 mm Hg (P < 0.05). The data confirm previously published observations that the choroid shows some autoregulatory capacity during changes in OPP. In addition, the data indicate that the choroid regulates its blood flow better during exercise-induced changes in MAP than during an experimental increase in IOP.

Physicians' attentional performance following a 24-hour observation period: do we need to regulate sleep prior to work?

PubMed

Smyth, P; Maximova, K; Jirsch, J D

2017-08-01

The tradition of physicians working while sleep deprived is increasingly criticised. Medical regulatory bodies have restricted resident physician duty-hours, not addressing the greater population of physicians. We aimed to assess factors such as sleep duration prior to a 24-hour observation period on physicians' attention. We studied 70 physicians (mean age 38 years old (SD 10.8 years)): 36 residents and 34 faculty from call rosters at the University of Alberta. Among 70 physicians, 52 (74%) performed overnight call; 18 did not perform overnight call and were recruited to control for the learning effect of repetitive neuropsychological testing. Attentional Network Test (ANT) measured physicians' attention at the beginning and end of the 24-hour observation period. Participants self-reported ideal sleep needs, sleep duration in the 24 hours prior to (ie, baseline) and during the 24-hour observation period (ie, follow-up). Median regression models examined effects on ANT parameters. Sleep deprivation at follow-up was associated with reduced attentional accuracy following the 24-hour observation period, but only for physicians more sleep deprived at baseline. Other components of attention were not associated with sleep deprivation after adjusting for repetitive testing. Age, years since medical school and caffeine use did not impact changes in ANT parameters. Our study suggests that baseline sleep before 24 hours of observation impacts the accuracy of physicians' attentional testing at 24 hours. Further study is required to determine if optimising physician sleep prior to overnight call shifts is a sustainable strategy to mitigate the effects of sleep deprivation. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

An Observational Study of Accretion Dynamics in Short-Period Pre-Main Sequence Binaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tofflemire, Benjamin; Mathieu, Robert; Herczeg, Greg; Johns-Krull, Christopher; Akeson, Rachel; Ciardi, David

2018-01-01

Over the past thirty years, a detailed picture of star formation has emerged that highlights the importance of the interaction between a pre-main sequence (pre-MS) star and its protoplanetary disk. The properties of an emergent star, the lifetime of a protoplanetary disk, and the formation of planets are all, in part, determined by this star-disk interaction. Many stars, however, form in binary or higher-order systems where orbital dynamics are capable of fundamentally altering this star-disk interaction. Orbital resonances, especially in short-period systems, are capable of clearing the central region of a protoplanetary disk, leaving the possibility for three stable accretion disks: a circumstellar disk around each star and a circumbinary disk. In this model, accretion onto the stars is predicted to proceed in periodic streams that form at the inner edge of the circumbinary disk, cross the dynamically cleared gap, and feed circumstellar disks or accrete directly onto the stars themselves. This pulsed-accretion paradigm predicts bursts of accretion that are periodic with the orbital period, where the duration, amplitude, location in orbital phase, and which star if preferentially fed, all depend on the orbital parameters. To test these predictions, we have carried out intensive observational campaigns combining time-series, optical and near-infrared photometry with time-series, optical spectroscopy. These data are capable of monitoring the stellar accretion rate, the properties of warm circumstellar dust, and the kinematics of accretion flows, all as a function of orbital phase. In our sample of 9 pre-MS binaries with diverse orbital parameters, we search for evidence of periodic accretion events and seek to determine the role orbital parameters have on the characteristics of accretion events. Two results from our campaign will be highlighted: 1) the detection of periodic pulsed accretion events in DQ Tau and TWA 3A, and 2) evidence that the TWA 3A primary is the

Observed hierarchy of student proficiency with period, frequency, and angular frequency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Young, Nicholas T.; Heckler, Andrew F.

2018-01-01

In the context of a generic harmonic oscillator, we investigated students' accuracy in determining the period, frequency, and angular frequency from mathematical and graphical representations. In a series of studies including interviews, free response tests, and multiple choice tests developed in an iterative process, we assessed students in both algebra-based and calculus-based, traditionally instructed university-level introductory physics courses. Using the results, we categorized nine skills necessary for proficiency in determining period, frequency, and angular frequency. Overall results reveal that, postinstruction, proficiency is quite low: only about 20%-40% of students mastered most of the nine skills. Next, we used a semiquantitative, intuitive method to investigate the hierarchical structure of the nine skills. We also employed the more formal item tree analysis method to verify this structure and found that the skills form a multilevel, nonlinear hierarchy, with mastery of some skills being prerequisite for mastery in other skills. Finally, we implemented a targeted, 30-min group-work activity to improve proficiency in these skills and found a 1 standard deviation gain in accuracy. Overall, the results suggest that many students currently lack these essential skills, targeted practice may lead to required mastery, and that the observed hierarchical structure in the skills suggests that instruction should especially attend to the skills lower in the hierarchy.

Period Study and Analyses of 2017 Observations of the Totally Eclipsing, Solar Type Binary, MT Camelopardalis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Faulkner, Danny R.; Samec, Ronald G.; Caton, Daniel B.

2018-06-01

We report here on a period study and the analysis of BVRcIc light curves (taken in 2017) of MT Cam (GSC03737-01085), which is a solar type (T ~ 5500K) eclipsing binary. D. Caton observed MT Cam on 05, 14, 15, 16, and 17, December 2017 with the 0.81-m reflector at Dark Sky Observatory. Six times of minimum light were calculated from four primary eclipses and two secondary eclipses:HJD I = 24 58092.4937±0.0002, 2458102.74600±0.0021, 2458104.5769±0.0002, 2458104.9434±0.0029HJD II = 2458103.6610±0.0001, 2458104.7607±0.0020,Six times of minimum light were also calculated from data taken by Terrell, Gross, and Cooney, in their 2016 and 2004 observations (reported in IBVS #6166; TGC, hereafter). In addition, six more times of minimum light were taken from the literature. From all 18 times of minimum light, we determined the following light elements:JD Hel Min I=2458102.7460(4) + 0.36613937(5) EWe found the orbital period was constant over the 14 years spanning all observations. We note that TGC found a slightly increasing period. However, our results were obtained from a period study rather than comparison of observations from only two epochs by the Wilson-Devinney (W-D) Program. A BVRcIc Johnson-Cousins filtered simultaneous W-D Program solution gives a mass ratio (0.3385±0.0014) very nearly the same as TGC’s (0.347±0.003), and a component temperature difference of only ~40 K. As with TGC, no spot was needed in the modeling. Our modeling (beginning with Binary Maker 3.0 fits) was done without prior knowledge of TGC’s. This shows the agreement achieved when independent analyses are done with the W-D code. The present observations were taken 1.8 years later than the last curves by TGC, so some variation is expected.The Roche Lobe fill-out of the binary is ~13% and the inclination is ~83.5 degrees. The system is a shallow contact W-type W UMa Binary, albeit, the amplitudes of the primary and secondary eclipse are very nearly identical. An eclipse duration of ~21

Examination of particulate matter and heavy metals and their effects in at-risk wards in Washington, DC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Greene, Natasha Ann

One of the major contributions to pollution in the Washington, DC urban environment is particulate matter (PM). Quite often, ambient airborne toxics are closely associated with fine PM (PM2.5). We have performed high-resolution aerosol measurements of PM2.5 in four wards (Ward 1, 4, 5, and 7) of Washington, DC during two intensive observational periods (IOP). The first IOP occurred during the summer of 2003 (June 23rd to August 8th). The second IOP transpired during the late fall season of 2003 (October 20th to December 4 th). The measurement platform consisted of a Laser Particle Counter (LPC) and a Quartz Crystal Microbalance Cascade Impactor (QCM) to obtain both in-situ number and mass density distributions across the measurement sites. The data shows spatial distributions of particulate matter characterized as a function of size and mass properties. The QCM analyses show significant levels (> 15 mug/m3) of ward-averaged PM2.5 in Wards 4, 1, and 7 respectively during the summer IOP. However, all wards were less than the EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 15 mug/m 3 during the fall IOP ward-averaged measurements. Yet, investigations of the site-averaged measurements during the fall revealed some specific locations in Ward 4 that exceeded the NAAQS. Results also show that the aerosol mass density peaked in the 0.3 mum mode during the summer IOP and in the 0.15 mum mode during the fall IOP. The number density peaked in the 0.3--0.5 mum size range. Accordingly, the distributions have also been analyzed as a function of meteorological factors, such as wind speed and direction via NOAA HYSPLIT trajectories. One important attribute to this study is the evaluation of risks amongst IBC subgroups (youth, adults, elderly, black, white, hispanic, male, and female) for bath pediatric asthma rates and the onset of lung cancer over a lifetime (70-year period) when exposed to these levels of particulates. It has been determined that there are individual excess

Detecting atmospheric normal modes with periods less than 6 h by barometric observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ermolenko, S. I.; Shved, G. M.; Jacobi, Ch.

2018-04-01

The theory of atmospheric normal modes (ANMs) predicts the existence of relatively short-period gravity-inertia ANMs. Simultaneous observations of surface air-pressure variations by barometers at distant stations of the Global Geodynamics Project network during an interval of 6 months were used to detect individual gravity-inertia ANMs with periods of ∼2-5 h. Evidence was found for five ANMs with a lifetime of ∼10 days. The data of the stations, which are close in both latitude and longitude, were utilized for deriving the phases of the detected ANMs. The phases revealed wave propagation to the west and increase of zonal wavenumbers with frequency. As all the detected gravity-inertia ANMs are westward propagating, they are suggested to be generated due to the breakdown of migrating solar tides and/or large-scale Rossby waves. The existence of an ANM background will complicate the detection of the translational motions of the Earth's inner core.

The global climate of December 1992-February 1993. Part 2: Large-scale variability across the tropical western Pacific during TOGA COARE

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gutzler, D. S.; Kiladis, G. N.; Meehl, G. A.; Weickmann, K. M.; Wheeler, M.

1994-01-01

Recently, scientists from more than a dozen countries carried out the field phase of a project called the Coupled-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE), devoted to describing the ocean-atmosphere system of the western Pacific near-equatorial warm pool. The project was conceived, organized, and funded under the auspices of the International Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Program. Although COARE consisted of several field phases, including a year-long atmospheric enhanced monitoring period (1 July 1992 -- 30 June 1993), the heart of COARE was its four-month Intensive Observation Period (IOP) extending from 1 Nov. 1992 through 28 Feb. 1993. An overview of large-scale variability during COARE is presented. The weather and climate observed in the IOP is placed into context with regard to large-scale, low-frequency fluctuations of the ocean-atmosphere system. Aspects of tropical variability beginning in Aug. 1992 and extending through Mar. 1993, with some sounding data for Apr. 1993 are considered. Variability over the large-scale sounding array (LSA) and the intensive flux array (IFA) is emphasized.

24-h Efficacy of Glaucoma Treatment Options.

PubMed

Konstas, Anastasios G P; Quaranta, Luciano; Bozkurt, Banu; Katsanos, Andreas; Garcia-Feijoo, Julian; Rossetti, Luca; Shaarawy, Tarek; Pfeiffer, Norbert; Miglior, Stefano

2016-04-01

Current management of glaucoma entails the medical, laser, or surgical reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) to a predetermined level of target IOP, which is commensurate with either stability or delayed progression of visual loss. In the published literature, the hypothesis is often made that IOP control implies a single IOP measurement over time. Although the follow-up of glaucoma patients with single IOP measurements is quick and convenient, such measurements often do not adequately reflect the untreated IOP characteristics, or indeed the quality of treated IOP control during the 24-h cycle. Since glaucoma is a 24-h disease and the damaging effect of elevated IOP is continuous, it is logical that we should aim to understand the efficacy of all treatment options throughout the 24-h period. This article first reviews the concept and value of diurnal and 24-h IOP monitoring. It then critically evaluates selected available evidence on the 24-h efficacy of medical, laser and surgical therapy options. During the past decade several controlled trials have significantly enhanced our understanding on the 24-h efficacy of all glaucoma therapy options. Nevertheless, more long-term evidence is needed to better evaluate the 24-h efficacy of glaucoma therapy and the precise impact of IOP characteristics on glaucomatous progression and visual prognosis.

Observations of Radiation Divergence and Stability Driven Slope Flows during the Field Experiment KASCADE

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duine, Gert-Jan; Durand, Pierre; Hedde, Thierry; Roubin, Pierre; Augustin, Patrick; Fourmentin, Marc; Lohou, Fabienne; Lothon, Marie

2014-05-01

This work is in the frame of the PhD-thesis entitled "Dispersion of pollutants in stable boundary layer conditions in the middle valley of the Durance", financed by the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) and jointly supervised by CEA and Laboratoire d'Aérologie (LA), Toulouse. It takes place in a wider context of R & D work performed at CEA to characterize the site specific atmospheric conditions, with a view to improve the knowledge of the impact of the potential release of pollutants. During the winter of 2013 the intensive field measurement campaign KASCADE (KAtabatic winds and Stability over CAdarache for Dispersion of Effluents) has been carried out at Cadarache, a research centre of CEA, located in South-Eastern France. The stability of the lower atmospheric boundary layer caused by radiative cooling at night, combined with the local orography, strongly affects the conditions for the dispersion of potential pollutants. Understanding the complex patterns of drainage flow and cold pool build up in the smaller valleys confluent to the Durance river is thus a major issue for refining the models used to assess the sanitary and environmental impact of Cadarache. Stability is easily formed in the region and in combination with the orographic complexity, there is a need to study the Stable Boundary Layer (SBL), which potentially can have a large impact on the dispersion of gaseous emissions released by the various facilities of Cadarache. KASCADE was designed to characterize the local SBL in order to feed future planned numerical simulations with WRF and impact studies involving numerical models coping with dispersion. With a focus on night time, a combination of continuous observations (SODAR and a flux-measurement tower of 30 meter [M30]) and 23 Intensive Observational Periods (IOPs) (Tethered Balloon [TB] profiling and radio-soundings) allows to study the relevant phenomena for SBL-formation. M30 was equipped with sonic anemometers at 3 levels for

VI-band follow-up observations of ultra-long-period Cepheid candidates in M31

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ngeow, Chow-Choong; Yang, Michael Ting-Chang; Lin, Chi-Sheng

2015-02-01

The ultra-long-period Cepheids (ULPCs) are classical Cepheids with pulsation periods exceeding ≈80 days. The intrinsic brightness of ULPCs are ∼1 to ∼3 mag brighter than their shorter period counterparts. This makes them attractive in future distance scale work to derive distances beyond the limit set by the shorter period Cepheids. We have initiated a program to search for ULPCs in M31, using the single-band data taken from the Palomar Transient Factory, and identified eight possible candidates. In this work, we presented the VI-band follow-up observations of these eight candidates. Based on our VI-band light curves of these candidates and theirmore » locations in the color–magnitude diagram and the Period–Wesenheit diagram, we verify two candidates as being truly ULPCs. The six other candidates are most likely other kinds of long-period variables. With the two confirmed M31 ULPCs, we tested the applicability of ULPCs in distance scale work by deriving the distance modulus of M31. It was found to be μ{sub M31,ULPC}=24.30±0.76 mag. The large error in the derived distance modulus, together with the large intrinsic dispersion of the Period–Wesenheit (PW) relation and the small number of ULPCs in a given host galaxy, means that the question of the suitability of ULPCs as standard candles is still open. Further work is needed to enlarge the sample of calibrating ULPCs and reduce the intrinsic dispersion of the PW relation before re-considering ULPCs as suitable distance indicators.« less

Measurement of filling factor 5/2 quasiparticle interference with observation of charge e/4 and e/2 period oscillations.

PubMed

Willett, R L; Pfeiffer, L N; West, K W

2009-06-02

A standing problem in low-dimensional electron systems is the nature of the 5/2 fractional quantum Hall (FQH) state: Its elementary excitations are a focus for both elucidating the state's properties and as candidates in methods to perform topological quantum computation. Interferometric devices may be used to manipulate and measure quantum Hall edge excitations. Here we use a small-area edge state interferometer designed to observe quasiparticle interference effects. Oscillations consistent in detail with the Aharonov-Bohm effect are observed for integer quantum Hall and FQH states (filling factors nu = 2, 5/3, and 7/3) with periods corresponding to their respective charges and magnetic field positions. With these factors as charge calibrations, periodic transmission through the device consistent with quasiparticle charge e/4 is observed at nu = 5/2 and at lowest temperatures. The principal finding of this work is that, in addition to these e/4 oscillations, periodic structures corresponding to e/2 are also observed at 5/2 nu and at lowest temperatures. Properties of the e/4 and e/2 oscillations are examined with the device sensitivity sufficient to observe temperature evolution of the 5/2 quasiparticle interference. In the model of quasiparticle interference, this presence of an effective e/2 period may empirically reflect an e/2 quasiparticle charge or may reflect multiple passes of the e/4 quasiparticle around the interferometer. These results are discussed within a picture of e/4 quasiparticle excitations potentially possessing non-Abelian statistics. These studies demonstrate the capacity to perform interferometry on 5/2 excitations and reveal properties important for understanding this state and its excitations.

Measurement of filling factor 5/2 quasiparticle interference with observation of charge e/4 and e/2 period oscillations

PubMed Central

Willett, R. L.; Pfeiffer, L. N.; West, K. W.

2009-01-01

A standing problem in low-dimensional electron systems is the nature of the 5/2 fractional quantum Hall (FQH) state: Its elementary excitations are a focus for both elucidating the state's properties and as candidates in methods to perform topological quantum computation. Interferometric devices may be used to manipulate and measure quantum Hall edge excitations. Here we use a small-area edge state interferometer designed to observe quasiparticle interference effects. Oscillations consistent in detail with the Aharonov–Bohm effect are observed for integer quantum Hall and FQH states (filling factors ν = 2, 5/3, and 7/3) with periods corresponding to their respective charges and magnetic field positions. With these factors as charge calibrations, periodic transmission through the device consistent with quasiparticle charge e/4 is observed at ν = 5/2 and at lowest temperatures. The principal finding of this work is that, in addition to these e/4 oscillations, periodic structures corresponding to e/2 are also observed at 5/2 ν and at lowest temperatures. Properties of the e/4 and e/2 oscillations are examined with the device sensitivity sufficient to observe temperature evolution of the 5/2 quasiparticle interference. In the model of quasiparticle interference, this presence of an effective e/2 period may empirically reflect an e/2 quasiparticle charge or may reflect multiple passes of the e/4 quasiparticle around the interferometer. These results are discussed within a picture of e/4 quasiparticle excitations potentially possessing non-Abelian statistics. These studies demonstrate the capacity to perform interferometry on 5/2 excitations and reveal properties important for understanding this state and its excitations. PMID:19433804

Blindness and Glaucoma: A Multicenter Data Review from 7 Academic Eye Clinics

PubMed Central

Rossetti, Luca; Digiuni, Maurizio; Giovanni, Montesano; Centofanti, Marco; Fea, Antonio M.; Iester, Michele; Frezzotti, Paolo; Figus, Michele; Ferreras, Antonio; Oddone, Francesco; Tanga, Lucia; Rolle, Teresa; Battaglino, Valentina; Posarelli, Chiara; Motolese, Ilaria; Mittica, Pietro; Bagaglia, Simone Alex; Menicacci, Cristina; De Cilla’, Stefano; Autelitano, Alessandro; Fogagnolo, Paolo

2015-01-01

Purpose To evaluate frequency, conversion rate, and risk factors for blindness in glaucoma patients treated in European Universities. Methods This multicenter retrospective study included 2402 consecutive patients with glaucoma in at least one eye. Medical charts were inspected and patients were divided into those blind and the remainder (‘controls’). Blindness was defined as visual acuity≤0.05 and/or visual field loss to less than 10°. Results Unilateral and bilateral blindness were respectively 11.0% and 1.6% at the beginning, and 15.5% and 3.6% at the end of the observation period (7.5±5.5 years, range:1–25 years); conversion to blindness (at least unilateral) was 1.1%/year. 134 eyes (97 patients) developed blindness by POAG during the study. At the first access to study centre, they had mean deviation (MD) of -17.1±8.3 dB and treated intraocular pressure (IOP) of 17.1±6.6 mmHg. During follow-up the IOP decreased by 14% in these eyes but MD deteriorated by 1.1±3.5 dB/year, which was 5-fold higher than controls (0.2±1.6 dB/year). In a multivariate model, the best predictors for blindness by glaucoma were initial MD (p<0.001), initial IOP (p<0.001), older age at the beginning of follow-up (p<0.001), whereas final IOP was found to be protective (p<0.05). Conclusions In this series of patients, blindness occurred in about 20%. Blindness by glaucoma had 2 characteristics: late diagnosis and/or late referral, and progression of the disease despite in most cases IOP was within the range of normality and target IOP was achieved; it could be predicted by high initial MD, high initial IOP, and old age. PMID:26302445

Blindness and Glaucoma: A Multicenter Data Review from 7 Academic Eye Clinics.

PubMed

Rossetti, Luca; Digiuni, Maurizio; Montesano, Giovanni; Giovanni, Montesano; Centofanti, Marco; Fea, Antonio M; Iester, Michele; Frezzotti, Paolo; Figus, Michele; Ferreras, Antonio; Oddone, Francesco; Tanga, Lucia; Rolle, Teresa; Battaglino, Valentina; Posarelli, Chiara; Motolese, Ilaria; Mittica, Pietro; Bagaglia, Simone Alex; Menicacci, Cristina; De Cilla', Stefano; Autelitano, Alessandro; Fogagnolo, Paolo

2015-01-01

To evaluate frequency, conversion rate, and risk factors for blindness in glaucoma patients treated in European Universities. This multicenter retrospective study included 2402 consecutive patients with glaucoma in at least one eye. Medical charts were inspected and patients were divided into those blind and the remainder ('controls'). Blindness was defined as visual acuity≤0.05 and/or visual field loss to less than 10°. Unilateral and bilateral blindness were respectively 11.0% and 1.6% at the beginning, and 15.5% and 3.6% at the end of the observation period (7.5±5.5 years, range:1-25 years); conversion to blindness (at least unilateral) was 1.1%/year. 134 eyes (97 patients) developed blindness by POAG during the study. At the first access to study centre, they had mean deviation (MD) of -17.1±8.3 dB and treated intraocular pressure (IOP) of 17.1±6.6 mmHg. During follow-up the IOP decreased by 14% in these eyes but MD deteriorated by 1.1±3.5 dB/year, which was 5-fold higher than controls (0.2±1.6 dB/year). In a multivariate model, the best predictors for blindness by glaucoma were initial MD (p<0.001), initial IOP (p<0.001), older age at the beginning of follow-up (p<0.001), whereas final IOP was found to be protective (p<0.05). In this series of patients, blindness occurred in about 20%. Blindness by glaucoma had 2 characteristics: late diagnosis and/or late referral, and progression of the disease despite in most cases IOP was within the range of normality and target IOP was achieved; it could be predicted by high initial MD, high initial IOP, and old age.

Imaging observation of quasi-periodic disturbances' amplitudes increasing with height in the polar region of the solar corona

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Su, J. T.; Priya, T. G.; Liu, Y.

At present, there have been few extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imaging observations of spatial variations of the density perturbations due to the slow magnetoacoustic waves (SMWs) propagating along the solar coronal magnetic fields. In this paper, we present such observations taken from the polar region of the corona with the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory and investigate the amplitude of quasi-periodic propagating disturbances that increase with height in the lower corona (0-9 Mm over the solar limb). We statistically determined the following parameters associated with the disturbances: pressure scale height, period, and wavelength in AIA 171more » Å, 193 Å, and 211 Å channels. The scale height and wavelength are dependent of temperature, while the period is independent of temperature. The acoustic velocities inferred from the scale height highly correlate with the ratios of wavelength to period, i.e., phase speeds. They provide evidence that the propagating disturbances in the lower corona are likely SMWs and the spatial variations in EUV intensity in the polar region likely reflects the density compressional effect by the propagating SMWs.« less

Major and Daytime Meteor Showers using Global Radio Meteor Observations covering the period 2001-2016

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ogawa, Hiroshi; Steyaert, Christian

2017-10-01

With radio, it is possible to observe meteor activity even in bad weather and during daytime. The research in this paper succeeded in detecting the important stream features, such as peak time, peak level and FWHM (Full Width Half Maximum) in not only major streams but also daytime meteor showers, using worldwide radio forward scattering data covering the period 2001-2016.

Phacoemulsification in pseudoexfoliation syndrome.

PubMed

Akinci, Arsen; Batman, Cosar; Zilelioglu, Orhan

2008-01-01

To compare the incidence of intraoperative and early postoperative complications (IEPC), visual outcomes, and change in intraocular pressure (IOP) between eyes with and without pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) having cataract extraction by phacoemulsification. 800 eyes with PEX and 1,600 eyes without PEX having cataract extraction by phacoemulsification were included in this retrospective study. Evaluated parameters were incidence of IEPC, visual outcomes and change in IOP. chi2 and Student's t test were used for statistical analysis. There were no significant differences in the incidence of IEPC and visual acuity gain between the two groups (p > 0.05). Rise in IOP in the early postoperative period was significantly higher in the PEX group (p < 0.02). Patients with PEX who have phacoemulsification can achieve results similar to patients without PEX. IOP control in the early postoperative period seems to be more important in patients with PEX. Copyright 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Effect of oral administration of carprofen on intraocular pressure in normal dogs.

PubMed

Meekins, J M; Overton, T L; Rankin, A J; Roush, J K

2016-08-01

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of oral administration of carprofen on intraocular pressure in normal dogs. Twelve young adult beagle dogs were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 6) or control (n = 6) groups. After an 11-day acclimation period, the treatment group received approximately 2.2 mg/kg carprofen per os every 12 h for 7 days, and the control group received a placebo gel capsule containing no drug per os every 12 h for 7 days. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by a rebound tonometer at three time points per day (8 am, 2 pm, and 8 pm) during the acclimation (days 1-11) and treatment (days 12-18) phases and for 48 h (days 19-20) after the completion of treatment. There was no statistically significant change in IOP for either eye in the dogs receiving oral carprofen during the treatment phase (days 12-18). After day 4, no significant daily IOP changes were seen in control group dogs. Carprofen administered orally every 12 h for 7 days had no effect on IOP in normal beagle dogs. An acclimation period to frequent IOP measurements of at least 5 days is necessary to establish baseline IOP values and minimize possible anxiety-related effects on IOP measurements. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Lidar and radar measurements of the melting layer in the frame of the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study: observations of dark and bright band phenomena

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

di Girolamo, P.; Summa, D.; Bhawar, R.; di Iorio, T.; Norton, E. G.; Peters, G.; Dufournet, Y.

2011-11-01

During the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS), lidar dark and bright bands were observed by the University of BASILicata Raman lidar system (BASIL) during several intensive (IOPs) and special (SOPs) observation periods (among others, 23 July, 15 August, and 17 August 2007). Lidar data were supported by measurements from the University of Hamburg cloud radar MIRA 36 (36 GHz), the University of Hamburg dual-polarization micro rain radars (24.1 GHz) and the University of Manchester UHF wind profiler (1.29 GHz). Results from BASIL and the radars for 23 July 2007 are illustrated and discussed to support the comprehension of the microphysical and scattering processes responsible for the appearance of the lidar and radar dark and bright bands. Simulations of the lidar dark and bright band based on the application of concentric/eccentric sphere Lorentz-Mie codes and a melting layer model are also provided. Lidar and radar measurements and model results are also compared with measurements from a disdrometer on ground and a two-dimensional cloud (2DC) probe on-board the ATR42 SAFIRE.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martin, Scot T.

The Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) Experiment was carried out in the environs of Manaus, Brazil, in the central region of the Amazon basin during two years from 1 January 2014 through 31 December 2015. The experiment focused on the complex interactions among vegetation, atmospheric chemistry, and aerosol production on the one hand and their connections to aerosols, clouds, and precipitation on the other. The objective was to understand and quantify these linked processes, first under natural conditions to obtain a baseline and second when altered by the effects of human activities. To this end, themore » pollution plume from the Manaus metropolis, superimposed on the background conditions of the central Amazon basin, served as a natural laboratory. The present paper, as Introduction to the GoAmazon2014/5 Special Issue, presents the context and motivation of the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment. The nine research sites, including the characteristics and instrumentation of each site, are presented. The sites range from time point zero (T0) upwind of the pollution, to T1 in the midst of the pollution, to T2 just downwind of the pollution, to T3 furthest downwind of the pollution (70 km). In addition to the ground sites, a low-altitude G-159 Gulfstream I (G1) observed the atmospheric boundary layer and low clouds, and a high-altitude Gulfstream G550 (HALO) operated in the free troposphere. During the two-year experiment, two Intensive Operating Periods (IOP1 and IOP2) also took place that included additional specialized research instrumentation at the ground sites as well as flights of the two aircraft. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP1 was carried out from 1 February to 31 March 2014 in the wet season. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP2 was conducted from 15 August to 15 October 2014 in the dry season. The G1 aircraft flew during both IOP1 and IOP2, and the HALO aircraft flew during IOP2. In the context of the Amazon basin, the two IOPs also correspond to the

Quasi-periodic Reversals of Radio Polarization at 17 GHz Observed in the 2002 April 21 Solar Event

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Guangli; Lin, Jun

2006-03-01

We investigate high spatial resolution radio polarization data obtained by the Nobeyama Radioheliograph (NoRH) and high time resolution data observed with the Nobeyama Radio Polarimeters (NoRP) during the well-studied flare/CME event of 2002 April 21. A 17 GHz radio source at the loop top was seen by NoRH to move upward together with the expanding flare loops at a speed of around 10 km s-1. In the 5 minutes before the source began its upward motion, the Stokes V of the radio signals at 17 GHz showed quasi-periodic reversals between left-circular polarization (LCP) and right-circular polarization (RCP). Following this interval, the polarizations gradually turned to LCP. During this period, the polarization of the corresponding footpoint source maintained the RCP sense. The reversal of Stokes V between RCP and LCP was also detected at lower frequencies (1-2 GHz) by NoRP, without spatial resolution. The observed reversals between RCP and LCP of the radio signals from the top of the flare loop system can be taken as evidence that magnetic energy is released or energetic particles are produced at the magnetic reconnection site in a quasi-periodic fashion.

Short-Term Moderately Elevated Intraocular Pressure Is Associated With Elevated Scotopic Electroretinogram Responses

PubMed Central

Choh, Vivian; Gurdita, Akshay; Tan, Bingyao; Prasad, Ratna C.; Bizheva, Kostadinka; Joos, Karen M.

2016-01-01

Purpose Moderately elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a risk factor for open-angle glaucoma. Some patients suffer glaucoma despite clinically measured normal IOPs. Fluctuations in IOP may have a significant role since IOPs are higher during sleep and inversion activities. Controlled transient elevations of IOPs in rats over time lead to optic nerve structural changes that are similar to the early changes observed in constant chronic models of glaucoma. Because early intervention decreases glaucoma progression, this study was done to determine if early physiological changes to the retina could be detected with noninvasive electrophysiological and optical imaging tests during moderately elevated IOP. Methods Intraocular pressures were raised to moderately high levels (35 mm Hg) in one eye of Sprague-Dawley rats while the other (control) eye was untreated. One group of rats underwent scotopic threshold response (STR) and electroretinogram (ERG) testing, while another 3 groups underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, Western blot, or histologic evaluation. Results The amplitudes of the STR and ERG responses in eyes with moderately elevated IOPs were enhanced compared to the values before IOP elevation, and compared to untreated contralateral eyes. Structural changes to the optic nerve also occurred during IOP elevation. Conclusions Although ischemic IOP elevations are well-known to globally reduce components of the scotopic ERG, acute elevation in rats to levels often observed in untreated glaucoma patients caused an increase in these parameters. Further exploration of these phenomena may be helpful in better understanding the mechanisms mediating early retinal changes during fluctuating or chronically elevated IOP. PMID:27100161

Comparison of preservative-free latanoprost and preservative-free bimatoprost in a multicenter, randomized, investigator-masked cross-over clinical trial, the SPORT trial.

PubMed

Stalmans, Ingeborg; Oddone, Francesco; Cordeiro, Maria Francesca; Hommer, Anton; Montesano, Giovanni; Ribeiro, Luisa; Sunaric-Mégevand, Gordana; Rossetti, Luca

2016-06-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of Bimatoprost Unit Dose Preservative Free (BUDPF) and Latanoprost Unit Dose Preservative Free (LUDPF). A prospective, randomized, investigator-masked, cross-over comparison was used. Inclusion criteria were ocular hypertension (OHT) or open-angle glaucoma (OAG) with a maximum intraocular pressure (IOP) of 21 mmHg on a preserved prostaglandin monotherapy. After 6 weeks washout, patients were randomized to BUDPF or LUDPF for 3 months and then switched to the other treatment for 3 months. IOP curves were performed at baseline and after each treatment period. Statistical analysis was performed in a R programming environment. Linear mixed modeling was used to account for repeated measures on the same subject and clustering of observations from the same center. Safety outcomes included visual acuity, adverse events, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, ocular tolerability, and optic nerve assessment. Analysis at 6 months (primary outcome) showed a 1.6 ± 0.5-mmHg difference in IOP values between LUDPF and BUDPF (p < 0.01). A mean intra-subject IOP difference of 0.9 ± 0.2 mmHg (LUDPF - BUDPF) was observed (p < 0.01).. Significant differences in IOP were observed for both drugs at 3 and at 6 months compared to baseline: -4,0 ± 0.5 mmHg for both BUDPF and LUDPF at 3 months (p < 0.01 for both drugs; p = 0.32 between the two drugs); -5.2 ± 0.5 and -3.4 ± 0.5 mmHg for BUDPF and LUDPF, respectively (both p < 0.01), at 6 months. Both drugs were tolerated well, the only statistically significant difference being lower hyperemia scores for LUDPF (albeit low for both drugs). This study demonstrates a superior efficacy of BUDPF over LUDPF in lowering IOP. The results are consistent both in the parallel comparison between the two treatment groups at 6 months as well as in the intra-subject pressure comparison.

X-ray and optical observations of the ultrashort period dwarf nova SW Ursae Majoris - A likely new DQ Herculis star

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shafter, A. W.; Szkody, P.; Thorstensen, J. R.

1986-01-01

Time-resolved X-ray and optical photometric and optical spectroscopic observations of the ultrashort period cataclysmic variable SW UMa are reported. The spectroscopic observations reveal the presence of an s-wave component which is almost in phase with the extreme line wings and presumably the white dwarf. This very unusual phasing in conjunction with the available optical and X-ray data seems to indicate that a region of enhanced emission exists on the opposite side of the disk from the expected location of the hot spot. The photometric observations reveal the presence of a hump in the light curve occurring at an orbital phase which is consistent with the phase at which the region of enhanced line emission is most favorably seen. Changes in the hump amplitude are seen from night to night, and a 15.9 min periodicity is evident in the light curve. The optical and X-ray periodicities suggest that SW UMa is a member of the DQ Her class of cataclysmic variables.

Glaucoma Progression and its Relationship with Corrected and Uncorrected Intraocular Pressure in Eyes with History of Refractive Corneal Surgery.

PubMed

Kwon, Junki; Sung, Kyung Rim; Jo, Jaehyuck; Yang, Sung Ho

2018-04-20

To investigate glaucoma progression and its relationship with corrected and uncorrected intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with a history of refractive corneal surgery (RCS). Totally, 56 eyes of 56 primary open-angle glaucoma patients who had a history of RCS were included. Mean keratometry and central corneal thickness were measured at the time of glaucoma diagnosis. Three IOP measurements, i.e., uncorrected IOP ( UC IOP) and corrected IOP calculated by applying the Kohlhaas ( CK IOP) and Ehlers ( CE IOP) formulas, were used. Participants were categorized into two groups (low-teen [<15 mmHg] and high-teen [≥15 mmHg] groups) according to the mean follow-up IOP, in each of the three IOP measurements. Glaucoma progression was determined based on either structurally or functionally by stereoscopic optic disc/retinal nerve fiber layer photographs or visual field tests. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were compared between the low-teens group and high-teens group for each IOP measurement. Risk factors for glaucoma progression, including uncorrected and corrected IOP measurements, were analyzed using a Cox proportional-hazards model. Among total eyes, glaucoma progression was found in 19 (34%) eyes during 4.3 years of mean follow-up period. Individual values of uncorrected IOP and corrected IOP showed significant differences (p < 0.001). Incidence of glaucoma progression was higher in high-teens group than in low-teens group by corrected IOP values (both Kohlhaas and Ehlers, p = 0.006, 0.003), but not by uncorrected IOP values (p = 0.749). The cumulative probability of glaucoma progression was significantly greater in the high-teens group than in the low-teens group using the Elhers formula determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis (p = 0.030). For glaucoma eyes with history of RCS, high-teen group by corrected mean follow-up IOP showed more glaucoma progression than low-teen group. More intensive IOP-lowering treatment will be required for patient with high

Combined clear corneal phacoemulsification and ab interno trabeculectomy: three-year case series.

PubMed

Ferrari, Ettore; Bandello, Francesco; Roman-Pognuz, Derri; Menchini, Francesca

2005-09-01

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel surgical approach, ab interno trabeculectomy, in a combined procedure (clear corneal phacoemulsification + ab interno trabeculectomy) for the management of concurrent cataract and glaucoma with prognostic factors for filtration failure. Department of Ophthalmology, Palmanova Hospital, Udine, Italy. A prospective noncomparative case series of 11 eyes of 11 consecutive cataract patients with medically uncontrolled primary open-angle glaucoma or pseudoexfoliation glaucoma was performed. Each patient had phacoemulsification + intraocular lens implantation + ab interno trabeculectomy, which consisted of a gonioscopically controlled ab interno removal of a quadrant (3 clock hours) of the trabecular meshwork. The main outcome measures were intraocular pressure (IOP), the number of antiglaucomatous medications used, and complications. Ten patients completed a 3-year follow-up. One patient had further surgery because of poor IOP control; in this case, the last valid observation was carried forward for IOP calculation. Mean preoperative IOP and IOPs measured 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after surgery were 25.0, 15.8, 15.4, 15.4, 15.2, 15.0, and 15.3 (-38.56%) mm Hg respectively. The number of medications averaged 2.4 before surgery and dropped to 0.8 at the end of follow-up. No major complications occurred during the follow-up period. The new surgical procedure combining phacoemulsification with ab interno trabeculectomy can induce a clinically relevant decrease in IOP in eyes with cataract and glaucoma with poor prognosis for filtering surgery. However, a randomized controlled clinical trial with a more extended follow-up and a larger series of patients is needed to ascertain the actual effectiveness and safety of this procedure.

Aerial Observation; A Bibliography of Periodical Articles.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-01

99,90, Jan 1944. ’If not an Air OP why not locatinc7," 2CRA, ?0:115-123, Apr 1953. Jackson , I-ian E. "FDC an- the Artillery Air Observer," FM, 34...194, 1886. Thom.pson, Percy N;. "Organization and ’aneuver of Ficld Artillery Observation," .*IL RVW, 25:53-60, Apr 1945. "To See or not to see," JORA

Reliable intraocular pressure measurement using automated radio-wave telemetry

PubMed Central

Paschalis, Eleftherios I; Cade, Fabiano; Melki, Samir; Pasquale, Louis R; Dohlman, Claes H; Ciolino, Joseph B

2014-01-01

Purpose To present an autonomous intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement technique using a wireless implantable transducer (WIT) and a motion sensor. Methods The WIT optical aid was implanted within the ciliary sulcus of a normotensive rabbit eye after extracapsular clear lens extraction. An autonomous wireless data system (AWDS) comprising of a WIT and an external antenna aided by a motion sensor provided continuous IOP readings. The sensitivity of the technique was determined by the ability to detect IOP changes resulting from the administration of latanoprost 0.005% or dorzolamide 2%, while the reliability was determined by the agreement between baseline and vehicle (saline) IOP. Results On average, 12 diurnal and 205 nocturnal IOP measurements were performed with latanoprost, and 26 diurnal and 205 nocturnal measurements with dorzolamide. No difference was found between mean baseline IOP (13.08±2.2 mmHg) and mean vehicle IOP (13.27±2.1 mmHg) (P=0.45), suggesting good measurement reliability. Both antiglaucoma medications caused significant IOP reduction compared to baseline; latanoprost reduced mean IOP by 10% (1.3±3.54 mmHg; P<0.001), and dorzolamide by 5% (0.62±2.22 mmHg; P<0.001). Use of latanoprost resulted in an overall twofold higher IOP reduction compared to dorzolamide (P<0.001). Repeatability was ±1.8 mmHg, assessed by the variability of consecutive IOP measurements performed in a short period of time (≤1 minute), during which the IOP is not expected to change. Conclusion IOP measurements in conscious rabbits obtained without the need for human interactions using the AWDS are feasible and provide reproducible results. PMID:24531415

Reliable intraocular pressure measurement using automated radio-wave telemetry.

PubMed

Paschalis, Eleftherios I; Cade, Fabiano; Melki, Samir; Pasquale, Louis R; Dohlman, Claes H; Ciolino, Joseph B

2014-01-01

To present an autonomous intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement technique using a wireless implantable transducer (WIT) and a motion sensor. The WIT optical aid was implanted within the ciliary sulcus of a normotensive rabbit eye after extracapsular clear lens extraction. An autonomous wireless data system (AWDS) comprising of a WIT and an external antenna aided by a motion sensor provided continuous IOP readings. The sensitivity of the technique was determined by the ability to detect IOP changes resulting from the administration of latanoprost 0.005% or dorzolamide 2%, while the reliability was determined by the agreement between baseline and vehicle (saline) IOP. On average, 12 diurnal and 205 nocturnal IOP measurements were performed with latanoprost, and 26 diurnal and 205 nocturnal measurements with dorzolamide. No difference was found between mean baseline IOP (13.08±2.2 mmHg) and mean vehicle IOP (13.27±2.1 mmHg) (P=0.45), suggesting good measurement reliability. Both antiglaucoma medications caused significant IOP reduction compared to baseline; latanoprost reduced mean IOP by 10% (1.3±3.54 mmHg; P<0.001), and dorzolamide by 5% (0.62±2.22 mmHg; P<0.001). Use of latanoprost resulted in an overall twofold higher IOP reduction compared to dorzolamide (P<0.001). Repeatability was ±1.8 mmHg, assessed by the variability of consecutive IOP measurements performed in a short period of time (≤1 minute), during which the IOP is not expected to change. IOP measurements in conscious rabbits obtained without the need for human interactions using the AWDS are feasible and provide reproducible results.

Sources of Nitrous Acid, Formaldehyde, and Hydroxyl Radical in Doha, Qatar.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ackermann, Luis; Rappenglueck, Bernhard; Ayoub, Mohammed

2017-04-01

One of the most important species in the atmosphere is the hydroxyl radical (OH), due to its role controlling the oxidizing capacity of an air shed. The main formation processes of OH include the photolysis of ozone (O3), nitrous acid (HONO), formaldehyde (HCHO), and the ozonolysis of alkenes. Still, the sources of HONO in the atmosphere are not sufficiently well known, with indications that heterogeneous reactions on surfaces may contribute to the observed concentrations. The city of Doha in Qatar presents a unique opportunity to explore photochemical processes including the effects of high particulates concentrations under extreme weather conditions (high temperatures and humidity) and complex emission sources. Two Intensive Observational Periods (IOP) were conducted in Doha in 2016, one during the winter and the other during the summer. These consisted of meteorological measurements, ozone (O3), nitrous acid (HONO), formaldehyde (HCHO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), direct nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), as well as particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm and 2.5 μm (PM10 and PM2.5). In addition photolysis rates of HONO, HCHO, NO2, and singlet oxygen (O1D) were measured. The photostationary state concentration of OH was calculated from its known sources and sinks. The maximum hourly average concentration of OH was determined to be around 1.1 ppt for summer and 0.5 ppt for winter IOP. For the 24-hr average, the photolysis of HONO was the main precursor for OH production with 54.3 % and 72.7 % (summer and winter IOP), while the photolysis of O3 was responsible for 23.8 % and 19.7 % and the photolysis of HCHO accounted for 21.9 % and 7.6 % (summer and winter IOP, respectively). In this study we present source apportionment analysis for the radical precursors HONO and HCHO during the winter and summer IOP and its diurnal variation and elucidate their impact on OH production. We also infer NOx vs VOC limitation of O3

The CV period minimum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kolb, Ulrich; Baraffe, Isabelle

Using improved, up-to-date stellar input physics tested against observations of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs we calculate the secular evolution of low-donor-mass CVs, including those which form with a brown dwarf donor star. Our models confirm the mismatch between the calculated minimum period (plus or minus in ~= 70 min) and the observed short-period cut-off (~= 80 min) in the CV period histogram. Theoretical period distributions synthesized from our model sequences always show an accumulation of systems at the minimum period, a feature absent in the observed distribution. We suggest that non-magnetic CVs become unobservable as they are effectively trapped in permanent quiescence before they reach plus or minus in, and that small-number statistics may hide the period spike for magnetic CVs. We calculate the minimum period for high mass transfer rate sequences and discuss the relevance of these for explaining the location of CV secondaries in the orbital-period-spectral-type diagram. We also show that a recently suggested revised mass-radius relation for low-mass main-sequence stars cannot explain the CV period gap.

Brimonidine 0.2% vs unoprostone 0.15% both added to timolol maleate 0.5% given twice daily to patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

PubMed

Sharpe, E D; Henry, C J; Mundorf, T K; Day, D G; Stewart, J A; Jenkins, J N; Stewart, W C

2005-01-01

To compare the efficacy and safety of brimonidine 0.2% vs unoprostone 0.15%, both added to timolol maleate 0.5% each given twice daily. In this prospective, multi-centred, double-masked, crossover comparison, patients were randomized to one treatment group for a 6-week treatment period, and then crossed over to the opposite treatment. Measurements were performed at 0800, 1000, 1600, 1800, and 2000 h at baseline and at the end of each treatment period. In all, 33 patients entered this trial and 29 completed. The baseline trough intraocular pressure (IOP) was 23.3+/-2.4 and the diurnal curve IOP was 22.0+/-1.3 mmHg. For the brimonidine and timolol maleate treatment group, the trough IOP was 21.6+/-3.3 and the diurnal curve IOP was 19.8+/-2.1 mmHg, while the timolol and unoprostone treatment showed a trough IOP of 20.9+/-3.8 and a diurnal curve IOP of 19.3+/-2.4 mmHg. There was no significant difference between treatment groups at any time point for the diurnal curve, or in the reduction from baseline (P>0.05). Both treatments failed to statistically reduce the IOP from baseline at 1800 h. There was no difference between treatment groups regarding ocular and systemic unsolicited adverse events, but patients admitted to more dryness (P=0.02) and burning upon instillation (P<0.0001) with unoprostone by survey. Brimonidine 0.2% or unoprostone 0.15% added to timolol maleate 0.5% provide similar efficacy and safety throughout the daytime diurnal curve.

