Sample records for observed concentration profiles

  1. Multispectral imaging determination of pigment concentration profiles in meat

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sáenz Gamasa, Carlos; Hernández Salueña, Begoña; Alberdi Odriozola, Coro; Alfonso Ábrego, Santiago; Berrogui Arizu, Miguel; Diñeiro Rubial, José Manuel

    2006-01-01

    The possibility of using multispectral techniques to determine the concentration profiles of myoglobin derivatives as a function of the distance to the meat surface during meat oxygenation is demonstrated. Reduced myoglobin (Mb) oxygenated oxymyoglobin (MbO II) and oxidized Metmyoglobin (MMb) concentration profiles are determined with a spatial resolutions better than of 0.01235 mm/pixel. Pigment concentrations are calculated using (K/S) ratios at isobestic points (474, 525, 572 and 610 nm) of the three forms of myoglobin pigments. This technique greatly improves previous methods, based on visual determination of pigment layers by their color, which allowed only estimations of pigment layer position and width. The multispectral technique avoids observer and illumination related bias in the pigment layer determination.

  2. Estimation of skin concentrations of topically applied lidocaine at each depth profile.

    PubMed

    Oshizaka, Takeshi; Kikuchi, Keisuke; Kadhum, Wesam R; Todo, Hiroaki; Hatanaka, Tomomi; Wierzba, Konstanty; Sugibayashi, Kenji

    2014-11-20

    Skin concentrations of topically administered compounds need to be considered in order to evaluate their efficacies and toxicities. This study investigated the relationship between the skin permeation and concentrations of compounds, and also predicted the skin concentrations of these compounds using their permeation parameters. Full-thickness skin or stripped skin from pig ears was set on a vertical-type diffusion cell, and lidocaine (LID) solution was applied to the stratum corneum (SC) in order to determine in vitro skin permeability. Permeation parameters were obtained based on Fick's second law of diffusion. LID concentrations at each depth of the SC were measured using tape-stripping. Concentration-depth profiles were obtained from viable epidermis and dermis (VED) by analyzing horizontal sections. The corresponding skin concentration at each depth was calculated based on Fick's law using permeation parameters and then compared with the observed value. The steady state LID concentrations decreased linearly as the site became deeper in SC or VED. The calculated concentration-depth profiles of the SC and VED were almost identical to the observed profiles. The compound concentration at each depth could be easily predicted in the skin using diffusion equations and skin permeation data. Thus, this method was considered to be useful for promoting the efficient preparation of topically applied drugs and cosmetics. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  3. Vertically-resolved profiles of mass concentrations and particle backscatter coefficients of Asian dust plumes derived from lidar observations of silicon dioxide.

    PubMed

    Noh, Youngmin; Müller, Detlef; Shin, Sung-Kyun; Shin, Dongho; Kim, Young J

    2016-01-01

    This study presents a method to retrieve vertically-resolved profiles of dust mass concentrations by analyzing Raman lidar signals of silicon dioxide (quartz) at 546nm. The observed particle plumes consisted of mixtures of East Asian dust with anthropogenic pollution. Our method for the first time allows for extracting the contribution of the aerosol component "pure dust" contained in the aerosol type "polluted dust". We also propose a method that uses OPAC (Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds) and the mass concentrations profiles of dust in order to derive profiles of backscatter coefficients of pure dust in mixed dust/pollution plumes. The mass concentration of silicon dioxide (quartz) in the atmosphere can be estimated from the backscatter coefficient of quartz. The mass concentration of dust is estimated by the weight percentage (38-77%) of mineral quartz in Asian dust. The retrieved dust mass concentrations are classified into water soluble, nucleation, accumulation, mineral-transported and coarse mode according to OPAC. The mass mixing ratio of 0.018, 0.033, 0.747, 0.130 and 0.072, respectively, is used. Dust extinction coefficients at 550nm were calculated by using OPAC and prescribed number concentrations for each of the 5 components. Dust backscatter coefficients were calculated from the dust extinction coefficients on the basis of a lidar ratio of 45±3sr at 532nm. We present results of quartz-Raman measurements carried out on the campus of the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (35.10°N, 126.53°E) on 15, 16, and 21 March 2010. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. Estimation of surface-level PM concentration from satellite observation taking into account the aerosol vertical profiles and hygroscopicity.