Possible signature of the magnetic fields related to quasi-periodic oscillations observed in microquasars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kološ, Martin; Tursunov, Arman; Stuchlík, Zdeněk

2017-12-01

The study of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) of X-ray flux observed in the stellar-mass black hole binaries can provide a powerful tool for testing of the phenomena occurring in the strong gravity regime. Magnetized versions of the standard geodesic models of QPOs can explain the observationally fixed data from the three microquasars. We perform a successful fitting of the HF QPOs observed for three microquasars, GRS 1915+105, XTE 1550-564 and GRO 1655-40, containing black holes, for magnetized versions of both epicyclic resonance and relativistic precession models and discuss the corresponding constraints of parameters of the model, which are the mass and spin of the black hole and the parameter related to the external magnetic field. The estimated magnetic field intensity strongly depends on the type of objects giving the observed HF QPOs. It can be as small as 10^{-5} G if electron oscillatory motion is relevant, but it can be by many orders higher for protons or ions (0.02-1 G), or even higher for charged dust or such exotic objects as lighting balls, etc. On the other hand, if we know by any means the magnetic field intensity, our model implies strong limit on the character of the oscillating matter, namely its specific charge.

Short-period variability in terrestrial water storage from GNSS observations of Earth surface deformation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borsa, A. A.; Adusumilli, S.; Agnew, D. C.; Silverii, F.; Small, E. E.

2017-12-01

Modern geodetic observations of Earth surface deformation, initially targeted at processes such as tectonics and volcanism, also record the subtle signature of mass movements within Earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere. These observations, which track the elastic response of the solid earth to changing surface mass loads, are clearly evident in position time series from permanent Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations, which recent work has used to recover changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) over seasonal and multi-annual time scales. Earth's elastic reponse is nearly instantaneous, which suggests the possibility of observing TWS changes at much shorter periods, limited only by the 24 hour resolution of standard GNSS data products and noise in the GNSS position estimates. We present results showing that TWS increases from individual storms can be recovered using the GNSS network in the United States, and that the water mass changes are similar to gridded precipitation estimates from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The gradual decline we observe in TWS following each storm is diagnostic of runoff and local evapotranspiration, and varies by location. By greatly increasing the temporal resolution of GNSS-derived estimates of TWS, we hope to provide constraints on integrated water fluxes from hydrological models on all relevant timescales.

Effects of 0.2% brimonidine and 0.2% brimonidine-0.5% timolol on intraocular pressure and pupil size in normal equine eyes.

PubMed

Von Zup, M; Lassaline, M; Kass, P H; Miller, P E; Thomasy, S M

2017-11-01

Brimonidine is an α 2 -adrenergic agonist that decreases aqueous humour production and may increase uveoscleral outflow. It has not been evaluated in normal or glaucomatous equine eyes. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of brimonidine in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP), alone and in conjunction with timolol, as a treatment for equine glaucoma by comparing IOP in normal equine eyes treated with brimonidine and brimonidine-timolol, respectively, with IOP in control eyes. A balanced crossover design with 16 horses receiving one of two treatments, brimonidine and brimonidine-timolol, during each of two 10-day study phases, was used. Four horses were randomly assigned to each of four combinations of treated eye (right or left) and drug order within the two 10-day study phases (brimonidine first or brimonidine-timolol first). Pupil size and conjunctival hyperaemia were assessed twice per day and IOP was measured three times per day using rebound tonometry in both eyes of 16 normal horses throughout two 10-day study periods (brimonidine and brimonidine-timolol) separated by an 18-day washout period. One eye of each horse was treated with brimonidine or brimonidine-timolol and the opposite eye was treated with balanced salt solution (BSS). There were no adverse effects and no significant changes in pupil size in normal equine eyes treated with brimonidine or brimonidine-timolol. Average IOP in normal equine eyes treated with brimonidine (25.6 mmHg) was statistically higher than in eyes treated with brimonidine-timolol (24.6 mmHg) or BSS (24.5 mmHg). However, IOP differences were of ≤1 mmHg and thus not clinically important. Horses with normal eyes may not be as sensitive to the IOP-lowering effects of treatment as horses with glaucoma. Brimonidine and brimonidine-timolol are well tolerated in normal horses but do not decrease IOP. © 2017 EVJ Ltd.

Variations of System IV period of the sulfur ions in the Io torus for the volcanic event in 2015 observed by the HISAKI/EXCEED

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ryo, A.; Misawa, H.; Tsuchiya, F.; Kagitani, M.; Yoshioka, K.; Yoshikawa, I.; Kimura, T.; Murakami, G.; Yamazaki, A.

2017-12-01

Previous ground-based and probe observations of Io plasma torus (IPT) in various wavelengths have detected a periodic variation which is longer than System III period (9.925 h). It has been called System IV period. Although various ideas to explain the origin of System IV period are proposed , little progress has been made. A previous study reported that the System IV period was 10.07 h during the Cassini's Jupiter flyby in 2000. This period was shorter than the typical period of 10.21h (Brown 1995). The Io's volcanic event just before Cassini's flyby might shorten the System IV period (Steffl et al., 2006). However, the certainty of this inference is not clear from the Cassini observation. Here, we analyzed time variations in intensities of EUV emissions from IPT obtained by the HISAKI satellite to understand the mechanism responsible for the System IV period and the influence of Io's volcanic event on IPT. The data used in this study was obtained from Dec. 2014 to the middle of May 2015. During this period, the Io's volcanic event from Jan. to Mar. 2015 was reported from the observation of Iogenic sodium emission (Yoneda et al., 2015). To find variations of the System IV period, the temporal variation of System III longitude at peak EUV intensity was derived by fitting light curves of three ion species (S II 76.5 nm + 126 nm, S III 68 nm, and S IV 65.7 nm + 140.5 nm). The System IV periods of S II before and after the Io's volcanic event were 10.16±0.008 h and 10.03±0.006 h, respectively. On the other hands, the System IV period of S II was 9.95±0.003 h during the Io's volcanic event. This is the first observational evidence which shows that the System IV period has shortened during the Io's volcanic event, which is consistent with the result from Cassini observation. Origin of the System IV period has been discussed with sub-corotation of plasma in IPT. Since the sub-corotation occurs due to mass loading of newly picked-up ions into IPT, it is expected that

Mesoscale circulation systems and ozone concentrations during ESCOMPTE: a case study from IOP 2b

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalthoff, N.; Kottmeier, C.; Thürauf, J.; Corsmeier, U.; Saїd, F.; Fréjafon, E.; Perros, P. E.

2005-03-01

The main objective of 'Expérience sur Site pour COntraindre les Modèles de Pollution atmosphérique et de Transport d'Emissions' (ESCOMPTE) is to generate a relevant data set for testing and evaluating mesoscale chemistry-transport models (CTMs). During ESCOMPTE, measurements have been performed at numerous surface stations, by radars and lidars, and several aircraft in the planetary boundary layer. The data from these different sources have been merged to obtain a consistent description of the spatial distribution of wind, temperature, humidity, and ozone for the photosmog episode on June 25, 2001 (IOP 2b). On this day, moderate synoptic winds favour the evolution of different mesoscale circulation systems. During daytime, the sea breeze penetrates towards the north in the Rhône valley. As the winds above the sea breeze layer come from the east, polluted air from the metropolitan area of Marseille leads to an increase of ozone at elevated layers above the convective boundary layer (CBL). At the mountainous station of Luberon about 55 km north of Marseille around noon, when the CBL top surpasses the height of the mountain summit, polluted air with ozone concentrations of about 120 ppbv arrived from southerly directions, thus indicating the passage of the city plume of Marseille. At Cadarache and Vinon in the Durance valley, about 60 km inland, the ozone maximum at the surface and at flight level 920 m MSL appears between 14 and 15 UTC. At this time, southwesterly valley winds prevail in the valley, while southerly winds occur above. This finding highlights the height-dependent advection of ozone due to interacting mesoscale circulation systems. These dynamical processes need to be represented adequately in CTMs to deliver a realistic description of the ozone concentration fields.

Oral Administration of Forskolin, Homotaurine, Carnosine, and Folic Acid in Patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma: Changes in Intraocular Pressure, Pattern Electroretinogram Amplitude, and Foveal Sensitivity.

PubMed

Mutolo, Maria Giulia; Albanese, Giuseppe; Rusciano, Dario; Pescosolido, Nicola

2016-04-01

To evaluate the effects of a food supplement containing forskolin, homotaurine, carnosine, folic acid, vitamins B1, B2, B6, and magnesium in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) already in treatment and compensated by intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering drugs, during a period of 12 months. Twenty-two patients (44 eyes) with POAG, with their IOP compensated by topical drugs, were enrolled and randomly assigned to the food supplement or control treatment group. The additional food supplement treatment consisted of 2 tablets per day (1 in the morning, 1 in the evening) given for 1 year of a balanced association of homotaurine, Coleus forskohlii root extract, L-carnosine, folic acid, vitamins B1, B2, B6, and magnesium. Pattern Electroretinogram (PERG) amplitude, foveal sensitivity obtained with the visual field analyzer frequency doubling technology, and IOP were detected at enrollment (T0), 3 months (T1), 6 months (T2), 9 months (T3), and 12 months (T4). We observed in treated patients a significant further decrease of IOP and an improvement of PERG amplitude at 6, 9, and 12 months, and foveal sensitivity at 12 months. All values remained substantially stable in control patients. The results of the present pilot study indicate that the components of the food supplement reach the eye in a detectable manner, as evidenced by the effects on the IOP. Moreover, they suggest a short-term neuroactive effect, as indicated by the improvement of PERG amplitude and foveal sensitivity in treated, but not in control patients.

Raman lidar observations of particle hygroscopicity during COPS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stelitano, D.; Di Girolamo, P.; Summa, D.

2012-04-01

The characterization of particle hygroscopicity has primary importance for climate monitoring and prediction. Model studies have demonstrated that relative humidity (RH) has a critical influence on aerosol climate forcing. The relationship between aerosol backscattering and relative humidity has been investigated in numerous studies (among others, Pahlow et al., 2006; Wulfmeyer and Feingold, 2000; Veselovskii et al., 2009). Hygroscopic properties of aerosols influence particle size distribution and refractive index and hence their radiative effects. Aerosol particles tend to grow at large relative humidity values as a result of their hygroscopicity. Raman lidars with aerosol, water vapour and temperature measurement capability are potentially attractive tools for studying aerosol hygroscopicity as in fact they can provide continuous altitude-resolved measurements of particle optical, size and microphysical properties, as well as relative humidity, without perturbing the aerosols or their environment. Specifically, the University of Basilicata Raman lidar system (BASIL) considered for the present study, has the capability to perform all-lidar measurements of relative humidity based on the application of both the rotational and the vibrational Raman lidar techniques in the UV. BASIL was operational in Achern (Black Forest, Lat: 48.64 ° N, Long: 8.06 ° E, Elev.: 140 m) between 25 May and 30 August 2007 in the framework of the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS). During COPS, BASIL collected more than 500 hours of measurements, distributed over 58 measurement days and 34 intensive observation periods (IOPs). The present analysis is focused on selected case studies characterized by the presence of different aerosol types with different hygroscopic behaviour. The observed behaviour, dependent upon aerosol composition, may range from hygrophobic to strongly hygroscopic. Results from the different case studies will be illustrated and

A report from YMC Sumatra field campaign

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoneyama, K.; Yokoi, S.; Mori, S.; Nasuno, T.; Yamanaka, M. D.; Yasunaga, K.; Haryoko, U.; Nurhayati, N.; Syamsudin, F.

2017-12-01

Years of the Maritime Continent (YMC) is a two-year international field campaign from July 2017 through the early 2020. It aims at enhancing our knowledge of weather-climate systems over the Maritime Continent and its relation to higher latitudes through observations and numerical modeling. YMC field observations consist of several Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs) and routine basis long-term observations done by local agencies. One of IOPs is a joint effort done by Japanese and Indonesian research groups and we call it YMC-Sumatra, which studies precipitation mechanism along the west coast of Sumatra Island (Bengkulu city) especially focusing on a relationship between diurnal cycle convection and large-scale disturbances such as the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). Observations will be carried out from November 16, 2017 through January 15, 2018. Since it is known that diurnally developed convection over the coast propagates offshore in the night time, we will deploy a ship off the coast in addition to the land-based site in Bengkulu meteorological station. From both sides, we conduct scanning weather radars, 3-hourly radiosonde soundings, and continuous surface meteorological measurements. Ocean surface is also intensively measured by 3-hourly CTD, ADCP, turbulent sensor, and so on from the ship. In addition, two types of forecast run (global 7-/14-km mesh for 14-/30-day forecast) using NICAM will be performed. Since this campaign in Sumatra is being done during the AGU meeting, a preliminary live report will be provided, so that scientific results as well as logistics information can be used for further IOPs.

Long term results of diode laser cycloablation in complex glaucoma using the Zeiss Visulas II system

PubMed Central

Ataullah, S; Biswas, S; Artes, P H; O'Donoghue, E; Ridgway, A E A; Spencer, A F

2002-01-01

Aim: To investigate the safety and efficacy of the Zeiss Visulas II diode laser system in the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with complex glaucoma. Methods: The authors analysed the medical records of patients who underwent trans-scleral diode laser cycloablation (TDC) at the Manchester Royal Eye Hospital during a 34 month period. 55 eyes of 53 patients with complex glaucoma were followed up for a period of 12–52 months (mean 23.1 months) after initial treatment with the Zeiss Visulas II diode laser system. Results: Mean pretreatment IOP was 35.8 mm Hg (range 22–64 mm Hg). At the last examination, mean IOP was 17.3 mm Hg (range 0–40 mm Hg). After treatment, 45 eyes (82%) had an IOP between 5 and 22 mm Hg; in 46 eyes (84%) the preoperative IOP had been reduced by 30% or more. The mean number of treatment sessions was 1.7 (range 1–6). At the last follow up appointment, the mean number of glaucoma medications was reduced from 2.1 to 1.6 (p<0.05). In 10 eyes (18%), post-treatment visual acuity (VA) was worse than pretreatment VA by 2 or more lines. Conclusions: Treatment with the Zeiss Visulas II diode laser system can be safely repeated in order to achieve the target IOP. Treatment outcomes in this study were similar to those from previously published work using the Iris Medical Oculight SLx laser. PMID:11801501

Observation of a periodic runaway in the reactive Ar/O{sub 2} high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharge

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shayestehaminzadeh, Seyedmohammad, E-mail: ses30@hi.is, E-mail: shayesteh@mch.rwth-aachen.de; Arnalds, Unnar B.; Magnusson, Rögnvaldur L.

2015-11-15

This paper reports the observation of a periodic runaway of plasma to a higher density for the reactive discharge of the target material (Ti) with moderate sputter yield. Variable emission of secondary electrons, for the alternating transition of the target from metal mode to oxide mode, is understood to be the main reason for the runaway occurring periodically. Increasing the pulsing frequency can bring the target back to a metal (or suboxide) mode, and eliminate the periodic transition of the target. Therefore, a pulsing frequency interval is defined for the reactive Ar/O{sub 2} discharge in order to sustain the plasmamore » in a runaway-free mode without exceeding the maximum power that the magnetron can tolerate.« less

IUE observations of long period eclipsing binaries - A study of accretion onto non-degenerate stars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Plavec, M. J.

1980-01-01

IUE observations made in 1978-1979 recorded a whole class of interacting long-period binaries similar to beta Lyrae, which includes RX Cas, SX Cas, V 367 Cyg, W Cru, beta Lyr, and W Ser, called the W Serpentis stars. These mass-transferring binaries with relatively high mass transfer rate show two prominent features in the far ultraviolet: a continuum with a color temperature higher than the one observed in the optical region (about 12,000 K), and a strong emission line spectrum with the N V doublet at 1240 A, C IV doublet at 1550 A and lines of Si II, Si III, Si IV, C II, Fe III, AI III, etc. These phenomena are discussed on the assumption that they are due to accretion onto non-degenerate stars.

A single administration of methamphetamine to mice early in the light period decreases running wheel activity observed during the dark period

PubMed Central

Kitanaka, Nobue; Kitanaka, Junichi; Hall, F. Scott; Uhl, George R.; Watabe, Kaname; Kubo, Hitoshi; Takahashi, Hitoshi; Tatsuta, Tomohiro; Morita, Yoshio; Takemura, Motohiko

2014-01-01

Repeated intermittent administration of amphetamines acutely increases appetitive and consummatory aspects of motivated behaviors as well as general activity and exploratory behavior, including voluntary running wheel activity. Subsequently, if the drug is withdrawn, the frequency of these behaviors decrease, which is thought to be indicative of dysphoric symptoms associated with amphetamine withdrawal. Such decreases may be observed after chronic treatment or even after single drug administrations. In the present study, the effect of acute methamphetamine (METH) on running wheel activity, horizontal locomotion, appetitive behavior (food access), and consummatory behavior (food and water intake) was investigated in mice. A multi-configuration behavior apparatus designed to monitor the five behaviors was developed, where combined measures were recorded simultaneously. In the first experiment, naïve male ICR mice showed gradually increasing running wheel activity over three consecutive days after exposure to a running wheel, while mice without a running wheel showed gradually decreasing horizontal locomotion, consistent with running wheel activity being a positively motivated form of natural motor activity. In experiment 2, increased horizontal locomotion and food access, and decreased food intake, were observed for the initial 3 h after acute METH challenge. Subsequently, during the dark phase period decreased running wheel activity and horizontal locomotion were observed. The reductions in running wheel activity and horizontal locomotion may be indicative of reduced dopaminergic function, although it remains to be seen if these changes may be more pronounced after more prolonged METH treatments. PMID:22079320

Fixed mydriatic pupil associated with an intraocular pressure rise as a complication of the implant of a Phakic Refractive Lens (PRL).

PubMed

Pérez-Cambrodí, Rafael José; Piñero-Llorens, David Pablo; Ruiz-Fortes, Juan Pedro; Blanes-Mompó, Francisco Javier; Cerviño-Expósito, Alejandro

2014-07-01

We describe a case report of a patient that was implanted with a posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (Phakic Refractive Lens, PRL) for the correction of moderate myopia and who developed postoperatively a fixed mydriasis compatible with an Urrets-Zavalia Syndrome (UZS). Specifically, a sudden acute increase of IOP in the left eye was observed in the immediate postoperative period. After IOP stabilization, the refractive result was good, but a fixed and mydriatic pupil appeared. This condition led the patient to experience visual discomfort, halos, and glare associated with high levels of higher-order aberrations in spite of the good visual result. A tinted-contact lens was fitted in order to minimize those symptoms. The UZS should be considered as a possible complication after implantation of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses.

Comparison of intraocular pressure fluctuations before and after ab interno trabeculectomy in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma patients

PubMed Central

Tojo, Naoki; Abe, Shinya; Miyakoshi, Mari; Hayashi, Atsushi

2017-01-01

Purpose Ab interno trabeculectomy (AIT) with the Trabectome has been shown to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in eyes with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) glaucoma. Here, we examined the change of IOP fluctuations before and after only AIT or AIT with cataract surgery in PEX patients using the contact lens sensor Triggerfish®. Methods This was a prospective open-label study. Twenty-four consecutive patients with PEX glaucoma were included. Twelve patients underwent cataract surgery and AIT (triple-surgery group), and 12 patients underwent only AIT (single-surgery group). In each eye, IOP fluctuations over 24 h were measured with the contact lens sensor before and at 3 months after the surgery. We compared the change of IOP fluctuation before and after operation. We also evaluated the difference in IOP changes between the triple- and single-surgery groups. Results At 3 months after the surgeries, the mean IOP was significantly reduced from 23.5±6.5 mmHg to 14.6±2.8 mmHg in the single-surgery group and from 22.5±3.0 mmHg to 11.5±2.9 mmHg in the triple-surgery group. The mean IOP reduction rate was significantly higher in the triple-surgery group compared to the single-surgery group (p=0.0358). In both groups, the mean range of IOP fluctuations was significantly decreased during nocturnal periods. The mean range of 24 h IOP fluctuations was decreased in the triple-surgery group (p=0.00425), not in the single-surgery group (p=0.970). Conclusion Triple surgery could decrease IOP value and the IOP fluctuations to a greater extent than single surgery in PEX glaucoma patients. PMID:28979095

In-Situ Microphysics from the RACORO IOP

DOE Data Explorer

McFarquhar, Greg

2013-11-08

These files were generated by Greg McFarquhar and Robert Jackson at the University of Illinois. Please contact mcfarq@atmos.uiuc.edu or rjackso2@atmos.uiuc.edu for more information or for assistance in interpreting the content of these files. We highly recommend that anyone wishing to use these files do so in a collaborative endeavor and we welcome queries and opportunities for collaboration. There are caveats associated with the use of the data which are difficult to thoroughly document and not all products for all time periods have been thoroughly examined. This is a value added data set of the best estimate of cloud microphysical parameters derived using data collected by the cloud microphysical probes installed on the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter during RACORO. These files contain best estimates of liquid size distributions N(D) in terms of droplet diameter D, liquid water content LWC, extinction of liquid drops beta, effective radius of cloud drops (re), total number concentration of droplets NT, and radar reflectivity factor Z at 1 second resolution.

Short-period cyclic loading system for in situ X-ray observation of anelastic properties at high pressure.

PubMed

Yoshino, Takashi; Yamazaki, Daisuke; Tange, Yoshinori; Higo, Yuji

2016-10-01

To determine the anelastic properties of materials of the Earth's interior, a short-period cyclic loading system was installed for in situ X-ray radiographic observation under high pressure to the multi-anvil deformation DIA press at the bending magnet beam line BL04B1 at SPring-8. The hydraulic system equipped with a piston controlled by a solenoid was designed so as to enable producing smooth sinusoidal stress in a wide range of oscillation period from 0.2 to 100 s and generating variable amplitudes. Time resolved X-ray radiography imaging of the sample and reference material provides their strain as a function of time during cyclic loading. A synchrotron X-ray radiation source allows us to resolve their strain variation with time even at the short period (<1 s). The minimum resolved strain is as small as 10 -4 , and the shortest oscillation period to detect small strain is 0.5 s. Preliminary experimental results exhibited that the new system can resolve attenuation factor Q -1 at upper mantle conditions. These results are in quantitative agreement with previously reported data obtained at lower pressures.

Intraocular Pressure Changes With Positioning During Laparoscopy

PubMed Central

Onakpoya, Oluwatoyin H.; Adenekan, Anthony T.; Awe, Oluwaseun. O.

2016-01-01

Background and Objectives: Pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopy can produce changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) that may be influenced by several factors. In this study, we investigated changes in IOP during laparoscopy with different positioning. Methods: We recruited adult patients without eye disease scheduled to undergo laparoscopic operation requiring a reverse Trendelenburg tilt (rTr; group A; n = 20) or Trendelenburg tilt (Tr; Group B; n = 20). IOP was measured at 7 time points (T1–T7). All procedures were performed with standardized anaesthetic protocol. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), peak and plateau airway pressure, and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) measurements were taken at each time point. Results: Both groups were similar in age, sex, mean body mass index (BMI), duration of surgery, and preoperative IOP. A decrease in IOP was observed in both groups after induction of anaesthesia (T2), whereas induction of pneumoperitoneum produced a mild increase in IOP (T3) in both groups. The Trendelenburg tilt produced IOP elevations in 80% of patients compared to 45% after the reverse Trendelenburg tilt (P = .012). A significant IOP increase of 5 mm Hg or more was recorded in 3 (15%) patients in the Trendelenburg tilt group and in none in the reverse Trendelenburg group. At T7, IOP had returned to preoperative levels in all but 3 (15%) in the Trendelenburg and 1 (5%) in the reverse Trendelenburg group. Reversible changes were observed in the MAP, HR, ETCO2, and airway pressures in both groups. Conclusions: IOP changes induced by laparoscopy are realigned after evacuation of pneumoperitoneum. A Trendelenburg tilt however produced significant changes that may require careful patient monitoring during laparoscopic procedures. PMID:28028381

AMF3 CloudSat Overpasses Field Campaign Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Matrosov, Sergey; Hardin, Joseph; De Boer, Gijs

Synergy between ground-based and satellite radar observations of clouds and precipitation is important for refining the algorithms to retrieve hydrometeor microphysical parameters, improvements in the retrieval accuracy, and better understanding the advantages and limitations of different retrieval approaches. The new dual-frequency (Ka- and W-band, 35 GHz and 94 GHz) fully polarimetric scanning U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Research Facility cloud radars (SACRs-2) are advanced sensors aimed to significantly enhance remote sensing capabilities (Kollias et al. 2016). One of these radars was deployed as part of the third ARM Mobile Facility (AMF3) at Oliktok Point, Alaska (70.495omore » N, 149.886oW). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) CloudSat satellite, which is part of the polar-orbiting A-train satellite constellation, passes over the vicinity of the AMF3 location (typically within 0-7 km depending on a particular overpass) on a descending orbit every 16 days at approximately 13:21 UTC. The nadir pointing W-band CloudSat cloud profiling radar (CPR) provides vertical profiles of reflectivity that are then used for retrievals of hydrometeor parameters (Tanelli et al. 2008). The main objective of the AMF3 CloudSat overpasses intensive operating period (IOP) campaign was to collect approximately collocated in space and time radar data from the SACR-2 and the CloudSat CPR measurements for subsequent joint analysis of radar variables and microphysical retrievals of cloud and precipitation parameters. Providing the reference for the SACR-2 absolute calibration from the well-calibrated CloudSat CPR was another objective of this IOP. The IOP objectives were achieved by conducting seven special SACR-2 scans during the 10.5-min period centered at the exact time of the CloudSat overpass over the AMF3 (~1321 UTC) on six dates of the CloudSat overpasses during the three-month period allocated to this IOP. These

Surface Heat Budgets and Sea Surface Temperature in the Pacific Warm Pool During TOGA COARE

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chou, Shu-Hsien; Zhao, Wenzhong; Chou, Ming-Dah

1998-01-01

The daily mean heat and momentum fluxes at the surface derived from the SSM/I and Japan's GMS radiance measurements are used to study the temporal and spatial variability of the surface energy budgets and their relationship to the sea surface temperature during the COARE intensive observing period (IOP). For the three time legs observed during the IOP, the retrieved surface fluxes compare reasonably well with those from the IMET buoy, RV Moana Wave, and RV Wecoma. The characteristics of surface heat and momentum fluxes are very different between the southern and northern warm pool. In the southern warm pool, the net surface heat flux is dominated by solar radiation which is, in turn, modulated by the two Madden-Julian oscillations. The surface winds are generally weak, leading to a shallow ocean mixed layer. The solar radiation penetrating through the bottom of the mixed layer is significant, and the change in the sea surface temperature during the IOP does not follow the net surface heat flux. In the northern warm pool, the northeasterly trade wind is strong and undergoes strong seasonal variation. The variation of the net surface heat flux is dominated by evaporation. The two westerly wind bursts associated with the Madden-Julian oscillations seem to have little effect on the net surface heat flux. The ocean mixed layer is deep, and the solar radiation penetrating through the bottom of the mixed layer is small. As opposed to the southern warm pool, the trend of the sea surface temperature in the northern warm pool during the IOP is in agreement with the variation of the net heat flux at the surface.

The evaluation and surgical management of cyclodialysis clefts that have failed to respond to conservative management

PubMed Central

Ioannidis, Alexander S; Bunce, Catey; Barton, Keith

2014-01-01

Purpose To investigate factors that may influence successful correction of hypotony in a consecutive series of patients with cyclodialysis clefts repaired surgically over a 10-year period. Design Retrospective interventional case series. Methods Interventional case series of consecutive patients with cyclodialysis clefts and hypotony treated surgically after failure of conservative treatment. Results Eighteen patients (18 eyes) of mean (SD) age 48.3 (15.8) years at the time of surgery were included (16 male, 2 female). All were diagnosed using gonioscopy, usually assisted with intracameral viscoelastic injection. Imaging used in three cases was not found to be sufficiently precise to plan surgical intervention, without prior gonioscopic cleft visualisation. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was restored in nine cases (50%) after one procedure with a postoperative IOP (mean±SD) of 13.6±4.5 mm Hg (6/11 who had cyclopexy as a first procedure and 3/6 who had cryopexy). 2–3 procedures were required in the remaining nine patients. There was a trend towards the use of cyclopexy for larger clefts and cryopexy for smaller clefts (NS). We observed a trend for a lower likelihood of successful closure of larger clefts after one intervention. Two eyes that had cyclopexy required later IOP-lowering surgery to achieve IOP control. Conclusions Most clefts were closed with one procedure. A trend towards larger cleft size as a preoperative risk factor for failure to achieve closure with one procedure was observed. In this series, imaging was not found to be sufficiently precise to replace viscoelastic-assisted gonioscopy in the diagnosis and evaluation of cyclodialysis clefts. PMID:24457370

Summer weather characteristics and periodicity observed over the period 1888-2013 in the region of Belgrade, Serbia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vujović, Dragana; Todorović, Nedeljko; Paskota, Mira

2018-04-01

With the goal of finding summer climate patterns in the region of Belgrade (Serbia) over the period 1888-2013, different techniques of multivariate statistical analysis were used in order to analyze the simultaneous changes of a number of climatologic parameters. An increasing trend of the mean daily minimum temperature was detected. In the recent decades (1960-2013), this increase was much more pronounced. The number of days with the daily minimum temperature greater or equal to 20 °C also increased significantly. Precipitation had no statistically significant trend. Spectral analysis showed a repetitive nature of the climatologic parameters which had periods that roughly can be classified into three groups, with the durations of the following: (1) 6 to 7 years, (2) 10 to 18 years, and (3) 21, 31, and 41 years. The temperature variables mainly had one period of repetitiveness of 5 to 7 years. Among other variables, the correlations of regional fluctuations of the temperature and precipitation and atmospheric circulation indices were analyzed. The North Atlantic oscillation index had the same periodicity as that of the precipitation, and it was not correlated to the temperature variables. Atlantic multidecadal oscillation index correlated well to the summer mean daily minimum and summer mean temperatures. The underlying structure of the data was analyzed by principal component analysis, which detected the following four easily interpreted dimensions: More sunshine-Higher temperature, Precipitation, Extreme heats, and Changeable summer.

Strategic Intelligence Observations from the Pre-Vietnam and Pre-9/11 Periods for the Intelligence Professional and the Policy-Maker

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-01

course, lessons of one situation do not necessarily apply to another and the chapter will begin with a discussion why this is so. The paper will conclude...be offered why the lessons of the former period apply to the later or not. From both periods of time, several observations regarding the use of...Kennedy authorized the largest tax cut in history. Combined with one of the largest increases in military spending to counter threats from

FESTER: a propagation experiment, overview and first results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eisele, Christian; Seiffer, Dirk Peter; Stein, Karin; Sucher, Erik; Gunter, Willem H.; February, Faith; Vrahimis, George; Wainman, Carl; Maritz, Benita; Koago, Mokete S.; van Eijk, Alexander M. J.; van Iersel, Miranda; Cohen, Leo H.; van Binsbergen, Sven A.; Heemskerk, H. J. M. (Eric); Sternberg, Armin; Schulte, Helmut; van Rheenen, Arthur D.; Brenthagen, Erik; Thomassen, Jan B.; Griffith, Derek

2016-10-01

A long term field trial called FESTER (First European South African Transmission Experiment) has been conducted by an international collaboration of research organizations during the course of almost one year at False Bay, South Africa. Main objectives of the experiment are a better insight into atmospherical effects on propagation of optical radiation, a deeper understanding of the effects of (marine) aerosols on transmission, and the connection of the mentioned effects to the general meteorological and oceanographic conditions/parameters. Modelling of wakes and possible infrared-radar synergy effects are further points of interest. The duration of one year ensures the coverage of most of the relevant meteorological conditions during the different seasons. While some measurements have been performed by permanent installations, others have been performed during intensive observation periods (IOP). These IOPs took place every two to three months to ensure seasonal changes. The IOPs lasted two weeks. We will give an overview of the general layout of the experiment and report on first results. An outlook on the planned analysis of the acquired data, which includes linkage to the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), will be given.

Comparison of dorzolamide/timolol vs brinzolamide/brimonidine fixed combination therapy in the management of primary open-angle glaucoma.

PubMed

Kozobolis, Vassileios; Panos, Georgios D; Konstantinidis, Aristeidis; Labiris, Georgios

2017-03-10

To compare the efficiency of brinzolamide/brimonidine fixed combination vs the dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination. Forty-four eyes of 44 patients were divided in 2 groups treated either with dorzolamide/timolol twice a day (group A) or with brinzolamide/brimonidine twice a day (group B). Complete ophthalmic examination including Goldmann applanation tonometry was performed before treatment administration and 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks afterwards. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured twice a day (morning at 9 AM and afternoon at 4 PM). At the end of the follow-up period (12 weeks), mean morning IOP reduction was 7.0 ± 2.8 mm Hg in group A and 8.4 ± 1.9 mm Hg in group B. A significant difference was found (p = 0.0343). In contrast, mean afternoon IOP reduction was 8.6 ± 2.7 mm Hg in group A and 7.9 ± 1.6 mm Hg in group B and no significant difference was found (p = 0.3413). No significant adverse effects were observed in either group. Brinzolamide/brimonidine seems to be an effective and safe alternative β-blocker free fixed combination, especially for patients with comorbidities, having its own antihypertensive profile.

Effects of diurnal variation and anesthetic agents on intraocular pressure in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

PubMed

Rajaei, Seyed Mehdi; Mood, Maneli Ansari; Paryani, Mohammad Reza; Williams, David L

2017-01-01

OBJECTIVE To determine effects of diurnal variation and anesthetic agents on intraocular pressure (IOP) in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). ANIMALS 90 healthy adult Syrian hamsters (45 males and 45 females). PROCEDURES IOP was measured with a rebound tonometer. In phase 1, IOP was measured in all hamsters 3 times during a 24-hour period (7 am, 3 pm, and 11 pm). In phase 2, hamsters were assigned to 5 groups (18 animals [9 males and 9 females]/group). Each group received an anesthetic agent or combination of anesthetic agents (ketamine hydrochloride, xylazine hydrochloride, diazepam, ketamine-diazepam [KD], or ketamine-xylazine [KX] groups) administered via the IP route. The IOP was measured before (time 0 [baseline]) and 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes after administration of drugs. RESULTS Mean ± SD IOP values were 2.58 ± 0.87 mm Hg, 4.46 ± 1.58 mm Hg, and 5.96 ± 1.23 mm Hg at 7 am, 3 pm, and 11 pm, respectively. Mean baseline IOP was 6.25 ± 0.28 mm Hg, 6.12 ± 0.23 mm Hg, 5.75 ± 0.64 mm Hg, 5.12 ± 1.40 mm Hg, and 4.50 ± 1.30 mm Hg for the ketamine, xylazine, diazepam, KD, and KX groups, respectively. A significant decrease in IOP, compared with baseline IOP, was detected in only the KX group at 30, 60, and 90 minutes after drug administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Maximum IOP in Syrian hamsters was detected at night. The ketamine-xylazine anesthetic combination significantly decreased IOP in Syrian hamsters.

Analysis of Strong Wintertime Ozone Events in an Area of Extensive Oil and Gas Extraction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rappenglück, Bernhard; Ackermann, Luis; Alvarez, Sergio; Golovko, Julia; Buhr, Martin; Field, Robert; Soltis, Jeff; Montague, Derek C.; Hauze, Bill; Scott, Adamson; Risch, Dan; Wilkerson, George; Bush, David; Stoeckenius, Till; Keslar, Cara

2015-04-01

During recent years, elevated ozone (O3) values have been observed repeatedly in the Upper Green River Basin (UGRB), Wyoming during wintertime. This paper presents an analysis of high ozone days in late winter 2011 (1-hour average up to 166 ppbv). Intensive Observational Periods (IOPs) were performed which included comprehensive surface and boundary layer measurements. Low windspeeds in combination with low mixing layer heights (~50 m agl) are essential for accumulation of pollutants. Air masses contain substantial amounts of reactive nitrogen (NOx) and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) emitted from fossil fuel exploration activities in the Pinedale Anticline. On IOP days in the morning hours reactive nitrogen (up to 69%), then aromatics and alkanes (each ~10-15%; mostly ethane and propane) are major contributors to the hydroxyl (OH) reactivity. This time frame largely coincides with lowest NMHC/NOx ratios (~50), reflecting a relatively low NMHC mixture, and a change from a NOx-limited regime towards a NMHC limited regime. OH production on IOP days is mainly due to nitrous acid (HONO). On a 24-hr basis and as determined for a measurement height of 1.80 m above the surface HONO photolysis on IOP days can contribute ~83% to OH production on average, followed by alkene ozonolysis (~9%). Photolysis by ozone and HCHO photolysis contributes about 4% each to hydroxyl formation. High HONO levels (maximum hourly median on IOP days: 1,096 pptv) are favored by a combination of shallow boundary layer conditions and enhanced photolysis rates due to the high albedo of the snow surface. HONO is most likely formed through (i) abundant nitric acid (HNO3) produced in atmospheric oxidation of NOx, deposited onto the snow surface and undergoing photo-enhanced heterogeneous conversion to HONO and (ii) combustion related emission of HONO. HONO production is confined to the lowermost 10 m of the boundary layer. HONO, serves as the most important precursor for OH, strongly enhanced due to

Evaluation of Glaucoma Progression in Large-Scale Clinical Data: The Japanese Archive of Multicentral Databases in Glaucoma (JAMDIG).

PubMed

Fujino, Yuri; Asaoka, Ryo; Murata, Hiroshi; Miki, Atsuya; Tanito, Masaki; Mizoue, Shiro; Mori, Kazuhiko; Suzuki, Katsuyoshi; Yamashita, Takehiro; Kashiwagi, Kenji; Shoji, Nobuyuki

2016-04-01

To develop a large-scale real clinical database of glaucoma (Japanese Archive of Multicentral Databases in Glaucoma: JAMDIG) and to investigate the effect of treatment. The study included a total of 1348 eyes of 805 primary open-angle glaucoma patients with 10 visual fields (VFs) measured with 24-2 or 30-2 Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) and intraocular pressure (IOP) records in 10 institutes in Japan. Those with 10 reliable VFs were further identified (638 eyes of 417 patients). Mean total deviation (mTD) of the 52 test points in the 24-2 HFA VF was calculated, and the relationship between mTD progression rate and seven variables (age, mTD of baseline VF, average IOP, standard deviation (SD) of IOP, previous argon/selective laser trabeculoplasties (ALT/SLT), previous trabeculectomy, and previous trabeculotomy) was analyzed. The mTD in the initial VF was -6.9 ± 6.2 dB and the mTD progression rate was -0.26 ± 0.46 dB/year. Mean IOP during the follow-up period was 13.5 ± 2.2 mm Hg. Age and SD of IOP were related to mTD progression rate. However, in eyes with average IOP below 15 and also 13 mm Hg, only age and baseline VF mTD were related to mTD progression rate. Age and the degree of VF damage were related to future progression. Average IOP was not related to the progression rate; however, fluctuation of IOP was associated with faster progression, although this was not the case when average IOP was below 15 mm Hg.

Two-day period fluctuation of PMC occurrence over Syowa Station, Antarctica observed by a ground-based lidar and AIM satellite.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakamura, T.; Suzuki, H.; Tsutsumi, M.; Ejiri, M. K.; Tomikawa, Y.; Abo, M.; Kawahara, T.; Tsuda, T. T.; Nishiyama, T.

2014-12-01

A Rayleigh/Raman lidar system has been operated by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) since February, 2011 (JARE 52nd) in Syowa Station Antarctica (69.0S, 39.5E). The lidar system consists of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser (355nm) as a transmitter and two telescopes with four photo multiplier tubes which are to detect Rayleigh scattered light from low and high atmosphere at 355 nm and N2 Raman emission at 387nm. Polar Mesospheric Cloud (PMC) was detected by the lidar at 22:30UT (+3hr for LT) on Feb 4th, 2011, the first day of a routine operation. This event was the first time to detect PMC over Syowa Station by a lidar [Suzuki et al., Ann. Geophys., 2013]. However, signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the PMC event was not so good due to large shot noises from daytime background signals. Moreover, a receiver system was designed mainly for nighttime observations. In this way, observation of PMC during the midnight sun, which also corresponds to most frequent PMC season, was difficult. Thus, to improve SNR of the PMC observation with the lidar during daytime, a narrow band-pass Fabry-Perot etalon unit has been developed and installed in the receiver system on Dec 2013 by JARE 55th. By using this new system, clear PMC signals were successfully detected under daylight condition during the period of summer operation of JARE55th. During this period of 53 days (from 17 Dec. 2013 to 7 Feb. 2014), only 11 days were with a clear sky and suitable for PMC observation. Thus, it was difficult to study temporal variations on a PMC activity only by using the lidar data. Fortunately, NASA's AIM satellite had passed near Syowa Station and provided with complimentary PMC data during observation gap of the lidar. By combining our lidar data with the AIM/CIPS data, nearly continuous monitoring of PMC variability over Syowa Station was achieved for period between 13th and 18th in January 2014. PMC occurrence with an interval of two days over Syowa Station during the period was clearly

Influence of the Southeast Asian biomass burnings on the atmospheric persistent organic pollutants observed at near sources and receptor site

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chang, Shun-Shiang; Lee, Wen-Jhy; Wang, Lin-Chi; Lin, Neng-Huei; Chang-Chien, Guo-Ping

2013-10-01

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDD/Fs, PBBs and PBDEs are bio-accumulative, toxic, and susceptible to long-range transport (LRT). This study is the first that comprehensively discusses the long-range atmospheric transport behavior of these five groups of POPs. The main goal is to investigate the atmospheric characteristics of these POPs at the biomass burning sites of Chiang Mai in Thailand, and Da Nang in Vietnam, as well as the influence of the Southeast Asian biomass burnings on the Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (LABS) in Taiwan. Biomass burning in Southeast Asia is usually carried to remove the residues of agricultural activities. The ambient air in Da Nang seems to be more seriously affected by the local biomass burnings than that in Chiang Mai. The elevated atmospheric brominated POP (PBDD/Fs, PBBs and PBDEs) concentrations in Da Nang were attributed to the biomass burning and viewed as mostly unrelated to the local use of brominated flame retardants. In the spring of 2010, the mean atmospheric concentrations in LABS during the first and second Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs) were 0.00428 and 0.00232 pg I-TEQ Nm-3 for PCDD/Fs, 0.000311 and 0.000282 pg WHO-TEQ m-3 for PCBs, 0.000379 and 0.000449 pg TEQ Nm-3 for total PBDD/Fs, 0.0208 and 0.0163 pg Nm-3 for total PBBs, and 109 and 18.2 pg Nm-3 for total PBDEs, respectively. These values represent the above concentrations due to the Southeast Asian biomass burnings. The affected atmospheric POP concentrations at the LABS were still at least one order lower than those in other atmospheric environments, except for the PBDE concentrations during the first IOP (109 pg Nm-3), which was surprisingly higher than those in Taiwanese metal complex areas (93.9 pg Nm-3) and urban areas (34.7 pg Nm-3). Atmospheric POP concentrations do not seem to dramatically decrease during long-range transport, and the reasons for this need to be further investigated.

Large-Scale periodic solar velocities: An observational study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dittmer, P. H.

1977-01-01

Observations of large-scale solar velocities were made using the mean field telescope and Babcock magnetograph of the Stanford Solar Observatory. Observations were made in the magnetically insensitive ion line at 5124 A, with light from the center (limb) of the disk right (left) circularly polarized, so that the magnetograph measures the difference in wavelength between center and limb. Computer calculations are made of the wavelength difference produced by global pulsations for spherical harmonics up to second order and of the signal produced by displacing the solar image relative to polarizing optics or diffraction grating.

Identification of periodical components in a signal. Role of the chronological arrangement of observations (French Title: Recherche des composantes périodiques dans un signal. Importance de la répartition chronologique des observations)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoynant, G.

2007-12-01

Fourier analysis allows to identify periodical components in a time series of measurements under the form of a spectrum of the periodical components mathematically included in the series. The reading of a spectrum is often delicate and contradictory interpretations can be presented in some cases as for the luminosity of Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151 despite the very large number of observations since 1968. The present study identifies the causes of these difficulties thanks to an experimental approach based on analysis of synthetic series with one periodic component only. The total duration of the campaign must be long as compared to the periods to be identified: this ratio governs the separation capability of the spectral analysis. A large number of observations is obviously favourable but the intervals between measurements are not critical : the analysis can accommodate intervals significantly longer than the periods to be identified. But interruptions along the campaign, with separate sessions of observations, make the physical understanding of the analysis difficult and sometimes impossible. An analysis performed on an imperfect series shows peaks which are not significant of the signal itself but of the chronological distribution of the measurements. These chronological peaks are becoming numerous and important when there are vacancy periods in the campaign. A method for authentication of a peak as a peak of the signal is to cut the chronological series in pieces with the same length than the period to identify and to superpose all these pieces. The present study shows that some chronological peaks can exhibit superposition graphics almost as clear as those for the signal peaks. Practically, the search for periodical components necessitates to organise the campaign specifically with a neutral chronological distribution of measurements without vacancies and the authentication of a peak as a peak of the signal requires a dominating amplitude or a graphic of periodical

Intraocular pressure measurements after conductive keratoplasty.

PubMed

Kymionis, George D; Naoumidi, Tatiana L; Aslanides, Ioannis M; Kumar, Vinod; Astyrakakis, Nikolaos I; Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis; Pallikaris, Ioannis G

2005-01-01

To determine the possible impact of conductive keratoplasty (CK) on intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements. A prospective, single-center, noncomparative interventional case series was performed. Baseline and postoperative IOPs were measured by Goldmann applanation tonometry in 32 eyes of 18 patients who underwent CK for hyperopia correction. Mean follow-up was 11.9 months (range: 8 to 18 months). After CK, a statistically significant decrease in the measured IOP was observed (before CK: 14.22+/-1.64 vs after CK: 12.66+/-2.21, P<.001). The change in IOP readings postoperatively was not correlated with age, sex, keratometric readings, or attempted correction. Despite the limitations due to the small number of patients enrolled in this study, the applanation tonometer appears to underestimate the true IOP after CK.

Mechanisms for vasopressin effects on intraocular pressure in anesthetized rats

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Balaban, C. D.; Palm, D. E.; Shikher, V.; Searles, R. V.; Keil, L. C.; Severs, W. B.