    PubMed

    Kim, Kwanchul; Lee, Kwon H; Kim, Ji I; Noh, Youngmin; Shin, Dong H; Shin, Sung K; Lee, Dasom; Kim, Jhoon; Kim, Young J; Song, Chul H

    2016-01-01

    Surface-level PM10 distribution was estimated from the satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) products, taking the account of vertical profiles and hygroscopicity of aerosols over Jeju, Korea during March 2008 and October 2009. In this study, MODIS AOD data from the Terra and Aqua satellites were corrected with aerosol extinction profiles and relative humidity data. PBLH (Planetary Boundary Layer Height) was determined from MPLNET lidar-derived aerosol extinction coefficient profiles. Through statistical analysis, better agreement in correlation (R = 0.82) between the hourly PM10 concentration and hourly average Sunphotometer AOD was the obtained when vertical fraction method (VFM) considering Haze Layer Height (HLH) and hygroscopic growth factor f(RH) was used. The validity of the derived relationship between satellite AOD and surface PM10 concentration clearly demonstrates that satellite AOD data can be utilized for remote sensing of spatial distribution of regional PM10 concentration. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

  5. Observations of high droplet number concentrations in Southern Ocean boundary layer clouds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chubb, T.; Huang, Y.; Jensen, J.; Campos, T.; Siems, S.; Manton, M.

    2015-09-01

    Data from the standard cloud physics payload during the NSF/NCAR High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (HIAPER) Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) campaigns provide a snapshot of unusual wintertime microphysical conditions in the boundary layer over the Southern Ocean. On 29 June 2011, the HIAPER sampled the boundary layer in a region of pre-frontal warm air advection between 58 and 48° S to the south of Tasmania. Cloud droplet number concentrations were consistent with climatological values in the northernmost profiles but were exceptionally high for wintertime in the Southern Ocean at 100-200 cm-3 in the southernmost profiles. Sub-micron (0.06concentrations for the southern profiles were up to 400 cm-3. Analysis of back trajectories and atmospheric chemistry observations revealed that while conditions in the troposphere were more typical of a clean remote ocean airmass, there was some evidence of continental or anthropogenic influence. However, the hypothesis of long range transport of continental aerosol fails to explain the magnitude of the aerosol and cloud droplet concentration in the boundary layer. Instead, the gale force surface winds in this case (wind speed at 167 m above sea level was >25 m s-1) were most likely responsible for production of sea spray aerosol which influenced the microphysical properties of the boundary layer clouds. The smaller size and higher number concentration of cloud droplets is inferred to increase the albedo of these clouds, and these conditions occur regularly, and are expected to increase in frequency, over windy parts of the Southern Ocean.

  6. Impact of radon gas concentration in the aerosoles profile

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lukaj, Edmond, E-mail: mondilukaj@yahoo.com; Vila, Floran, E-mail: floranvila@yahoo.com; Mandija, Florian, E-mail: fmandija@yahoo.com

    Radon gases relased from building materials and from earth surface are the major responsibility of air ionization. Radon nuclear decay can produce an alpha particle with high energy and Radon progeny. This particle and gamma rays can deliver particles in the air and produce ions with different polarities. This ions, because of induced electric charge, can attach with air aerosols and charge them with their electric charge. The charged aerosols can interact with the other aerosols and ions. Because of this exchange, the air conductivity and the aerosol profiles will change dependently by Radon gas concentration and gamma radiation. Observationsmore » show an increase in concentration of Radon during the night, and a decrease during the daylight time. The Radon gas concentration changed hour by hour can induce aerosol profile to change. This dependency between the aerosol profiles and the Radon gas concentrations is discussed.« less

  7. Vertical profile of tritium concentration in air during a chronic atmospheric HT release.

    PubMed

    Noguchi, Hiroshi; Yokoyama, Sumi

    2003-03-01

    The vertical profiles of tritium gas and tritiated water concentrations in air, which would have an influence on the assessment of tritium doses as well as on the environmental monitoring of tritium, were measured in a chronic tritium gas release experiment performed in Canada in 1994. While both of the profiles were rather uniform during the day because of atmospheric mixing, large gradients of the profiles were observed at night. The gradient coefficients of the profiles were derived from the measurements. Correlations were analyzed between the gradient coefficients and meteorological conditions: solar radiation, wind speed, and turbulent diffusivity. It was found that the solar radiation was highly correlated with the gradient coefficients of tritium gas and tritiated water profiles and that the wind speed and turbulent diffusivity showed weaker correlations with those of tritiated water profiles. A one-dimensional tritium transport model was developed to analyze the vertical diffusion of tritiated water re-emitted from the ground into the atmosphere. The model consists of processes of tritium gas deposition to soil including oxidation into tritiated water, reemission of tritiated water, dilution of tritiated water in soil by rain, and vertical diffusion of tritiated water in the atmosphere. The model accurately represents the accumulation of tritiated water in soil water and the time variations and vertical profiles of tritiated water concentrations in air.

  8. Interpretation of nitric oxide profile observed in January 1992 over Kiruna

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kondo, Y.; Kawa, S. R.; Lary, D.; Sugita, T.; Douglass, Anne R.; Lutman, E.; Koike, M.; Deshler, T.