1997-01-01

Continuous intracameral infusions of a balanced salt solution (0.175 microliter min-1) have been reported to raise intraocular pressure (IOP) in anesthetized rats. Palm et al. (1995) previously reported that this effect was attenuated significantly by inclusion of arginine-vasopressin (AVP, 10 ng 0.175 microliter-1) in the infusate. This study used experimental and computer simulation methods to investigate factors underlying these changes in IOP. First, constant intracameral infusions of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) at different fixed rates (0.049-0.35 microliter min-1) were used to estimate the outflow resistance. Secondly, IOP responses were measured during an 2 hr intracameral infusion of either aCSF or AVP that was the sum of a small constant component (0.05 microliter min-1) and a larger periodic component (0.25 microliter min-1, cycling for 4 min on, then 4 min off); the mean infusion rate was 0.175 microliter min-1. As shown previously for 0.175 microliter min-1 constant infusions, the periodic aCSF infusion induced a significant rise in IOP that was attenuated by AVP administration. Complex demodulation analysis and the estimated gain parameter of a second order transfer function fit to the periodic responses indicated that outflow resistance increased significantly during the infusions in both aCSF and AVP groups, but that the indices of resistance did not differ significantly between aCSF and AVP infused eyes. This finding implies that changes in outflow resistance do not explain the difference in IOP responses to intracameral aCSF and AVP. The two responses differed significantly, though, in damping factors, such that the aCSF responses were considerably more underdamped than the AVP responses. It is hypothesized that aCSF-induced increase in IOP reflects both (1) a small component reflecting increased outflow resistance and (2) a larger non-resistive component. Since the non-resistive component is insensitive to pretreatment with acetazolamide

Observations of Periodic Comet 2P/Encke: Physical Properties of the Nucleus and First Visual-Wavelength Detection of Its Dust Trail

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lowry, Stephen C.; Weissman, Paul R.; Sykes, Mark V.; Reach, William T.

2003-01-01

We are conducting an observational program designed to determine the overall distributions of size, shape, rotation period, and surface characteristics of cometary nuclei. Here, we present results from a study of the Jupiter- family comet 2P/Encke based on observations from Steward Observatory's 2.3m Bok Telescope at Kitt Peak. This comet has been observed extensively in the past and was one of the primary flyby targets of the recently failed CONTOUR mission.

Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances Observed During Sudden Stratospheric Warming, Equinox and Solstice Periods with Kharkiv and Millstone Hill Incoherent Scatter Radars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goncharenko, L. P.; Panasenko, S.; Aksonova, K.; Erickson, P. J.; Domnin, I. F.

2016-12-01

Travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) play a key role in the coupling of different ionospheric regions through momentum an energy transfer. They are thought to be mostly associated with atmospheric gravity waves and are known to strongly affect radio propagation conditions. The incoherent scatter (IS) method enables TIDs detection in such ionospheric parameters as electron density, ion and electron temperatures, and plasma velocity along radar beam, thus providing critical information needed to examine different hypothesis about association of TIDs with their sources. In 2016, several joint measuring campaigns were conducted using Kharkiv (49.6 N, 36.4 E) and Millstone Hill (42.6 N, 288.5 E) IS radars. These campaigns covered the periods of sudden stratospheric warnings (SSW) in February, vernal equinox and summer solstice. For consistency, the data acquired by radars were processed using the same data analysis methods. The results obtained show the TIDs to be detected throughout all observation intervals in February measurements. The differences found in the behavior of TIDs over Kharkiv and Millstone Hill sites may be partially explained by variations in stratospheric wind velocity vectors during SSW period. As for March equinox and June solstice, the prevailing TIDs are observed near solar terminators. Their periods vary mostly in the range of 40 - 80 minutes, relative amplitudes are about 0.05 - 0.3 of the background electron density, and the maximum values are observed at the heights of 200 - 250 km. Systematic long-term observations of wave processes in the ionosphere with multiple IS facilities can reveal interhemispheric variability in TID parameters, give better understanding the mechanisms of TID generation and propagation, and improve regional and global ionospheric models.

Periodic chiral structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jaggard, Dwight L.; Engheta, Nader; Pelet, Philippe; Liu, John C.; Kowarz, Marek W.; Kim, Yunjin

1989-01-01

The electromagnetic properties of a structure that is both chiral and periodic are investigated using coupled-mode equations. The periodicity is described by a sinusoidal perturbation of the permittivity, permeability, and chiral admittance. The coupled-mode equations are derived from physical considerations and used to examine bandgap structure and reflected and transmitted fields. Chirality is observed predominantly in transmission, whereas periodicity is present in both reflection and transmission.

Satellite-observed snow cover variations over the Tibetan Plateau for the period 2001-2014

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Long, D.; Chen, X.

2016-12-01

Snow is an integral component of the global climate system. Owing to its high albedo and thermal and water storage properties, snow has important linkages and feedbacks through its influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes, clouds, precipitation, hydrology, and atmospheric circulation. As the "Roof of the World" and the "Third Pole" with the highest mountains in middle latitudes, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is one of the most hot spots in climate change and hydrological studies, in which seasonal snow cover is a critical aspect. Unlike large-scale snow cover and regional-scale glaciers over other cryospheric regions, changes in snow cover over the TP has been largely unknown due mostly to the quality of observations. Based on improved MODIS daily snow cover products, this study aims to quantify the distribution and changes in snow cover over the TP for the period 2001 to 2014. Results show that the spatial distribution of changes in snow cover fraction (SCF) over the 14-year study period exhibited a general negative trend over the TP driven primarily by increasing land surface temperature (LST), except some areas of the upper Golden-Sanded River and upper Brahmaputra River basins. However, decreased LST and increased precipitation in the accumulation season (September to the following February) resulted in increased SCF in the accumulation season, coinciding with large-scale cold snaps and heavy snowfall events at middle latitudes. Detailed analyses of the intra-annual variability of SCF in the TP regions show an increase in SCF in the accumulation season but a decrease in SCF in the melting season (March to August), indicating that the intra-annual amplitude of SCF increased during the study period and more snow cover was released as snowmelt in the spring season.

Cluster observations of quasi-periodic impulsive signatures in the dayside northern lobe: High-latitude flux transfer events?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thompson, S. M.; Kivelson, M. G.; Khurana, K. K.; Balogh, A.; Reme, H.; Fazakerley, A. N.; Kistler, L. M.

2004-01-01

We report on a series of quasi-periodic reversals in GSM B(sub Z) observed by the four Cluster spacecraft in the northern dayside lobe poleward of the cusp on 23 February 2001. During an interval of about 35 min, multiple reversals (negative to positive) in B(sub Z) of approximately 1-min duration with an approximate 8-min recurrence time were observed. The individual structures do not resemble low-latitude flux transfer events (FTE) [Russell and Elphic, 1979] but the 8-min recurrence frequency suggests that intermittent reconnection may be occurring .Measurements (appropriately lagged) of the solar wind at ACE show that the IMF was southward-oriented with a strong B(sub X) and that a modest dynamic pressure increased as the events started. The multi-point observations afforded by the Cluster spacecraft were used to infer the motion (direction and speed) of the observed magnetic field reversals. The associated currents were also calculated and they are consistent with the spatial confinement of the observed magnetic field reversals. We propose that the observed reversals are due to flux tubes reconnecting with closed field lines on the dayside. Ancillary data from the Cluster Ion Spectrometry (CIS) and Plasma Electron And Current Experiment (PEACE) instruments were used to develop a physical picture of the reversals.

Phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography characterization of pulse-induced trabecular meshwork displacement in ex vivo non-human primate eyes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Peng; Reif, Roberto; Zhi, Zhongwei; An, Lin; Martin, Elizabeth; Shen, Tueng T.; Johnstone, Murray; Wang, Ruikang K.

2013-03-01

Purpose. It is suspected that the abnormalities of aqueous outflow pump composed of trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC) results in the increased outflow resistance and then elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in initial glaucoma. In order to explore the casual mechanism and the early diagnosis of glaucoma, the dynamic characterizations of aqueous outflow pump were explored. Methods. As a functional extension of optical coherence tomography (OCT), tissue Doppler OCT (tissue-DOCT) method capable of measuring the slow tissue movement was developed. The tissue-DOCT imaging was conducted on the corneo-scleral limbus of 4 monkey eyes. The eye was mounted in an anterior segment holder, together with a perfusion system to control the mean IOP and to induce the cyclic IOP transients with amplitude 3 mm Hg at frequency 1 pulse/second. IOP was monitored on-line by a pressure transducer. Tissue-DOCT data and pressure data were recorded simultaneously. The IOP-transient induced Doppler velocity, displacement and strain rate of TM and the normalized area of SC were quantified at 7 different mean IOPs (5, 8, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mm Hg). Results. The outflow system, including TM, SC and CCs, was visualized in the micro-structural imaging. The IOP-transient induced pulsatile TM movement and SC deformation were detected and quantified by tissue-DOCT. The TM movement was depth-dependent and the largest movement was located in the area closest to SC endothelium (SCE). Both the pulsations of TM and SC were found to be synchronous with the IOP pulse wave. At 8 mm Hg IOP, the global TM movement was around 0.65μm during one IOP transient. As IOP elevated, a gradual attenuation of TM movement and SC deformation was observed. Conclusions. The observed pulsation of TM and SC induced by the pulsatile IOP transients was in good agreement with the predicated role of TM and SC acting as a biomechanical pump (pumping

Observation of a periodic array of flux-closure quadrants in strained ferroelectric PbTiO 3 films

DOE PAGES

Tang, Y. L.; Zhu, Y. L; Ma, Xiuliang; ...

2015-05-01

Nanoscale ferroelectrics are expected to exhibit various exotic domain configurations, such as the full flux-closure pattern that is well known in ferromagnetic materials. Here we observe not only the atomic morphology of the flux-closure quadrant but also a periodic array of flux closures in ferroelectric PbTiO 3 films, mediated by tensile strain on a GdScO 3 substrate. Using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, we directly visualize an alternating array of clockwise and counterclockwise flux closures, whose periodicity depends on the PbTiO 3 film thickness. In the vicinity of the core, the strain is sufficient to rupture the lattice, with strainmore » gradients up to 10 9 per meter. We found engineering strain at the nanoscale may facilitate the development of nanoscale ferroelectric devices.« less

Current state of the Altai glaciers (Russia) and trends over the period of instrumental observations 1952-2008.

PubMed

Narozhniy, Yuriy; Zemtsov, Valeriy

2011-09-01

Results of research into climate and glacier dynamics in the Altai Mountains (Russia) over the period of instrumental observations (1952-2008) are presented in this article. About 1030 glaciers with a total area of 805 km2 and volume of 42.5 km3 have been recorded in the Altai Region. The average summer air temperature in different regions of the Altai has increased during the study period from about 0.2 degrees C (Aktru) to 1.1 degrees C (Akkem). The annual atmospheric precipitation rate has also increased, by 8-10%. Since 1952, the glacier area in different regions of the Altai has decreased by 9-27%, and volume by 12-24%. By 2008, as a result of degradation, the total number of glaciers was 953 with an area of 724 km2 and volume of 38 km3.

Turbulence Kinetic Energy budget during the afternoon transition - Part 1: Observed surface TKE budget and boundary layer description for 10 intensive observation period days

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nilsson, E.; Lohou, F.; Lothon, M.; Pardyjak, E.; Mahrt, L.; Darbieu, C.

2015-11-01

The decay of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and its budget in the afternoon period from mid-day until zero buoyancy flux at the surface is studied in a two-part paper by means of measurements from the Boundary Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence (BLLAST) field campaign for 10 Intensive Observation Period days. Here, in Part 1, near-surface measurements from a small tower are used to estimate a TKE budget. The overall boundary layer characteristics and meso-scale situation at the site are also described based upon taller tower measurements, radiosoundings and remote sensing instrumentation. Analysis of the TKE budget during the afternoon transition reveals a variety of different surface layer dynamics in terms of TKE and TKE decay. This is largely attributed to variations in the 8 m wind speed, which is responsible for different amounts of near-surface shear production on different afternoons and variations within some of the afternoon periods. The partitioning of near surface production into local dissipation and transport in neutral and unstably stratified conditions was investigated. Although variations exist both between and within afternoons, as a rule of thumb, our results suggest that about 50 % of the near surface production of TKE is compensated by local dissipation near the surface, leaving about 50 % available for transport. This result indicates that it is important to also consider TKE transport as a factor influencing the near-surface TKE decay rate, which in many earlier studies has mainly been linked with the production terms of TKE by buoyancy and wind shear. We also conclude that the TKE tendency is smaller than the other budget terms, indicating a quasi-stationary evolution of TKE in the afternoon transition. Even though the TKE tendency was observed to be small, a strong correlation to mean buoyancy production of -0.69 was found for the afternoon period. For comparison with previous results, the TKE budget terms are normalized with

Turbulence kinetic energy budget during the afternoon transition - Part 1: Observed surface TKE budget and boundary layer description for 10 intensive observation period days

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nilsson, Erik; Lohou, Fabienne; Lothon, Marie; Pardyjak, Eric; Mahrt, Larry; Darbieu, Clara

2016-07-01

The decay of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and its budget in the afternoon period from midday until zero-buoyancy flux at the surface is studied in a two-part paper by means of measurements from the Boundary Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence (BLLAST) field campaign for 10 intensive observation period days. Here, in Part 1, near-surface measurements from a small tower are used to estimate a TKE budget. The overall boundary layer characteristics and mesoscale situation at the site are also described based upon taller tower measurements, radiosoundings and remote sensing instrumentation. Analysis of the TKE budget during the afternoon transition reveals a variety of different surface layer dynamics in terms of TKE and TKE decay. This is largely attributed to variations in the 8 m wind speed, which is responsible for different amounts of near-surface shear production on different afternoons and variations within some of the afternoon periods. The partitioning of near-surface production into local dissipation and transport in neutral and unstably stratified conditions was investigated. Although variations exist both between and within afternoons, as a rule of thumb, our results suggest that about 50 % of the near-surface production of TKE is compensated for by local dissipation near the surface, leaving about 50 % available for transport. This result indicates that it is important to also consider TKE transport as a factor influencing the near-surface TKE decay rate, which in many earlier studies has mainly been linked with the production terms of TKE by buoyancy and wind shear. We also conclude that the TKE tendency is smaller than the other budget terms, indicating a quasi-stationary evolution of TKE in the afternoon transition. Even though the TKE tendency was observed to be small, a strong correlation to mean buoyancy production of -0.69 was found for the afternoon period. For comparison with previous results, the TKE budget terms are normalized with

Assessment of ocular hypotensive effect and safety 12 months after changing from an unfixed combination to a latanoprost 0.005% + timolol maleate 0.5% fixed combination.

PubMed

Inoue, Kenji; Okayama, Ryoko; Higa, Risako; Wakakura, Masato; Tomita, Goji

2012-01-01

Latanoprost 0.005% + timolol maleate 0.5% combined eyedrops were recently made available in Japan. We prospectively investigated the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effect, visual preservation effect, and adverse reactions of a one-year administration of this fixed combination. The subjects included 162 eyes from 162 patients diagnosed with either primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension and using an unfixed combination of latanoprost 0.005% and timolol maleate 0.5%. The unfixed combination was discontinued and replaced with the latanoprost 0.005% + timolol maleate 0.5% fixed combination with no washout period. IOP was measured before (baseline) and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the change. The mean deviation value of Humphrey field analysis was compared. Adverse reactions were examined at every follow-up. No significant differences were found between mean IOP values obtained at baseline (mean ± standard deviation, 15.2 ± 3.3 mmHg) 3 months (15.1 ± 3.2 mmHg), 6 months (15.3 ± 3.1 mmHg), 9 months (15.3 ± 3.1 mmHg), and 12 months (15.1 ± 3.2 mmHg) after the change from the unfixed to the fixed combination of eyedrops (P = 0.212). In addition, no significant differences were observed between mean deviation values obtained at baseline (-9.11 ± 6.94 dB) and 12 months (-10.08 ± 7.24 dB) after the change (P = 0.114). Thirty-one patients discontinued the fixed combination within 12 months of replacement, due to an insufficient IOP decrease (20 patients, 12.3%) and adverse reactions (11 patients, 6.8%). Following replacement of two eyedrop medications (latanoprost 0.005% and timolol maleate 0.5%) by one fixed combination (latanoprost 0.005% + timolol maleate 0.5%), IOP and visual field were preserved. However, 20% of the patients discontinued the new treatment because of an insufficient IOP decrease and complaints of adverse reactions.

Effectiveness and safety of combined cataract surgery and microhook ab interno trabeculotomy in Japanese eyes with glaucoma: report of an initial case series.

PubMed

Tanito, Masaki; Ikeda, Yoshifumi; Fujihara, Etsuko

2017-11-01

To report the early postoperative results and safety profile of ab interno microhook trabeculotomy (μLOT) combined with cataract surgery. This retrospective observational case series included 68 consecutive glaucomatous eyes of 23 Japanese men and 25 Japanese women [mean (SD) age, 76.0 ± 8.5 years] who underwent μLOT for intraocular pressure (IOP) and visually relevant cataracts. The LOT site/extent, perioperative complications, and complication treatments were collected from the medical and surgical records. The preoperative and postoperative IOP, numbers of antiglaucoma medications, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity (VA), anterior chamber (AC) flare, and corneal endothelial cell density (CECD) were compared. After small incisional cataract surgery, the trabecular meshwork was incised in the nasal (6 eyes, 3.6 ± 0.5 clock hours), temporal (6 eyes, 3.8 ± 0.8 clock hours), or both nasal and temporal (56 eyes, 6.5 ± 0.6 clock hours) angles. The mean preoperative IOP (16.4 ± 2.9 mmHg) and number of antiglaucoma medications (2.4 ± 1.2) decreased significantly (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0039, respectively) to 11.8 ± 4.5 and 2.1 ± 1.0 mmHg at 9.5 months postoperatively. Compared with the preoperative conditions, the final VA improved (P = 0.0002), the AC flare increased by 6.3 pc/ms (P = 0.0157), and the CECD decreased by 6% (P = 0.0005). Hyphema with niveau formation (28 eyes, 41%) and hyphema washout (6 eyes, 9%) were the most common postoperative complication and intervention, respectively. At the final visit, 54 eyes (79%) had achieved successful IOP control of 15 mmHg or less and IOP reduction of 15% or greater. Combined μLOT and cataract surgery improves IOP and VA during the early postoperative period in patients with glaucoma and cataract.

The Colorado Ultraviolet Transit Experiment (CUTE): Observing Mass Loss on Short-Period Exoplanets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Egan, Arika; Fleming, Brian; France, Kevin

2018-06-01

The Colorado Ultraviolet Transit Experiment (CUTE) is an NUV spectrograph packaged into a 6U CubeSat, designed to characterize the interaction between exoplanetary atmospheres and their host stars. CUTE will conduct a transit spectroscopy survey, gathering data over multiple transits on more than 12 short-period exoplanets with a range of masses and radii. The instrument will characterize the spectral properties of the transit light curves to < 1% depth sensitivity. The NUV is host to several high oscillator strength atomic and molecular absorption features predicted to exist in the upper atmospheres of these planets, including Mg I, Mg II, Fe II, and OH. The shape and evolution of these spectral light curves will be used to quantify mass loss rates, the stellar drives of that mass loss, and the possible existence of exoplanetary magnetic fiends. This poster presents the science motivation for CUTE, planned observation and data analysis methods, and expected results.

Deciphering IR Excess Observed by the Spitzer Space Telescope in Short Period Interacting Cataclysmic Binaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chun, Howard; Brinkworth, Carolyn; Ciardi, David; Hoard, Don; Howell, Steve; Stefaniak, Linda; Thomas, Beth

2006-03-01

During the first year of the Spitzer Space Telescope Observing Program for Students and Teachers, our team observed a small sample of short orbital period interacting white dwarf binaries. Our scientific investigation was aimed at detection and characterization of the low mass, cool, brown dwarf-like mass donors in these systems. We used the Infrared Array Camera to obtain photometric observations of the polars EF Eri, GG Leo, V347 Pav, and RX J0154.0-5947 at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0 microns. In all our targets, we detected excess emission in the 3-8 micron region over that expected from a brown dwarf alone. One of the exciting discoveries we made with our IRAC observations is that the star EF Eri was found to be unexpectedly bright in the mid-IR (compared to its 2MASS magnitudes). This fact highlights an opportunity for us to observe EF Eri with the IRS as a follow-up proposal. EF Eri has a flux level of ~700 ?Jy at 8 microns. Thus, we are asking for time to obtain IRS data for only this star, our brightest source. We plan to obtain SL1 (7.4-14.5 microns) and SL2 (5.2-8.7 microns) spectroscopy only. We know the IRAC fluxes so our integration toies are well constrained and the spectral region covered by SL1, SL2 will yield sufficient S/N to differentiate between cool dust (rising BB like spectrum with PAH and other molecular features allowing us to determine dust size, temperature, and disk extent) and a T type dwarf showing characteristic spectral signatures and a falling Rayleigh-Jeans tail.

The FESTER field trial

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Eijk, Alexander M. J.; Gunter, Willie H.; February, Faith J.; Maritz, Benita; Vrahimis, George; Koago, Mokete S.; Wainman, Carl; Eisele, Christian; Seiffer, Dirk; Sucher, Erik; Stein, Karin; van Iersel, Miranda; Cohen, Leo H.; Van Binsbergen, Sven A.; Heemskerk, H. J. M. (Eric); Sternberg, A.; Schulte, H.; van Rheenen, Arthur D.; Brenthagen, Erik; Thomassen, Jan B.; Griffith, D.

2016-09-01

An overview is given of the First European - South African Transmission ExpeRiment (FESTER), which took place in South Africa, over the False Bay area, centered around Simon's Town. The experiment lasted from April 2015 through February 2016 and involved continuous observations as well as periodic observations that took place during four Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs) of 2 weeks each, which were spread over the year. The continuous observations aimed at a characterization of the electro-optical propagation environment, and included standard meteorology, aerosol, refraction and turbulence measurements. The periodic observations aimed at assessing the performance of electro-optical sensors in VIS / SWIR / MWIR and LWIR wavebands by following a boat sailing outbound and inbound tracks. In addition, dynamic aspects of electro-optical signatures, i.e., the changes induced by variations in the environment and/or target orientation, were studied. The present paper provides an overview of the trial, and presents a few first results.

Surges of advanced medical support associated with influenza outbreaks.

PubMed

King, J C; Schweinle, J E; Hatchett, R J; Gao, Y; Lichenstein, R; Zhou, J

2017-08-01

We utilized de-identified data to evaluate increases in four outcomes during influenza outbreak periods (IOPs) including: hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation or death for adults aged 18 years or older with medically attended acute respiratory illnesses (MAARI) admitted to any of Maryland's 50 acute-care hospitals over 12 years. Weekly numbers of positive influenza tests in the Maryland area were obtained from the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention interactive website. The fewest consecutive weeks around the peak week containing at least 85% of the positive tests defined the IOP. Weekly counts of individual study outcomes were positively correlated with regional weekly counts of positive influenza tests during all the IOPs over 12 years. Also, rate ratios comparing daily occurrences of each study outcome between the IOP and non-IOP were significantly elevated. These results confirm conclusions of previous studies that influenza outbreaks are clearly associated with deaths and increased use of advanced medical resources by patients with MAARI. These data analyses suggest that increased efforts to develop more effective influenza vaccines and therapeutics should be a priority.

Intraocular Pressure, Tear Production, and Ocular Echobiometry in Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)

PubMed Central

Rajaei, Seyed Mehdi; Mood, Maneli Ansari; Sadjadi, Reza; Azizi, Farzaneh

2016-01-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate intraocular pressure (IOP) by means of rebound tonometry, to assess tear production by using the endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPTT) and phenol red thread test (PRTT), and to determine the effects of time of day on IOP and tear production in guinea pigs. The study population comprised 24 healthy adult guinea pigs (12 male, 12 female; 48 eyes) of different breeds and ranging in age from 12 to 15 mo. IOP and tear production were measured at 3 time points (0700, 1500, and 2300) during a 24-h period. Overall values (mean ± 1 SD) were: IOP, 6.81 ± 1.41 mm Hg (range, 4.83 to 8.50); PRTT, 14.33 ± 1.35 mm (range, 12.50 to 16.83); and EAPTT, 8.54 ± 1.08 mm (range, 7.17 to 10.0 mm). In addition, ultrasound biometry was performed by using a B-mode system with linear 8-MHz transducer. This study reports reference values for IOP and tear production in guinea pigs. PMID:27423156

Quasi-Periodic Fluctuations and Chromospheric Evaporation in a Solar Flare Ribbon Observed by Hinode/EIS, IRIS, RHESSI, and Fermi/GBM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brosius, J. W.; Inglis, A. R.; Daw, A. N.

2016-12-01

We obtained rapid cadence (11.2 s) EUV stare spectra of a GOES M7.3 flare ribbonin AR 12036 on 2014 April 18 with Hinode/EIS, along with coordinated IRIS, RHESSI,and Fermi/GBM observations. Quasi-periodic (P ≈ 75.6 ± 9.2 s)intensity fluctuations occurred in emission lines of O IV, Mg VI, Mg VII, Si VII, Fe XIV, and Fe XVI during the flare's impulsive rise, and ended when the maximumintensity in Fe XXIII was reached. The profiles of the O IV - Fe XVI lines revealthat they were all redshifted during most of the interval of quasi-periodicintensity fluctuations, while the Fe XXIII profile revealed multiple componentsincluding one or two highly blueshifted ones. This indicates that the flareunderwent explosive chromospheric evaporation during its impulsive rise.Fluctuations in the relative Doppler velocities were detected, but theirsignal-to-noise ratios were inadequate to extract significant quasi-periodicities.RHESSI detected 25-100 keV hard X-ray sources in the ribbon near the EIS slit'spointing position during the peaks in the EIS intensity fluctuations. We concludethat the series of quasi-periodic intensity peaks in the EUV light curves wasproduced by a series of nonthermal electron injections into the chromosphere. Theinjections may be attributed to MHD oscillations in a magnetic trap, MHDoscillations in a nearby, non-flaring magnetic loop, or magnetic reconnection in a large-scale current sheet dominated by repeated formation of magnetic islands.Electron densities derived with Fe XIV (4.6 × 1010 cm-3) and Mg VII(7.8 × 109 cm-3) average line intensity ratios during the interval ofquasi-periodic intensity fluctuations, combined with the radiative loss functionof an optically thin plasma (derived with CHIANTI), yield radiative cooling timesof 32 s at 2.0 MK, and 46 s at 0.63 MK; assuming the same density for Fe XXIIIthat we derived for Fe XIV yields a radiative cooling time of 1000 s at 14 MK.We speculate that fluctuations are observed in the lower temperature

Title: Detection of a 31.6 s pulse period for the supernova impostor SN 2010da in NGC 300, observed in ULX state

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carpano, S.; Haberl, F.; Maitra, C.

2018-01-01

The supernova impostor SN 2010da located in NGC 300, later identified as a likely Supergiant B[e] High-mass X-ray binary (Lau et al. 2016, ApJ, 830, 142 and Villar et al. 2016, ApJ, 830, 11), was observed in outburst during two long (139 and 82 ks) XMM-Newton observations performed on 2016 December 17 to 20. We report the discovery of a strong periodic modulation in the X-ray flux with a pulse period of 31.6 s and a very rapid spin-up, and confirm therefore that the compact object is a neutron star.

Systemic medication and intraocular pressure in a British population: the EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study.

PubMed

Khawaja, Anthony P; Chan, Michelle P Y; Broadway, David C; Garway-Heath, David F; Luben, Robert; Yip, Jennifer L Y; Hayat, Shabina; Wareham, Nicholas J; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Foster, Paul J

2014-08-01

To determine the association between systemic medication use and intraocular pressure (IOP) in a population of older British men and women. Population-based, cross-sectional study. We included 7093 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk Eye Study. Exclusion criteria were a history of glaucoma therapy (medical, laser, or surgical), IOP asymmetry between eyes of >5 mmHg, and missing data for any covariables. The mean age of participants was 68 years (range, 48-92) and 56% were women. We measured IOP using the Ocular Response Analyzer. Three readings were taken per eye and the best signal value of the Goldmann-correlated IOP value considered. Participants were asked to bring all their medications and related documentation to the health examination, and these were recorded by the research nurse using an electronic case record form. The medication classes examined were angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, α-blockers, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, nitrates, statins, insulin, biguanides, sulfonylureas, aspirin, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We examined associations between medication use and IOP using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index. Models containing diabetic medication were further adjusted for glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Mean IOP of the right and left eyes. Use of systemic β-blockers (-0.92 mmHg; 95% CI, -1.19, -0.65; P<0.001) and nitrates (-0.63 mmHg; 95% CI, -1.12, -0.14; P = 0.011) were independently associated with lower IOP. The observed associations between statin or aspirin use with IOP were no longer significant after adjustment for β-blocker use. This is the first population-based study to demonstrate and quantify clinically significant differences in IOP among participants using systemic β-blockers or nitrates. Lower IOP observed in participants using statins or aspirin was explained by

Systemic Medication and Intraocular Pressure in a British Population

PubMed Central

Khawaja, Anthony P.; Chan, Michelle P.Y.; Broadway, David C.; Garway-Heath, David F.; Luben, Robert; Yip, Jennifer L.Y.; Hayat, Shabina; Wareham, Nicholas J.; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Foster, Paul J.

2014-01-01

Objective To determine the association between systemic medication use and intraocular pressure (IOP) in a population of older British men and women. Design Population-based, cross-sectional study. Participants We included 7093 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer–Norfolk Eye Study. Exclusion criteria were a history of glaucoma therapy (medical, laser, or surgical), IOP asymmetry between eyes of >5 mmHg, and missing data for any covariables. The mean age of participants was 68 years (range, 48–92) and 56% were women. Methods We measured IOP using the Ocular Response Analyzer. Three readings were taken per eye and the best signal value of the Goldmann-correlated IOP value considered. Participants were asked to bring all their medications and related documentation to the health examination, and these were recorded by the research nurse using an electronic case record form. The medication classes examined were angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, α-blockers, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, nitrates, statins, insulin, biguanides, sulfonylureas, aspirin, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We examined associations between medication use and IOP using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index. Models containing diabetic medication were further adjusted for glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Main Outcome Measures Mean IOP of the right and left eyes. Results Use of systemic β-blockers (−0.92 mmHg; 95% CI, −1.19, −0.65; P<0.001) and nitrates (−0.63 mmHg; 95% CI, −1.12, −0.14; P = 0.011) were independently associated with lower IOP. The observed associations between statin or aspirin use with IOP were no longer significant after adjustment for β-blocker use. Conclusions This is the first population-based study to demonstrate and quantify clinically significant differences in IOP among participants using systemic �

Ab Interno Trabeculectomy With the Trabectome as a Valuable Therapeutic Option for Failed Filtering Blebs.

PubMed

Wecker, Thomas; Neuburger, Matthias; Bryniok, Laura; Bruder, Kathrin; Luebke, Jan; Anton, Alexandra; Jordan, Jens F

2016-09-01

Uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP) after glaucoma filtration surgery is a challenging problem in the management of glaucoma patients. The Trabectome is a device for selective electroablation of the trabecular meshwork through a clear cornea incision without affecting the conjunctiva. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery using the Trabectome is safe and effective as primary glaucoma surgery. Here we investigate the results of ab interno trabeculectomy with the Trabectome for IOP control in patients with a failed filtering bleb. A total of 60 eyes of 60 consecutive patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXG) were enrolled in this single center observational study. Trabectome surgery was performed alone or in combination with phacoemulsification by 2 experienced surgeons. IOP readings and number of IOP lowering medication as primary outcome parameters were taken by an independent examiner. Intraoperative and postoperative medication were recorded systematically. Mean IOP before surgery was 24.5±3.5 mm Hg and decreased to 15.7±3.4 (-36%) after mean follow-up of 415 days. The number of necessary IOP lowering medication dropped from 2.1±1.3 to 1.8±1.2 (14% reduction from baseline). A total of 25% (n=15) of cases reported here needed additional surgery after 517 days (range: 6 to 1563 d). No major complications were observed. After mean follow-up, we found a qualified success rate for PXG of 87% and 50% for POAG as revealed by the Kaplan-Meier analysis according to the definitions for success in advanced glaucoma cases according to the World Glaucoma Association (40% reduction from baseline IOP and maximum IOP of 15 mm Hg). Trabectome surgery for uncontrolled IOP after trabeculectomy is safe and effective especially in PXG patients. Given the demanding subgroup of patients studied here, it is not surprising that success rates are lower compared with previous studies investigating the Trabectome for primary glaucoma surgery

FASTSAT-HSV01 Synergistic Observations of the Magnetospheric Response During Active Periods: MINI-ME, PISA and TTI

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Casas, Joseph C.; Collier, Michael R.; Rowland, Douglas E.; Sigwarth, John B.; Boudreaux, Mark E.

2010-01-01

Understanding the complex processes within the inner magnetosphere of Earth particularly during storm periods requires coordinated observations of the particle and field environment using both in-situ and remote sensing techniques. In fact in order to gain a better understanding of our Heliophysics and potentially improve our space weather forecasting capabilities, new observation mission approaches and new instrument technologies which can provide both cost effective and robust regular observations of magnetospheric activity and other space weather related phenomenon are necessary. As part of the effort to demonstrate new instrument techniques and achieve necessary coordinated observation missions, NASA's Fast Affordable Science and Technology Satellite Huntsville 01 mission (FASTSAT-HSVOI) scheduled for launch in 2010 will afford a highly synergistic solution which satisfies payload mission opportunities and launch requirements as well as contributing iri the near term to our improved understanding of Heliophysics. NASA's FASTSAT-HSV01 spacecraft on the DoD Space Test Program-S26 (STP-S26) Mission is a multi-payload mission executed by the DoD Space Test Program (STP) at the Space Development and Test Wing (SDTW), Kirtland AFB, NM. and is an example of a responsive and economical breakthrough in providing new possibilities for small space technology-driven and research missions. FASTSAT-HSV is a unique spacecraft platform that can carry multiple small instruments or experiments to low-Earth orbit on a wide range of expendable launch vehicles for a fraction of the cost traditionally required for such missions. The FASTSAT-HSV01 mission allows NASA to mature and transition a technical capability to industry while increasing low-cost access to space for small science and technology (ST) payloads. The FASTSAT-HSV01 payload includes three NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) new technology built instruments that will study the terrestrial space environment and

Comparison of choroidal and optic nerve head blood flow regulation during changes in ocular perfusion pressure.

PubMed

Schmidl, Doreen; Boltz, Agnes; Kaya, Semira; Werkmeister, Rene; Dragostinoff, Nikolaus; Lasta, Michael; Polska, Elzbieta; Garhöfer, Gerhard; Schmetterer, Leopold

2012-07-01

We compared the response of choroidal and optic nerve head blood flow (ChBF, ONHBF) in response to an increase in ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) during isometric exercise and during a decrease in OPP during an artificial increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). We included 96 healthy subjects in our study. In 48 subjects OPP was increased by 6 minutes of squatting, and either ONHBF (n = 24) or ChBF (n = 24) was measured continuously. In 48 other healthy subjects either ONHBF (n = 24) or ChBF (n = 24) was measured continuously during a period of artificial increase in IOP using a suction cup. All blood flow measurements were done using laser Doppler flowmetry. During all experiments the response in blood flow was less pronounced than the response in OPP, indicating for flow regulation. During isometric exercise ChBF regulated better than ONHBF (P = 0.023). During artificial IOP increase ONHBF regulated better than ChBF (P = 0.001). Inter-individual variability in blood flow responses was high. During squatting ONHBF decreased considerably below baseline ONHBF when OPP fluctuated in 3 subjects, although OPP still was much higher than at baseline. This phenomenon was not observed in the choroid. Our data indicate that regulation of ChBF and ONHBF during changes in OPP is different and complex. In some subjects performing squatting, considerable ONHBF reductions were observed during OPP fluctuations, although OPP still was high. Whether this predisposes to ocular disease remains unclear.

QUASI-PERIODIC SLIPPING MAGNETIC RECONNECTION DURING AN X-CLASS SOLAR FLARE OBSERVED BY THE SOLAR DYNAMICS OBSERVATORY AND INTERFACE REGION IMAGING SPECTROGRAPH

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Ting; Zhang, Jun, E-mail: liting@nao.cas.cn, E-mail: zjun@nao.cas.cn

2015-05-01

We first report the quasi-periodic slipping motion of flare loops during an eruptive X-class flare on 2014 September 10. The slipping motion was investigated at a specific location along one of the two ribbons and can be observed throughout the impulsive phase of the flare. The apparent slipping velocity was 20–110 km s{sup −1}, and the associated period was 3–6 minutes. The footpoints of flare loops appeared as small-scale bright knots observed in 1400 Å, corresponding to fine structures of the flare ribbon. These bright knots were observed to move along the southern part of the longer ribbon and alsomore » exhibited a quasi-periodic pattern. The Si iv 1402.77 Å line was redshifted by 30–50 km s{sup −1} at the locations of moving knots with a ∼40–60 km s{sup −1} line width, larger than other sites of the flare ribbon. We suggest that the quasi-periodic slipping reconnection is involved in this process and the redshift at the bright knots is probably indicative of reconnection downflow. The emission line of Si iv at the northern part of the longer ribbon also exhibited obvious redshifts of about 10–70 km s{sup −1} in the impulsive phase of the flare, with the redshifts at the outer edges of the ribbon larger than those in the middle. The redshift velocities at post-flare loops reached about 80–100 km s{sup −1} in the transition region.« less

HAPEX-Sahel: A large-scale study of land-atmosphere interactions in the semi-arid tropics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gutorbe, J-P.; Lebel, T.; Tinga, A.; Bessemoulin, P.; Brouwer, J.; Dolman, A.J.; Engman, E. T.; Gash, J. H. C.; Hoepffner, M.; Kabat, P.

1994-01-01

The Hydrologic Atmospheric Pilot EXperiment in the Sahel (HAPEX-Sahel) was carried out in Niger, West Africa, during 1991-1992, with an intensive observation period (IOP) in August-October 1992. It aims at improving the parameteriztion of land surface atmospheric interactions at the Global Circulation Model (GCM) gridbox scale. The experiment combines remote sensing and ground based measurements with hydrological and meteorological modeling to develop aggregation techniques for use in large scale estimates of the hydrological and meteorological behavior of large areas in the Sahel. The experimental strategy consisted of a period of intensive measurements during the transition period of the rainy to the dry season, backed up by a series of long term measurements in a 1 by 1 deg square in Niger. Three 'supersites' were instrumented with a variety of hydrological and (micro) meteorological equipment to provide detailed information on the surface energy exchange at the local scale. Boundary layer measurements and aircraft measurements were used to provide information at scales of 100-500 sq km. All relevant remote sensing images were obtained for this period. This program of measurements is now being analyzed and an extensive modelling program is under way to aggregate the information at all scales up to the GCM grid box scale. The experimental strategy and some preliminary results of the IOP are described.

Real-world experience with 0.2 μg/day fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant (ILUVIEN) in the United Kingdom

PubMed Central

Bailey, C; Chakravarthy, U; Lotery, A; Menon, G; Talks, J; Bailey, Clare; Kamal, Aintree; Ghanchi, Faruque; Khan, Calderdale; Johnston, Robert; McKibbin, Martin; Varma, Atul; Mustaq, Bushra; Brand, Christopher; Talks, James; Glover,, Nick

2017-01-01

Aims To compare safety outcomes and visual function data acquired in the real-world setting with FAME study results in eyes treated with 0.2 μg/day fluocinolone acetonide (FAc). Methods Fourteen UK clinical sites contributed to pseudoanonymised data collected using the same electronic medical record system. Data pertaining to eyes treated with FAc implant for diabetic macular oedema (DMO) was extracted. Intraocular pressure (IOP)-related adverse events were defined as use of IOP-lowering medication, any rise in IOP>30 mm Hg, or glaucoma surgery. Other measured outcomes included visual acuity, central subfield thickness (CSFT) changes and use of concomitant medications. Results In total, 345 eyes had a mean follow-up of 428 days. Overall, 13.9% of patients required IOP-lowering drops (included initiation, addition and switching of current drops), 7.2% had IOP elevation >30 mm Hg and 0.3% required glaucoma surgery. In patients with prior steroid exposure and no prior IOP-related event, there were no new IOP-related events. In patients without prior steroid use and without prior IOP-related events, 10.3% of eyes required IOP-lowering medication and 4.3% exhibited IOP >30 mm Hg at some point during follow-up. At 24 months, mean best-recorded visual acuity increased from 51.9 to 57.2 letters and 20.8% achieved ≥15-letter improvement. Mean CSFT reduced from 451.2 to 355.5 μm. Conclusions While overall IOP-related emergent events were observed in similar frequency to FAME, no adverse events were seen in the subgroup with prior steroid exposure and no prior IOP events. Efficacy findings confirm that the FAc implant is a useful treatment option for chronic DMO. PMID:28737758

Low first postoperative day intraocular pressure as a positive prognostic indicator in deep sclerectomy.

PubMed

Shaarawy, T; Flammer, J; Smits, G; Mermoud, A

2004-05-01

To study the possibility of using intraocular pressure (IOP) in the first postoperative day after sclerectomy as a prognostic indicator. Non-randomised prospective trial involving 105 eyes of 105 patients with medically uncontrolled primary and secondary open angle glaucoma. Visual acuity, IOP, and slit lamp examinations were performed before and after surgery at 1 and 7 days, and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54, 60, and 66 months. Visual field examinations were repeated every 6 months. A split point on day 1 IOP of less than or equal to 5 mm Hg (61%) versus more than 5 mm Hg (39%) was used. The first postoperative day IOP was examined in relation to the need for subsequent Nd:YAG goniopuncture, the subsequent use of postoperative antiglaucoma medications, and as a stratification variable in the Kaplan-Meier analyses. The mean follow up was 43.2 (SD 14.3) months. The mean preoperative IOP was 26.8 (SD 7.7) mm Hg; the mean postoperative IOP was 5.1 (3.3) mm Hg at day 1 and 11.8 (3.1) mm Hg at month 60. Patients with IOP IOP IOP IOP IOP >5 mm Hg, the median time to failure was only 6 months (CI 2 to 9). No significant difference in postoperative antiglaucoma medications was observed. First postoperative day IOP can be considered to be a significant prognostic indicator in deep sclerectomy.

Baroreceptors mask sympathetic responses to high intraocular pressure in dogs.

PubMed

Yahagi, Toru; Koyama, Shozo; Osaka, Kazumasa; Koyama, Haruhide

2008-05-30

These experiments were designed to investigate whether increasing intraocular pressure (IOP) in anesthetized dogs produces differential control of sympathetic nerve activities to various organs (heart, kidney, liver, and spleen) and if these sympathetic responses are modified by baroreceptors. We performed simultaneous multi-recordings of cardiac, renal, hepatic and splenic sympathetic nerve activities (CNA, RNA, HNA and SpNA, respectively) during 2 min of increasing IOP to a mean pressure of 30 mmHg. After increasing IOP in dogs with the intact baroreceptors, all of measured nerve activities did not change significantly throughout the experiment. In dogs with denervation of baroreceptors (cervical vagotomy with denervation of the carotid sinus and aortic nerves), only RNA and CNA showed significant increases in response to the increased IOP. However, time course changes in HNA and SpNA did not show any significant differences as compared with the baseline or that of the control group. These results indicate that systemic sympathetic nerve responses to increasing IOP are masked by systemic baroreceptors. As animals were denervated of their systemic baroreceptors, the unidirectional sympathoexcitatory responses to increased IOP were observed on CNA and RNA, but not on HNA and SpNA. These sympathetic outflow, when systemic baroreceptors are impaired as observed in old age, may play an important role in management of glaucoma attack with the use of adrenolytic drugs.

Water production activity of nine long-period comets from SOHO/SWAN observations of hydrogen Lyman-alpha: 2013-2016

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Combi, M. R.; Mäkinen, T. T.; Bertaux, J.-L.; Quémerais, E.; Ferron, S.; Avery, M.; Wright, C.

2018-01-01

Nine recently discovered long-period comets were observed by the Solar Wind Anisotropies (SWAN) Lyman-alpha all-sky camera on board the Solar and Heliosphere Observatory (SOHO) satellite during the period of 2013 to 2016. These were C/2012 K1 (PanSTARRS), C/2013 US10 (Catalina), C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden), C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy), C/2014 E2 (Jacques), C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy), C/2015 G2 (MASTER), C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) and C/2013 XI (PanSTARRS). Of these 9 comets 6 were long-period comets and 3 were possibly dynamically new. Water production rates were calculated from each of the 885 images using our standard time-resolved model that accounts for the whole water photodissociation chain, exothermic velocities and collisional escape of H atoms. For most of these comets there were enough observations over a broad enough range of heliocentric distances to calculate power-law fits to the variation of production rate with heliocentric distances for pre- and post-perihelion portions of the orbits. Comet C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS), with a perihelion distance of only ∼0.3 AU, showed the most unusual variation of water production rate with heliocentric distance and the resulting active area variation, indicating that when the comet was within 0.7 AU its activity was dominated by the continuous release of icy grains and chunks, greatly increasing the active sublimation area by more than a factor of 10 beyond what it had at larger heliocentric distances. A possible interpretation suggests that a large fraction of the comet's mass was lost during the apparition.

Secondary angle closure caused by air migrating behind the pupil in descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty.

PubMed

Lee, Jung S; Desai, Neel R; Schmidt, Gregory W; Jun, Albert S; Schein, Oliver D; Stark, Walter J; Eghrari, Allen O; Gottsch, John D

2009-07-01

To report secondary angle closure caused by air migrating behind the pupil in the context of intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in the early postoperative period after Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK). A retrospective case series was conducted on 100 consecutive DSEK cases from 90 patients undergoing DSEK because of corneal disease from Fuchs corneal dystrophy, pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, aphakic bullous keratopathy, and iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. Preoperative and postoperative slit-lamp examinations and IOP measurements were ascertained for all 100 eyes. Main outcome measures included preoperative and postoperative IOP. Thirteen of 100 eyes developed an IOP rise of greater than 30 mm Hg on the first postoperative day. Six of these 13 patients developed angle closure from air migrating posterior to the iris and causing iridocorneal adhesions. One of these 13 patients developed pupillary block from air anterior to iris. Six of 13 patients developed increased IOP without pupillary block or iridocorneal adhesions and had a history of preexisting primary or secondary glaucoma. A secondary angle closure associated with DSEK is reported with air migrating behind the iris, resulting in extensive iridocorneal adhesions. An acute increase in IOP after DSEK can also be induced by air anterior to the iris causing pupillary block. IOP spikes are much more common in the first few postoperative days after DSEK. Medical treatment can occasionally resolve air posterior to the iris, but if iridocorneal adhesions are extensive and persistent, air removal and angle reformation may be necessary.

The Impact of Adherence and Instillation Proficiency of Topical Glaucoma Medications on Intraocular Pressure

PubMed Central

Shibeshi, Workineh; T. Giorgis, Abeba; Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal

2017-01-01

Background The possible sequel of poorly controlled intraocular pressure (IOP) includes treatment failure, unnecessary medication use, and economic burden on patients with glaucoma. Objective To assess the impact of adherence and instillation technique on IOP control. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 359 glaucoma patients in Menelik II Hospital from June 1 to July 31, 2015. After conducting a Q-Q analysis, multiple binary logistic analyses, linear regression analyses, and two-tailed paired t-test were conducted to compare IOP in the baseline versus current measurements. Results Intraocular pressure was controlled in 59.6% of the patients and was relatively well controlled during the study period (mean (M) = 17.911 mmHg, standard deviation (S) = 0.323) compared to the baseline (M = 20.866 mmHg, S = 0.383, t (358) = −6.70, p < 0.0001). A unit increase in the administration technique score resulted in a 0.272 mmHg decrease in IOP (p = 0.03). Moreover, primary angle-closure glaucoma (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.347, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.144–0.836) and two medications (AOR = 1.869, 95% CI: 1.259–9.379) were factors affecting IOP. Conclusion Good instillation technique of the medications was correlated with a reduction in IOP. Consequently, regular assessment of the instillation technique and IOP should be done for better management of the disease. PMID:29104803

The Impact of Adherence and Instillation Proficiency of Topical Glaucoma Medications on Intraocular Pressure.

PubMed

Atey, Tesfay Mehari; Shibeshi, Workineh; T Giorgis, Abeba; Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal

2017-01-01

The possible sequel of poorly controlled intraocular pressure (IOP) includes treatment failure, unnecessary medication use, and economic burden on patients with glaucoma. To assess the impact of adherence and instillation technique on IOP control. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 359 glaucoma patients in Menelik II Hospital from June 1 to July 31, 2015. After conducting a Q-Q analysis, multiple binary logistic analyses, linear regression analyses, and two-tailed paired t-test were conducted to compare IOP in the baseline versus current measurements. Intraocular pressure was controlled in 59.6% of the patients and was relatively well controlled during the study period (mean ( M ) = 17.911 mmHg, standard deviation ( S ) = 0.323) compared to the baseline ( M = 20.866 mmHg, S = 0.383, t (358) = -6.70, p < 0.0001). A unit increase in the administration technique score resulted in a 0.272 mmHg decrease in IOP ( p = 0.03). Moreover, primary angle-closure glaucoma (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.347, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.144-0.836) and two medications (AOR = 1.869, 95% CI: 1.259-9.379) were factors affecting IOP. Good instillation technique of the medications was correlated with a reduction in IOP. Consequently, regular assessment of the instillation technique and IOP should be done for better management of the disease.

Microinvasive Glaucoma Stent (MIGS) Surgery With Concomitant Phakoemulsification Cataract Extraction: Outcomes and the Learning Curve.

PubMed

Al-Mugheiry, Toby S; Cate, Heidi; Clark, Allan; Broadway, David C

2017-07-01

To evaluate learning effects with respect to outcomes of a microinvasive glaucoma stent (MIGS) inserted during cataract surgery in glaucoma patients. Single surgeon, observational cohort study of 25 consecutive Ivantis Hydrus microstent insertions, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. A learning curve analysis was performed by assessing hypotensive effect, adverse effects, and surgical procedure duration, with respect to consecutive case number. Success was defined with respect to various intraocular pressure (IOP) targets (21, 18, 15 mm Hg) and reduction in required antiglaucoma medications. Complete success was defined as achieving target IOP without antiglaucoma therapy. No clinically significant adverse events or learning effects were identified, although surgical time reduced with consecutive case number. Mean follow-up was 16.8 months. At final follow-up the mean IOP for all eyes was reduced from 18.1 (±3.6) mm Hg [and a simulated untreated value of 25.9 (±5.2) mm Hg] to 15.3 (±2.2) mm Hg (P=0.007; <0.0001) and the mean number of topical antiglaucoma medications was reduced from 1.96 (±0.96) to 0.04 (±0.20) (P<0.0001). Complete success (IOP<21 mm Hg, no medications) was 96% at final follow-up. Complete success (IOP<18 mm Hg, no medications) was 80% at final follow-up, but only 32% with a target IOP of <15 mm Hg (no medications). No significant learning curve effects were observed for a trained surgeon with respect to MIGS microstent insertion performed at the time of cataract surgery. Adjunctive MIGS surgery was successful in lowering IOP to <18 mm Hg and reducing/abolishing the requirement for antiglaucoma medication in eyes with open-angle glaucoma, but less successful at achieving low IOP levels (<15 mm Hg).

System for Rapid, Precise Modulation of Intraocular Pressure, toward Minimally-Invasive In Vivo Measurement of Intracranial Pressure

PubMed Central

Stockslager, Max A.; Samuels, Brian C.; Allingham, R. Rand; Klesmith, Zoe A.; Schwaner, Stephen A.; Forest, Craig R.; Ethier, C. Ross

2016-01-01

Pathologic changes in intracranial pressure (ICP) are commonly observed in a variety of medical conditions, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, brain tumors, and glaucoma. However, current ICP measurement techniques are invasive, requiring a lumbar puncture or surgical insertion of a cannula into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled ventricles of the brain. A potential alternative approach to ICP measurement leverages the unique anatomy of the central retinal vein, which is exposed to both intraocular pressure (IOP) and ICP as it travels inside the eye and through the optic nerve; manipulating IOP while observing changes in the natural pulsations of the central retinal vein could potentially provide an accurate, indirect measure of ICP. As a step toward implementing this technique, we describe the design, fabrication, and characterization of a system that is capable of manipulating IOP in vivo with <0.1 mmHg resolution and settling times less than 2 seconds. In vitro tests were carried out to characterize system performance. Then, as a proof of concept, we used the system to manipulate IOP in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) while video of the retinal vessels was recorded and the caliber of a selected vein was quantified. Modulating IOP using our system elicited a rapid change in the appearance of the retinal vein of interest: IOP was lowered from 10 to 3 mmHg, and retinal vein caliber sharply increased as IOP decreased from 7 to 5 mmHg. Another important feature of this technology is its capability to measure ocular compliance and outflow facility in vivo, as demonstrated in tree shrews. Collectively, these proof-of-concept demonstrations support the utility of this system to manipulate IOP for a variety of useful applications in ocular biomechanics, and provide a framework for further study of the mechanisms of retinal venous pulsation. PMID:26771837

Sparsely-Observed Pulsating Red Giants in the AAVSO Observing Program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Percy, J. R.

2018-06-01

This paper reports on time-series analysis of 156 pulsating red giants (21 SRa, 52 SRb, 33 SR, 50 Lb) in the AAVSO observing program for which there are no more than 150-250 observations in total. Some results were obtained for 68 of these stars: 17 SRa, 14 SRb, 20 SR, and 17 Lb. These results generally include only an average period and amplitude. Many, if not most of the stars are undoubtedly more complex; pulsating red giants are known to have wandering periods, variable amplitudes, and often multiple periods including "long secondary periods" of unknown origin. These results (or lack thereof) raise the question of how the AAVSO should best manage the observation of these and other sparsely-observed pulsating red giants.

QUASI-PERIODIC FLUCTUATIONS AND CHROMOSPHERIC EVAPORATION IN A SOLAR FLARE RIBBON OBSERVED BY HINODE /EIS, IRIS , AND RHESSI

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brosius, Jeffrey W.; Inglis, Andrew R.; Daw, Adrian N., E-mail: Jeffrey.W.Brosius@nasa.gov

The Hinode /Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) obtained rapid cadence (11.2 s) EUV stare spectra of an M7.3 flare ribbon in AR 12036 on 2014 April 18. Quasi-periodic ( P ≈ 75.6 ± 9.2 s) intensity fluctuations occurred in emission lines of O iv, Mg vi, Mg vii, Si vii, Fe xiv, and Fe xvi during the flare's impulsive rise, and ended when the maximum intensity in Fe xxiii was reached. The profiles of the O iv–Fe xvi lines reveal that they were all redshifted during most of the interval of quasi-periodic intensity fluctuations, while the Fe xxiii profile revealed multiplemore » components including one or two highly blueshifted ones. This indicates that the flare underwent explosive chromospheric evaporation during its impulsive rise. Fluctuations in the relative Doppler velocities were seen, but their amplitudes were too subtle to extract significant quasi-periodicities. RHESSI detected 25–100 keV hard-X-ray sources in the ribbon near the EIS slit's pointing position during the peaks in the EIS intensity fluctuations. The observations are consistent with a series of energy injections into the chromosphere by nonthermal particle beams. Electron densities derived with Fe xiv (4.6 × 10{sup 10} cm{sup −3}) and Mg vii (7.8 × 10{sup 9} cm{sup −3}) average line intensity ratios during the interval of quasi-periodic intensity fluctuations, combined with the radiative loss function of an optically thin plasma, yield radiative cooling times of 32 s at 2.0 × 10{sup 6} K, and 46 s at 6.3 × 10{sup 5} K (about half the quasi-period); assuming Fe xiv's density for Fe xxiii yields a radiative cooling time of 10{sup 3} s (13 times the quasi-period) at 1.4 × 10{sup 7} K.« less

Quasi-periodic Fluctuations and Chromospheric Evaporation in a Solar Flare Ribbon Observed by Hinode/EIS, IRIS, and RHESSI

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brosius, Jeffrey W.; Daw, Adrian N.; Inglis, Andrew R.

2016-10-01

The Hinode/Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) obtained rapid cadence (11.2 s) EUV stare spectra of an M7.3 flare ribbon in AR 12036 on 2014 April 18. Quasi-periodic (P ≈ 75.6 ± 9.2 s) intensity fluctuations occurred in emission lines of O IV, Mg VI, Mg vii, Si vii, Fe xiv, and Fe xvi during the flare's impulsive rise, and ended when the maximum intensity in Fe xxiii was reached. The profiles of the O IV-Fe xvi lines reveal that they were all redshifted during most of the interval of quasi-periodic intensity fluctuations, while the Fe xxiii profile revealed multiple components including one or two highly blueshifted ones. This indicates that the flare underwent explosive chromospheric evaporation during its impulsive rise. Fluctuations in the relative Doppler velocities were seen, but their amplitudes were too subtle to extract significant quasi-periodicities. RHESSI detected 25-100 keV hard-X-ray sources in the ribbon near the EIS slit's pointing position during the peaks in the EIS intensity fluctuations. The observations are consistent with a series of energy injections into the chromosphere by nonthermal particle beams. Electron densities derived with Fe xiv (4.6 × 1010 cm-3) and Mg vii (7.8 × 109 cm-3) average line intensity ratios during the interval of quasi-periodic intensity fluctuations, combined with the radiative loss function of an optically thin plasma, yield radiative cooling times of 32 s at 2.0 × 106 K, and 46 s at 6.3 × 105 K (about half the quasi-period); assuming Fe xiv's density for Fe xxiii yields a radiative cooling time of 103 s (13 times the quasi-period) at 1.4 × 107 K.

Quasi-Periodic Fluctuations and Chromospheric Evaporation in a Solar Flare Ribbon Observed by Hinode/EIS, IRIS, and RHESSI

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brosius, Jeffrey W.; Daw, Adrian N.; Inglis, Andrew R.

2016-01-01

The Hinode/Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) obtained rapid cadence (11.2 s) EUV stare spectra of an M7.3 flare ribbon in AR 12036 on 2014 April 18. Quasi-periodic (P approx. = 75.6 +/- 9.2 s) intensity fluctuations occurred in emission lines of O IV, Mg VI, Mg VII, Si VII, Fe XIV, and Fe XVI during the flare's impulsive rise, and ended when the maximum intensity in Fe XXIII was reached. The profiles of the O IV- Fe XVI lines reveal that they were all redshifted during most of the interval of quasi-periodic intensity fluctuations, while the Fe XXIII profile revealed multiple components including one or two highly blueshifted ones. This indicates that the flare underwent explosive chromospheric evaporation during its impulsive rise. Fluctuations in the relative Doppler velocities were seen, but their amplitudes were too subtle to extract significant quasi-periodicities. RHESSI detected 25-100 keV hard-X-ray sources in the ribbon near the EIS slit's pointing position during the peaks in the EIS intensity fluctuations. The observations are consistent with a series of energy injections into the chromosphere by nonthermal particle beams. Electron densities derived with Fe XIV (4.6 x 10(exp 10) per cu cm) and Mg VII (7.8 x 10(exp 9) per cu cm) average line intensity ratios during the interval of quasi-periodic intensity fluctuations, combined with the radiative loss function of an optically thin plasma, yield radiative cooling times of 32 s at 2.0 x 10(exp 6) K, and 46 s at 6.3 x 10(exp 5) K (about half the quasi-period); assuming Fe XIV's density for Fe XXIII yields a radiative cooling time of 10(exp 3) s (13 times the quasi-period) at 1.4 x 10(exp 7) K.

Observation of Geometric Parametric Instability Induced by the Periodic Spatial Self-Imaging of Multimode Waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krupa, Katarzyna; Tonello, Alessandro; Barthélémy, Alain; Couderc, Vincent; Shalaby, Badr Mohamed; Bendahmane, Abdelkrim; Millot, Guy; Wabnitz, Stefan

2016-05-01

Spatiotemporal mode coupling in highly multimode physical systems permits new routes for exploring complex instabilities and forming coherent wave structures. We present here the first experimental demonstration of multiple geometric parametric instability sidebands, generated in the frequency domain through resonant space-time coupling, owing to the natural periodic spatial self-imaging of a multimode quasi-continuous-wave beam in a standard graded-index multimode fiber. The input beam was launched in the fiber by means of an amplified microchip laser emitting sub-ns pulses at 1064 nm. The experimentally observed frequency spacing among sidebands agrees well with analytical predictions and numerical simulations. The first-order peaks are located at the considerably large detuning of 123.5 THz from the pump. These results open the remarkable possibility to convert a near-infrared laser directly into a broad spectral range spanning visible and infrared wavelengths, by means of a single resonant parametric nonlinear effect occurring in the normal dispersion regime. As further evidence of our strong space-time coupling regime, we observed the striking effect that all of the different sideband peaks were carried by a well-defined and stable bell-shaped spatial profile.

South Central Coast Cooperative Aerometric Monitoring Program (SCCCAMP).

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dabberdt, Waiter F.; Viezee, William

1987-09-01

The SCCCAMP field measurement program, conducted 3 September to 7 October 1985, is the most comprehensive mesoscale photochemical study of its type ever undertaken. The study area encompasses 2 × 104 km2 of coastal and interior south-central California including the Santa Barbara Channel. A review of earlier experimental and analytical studies in the area is followed by the organizational framework and planning for this cooperative program. The experimental design and measurement systems are described. Existing ground-based meteorological and air pollution networks were supplemented by additional surface aerometric stations, dual Doppler radars, rawinsondes, and a network of Doppler acoustic profilers. Airborne measurement platforms included one dual-channel lidar, three aerometric sampling aircraft, and a meteorological research aircraft. Gas tracer tests included 4-h releases of three perfluorocarbon gas tracers. Tracer measurements were made over two-day periods at 50 surface locations and aloft by aircraft with a near-realtime two-trap chromatographic system. Four multi-day intensive operational periods (IOP) are described, and illustrative results from one IOP are presented when extremely high ozone concentrations were observed at ground level (230 ppb) and aloft (290 ppb). The availability of the composite data base is indicated.

Turbulent transport and production/destruction of ozone in a boundary layer over complex terrain

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Greenhut, Gary K.; Jochum, Anne M.; Neininger, Bruno

1994-01-01

The first Intensive Observation Period (IOP) of the Swiss air pollution experiment POLLUMET took place in 1990 in the Aare River Valley between Bern and Zurich. During the IOP, fast response measurements of meteorological variables and ozone concentration were made within the boundary layer aboard a motorglider. In addition, mean values of meteorological variables and the concentrations of ozone and other trace species were measured using other aircraft, pilot balloons, tethersondes, and ground stations. Turbulent flux profiles of latent and sensible heat and ozone are calculated from the fast response data. Terms in the ozone mean concentration budget (time rate of change of mean concentration, horizontal advection, and flux divergence) are calculated for stationary time periods both before and after the passage of a cold front. The source/sink term is calculated as a residual in the budget, and its sign and magnitude are related to the measured concentrations of reactive trace species within the boundary layer. Relationships between concentration ratios of trace species and ozone concentration are determined in order to understand the influence of complex terrain on the processes that produce and destroy ozone.

FASTSAT-HSV01 synergistic observations of the magnetospheric response during active periods: MINI-ME, PISA and TTI

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Casas, Joseph; Collier, Michael; Rowland, Douglas; Sigwarth, John; Boudreaux, Mark

Understanding the complex processes within the inner magnetosphere of Earth particularly during storm periods requires coordinated observations of the particle and field environment using both in-situ and remote sensing techniques. In fact in order to gain a better understand-ing of our Heliophysics and potentially improve our space weather forecasting capabilities, new observation mission approaches and new instrument technologies which can provide both cost effective and robust regular observations of magnetospheric activity and other space weather related phenomenon are necessary. As part of the effort to demonstrate new instrument tech-niques and achieve necessary coordinated observation missions, NASA's Fast Affordable Sci-ence and Technology Satellite Huntsville 01 mission (FASTSAT-HSV01) scheduled for launch in 2010 will afford a highly synergistic solution which satisfies payload mission opportunities and launch requirements as well as contributing in the near term to our improved understanding of Heliophysics. NASA's FASTSAT-HSV01 spacecraft on the DoD Space Test Program-S26 (STP-S26) Mission is a multi-payload mission executed by the DoD Space Test Program (STP) at the Space Development and Test Wing (SDTW), Kirtland AFB, NM. and is an example of a responsive and economical breakthrough in providing new possibilities for small space technology-driven and research missions. FASTSAT-HSV is a unique spacecraft platform that can carry multiple small instruments or experiments to low-Earth orbit on a wide range of expendable launch vehicles for a fraction of the cost traditionally required for such missions. The FASTSAT-HSV01 mission allows NASA to mature and transition a technical capability to industry while increasing low-cost access to space for small science and technology (ST) payloads. The FASTSAT-HSV01 payload includes three NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) new technology built instruments that will study the terrestrial space environment and

Aerosol chemical composition at Cabauw, The Netherlands as observed in two intensive periods in May 2008 and March 2009

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mensah, A. A.; Holzinger, R.; Otjes, R.; Trimborn, A.; Mentel, Th. F.; ten Brink, H.; Henzing, B.; Kiendler-Scharr, A.

2012-05-01

Observations of aerosol chemical composition in Cabauw, the Netherlands, are presented for two intensive measurement periods in May 2008 and March 2009. Sub-micron aerosol chemical composition was measured by an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and is compared to observations from aerosol size distribution measurements as well as composition measurements with a Monitor for AeRosol and GAses (MARGA) based instrument and a Thermal-Desorption Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass-Spectrometer (TD-PTR-MS). An overview of the data is presented and the data quality is discussed. In May 2008 enhanced pollution was observed with organics contributing 40% to the PM1 mass. In contrast the observed average mass loading was lower in March 2009 and a dominance of ammonium nitrate (42%) was observed. The semi-volatile nature of ammonium nitrate is evident in the diurnal cycles with maximum concentrations observed in the morning hours in May 2008 and little diurnal variation observed in March 2009. Size dependent composition data from AMS measurements are presented and show a dominance of organics in the size range below 200 nm. A higher O:C ratio of the organics is observed for May 2008 than for March 2009. Together with the time series of individual tracer ions this shows the dominance of OOA over HOA in May 2008.

Adjunctive triamcinolone acetonide for Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation: a randomized clinical trial.

PubMed

Yazdani, Shahin; Doozandeh, Azadeh; Pakravan, Mohammad; Ownagh, Vahid; Yaseri, Mehdi

2017-06-26

To evaluate the effect of intraoperative sub-Tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) as an adjunct to Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation. In this triple-blind randomized clinical trial, 104 eyes with refractory glaucoma were randomly assigned to conventional AGV (non-TA group) or AGV with adjunctive triamcinolone (TA group). In the TA group, 10 mg TA was injected in the sub-Tenon space around the AGV plate intraoperatively. Patients were followed for 1 year. The main outcome measure was intraocular pressure (IOP). Other outcome measures included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), occurrence of hypertensive phase (HP), peak IOP, number of antiglaucoma medications, and complications. A total of 90 patients were included in the final analysis. Mean IOP was lower in the TA group at most follow-up visits; however, the difference was statistically significant only at the first month (p = 0.004). Linear mixed model showed that mean IOP was 1.5 mm Hg lower in the TA group throughout the study period (p = 0.006). Peak postoperative IOP was significantly lower in the TA group (19.3 ± 4.8 mm Hg versus 29 ± 9.2 mm Hg, p = 0.032). Rates of success (defined as 6 < IOP <21 mm Hg) were similar in both groups at 12 months. There was no difference in the occurrence of the HP between the 2 groups (p = 0.123). Loss of BCVA >2 lines was more common in the non-TA group (p = 0.032). Adjunctive intraoperative TA injection during AGV implantation can blunt peak IOP levels and reduce mean IOP up to 1 year. Visual outcomes also seem to be superior to standard surgery.

Long-term clinical outcomes of Ahmed valve implantation in patients with refractory glaucoma.

PubMed

Lee, Chang Kyu; Ma, Kyoung Tak; Hong, Young Jae; Kim, Chan Yun

2017-01-01

To evaluate the long-term efficacy of intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction and complications of Ahmed Glaucoma Valve (AGV) implantation in patients with refractory glaucoma. Retrospective study. The study involved 302 refractory glaucoma patients who underwent AGV implantation and had a minimum follow-up of 6 months between March 1995 and December 2013. An operation was defined as successful when (1) the postoperative IOP remained between 5 and 21 mmHg and was reduced 30% compared to the baseline IOP with or without medication, (2) there was no loss of light perception or vision-threatening severe complications, and (3) no additional filtering or aqueous drainage surgery was required. Clinical records were reviewed. IOP, anti-glaucoma medications, and complications. The mean follow-up period was 62.25 months (range, 6 to 190 months). The cumulative probability of success was 89% at 6 months, 81% at 1 year, 66% at 3 years, 44% at 10 years, and 26% at 15 years. IOP was reduced from a mean of 32.2 ± 10.5 mmHg to 18.6 ± 9.1 mmHg at 1 month, 15.2 ± 7.0 mmHg at 6 months, and 14.2 ± 3.5 mmHg at 15 years. Surgical failures were significantly increased when preoperative IOP was high, and when severe complications occurred after AGV implantation (P < 0.05). AGV implantation was successful for IOP control in patients with refractive glaucoma in the long term. However, the success rate of surgery decreased over time. Preoperative high IOP and severe complications related to the operation were significant risk factors for failure.

Long-term clinical outcomes of Ahmed valve implantation in patients with refractory glaucoma

PubMed Central

Lee, Chang Kyu; Ma, Kyoung Tak; Hong, Young Jae

2017-01-01

Purpose To evaluate the long-term efficacy of intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction and complications of Ahmed Glaucoma Valve (AGV) implantation in patients with refractory glaucoma. Design Retrospective study. Subjects The study involved 302 refractory glaucoma patients who underwent AGV implantation and had a minimum follow-up of 6 months between March 1995 and December 2013. Methods An operation was defined as successful when (1) the postoperative IOP remained between 5 and 21 mmHg and was reduced 30% compared to the baseline IOP with or without medication, (2) there was no loss of light perception or vision-threatening severe complications, and (3) no additional filtering or aqueous drainage surgery was required. Clinical records were reviewed. Main outcome measures IOP, anti-glaucoma medications, and complications Results The mean follow-up period was 62.25 months (range, 6 to 190 months). The cumulative probability of success was 89% at 6 months, 81% at 1 year, 66% at 3 years, 44% at 10 years, and 26% at 15 years. IOP was reduced from a mean of 32.2 ± 10.5 mmHg to 18.6 ± 9.1 mmHg at 1 month, 15.2 ± 7.0 mmHg at 6 months, and 14.2 ± 3.5 mmHg at 15 years. Surgical failures were significantly increased when preoperative IOP was high, and when severe complications occurred after AGV implantation (P < 0.05). Conclusion AGV implantation was successful for IOP control in patients with refractive glaucoma in the long term. However, the success rate of surgery decreased over time. Preoperative high IOP and severe complications related to the operation were significant risk factors for failure. PMID:29095931

Long-Period Variability in o Ceti

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Templeton, Matthew R.; Karovska, Margarita

2009-02-01

We carried out a new and sensitive search for long-period variability in the prototype of the Mira class of long-period pulsating variables, o Ceti (Mira A), the closest and brightest Mira variable. We conducted this search using an unbroken light curve from 1902 to the present, assembled from the visual data archives of five major variable star observing organizations from around the world. We applied several time-series analysis techniques to search for two specific kinds of variability: long secondary periods (LSPs) longer than the dominant pulsation period of ~333 days, and long-term period variation in the dominant pulsation period itself. The data quality is sufficient to detect coherent periodic variations with photometric amplitudes of 0.05 mag or less. We do not find evidence for coherent LSPs in o Ceti to a limit of 0.1 mag, where the amplitude limit is set by intrinsic, stochastic, low-frequency variability of approximately 0.1 mag. We marginally detect a slight modulation of the pulsation period similar in timescale to that observed in the Miras with meandering periods, but with a much lower period amplitude of ±2 days. However, we do find clear evidence of a low-frequency power-law component in the Fourier spectrum of o Ceti's long-term light curve. The amplitude of this stochastic variability is approximately 0.1 mag at a period of 1000 days, and it exhibits a turnover for periods longer than this. This spectrum is similar to the red noise spectra observed in red supergiants.

Translamina Cribrosa Pressure Difference as Potential Element in the Pathogenesis of Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy.

PubMed

Jonas, Jost B; Wang, Ningli; Yang, Diya

2016-01-01

The main proven risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) is an intraocular pressure (IOP) higher than the pressure sensibility of the optic nerve head allows. Fulfilling Koch postulates, numerous studies have shown that the presence of high IOP leads to GON, that lowering IOP stops the progression of GON, and that a re-increase in IOP again causes the progression of GON. There are, however, many patients with glaucoma who have statistically normal or low IOP, and despite low IOP values, they develop progressing GON. These observations led to findings that IOP is only 1 of 2 determinants of the translamina cribrosa pressure difference (TLCPD), which is the main pressure-related parameter for the physiology and pathophysiology of the optic nerve head. The second parameter influencing TLCPD is orbital cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) as the counter pressure against IOP across the lamina cribrosa. Recent experimental and clinical studies have suggested that a low CSFP could be associated with GON in normal-pressure glaucoma. These investigations included studies with an experimental long-term reduction in CSFP in monkeys, population-based studies, and clinical retrospective and prospective investigations on patients with normal-pressure glaucoma. Besides TLCPD, other ocular parameters influenced by CSFP may be choroidal thickness, retinal vein pressure and diameter, occurrence of retinal vein occlusions, and occurrence and severity of diabetic retinopathy.

Period Variation in BW Vulpeculae (Abstract)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cowall, D. E.; Odell, A. P.

2018-06-01

(Abstract only) BW Vulpeculae (BW Vul) has the largest amplitude of the beta Cephei stars. An observing campaign on this star using the AAVSOnetís Bright Star Monitor (BSM) telescopes was begun in December of 2015 and has yielded 66 nights of observations to date. A period analysis will be presented using the BSM data set in combination with unpublished data from the Lowell Observatory. Over almost 80 years of observations, BW Vul has closely followed a parabolic ephemeris (period increasing by 2.4 seconds/century) plus a light-travel-time effect. This parabola with excursions on either side also could be viewed as a sequence of straight lines (constant period) with abrupt period increases. The first paradigm predicted a necessary change in slope around 2004, which did not occur. Instead, the period decreased abruptly in 2009. That maximum occurred 250 minutes early compared to the first paradigm, and about 25 minutes early compared to the straight-line paradigm from 1982ñ2009.

Needle Revision With 5-fluorouracil for the Treatment of Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Filtering Blebs: 5-Fluoruracil Needling Revision can be a Useful and Safe Tool in the Management of Failing Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Filtering Blebs.

PubMed

Quaranta, Luciano; Floriani, Irene; Hollander, Lital; Poli, Davide; Katsanos, Andreas; Konstas, Anastasios G P

2016-04-01

To determine the outcome of needling with adjunctive 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in patients with a failing Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implant, and to identify predictors of long-term intraocular pressure (IOP) control. A prospective observational study was performed on consecutive patients with medically uncontrolled primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) with AGV encapsulation or fibrosis and inadequate IOP control. Bleb needling with 5-FU injection (0.1 mL of 50 mg/mL) was performed at the slit-lamp. Patients were examined 1 week following the needling, and then at months 1, 3, and 6. Subsequent follow-up visits were scheduled at 6-month intervals for at least 2 years. Needling with 5-FU was repeated no more than twice during the first 3 months of the follow-up. Procedure outcome was determined on the basis of the recorded IOP levels. Thirty-six patients with an encapsulated or fibrotic AGV underwent 67procedures (mean 1.86 ± 0.83). Complete success, defined as IOP ≤ 18 mm Hg without medications, was obtained in 25% at 24 months of observation. The cumulative proportion of cases achieving either qualified (ie, IOP ≤ 18 mm Hg with medications) or complete success at 24 months of observation was 72.2%. In a univariate Cox proportional hazards model, age was the only variable that independently influenced the risk of failing 5-FU needling revision. Fourteen eyes (38.8%) had a documented complication. Needling over the plate of an AGV supplemented with 5-FU is an effective and safe choice in a significant proportion of POAG patients with elevated IOP due to encapsulation or fibrosis.

Relationship between raised intraocular pressure and ischemia-modified albumin in serum and humor aqueous: a pilot study in rabbits.

PubMed

Taskiran Comez, Arzu; Cakir, Dilek Ulker; Tutunculer, Funda Kirtay; Gencer, Baran; Tufan, Hasan Ali

2014-01-01

We evaluated the relationship between increased intraocular pressure (IOP), ischemia-modified albumin levels in serum (IMA-s) and in humor aqueous (IMA-HA) in rabbits. Twenty-five albino New Zealand rabbits weighing between 2.0 and 2.8 kg were used in this pilot study. With permission from Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Animal Ethics Committee, the IOP of both eyes of each rabbit were recorded with a Tonopen (Tono-Pen XL, Reichart Inc., Depew, NY, USA) after the application of topical proparacaine 0.5% HCl anesthesia. Blood (4 mL) was collected from the marginal ear vein and an intracameral injection of 2.3 mg/mL sodium hyaluronate and subconjunctival dexamethasone was given in the right eye. Anterior chamber aqueous fluid was obtained using a limbal approach with a 27 gauge needle from both eyes. The left eyes were used as controls. IOP was measured on the 1(st), 3(rd) and 10(th) day after the initial injection, with Tonopen, IMA-s levels and IMA-HA examined simultaneously. Before the injections, IOP was 11.4±3.0 mm Hg in the right eye and 11.3±3.1 mm Hg in the left eye (P>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between IMA-s levels before the IOP increase (IMA-s0) and IMA-s levels on the 1(st) and 3(rd) days after the increase in IOP (P=0.012 and P=0.01, respectively). No difference was observed between IMA-s0 and serum IMA levels on the 10(th) day (IMA-s10) after IOP increase (P=0.989). IMA-HA in the right eye in the first day after the injection was positively correlated with IOP (r=0.748; P=0.02). No other correlation is found between any other parameter with IMA-HA levels at any test time. A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between IMA-s values and IOP on the 1(st) and 3(rd) days (r=0.398, P=0.04 and r=0.382, P=0.04, respectively). There was no correlation between IMA-s levels and increased IOP on the 10(th) day after IOP increase (r=0.026, P=0.902). IMA may be an important indicator of acute damage caused by

Pajarito Aerosol Couplings to Ecosystems (PACE) Field Campaign Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dubey, M

Laboratory (LANL) worked on the Pajarito Aerosol Couplings to Ecosystems (PACE) intensive operational period (IOP). PACE’s primary goal was to demonstrate routine Mobile Aerosol Observing System (MAOS) field operations and improve instrumental and operational performance. LANL operated the instruments efficiently and effectively with remote guidance by the instrument mentors. This was the first time a complex suite of instruments had been operated under the ARM model and it proved to be a very successful and cost-effective model to build upon.

The influence of Vegetation Water Content (VWC) dynamics on microwave observations of a corn canopy during SMAPVEX16-IA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Steele-Dunne, Susan; Polo Bermejo, Jaime; Judge, Jasmeet; Bongiovanni, Tara; Chakrabarti, Subit; Liu, Pang-Wei; Bragdon, James; Hornbuckle, Brian

2017-04-01

Vegetation cover confounds soil moisture retrieval from both active and passive microwave remote sensing observations. Vegetation attenuates the signal from the soil as well as contributing to emission and scattering. The goal of this study was to characterize the vertical distribution of moisture within an agricultural canopy, to examine how this varies during the growing season and to determine the influence these changes have on emission and backscatter from the surface. To this end, an extensive campaign of destructive sampling was conducted in a rain-fed corn field at Buckeye, Iowa within the SMAPVEX16-IA study domain. The experiment duration extended from the beginning of IOP1 to the end of IOP2, i.e. from May 18 to August 16 2016. Destructive vegetation sampling was performed on most days upon which SMAP had both an ascending and a descending pass. On these days, destructive samples were collected at 6pm and 6pm unless the weather conditions were prohibitive. In addition to measuring the bulk vegetation water content for comparison to the SMAP retrieved VWC, the samples were split into leaves and stems. To study the vertical profiles, leaf moisture content was measured as a function of collar height and the stem was cut into 10cm sections. The influence of plant development on the bulk and profile VWC was clearly discernible in the observations. Diurnal variations in bulk VWC were relatively small due to moisture availability in the root zone. SMAP brightness temperatures, and tower-based observations from the University of Florida radiometer and radar systems were analyzed to investigate the impact of VWC variations on emission and backscatter. Dynamic variations in SMAP retrieved soil moisture were notably larger than those observed in-situ, particularly during the early growing season. This may be attributed to the difference between observed VWC and that used in the SMAP retrieval during the early growing season. Backscatter (and RVI) increased, as

Effect of pegaptanib sodium 0.3 mg intravitreal injections (Macugen) in intraocular pressure: posthoc analysis from V.I.S.I.O.N. study.

PubMed

Boyer, David S; Goldbaum, Mauro; Leys, Anita M; Starita, Carla

2014-11-01

To assess the rate of pegaptanib-associated sustained intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. A posthoc analysis was conducted on all IOP measurements, except the immediate 30-min postinjection, from all subjects randomised to pegaptanib 0.3 mg or sham injections continuously in the first 2 years of the Vascular endothelial growth factor Inhibition Study in Ocular Neovascularisation (V.I.S.I.O.N.) study. Measurements were taken with Goldmann applanation tonometer or Tonopen, except at baseline and in cases of an IOP reading >30 mm Hg when a Goldmann applanation tonometer was mandatory. Of 221 subjects, IOP measurements ≥22 mm Hg were seen in 28/114 and 23/107 subjects of the pegaptanib and sham subgroups, respectively (p=0.6338) and measurements ≥24 mm Hg were observed in eight and eight subjects in the pegaptanib and sham groups, respectively. More than two measurements ≥22 mm Hg occurred in six and 10 subjects (p=0.3025), and more than two measurements ≥24 mm Hg were observed in one and four subjects in the pegaptanib and sham groups, respectively. One patient with sustained IOP elevation in the pegaptanib study group, and four in the sham group, had IOP lowering medication added during the course of the study. No subject required glaucoma surgery. In V.I.S.I.O.N., after 2 years, there was no evidence of sustained IOP elevation associated with pegaptanib 0.3 mg use. NCT00321997. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Applanation tonometry: interobserver and prism agreement using the reusable Goldmann applanation prism and the Tonosafe disposable prism.

PubMed

Ajtony, Csilla; Elkarmouty, Ahmed; Barton, Keith; Kotecha, Aachal

2016-06-01

To evaluate the levels of agreement between the standard reusable prism and a disposable prism, and to examine the agreement between ophthalmologists, nursing and technical staff when measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) using the Goldmann applanation tonometer. Three hundred eyes of 300 patients were recruited. IOP measurements were made in a randomised order by three observer groups consisting of ophthalmologists and ophthalmic technicians/nurses taken from a pool of clinicians working within a busy outpatient clinic. Agreement was calculated by Bland-Altman analysis, showing the mean difference and 95% limits of agreement (LoA) of measurements. The mean difference between the reusable and disposable prism IOP measurements was <0.5 mm Hg. The LoA ranged from ±3.1 to ±4.9 mm Hg, depending on the observer group. The interobserver variability was <1 mm Hg across all observer groups; the LoA was slightly higher for observers using the reusable prism (range between ±4.3 and ±5.6 mm Hg) compared with using the disposable prism (range between ±3.7 and ±5.4 mm Hg) across observer groups. There is an acceptable agreement between IOP measurements made with the reusable Goldmann tonometer prism and the disposable Tonosafe prism. Interobserver variability in IOP measurements within an outpatient setting is larger than that found within a research setting, and may be of a level that impacts on clinical decision-making. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

Impact of meteorological data resolution on the forecasted ozone concentrations during the ESCOMPTE IOP2a and IOP2b

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Menut, Laurent; Coll, Isabelle; Cautenet, Sylvie

2005-03-01

During the summer 2001, several photo-oxidant pollution episodes were documented around Marseilles-Fos-Berre in the South of France within the framework of the ESCOMPTE campaign. The site is composed of large cities (Marseilles, Aix, and Toulon), significant factories (Fos-Berre), a dense road network, and extensive rural area. Both biogenic and anthropogenic emissions are thus significative. Located close to the Mediterranean Sea and framed by the Pyrenees and the Alps Mountains, pollutant concentrations are under the influence of strong emissions as well as a complex meteorology. During the whole summer 2001, the chemistry-transport model CHIMERE was used to forecast pollutant concentrations. The ECMWF forecast meteorological fields were used as forcing, with a raw spatial and temporal resolution of 0.5° and 3 h, respectively. It was observed that even if the synoptic dynamic processes were correctly described, the resolution was not always able to detail small-scale dynamics (sea breezes and orographical winds). To estimate the impact of meteorological forcing on the modeled concentration accuracy, an intercomparison exercise has thus been carried out on the same episode but with two sets of meteorological data: ECMWF data (with horizontal and temporal resolution of 0.5° and 3 h) and data from the mesoscale model RAMS (3 km and 1 h). The two sets of meteorological data are compared and discussed in terms of raw differences as a function of time and location, and in terms of induced discrepancies between the modeled and observed ozone concentration fields. It was shown that even if the RAMS model provides a better description of land-sea breezes and nocturnal boundary layer processes, the simulated ozone time series are satisfactory with the two meteorological forcings. In the context of ozone forecast, the scores are better with ECMWF. This is attributed to the diffusive aspect of these data that will more easily catch localized peaks, while a small error in

Gonioscopic ab interno laser sclerostomy. A pilot study in glaucoma patients.

PubMed

Latina, M A; Melamed, S; March, W F; Kass, M A; Kolker, A E

1992-11-01

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of gonioscopic ab interno laser sclerostomy (GLS) in patients with glaucoma. The technique of GLS involves iontophoresis of methylene blue dye (1%) at the limbus to focally dye the sclera and to provide subsequent delivery of 10-microsecond pulsed laser energy to the dyed area through a goniolens. The laser emits at 660 nm, a wavelength that is maximally absorbed by the methylene blue dye. Patients were evaluated for fistula formation, intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction, and adverse sequelae. Thirty-eight treatments were performed in 35 eyes. Successful complete sclerostomies were achieved in 21 eyes (55%), which was associated with an acute mean reduction in IOP of 23 mmHg. Mean preoperative IOP for all patients was 35 mmHg, and 1 hour after treatment it was reduced to 18.5 mmHg. In 4 of the 38 treatments, there was no acute IOP reduction, and these eyes were judged as failures. The mean follow-up time was 8.2 months with a maximum follow-up of 15 months. By 9 months, 50% of patients had an IOP of 22 mmHg or lower. The number of antiglaucoma medications decreased from 3.1 to 1.7 for all eyes over the 15-month follow-up period. Hyphemas (13%) were the only major complication, and these resolved spontaneously. In only one case did the IOP increase after the procedure. The results of this trial indicate that GLS is technically feasible, and preliminary results of IOP control are promising.

Effect of moderate intraocular pressure changes on topographic measurements with confocal scanning laser tomography in patients with glaucoma.

PubMed

Nicolela, Marcelo T; Soares, Adael S; Carrillo, Monica M; Chauhan, Balwantray C; LeBlanc, Raymond P; Artes, Paul H

2006-05-01

To evaluate optic disc topography changes after intraocular pressure (IOP) modulation in patients with glaucoma. Twenty-three patients with glaucoma were studied. Three mean optic disc topography images were obtained with the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, and 8 (visits 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively). Topical medications were discontinued in the study eye after visit 1 and resumed after visit 4 but maintained in the contralateral control eye. Central corneal thickness was measured at the last visit. Topographic changes were determined by stereometric parameters (rim area and mean cup depth) and at discrete topographic locations using the Topographic Change Analysis program (from the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II). In the study eyes, IOP increased significantly (5.4 mm Hg at visit 4; P<.001) after withdrawal of topical medications but returned to baseline levels after resuming medications; no statistically significant topographic changes, however, were observed. Moreover, no relationship between change in IOP and stereometric parameters was observed. Central corneal thickness was not associated with changes in optic disc topography induced by IOP modulation. In patients with glaucoma, significant but relatively moderate IOP increases and decreases on the order of 5 mm Hg did not appear to have an effect on optic disc topography.

Some observations regarding the thermal flux from Earth's erupting volcanoes for the period of 2000 to 2014

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wright, Robert; Blackett, Matthew; Hill-Butler, Charley

2015-01-01

present satellite measurements of the thermal flux observed from 95 active volcanoes, based on observations made daily over the past 15 years by NASA's Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer sensors. Excursions from an apparent baseline level of thermal emission are attributable to episodic lava-flow-forming eruptions. Highest average intensity was associated with the July 2001 eruption of Etna, Italy, which radiated an average of 2.5 × 109 W over 23 days. However, recent fissure eruptions in the Afar Rift have attained higher average intensities of 2.4-4.4 × 109 W, albeit for days, not weeks. The largest magnitude eruption was the ongoing eruption of Bardarbunga, Iceland, which radiated 2.6 × 1016 J. Kīlauea, Hawai'i, has radiated the most energy since 2000, although the lava lake at Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of Congo, comes a close second. Time series analysis reveals evidence for periodicity in radiant flux at some volcanoes but not at others.

Esterified estrogens combined with methyltestosterone raise intraocular pressure in postmenopausal women.

PubMed

Khurana, Rahul N; LaBree, Laurie D; Scott, Garrett; Smith, Ronald E; Yiu, Samuel C

2006-09-01

To investigate the effect of esterified estrogens combined with methyltestosterone (EECM) (Estratest, Solvay, Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Baudette, Minnesota, USA) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in postmenopausal women. Observational case series. The IOP of 13 consecutive postmenopausal women with dry eye syndrome were recorded before and during EECM therapy (1.25 mg of esterified estrogens and 2.5 mg of methyltestosterone for several months). The mean IOP increased from a baseline of 15.0 mm Hg before treatment to 18.2 mm Hg on EECM therapy (P < .0001) after a median duration of 11.3 months (range, 0.9 to 24 months). The increase in IOP was statistically significant at the 0.05 level of significance within three months and continued over 12 months. Two patients whose pressures increased (>4 mm Hg) returned to baseline levels after EECM was discontinued. Esterified estrogens combined with methyltestosterone produce a clinically significant increase in IOP in postmenopausal women with dry eye syndrome.

Water quality observations of ice-covered, stagnant, eutrophic water bodies and analysis of influence of ice-covered period on water quality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

sugihara, K.; Nakatsugawa, M.

2013-12-01

The water quality characteristics of ice-covered, stagnant, eutrophic water bodies have not been clarified because of insufficient observations. It has been pointed out that climate change has been shortening the duration of ice-cover; however, the influence of climate change on water quality has not been clarified. This study clarifies the water quality characteristics of stagnant, eutrophic water bodies that freeze in winter, based on our surveys and simulations, and examines how climate change may influence those characteristics. We made fixed-point observation using self-registering equipment and vertical water sampling. Self-registering equipment measured water temperature and dissolved oxygen(DO).vertical water sampling analyzed biological oxygen demand(BOD), total nitrogen(T-N), nitrate nitrogen(NO3-N), nitrite nitrogen(NO2-N), ammonium nitrogen(NH4-N), total phosphorus(TP), orthophosphoric phosphorus(PO4-P) and chlorophyll-a(Chl-a). The survey found that climate-change-related increases in water temperature were suppressed by ice covering the water area, which also blocked oxygen supply. It was also clarified that the bottom sediment consumed oxygen and turned the water layers anaerobic beginning from the bottom layer, and that nutrient salts eluted from the bottom sediment. The eluted nutrient salts were stored in the water body until the ice melted. The ice-covered period of water bodies has been shortening, a finding based on the analysis of weather and water quality data from 1998 to 2008. Climate change was surveyed as having caused decreases in nutrient salts concentration because of the shortened ice-covered period. However, BOD in spring showed a tendency to increase because of the proliferation of phytoplankton that was promoted by the climate-change-related increase in water temperature. To forecast the water quality by using these findings, particularly the influence of climate change, we constructed a water quality simulation model that

Effects of topical nipradilol, a β blocking agent with α blocking and nitroglycerin-like activities, on intraocular pressure and aqueous dynamics in humans

PubMed Central

Kanno, M.; Araie, M.; Koibuchi, H.; Masuda, K.

2000-01-01

AIMS—To study the effects of topical nipradilol, a non-selective β blocker with α blocking and nitroglycerin-like activities, on intraocular pressure (IOP) and aqueous humour dynamics in normal humans and in patients with ocular hypertension.
METHODS—Nipradilol (0.06%, 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%) was applied to normal volunteers (n = 12) to test for IOP lowering effects. In a second group of normal volunteers (n = 11), nipradilol (0.125% and 0.25%) and timolol (0.5%) were compared for IOP lowering effects. After a single administration of 0.25% nipradilol, IOP, flare intensity in the anterior chamber, aqueous flow, uveoscleral outflow, tonographic outflow facility, and episcleral venous pressure were either directly measured or mathematically calculated. Topical nipradilol (0.25%) was administered to 24 patients with ocular hypertension twice daily for 8 weeks.
RESULTS—Administration of 0.25% nipradilol decreased IOP with a maximum reduction of 4.2 mm Hg lasting 12 hours. A single instillation of both 0.25% nipradilol and 0.5% timolol reduced the IOP in normotensive human subjects to the same degree. A single instillation of 0.25% nipradilol decreased the aqueous flow rate in the treated eye by 20%. Nipradilol produced no significant effect in tonographic outflow facility or episcleral venous pressure, but uveoscleral outflow was increased. In patients with ocular hypertension, twice daily instillation of 0.25% nipradilol decreased IOP without tachyphylaxis for the 8 week test period.
CONCLUSION—Topical nipradilol (0.25%) reduced IOP by decreasing the aqueous flow rate and probably also by increasing uveoscleral outflow. Nipradilol should be further investigated as a new antiglaucoma drug.