    1996-05-01

    NO mixing ratios measured from Kiruna (68°N, 20°E), Sweden, on January 22, 1992, revealed values much smaller than those observed at midlatitude near equinox and had a sharper vertical gradient around 25 km. Location of the measurements was close to the terminator and near the edge of the polar vortex, which is highly distorted from concentric flow by strong planetary wave activities. These conditions necessitate accurate calculation, properly taking into account the transport and photochemical processes, in order to quantitatively explain the observed NO profile. A three-dimensional chemistry and transport model (CTM) and a trajectory model (TM) were used to interpret the profile observations within their larger spatial, temporal, and chemical context. The NOy profile calculated by the CTM is in good agreement with that observed on January 31, 1992. In addition, model NOy profiles show small variabilities depending on latitudes, and they change little between January 22 and 31. The TM uses the observed NOy values. The NO values calculated by the CTM and TM agree with observations up to 27 km. Between 20 and 27 km the NO values calculated by the trajectory model including only gas phase chemistry are much larger than those including heterogeneous chemistry, indicating that NO mixing ratios were reduced significantly by heterogeneous chemistry on sulfuric acid aerosols. Very little sunlight to generate NOx from HNO3 was available, also causing the very low NO values. The good agreement between the observed and modeled NO profiles indicates that models can reproduce the photochemical and transport processes in the region where NO values have a sharp horizontal gradient. Moreover, CTM and TM model results show that even when the NOy gradients are weak, the model NO depends upon accurate calculation of the transport and insolation for several days.

  9. Modeling the CAPTEX Vertical Tracer Concentration Profiles.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Draxler, Roland R.; Stunder, Barbara J. B.

    1988-05-01

    Perfluorocarbon tracer concentration profiles measured by aircraft 600-900 km downwind of the release locations during CAPTEX are discussed and compared with some model results. In general, the concentrations decreased with height in the upper half of the boundary layer where the aircraft measurements were made. The results of a model sensitivity study suggested that the shape of the profile was primarily due to winds increasing with height and relative position of the sampling with respect to the upwind and downwind edge of the plume. Further modeling studies showed that relatively simple vertical mixing parameterizations could account for the complex vertical plume structure when the model had sufficient vertical resolution. In general, the model performed better with slower winds and corresponding longer transport times.

  10. Radial metal concentration profiles in trees growing on highly contaminated soils.

    PubMed

    Superville, Pierre-Jean; de Winter, Niels; Phung, Anh Tuan; Proix, Nicolas; Baeyens, Willy; Gao, Yue

    2017-04-01

    The soil around Metaleurop, a big smelter, is heavily contaminated by Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu. In order to compare the impact of different soil amendments on the metal availability to trees, the polluted soil section was divided in a reference parcel and two others with either sulfo-calcic or silico-aluminous ash amendments. Five different tree species were planted on the parcels and the uptake of heavy metals in these trees was studied. Total and labile metal fractions were assessed in each of the 3 parcels. The mobility and assimilation of the metals was highest in the non-amended, reference soil parcel which had the lowest pH, organic matter and carbonate content. In all soils, pH decreased while organic matter content and mobility of the metals increased over time. Highest bulk concentrations of trace metals were found in white willow trees (Salix alba L.). Laser ablation-ICPMS was used to study changes in metal accumulation over a period of 10 years after planting the trees. The radial metal profiles in the trunk core samples varied between elements and tree species, however, in all willow trees the radial Cd and Zn profiles were significantly correlated. Radial pollutant concentration patterns are discussed in terms of seasonal effects, health status, tree species and metal mobility in the soil. For Cd and Zn, the profiles were influenced by their mobility in the soils. In general, periodical patterns were observed for Pb. Cu concentration profiles were decreasing over time, with the strongest decrease in the initial growth period. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  11. Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Simulate the Concentration-Time Profiles After Dermal Application of Rivastigmine Patch.

    PubMed

    Nozaki, Sachiko; Yamaguchi, Masayuki; Lefèvre, Gilbert

    2016-07-01

    Rivastigmine is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterases and butyrylcholinesterases for symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer disease and is available as oral and transdermal patch formulations. A dermal absorption pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed to simulate the plasma concentration-time profile of rivastigmine to answer questions relative to the efficacy and safety risks after misuse of the patch (e.g., longer application than 24 h, multiple patches applied at the same time, and so forth). The model comprised 2 compartments which was a combination of mechanistic dermal absorption model and a basic 1-compartment model. The initial values for the model were determined based on the physicochemical characteristics of rivastigmine and PK parameters after intravenous administration. The model was fitted to the clinical PK profiles after single application of rivastigmine patch to obtain model parameters. The final model was validated by confirming that the simulated concentration-time curves and PK parameters (Cmax and area under the drug plasma concentration-time curve) conformed to the observed values and then was used to simulate the PK profiles of rivastigmine. This work demonstrated that the mechanistic dermal PK model fitted the clinical data well and was able to simulate the PK profile after patch misuse. Copyright © 2016 American Pharmacists Association®. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  12. Numerical simulation of ozone concentration profile and flow characteristics in paddy bulks.