 PMID:10684841

Comparison of postoperative intraocular pressure in patients with Densiron-68 vs conventional silicone oil: a case-control study.

PubMed

Wong, D; Kumar, I; Quah, S A; Ali, H; Valldeperas, X; Valdeperas, X; Romano, M R

2009-01-01

A solution of perfluorohexyloctane and silicone oil with a specific gravity of 1.06 g/cm(3) (Densiron-68) has similar properties as conventional silicone oil (SO) in terms of the shape of the bubble and its ability to act as an internal tamponade agent. We conducted a case-control study to compare the postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients treated with Densiron-68 with those treated with SO. Seventy-one eyes of 71 patients and 57 eyes of 57 patients who had received Densiron-68 and SO, respectively, were included in our study. Both groups were found to have matched for their preoperative comorbidities (diabetes, glaucoma, phakic status, and refractive errors). IOP at first day, between seventh and fourteenth day, and at 4 week postoperatively was recorded. The mean IOP was higher in patients treated with Densiron-68 at day 1 and between seventh and fourteenth day postoperatively (P=0.05 and 0.01, respectively). By the 4th week, the IOP difference between the two groups was insignificant (P=0.17). The difference in the two groups could still be clinically significant and the raised IOP in Densiron-68 group was more difficult to treat in some cases.On day 1, nine eyes (12.7%) in the Densiron-68 group and two eyes (3.5%) in the SO group had IOP greater than 30 mmHg. At 4 weeks, IOP of more than 30 mmHg was seen in nine eyes (12.7%) in the Densiron-68-treated group and in one eye (1.8%) in the SO group. The use of Densiron-68 was associated with a higher IOP in the early postoperative period when compared with SO.

Effect of interscalene block on intraocular pressure and ocular perfusion pressure.

PubMed

Basaran, Betul; Yilbas, Aysun Ankay; Gultekin, Zeki

2017-10-23

Interscalene block (ISB) is commonly associated with Horner's syndrome due to spread of local anesthetic to the cervical sympathetic chain. Postganglionic neurons that originate from superior cervical ganglia form the sympathetic innervation of eye. Decrease in sympathetic tone may change intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP). The aim of the study was to investigate whether ISB affects IOP and/or OPP. Thirty patients scheduled for ambulatory shoulder surgery under regional anesthesia with a single-shot ISB (15 mL 0.5% bupivacaine and 15 mL 2% lidocaine) were recruited. The IOP and OPP in both eyes, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and end-tidal CO 2 (ETCO 2 ) were measured before ISB and 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min after ISB in the beach-chair position. The baseline IOP and OPP were similar in the blocked and unblocked sides (IOP 17.60 ± 1.69 and 17.40 ± 1.96 respectively p = 0.432; OPP 49.80 ± 8.20 and 50 ± 8.07 respectively p = 0.432). The IOP in the blocked side significantly decreased between 10th to 60th min following ISB, compared to the baseline values (p < 0.001). The OPP in the blocked side significantly increased from 10th to 60th min (p < 0.001) whereas, there were no significant changes in IOP and OPP throughout the measurement period in the unblocked side. ISB decreased IOP in the blocked side. ISB could be considered as a safe regional technique of choice in elderly patients at high risk for developing glaucoma.

Earth Observing-1 Advanced Imager Flight Performance Assessment: Investigating Dark Current Stability Over One-Half Orbit Period during the First 60 Days

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mendenhall, J. A.

2001-01-01

The stability of the EO-1 Advanced Land Imager dark current levels over the period of one-half orbit is investigated. A series of two-second dark current collections, over the course of 40 minutes, was performed during the first sixty days the instrument was in orbit. Analysis of this data indicates only two dark current reference periods, obtained entering and exiting eclipse, are required to remove ALI dark current offsets for 99.9% of the focal plane to within 1.5 digital numbers for any observation on the solar illuminated portion of the orbit.

Period Variations for the Cepheid VZ Cyg

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sirorattanakul, Krittanon; Engle, Scott; Pepper, Joshua; Wells, Mark; Laney, Clifton D.; Rodriguez, Joseph E.; Stassun, Keivan G.

2017-12-01

The Cepheid Period-Luminosity law is a key rung on the extragalactic distance ladder. However, numerous Cepheids are known to undergo period variations. Monitoring, refining, and understanding these period variations allows us to better determine the parameters of the Cepheids themselves and of the instability strip in which they reside, and to test models of stellar evolution. VZ Cyg, a classical Cepheid pulsating at ˜4.864 days, has been observed for over 100 years. Combining data from literature observations, the Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope (KELT) transit survey, and new targeted observations with the Robotically Controlled Telescope (RCT) at Kitt Peak, we find a period change rate of dP/dt = -0.0642 ± 0.0018 s yr-1. However, when only the recent observations are examined, we find a much higher period change rate of dP/dt = -0.0923 ± 0.0110 s yr-1. This higher rate could be due to an apparent long-term (P ≈ 26.5 years) cyclic period variation. The possible interpretations of this single Cepheid’s complex period variations underscore both the need to regularly monitor pulsating variables and the important benefits that photometric surveys such as KELT can have on the field. Further monitoring of this interesting example of Cepheid variability is recommended to confirm and better understand the possible cyclic period variations. Further, Cepheid timing analyses are necessary to fully understand their current behaviors and parameters, as well as their evolutionary histories.

Comparison of topically applied flurbiprofen or bromfenac ophthalmic solution on post-operative ocular hypertension in canine patients following cataract surgery.

PubMed

Lu, Jennifer; English, Robert; Nadelstein, Brad; Weigt, Anne; Berdoulay, Andrew; Binder, Dan; Ngan, Esther

2017-03-01

To compare the prevalence and kinetics of ocular hypertension after routine cataract extraction when using a predominately COX-2 inhibitor (bromfenac) versus a predominately COX-1 inhibitor (flurbiprofen) in combination with a topical corticosteroid. Patients undergoing unilateral or bilateral cataract surgery were randomly assigned to receive flurbiprofen or bromfenac at the day of surgery and continued for 6 weeks postoperatively, along with topical neo poly dexamethasone. No systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications were administered before or after surgery. Intraocular pressure was monitored pre and postoperatively. When an IOP of >25 mmHg was detected, therapeutic intervention was performed. Eyes in both treatment groups showed a similar IOP profile with the highest mean IOP occurring two hours postsurgery and slowly declining during the next 6 weeks. However, eyes receiving bromfenac had a higher mean IOP at 2 h post-op (22.1 mmHg) than eyes receiving flurbiprofen (18.8 mmHg) and a slower decrease in IOP in the weeks after surgery. Over the course of the study, a higher percentage of eyes receiving bromfenac had therapy discontinued over concerns of elevated IOP compared to eyes receiving flurbiprofen (bromfenac 23.1% and flurbiprofen 9.8%). On average, the risk of having elevated intraocular pressure with bromfenac is 1.04 times higher than with flurbiprofen. Elevated postoperative IOP was observed in both treatment groups; however, bromfenac-treated eyes were more likely to require intervention for elevated IOP. © 2016 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.

Scleral birefringence as measured by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography and ocular biometric parameters of human eyes in vivo.

PubMed

Yamanari, Masahiro; Nagase, Satoko; Fukuda, Shinichi; Ishii, Kotaro; Tanaka, Ryosuke; Yasui, Takeshi; Oshika, Tetsuro; Miura, Masahiro; Yasuno, Yoshiaki

2014-05-01

The relationship between scleral birefringence and biometric parameters of human eyes in vivo is investigated. Scleral birefringence near the limbus of 21 healthy human eyes was measured using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. Spherical equivalent refractive error, axial eye length, and intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured in all subjects. IOP and scleral birefringence of human eyes in vivo was found to have statistically significant correlations (r = -0.63, P = 0.002). The slope of linear regression was -2.4 × 10(-2) deg/μm/mmHg. Neither spherical equivalent refractive error nor axial eye length had significant correlations with scleral birefringence. To evaluate the direct influence of IOP to scleral birefringence, scleral birefringence of 16 ex vivo porcine eyes was measured under controlled IOP of 5-60 mmHg. In these ex vivo porcine eyes, the mean linear regression slope between controlled IOP and scleral birefringence was -9.9 × 10(-4) deg/μm/mmHg. In addition, porcine scleral collagen fibers were observed with second-harmonic-generation (SHG) microscopy. SHG images of porcine sclera, measured on the external surface at the superior side to the cornea, showed highly aligned collagen fibers parallel to the limbus. In conclusion, scleral birefringence of healthy human eyes was correlated with IOP, indicating that the ultrastructure of scleral collagen was correlated with IOP. It remains to show whether scleral collagen ultrastructure of human eyes is affected by IOP as a long-term effect.

Origin, extent and health impacts of air pollution in Sub-Saharan Africa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bauer, S.; Im, U.; Mezuman, K.

2017-12-01

Southern Africa produces about a third of the Earth's biomass burning aerosol particles, yet the fate of these particles, their origin, chemical composition and their influence on regional and global climate is poorly understood. These research questions motivated the NASA field campaign ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS). ORACLES is a five year investigation with three Intensive Observation Periods (IOP) designed to study key processes that determine the climate impacts of African biomass burning aerosols. The first IOP has been carried out in 2016. The main focus of the field campaign are aerosol-cloud interactions, however in our first study related to this area we will investigate the aerosol plume itself, its origin, extend and its resulting health impacts. Here we will discuss results using the global mesoscale model NASA GEOS-5 in conjunction with the NASA GISS-E2 climate model to investigate climate and health impacts that are directly related to the anthropogenic fire activities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Focus will be on the SH winter seasons biomass burning events, its contribution to Sub-Saharan air pollution in relationship to other air-pollution sources and its resulting premature mortality.

Steroid-induced glaucoma treated with trabecular ablation in a matched comparison with primary open-angle glaucoma.

PubMed

Dang, Yalong; Kaplowitz, Kevin; Parikh, Hardik A; Roy, Pritha; Loewen, Ralitsa T; Francis, Brian A; Loewen, Nils A

2016-12-01

To evaluate the outcomes of trabectome-mediated ab interno trabeculectomy in patients with steroid-induced glaucoma (SIG). A retrospective, observational cohort study performed in the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. The data of 60 patients with SIG and 484 controls with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) matched by age, gender and glaucoma index were collected from the Trabectome Study Group database. Reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) and medications were compared between POAG and SIG by multivariate regression. Kaplan-Meier was used for survival analysis. Success was defined as IOP ≤21 mmHg and at least 20% IOP reduction from baseline for any two consecutive visits after 3 months without secondary glaucoma surgery. Postoperative IOP and number of medications were compared with baseline in the SIG subgroups by the Wilcoxon test. Intraocular pressure reduction and 1-year success rate. Patients with SIG had a higher baseline IOP (31.4 ± 10.4 vs. 24.1 ± 7.6 mmHg, P < 0.01) and obtained a greater IOP reduction than controls with POAG (48.4% vs. 31.5%, P < 0.01). Multivariate regression showed that patients with SIG had an IOP reduction of 6.7 ± 1.1 mmHg more than those with POAG. Survival rates at 12 months were comparable at 86% in the SIG group and 85% in the POAG group (P = 0.47). Patients with SIG with a high baseline IOP, younger age and advanced glaucoma experienced a larger IOP drop. Trabectome appears to be an effective surgical treatment in reducing IOP for patients with SIG. © 2016 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists.

A comparative study of the safety and efficacy effect of 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin C mounted biological delivery membranes in a rabbit model of glaucoma filtration surgery.

PubMed

Wu, Zhihong; Li, Shuning; Wang, Ningli; Liu, Wanshun; Liu, Wen

2013-01-01

To investigate the potential usage of biological delivery membranes containing mitomycin C (MMC) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the construction of glaucoma-filtering blebs, and to evaluate their safety and efficacy. Chitosan was selected as the biological membrane carrier to prepare sustained-released membranes. Twelve micrograms of 5-FU or MMC was covalently conjugated onto the membranes by solvent volatilization. Rabbits underwent glaucoma filtration surgery and were randomly allocated into one of the four treatment regimens: glaucoma filtration operation with no implantation of chitosan membrane group (as control), drug-free chitosan membrane implantation group (blank/placebo group), membrane containing 5-FU treatment group (5-FU group), and membrane containing MMC treatment group (MMC group). Each group consisted of 12 rabbits. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured and evaluated over a 28-day period follow-up preoperatively, then after surgery on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 by Tono-Pen. The aqueous humor was analyzed in each experimental and control groups at days 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 20 after operation. Bleb survival and anterior segment were examined with a slit lamp microscope and photographed simultaneously. Two rabbits from each group were killed on day 28 and eight eye samples obtained for histopathological study. Corneas and lenses were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Both 5-FU and MMC significantly prolonged bleb survival compared with control groups. The filtering bleb's survival period was significantly more prolonged in the MMC and 5-FU groups (maintained 14 days) than the other two groups (maintained 7 days). Significantly lower IOP was observed within the control, blank, and 5-FU groups after surgery on day 14 compared with that before operation, with F-values of 6.567, 11.426, and 13.467, respectively (P < 0.01). The most significant lower IOP was recorded in the MMC group on day 28 postoperation (F-value 26

A comparative study of the safety and efficacy effect of 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin C mounted biological delivery membranes in a rabbit model of glaucoma filtration surgery

PubMed Central

Wu, Zhihong; Li, Shuning; Wang, Ningli; Liu, Wanshun; Liu, Wen

2013-01-01

Purpose To investigate the potential usage of biological delivery membranes containing mitomycin C (MMC) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the construction of glaucoma-filtering blebs, and to evaluate their safety and efficacy. Methods Chitosan was selected as the biological membrane carrier to prepare sustained-released membranes. Twelve micrograms of 5-FU or MMC was covalently conjugated onto the membranes by solvent volatilization. Rabbits underwent glaucoma filtration surgery and were randomly allocated into one of the four treatment regimens: glaucoma filtration operation with no implantation of chitosan membrane group (as control), drug-free chitosan membrane implantation group (blank/placebo group), membrane containing 5-FU treatment group (5-FU group), and membrane containing MMC treatment group (MMC group). Each group consisted of 12 rabbits. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured and evaluated over a 28-day period follow-up preoperatively, then after surgery on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 by Tono-Pen. The aqueous humor was analyzed in each experimental and control groups at days 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 20 after operation. Bleb survival and anterior segment were examined with a slit lamp microscope and photographed simultaneously. Two rabbits from each group were killed on day 28 and eight eye samples obtained for histopathological study. Corneas and lenses were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Results Both 5-FU and MMC significantly prolonged bleb survival compared with control groups. The filtering bleb’s survival period was significantly more prolonged in the MMC and 5-FU groups (maintained 14 days) than the other two groups (maintained 7 days). Significantly lower IOP was observed within the control, blank, and 5-FU groups after surgery on day 14 compared with that before operation, with F-values of 6.567, 11.426, and 13.467, respectively (P < 0.01). The most significant lower IOP was recorded in the MMC group on day 28

A statistical analysis of energy and power demand for the tractive purposes of an electric vehicle in urban traffic - an analysis of a short and long observation period

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Slaski, G.; Ohde, B.

2016-09-01

The article presents the results of a statistical dispersion analysis of an energy and power demand for tractive purposes of a battery electric vehicle. The authors compare data distribution for different values of an average speed in two approaches, namely a short and long period of observation. The short period of observation (generally around several hundred meters) results from a previously proposed macroscopic energy consumption model based on an average speed per road section. This approach yielded high values of standard deviation and coefficient of variation (the ratio between standard deviation and the mean) around 0.7-1.2. The long period of observation (about several kilometers long) is similar in length to standardized speed cycles used in testing a vehicle energy consumption and available range. The data were analysed to determine the impact of observation length on the energy and power demand variation. The analysis was based on a simulation of electric power and energy consumption performed with speed profiles data recorded in Poznan agglomeration.

Comparison of 1-year outcomes after Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation with and without Ologen adjuvant.

PubMed

Kim, Tai Jun; Kang, Sohyun; Jeoung, Jin Wook; Kim, Young Kook; Park, Ki Ho

2018-02-14

Many studies have investigated the clinical benefits of Ologen for trabeculectomy. However, its benefits for Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation have not been investigated as extensively. The aim of this study was to compare the 1-year outcomes of AGV implantation with and without Ologen adjuvant for the treatment of refractory glaucoma. This retrospective study included a total of 20 eyes of 20 glaucoma patients, who were followed for at least 1-year after undergoing AGV implantation. In 12 eyes of 12 patients, conventional AGV (CAGV) surgery was performed, while in 8 eyes of 8 patients, Ologen-augmented AGV (OAGV) implantation was performed. The outcomes were evaluated according to intraocular pressure (IOP) and the number of IOP-lowering medications. Complete success was defined as IOP ≤ 21 mmHg without medications throughout the 1-year follow-up period, and qualified success was defined as IOP ≤ 21 mmHg with or without medications throughout the 1-year follow-up period. The rate of complete success was significantly higher in the OAGV group (50.0%) than in the CAGV group (8.3%) (p = 0.035). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of qualified success or incidence of the early hypertensive phase. The IOP changes were similar between the groups within 1-year postoperatively, though the number of IOP-lowering medications was significantly lower in the OAGV group during the early hypertensive phase (p = 0.031, 0.031, and 0.025 at postoperative months 1, 2, and 3, respectively). When subjects were divided into groups according to the occurrence of the early hypertensive phase, the group with early hypertensive phase was more likely to use IOP-lowering medications at postoperative 6 months and 1 year (p = 0.002 and 0.005, respectively). OAGV surgery shows encouraging results for patients with refractory glaucoma, specifically with respect to the achievement of complete success and the reduction of the

Comparison of the Outcome of Silicone Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implantation with a Surface Area between 96 and 184 mm2 in Adult Eyes

PubMed Central

Koh, Kyung Min; Hwang, Young Hoon; Jung, Jong Jin; Sohn, Yong Ho

2013-01-01

Purpose To compare the success rates, complications, and visual outcomes between silicone Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation with 96 mm2 (FP8) or 184 mm2 (FP7) surface areas. Methods This study is a retrospective review of the records from 132 adult patients (134 eyes) that underwent silicone AGV implant surgery. Among them, the outcomes of 24 eyes from 24 patients with refractory glaucoma who underwent FP8 AGV implantation were compared with 76 eyes from 76 patients who underwent FP7 AGV implantation. Preoperative and postoperative data, including intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity, number of medications, and complications were compared between the 2 groups. Results There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the 2 groups (p > 0.05). The postoperative visual acuity of the patients in the FP8 group was better than that of the patients in the FP7 group in some early postoperative periods (p < 0.05); however, after 10 postoperative months, visual acuity was not significantly different through the 3-year follow-up period (p > 0.05). Postoperative IOP was not significantly different between the 2 groups (p > 0.05) except for IOP on postoperative day 1 (11.42 mmHg for the FP7 group and 7.42 mmHg for the FP8 group; p = 0.031). There was no statistical difference in success rates, final IOP, number of medications, or complication rates between the 2 groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions The FP7 and FP8 AGV implants showed no difference in terms of vision preservation, IOP reduction, and number of glaucoma medications required. PMID:24082774

Bimatoprost sustained-release intracameral implant reduces episcleral venous pressure in dogs.

PubMed

Lee, Susan S; Burke, James; Shen, Jie; Almazan, Alexandra; Orilla, Werhner; Hughes, Patrick; Zhang, Jane; Li, Huajiang; Struble, Craig; Miller, Paul E; Robinson, Michael R

2018-02-19

To determine the effect of a bimatoprost sustained-release intracameral implant (Bimatoprost SR) on episcleral venous pressure (EVP) in normal dogs. Normotensive beagle dogs were randomized to receive Bimatoprost SR 30 μg (n = 7) or sham injection (needle insertion only, n = 7) in one eye on day 1. EVP was measured with an episcleral venomanometer through day 65. Episcleral aqueous outflow vessels were identified using fluorescence imaging following intracameral injection of indocyanine green in one additional animal. A separate cohort of dogs that had been trained for conscious intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements received Bimatoprost SR 30 μg (n = 8) in one eye; IOP was evaluated through day 66. Baseline mean EVP was 10.0 mmHg in the Bimatoprost SR group and 10.4 mmHg in the sham group. Eyes treated with Bimatoprost SR exhibited a transient increase in mean EVP that peaked at day 8, followed by a decrease to levels below baseline. From day 29 to day 65, the change in mean EVP from baseline ranged from -2.4 to -3.9 mmHg (P < 0.05 vs. sham). Baseline mean IOP in eyes treated with Bimatoprost SR was 14.9 mmHg, and a steady IOP reduction was maintained through day 66. Bimatoprost SR-treated eyes exhibited a selective, sustained dilation of aqueous outflow vessels that was not observed in sham-treated eyes. In normal dogs, Bimatoprost SR was associated with a transient increase in EVP followed by a sustained decrease. Changes in EVP were accompanied by a sustained dilation of aqueous outflow vessels. © 2018 Allergan. Veterinary Opthalmology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.

Brazil-USA Collaborative Research: Modifications by Anthropogenic Pollution of the Natural Atmospheric Chemistry and Particle Microphysics of the Tropical Rain Forest During the GoAmazon Intensive Operating Periods (IOPs)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, Saewung

Manaus, a city of nearly two million people, represents an isolated urban area having a distinct urban pollution plume within the otherwise pristine Amazon Basin. The plume has high concentrations of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, carbon monoxide, particle concentrations, and soot, among other pollutants. Critically, the distinct plume in the setting of the surrounding tropical rain forest serves as a natural laboratory to allow direct comparisons between periods of pollution influence to those of pristine conditions. The funded activity of this report is related to the Brazil-USA collaborative project during the two Intensive Operating Periods (wet season, 1 Febmore » - 31 Mar 2014; dry season, 15 Aug - 15 Oct 2014) of GoAmazon2014/5. The project addresses key science questions regarding the modification of the natural atmospheric chemistry and particle microphysics of the forest by present and future anthropogenic pollution.« less

Planetary period modulations of Saturn's magnetotail current sheet during northern spring: Observations and modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cowley, S. W. H.; Provan, G.

2017-06-01

We study Cassini magnetic field observations at Saturn on a sequence of passes through the near-equatorial magnetotail during 2015, focusing on dual modulation of the plasma/current sheet associated with northern and southern planetary period oscillations (PPOs). Previous study of inner magnetosphere PPOs during this northern spring interval showed that the southern system amplitude was generally half that of the northern during the first part of the year to late August, after which the southern amplitude weakened to less than one-fifth that of the northern. We examine four sequential tail passes in the earlier interval, during which prominent PPO-related tail field modulations were observed, with relative (beat) phases of the two PPO systems being near in phase, antiphase, and two opposite near-quadrature conditions. We find that the radial field displayed opposite "sawtooth" asymmetry modulations under opposite near-quadrature conditions, related to previous findings under equinoctial conditions with near-equal northern and southern PPO amplitudes, while modulations were near symmetric for in-phase and antiphase conditions, but with larger radial field modulations for in-phase and larger colatitudinal field modulations for antiphase. A simple physical mathematical model of dual modulation is developed, which provides reasonable correspondence with these data using one set of current sheet parameters while varying only the relative PPO phases, thus demonstrating that dual modulation can be discerned and modeled even when the northern and southern amplitudes differ by a factor of 2. No such effects were consistently discerned during the later interval when the amplitude ratio was >5.

Influence of regional biomass burning on the highly elevated organic carbon concentrations observed at Gosan, South Korea during a strong Asian dust period.

PubMed

Nguyen, Duc Luong; Kim, Jin Young; Ghim, Young Sung; Shim, Shang-Gyoo

2015-03-01

PM2.5 carbonaceous particles were measured at Gosan, South Korea during 29 March-11 April 2002 which includes a pollution period (30 March-01 April) when the highest concentrations of major anthropogenic species (nss-SO4 (2-), NO3 (-), and NH4 (+)) were observed and a strong Asian dust (AD) period (08-10 April) when the highest concentrations of mainly dust-originated trace elements (Al, Ca, Mg, and Fe) were seen. The concentrations of elemental carbon (EC) measured in the pollution period were higher than those measured in the strong AD period, whereas an inverse variation in the concentrations of organic carbon (OC) was observed. Based on the OC/EC ratios, the possible source that mainly contributed to the highly elevated OC concentrations measured in the strong AD period was biomass burning. The influence of the long-range transport of smoke plumes emitted from regional biomass burning sources was evaluated by using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite data for fire locations and the potential source contribution function analysis. The most potential source regions of biomass burning were the Primorsky and Amur regions in Far Eastern Russia and southeastern and southwestern Siberia, Russia. Further discussion on the source characteristics suggested that the high OC concentrations measured in the strong AD period were significantly affected by the smoldering phase of biomass burning. In addition to biomass burning, secondary OC (SOC) formed during atmospheric long-range transport should be also considered as an important source of OC concentration measured at Gosan. Although this study dealt with the episodic case of the concurrent increase of dust and biomass burning particles, understanding the characteristics of heterogeneous mixing aerosol is essential in assessing the radiative forcing of aerosol.

Two Phase 3 Clinical Trials Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Netarsudil to Timolol in Patients With Elevated Intraocular Pressure: Rho Kinase Elevated IOP Treatment Trial 1 and 2 (ROCKET-1 and ROCKET-2).

PubMed

Serle, Janet B; Katz, L Jay; McLaurin, Eugene; Heah, Theresa; Ramirez-Davis, Nancy; Usner, Dale W; Novack, Gary D; Kopczynski, Casey C

2018-02-01

To evaluate the efficacy and ocular and systemic safety of netarsudil 0.02% ophthalmic solution, a rho-kinase inhibitor and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor, in patients with open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Double-masked, randomized noninferiority clinical trials: Rho Kinase Elevated IOP Treatment Trial 1 and 2 (ROCKET-1 and ROCKET-2). After a washout of all pre-study ocular hypotensive medications, eligible patients were randomized to receive netarsudil 0.02% once daily (q.d.), timolol 0.5% twice a day (b.i.d.), and (ROCKET-2 only) netarsudil 0.02% b.i.d. Data through 3 months from both studies are provided in this report. Enrolled into the 2 studies were 1167 patients. Treatment with netarsudil q.d. produced clinically and statistically significant reductions from baseline intraocular pressure (P < .001), and was noninferior to timolol in the per-protocol population with maximum baseline IOP < 25 mm Hg in both studies (ROCKET-2, primary outcome measure and population, ROCKET-1, post hoc outcome measure). Netarsudil b.i.d. was also noninferior to timolol (ROCKET-2). The most frequent adverse event was conjunctival hyperemia, the incidence of which ranged from 50% (126/251, ROCKET-2) to 53% (108/203, ROCKET-1) for netarsudil q.d., 59% (149/253, ROCKET-2) for netarsudil b.i.d., and 8% (17/208, ROCKET-1) to 11% (27/251, ROCKET-2) for timolol (P < .0001 for netarsudil vs timolol). In 2 large, randomized, double-masked trials reported here, once-daily dosing of netarsudil 0.02% was found to be effective and well tolerated for the treatment of patients with ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma. The novel pharmacology and aqueous humor dynamic effects of this molecule suggest it may be a useful addition to the armamentarium of ocular hypotensive medications. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

THE NEW YORK CITY URBAN DISPERSION PROGRAM MARCH 2005 FIELD STUDY: TRACER METHODS AND RESULTS.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

WATSON, T.B.; HEISER, J.; KALB, P.

The Urban Dispersion Program March 2005 Field Study tracer releases, sampling, and analytical methods are described in detail. There were two days where tracer releases and sampling were conducted. A total of 16.0 g of six tracers were released during the first test day or Intensive Observation Period (IOP) 1 and 15.7 g during IOP 2. Three types of sampling instruments were used in this study. Sequential air samplers, or SAS, collected six-minute samples, while Brookhaven atmospheric tracer samplers (BATS) and personal air samplers (PAS) collected thirty-minute samples. There were a total of 1300 samples resulting from the two IOPs.more » Confidence limits in the sampling and analysis method were 20% as determined from 100 duplicate samples. The sample recovery rate was 84%. The integrally averaged 6-minute samples were compared to the 30-minute samples. The agreement was found to be good in most cases. The validity of using a background tracer to calculate sample volumes was examined and also found to have a confidence level of 20%. Methods for improving sampling and analysis are discussed. The data described in this report are available as Excel files. An additional Excel file of quality assured tracer data for use in model validation efforts is also available. The file consists of extensively quality assured BATS tracer data with background concentrations subtracted.« less

Observed Hierarchy of Student Proficiency with Period, Frequency, and Angular Frequency

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Young, Nicholas T.; Heckler, Andrew F.

2018-01-01

In the context of a generic harmonic oscillator, we investigated students' accuracy in determining the period, frequency, and angular frequency from mathematical and graphical representations. In a series of studies including interviews, free response tests, and multiple-choice tests developed in an iterative process, we assessed students in both…

Globe stability during simulated vitrectomy with valved and non-valved trocar cannulas

PubMed Central

Abulon, Dina Joy; Charles, Martin; Charles, Daniel E

2015-01-01

Purpose To compare the effects of valved and non-valved cannulas on intraocular pressure (IOP), fluid leakage, and vitreous incarceration during simulated vitrectomy. Methods Three-port pars plana incisions were generated in six rubber eyes using 23-, 25-, and 27-gauge valved and non-valved trocar cannulas. The models were filled with air and IOP was measured. Similar procedures were followed for 36 acrylic eyes filled with saline solution. Vitreous incarceration was analyzed in eleven rabbit and twelve porcine cadaver eyes. Results In the air-filled model, IOP loss was 89%–94% when two non-valved cannulas were unoccupied versus 1%–5% when two valved cannulas were unoccupied. In the fluid-filled model, with non-valved cannulas, IOP dropped while fluid leaked from the open ports. With two open ports, the IOP dropped to 20%–30% of set infusion pressure, regardless of infusion pressure and IOP compensation. The IOP was maintained in valved cannulas when one or two ports were left open, regardless of IOP compensation settings. There was no or minimal fluid leakage through open ports at any infusion pressure. Direct microscopic analysis of rabbit eyes showed that vitreous incarceration was significantly greater with 23-gauge non-valved than valved cannulas (P<0.005), and endoscopy of porcine eyes showed that vitreous incarceration was significantly greater with 23-gauge (P<0.05) and 27-gauge (P<0.05) non-valved cannulas. External observation of rabbit eyes showed vitreous prolapse through non-valved, but not valved, cannulas. Conclusion Valved cannulas surpassed non-valved cannulas in maintaining IOP, preventing fluid leakage, and reducing vitreous incarceration during simulated vitrectomy. PMID:26445520

The Effects of Phacoemulsification and Intraocular Lens Implantation on Anatomical and Functional Parameters in Patients with Primary Angle Closure: A Prospective Study. (An American Ophthalmological Society Thesis).

PubMed

Traverso, Carlo Enrico; Cutolo, Carlo Alberto

2017-08-01

To investigate the clinical, anatomical, and patient-reported outcomes of phacoemulsification (PE) with intraocular lens implantation performed to treat primary angle closure (PAC) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). Patients were evaluated at baseline and at 6 months after PE. The examination included visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), visual field, optic nerve head, endothelial cell count (ECC), aqueous depth, and ocular biometric parameters. Patient-reported visual function and health status were assessed. Coprimary outcome measures were IOP changes, angle widening, and patient-reported visual function; secondary outcome measures were visual acuity changes, use of IOP-lowering medications, and complications. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the predictors of IOP change. Thirty-nine cases were identified, and postoperative data were analyzed for 59 eyes, 39 with PACG and 20 with PAC. Globally, PE resulted in a mean reduction in IOP of -6.33 mm Hg (95% CI, -8.64 to -4.01, P <.001). Aqueous depth and angle measurements improved ( P <.01), whereas ECC significantly decreased ( P <.001). Both corrected and uncorrected visual acuity improved ( P <.01). The EQ visual analog scale did not change ( P =.16), but VFQ-25 improved ( P <.01). The IOP-lowering effect of PE was greater in the PACG compared to the PAC group ( P =.04). In both groups, preoperative IOP was the most significant predictor of IOP change ( P <.01). No sight-threatening complications were recorded. Our data support the usefulness of PE in lowering the IOP in patients with PAC and PACG. Although PE resulted in several anatomical and patient-reported visual improvements, we observe that a marked decrease in ECC should be carefully weighed before surgery.

Utility of bleb imaging with anterior segment optical coherence tomography in clinical decision-making after trabeculectomy.

PubMed

Singh, Mandeep; Aung, Tin; Aquino, Maria C; Chew, Paul T K

2009-08-01

To determine if imaging of blebs with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) affects clinical decision-making with regard to laser suture lysis (LSL) after trabeculectomy. In this prospective observational case series, we included patients with poorly controlled intraocular pressure (IOP) after standardized trabeculectomy from May to November 2006. One observer assessed IOP, anterior chamber depth and bleb formation, and recorded a decision of whether or not to undertake LSL based on clinical grounds. A second observer masked to clinical data recorded a decision of whether or not to perform LSL based on ASOCT assessment of scleral flap position, presence of a sub-flap space, patency of the internal ostium, and bleb wall thickening. We compared the 2 observers' decisions to determine how ASOCT influenced decision-making. Seven eyes of 7 patients were included. On the basis of clinical examination, LSL was recommended in all 7 (100.0%) cases due to presence of elevated IOP, deep anterior chambers and poorly formed blebs. Using ASOCT, LSL was recommended in 5/7 (71.4%) cases with apposed scleral flaps, absent sub-flap spaces, and absent bleb wall thickening. In 2/7 (28.7%) cases, LSL was not recommended based on ASOCT findings of an elevated scleral flap, a patent sub-flap space, and bleb wall thickening. All 7 patients had good IOP control and formed blebs at a mean of 8.4+/-2.6 months after trabeculectomy, with a mean IOP of 14.3+/-3.2 mm Hg with no medications. This small study suggests that ASOCT imaging may affect decision-making with regard to LSL by providing information not apparent on clinical examination.

Changes in intraocular pressure and tear secretion in patients given 5 mg solifenacin for the treatment of overactive bladder.

PubMed

Turkoglu, Ali Riza; Yener, Neslihan Parmak; Coban, Soner; Guzelsoy, Muhammet; Demirbas, Murat; Demirci, Hakan

2017-05-01

To investigate the effect of solifenacin succinate on intraocular pressure (IOP) and dry eye in patients with overactive bladder (OAB). The study was conducted prospectively between October 2014 and November 2015. A total of 93 female OAB patients with a mean age of 48.59 ± 11.28 years (range 19-75 years) were evaluated. A full ophthalmic examination, including the Schirmer I test and IOP measurements, was conducted. Solifenacin succinate (5 mg/day) was started orally. All procedures were repeated at the 4- and 12-week follow-up, and the effects and side effects were documented. No statistically significant difference was observed in IOP (p = 0.282, p = 0.189) and tear secretion (p = 0.122, p = 0.071) values from the baseline (day 0) to the 12th week in OAB patients using solifenacin succinate. Solifenacin succinate treatment was terminated in 3 patients owing to dry eye in 1 patient, increased IOP in 1 patient, and systemic side effects in 1 patient. Constipation and dry mouth at various rates were the most common systemic side effects observed. Solifenacin succinate is useful in eliminating OAB symptoms in female patients, but can cause systemic side effects. It had no significant side effects on tear secretion (Schirmer I) and IOP. We concluded that solifenacin succinate could be reliably used in pure OAB patients without comorbidity in terms of dry eye and IOP. We believe that prospective studies with larger series are still needed to reach a definite conclusion.

Effect of Laser in Situ Keratomileusis on Schiøtz, Goldmann, and Dynamic Contour Tonometric Measurements.

PubMed

Sales-Sanz, Marco; Arranz-Marquez, Esther; Piñero, David P; Arruabarrena, Carolina; Mikropoulos, Dimitrios G; Teus, Miguel A

2016-04-01

To assess the effect of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) on ocular rigidity and compare its effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) readings with Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT), Schiøtz indentation tonometry (ST), and dynamic contour tonometry (DCT). Prospective, observational, single-masked study. Eighty-one patients who underwent myopic LASIK and 108 unoperated myopic control patients were included in the study. The IOP was measured using GAT, DCT, and ST. The coefficient of ocular rigidity (Ko) was obtained from the regression analysis of the 3 readings obtained with each weight of the ST. Linear multiple regression analysis was performed with dummy variables to assess the effects of age, central corneal thickness (CCT), and refractive surgery on measured IOP values. Age, CCT, and previous LASIK explained 39.41% of the IOP readings with GAT, 25.31% with DCT, and 3.28% with ST. LASIK caused a mean decrease of -2.51 mm Hg in IOP readings (P=0.000) with GAT, -1.29 mm Hg (P=0.036) with DCT, and no significant change in IOP readings with ST (P=0.299). Significant differences in the Ko were observed between the LASIK and control groups. The Ko values were unrelated to age and CCT in the LASIK and control groups. ST seems to be less affected by previous LASIK procedures. There is a difference in the ocular rigidity between the unoperated and LASIK eyes that is not correlated with the CCT. Therefore, ST seems to measure changes in the biomechanical behavior of corneas that underwent LASIK surgery.

Periodicities in the X-ray Emission from the Solar Corona: SphinX and SOXS Observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Steślicki, M.; Awasthi, A. K.; Gryciuk, M.; Jain, R.

The structure and evolution of the solar magnetic field is driven by a magnetohydrodynamic dynamo operating in the solar interior, which induces various solar activities that exhibit periodic variations on different timescales. Therefore, probing the periodic nature of emission originating from the solar corona may provide insights of the convection-zone-photosphere-corona coupling processes. We present the study of the mid-range periodicities, between rotation period (˜27 days) and the Schwabe cycle period (˜11 yr), in the solar soft X-ray emission, based on the data obtained by two instruments: SphinX and SOXS in various energy bands.

Prospective, randomized study of one, two, or three trabecular bypass stents in open-angle glaucoma subjects on topical hypotensive medication

PubMed Central

Katz, L Jay; Erb, Carl; Carceller, Guillamet Amadeu; Fea, Antonio M; Voskanyan, Lilit; Wells, Jeffrey M; Giamporcaro, Jane Ellen

2015-01-01

Purpose To assess the safety and efficacy of one, two, or three trabecular microbypass stents in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (OAG) not controlled on ocular hypotensive medication. A total of 119 subjects were followed for 18 months postoperatively. Materials and methods Subjects with medicated intraocular pressure (IOP) 18–30 mmHg and postmedication-washout baseline IOP 22–38 mmHg were randomized to implantation of one, two, or three stents. Ocular hypotensive medication was to be used if postoperative IOP exceeded 18 mmHg. Results A total of 38 subjects were implanted with one stent, 41 subjects with two stents, and 40 subjects with three stents. Both month 12 IOP reduction ≥20% without ocular hypotensive medication vs baseline unmedicated IOP and month 12 unmedicated IOP ≤18 mmHg were achieved by 89.2%, 90.2%, and 92.1% of one-, two-, and three-stent eyes, respectively. Furthermore, 64.9%, 85.4%, and 92.1% of the three respective groups achieved unmedicated IOP ≤15 mmHg. Over the 18-month follow-up period, medication was required in seven one-stent subjects, four two-stent subjects, and three three-stent subjects. At 18 months, mean unmedicated IOP was 15.9±0.9 mmHg in one-stent subjects, 14.1±1.0 mmHg in two-stent subjects, and 12.2±1.1 mmHg in three-stent subjects. Month 18 IOP reduction was significantly greater (P<0.001) with implantation of each additional stent, with mean differences in reduction of 1.84 mmHg (95% confidence interval 0.96–2.73) for three-stent vs two-stent groups and 1.73 mmHg (95% confidence interval 0.83–2.64) for two-stent vs one-stent groups. Adverse events through 18 months were limited to cataract progression with best-corrected visual acuity loss and subsequent cataract surgery. Conclusion In this series, implantation of each additional stent resulted in significantly greater IOP reduction with reduced medication use. Titratability of stents as a sole procedure was shown to be effective and safe, with

Effect of Topical Calcium Channel Blockers on Intraocular Pressure in Steroid-induced Glaucoma.

PubMed

Ganekal, Sunil; Dorairaj, Syril; Jhanji, Vishal; Kudlu, Krishnaprasad

2014-01-01

To evaluate the effect of 0.125% verapamil and 0.5% diltiazem eye drops on intraocular pressure (IOP) in steroid-induced glaucoma in rabbit eyes. A total of 18 rabbits with steroid-induced glaucoma were divided into three groups (A, B and C; n = 6 each). Right eyes in groups A, B and C received 0.5% diltiazem, 0.125% verapamil and 0.5% timolol eye drops twice daily for 12 days, respectively; whereas, left eyes received distilled water. IOP was measured with Tono-pen XL at baseline, day 4, day 8, and day 12 of treatment. Both 0.5% diltiazem and 0.125% verapamil eye drops significantly reduced IOP compared to control eyes (p < 0.05). Reduction of IOP by 0.5% diltiazem, 0.125% verapamil eye drops were comparable to 0.5% timolol. No surface toxicity or systemic side effects were noted during the study period. Calcium channel blockers, verapamil, and diltia-zem significantly reduced IOP in rabbiteyes. This group of drugs may have a potential role in treatment of glaucoma How to cite this article: Ganekal S, Dorairaj S, Jhanji V, Kudlu K. Effect of Topical Calcium Channel Blockers on Intraocular Pressure in Steroid-induced Glaucoma. J Current Glau Prac 2014;8(1):15-19.

Evaluation of retinal ganglion cell function after intraocular pressure reduction measured by pattern electroretinogram in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.

PubMed

Karaśkiewicz, Joanna; Penkala, Krzysztof; Mularczyk, Maciej; Lubiński, Wojciech

2017-04-01

To evaluate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function after intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction measured by pattern electroretinogram (PERG) in patients with newly diagnosed, non-treated preperimetric and early stages of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Twenty-four eyes from 24 patients with POAG: 11 eyes with preperimetric glaucoma and 13 eyes with early glaucoma received Ganfort ® (bimatoprost + timolol) once a day for a period of 1 month. Before and after the treatment, following measurements were analyzed: IOP, mean ocular perfusion pressure (MOPP), peak time of P50 and amplitude of P50 and N95 waves in PERG (ISCEV standard 2012). Correlations between PERG P50 and N95 waves, IOP and MOPP were calculated. After therapy, IOP significantly decreased in all eyes, on average 31%. Significant increase in MOPP in all eyes on average 14% was detected. PERG amplitude of P50 and N95 waves increased in 75 and 79% eyes, respectively, on average P50 by 28% and N95 by 38%. There were no significant interactions between the change of PERG parameters in time and stage of glaucoma. Significant IOP-lowering therapy can improve RGC function measured by PERG, in patients with preperimetric and early stages of POAG.

Intermediate and Long-term Outcomes of Mitomycin C-enhanced Trabeculectomy as a First Glaucoma Procedure in Uveitic Glaucoma.

PubMed

Almobarak, Faisal A; Alharbi, Ali H; Morales, Jose; Aljadaan, Ibrahim

2017-05-01

To evaluate the intermediate and long-term outcomes of mitomycin C-enhanced trabeculectomy as a first glaucoma procedure in uveitic glaucoma. Retrospective cohort study included 70 eyes of 50 patients with uveitic glaucoma who underwent mitomycin C-enhanced trabeculectomy as a first glaucoma procedure at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between 1996 and 2014. The main outcome measures were: the intraocular pressure (IOP), the number of antiglaucoma medications, the presence of visually threatening complications, and the need for further surgeries to control the IOP. Surgical outcome of each eye was classified as an absolute success, qualified success, or failure, based on the main outcome measures. The mean follow-up period was 77.0 months (±40.9). The IOP and number of antiglaucoma medications decreased significantly from a mean of 39.5 mm Hg (±8.9) and 3.7 (±0.8) to 14.4 mm Hg (±6.9) and 1 (±1.3) at the last follow-up, respectively (P<0.001 for both). The cumulative probabilities of success were 60% and 35.7% at 36 and 60 months postoperatively, respectively. The most common complications were cataract development and progression (45.3%), hypotony (IOP ≤5 mm Hg) (30%) and IOP spike≥30 mm Hg (10%). Eighteen eyes (25.7%) needed a second procedure to control the IOP. Although mitomycin C-enhanced trabeculectomy offers reasonable intermediate and long-term IOP control and safety in uveitic glaucoma, a significant number of patients needed further procedures to control the pressure. Thus, continuous monitoring of the pressure and inflammation are crucial.

The period and Q of the Chandler wobble

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, M. L.; Dahlen, F. A.

1981-01-01

The calculation of the theoretical period of the Chandler wobble is extended to account for the non-hydrostatic portion of the earth's equatorial bulge and the effect of the fluid core upon the lengthening of the period due to the pole tide. The theoretical period of a realistic perfectly elastic earth with an equilibrium pole tide is found to be 426.7 sidereal days, which is 8.5 days shorter than the observed period of 435.2 days. Using Rayleigh's principle for a rotating earth, this discrepancy is exploited together with the observed Chandler Q to place constraints on the frequency dependence of mantle anelasticity. In all cases these limits arise from exceeding the 68 percent confidence limits of + or - 2.6 days in the observed period. Since slight departures from an equilibrium pole tide affect the Q much more strongly than the period, these limits are believed to be robust.

Meteorological and dust aerosol conditions over the western Saharan region observed at Fennec Supersite-2 during the intensive observation period in June 2011

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Todd, M. C.; Allen, C. J. T.; Bart, M.; Bechir, M.; Bentefouet, J.; Brooks, B. J.; Cavazos-Guerra, C.; Clovis, T.; Deyane, S.; Dieh, M.; Engelstaedter, S.; Flamant, C.; Garcia-Carreras, L.; Gandega, A.; Gascoyne, M.; Hobby, M.; Kocha, C.; Lavaysse, C.; Marsham, J. H.; Martins, J. V.; McQuaid, J. B.; Ngamini, J. B.; Parker, D. J.; Podvin, T.; Rocha-Lima, A.; Traore, S.; Wang, Y.; Washington, R.

2013-08-01

The climate of the Sahara is relatively poorly observed and understood, leading to errors in forecast model simulations. We describe observations from the Fennec Supersite-2 (SS2) at Zouerate, Mauritania during the June 2011 Fennec Intensive Observation Period. These provide an improved basis for understanding and evaluating processes, models, and remote sensing. Conditions during June 2011 show a marked distinction between: (i) a "Maritime phase" during the early part of the month when the western sector of the Sahara experienced cool northwesterly maritime flow throughout the lower troposphere with shallow daytime boundary layers, very little dust uplift/transport or cloud cover. (ii) A subsequent "heat low" phase which coincided with a marked and rapid westward shift in the Saharan heat low towards its mid-summer climatological position and advection of a deep hot, dusty air layer from the central Sahara (the "Saharan residual layer"). This transition affected the entire western-central Sahara. Dust advected over SS2 was primarily from episodic low-level jet (LLJ)-generated emission in the northeasterly flow around surface troughs. Unlike Fennec SS1, SS2 does not often experience cold pools from moist convection and associated dust emissions. The diurnal evolution at SS2 is strongly influenced by the Atlantic inflow (AI), a northwesterly flow of shallow, cool and moist air propagating overnight from coastal West Africa to reach SS2 in the early hours. The AI cools and moistens the western Saharan and weakens the nocturnal LLJ, limiting its dust-raising potential. We quantify the ventilation and moistening of the western flank of the Sahara by (i) the large-scale flow and (ii) the regular nocturnal AI and LLJ mesoscale processes.

Period Determination for (69315) 1992 UR2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Franco, Lorenzo; Marchini, Alessandro; Papini, Riccardo; Salvaggio, Fabio; Banfi, Massimo; Ago, Pasquale; Bacci, Paolo; Maestripieri, Martina; Baj, Giorgio; Bachini, Mauro; Foylan, Mike; Noschese, Alfonso; Zambelli, Roberto

2018-04-01

Photometric observations of the main-belt asteroid (69315) 1992 UR2 were conducted from a group of observers in order to determine its synodic rotation period. This asteroid turned out to be a slow rotator with a period of 106.25h ± 0.01 and an amplitude of 1.50 mag.

Search for a periodic signal from Cygnus X-3 usingmuons observed underground in the Frejus detector (4800 mwe)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bareyre, P.; Barloutaud, R.; Becker, K. H.; Behr, L.; Berger, C.; Bland, R. W.; Chardin, G.; Daum, H. J.; Degrange, B.; Demski, S.

1986-01-01

Periodic signals from Cygnus X-3 in the ultra high energy range were recently reported by air shower arrays and attributed to gamma rays. Although gamma rays are expected to produce muon-poor showers, the preceding observations have stimulated similar studies based on underground muons. Two groups have claimed a significant underground signal coming from Cygnus X-3. The results are, however, extremely difficult to explain in the present framework of particle physics, and clearly need confirmation. The preliminary results obtained from the Frejus underground detector during its first 16 months of operation (March 1984 to June 1985) are presented.

Changes in Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness after Multiple Injections of Novel VEGF Decoy Receptor Conbercept for Various Retinal Diseases.

PubMed

Zhang, Zhihua; Yang, Xiaolu; Jin, Huiyi; Qu, Yuan; Zhang, Yuan; Liu, Kun; Xu, Xun

2016-12-06

Conbercept is a recombinant fusion protein with high affinity for all vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms and placental growth factor. The repeated intravitreal injection of conbercept may cause intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuations and long-term suppression of neurotrophic cytokines, which could lead to retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) damage. This retrospective fellow-eye controlled study included 98 eyes of 49 patients. The changes in IOP and RNFL thickness as well as the correlation between RNFL changes and associated factors were evaluated. The IOP value between the baseline and the last follow-up visit in the injection group and the IOP value of the last follow-up visit between the injection and non-injection groups were not significantly different (p = 0.452 and 0.476, respectively). The global average thickness of the RNFL (μm) in the injection group decreased from 108.9 to 106.1; however, the change was not statistically significant (p = 0.118). No significant difference in the average RNFL thickness was observed at the last follow-up visit between the injection and non-injection groups (p = 0.821). The type of disease was the only factor associated with RNFL thickness changes. In conclusion, repeated intravitreal injections with 0.05 mL conbercept revealed an excellent safety profile for RNFL thickness, although short-term IOP changes were observed.

Quasi-periodic variations in x-ray emission and long-term radio observations: Evidence for a two-component jet in Sw J1644+57

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Jiu-Zhou; Lei, Wei-Hua; Wang, Ding-Xiong

2014-06-10

The continued observations of Sw J1644+57 in X-ray and radio bands accumulated a rich data set to study the relativistic jet launched in this tidal disruption event. The X-ray light curve of Sw J1644+57 from 5-30 days presents two kinds of quasi-periodic variations: a 200 s quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) and a 2.7 day quasi-periodic variation. The latter has been interpreted by a precessing jet launched near the Bardeen-Petterson radius of a warped disk. Here we suggest that the ∼200 s QPO could be associated with a second, narrower jet sweeping the observer line-of-sight periodically, which is launched from a spinningmore » black hole in the misaligned direction with respect to the black hole's angular momentum. In addition, we show that this two-component jet model can interpret the radio light curve of the event, especially the re-brightening feature starting ∼100 days after the trigger. From the data we infer that inner jet may have a Lorentz factor of Γ{sub j} ∼ 5.5 and a kinetic energy of E {sub k,} {sub iso} ∼ 3.0 × 10{sup 52} erg, while the outer jet may have a Lorentz factor of Γ{sub j} ∼ 2.5 and a kinetic energy of E{sub k,} {sub iso} ∼ 3.0 × 10{sup 53} erg.« less

Wound stability and surgically induced corneal astigmatism after transconjunctival single-plane sclerocorneal incision cataract surgery.

PubMed

Hayashi, Ken; Ogawa, Soichiro; Yoshida, Motoaki; Yoshimura, Koichi

2017-01-01

To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) immediately after cataract surgery, and surgically induced corneal astigmatism (SIA) and corneal shape changes between eyes with transconjunctival single-plane sclerocorneal incisions (TSSIs) and eyes with clear corneal incisions (CCIs). Bilateral eyes of 64 patients undergoing phacoemulsification were randomized to undergo 2.4-mm temporal TSSI or CCI. IOP was measured preoperatively, and in the immediate postoperative periods. SIA was determined using vector analysis, and corneal shape changes and irregular astigmatism were evaluated using a videokeratography preoperatively, and in the early postoperative periods. Wound hydration was performed in 23 eyes (35.9 %) of the TSSI group and in 60 (93.8 %) of the CCI group (P < 0.0001). Mean IOP was significantly higher in the TSSI group than in the CCI group at 30, 60, and 120 min postoperatively (P ≤ 0.0179). SIA tended to be smaller in the TSSI group than the CCI group, but the difference was not significant. The higher order irregular astigmatism was smaller in the TSSI group than in the CCI group at 2 days (P = 0.0312). The videokeratography revealed a wound-related flattening postoperatively in both groups; this change disappeared within 4 weeks in the TSSI group, whereas it persisted until 12 weeks in the CCI group. IOP was significantly higher immediately after TSSI than after CCI and required less wound hydration, suggesting better stability with TSSI. Higher order irregular astigmatism and wound-related corneal flattening were smaller after TSSI than after CCI in the early periods, suggesting that fewer corneal shape changes with TSSI.

Rotation periods of open-cluster stars, 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Prosser, Charles F.; Shetrone, Matthew D.; Marilli, Ettore; Catalano, Santo; Williams, Scott D.; Backman, Dana E.; Laaksonen, Bentley D.; Adige, Vikram; Marschall, Laurence A.; Stauffer, John R.

1993-01-01

We present the results from a photometric monitoring program of 21 stars observed during 1992 in the Pleiades and Alpha Persei open clusters. Period determinations for 16 stars are given, 13 of which are the first periods reported for these stars. Brightness variations for an additional five cluster stars are also given. One K dwarf member of the alpha Per cluster is observed to have a period of rotation of only 4.39 hr. perhaps the shortest period currently known among BY Draconis variables. The individual photometric measurements have been deposited with the NSSDC. Combining current X-ray flux determinations with known photometric periods, we illustrate the X-ray activity/rotation relation among Pleiades K dwarfs based on available data.

IUE observations of periodic comets Tempel-2, Kopff, and Tempel-1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Feldman, Paul D.; Festou, Michel C.

1992-01-01

We summarize the results of observations made between 10 Jun. - 18 Dec. 1988 with the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUS) of comet P/Tempel-2 during its 1988 appearance. The derived water production rate and relative gas/dust ratio are compared with those of P/Halley, observed with IUE in 1985-86, and other potential Comet Rendezvous/Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) target comets, P/Kopff and P/Tempel-1, both observed with IUE in 1983.

High energy X-ray observations of CYG X-3 from from OSO-8: Further evidence of a 34.1 day period

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dolan, J. F.; Crannell, C. J.; Dennis, B. R.; Frost, K. J.; Orwig, L. E.

1981-01-01

The X-ray source Cyg X-3 (=4U2030+40) was observed with the high energy X-ray spectrometer on OSO-8 for two weeks in 1975 and in 1976 and for one week in 1977. No change in spectral shape and intensity above 23 keV was observed from year to year. No correlation is observed between the source's intensity and the phase of the 34.1 day period discovered by Molteni, et al. (1980). The pulsed fraction of the 4.8 hour light curve between 23 and 73 keV varies from week to week, however, and the magnitude of the pulsed fraction appears to be correlated with the 34.1 day phase. No immediate explanation of this behavior is apparent in terms of previously proposed models of the source.

Pathophysiology of intraocular pressure increase and glaucoma prevalence in thyroid eye disease: a mini-review.

PubMed

Haefliger, I O; von Arx, G; Pimentel, A-R

2010-04-01

The aim of this study was to assess the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to intraocular pressure (IOP) increase and to review the prevalence of glaucoma in thyroid eye disease (TED), an autoimmune reaction affecting extra-ocular muscles and intra-orbital content in thyrotoxicosis (Grave's disease, hyperthyroidism). We applied the modified Friedenswald's and Goldmann's equations to explain the mechanisms by which IOP increases in TED and gave a brief review of the literature. In TED, Friedenswald's equation explains the ultra-short term IOP increase observed when eyes deviate from their primary gaze position (eyeball compression by enlarged and infiltrated extra-ocular muscles). Goldmann's equation explains the long-term IOP increase seen in TED (episcleral venous pressure elevation secondary to intraorbital content and pressure increase). Most studies did not find a significant increase in glaucoma prevalence in patients with TED. In TED, glaucoma prevalence does not seem to be significantly increased and, from a pathophysiological standpoint, the long-term IOP increase is essentially due to episcleral venous pressure elevation. Copyright Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart . New York.

5 Percent Ares I Scale Model Acoustic Test: Overpressure Characterization and Analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alvord, David; Casiano, Matthew; McDaniels, Dave

2011-01-01

During the ignition of a ducted solid rocket motor (SRM), rapid expansion of injected hot gases from the motor into a confined volume causes the development of a steep fronted wave. This low frequency transient wave propagates outward from the exhaust duct, impinging the vehicle and ground structures. An unsuppressed overpressure wave can potentially cause modal excitation in the structures and vehicle, subsequently leading to damage. This presentation details the ignition transient f indings from the 5% Ares I Scale Model Acoustic Test (ASMAT). The primary events of the ignition transient environment induced by the SRM are the ignition overpressure (IOP), duct overpressure (DOP), and source overpressure (SOP). The resulting observations include successful knockdown of the IOP environment through use of a Space Shuttle derived IOP suppression system, a potential load applied to the vehicle stemming from instantaneous asymmetrical IOP and DOP wave impingement, and launch complex geometric influences on the environment. The results are scaled to a full-scale Ares I equivalent and compared with heritage data including Ares I-X and both suppressed and unsuppressed Space Shuttle IOP environments.

Beam-induced and cosmic-ray backgrounds observed in the ATLAS detector during the LHC 2012 proton-proton running period

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aad, G.; Abbott, B.; Abdallah, J.; Abdinov, O.; Abeloos, B.; Aben, R.; Abolins, M.; AbouZeid, O. S.; Abraham, N. L.; Abramowicz, H.; Abreu, H.; Abreu, R.; Abulaiti, Y.; Acharya, B. S.; Adamczyk, L.; Adams, D. L.; Adelman, J.; Adomeit, S.; Adye, T.; Affolder, A. A.; Agatonovic-Jovin, T.; Agricola, J.; Aguilar-Saavedra, J. A.; Ahlen, S. P.; Ahmadov, F.; Aielli, G.; Akerstedt, H.; Åkesson, T. P. A.; Akimov, A. V.; Alberghi, G. L.; Albert, J.; Albrand, S.; Alconada Verzini, M. J.; Aleksa, M.; Aleksandrov, I. N.; Alexa, C.; Alexander, G.; Alexopoulos, T.; Alhroob, M.; Aliev, M.; Alimonti, G.; Alison, J.; Alkire, S. P.; Allbrooke, B. M. M.; Allen, B. W.; Allport, P. P.; Aloisio, A.; Alonso, A.; Alonso, F.; Alpigiani, C.; Alvarez Gonzalez, B.; Álvarez Piqueras, D.; Alviggi, M. G.; Amadio, B. T.; Amako, K.; Amaral Coutinho, Y.; Amelung, C.; Amidei, D.; Amor Dos Santos, S. P.; Amorim, A.; Amoroso, S.; Amram, N.; Amundsen, G.; Anastopoulos, C.; Ancu, L. S.; Andari, N.; Andeen, T.; Anders, C. F.; Anders, G.; Anders, J. K.; Anderson, K. J.; Andreazza, A.; Andrei, V.; Angelidakis, S.; Angelozzi, I.; Anger, P.; Angerami, A.; Anghinolfi, F.; Anisenkov, A. V.; Anjos, N.; Annovi, A.; Antonelli, M.; Antonov, A.; Antos, J.; Anulli, F.; Aoki, M.; Aperio Bella, L.; Arabidze, G.; Arai, Y.; Araque, J. P.; Arce, A. T. H.; Arduh, F. A.; Arduini, G.; Arguin, J.-F.; Argyropoulos, S.; Arik, M.; Armbruster, A. J.; Armitage, L. J.; Arnaez, O.; Arnold, H.; Arratia, M.; Arslan, O.; Artamonov, A.; Artoni, G.; Artz, S.; Asai, S.; Asbah, N.; Ashkenazi, A.; Åsman, B.; Asquith, L.; Assamagan, K.; Astalos, R.; Atkinson, M.; Atlay, N. B.; Augsten, K.; Avolio, G.; Axen, B.; Ayoub, M. K.; Azuelos, G.; Baak, M. A.; Baas, A. E.; Baca, M. J.; Bachacou, H.; Bachas, K.; Backes, M.; Backhaus, M.; Bagiacchi, P.; Bagnaia, P.; Bai, Y.; Baines, J. T.; Baker, O. K.; Baldin, E. M.; Balek, P.; Balestri, T.; Balli, F.; Balunas, W. K.; Banas, E.; Banerjee, Sw.; Bannoura, A. A. E.; Barak, L.; Barberio, E. L.; Barberis, D.; Barbero, M.; Barillari, T.; Barklow, T.; Barlow, N.; Barnes, S. L.; Barnett, B. M.; Barnett, R. M.; Barnovska, Z.; Baroncelli, A.; Barone, G.; Barr, A. J.; Barranco Navarro, L.; Barreiro, F.; Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, J.; Bartoldus, R.; Barton, A. E.; Bartos, P.; Basalaev, A.; Bassalat, A.; Basye, A.; Bates, R. L.; Batista, S. J.; Batley, J. R.; Battaglia, M.; Bauce, M.; Bauer, F.; Bawa, H. S.; Beacham, J. B.; Beattie, M. D.; Beau, T.; Beauchemin, P. H.; Bechtle, P.; Beck, H. P.; Becker, K.; Becker, M.; Beckingham, M.; Becot, C.; Beddall, A. J.; Beddall, A.; Bednyakov, V. A.; Bedognetti, M.; Bee, C. P.; Beemster, L. J.; Beermann, T. A.; Begel, M.; Behr, J. K.; Belanger-Champagne, C.; Bell, A. S.; Bella, G.; Bellagamba, L.; Bellerive, A.; Bellomo, M.; Belotskiy, K.; Beltramello, O.; Belyaev, N. L.; Benary, O.; Benchekroun, D.; Bender, M.; Bendtz, K.; Benekos, N.; Benhammou, Y.; Benhar Noccioli, E.; Benitez, J.; Benitez Garcia, J. A.; Benjamin, D. P.; Bensinger, J. R.; Bentvelsen, S.; Beresford, L.; Beretta, M.; Berge, D.; Bergeaas Kuutmann, E.; Berger, N.; Berghaus, F.; Beringer, J.; Berlendis, S.; Bernard, N. R.; Bernius, C.; Bernlochner, F. U.; Berry, T.; Berta, P.; Bertella, C.; Bertoli, G.; Bertolucci, F.; Bertram, I. A.; Bertsche, C.; Bertsche, D.; Besjes, G. J.; Bessidskaia Bylund, O.; Bessner, M.; Besson, N.; Betancourt, C.; Bethke, S.; Bevan, A. J.; Bhimji, W.; Bianchi, R. M.; Bianchini, L.; Bianco, M.; Biebel, O.; Biedermann, D.; Bielski, R.; Biesuz, N. V.; Biglietti, M.; Bilbao De Mendizabal, J.; Bilokon, H.; Bindi, M.; Binet, S.; Bingul, A.; Bini, C.; Biondi, S.; Bjergaard, D. M.; Black, C. W.; Black, J. E.; Black, K. M.; Blackburn, D.; Blair, R. E.; Blanchard, J.-B.; Blanco, J. E.; Blazek, T.; Bloch, I.; Blocker, C.; Blum, W.; Blumenschein, U.; Blunier, S.; Bobbink, G. J.; Bobrovnikov, V. S.; Bocchetta, S. S.; Bocci, A.; Bock, C.; Boehler, M.; Boerner, D.; Bogaerts, J. A.; Bogavac, D.; Bogdanchikov, A. G.; Bohm, C.; Boisvert, V.; Bold, T.; Boldea, V.; Boldyrev, A. S.; Bomben, M.; Bona, M.; Boonekamp, M.; Borisov, A.; Borissov, G.; Bortfeldt, J.; Bortoletto, D.; Bortolotto, V.; Bos, K.; Boscherini, D.; Bosman, M.; Bossio Sola, J. D.; Boudreau, J.; Bouffard, J.; Bouhova-Thacker, E. V.; Boumediene, D.; Bourdarios, C.; Boutle, S. K.; Boveia, A.; Boyd, J.; Boyko, I. R.; Bracinik, J.; Brandt, A.; Brandt, G.; Brandt, O.; Bratzler, U.; Brau, B.; Brau, J. E.; Braun, H. M.; Breaden Madden, W. D.; Brendlinger, K.; Brennan, A. J.; Brenner, L.; Brenner, R.; Bressler, S.; Bristow, T. M.; Britton, D.; Britzger, D.; Brochu, F. M.; Brock, I.; Brock, R.; Brooijmans, G.; Brooks, T.; Brooks, W. K.; Brosamer, J.; Brost, E.; Broughton, J. H.; Bruce, R.; Bruckman de Renstrom, P. A.; Bruncko, D.; Bruneliere, R.; Bruni, A.; Bruni, G.; Brunt, BH; Bruschi, M.; Bruscino, N.; Bryant, P.; Bryngemark, L.; Buanes, T.; Buat, Q.; Buchholz, P.; Buckley, A. G.; Budagov, I. A.; Buehrer, F.; Bugge, M. K.; Bulekov, O.; Bullock, D.; Burckhart, H.; Burdin, S.; Burgard, C. D.; Burghgrave, B.; Burka, K.; Burke, S.; Burmeister, I.; Busato, E.; Büscher, D.; Büscher, V.; Bussey, P.; Butler, J. M.; Butt, A. I.; Buttar, C. M.; Butterworth, J. M.; Butti, P.; Buttinger, W.; Buzatu, A.; Buzykaev, A. R.; Cabrera Urbán, S.; Caforio, D.; Cairo, V. M.; Cakir, O.; Calace, N.; Calafiura, P.; Calandri, A.; Calderini, G.; Calfayan, P.; Caloba, L. P.; Calvet, D.; Calvet, S.; Calvet, T. P.; Camacho Toro, R.; Camarda, S.; Camarri, P.; Cameron, D.; Caminal Armadans, R.; Camincher, C.; Campana, S.; Campanelli, M.; Campoverde, A.; Canale, V.; Canepa, A.; Cano Bret, M.; Cantero, J.; Cantrill, R.; Cao, T.; Capeans Garrido, M. D. M.; Caprini, I.; Caprini, M.; Capua, M.; Caputo, R.; Carbone, R. M.; Cardarelli, R.; Cardillo, F.; Carli, T.; Carlino, G.; Carminati, L.; Caron, S.; Carquin, E.; Carrillo-Montoya, G. D.; Carter, J. R.; Carvalho, J.; Casadei, D.; Casado, M. P.; Casolino, M.; Casper, D. 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A.; Turchikhin, S.; Turecek, D.; Turgeman, D.; Turra, R.; Turvey, A. J.; Tuts, P. M.; Tyndel, M.; Ucchielli, G.; Ueda, I.; Ueno, R.; Ughetto, M.; Ukegawa, F.; Unal, G.; Undrus, A.; Unel, G.; Ungaro, F. C.; Unno, Y.; Unverdorben, C.; Urban, J.; Urquijo, P.; Urrejola, P.; Usai, G.; Usanova, A.; Vacavant, L.; Vacek, V.; Vachon, B.; Valderanis, C.; Valdes Santurio, E.; Valencic, N.; Valentinetti, S.; Valero, A.; Valery, L.; Valkar, S.; Vallecorsa, S.; Valls Ferrer, J. A.; Van Den Wollenberg, W.; Van Der Deijl, P. C.; van der Geer, R.; van der Graaf, H.; van Eldik, N.; van Gemmeren, P.; Van Nieuwkoop, J.; van Vulpen, I.; van Woerden, M. C.; Vanadia, M.; Vandelli, W.; Vanguri, R.; Vaniachine, A.; Vankov, P.; Vardanyan, G.; Vari, R.; Varnes, E. W.; Varol, T.; Varouchas, D.; Vartapetian, A.; Varvell, K. E.; Vasquez, J. G.; Vazeille, F.; Vazquez Schroeder, T.; Veatch, J.; Veloce, L. M.; Veloso, F.; Veneziano, S.; Ventura, A.; Venturi, M.; Venturi, N.; Venturini, A.; Vercesi, V.; Verducci, M.; Verkerke, W.; Vermeulen, J. C.; Vest, A.; Vetterli, M. C.; Viazlo, O.; Vichou, I.; Vickey, T.; Boeriu, O. E. Vickey; Viehhauser, G. H. A.; Viel, S.; Vigani, L.; Vigne, R.; Villa, M.; Villaplana Perez, M.; Vilucchi, E.; Vincter, M. G.; Vinogradov, V. B.; Vittori, C.; Vivarelli, I.; Vlachos, S.; Vlasak, M.; Vogel, M.; Vokac, P.; Volpi, G.; Volpi, M.; von der Schmitt, H.; von Toerne, E.; Vorobel, V.; Vorobev, K.; Vos, M.; Voss, R.; Vossebeld, J. H.; Vranjes, N.; Vranjes Milosavljevic, M.; Vrba, V.; Vreeswijk, M.; Vuillermet, R.; Vukotic, I.; Vykydal, Z.; Wagner, P.; Wagner, W.; Wahlberg, H.; Wahrmund, S.; Wakabayashi, J.; Walder, J.; Walker, R.; Walkowiak, W.; Wallangen, V.; Wang, C.; Wang, C.; Wang, F.; Wang, H.; Wang, H.; Wang, J.; Wang, J.; Wang, K.; Wang, R.; Wang, S. M.; Wang, T.; Wang, T.; Wang, X.; Wanotayaroj, C.; Warburton, A.; Ward, C. P.; Wardrope, D. R.; Washbrook, A.; Watkins, P. M.; Watson, A. T.; Watson, I. J.; Watson, M. F.; Watts, G.; Watts, S.; Waugh, B. M.; Webb, S.; Weber, M. S.; Weber, S. W.; Webster, J. S.; Weidberg, A. R.; Weinert, B.; Weingarten, J.; Weiser, C.; Weits, H.; Wells, P. S.; Wenaus, T.; Wengler, T.; Wenig, S.; Wermes, N.; Werner, M.; Werner, P.; Wessels, M.; Wetter, J.; Whalen, K.; Whallon, N. L.; Wharton, A. M.; White, A.; White, M. J.; White, R.; White, S.; Whiteson, D.; Wickens, F. J.; Wiedenmann, W.; Wielers, M.; Wienemann, P.; Wiglesworth, C.; Wiik-Fuchs, L. A. M.; Wildauer, A.; Wilk, F.; Wilkens, H. G.; Williams, H. H.; Williams, S.; Willis, C.; Willocq, S.; Wilson, J. A.; Wingerter-Seez, I.; Winklmeier, F.; Winston, O. J.; Winter, B. T.; Wittgen, M.; Wittkowski, J.; Wollstadt, S. J.; Wolter, M. W.; Wolters, H.; Wosiek, B. K.; Wotschack, J.; Woudstra, M. J.; Wozniak, K. W.; Wu, M.; Wu, M.; Wu, S. L.; Wu, X.; Wu, Y.; Wyatt, T. R.; Wynne, B. M.; Xella, S.; Xu, D.; Xu, L.; Yabsley, B.; Yacoob, S.; Yakabe, R.; Yamaguchi, D.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Yamamoto, A.; Yamamoto, S.; Yamanaka, T.; Yamauchi, K.; Yamazaki, Y.; Yan, Z.; Yang, H.; Yang, H.; Yang, Y.; Yang, Z.; Yao, W.-M.; Yap, Y. C.; Yasu, Y.; Yatsenko, E.; Yau Wong, K. H.; Ye, J.; Ye, S.; Yeletskikh, I.; Yen, A. L.; Yildirim, E.; Yorita, K.; Yoshida, R.; Yoshihara, K.; Young, C.; Young, C. J. S.; Youssef, S.; Yu, D. R.; Yu, J.; Yu, J. M.; Yu, J.; Yuan, L.; Yuen, S. P. Y.; Yusuff, I.; Zabinski, B.; Zaidan, R.; Zaitsev, A. M.; Zakharchuk, N.; Zalieckas, J.; Zaman, A.; Zambito, S.; Zanello, L.; Zanzi, D.; Zeitnitz, C.; Zeman, M.; Zemla, A.; Zeng, J. C.; Zeng, Q.; Zengel, K.; Zenin, O.; Ženiš, T.; Zerwas, D.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, X.; Zhao, Y.; Zhao, Z.; Zhemchugov, A.; Zhong, J.; Zhou, B.; Zhou, C.; Zhou, L.; Zhou, L.; Zhou, M.; Zhou, N.; Zhu, C. G.; Zhu, H.; Zhu, J.; Zhu, Y.; Zhuang, X.; Zhukov, K.; Zibell, A.; Zieminska, D.; Zimine, N. I.; Zimmermann, C.; Zimmermann, S.; Zinonos, Z.; Zinser, M.; Ziolkowski, M.; Živković, L.; Zobernig, G.; Zoccoli, A.; zur Nedden, M.; Zurzolo, G.; Zwalinski, L.

2016-05-01

This paper discusses various observations on beam-induced and cosmic-ray backgrounds in the ATLAS detector during the LHC 2012 proton-proton run. Building on published results based on 2011 data, the correlations between background and residual pressure of the beam vacuum are revisited. Ghost charge evolution over 2012 and its role for backgrounds are evaluated. New methods to monitor ghost charge with beam-gas rates are presented and observations of LHC abort gap population by ghost charge are discussed in detail. Fake jets from colliding bunches and from ghost charge are analysed with improved methods, showing that ghost charge in individual radio-frequency buckets of the LHC can be resolved. Some results of two short periods of dedicated cosmic-ray background data-taking are shown; in particular cosmic-ray muon induced fake jet rates are compared to Monte Carlo simulations and to the fake jet rates from beam background. A thorough analysis of a particular LHC fill, where abnormally high background was observed, is presented. Correlations between backgrounds and beam intensity losses in special fills with very high β* are studied.

Statistical tests of peaks and periodicities in the observed redshift distribution of quasi-stellar objects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duari, Debiprosad; Gupta, Patrick D.; Narlikar, Jayant V.

1992-01-01

An overview of statistical tests of peaks and periodicities in the redshift distribution of quasi-stellar objects is presented. The tests include the power-spectrum analysis carried out by Burbidge and O'Dell (1972), the generalized Rayleigh test, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and the 'comb-tooth' test. The tests reveal moderate to strong evidence for periodicities of 0.0565 and 0.0127-0.0129. The confidence level of the periodicity of 0.0565 in fact marginally increases when redshifts are transformed to the Galactocentric frame. The same periodicity, first noticed in 1968, persists to date with a QSO population that has since grown about 30 times its original size. The prima facie evidence for periodicities in 1n(1 + z) is found to be of no great significance.

Global Scale Periodic Responses in Saturn’s Magnetosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jia, Xianzhe; Kivelson, Margaret G.

2017-10-01

Despite having an axisymmetric internal magnetic field, Saturn’s magnetosphere exhibits periodic modulations in a variety of properties at periods close to the planetary rotation period. While the source of the periodicity remains unidentified, it is evident from Cassini observations that much of Saturn’s magnetospheric structure and dynamics is dominated by global-scale responses to the driving source of the periodicity. We have developed a global MHD model in which a rotating field-aligned current system is introduced by imposing vortical flows in the high-latitude ionosphere in order to simulate the magnetospheric periodicities. The model has been utilized to quantitatively characterize various periodic responses in the magnetosphere, such as the displacement of the magnetopause and bow shock and flapping of the tail plasma sheet, all of which show quantitative agreement with Cassini observations. One of our model predictions is periodic release of plasmoids in the tail that occurs preferentially in the midnight-to-dawn local time sector during each rotation cycle. Here we present detailed analysis of the periodic responses seen in our simulations focusing on the properties of plasmoids predicted by the model, including their spatial distribution, occurrence frequency, and mass loss rate. We will compare these modeled parameters with published Cassini observations, and discuss their implications for interpreting in-situ measurements.

The Effect of Dehydration and Fasting on Corneal Biomechanical Properties and Intraocular Pressure.

PubMed

Oltulu, Refik; Satirtav, Gunhal; Ersan, Ismail; Soylu, Erkan; Okka, Mehmet; Zengin, Nazmi

2016-11-01

To evaluate the changes in corneal biomechanical properties and intraocular pressure (IOP) during fasting period in healthy subjects. Seventy-two eyes of 72 fasting subjects (study group), and 62 eyes of 62 nonfasting subjects (control group) were enrolled in this prospective study undertaken at a single university hospital. All subjects underwent complete ophthalmologic examination including ocular biomechanical evaluation with ocular response analyzer. Ocular response analyzer measurement was performed on the right eyes of the subjects between 5.00 and 6.00 PM after approximately 14 hr of fasting for the study group and after a nonfasting period for the control group. The corneal hysteresis, corneal resistance factor, mean corneal compensated IOP (IOPcc), and Goldmann-correlated IOP (IOPg) values were measured with a patented dynamic bidirectional applanation process. Goldmann-correlated IOP and IOPcc measurements in the study group and the control group were found as 13.8±2.8 mm Hg, 14.6±2.6 mm Hg and 16.3±2.2 mm Hg, 15.7±2.4 mm Hg, respectively. There was statistically significant difference within the two groups in IOPg and IOPcc (P<0.001). In addition, corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor significantly decreased in study group compared with control group (P<0.001, P=0.012, respectively). Prolonged fasting causes a significant decrease in IOPg, IOPcc, corneal hysteresis, and corneal resistance factor in healthy subjects, altering the biomechanical properties of the cornea.

The ESCOMPTE program: an overview

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cros, B.; Durand, P.; Cachier, H.; Drobinski, Ph.; Fréjafon, E.; Kottmeier, C.; Perros, P. E.; Peuch, V.-H.; Ponche, J.-L.; Robin, D.; Saı̈d, F.; Toupance, G.; Wortham, H.

2004-01-01

In this paper, the "Expérience sur Site pour COntraindre les Modèles de Pollution atmosphérique et de Transport d'Emissions" (ESCOMPTE) program is presented. The ESCOMPTE program is used to produce a relevant set of data for testing and evaluating regional pollution models. It includes high-resolution (in space and time) atmospheric emission inventories and field experiments, and covers an area of 120×120 km, centered over the Marseilles-Berre area in the southeast of France during Summer 2001. This region presents a high occurrence of photochemical pollution events, which result from numerous industrial and urban sources of primary pollutants. From the dynamical characteristics of the area, sea-breeze circulation and channeling effects due to terrain features highly influence the location of the pollutant plumes. ESCOMPTE will provide a highly documented framework for dynamics and chemistry studies. Campaign strategies and experimental set up are described. During the planning phase, existing modeling results helped defining the experimental design. The campaign involved surface measurement networks, remote sensing, ship-borne, balloon-borne, and airplane measurements. Mean standard meteorological parameters and turbulent fluxes, ozone, ozone precursors, photochemically active trace gases, and aerosols were measured. Five intensive observation periods (IOPs) were documented using a wide spectrum of instruments, involving aircraft (7) (one of them equipped with a Doppler lidar, the others for in situ meteorological and chemical measurements), constant volume balloons (33), ozone lidars (5), wind profilers (15 sodars and radars), Doppler scanning lidar (1), radiosonde systems (at 4 locations), instrumented ships (2). In addition to the air quality networks from environmental agencies, 15 supplementary ground stations equipped for chemistry and/or meteorology and/or surface flux measurements, were operational. All instruments were calibrated and compared during a

Periodic surface instabilities in stressed polymer solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsukruk, Vladimir V.; Reneker, Darrell H.

1995-03-01

The surface morphology of isothermally grown polymer single crystals of polypropylene is observed by atomic force microscopy. The distinguishing features of the polymer single crystals studied are periodic undulations and transverse fractures (cracks) across the single crystal laths. Up to 20 wrinkles are observed near the edges of the cracks. The periodicity of these surface perturbations is 400+/-100 nm and the amplitude is 6+/-3 nm. The formation of the periodic modulations and transverse fractures is attributed to surface stress relief caused by the uniaxial thermal contraction of polymer solids.

Reconstruction of delayed scleral flap melting with bovine pericardium after trabeculectomy with mitomycin C

PubMed Central

Coutinho, Inês; Silva, Diana; Mota, Mafalda; Lisboa, Maria; Trancoso Vaz, Fernando; Prieto, Isabel

2017-01-01

Aim: To present a challenging case of hypotony after trabeculectomy and its treatment. Case description: A 22-year-old woman with juvenile glaucoma underwent a conventional trabeculectomy with mitomycin C on the right eye (OD). In the immediate postoperative period, we observed a hyperfiltration bleb with hypotony refractory to conservative measures leading to hypotony maculopathy. A surgical revision with scleral flap resuture and conjunctival graft was performed with a satisfactory result and resolution of hypotony maculopathy. After two years, the patient complained of low visual acuity (VA) of the OD. During examination, we observed a fine and avascular bleb with Seidel and visualization of the underlying uveal tissue, an intraocular pressure (IOP) of 5 mmHg, and chorioretinal folds. A new revision of the trabeculectomy was performed. During the procedure, it was not possible to identify the scleral flap, so the fistula was closed with a patch of collagenous membrane derived from bovine pericardium (Tutopatch® graft). A good clinical evolution occurred. After 2 months, IOP was 15 mmHg without Seidel or changes in the fundus and VA was 20/20. After 8 months of follow-up, the IOP remains stable without further complaints. Conclusion: This case illustrates the difficulties faced in the management of a common complication of trabeculectomy and highlights some of the options available for its treatment. There are few reports of scleral melting after trabeculectomy. However, trauma and scleral necrosis associated with mitomycin are listed as the main causes. The use of a scleral patch derived from bovine pericardium allows effective suturing and closure of the aqueous leak. PMID:28695073

Period changes of the long-period cataclysmic binary EX Draconis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pilarčík, L.; Wolf, M.; Dubovský, P. A.; Hornoch, K.; Kotková, L.

2012-03-01

The cataclysmic variable star EX Dra is a relatively faint but frequently investigated eclipsing dwarf nova. In total 35 new eclipses were measured photometrically as part of our long-term monitoring of interesting eclipsing systems. Using published and new mid-eclipse times obtained between 2004 and 2011 we constructed the observed-minus-calculated diagram. The current data present 21 years of period modulation with a semi-amplitude of 2.5 min. The eclipse timings show significant deviations from the best sinusoidal fit, which indicates that this ephemeris is not a complete description of the data. The fractional period change is roughly ΔP/P = 3 × 10-6.

The Effect of a Diving Mask on Intraocular Pressure in a Healthy Population.

PubMed

Goenadi, Catherina Josephine; Law, David Zhiwei; Lee, Jia Wen; Ong, Ee Lin; Chee, Wai Kitt; Cheng, Jason

2016-01-01

Swimming goggles increase the intraocular pressure (IOP) via the periorbital frame pressure and suction effect. In comparison, diving masks have a larger frame rim and incorporate the nose. The exact effect(s) of diving masks on IOP is unknown. This study evaluates the influence of diving masks on IOP in normal, healthy subjects. Tonometry was performed in both eyes of all subjects with an AVIA(®)Tono-Pen by a single investigator. Measurements were taken at baseline without the diving mask and with the subjects wearing a small-volume, double-window diving mask, but with the mask lenses removed. Two IOP readings in each eye were measured, and an additional reading was measured if the difference between the initial 2 was ≥2 mm Hg. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was also measured in each eye, using a contact pachymeter (OcuScan(®)Alcon). Forty eyes of 20 healthy volunteers (age 29.7 ± 9.3 years; range 21-52) were included. The mean CCT was 544.4 ± 43.5 µm. The mean IOP before the diving mask was worn had been 17.23 ± 2.18 mm Hg (n = 40). The IOP decreased by 0.43 mm Hg (p $1003c; 0.05) to 16.80 ± 2.57 mm Hg after the diving mask had been put on. There was no correlation between IOP change and age (r = 0.143, p = 0.337), gender (r = -0.174, p = 0.283) or CCT (r = -0.123, p = 0.445). There was no increase in IOP after the diving mask had been worn. A small but statistically significant decrease in IOP was observed. This study demonstrates that unlike swimming goggles, the strap tension and frame pressure on the periorbital tissue from a diving mask does not increase IOP. Diving masks may be a suitable alternative to swimming goggles for patients with advanced glaucoma or glaucoma filtration surgery.

The Effect of a Diving Mask on Intraocular Pressure in a Healthy Population

PubMed Central

Goenadi, Catherina Josephine; Law, David Zhiwei; Lee, Jia Wen; Ong, Ee Lin; Chee, Wai Kitt; Cheng, Jason

2016-01-01

Purpose Swimming goggles increase the intraocular pressure (IOP) via the periorbital frame pressure and suction effect. In comparison, diving masks have a larger frame rim and incorporate the nose. The exact effect(s) of diving masks on IOP is unknown. This study evaluates the influence of diving masks on IOP in normal, healthy subjects. Methods Tonometry was performed in both eyes of all subjects with an AVIA®Tono-Pen by a single investigator. Measurements were taken at baseline without the diving mask and with the subjects wearing a small-volume, double-window diving mask, but with the mask lenses removed. Two IOP readings in each eye were measured, and an additional reading was measured if the difference between the initial 2 was ≥2 mm Hg. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was also measured in each eye, using a contact pachymeter (OcuScan®Alcon). Results Forty eyes of 20 healthy volunteers (age 29.7 ± 9.3 years; range 21–52) were included. The mean CCT was 544.4 ± 43.5 µm. The mean IOP before the diving mask was worn had been 17.23 ± 2.18 mm Hg (n = 40). The IOP decreased by 0.43 mm Hg (p $1003c; 0.05) to 16.80 ± 2.57 mm Hg after the diving mask had been put on. There was no correlation between IOP change and age (r = 0.143, p = 0.337), gender (r = −0.174, p = 0.283) or CCT (r = −0.123, p = 0.445). Conclusion There was no increase in IOP after the diving mask had been worn. A small but statistically significant decrease in IOP was observed. This study demonstrates that unlike swimming goggles, the strap tension and frame pressure on the periorbital tissue from a diving mask does not increase IOP. Diving masks may be a suitable alternative to swimming goggles for patients with advanced glaucoma or glaucoma filtration surgery. PMID:27462262

Long-period quasi-periodic oscillations of a small-scale magnetic structure on the Sun

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kolotkov, D. Y.; Smirnova, V. V.; Strekalova, P. V.; Riehokainen, A.; Nakariakov, V. M.

2017-02-01

Aims: Long-period quasi-periodic variations of the average magnetic field in a small-scale magnetic structure on the Sun are analysed. The structure is situated at the photospheric level and is involved in a facula formation in the chromosphere. Methods: The observational signal obtained from the SDO/HMI line-of-sight magnetograms of the target structure has a non-stationary behaviour, and is therefore processed with the Hilbert-Huang Transform spectral technique. Results: The empirical decomposition of the original signal and subsequent testing of the statistical significance of its intrinsic modes reveal the presence of the white and pink noisy components for the periods shorter and longer than 10 min, respectively, and a significant oscillatory mode. The oscillation is found to have a non-stationary period growing from approximately 80 to 230 min and an increasing relative amplitude, while the mean magnetic field in the oscillating structure is seen to decrease. The observed behaviour could be interpreted either by the dynamical interaction of the structure with the boundaries of supergranula cells in the region of interest or in terms of the vortex shedding appearing during the magnetic flux emergence.

Clinical outcomes of Ahmed glaucoma valve in anterior chamber versus ciliary sulcus.

PubMed

Bayer, A; Önol, M

2017-04-01

PurposeTo evaluate the outcomes of Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) tube insertion through the anterior chamber angle (ACA) or through the ciliary sulcus (CS).Patients and methodsIn this case-control study, we retrospectively reviewed the charts of consecutive glaucoma patients who had undergone AGV implantation either through the ACA or the CS between March 2009 and December 2014. The main outcome measures were intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications prescribed, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), glaucoma type, success rate, complications, and survival ratios. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS.ResultsThere were 68 eyes in the ACA group and 35 eyes in the CS group. There were no significant differences between the groups for age, sex, laterality, IOP, preoperative glaucoma medication number, BCVA or glaucoma type (P>0.05). The postoperative follow-up period was 27.2±16.5 months and 30.2±17.7 months for the ACA and the CS groups (P=0.28); IOP values were significantly reduced at the last visit to 16.4±7.2 mm Hg and 14.4±6.8 mm Hg. The difference in the last-visit IOP between the groups was not significant (P=0.06), but the IOP reduction ratio was higher in the CS group (P=0.03). There was no significant difference in the number of postoperative medications (P=0.18). Postoperative complications were similar, but the incidence of flat anterior chamber was higher in the ACA group (P=0.05).ConclusionsThe use of an AGV can control IOP in the majority of cases whether placed in the ACA or the CS. The IOP reduction ratio seemed to be higher in the CS group.

Clinical outcomes of Ahmed glaucoma valve in anterior chamber versus ciliary sulcus

PubMed Central

Bayer, A; Önol, M

2017-01-01

Purpose To evaluate the outcomes of Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) tube insertion through the anterior chamber angle (ACA) or through the ciliary sulcus (CS). Patients and methods In this case-control study, we retrospectively reviewed the charts of consecutive glaucoma patients who had undergone AGV implantation either through the ACA or the CS between March 2009 and December 2014. The main outcome measures were intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications prescribed, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), glaucoma type, success rate, complications, and survival ratios. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS. Results There were 68 eyes in the ACA group and 35 eyes in the CS group. There were no significant differences between the groups for age, sex, laterality, IOP, preoperative glaucoma medication number, BCVA or glaucoma type (P>0.05). The postoperative follow-up period was 27.2±16.5 months and 30.2±17.7 months for the ACA and the CS groups (P=0.28); IOP values were significantly reduced at the last visit to 16.4±7.2 mm Hg and 14.4±6.8 mm Hg. The difference in the last-visit IOP between the groups was not significant (P=0.06), but the IOP reduction ratio was higher in the CS group (P=0.03). There was no significant difference in the number of postoperative medications (P=0.18). Postoperative complications were similar, but the incidence of flat anterior chamber was higher in the ACA group (P=0.05). Conclusions The use of an AGV can control IOP in the majority of cases whether placed in the ACA or the CS. The IOP reduction ratio seemed to be higher in the CS group. PMID:27983734

Intraocular pressure and superior ophthalmic vein blood flow velocity in Graves' orbitopathy: relation with the clinical features.

PubMed

Konuk, Onur; Onaran, Zafer; Ozhan Oktar, Suna; Yucel, Cem; Unal, Mehmet

2009-11-01

The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of intraocular pressure (IOP) and superior ophthalmic vein blood flow velocity (SOV-BFV) with the clinical features of Graves' orbitopathy. During the 2002-2007 period, 66 eyes of 34 Graves' orbitopathy cases were classified as mild, moderate and severe orbital disease, and evaluated according to their clinical features as: i)type 1 vs type 2 cases, and ii) cases with or without dysthyroid optic neuropathy. In all patients, a full ophthalmic examination including IOP and Hertel measurements was performed. SOV-BFV was analyzed with color Doppler sonography. The Hertel value, IOP in primary and upgaze position were higher, and SOV-BFV was lower in moderate and severe Graves' orbitopathy cases that showed statistical significance from mild cases, and controls (p = 0.001). Moderate and severe Graves' orbitopathy cases showed comparable Hertel measures and IOP in primary and upgaze position (p = 0.39); however, SOV-BFV was significantly lower in severe cases when compared to moderate cases (p = 0.001).This study demonstrated statistically significant negative correlation between IOP in both primary (r = 0.43,p = 0.008) and upgaze position (r = 0.51,p = 0.002), and SOV-BFV. Additionally, statistically significant positive correlation was detected between Hertel values and SOV-BFV(r = 0.402,p = 0.007).There was a statistical difference between type 1 and 2 cases in Hertel values(p = 0.006), IOP in upgaze position (p = 0.026) and SOV-BFV (p = 0.003). SOV-BFV of the eyes showing dysthyroid optic neuropathy was statistically lower than eyes without dysthyroid optic neuropathy (p = 0.006). IOP and SOV-BFV have significant association with the clinical features of Graves' orbitopathy. The decrease in SOV-BFV increases the severity of Graves' orbitopathy, and may have a role in the clinical course of dysthyroid optic neuropathy.

Meta-analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Latanoprost Monotherapy in Patients With Angle-closure Glaucoma.

PubMed

Chen, Ru; Yang, Ke; Zheng, Zhong; Ong, Moh-Lim; Wang, Ning-Li; Zhan, Si-Yan

2016-03-01

To systematically evaluate the safety and efficacy of latanoprost monotherapy for the treatment of patients with angle-closure glaucoma. We searched EMBASE, Medline, Cochrane Library, Chinese Journal Full-text Database (CNKI), Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP), and Wang Fang using the search terms "latanoprost" (or its commercial name, Xalatan) and "angle-closure glaucoma." Resulting articles were then screened using preset inclusion criteria. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of research population, research type (blinded or controlled), and withdrawal/loss to follow-up. A total of 17 studies (n=807) were included in this meta-analysis. The primary outcome measure was intraocular pressure (IOP). Changes in the mean, peak, and trough IOP from baseline were used as effect measures. As I statistic revealed statistical heterogeneity, the random-effects model was applied. With the exception of 2 non-Asian populations from Australia and Peru, all 13 countries included in this study were from Asia. Latanoprost reduced mean IOP by 7.9 mm Hg (32.4%), peak IOP by 7.4 mm Hg (29.8%), and trough IOP by 7.9 mm Hg (32.5%). The most frequent ocular adverse effects were ocular hyperemia, discomfort (including eye irritation, ocular discomfort, foreign body sensation, and itching), and blurred vision with a total incidence rate of 9.4%, 8.7%, and 5.2%, respectively. Systemic adverse effects encompass rhinitis, dizziness, headache, and nonspecific skin pigmentation. Latanoprost is effective at reducing the IOP of patients with angle-closure glaucoma. Adverse reactions associated with latanoprost were mainly ocular in nature.

Clinical efficacy analysis of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation in neovascular glaucoma and influencing factors

PubMed Central

He, Ye; Tian, Ying; Song, Weitao; Su, Ting; Jiang, Haibo; Xia, Xiaobo

2017-01-01

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation in treating neovascular glaucoma (NVG) and to analyze the factors influencing the surgical success rate. This is a retrospective review of 40 eyes of 40 NVG patients who underwent AGV implantation at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China, between January 2014 and December 2016. Pre- and postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity, surgical success rate, medications, and complications were observed. Surgical success criteria were defined as IOP ≤21 and >6 mm Hg with or without additional medications. Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Multivariate cox regression analysis were used to examine success rates and risk factors for surgical outcomes. The mean follow-up period was 8.88 ± 3.12 months (range: 3–17). IOP declined at each visit postoperatively and it was statistically significant (P < .001). An average of 3.55 ± 0.86 drugs was applied preoperatively, while an average of 0.64 ± 0.90 drugs was used postoperatively, with the difference being of statistical significance (P < .05). The complete surgical success rate of 3, 6, and 12 months after the operation was 85%, 75%, and 65%, respectively. Meanwhile, the qualified success rate of 3, 6, and 12 months after the operation was 85%, 80%, and 77.5%, respectively. The multivariate cox regression analysis showed that age (hazard ratio: 3.717, 7.246; 95% confidence interval: 1.149–12.048, 1.349–38.461; P = .028, .021) was influencing factors for complete success rate and qualified success rate among all NVG patients. Gender, previous operation history, primary disease, and preoperative IOP were found to be not significant. AGV implantation is an effective and safe surgical method to treat NVG. Age is an important factor influencing the surgical success rate. PMID:29049253

Solar Radiation and Cloud Radiative Forcing in the Pacific Warm Pool Estimated Using TOGA COARE Measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chou, Ming-Dah; Chou, Shu-Hsien; Zhao, Wenzhong

1999-01-01

The energy budget of the tropical western Pacific (TWP) is particularly important because this is one of the most energetic convection regions on the Earth. Nearly half of the solar radiation incident at the top of atmosphere is absorbed at the surface and only about 22% absorbed in the atmosphere. A large portion of the excess heat absorbed at the surface is transferred to the atmosphere through evaporation, which provides energy and water for convection and precipitation. The western equatorial Pacific is characterized by the highest sea surface temperature (SST) and heaviest rainfall in the world ocean. A small variation of SST associated with the eastward shift of the warm pool during El-Nino/Souther Oscillation changes the atmospheric circulation pattern and affects the global climate. In a study of the TWP surface heat and momentum fluxes during the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) Intensive observing period (IOP) from November 1992 to February have found that the solar radiation is the most important component of the surface energy budget, which undergoes significant temporal and spatial variation. The variations are influenced by the two 40-50 days Madden Julian Oscillations (MJOs) which propagated eastward from the Indian Ocean to the Central Pacific during the IOP. The TWP surface solar radiation during the COARE IOP was investigated by a number of studies. In addition, the effects of clouds on the solar heating of the atmosphere in the TWP was studied using energy budget analysis. In this study, we present some results of the TWP surface solar shortwave or SW radiation budget and the effect of clouds on the atmospheric solar heating using the surface radiation measurements and Japan's Geostationary Meteorological Satellite 4 radiance measurements during COARE IOP.

Short-term effects of intravitreal bevacizumab on cornea and anterior chamber.

PubMed

Güler, Mete; Capkın, Musa; Simşek, Ali; Bilak, Semsettin; Bilgin, Burak; Hakim Reyhan, Ali; Fırat, Müge

2014-10-01

To determine the short-term effects of single-dose intravitreal bevacizumab injection on central corneal thickness (CCT), simulated keratometry (Sim K), anterior chamber depth (ACD), iridocorneal angle (ICA) and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements. Prospective, nonrandomized, interventional clinical trial. Forty-three eyes of 43 patients aged between 41 and 78 years (average 62 ± 13 years) received an intravitreal injection of 2.5 mg/0.1 mL bevacizumab. Patients who had not undergone additional intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy within 6 months were included in the study. CCT, Sim K, ACD and ICA measurements were obtained with Sirius Topographer. IOP measurements were taken after topographic measurements with Goldmann applanation tonometer. The CCT, ACD, ICA and IOP measurements were taken before and after 3rd, 15th days and 1st month of intravitreal bevacizumab injection. Pre- and postinjection of 3rd, 15th days and 1st month CCT (p = 0.999), Sim K (p = 0.746), ACD (p = 0.996), ICA (p = 0.632) and IOP (p = 0.707) measurements were not statistically different. Mean CCT (p = 1.000), Sim K (0.972), ACD (p = 0.998), ICA (0.667) and IOP (0.951) values were similar before and after 3rd day of bevacizumab injection. Mean CCT (p = 0.999), Sim K (p = 0.994), ACD (p = 1.000), ICA (p = 0.999) and IOP (p = 1.000) measurements were also similar before and after 15th day of injection. Preinjection and 1st month of postinjection CCT (p = 0.999), Sim K (p = 0.932), ACD (p = 0.998), ICA (p = 1.000) and IOP (p = 0.741) measurements did not change significantly. Single-dose intravitreal bevacizumab injection does not affect CCT, Sim K, ACD, ICA and IOP in short-term period.

Mathematical observations on the relation between eclosion periods and the copulation rate of cicadas.

PubMed

Saisho, Yasumasa

2010-04-01

In many species of cicadas the peak of eclosion of males precedes that of females. In this paper, we construct a stochastic model and consider whether this sexual difference of eclosion periods works against mating or not. We also discuss the relation between the peak period of copulations and the development of population number by using this model.

Charged Particle Periodicities in Saturn's Outer Magnetosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carbary, J.; Mitchell, D.; Krimigis, S.; Krupp, N.

2006-12-01

The MIMI/LEMMS instrument on the Cassini spacecraft has measured energetic electrons in the energy range 20-300 keV within Saturn's magnetosphere. In the outer magnetosphere beyond about 20 RS, these electrons and their spectral index display strong variations with periods comparable to the 10.76 hour period measured by radio observations of Cassini. Inside about 20 RS, such electron variations may be present but are masked by satellite and ring effects. Electron periodicities are most easily recognized on the "night side" segments of the Cassini orbits, although they are also observed to some extent on the day side. For both day and night sides, a wavelet analysis of de-trended count rates in the 20-40 RS region reveals a mean period of 10.52 +/- 0.74 hrs for the six electron channels investigated. If constrained to the night side only, a wavelet analysis gives a mean period of 10.88 +/- 0.52 hours. These periods were obtained from several orbits of the Cassini spacecraft during the two-year period from SOI (July 2004) to the present (November 2006).

Boundary Layer Characterization during Perdigão Field Campaign 2017

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leo, L. S.; Salvadore, J. J.; Belo-Pereira, M.; Menke, R.; Gomes, S.; Krishnamurthy, R.; Brown, W. O. J.; Creegan, E.; Klein, P. M.; Wildmann, N.; Oncley, S.; Fernando, J.; Mann, J.

2017-12-01

The depth and structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) significantly impact the performances of wind farms located in complex terrain environments, since low-level jets and other flow structures in the proximity of hills and mountains determine the weather extremes, such as shear layer instabilities, lee/internal wave breaking, etc. which in turn profoundly modify the turbulence profile at wind turbine relevant heights.A suite of instruments was deployed covering a double-ridge in central Portugal near the town of Perdigão in 2016-2017, and they are used here to characterize the ABL structure over complex terrain during the Intensive Observational Period (IOP, May 1- June 15, 2017) of the research field program dubbed "Perdigão". Firstly, the methodology adopted in this work to estimate the BL height will be discussed; secondly, an overview of the BL depth and characteristics during Perdigão-IOP campaign will be provided, with emphasis on case studies of interest for both the wind-power and boundary-layer communities.

Analysis of satellite and airborne wind measurements during the SEMAPHORE experiment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tournadre, J.; Hauser, D.

1994-12-31

During the SEMAPHORE experiment Intensive Observation Period (IOP), held in October and November 1993 in the Azores-Madeira region, two airplanes, instrumented for atmospheric research, and two oceanographic research vessels have conducted in situ measurements in a 500km x 500km domain. Within the framework of SEMAPHORE, the SOFIA program is dedicated to the study of the air-sea fluxes and interactions from local scale up to mesoscale. The analysis of the structure of the wind and wave fields and their relations to the surface fluxes (especially near oceanic fronts) and the validation of the satellite data are two of the main goalsmore » of the SOFIA program. During the IOP, the experiment domain was regularly overflown by the ERS-1 and Topex-Poseidon (TP) satellites. This study presents a preliminary analysis of the ERS-1 and TP altimeter wind and wave measurement and ERS-1 scatterometer wind fields. The data from the airborne RESSAC (a radar ocean wave spectrometer) are also presented.« less

Regional modeling of tropospheric NO2 vertical column density over East Asia during the period 2000-2010: comparison with multisatellite observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Itahashi, S.; Uno, I.; Irie, H.; Kurokawa, J.-I.; Ohara, T.

2014-04-01

Satellite observations of the tropospheric NO2 vertical column density (VCD) are closely correlated to, and thus can be used to estimate, surface NOx emissions. In this study, the NO2 VCD simulated by a regional chemical transport model with emissions data from the updated Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2.1 were validated through comparison with multisatellite observations during the period 2000-2010. Rapid growth in NO2 VCD (~11% year-1) driven by the expansion of anthropogenic NOx emissions was identified above the central eastern China (CEC) region, except for the period during the economic downturn. In contrast, slightly decreasing trends (~2% year-1) were identified above Japan accompanied by a decline in anthropogenic emissions. To systematically compare the modeled NO2 VCD, we estimated sampling bias and the effect of applying the averaging kernel information, with particular focus on the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) data. Using the updated REAS, the modeled NO2 VCD reasonably reproduced annual trends observed by multisatellites, suggesting that the rate of increase of NOx emissions estimated by the updated REAS inventory would be robust. Province-scale revision of emissions above CEC is needed to further refine emission inventories. Based on the close linear relationship between modeled and observed NO2 VCD and anthropogenic NOx emissions, NOx emissions in 2009 and 2010, which were not covered by the updated REAS inventory, were estimated. NOx emissions from anthropogenic sources in China in 2009 and 2010 were determined to be 26.4 and 28.5 Tg year-1, respectively, indicating that NOx emissions increased more than twofold between 2000 and 2010. This increase reflected the strong growth of anthropogenic emissions in China following the rapid recovery from the economic downturn from late 2008 until mid-2009. Our method consists of simple estimations from satellite observations and

Revolution or flight from reality? The IoP Education Group Conference 1999

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dobson, Ken

1999-09-01

another feature of a divided society. There seems to be an equally deep divide between ICT enthusiasts (and those of us willing to give it a go) and the entrenched opponents who from `fear of flying' or a deep conservatism are almost rabidly opposed to ICT. It will need more than merely technical training to overcome such a negative attitude to ICT. The next session brought us into contact with a possibly less high-flown but to me a more exciting application of ICT - enthusing real children with basic common-or-garden physics. John Scaife of Sheffield University showed us a way of using ICT that, like a well-known beverage, reaches the parts that others do not reach. Instant nostalgia hit the more elderly participants as they saw that he was using the old and much loved BBC computer - but it will also work (with more fuss and bother) on a PC. It was simple enough: a motion sensor connected to a piece of neat software (Laurence Rogers again). You stand in front of it and it draws a horizontal line on the screen. Move about and the line slopes or wiggles. You are challenged to move in such a way that your `graph' matches a preset line. Add metre rules to introduce some measuring and we have the kind of maths-based but concrete activity that lies at the heart of physics. Students were quoted (from a Doncaster comprehensive school): `I enjoyed using the motion sensor - it looked boring but it was OK. (higher praise hath no man)' `It is fun but you also have to think to work out how you should move to copy the pattern on the screen. I learnt that to copy steeper slopes you have to move faster ... this is because you have to move further in the same amount of time.' `Whoever said `A picture tells a thousand words' must have been a physics teacher.' All this was backed up with appropriate research linked to the algorithm PEOR - Predict (what should happen), Explain (your prediction), Observe, React (comment, discuss ...). This is all very Vygotskian (we learned) - and it is

Desertification, resilience, and re-greening in the African Sahel - a matter of the observation period?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kusserow, Hannelore

2017-12-01

Since the turn of the millennium various scientific publications have been discussing a re-greening of the Sahel after the 1980s drought mainly based on coarse-resolution satellite data. However, the author's own field studies suggest that the situation is far more complex and that both paradigms, the encroaching Sahara and the re-greening Sahel, need to be questioned.

This paper discusses the concepts of desertification, resilience, and re-greening by addressing four main aspects: (i) the relevance of edaphic factors for a vegetation re-greening, (ii-iii) the importance of the selected observation period in the debate on Sahel greening or browning, and (iv) modifications in the vegetation pattern as possible indicators of ecosystem changes (shift from originally diffuse to contracted vegetation patterns).

The data referred to in this paper cover a time period of more than 150 years and include the author's own research results from the early 1980s until today. A special emphasis, apart from fieldwork data and remote sensing data, is laid on the historical documents.

The key findings summarised at the end show the following: (i) vegetation recovery predominantly depends on soil types; (ii) when discussing Sahel greening vs. Sahel browning, the majority of research papers only focus on post-drought conditions. Taking pre-drought conditions (before the 1980s) into account, however, is essential to fully understand the situation. Botanical investigations and remote-sensing-based time series clearly show a substantial decline in woody species diversity and cover density compared to pre-drought conditions; (iii) the self-organised patchiness of vegetation is considered to be an important indicator of ecosystem changes.

Diurnal variations in axial length, choroidal thickness, intraocular pressure, and ocular biometrics.

PubMed

Chakraborty, Ranjay; Read, Scott A; Collins, Michael J

2011-07-11

To investigate the pattern of diurnal variations in axial length (AL), choroidal thickness, intraocular pressure (IOP), and ocular biometrics over 2 consecutive days. Measurements of ocular biometrics and IOP were collected for 30 young adult subjects (15 myopes, 15 emmetropes) at 10 different times over 2 consecutive days. Five sets of measurements were collected each day at approximately 3-hour intervals, with the first measurement taken at ~9 AM and final measurement at ~9 PM. AL underwent significant diurnal variation (P < 0.0001) that was consistently observed across the 2 measurement days. The longest AL was typically observed at the second measurement session (mean time, 12:26) and the shortest AL at the final session of each day (mean time, 21:06). The mean diurnal change in AL was 0.032 ± 0.018 mm. Choroidal thickness underwent significant diurnal variation (mean change, 0.029 ± 0.016 mm; P < 0.001) and varied approximately in antiphase to the AL changes. Significant diurnal variations were also found in vitreous chamber depth (VCD; mean change, 0.06 ± 0.029 mm; P < 0.0001) and IOP (mean change, 3.54 ± 0.84 mm Hg; P < 0.0001). A positive association was found between the variations of AL and IOP (r(2) = 0.17, P < 0.0001) and AL and VCD (r(2) = 0.31, P < 0.0001) and a negative association between AL and choroidal thickness (r(2) = 0.13, P < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in the magnitude and timing of diurnal variations associated with refractive error. Significant diurnal variations in AL, choroidal thickness, and IOP were consistently observed over 2 consecutive days of testing.

M Dwarf Variability and Periodicities in Praesepe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamper, R.; Honeycutt, R. K.

2018-02-01

212 M dwarfs in the Praesepe cluster have been monitored photometrically for three observing seasons. It is found that Praesepe M dwarfs earlier than ∼M4 often have significant photometric variations, while variability is not detected for >M4. Time series analysis was performed on 147 of the targets having likely variability in order to study possible periodicities. For 83% of these targets, we detected no periodicities; these null results included targets with published photometric periods from earlier work. Our detected periods ranged from 20 to 45 days, and we are not able to confirm any of the 1–5 day periods in Praesepe periods reported by Schultz et al., which we attribute to the very different observing cadences of the two studies. We conjecture that our more widely spaced data cannot adequately sample the Schultz et al. periodicities before the growth and decay of spots have a chance to ruin the coherence. The new periods we find in the range 20–45 days (in targets that do not overlap with those from Schultz having shorter periods) have very small false alarm probabilities. We argue that rotation is unlikely to be responsible for these 20–45 day periods. Perhaps short activity cycles in the Praesepe M dwarfs play a role in generating such periodicities.

The Escompte - Marseille 2001 International Field Experiment: Ground Based and Lidar Results Obtained At St. Chamas By The Epfl Mobile Laboratory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balin, I.; Jimenez, R.; Simeonov, V.; Ristori, P.; Navarette, M.; van den Bergh, H.; Calpini, B.

The assessment of the air pollution problems in term of understanding of the non- linear chemical mechanisms, the transport or the meteorological processes, and the choice of the abatement strategies could be based on the air pollution models. Nowa- days, very few of these models were validated due to the lack of 3D measurements. The goal of the ESCOMPTE experiment was to provide such of 3D database in order to constrain the air pollution models. The EPFL-LPA mobile laboratory was part of the ESCOMPTE extensive network and was located on the northern side of the Berre Lake at St.Chamas. In this framework, measurements of the air pollutants (O3, SO2, NOx, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon and particulate matter of less than 10 microns mean diameter) and meteorological parameters (wind, temperature, pressure and relative humidity) were continuously performed from June 10 to July 13, 2001. They were combined with ground based lidar observations for ozone and aerosol estimation from 100m above ground level up to the free troposphere at ca.7 km agl. This paper will present an overview of the results obtained and will highlight one of the intensive observation period (IOP) during which clean air conditions were initially observed followed by highly polluted air masses during the second half of the IOP.

Partial Tenon’s capsule resection with adjunctive mitomycin C in Ahmed glaucoma valve implant surgery

PubMed Central

Susanna, R

2003-01-01

Aim: To verify if partial intraoperative Tenon’s capsule resection (PTCR) with adjunctive mitomycin C is effective in developing thin, avascular blebs in eyes undergoing Ahmed glaucoma valve insertion, and to assess the efficacy and safety of this procedure. Methods: A multicentre, prospective, alternating case assignment, investigator unmasked, parallel group, comparative interventional study was conducted in four Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Peru). Ahmed glaucoma valve implant insertion with PTCR (group A) and without PCTR (group B) was performed in neovascular glaucomatous eyes without previous surgery. Adjunctive mitomycin C (MMC) was used in both groups. Patients were examined 1 day, 10 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year following the surgery. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and the appearance of the bleb were evaluated at each examination. Appearance of the bleb was classified at both the 1 month mark and last examinations into one of three groups: flat and vascularised; elevated avascular; or elevated and not avascular. Results: 92 eyes from 92 patients were included in the study. The preoperative mean IOP was 50.0 (SD 10.5) mm Hg in group A and 48.4 (11.7) in group B (p>0.05). Statistically significant IOP reductions were observed at all periods of follow up. 12 months after surgery, the mean IOP was 17.2 (5.0) mm Hg in group A and 18.3 (8.7) mm Hg in group B (p>0.05). A hypertensive phase occurred in 40.0% in group A and in 46.8% in group B (p>0.05). At the 1 month and the final follow up, the blebs in all eyes were considered elevated and not avascular. The success rate (IOP⩽21 mm Hg) at 1 year after surgery was 70.4% in group A and 77.7% in group B (p>0.05). Overall, 74.2% of the patients achieved an IOP ⩽21 mm Hg and 55.2% an IOP⩽17 mm Hg, with or without additional medication administered to lower IOP. The incidence of complications was similar in both groups. Conclusions: In eyes undergoing Ahmed

Beam-induced and cosmic-ray backgrounds observed in the ATLAS detector during the LHC 2012 proton-proton running period

DOE PAGES

Aad, G.; Abbott, B.; Abdallah, J.; ...

2016-05-20

This paper discusses various observations on beam-induced and cosmic-ray backgrounds in the ATLAS detector during the LHC 2012 proton-proton run. Building on published results based on 2011 data, the correlations between background and residual pressure of the beam vacuum are revisited. Ghost charge evolution over 2012 and its role for backgrounds are evaluated. New methods to monitor ghost charge with beam-gas rates are presented and observations of LHC abort gap population by ghost charge are discussed in detail. Fake jets from colliding bunches and from ghost charge are analysed with improved methods, showing that ghost charge in individual radio-frequency bucketsmore » of the LHC can be resolved. Some results of two short periods of dedicated cosmic-ray background data-taking are shown; in particular cosmic-ray muon induced fake jet rates are compared to Monte Carlo simulations and to the fake jet rates from beam background. A thorough analysis of a particular LHC fill, where abnormally high background was observed, is presented. Correlations between backgrounds and beam intensity losses in special fills with very high β* are studied.« less

Impact of multiple radar reflectivity data assimilation on the numerical simulation of a flash flood event during the HyMeX campaign

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maiello, Ida; Gentile, Sabrina; Ferretti, Rossella; Baldini, Luca; Roberto, Nicoletta; Picciotti, Errico; Alberoni, Pier Paolo; Silvio Marzano, Frank

2017-11-01

An analysis to evaluate the impact of multiple radar reflectivity data with a three-dimensional variational (3-D-Var) assimilation system on a heavy precipitation event is presented. The main goal is to build a regionally tuned numerical prediction model and a decision-support system for environmental civil protection services and demonstrate it in the central Italian regions, distinguishing which type of observations, conventional and not (or a combination of them), is more effective in improving the accuracy of the forecasted rainfall. In that respect, during the first special observation period (SOP1) of HyMeX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment) campaign several intensive observing periods (IOPs) were launched and nine of which occurred in Italy. Among them, IOP4 is chosen for this study because of its low predictability regarding the exact location and amount of precipitation. This event hit central Italy on 14 September 2012 producing heavy precipitation and causing several cases of damage to buildings, infrastructure, and roads. Reflectivity data taken from three C-band Doppler radars running operationally during the event are assimilated using the 3-D-Var technique to improve high-resolution initial conditions. In order to evaluate the impact of the assimilation procedure at different horizontal resolutions and to assess the impact of assimilating reflectivity data from multiple radars, several experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are performed. Finally, traditional verification scores such as accuracy, equitable threat score, false alarm ratio, and frequency bias - interpreted by analysing their uncertainty through bootstrap confidence intervals (CIs) - are used to objectively compare the experiments, using rain gauge data as a benchmark.

RApid Temporal Survey (RATS) - II. Followup observations of four newly discovered short-period variables

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramsay, Gavin; Napiwotzki, Ralf; Hakala, Pasi; Lehto, Harry

2006-09-01

The Rapid Temporal Survey (RATS) is a survey to detect objects whose optical intensity varies on time-scales of less than ~70 min. In our pilot data set taken with the Isaac Newton Telescope and the Wide Field Camera in 2003 November, we discovered nearly 50 new variable objects. Many of these varied on time-scales much longer than 1 h. However, only four objects showed a modulation on a time-scale of 1 h or less. This paper presents followup optical photometry and spectroscopy of these four objects. We find that RATJ0455 + 1305 is a pulsating (on a period of 374 s) subdwarf B star of the EC14026 type. We have modelled its spectrum and determine Teff = 29200 +/- 1900K and logg = 5.2 +/- 0.3 which locates it on the cool edge of the EC14026 instability strip. It has a modulation amplitude which is one of the highest of any known EC14026 star. Based on their spectra, photometric variability and their infrared colours, we find that RATJ0449 + 1756, J0455 + 1254 and J0807 + 1510 are likely to be SX Phe stars - dwarf δ Sct stars. Our results show that our observing strategy is a good method for finding rare pulsating stars.

David's Understanding of Functions and Periodicity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gerson, Hope

2008-01-01

This is a study of David, a senior enrolled in a high school precalculus course. David's understandings of functions and periodicity was explored, through clinical interviews and contextualized through classroom observations. Although David's precalculus class was traditional his understanding of periodic functions was unconventional David engaged…

Long Period Seismological Research Program

DTIC Science & Technology

1974-10-31

in central Asia as observed at the high-gain long- period sites. Preliminary results from observations at Chiang Mai (CHG) show that the complexity...Preliminary results from observations at Chiang Mai (CHG) show that the complexity of the surface wave signals from many events in the Tadzhik-Kirgiz...and receivers. A number of Interesting features can be illustrated by examining portions of three selsmograms recorded at Chiang Mai (CHO

Observed ozone exceedances in Italy: statistical analysis and modelling in the period 2002-2015

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Falasca, Serena; Curci, Gabriele; Candeloro, Luca; Conte, Annamaria; Ippoliti, Carla

2017-04-01

concentrations. On the other hand, high-temperature events have similar duration and higher mean temperature with respect to recent years, pointing out that temperature is not the only driver of high-ozone events. The statistical model confirms a significant impact of the meteorological variables (positive for temperature and pressure, negative for humidity and wind speed) on the probability of ozone events. Significant predictors are also the altitude (negative) and the number of inhabitants (positive). The decreasing observed recent trend is explained by the introduction of the Euro regulations, rather than natural variability. However, we find an inversion of trend for the more recent period under Euro6 (from September 2014), but we cautionary wait a confirmation from additional data at least for the year 2016.

Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in the South-East Atlantic: Knowledge Gaps, Planned Observations to Address Them, and Implications for Global Climate Change Modeling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Redemann, Jens; Wood, R.; Zuidema, P.; Haywood, J.; Luna, B.; Abel, S.

2015-01-01

Southern Africa produces almost a third of the Earth's biomass burning (BB) aerosol particles, yet the fate of these particles and their influence on regional and global climate is poorly understood. Particles lofted into the mid-troposphere are transported westward over the South-East (SE) Atlantic, home to one of the three permanent subtropical Stratocumulus (Sc) cloud decks in the world. The stratocumulus "climate radiators" are critical to the regional and global climate system. They interact with dense layers of BB aerosols that initially overlay the cloud deck, but later subside and are mixed into the clouds. These interactions include adjustments to aerosol-induced solar heating and microphysical effects. As emphasized in the latest IPCC report, the global representation of these aerosol-cloud interaction processes in climate models is one of the largest uncertainty in estimates of future climate. Hence, new observations over the SE Atlantic have significant implications for global climate change scenarios. We discuss the current knowledge of aerosol and cloud property distributions based on satellite observations and sparse suborbital sampling, and describe planned field campaigns in the region. Specifically, we describe the scientific objectives and implementation of the following four synergistic, international research activities aimed at providing a process-level understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions over the SE Atlantic: 1) ORACLES (Observations of Aerosols above Clouds and their interactions), a five-year investigation between 2015 and 2019 with three Intensive Observation Periods (IOP), recently funded by the NASA Earth-Venture Suborbital Program, 2) CLARIFY-2016 (Cloud-Aerosol-Radiation Interactions and Forcing: Year 2016), a comprehensive observational and modeling programme funded by the UK's Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), and supported by the UK Met Office. 3) LASIC (Layered Atlantic Smoke Interactions with Clouds), a funded

Periodic substorm activity in the geomagnetic tail

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Huang, C. Y.; Eastman, T. E.; Frank, L. A.; Williams, D. J.

1983-01-01

On 19 May 1978 an anusual series of events is observed with the Quadrispherical LEPEDEA on board the ISEE-1 satellite in the Earth's geomagnetic tail. For 13 hours periodic bursts of both ions and electrons are seen in all the particle detectors on the spacecraft. On this day periodic activity is also seen on the ground, where multiple intensifications of the electrojets are observed. At the same time the latitudinal component of the interplanetary magnetic field shows a number of strong southward deflections. It is concluded that an extended period of substorm activity is occurring, which causes repeated thinnings and recoveries of the plasma sheet. These are detected by ISEE, which is situated in the plasma sheet boundary layer, as periodic dropouts and reappearances of the plasma. Comparisons of the observations at ISEE with those at IMP-8, which for a time is engulfed by the plasma sheet, indicate that the activity is relatively localized in spatial extent. For this series of events it is clear that a global approach to magnetospheric dynamics, e.g., reconnection, is inappropriate.

Short-term effect of beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents on ocular blood flow.

PubMed

Sato, T; Muto, T; Ishibashi, Y; Roy, S

2001-10-01

In this study the acute effect of the topically-delivered non-selective beta-blockers timolol and carteolol, and the selective beta-blocker betaxolol, were evaluated with respect to ocular blood flow, intraocular pressure (IOP) and vessel resistance in rabbits' eyes. In a double masked randomized design, one eye of each subject (n = 9) received two drops of 0.5 % timolol or 2 % cartelol or 0.5 % betaxolol ophthalmic solution and a separate group of nine rabbits received two drops of placebo consisting of physiological saline in both eyes to serve as control. Using hydrogen clearance method, ciliary body blood flow (CiBF), choroidal blood flow (CBF), and retinal blood flow (RBF) were measured. IOP and systemic mean arterial pressure (MAP) of each subject were measured under same condition before and after the administration of respective drugs to calculate the ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) and vessel resistance. In timolol- and carteolol-treated eyes significant reduction was observed in IOP (p < 0.01), CiBF (p < 0.01), CBF (p < 0.01) and RBF (p < 0.01) compared to control eyes. However, in betaxolol-treated eyes a marginal reduction in IOP was observed accompanied by significant increase in CiBF (p < 0.01) and RBF (p < 0.05). The non-selective beta-blocker-treated eyes tended to have increased vessel resistance, whereas, selective beta-blocker-treated eyes tended to have decreased vessel resistance. Our current results comparing non-selective and selective beta-blockers suggest that the selective beta-blocker betaxolol may be more appropriate for maintenance of retinal blood flow in situations with low perfusion. Currently the mechanism for regulation of IOP is unclear; however, the findings from this study indicate that decreased CiBF may contribute to reduction in IOP.

In vivo ocular efficacy profile of mapracorat, a novel selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist, in rabbit models of ocular disease.

PubMed

Shafiee, Afshin; Bucolo, Claudio; Budzynski, Ewa; Ward, Keith W; López, Francisco J

2011-03-14

To compare the efficacy of mapracorat (formerly ZK-245186, and subsequently BOL-303242-X), a novel selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist (SEGRA), with that of dexamethasone (DEX) in rabbit models of ocular disease. The effects of topical BOL-303242-X and DEX on intraocular pressure (IOP) and body weight changes were also evaluated. Dry eye was induced by atropine sulfate administration and was treated with saline, BOL-303242-X (0.1%-1.0%), DEX (0.1%), Restasis 0.05% (Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA), or Refresh Endura (Allergan, Inc.) three times per day for 7 to 8 days. For paracentesis studies, vehicle, BOL-303242-X (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%), or DEX (0.1%) were repeatedly administered topically 3 hours before paracentesis and continued for 90 minutes afterward. For IOP and body weight measurements, right eyes of rabbits were topically treated with vehicle, BOL-303242-X (1.0% or 0.1%), or DEX (0.1%) four times per day for 6 weeks. In the dry eye model, BOL-303242-X and DEX were fully efficacious, maintaining tear volume and tear breakup time (TBUT) at baseline levels. Although Restasis improved tear volume compared with vehicle, no changes were observed in TBUT. In the paracentesis study, BOL-303242-X and DEX improved ocular inflammation. BOL-303242-X reduced protein and PGE(2) levels. Finally, BOL-303242-X showed no effects on integrated IOP or body weight, whereas DEX significantly increased integrated IOP and prevented the increase of body weight observed in the vehicle-treated animals. BOL-303242-X shows full anti-inflammatory efficacy (similar to DEX) in experimental models of dry eye and postoperative inflammation while demonstrating reduced effects in IOP and body weight. These data indicate that mapracorat, a SEGRA, shows efficacy similar to that of traditional steroids while exhibiting an improved side effect profile in IOP and muscle wasting.

The Risk of Intraocular Pressure Elevation in Pediatric Non-infectious Uveitis

PubMed Central

Kothari, Srishti; Foster, C. Stephen; Pistilli, Maxwell; Liesegang, Teresa L.; Daniel, Ebenezer; Sen, H. Nida; Suhler, Eric B.; Thorne, Jennifer E.; Jabs, Douglas A.; Levy-Clarke, Grace A.; Nussenblatt, Robert B.; Rosenbaum, James T.; Lawrence, Scott D.; Kempen, John H.

2015-01-01

Purpose To characterize the risk and risk factors for intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in pediatric non-infectious uveitis. Design Multi-center retrospective cohort study. Participants Nine hundred sixteen children (1593 eyes) <18 years old at presentation with non-infectious uveitis followed between January 1978 through December 2007 at five academic uveitis centers in United States. Methods Medical records review by trained, certified experts. Main outcome measures Prevalence and incidence of IOP≥21 and ≥30mmHg and incidence of a rise in IOP by ≥10mmHg. To avoid under ascertainment, outcomes were counted as present when IOP-lowering therapies were in use. Results Initially 251 (15.8%) and 46 eyes (2.9%) had IOP≥21 and ≥30mmHg, respectively. Factors associated with presenting IOP elevation included age 6–12 years (versus other pediatric ages), prior cataract surgery (adjusted odds ratio≥21mmHg [aOR21]=2.42, P=0.01), pars plana vitrectomy (adjusted odds ratio≥30mmHg[aOR30]=11.1, P=0.03), duration of uveitis ≥6 months (aORs30 up to 11.8, P<0.001), contralateral IOP elevation (aOR21=16.9, aOR30=8.29; each P<0.001), visual acuity worse than 20/40 (aORs21 up to 1.73, P=0.02; aORs30 up to 2.81 P=0.03), and topical corticosteroid use (aORs up to 8.92, P<0.001 in a dose-response relationship). The median follow-up was 1.25 years (interquartile range 0.4–3.66). The estimated risk of any observed IOP elevation to ≥21 mmHg, ≥30 mmHg and of a rise in IOP by ≥10mmHg was 33.4%, 14.8% and 24.4% respectively within 2 years. Factors associated with IOP elevation included pars plana vitrectomy (adjusted hazard ratio≥21mmHg[aHR21]=3.36, P<0.001), contralateral IOP elevation (aHRs up to 9.54, P<0.001), the use of topical (aHRs up to 8.77 that followed a dose-response relationship, P<0.001), periocular (aHRs up to 7.96, P<0.001) and intraocular (aHRs up to 19.7, P<0.001) corticosteroids. Conclusions IOP elevation affects a large minority of children

Periodic and quasiperiodic revivals in periodically driven interacting quantum systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luitz, David J.; Lazarides, Achilleas; Bar Lev, Yevgeny

2018-01-01

Recently it has been shown that interparticle interactions generically destroy dynamical localization in periodically driven systems, resulting in diffusive transport and heating. In this Rapid Communication we rigorously construct a family of interacting driven systems which are dynamically localized and effectively decoupled from the external driving potential. We show that these systems exhibit tunable periodic or quasiperiodic revivals of the many-body wave function and thus of all physical observables. By numerically examining spinless fermions on a one-dimensional lattice we show that the analytically obtained revivals of such systems remain stable for finite systems with open boundary conditions while having a finite lifetime in the presence of static spatial disorder. We find this lifetime to be inversely proportional to the disorder strength.

The results of ab interno laser thermal sclerostomy combined with cataract surgery versus trabeculectomy combined with cataract surgery 6 to 12 months postoperatively.

PubMed

Kendrick, R; Kollarits, C R; Khan, N

1996-07-01

When cataract surgery and glaucoma surgery are combined, the theoretical advantages of pressure control, removal of the visual impairment, and protection against an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) in the immediate postoperative period are gained. The authors' objective was to determine whether ab interno laser thermal sclerostomy (LTS) combined with cataract surgery would be as effective as trabeculectomy combined with cataract surgery. Ab interno LTS was compared with trabeculectomy, retrospectively, for patients who had undergone combined cataract and glaucoma surgery. There was no significant difference in the numbers of patients using no medications or fewer medications at 6 and 12 months. There was a greater reduction in IOP in the LTS group. LTS may be better than trabeculectomy in combined cataract and glaucoma surgery because it reduces the IOP more. Compared with trabeculectomy, LTS is simpler to perform and adds less operating time to cataract surgery. Continued follow-up is recommended.

Intraocular pressure and biomechanical corneal properties measure by ocular response analyser in patients with primary congenital glaucoma.

PubMed

Perucho-González, Lucía; Martínez de la Casa, Jose María; Morales-Fernández, Laura; Bañeros-Rojas, Paula; Saenz-Francés, Federico; García-Feijoó, Julían

2016-08-01

To measure the differences in corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) in primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and in control subjects using ocular response analyser (ORA) and also to compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements given by ORA against IOP given by Perkins tonometer, a handheld version of Goldman applanation tonometer (GAT), to determine correlation. One hundred and eighteen eyes of 78 patients with PCG (group I) and 103 eyes of 53 controls (group II) were evaluated using ORA. In all participants, IOP was measured using the Perkins tonometer. The ORA device uses applanation pressure peaks to generate the corneal-compensated IOP (IOPcc), which is reportedly independent of corneal thickness, and the measurement of Goldman-correlated IOP (IOPg), which is influenced by corneal thickness. The measures in group I were as follows: IOPcc 20.92 ± 5.33; IOPg 18.87 ± 6.67; CH 8.51 ± 2.25; CRF 9.85 ± 3.03; and IOP measured by Goldman 18.32 ± 5.13. The measures in group II were as follows: IOPcc 14.33 ± 2.91; IOPg 14.77 ± 3.00; CH 11.37 ± 1.61; CRF 11.02 ± 1.74; and IOP measured by Goldman 13.74 ± 2.42. The differences of all parameters compared between both groups were statistically significant (p < 0.001 for CH and for all IOP measures and p = 0.001 for CRF). The values of IOPcc, IOPg and IOP measured with Goldman were higher in group I than the values in group II. However, CH and CRF values were lower in group I. A decrease in CH and CRF has been observed in patients with PCG compared to controls. Future research should assess how these parameters are modified in PCG and whether they could provide more information about progression. © 2015 Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Interaction of Saturn's dual rotation periods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, C. G. A.

2018-03-01

We develop models of the interaction of Rossby wave disturbances in the northern and southern ionospheres of Saturn. We show that interhemispheric field-aligned currents allow the exchange of vorticity, modifying the background Rossby wave propagation speed. This leads to interaction of the northern and southern Rossby wave periods. In a very simple symmetric model without a plasma disk the periods merge when the overall conductivity is sufficiently high. A more complex model taking account of the inertia of the plasma disk and the asymmetry of the two hemispheres predicts a rich variety of possible wave modes. We find that merging of the northern and southern periods can only occur when (i) the conductivities of both hemispheres are sufficiently low (a criterion that is fulfilled for realistic parameters) and (ii) the background Rossby wave periods in the two hemispheres are identical. We reconcile the second criterion with the observations of a merged period that also drifts by noting that ranges of Rossby wave propagation speeds are possible in each hemisphere. We suggest that a merged disturbance in the plasma disk may act as an 'anchor' and drive Rossby waves in each hemisphere within the range of possible propagation speeds. This suggestion predicts behaviour that qualitatively matches the observed merging and splitting of the northern and southern rotation periods that occurred in 2013 and 2014. Low conductivity modes also show long damping timescales that are consistent with the persistence of the periodic signals.

Spectral characteristics and meridional variations of energy transformations during the first and second special observation periods of FGGE

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kung, E. C.; Tanaka, H.

1984-01-01

The global features and meridional spectral energy transformation variations of the first and second special observation periods of the First Global GARP Experiment (FGGE) are investigated, together with the latitudinal distribution of the kinetic energy balance. Specific seasonal characteristics are shown by the spectral distributions of the global transformations between (1) zonal mean and eddy components of the available potential energy, (2) the zonal mean and eddy components of the kinetic energy, and (3) the available potential energy and the kinetic energy. Maximum kinetic energy production is found to occur at subtropical latitudes, with a secondary maximum at higher middle latitudes. Between these two regions, there is another region characterized by the adiabatic destruction of kinetic energy above the lower troposphere.

Rotation Periods of Open Cluster Stars. IV.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prosser, Charles F.; Grankin, Konstantin N.

We present the results from a photometric monitoring program of primarily solar-type open cluster stars obtained during 1994 and 1995. Several members of the α Persei cluster have been monitored and the corresponding relation between coronal x-ray activity and rotation period derived. The relation among mid-G/K type members illustrates both the previously noticed downturn in L_X/L_bol at high rotation rates and the sharp decrease in coronal activity at long rotation periods as seen among Pleiades stars. Intensive observation of one slowly rotating G-type member of IC 4665 has enabled a period determination of 8-10 days to be made and illustrates the need for (and limitations of) high quality observations.

The effect of multiple encounters on short period comet orbits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lowrey, B. E.

1972-01-01

The observed orbital elements of short period comets are found to be consistent with the hypothesis of derivation from long period comets as long as two assumptions are made. First, the distribution of short period comets has been randomized by multiple encounters with Jupiter and second, the short period comets have lower velocities of encounter with Jupiter than is generally expected. Some 16% of the observed short period comets have lower encounter velocities than is allowed mathematically using Laplace's method. This may be due to double encounter processes with Jupiter and Saturn, or as a result of prolonged encounters. The distribution of unobservable short period comets can be inferred in part from the observed comets. Many have orbits between Jupiter and Saturn with somewhat higher inclinations than those with perihelions near the earth. Debris from those comets may form the major component of the zodiacal dust.

Efficiency, safety, and patient preference of switching from dorzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% to brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% while maintaining the prostaglandin F2α analog.

PubMed

Shimizu, Yoshie; Nakakura, Shunsuke; Nishiyama, Makiko; Tabuchi, Hitoshi; Kiuchi, Yoshiaki

2015-01-01

We investigated the efficiency, safety and patient preference of switching from dorzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% to brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% while maintaining the prostaglandin F2α analog. We initially enrolled 44 eyes from 44 primary open angle glaucoma patients, and a total of 42 patients completed the study. All patients were under treatment with various prostaglandin F2α analogs and dorzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5%. While maintaining the prostaglandin F2α analog, dorzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% was switched to brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5%. Conjunctival hyperemia, superficial punctate keratopathy, and intraocular pressure (IOP) were evaluated at baseline and at 4, 12, and 24 weeks. Adverse events and patient preferences, measured using a questionnaire at study initiation and at 24 weeks, were also noted. The IOP was 17.7±1.7, 16.8±2.6, 16.7±2.2, and 16.7±2.4 mmHg at baseline and at 4, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively, with no significant differences in IOP values at any time point (P=0.117, one-way analysis of variance). In addition, no significant differences were found in the incidence of conjunctival hyperemia or SPK score at any time point (all P>0.5, by Kruskal-Wallis test). Based on the evaluation of side effects using the questionnaire, stinging/burning was less common (P=0.042), while blurred vision was more common (P=0.003), after switching to brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5%. Regarding patient preferences, 13 patients (31%) preferred dorzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5%, 12 patients (29%) preferred brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5%, and 17 patients (40%) preferred neither. When switching from dorzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% to brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5%, the IOP values and incidence of superficial punctate keratopathy and conjunctival hyperemia were sustained throughout the 24-week observation period, and the patient preferences were similar for the two regimens. However, differences were observed in the ocular sensations of stinging/burning with dorzolamide 1%/timolol 0

Efficiency, safety, and patient preference of switching from dorzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% to brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% while maintaining the prostaglandin F2α analog

PubMed Central

Shimizu, Yoshie; Nakakura, Shunsuke; Nishiyama, Makiko; Tabuchi, Hitoshi; Kiuchi, Yoshiaki

2015-01-01

Background We investigated the efficiency, safety and patient preference of switching from dorzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% to brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% while maintaining the prostaglandin F2α analog. Methods We initially enrolled 44 eyes from 44 primary open angle glaucoma patients, and a total of 42 patients completed the study. All patients were under treatment with various prostaglandin F2α analogs and dorzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5%. While maintaining the prostaglandin F2α analog, dorzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% was switched to brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5%. Conjunctival hyperemia, superficial punctate keratopathy, and intraocular pressure (IOP) were evaluated at baseline and at 4, 12, and 24 weeks. Adverse events and patient preferences, measured using a questionnaire at study initiation and at 24 weeks, were also noted. Results The IOP was 17.7±1.7, 16.8±2.6, 16.7±2.2, and 16.7±2.4 mmHg at baseline and at 4, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively, with no significant differences in IOP values at any time point (P=0.117, one-way analysis of variance). In addition, no significant differences were found in the incidence of conjunctival hyperemia or SPK score at any time point (all P>0.5, by Kruskal–Wallis test). Based on the evaluation of side effects using the questionnaire, stinging/burning was less common (P=0.042), while blurred vision was more common (P=0.003), after switching to brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5%. Regarding patient preferences, 13 patients (31%) preferred dorzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5%, 12 patients (29%) preferred brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5%, and 17 patients (40%) preferred neither. Conclusion When switching from dorzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5% to brinzolamide 1%/timolol 0.5%, the IOP values and incidence of superficial punctate keratopathy and conjunctival hyperemia were sustained throughout the 24-week observation period, and the patient preferences were similar for the two regimens. However, differences were observed in the ocular sensations of stinging

Theory and observations: Model simulations of the period 1955-1985

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Isaksen, Ivar S. A.; Eckman, R.; Lacis, A.; Ko, Malcolm K. W.; Prather, M.; Pyle, J.; Rodhe, H.; Stordal, Frode; Stolarski, R. S.; Turco, R. P.

1989-01-01

The main objective of the theoretical studies presented here is to apply models of stratospheric chemistry and transport in order to understand the processes that control stratospheric ozone and that are responsible for the observed variations. The model calculations are intended to simulate the observed behavior of atmospheric ozone over the past three decades (1955-1985), for which there exists a substantial record of both ground-based and, more recently, satellite measurements. Ozone concentrations in the atmosphere vary on different time scales and for several different causes. The models described here were designed to simulate the effect on ozone of changes in the concentration of such trace gases as CFC, CH4, N2O, and CO2. Changes from year to year in ultraviolet radiation associated with the solar cycle are also included in the models. A third source of variability explicitly considered is the sporadic introduction of large amounts of NO sub x into the stratosphere during atmospheric nuclear tests.

Observations of TT Ari requested in support of MOST observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Waagen, Elizabeth O.

2012-08-01

Dr. Nikolaus Vogt (Universidad de Valparaiso, Chile) requested simultaneous photometry and spectroscopy of the novalike (VY Scl subtype) cataclysmic variable TT Ari in support of upcoming observations with the Canadian Microvariability and Oscillations of Stars (MOST) satellite 2012 September 13 through October 20. The Departamento de Fisica y Astronomia of the Valparaiso University will carry out photometry with small telescopes in central Chile but the assistance of other observers, particularly in other latitudes and longitudes, is requested. The observations are being carried out to study superhump behavior, which is still not well understood despite the amount of research done in all classes of cataclysmic variables. TT Ari exibits superhumps - both positive (the superhump period is longer than the orbital period) and negative (the superhump period is shorter than the orbital period). While positive superhumps are thought probably to be the result of an eccentric configuration in the accretion disk, the mechanism for negative superhumps is not yet understood except that it may be related to the disk's being warped out of the orbital plane, leading to complex torque phenomena. TT Ari, one of the brightest cataclysmic variables, exhibits occasional fadings of several magnitudes, from its usual high-state (maximum) magnitude of ~10.5V to a low-state magnitude as faint as 16V. These fadings occur every 20-25 years, and last between 500 and 1000 days. According to observations in the AAVSO International Database, TT Ari is currently magnitude 10.5V. Finder charts with sequence may be created using the AAVSO Variable Star Plotter (http://www.aavso.org/vsp). Observations should be submitted to the AAVSO International Database. See full Alert Notice for more details, particularly regarding goals of the campaign, and observing instructions.

Randomized trial of brinzolamide/brimonidine versus brinzolamide plus brimonidine for open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

PubMed

Gandolfi, Stefano A; Lim, John; Sanseau, Ana Cristina; Parra Restrepo, Juan Camilo; Hamacher, Thomas

2014-12-01

Fixed-combination intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering medications simplify treatment regimens for patients requiring 2 ocular hypotensive agents to maintain sufficiently low IOP. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of fixed-combination brinzolamide 1%/brimonidine 0.2% (BBFC) versus concomitant administration of brinzolamide 1% plus brimonidine 0.2% (BRINZ + BRIM) in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. This was a prospective, phase 3, multicenter, double-masked, 6-month trial. Patients who had insufficient IOP control with monotherapy or who were receiving 2 IOP-lowering medications were randomized 1:1 to receive twice-daily BBFC or BRINZ + BRIM. IOP was assessed at 9 a.m. and 11 a.m. during week 2, week 6, month 3, and month 6 visits. The primary efficacy endpoint was mean diurnal IOP change from baseline to month 3; noninferiority was concluded if the upper limit of the 95% CI of the between-group difference was <1.5 mmHg. Supportive endpoints included mean IOP, IOP change from baseline, and percentage of patients with IOP <18 mmHg. Adverse events were recorded. The mean diurnal IOP change from baseline with BBFC (least squares mean ± standard error -8.5 ± 0.16 mmHg) was noninferior to that with BRINZ + BRIM (-8.3 ± 0.16 mmHg; mean difference -0.1 mmHg; 95% CI -0.5 to 0.2 mmHg). The upper limits of the 95% CIs were <1.5 mmHg at all time points. Decreases from baseline >8 mmHg were observed for least squares mean diurnal IOP in both groups as early as week 2 and continued to the end of the study. The results of all other supportive endpoints were similar to the primary efficacy endpoint. The most common ocular adverse drug reactions were hyperemia of the eye (reported as ocular or conjunctival hyperemia), visual disturbances, ocular allergic reactions, and ocular discomfort. Common systemic adverse drug reactions included dysgeusia, oral dryness, and fatigue/drowsiness. Brinzolamide 1

Marked depression of time interval between fertilization period and hatching period following exposure to low-dose X-rays in zebrafish.

PubMed

Miyachi, Yukihisa; Kanao, Tomoko; Okamoto, Takehito

2003-10-01

In recent years there has been growing concern over the stimulating effects of very low-dose X-rays. Our laboratory had observed that zebrafish irradiated with low-dose X-rays tended to emerge earlier than sham controls. This observation led us to quantitatively examine the effects of low-dose X irradiation on a series of stages of development in the zebrafish. The embryos were fertilized simultaneously in vitro and incubated at an optimal temperature without crowding. Following exposure of the cleavage period (1.5 h after fertilization) to 0.025-Gy X-rays, the duration to hatching was slightly shorter than that of the sham controls. This tendency was increased when the X-ray exposure occurred during the blastula period (3.5 h). In these embryos, the duration to hatching decreased significantly by an average of 6 h sooner than for sham controls. No differences in duration to hatching were seen when irradiation was given during either the zygote period (45 min) or the segmentation period (12 h). On the contrary, upon exposure to 0.5-Gy X-rays during the blastula period, the duration to hatching increased significantly relative to that of sham controls. These results suggest that the radiation-induced early hatching effect is observed for low doses of X-rays.

A 4-week, dose-ranging study comparing the efficacy, safety and tolerability of latanoprost 75, 100 and 125 μg/mL to latanoprost 50 μg/mL (xalatan) in the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

125 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusions IOP reductions were observed in all treatment groups postbaseline, with no clinically relevant or statistically significant differences detected favoring any of the higher concentrations of latanoprost compared with latanoprost 50 μg/mL. All doses of latanoprost were well tolerated. Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier NCT01379144. PMID:22607109

Measurements of spectral optical properties and their relation to biogeochemical variables and processes in Crater Lake, Crater Lake National Park, OR

USGS Publications Warehouse

Boss, E.S.; Collier, R.; Larson, G.; Fennel, K.; Pegau, W.S.

2007-01-01

Spectral inherent optical properties (IOPs) have been measured at Crater Lake, OR, an extremely clear sub-alpine lake. Indeed Pure water IOPs are major contributors to the total IOPs, and thus to the color of the lake. Variations in the spatial distribution of IOPs were observed in June and September 2001, and reflect biogeochemical processes in the lake. Absorption by colored dissolved organic material increases with depth and between June and September in the upper 300 m. This pattern is consistent with a net release of dissolved organic materials from primary and secondary production through the summer and its photo-oxidation near the surface. Waters fed by a tributary near the lake's rim exhibited low levels of absorption by dissolved organic materials. Scattering is mostly dominated by organic particulate material, though inorganic material is found to enter the lake from the rim following a rain storm. Several similarities to oceanic oligotrophic regions are observed: (a) The Beam attenuation correlates well with particulate organic material (POM) and the relationship is similar to that observed in the open ocean. (b) The specific absorption of colored dissolved organic material has a value similar to that of open ocean humic material. (c) The distribution of chlorophyll with depth does not follow the distribution of particulate organic material due to photo-acclimation resulting in a subsurface pigment maximum located about 50 m below the POM maximum. ?? 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

The Incubation Periods of Dengue Viruses

PubMed Central

Chan, Miranda; Johansson, Michael A.

2012-01-01

Dengue viruses are major contributors to illness and death globally. Here we analyze the extrinsic and intrinsic incubation periods (EIP and IIP), in the mosquito and human, respectively. We identified 146 EIP observations from 8 studies and 204 IIP observations from 35 studies. These data were fitted with censored Bayesian time-to-event models. The best-fitting temperature-dependent EIP model estimated that 95% of EIPs are between 5 and 33 days at 25°C, and 2 and 15 days at 30°C, with means of 15 and 6.5 days, respectively. The mean IIP estimate was 5.9 days, with 95% expected between days 3 and 10. Differences between serotypes were not identified for either incubation period. These incubation period models should be useful in clinical diagnosis, outbreak investigation, prevention and control efforts, and mathematical modeling of dengue virus transmission. PMID:23226436

Le role du phytoplancton de petite taille (<20 mum) dans les variations des proprietes optiques des eaux du Saint-Laurent

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mas, Sebastien

Les mesures satellitaires de couleur des oceans sont largement determinees par les proprietes optiques inherentes (IOPs) des eaux de surface. D'autre part, le phytoplancton de petite taille (<20 mum) est le plus souvent dominant dans les oceans, et peut donc etre une source importante de variation des IOPs dans les oceans. Dans ce contexte, le but principal de ce doctorat etait de definir l'impact du phytoplancton (<20 mum) sur les variations des proprietes optiques de l'Estuaire et du Golfe du Saint-Laurent (Canada). Afin d'atteindre cet objectif, il etait necessaire de determiner en milieu controle les facteurs de variabilite des proprietes optiques cellulaires et des IOPs du phytoplancton (<20 mum) des eaux du Saint-Laurent, et d'evaluer la contribution du phytoplancton (<20 mum) aux proprietes optiques totales des eaux du Saint-Laurent. Des experiences en laboratoire ont montre que les variations des proprietes optiques des cellules phytoplanctoniques soumises a un cycle jour-nuit, ainsi qu'a des changements concomitants d'intensite lumineuse, peuvent contribuer significativement a la variabilite des proprietes optiques observee en milieu naturel. D'autres experiences ont, quant a elles, mis en evidence que les variations des proprietes optiques des cellules phytoplanctoniques dues aux phases de croissance peuvent alterer les IOPs des oceans, particulierement pendant les periodes de floraison. De plus, la presence de bacteries et de particules detritiques peut egalement affecter la variabilite des IOPs totales, notamment la diffusion. Au printemps, dans l'Estuaire et le Golfe du Saint-Laurent, la contribution du phytoplancton <20 mum aux IOPs presentait des differences regionales evidentes pour les proprietes d'absorption et de diffusion. En plus de la variabilite spatiale, les proprietes optiques cellulaires presentaient des variations journalieres, et ce particulierement pour le picophytoplancton. Enfin, la plupart des differences observees dans les

Incidence, Risk Factors, and Timing of Elevated Intraocular Pressure After Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide Injection for Macular Edema Secondary to Retinal Vein Occlusion: SCORE Study Report 15.

PubMed

Aref, Ahmad A; Scott, Ingrid U; Oden, Neal L; Ip, Michael S; Blodi, Barbara A; VanVeldhuisen, Paul C

2015-09-01

The Standard of Care vs Corticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion (SCORE) Study showed that intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) is effective at reducing macular edema and improving visual acuity in participants with retinal vein occlusion. Secondary analysis of the incidence, risk factors, and timing of intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation occurring after IVTA provides guidance for clinical decision making and management of patients treated with IVTA. To investigate the incidence, risk factors, and time course of IOP elevation in participants in the SCORE Study. Secondary analysis conducted from August through December 2014 of a prospective, randomized clinical trial featuring an evaluable population conducted at 75 clinical sites. Six hundred eighty-two patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion were enrolled in the study. The SCORE Study enrollment period ran from November 4, 2004, to February 29, 2008, with participant follow-up ending February 28, 2009. Study participants were randomized to standard of care, 1 mg of IVTA, or 4 mg of IVTA therapy and followed up for a mean (SD) of 24.7 (10.3) months. Intraocular pressure elevation greater than 10 mm Hg from baseline. Kaplan-Meier incidences of IOP elevation greater than 10 mm Hg from baseline at 36 months were 0.02 (95% CI, 0.01-0.06), 0.09 (95% CI, 0.05-0.14), and 0.45 (95% CI, 0.38-0.53) in the standard of care, 1-mg IVTA, and 4-mg IVTA groups, respectively. The rates of IOP-related events were higher for the 4-mg IVTA group compared with the other groups (P ≤ .001 for main outcome measure). Younger age, 4-mg IVTA vs 1-mg IVTA treatment, and higher baseline IOP were found to confer greater risk for IOP-related events (P < .05 for all). The median number of days from time of first injection to IOP elevation greater than 10 mm Hg from baseline was 34.0 and 52.5 days in participants treated with 1-mg and 4-mg IVTA, respectively. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection

Periodic behavior in lava dome eruptions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barmin, A.; Melnik, O.; Sparks, R. S. J.

2002-05-01

Lava dome eruptions commonly display fairly regular alternations between periods of high activity and periods of low or no activity. The time scale for these alternations is typically months to several years. Here we develop a generic model of magma discharge through a conduit from an open-system magma chamber with continuous replenishment. The model takes account of the principal controls on flow, namely the replenishment rate, magma chamber size, elastic deformation of the chamber walls, conduit resistance, and variations of magma viscosity, which are controlled by degassing during ascent and kinetics of crystallization. The analysis indicates a rich diversity of behavior with periodic patterns similar to those observed. Magma chamber size can be estimated from the period with longer periods implying larger chambers. Many features observed in volcanic eruptions such as alternations between periodic behaviors and continuous discharge, sharp changes in discharge rate, and transitions from effusive to catastrophic explosive eruption can be understood in terms of the non-linear dynamics of conduit flows from open-system magma chambers. The dynamics of lava dome growth at Mount St. Helens (1980-1987) and Santiaguito (1922-2000) was analyzed with the help of the model. The best-fit models give magma chamber volumes of ∼0.6 km3 for Mount St. Helens and ∼65 km3 for Santiaguito. The larger magma chamber volume is the major factor in explaining why Santiaguito is a long-lived eruption with a longer periodicity of pulsations in comparison with Mount St. Helens.

Acquired ectropion uveae and secondary glaucoma due to trauma: report of 3 cases.

PubMed

Markovic, Vujica; Vukovic, Dragan; Radosavljevic, Aleksandra; Marjanovic, Ivan

2017-01-19

To investigate the possible association between acquired ectropion uveae and blunt trauma to the eye. We present 3 cases of acquired ectropion uveae that occurred after blunt trauma to the eye. There are no previously published data on possible association of these conditions. A retrospective review was conducted of patients with ectropion uveae and eye injury at University Eye Hospital over a 10-year period (2006-2016). We analyzed medical records and clinical findings. Three eyes of 3 male patients with ocular trauma and ectropion uveae, ages 71, 68, and 5 years, were reviewed. The period between the eye injury and the diagnosis of ectropion uveae ranged from 10 to 36 months. All 3 eyes developed clinical evidence of secondary glaucoma with moderately to severely elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) (ranging from 29 to 48 mm Hg). Surgical treatment (trabeculectomy) was needed in 2 cases in order to control secondary glaucoma and conservative treatment was sufficient in 1 case. Mean patient follow-up was 19.3 ± 4.6 months. Trauma can be considered as a cause of acquired ectropion uveae. Acquired ectropion uveae following eye trauma may be associated with significant increase in IOP. All patients in our series had secondary glaucoma and 2 of 3 required surgical treatment for IOP control.

Period determiantions for 265 Anna and 1584 Fuji

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bembrick, C. S.; Bolt, G.

2005-03-01

Minor planets 265 Anna and 1584 Fuji were observed from two sites widely separated in longitude. The former was observed over 12 nights (22 rotations) and the latter over 15 nights (23 rotations). Unfiltered CCD photometry yielded a synodic rotation period of 11.681±0.006 hours for Anna and a period of 14.880±0.013 hours for Fuji. The amplitudes are 0.48 and 0.17, respectively.

[The affect of Erigeron Breviscapus (Vant.) Hand-Mazz on axoplasmic transport of optic nerve in rats with experimentally elevated intraocular pressure].

PubMed

Zhu, Y; Jiang, Y; Liu, Z; Luo, X; Wu, Z

2000-07-01

To investigate whether Erigeron Breviscapus (Vant.) Hand-Mazz (EBHM) can improve the optic nerve axoplasmic transport in rats with experimentally elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Thirty healthy SD rats were used for the study, acute elevated IOP model in the right eye was built, then they were divided into three groups randomly: Group A (0 day group) included six rats for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) counting via left superior colliculus retrograde horse radish perokidase labeling; Group B, twelve rats divided into EBHM treatment group and control group (6 rats in each subgroup) for RGC counting via left superior colliculus retrograde labeling after twenty days, and Group C included twelve rats submitted the same treatment and procedure as group B after 40 days. After 0 day of acute elevated IOP, no labeled RGCs were observed. After twenty days of acute elevated IOP, in the control and EBHM subgroups the density of labeled RGCs were (423 +/- 220)/mm(2) and (749 +/- 294)/mm(2) respectively, the difference between two subgroups showed statistical significance (P < 0.01). After 40 days of acute elevated IOP, the density of RGCs in the control and EBHM subgroups in group C were (610 +/- 315)/mm(2) and (1,048 +/- 393)/mm(2) respectively, the difference between the two subgroups being statistically significant (P < 0.01). After 20 days and 40 days of acute elevation of IOP, the density of RGCs is obviously higher in EBHM group than that in the control group. It is revealed that EBHM can improve the optic nerve axoplasmic transportation blocked by acute elevation of IOP in rats.

24-Hour Efficacy and Ocular Surface Health with Preservative-Free Tafluprost Alone and in Conjunction with Preservative-Free Dorzolamide/Timolol Fixed Combination in Open-Angle Glaucoma Patients Insufficiently Controlled with Preserved Latanoprost Monotherapy.

PubMed

Konstas, Anastasios-Georgios; Boboridis, Konstadinos G; Kapis, Paraskevas; Marinopoulos, Konstantinos; Voudouragkaki, Irini C; Panayiotou, Dimitrios; Mikropoulos, Dimitrios G; Pagkalidou, Eirini; Haidich, Anna-Bettina; Katsanos, Andreas; Quaranta, Luciano

2017-01-01

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the 24-h efficacy, tolerability, and ocular surface health with preservative-free (PF) tafluprost and a PF triple drug regimen comprising tafluprost and dorzolamide/timolol fixed combination (DTFC) in open-angle glaucoma patients who were insufficiently controlled with preserved branded or generic latanoprost monotherapy and who exhibited signs or symptoms of ocular surface disease (OSD). Prospective, observer-masked, crossover, comparison. Eligible consecutive open-angle glaucoma patients were randomized to either PF tafluprost or the triple PF regimen for 3 months. They were then crossed over to the opposite therapy for another 3 months. At the end of the latanoprost run-in period and after each PF treatment period, patients underwent habitual 24-h intraocular pressure (IOP) monitoring with Goldmann tonometry in the sitting position (at 10:00, 14:00, 18:00, and 22:00) and Perkins tonometry in the supine position (at 02:00 and 06:00). Tolerability and selected ocular surface parameters were evaluated at baseline and the end of each treatment period. Forty-three open-angle glaucoma patients completed the trial. Mean 24-h IOP on preserved latanoprost was 22.2 ± 3.9 mmHg. Compared with latanoprost monotherapy, PF tafluprost obtained a greater reduction in mean, peak, and fluctuation of 24-h IOP including the 02:00 and 06:00 time points (P < 0.05). With the exception of 24-h fluctuation, the triple PF regimen provided significantly lower IOP parameters than latanoprost or PF tafluprost (P < 0.001). Finally, PF tafluprost therapy displayed significantly improved tear film break-up times (6.7 vs 6.0 s), corneal staining (1.3 vs 2.2), and Schirmer I test results (9.1 vs 8.2 mm) compared with the preserved latanoprost baseline (all P < 0.01). The triple PF regimen demonstrated similar tear film break-up times (6.1 vs 6.0 s) and Schirmer I test results (8.2 vs 8.2 mm) to latanoprost, but revealed a significant

The efficacy and safety of add-on 0.1% brimonidine tartrate preserved with sodium chlorite in on-treatment Japanese normal-tension glaucoma patients.

PubMed

Tsumura, Toyoaki; Yoshikawa, Keiji; Kimura, Tairo; Suzumura, Hirotaka; Kawashima, Miwako; Nanno, Mami; Ishijima, Kiyotaka; Takeda, Ryuji

2014-01-01

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of newly formulated brimonidine (0.1% brimonidine tartrate preserved with sodium chlorite: brimonidine) as add-on therapy in on-treatment Japanese normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients. Brimonidine was added to on-treatment NTG patients with intraocular pressures (IOP) of between 13 mmHg and 16 mmHg after three consecutive IOP measurements. The time courses of IOP, conjunctival hyperemia, superficial punctate keratitis, and adverse events were examined at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after brimonidine instillation. Though 75 of 83 patients (31 males and 52 females; mean age: 63.4±11.6 years) completed the study, six patients discontinued because of side effects and two patients withdrew. The mean IOP after brimonidine addition at week 4 (12.6±1.8 mmHg, P<0.001), week 8 (12.4±1.7 mmHg, P<0.001), and week 12 (12.6±1.8 mmHg, P<0.001) was significantly decreased compared with that before the addition of brimonidine (13.9±1.2 mmHg). No significant changes in superficial punctate keratitis or conjunctival hyperemia scores were observed throughout the study. Dizziness, sleepiness, eye pain, and itching (mild to moderate) were noted in five, four, three, and three patients, respectively. The addition of newly formulated brimonidine to on-treatment Japanese NTG patients with IOP of 13-16 mmHg further reduced the levels of IOP with minimal side effects and adverse events.

Efficacy and tolerability of preservative-free eye drops containing a fixed combination of dorzolamide and timolol in glaucoma patients.

PubMed

Renieri, Giulia; Führer, Katrin; Scheithe, Karl; Lorenz, Katrin; Pfeiffer, Norbert; Thieme, Hagen

2010-12-01

To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of preservative-free eye drops (dorzolamide/timolol) in routine management of preservative-sensitive glaucoma patients. Data from 2,298 glaucoma patients requiring intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction and suffering from intolerance to benzalkonium chloride or active agents of previously used eye drops were valid for baseline and safety analysis in this prospective, open, noncomparative, multicenter, noninterventional study. Patients were treated with preservative-free dorzolamide/timolol eye drops for 12 weeks. Main efficacy endpoint was IOP reduction after 12 weeks of treatment. Two thousand forty-nine patients were considered for efficacy analysis. Tolerability was assessed by evaluating adverse drug reactions. Mean baseline IOP was 20.8 mmHg. Baseline IOP was reduced to 16.7 mmHg after 12 weeks of treatment corresponding to a mean absolute (percent) change of -4.1 mmHg (-17.3%). The proportion of patients with IOP ≤21 mmHg increased from 59.9% at baseline to 94.6% after 12 weeks. The most frequently reported ocular adverse drug reactions were burning eyes (2.4%) and hyperemia (0.9%). Local tolerability improved in 79.3% of patients compared to their previous glaucoma therapy. This observational study confirms the IOP lowering effect of preservative-free eye drops containing the fixed combination of dorzolamide/timolol in a large patient's population. The drug was well tolerated and improved the local tolerability in the vast majority of patients.

Trabeculotomy combined with phacoemulsification and implantation of an intraocular lens for the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma and coexisting cataract.

PubMed

Tanihara, H; Honjo, M; Inatani, M; Honda, Y; Ogino, N; Ueno, S; Negi, A; Ichioka, H; Mizoguchi, T; Matsumura, M; Nagata, M

1997-10-01

The authors previously reported the usefulness of trabeculotomy ab externo for the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma in adult patients. In an attempt to elucidate the long-term risk-to-benefit ratio of this surgical modality in combination with cataract surgery, the authors conducted a retrospective study of the surgical effects and complications of a triple procedure: phacoemulsification, implantation (of an intraocular lens), and trabeculotomy (PIT). The authors conducted a retrospective study of patients treated with PIT at multiple hospitals. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and visual function data were obtained from patients after PIT as an initial surgical treatment in cases where antiglaucoma medications failed to resolve uncontrolled IOP (higher than 21 mm Hg). Included in this study were 96 eyes of 64 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and coexisting cataract. The mean follow-up period was 22.6 +/- 14.7 months (range 3-56 months). In 94 (98%) of the 96 eyes, the IOP was well controlled, having achieved a level of 21 mm Hg or lower at the final examinations. The mean preoperative IOP of the 33 eyes that underwent the triple procedure using a single flap method (PIT-I) was 24.3 +/- 3.9 mm Hg, with an average of 2.1 +/- 1.1 medications. At the final examinations, the mean IOP had dropped to 16.0 +/- 1.2 mm Hg, with an average of 1.2 +/- 1.2 medications. The mean preoperative IOP of the 63 eyes that underwent the triple procedure using a double flap method (PIT-II) was 26.2 +/- 6.2 mm Hg, with an average of 1.9 +/- 1.2 medications. At the final examination, the mean IOP for this group was 15.6 +/- 2.9 mm Hg, with an average of 1.0 +/- 0.9 medications. The long-term results from this multicenter study showed that the triple procedure, PIT, can be useful and effective as an initial surgical treatment for open-angle glaucoma in glaucoma patients with coexisting cataract.

The Rotation Period and Magnetic Field of the T Dwarf 2MASSI J1047539+212423 Measured from Periodic Radio Bursts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Williams, P. K. G.; Berger, E.

2015-08-01

Periodic radio bursts from very low mass stars and brown dwarfs simultaneously probe their magnetic and rotational properties. The brown dwarf 2MASSI J1047539+212423 (2M 1047+21) is currently the only T dwarf (T6.5) detected at radio wavelengths. Previous observations of this source with the Arecibo observatory revealed intermittent, 100%-polarized radio pulses similar to those detected from other brown dwarfs, but were unable to constrain a pulse periodicity; previous Very Large Array (VLA) observations detected quiescent emission a factor of ∼100 times fainter than the Arecibo pulses but no additional events. Here we present 14 hr of VLA observations of this object that reveal a series of pulses at ∼6 GHz with highly variable profiles, showing that the pulsing behavior evolves on time scales that are both long and short compared to the rotation period. We measure a periodicity of ∼1.77 hr and identify it with the rotation period. This is just the sixth rotation period measurement in a late T dwarf, and the first obtained in the radio. We detect a pulse at 10 GHz as well, suggesting that the magnetic field strength of 2 M 1047+21 reaches at least 3.6 kG. Although this object is the coolest and most rapidly rotating radio-detected brown dwarf to date, its properties appear continuous with those of other such objects, suggesting that the generation of strong magnetic fields and radio emission may continue to even cooler objects. Further studies of this kind will help to clarify the relationships between mass, age, rotation, and magnetic activity at and beyond the end of the main sequence, where both theories and observational data are currently scarce.

Large-scale vertical velocity, diabatic heating and drying profiles associated with seasonal and diurnal variations of convective systems observed in the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment

DOE PAGES

Tang, Shuaiqi; Xie, Shaocheng; Zhang, Yunyan; ...

2016-11-16

This study describes the characteristics of large-scale vertical velocity, apparent heating source ( Q 1) and apparent moisture sink ( Q 2) profiles associated with seasonal and diurnal variations of convective systems observed during the two intensive operational periods (IOPs) that were conducted from 15 February to 26 March 2014 (wet season) and from 1 September to 10 October 2014 (dry season) near Manaus, Brazil, during the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) experiment. The derived large-scale fields have large diurnal variations according to convective activity in the GoAmazon region and the morning profiles show distinct differences between the dry and wetmore » seasons. In the wet season, propagating convective systems originating far from the GoAmazon region are often seen in the early morning, while in the dry season they are rarely observed. Afternoon convective systems due to solar heating are frequently seen in both seasons. Accordingly, in the morning, there is strong upward motion and associated heating and drying throughout the entire troposphere in the wet season, which is limited to lower levels in the dry season. In the afternoon, both seasons exhibit weak heating and strong moistening in the boundary layer related to the vertical convergence of eddy fluxes. Here, a set of case studies of three typical types of convective systems occurring in Amazonia – i.e., locally occurring systems, coastal-occurring systems and basin-occurring systems – is also conducted to investigate the variability of the large-scale environment with different types of convective systems.« less

Large-scale vertical velocity, diabatic heating and drying profiles associated with seasonal and diurnal variations of convective systems observed in the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tang, Shuaiqi; Xie, Shaocheng; Zhang, Yunyan

2016-01-01

This study describes the characteristics of large-scale vertical velocity, apparent heating source ( Q 1) and apparent moisture sink ( Q 2) profiles associated with seasonal and diurnal variations of convective systems observed during the two intensive operational periods (IOPs) that were conducted from 15 February to 26 March 2014 (wet season) and from 1 September to 10 October 2014 (dry season) near Manaus, Brazil, during the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) experiment. The derived large-scale fields have large diurnal variations according to convective activity in the GoAmazon region and the morning profiles show distinct differences between the dry and wetmore » seasons. In the wet season, propagating convective systems originating far from the GoAmazon region are often seen in the early morning, while in the dry season they are rarely observed. Afternoon convective systems due to solar heating are frequently seen in both seasons. Accordingly, in the morning, there is strong upward motion and associated heating and drying throughout the entire troposphere in the wet season, which is limited to lower levels in the dry season. In the afternoon, both seasons exhibit weak heating and strong moistening in the boundary layer related to the vertical convergence of eddy fluxes. A set of case studies of three typical types of convective systems occurring in Amazonia – i.e., locally occurring systems, coastal-occurring systems and basin-occurring systems – is also conducted to investigate the variability of the large-scale environment with different types of convective systems.« less

Short-Period Surface Wave Based Seismic Event Relocation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

White-Gaynor, A.; Cleveland, M.; Nyblade, A.; Kintner, J. A.; Homman, K.; Ammon, C. J.

2017-12-01

Accurate and precise seismic event locations are essential for a broad range of geophysical investigations. Superior location accuracy generally requires calibration with ground truth information, but superb relative location precision is often achievable independently. In explosion seismology, low-yield explosion monitoring relies on near-source observations, which results in a limited number of observations that challenges our ability to estimate any locations. Incorporating more distant observations means relying on data with lower signal-to-noise ratios. For small, shallow events, the short-period (roughly 1/2 to 8 s period) fundamental-mode and higher-mode Rayleigh waves (including Rg) are often the most stable and visible portion of the waveform at local distances. Cleveland and Ammon [2013] have shown that teleseismic surface waves are valuable observations for constructing precise, relative event relocations. We extend the teleseismic surface wave relocation method, and apply them to near-source distances using Rg observations from the Bighorn Arche Seismic Experiment (BASE) and the Earth Scope USArray Transportable Array (TA) seismic stations. Specifically, we present relocation results using short-period fundamental- and higher-mode Rayleigh waves (Rg) in a double-difference relative event relocation for 45 delay-fired mine blasts and 21 borehole chemical explosions. Our preliminary efforts are to explore the sensitivity of the short-period surface waves to local geologic structure, source depth, explosion magnitude (yield), and explosion characteristics (single-shot vs. distributed source, etc.). Our results show that Rg and the first few higher-mode Rayleigh wave observations can be used to constrain the relative locations of shallow low-yield events.

Clinical management of unruptured intracranial aneurysm in Germany: a nationwide observational study over a 5-year period (2005-2009).

PubMed

Walendy, Victor; Stang, Andreas

2017-01-17

Our aim was to provide nationwide age-standardised rates (ASR) on the usage of endovascular coiling and neurosurgical clipping for unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA) treatment in Germany. Nationwide observational study using the Diagnosis-Related-Groups (DRG) statistics for the years 2005-2009 (overall 83 million hospitalisations). From 2005 to 2009, overall 39 155 hospitalisations with a diagnosis of UIA occurred in Germany. Age-specific and age-standardised hospitalisation rates for UIA with the midyear population of Germany in 2007 as the standard. Of the 10 221 hospitalisations with UIA during the observation period, 6098 (59.7%) and 4123 (40.3%) included coiling and clipping, respectively. Overall hospitalisation rates for UIA increased by 39.5% (95% CI 24.7% to 56.0%) and 50.4% (95% CI 39.6% to 62.1%) among men and women, respectively. In 2005, the ASR per 100 000 person years for coiling was 0.7 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.78) for men and 1.7 (95% CI 1.58 to 1.82) for women. In 2009, the ASR was 1.0 (95% CI 0.90 to 1.10) and 2.4 (95% CI 2.24 to 2.56), respectively. Similarly, the ASR for clipping in 2005 amounted to 0.6 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.68) for men and 1.1 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.20) for women. These rates increased in 2009 to 0.8 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.88) and 1.7 (95% CI 1.58 to 1.82), respectively. We observed a marked geographical variation of ASR for coiling and less pronounced for clipping. For the federal state of Saarland, the ASR for coiling was 5.64 (95% CI 4.76 to 6.52) compared with 0.68 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.88; per 100 000 person years) in Saxony-Anhalt, whereas, ASR for clipping were highest in Rhineland-Palatinate (2.48, 95% CI 2.17 to 4.75) and lowest in Saxony-Anhalt (0.52, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.70). To the best of our knowledge, we presented the first representative, nationwide analysis of the clinical management of UIA in Germany. The ASR increased markedly and showed substantial geographical variation among federal states for all treatment modalities

Mid-Term Quasi-Periodicities and Solar Cycle Variation of the White-Light Corona from 18.5 Years (1996.0 - 2014.5) of LASCO Observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barlyaeva, T.; Lamy, P.; Llebaria, A.

2015-07-01

We report on the analysis of the temporal evolution of the solar corona based on 18.5 years (1996.0 - 2014.5) of white-light observations with the SOHO/LASCO-C2 coronagraph. This evolution is quantified by generating spatially integrated values of the K-corona radiance, first globally, then in latitudinal sectors. The analysis considers time series of monthly values and 13-month running means of the radiance as well as several indices and proxies of solar activity. We study correlation, wavelet time-frequency spectra, and cross-coherence and phase spectra between these quantities. Our results give a detailed insight on how the corona responds to solar activity over timescales ranging from mid-term quasi-periodicities (also known as quasi-biennial oscillations or QBOs) to the long-term 11 year solar cycle. The amplitude of the variation between successive solar maxima and minima (modulation factor) very much depends upon the strength of the cycle and upon the heliographic latitude. An asymmetry is observed during the ascending phase of Solar Cycle 24, prominently in the royal and polar sectors, with north leading. Most prominent QBOs are a quasi-annual period during the maximum phase of Solar Cycle 23 and a shorter period, seven to eight months, in the ascending and maximum phases of Solar Cycle 24. They share the same properties as the solar QBOs: variable periodicity, intermittency, asymmetric development in the northern and southern solar hemispheres, and largest amplitudes during the maximum phase of solar cycles. The strongest correlation of the temporal variations of the coronal radiance - and consequently the coronal electron density - is found with the total magnetic flux. Considering that the morphology of the solar corona is also directly controlled by the topology of the magnetic field, this correlation reinforces the view that they are intimately connected, including their variability at all timescales.

Turing patterns in parabolic systems of conservation laws and numerically observed stability of periodic waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barker, Blake; Jung, Soyeun; Zumbrun, Kevin

2018-03-01

Turing patterns on unbounded domains have been widely studied in systems of reaction-diffusion equations. However, up to now, they have not been studied for systems of conservation laws. Here, we (i) derive conditions for Turing instability in conservation laws and (ii) use these conditions to find families of periodic solutions bifurcating from uniform states, numerically continuing these families into the large-amplitude regime. For the examples studied, numerical stability analysis suggests that stable periodic waves can emerge either from supercritical Turing bifurcations or, via secondary bifurcation as amplitude is increased, from subcritical Turing bifurcations. This answers in the affirmative a question of Oh-Zumbrun whether stable periodic solutions of conservation laws can occur. Determination of a full small-amplitude stability diagram - specifically, determination of rigorous Eckhaus-type stability conditions - remains an interesting open problem.

Effect of dexmedetomidine on intraocular pressure in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy under total intravenous anesthesia: A randomized, double blinded placebo controlled clinical trial.

PubMed

Kitamura, Sakiko; Takechi, Kenichi; Nishihara, Tasuku; Konishi, Amane; Takasaki, Yasushi; Yorozuya, Toshihiro

2018-06-05

To study the effects of intraoperative dexmedetomidine on the intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP) under propofol-remifentanil anesthesia. Double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Operating room. Forty consenting male patients aged ≥20 to <80 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classes I and II. The patients were randomly assigned to either dexmedetomidine (DEX) (n = 20) or control (n = 20) group. Anesthesia was induced and maintained using propofol, remifentanil, and rocuronium. In the dexmedetomidine group, dexmedetomidine was administered at 0.4 μg/kg/h immediately after anesthesia induction until the end of the surgery, whereas normal saline was administered as placebo in the control group. IOP was measured using a rebound tonometer. Time points of measuring IOP were as follows: T1: before anesthesia induction, T2: 5 min after intubation, T3: 60 min after placing patient in the Trendelenburg position, T4: 120 min after placing patient in the Trendelenburg position, T5: 180 min after placing patient in the Trendelenburg position, T6: 5 min after placing patient in a horizontal position, T7: 5 min after extubation, and T8: 30 min after extubation. A linear mixed model analysis demonstrated a significant intergroup difference in IOP over time and during pneumoperitoneum in the steep Trendelenburg position. IOP at T5 was significantly lower in the dexmedetomidine group than in the control group even after post-hoc analysis in the steep Trendelenburg position periods with Bonferroni correction. Dexmedetomidine combined with propofol decreases IOP in the steep Trendelenburg position during RALRP. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Long-term results of viscocanalostomy and phacoviscocanalostomy: a twelve-year follow-up study

PubMed Central

Gunenc, Uzeyir; Ozturk, Taylan; Arikan, Gul; Kocak, Nilufer

2015-01-01

AIM To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety results of viscocanalostomy and phacoviscocanalostomy. METHODS The charts of 49 glaucoma patients who underwent viscocanalostomy or phacoviscocanalostomy surgery between February 1999 and August 2004 were reviewed retrospectively. Thirty-one eyes of 21 glaucoma patients who underwent filtering procedure with a postoperative follow-up of at least 5y were included in the study. Results of complete ophthalmologic examinations were recorded and statistically analyzed. Long-term surgical outcome was defined as an overall success when intraocular pressure (IOP) was found as ≤20 mm Hg with or without antiglaucomatous medication at the last follow-up visit, while it was defined as a complete success when IOP was measured ≤20 mm Hg without antiglaucomatous medication. RESULTS Mean age was 68.1±9.6y (range: 32-81y). Mean follow-up time was 101.5±27.3mo (range: 60-144mo). Viscocanalostomy was performed in 8 eyes (25.8%) and phacoviscocanalostomy was performed in 23 eyes (74.2%). The mean preoperative IOP was 23.1±7.6 mm Hg with 2.1±1.0 medications, while mean IOP was 16.8±3.8 mm Hg with 0.9±1.1 medication at the last follow-up visit. Both the IOP decrease and the reduction in the antiglaucomatous medication were statistically significant (P<0.001 and P<0.001). No case required further glaucoma surgery. Overall success and complete success were found as 87.1% and 51.6%, respectively. Complete success rate was statistically higher in phacoviscocanalostomy group compared with the viscocanalostomy group (P=0.031), however there was no significant difference in overall success rate between two groups (P=0.072). CONCLUSION Both viscocanalostomy and phacoviscocanalostomy provide good IOP reduction in the long-term period. PMID:26682166

The role of phacoemulsification in glaucoma therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PubMed

Masis, Marisse; Mineault, Patrick J; Phan, Eileen; Lin, Shan C

2017-09-06

Cataract extraction is a safe and effective surgery that has been performed in its modern form for several decades. Many studies have noted that cataract extraction could also have a clinically significant role in the control of comorbid glaucoma. Lens extraction decreases the pressure within the eye, and intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only controllable risk factor in glaucoma proven to be effective. A systematic analysis of current evidence is needed to establish strong practice patterns and identify areas where further research is required. We performed systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical data to estimate the net effect of cataract surgery on IOP. A total of 37 treatment arms from 32 different studies from January 1997 to January 2017 were included. IOP reduction was highly correlated across follow-up periods. For angle-closure glaucoma, results showed an IOP decrease of -6.4 mmHg (95% CI: -9.4 to -3.4) at final follow-up (12 months and longer). For the open-angle glaucoma group, there was an overall IOP change of -2.7 mmHg (95% CI -3.7 to -1.7) from baseline. For pseudoexfoliation glaucoma further research is needed to reach an adequate evidence-based conclusion. The influence of inherent sources of bias, including loss to follow-up, washout and medication use, and lack of a control group, was evaluated numerically. These sources of bias pulled the IOP estimate in opposite directions and are therefore unlikely to affect the main conclusions substantially. Future prospective clinical trials, including other outcomes such as quality of life, clinical severity information, and cost-effectiveness analysis, are needed to determine the role of phacoemulsification alone within the glaucoma treatment algorithm. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Period analysis of the eclipsing binary AI Dra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zasche, P.; Uhlář, R.; Svoboda, P.

2010-03-01

The eclipsing binary system AI Dra reveals changes of its orbital period. These variations could be described as a result of orbiting the eclipsing pair around a common center of mass with two unseen companions with the periods about 18 and 43 years together with a steady period increase. Fourteen new minima observations were carried out by the authors.

Un-explained visual loss following silicone oil removal: results of the Pan American Collaborative Retina Study (PACORES) Group.

PubMed

Roca, Jose A; Wu, Lihteh; Berrocal, Maria; Rodriguez, Francisco; Alezzandrini, Arturo; Alvira, Gustavo; Velez-Montoya, Raul; Quiroz-Mercado, Hugo; Fernando Arevalo, J; Serrano, Martín; Lima, Luiz H; Figueroa, Marta; Farah, Michel; Chico, Giovanna

2017-01-01

To report the incidence and clinical features of patients that experienced un-explained visual loss following silicone oil (SO) removal. Multicenter retrospective study of patients that underwent SO removal during 2000-2012. Visual loss of ≥2 lines was considered significant. A total of 324 eyes of 324 patients underwent SO removal during the study period. Forty two (13%) eyes suffered a significant visual loss following SO removal. Twenty three (7.1%) of these eyes lost vision secondary to known causes. In the remaining 19 (5.9%) eyes, the loss of vision was not explained by any other pathology. Eleven of these 19 patients (57.9%) were male. The mean age of this group was 49.2 ± 16.4 years. Eyes that had an un-explained visual loss had a mean IOP while the eye was filled with SO of 19.6 ± 6.9 mm Hg. The length of time that the eye was filled with SO was 14.8 ± 4.4 months. In comparison, eyes that did not experience visual loss had a mean IOP of 14 ± 7.3 mm Hg ( p  < 0.0002) and a mean tamponade duration of 9.3 ± 10.9 months ( p  < 0.0001). An un-explained visual loss after SO removal was observed in 5.9% of eyes. Factors associated with this phenomenon included a higher IOP and longer SO tamponade duration.

Efficacy and safety of preservative-free latanoprost eyedrops, compared with BAK-preserved latanoprost in patients with ocular hypertension or glaucoma.

PubMed

Rouland, Jean-François; Traverso, Carlo Enrico; Stalmans, Ingeborg; Fekih, Lamia El; Delval, Laurent; Renault, Didier; Baudouin, Christophe

2013-02-01

To compare efficacy (intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction) and safety of preservative-free latanoprost (T2345) to benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-preserved latanoprost (BPL; Xalatan) in ocular hypertension (OHT) or primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. Prospective, international, multicentre, randomised, investigator-masked, parallel-group trial. After a wash-out period, POAG or OHT patients, previously managed by BPL monotherapy, randomly received T2345 or BPL (one drop into the affected eye(s)) once daily from D0 to D84. Change in IOP was measured at 09:00 (±1 h) from D0 to D84 in the worse eye. Mean IOP reduction (D0-D84) was -8.6±2.6 mm Hg (-36%) on T2345 and -9.0±2.4 mm Hg (-38%) on BPL, confirming non-inferiority of T2345 to BPL. Non-inferiority of T2345 was observed from D15. The most frequent ocular adverse event, drug intolerance, was reported in 1 (0.5%) patient on T2345 versus 4 (2.1%) patients on BPL. Moderate to severe conjunctival hyperaemia was less frequent on T2345 than on BPL at D42 (20.2% vs 30.6%; p=0.003) and D84 (21.4% vs 29.1%; p=0.02). Upon instillation, the global subjective ocular symptom score was significantly lower on T2345 than BPL on D42 (0.15 vs 0.41; p=0.001) and D84 (0.18 vs 0.46; p=0.001). Preservative-free latanoprost has the same efficacy as BPL, with improved local tolerance.

Vitiligo iridis and glaucoma: a rare sequelae of small pox.

PubMed

Kavitha, S; Patel, S R; Mohini, P; Venkatesh, R; Sengupta, S

2015-10-01

Vitiligo iridis refers to focal areas of iris atrophy as sequelae of small pox infection. We report a series of patients with unilateral vitiligo iridis, some of whom presented with secondary open-angle glaucoma. Three patients with vitiligo iridis underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination including intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, slit lamp biomicroscopy, gonioscopy, and fundus evaluation. Patients' facial features were also documented and photographed. All patients were in their sixth decade. Two out the three had elevated IOP (52 mm Hg and 36 mm Hg) in the same eye as vitiligo iridis, at initial presentation. Gonioscopy showed patchy iris hyperpigmentation and fundus evaluation showed glaucomatous optic disc changes in the involved eye. One patient responded favourably to topical antiglaucoma medications, whereas the other was taken up for combined phacoemulsification-trabeculectomy with good results. The third patient had normal IOP in the involved eye. All three patients gave a history of small pox in childhood and had pitted facial scars typical of previous small pox infection. Vitiligo iridis may be associated with the secondary glaucoma as a long-term sequelae of small pox. It may be prudent to periodically follow-up such patients for development of raised IOP in the future.

Intensive outpatient comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics: A case series

PubMed Central

Blount, Tabatha H; Lockhart, Ann-Louise T; Garcia, Rocio V; Raj, Jeslina J; Peterson, Alan L

2014-01-01

Recent randomized clinical trials have established the efficacy of Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) in treating children and adults with Tourette syndrome and persistent tic disorders. However, the standard CBIT protocol uses a weekly outpatient treatment format (i.e., 8 sessions over 10 wk), which may be inconvenient or impractical for some patients, particularly patients, who are required to travel long distances in order to receive care. In contrast, an intensive outpatient program may increase accessibility to evidence-based behavioral treatments for Tourette syndrome and other persistent tic disorders by eliminating the necessity of repeated travel. This case series evaluated the use of an intensive outpatient program CBIT (IOP CBIT) for the treatment of 2 preadolescent males (ages 10 and 14 years) with Tourette syndrome. The IOP CBIT treatment protocol included several hours of daily treatment over a 4-d period. Both children evidenced notable reductions in their tics and maintained treatment gains at follow-up. Moreover, both patients and their parents expressed treatment satisfaction with the IOP CBIT format. This case series addresses an important research gap in the behavioral treatment of tic disorders literature. The patients’ treatment outcomes indicate that IOP CBIT is a promising treatment that warrants more systematic investigation. PMID:25325069

Sequentially Observed Periodic Surveys of Management Compartments to Monitor Red-cockaded Woodpecker Populations