    PubMed

    Pandiselvam, Ravi; Chandrasekar, Veerapandian; Thirupathi, Venkatachalam

    2017-08-01

    Ozone has shown the potential to control stored product insect pests. The high reactivity of ozone leads to special problems when it passes though an organic medium such as stored grains. Thus, there is a need for a simulation study to understand the concentration profile and flow characteristics of ozone in stored paddy bulks as a function of time. Simulation of ozone concentration through the paddy grain bulks was explained by applying the principle of the law of conservation along with a continuity equation. A higher ozone concentration value was observed at regions near the ozone diffuser whereas a lower concentration value was observed at regions away from the ozone diffuser. The relative error between the experimental and predicted ozone concentration values for the entire bin geometry was less than 42.8%. The simulation model described a non-linear change of ozone concentration in stored paddy bulks. Results of this study provide a valuable source for estimating the parameters needed for effectively designing a storage bin for fumigation of paddy grains in a commercial scale continuous-flow ozone fumigation system. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

  13. Comparison of MADE3-simulated and observed aerosol distributions with a focus on aerosol vertical profiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kaiser, Christopher; Hendricks, Johannes; Righi, Mattia; Jöckel, Patrick

    2016-04-01

    The reliability of aerosol radiative forcing estimates from climate models depends on the accuracy of simulated global aerosol distribution and composition, as well as on the models' representation of the aerosol-cloud and aerosol-radiation interactions. To help improve on previous modeling studies, we recently developed the new aerosol microphysics submodel MADE3 that explicitly tracks particle mixing state in the Aitken, accumulation, and coarse mode size ranges. We implemented MADE3 into the global atmospheric chemistry general circulation model EMAC and evaluated it by comparison of simulated aerosol properties to observations. Compared properties include continental near-surface aerosol component concentrations and size distributions, continental and marine aerosol vertical profiles, and nearly global aerosol optical depth. Recent studies have shown the specific importance of aerosol vertical profiles for determination of the aerosol radiative forcing. Therefore, our focus here is on the evaluation of simulated vertical profiles. The observational data is taken from campaigns between 1990 and 2011 over the Pacific Ocean, over North and South America, and over Europe. The datasets include black carbon and total aerosol mass mixing ratios, as well as aerosol particle number concentrations. Compared to other models, EMAC with MADE3 yields good agreement with the observations - despite a general high bias of the simulated mass mixing ratio profiles. However, BC concentrations are generally overestimated by many models in the upper troposphere. With MADE3 in EMAC, we find better agreement of the simulated BC profiles with HIPPO data than the multi-model average of the models that took part in the AeroCom project. There is an interesting difference between the profiles from individual campaigns and more "climatological" datasets. For instance, compared to spatially and temporally localized campaigns, the model simulates a more continuous decline in both total

  14. Surface layer and bloom dynamics observed with the Prince William Sound Autonomous Profiler

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Campbell, R. W.

    2016-02-01

    As part of a recent long term monitoring effort, deployments of a WETLabs Autonomous Moored Profiler (AMP) began Prince William Sound (PWS) in 2013. The PWS AMP consists of a positively buoyant instrument frame, with a winch and associated electronics that profiles the frame from a park depth (usually 55 m) to the surface by releasing and retrieving a thin UHMWPE tether; it generally conducts a daily cast and measures temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a fluorescence, turbidity, and oxygen and nitrate concentrations. Upward and downward looking ADCPs are mounted on a float below the profiler, and an in situ plankton imager is in development and will be installed in 2016. Autonomous profilers are a relatively new technology, and early deployments experienced a number of failures from which valuable lessons may be learned. Nevertheless, an unprecedented time series of the seasonal biogeochemical procession in the surface waters coastal Gulf of Alaska was collected in 2014 and 2015. The northern Gulf of Alaska has experienced a widespread warm anomaly since early 2014, and surface layer temperature anomalies in PWS were strongly positive during winter 2014. The spring bloom observed by the profiler began 2-3 weeks earlier than average, with surface nitrate depleted by late April. Although surface temperatures were still above average in 2015, bloom timing was much later, with a short vigorous bloom in late April and a subsurface bloom in late May that coincided with significant nitrate drawdown. As well as the vernal blooms, wind-driven upwelling events lead to several small productivity pulses that were evident in changes in nitrate and oxygen concentrations, and chlorophyll-a fluorescence. As well as providing a mechanistic understanding of surface layer biogeochemistry, high frequency observations such as these put historical observations in context, and provide new insights into the scales of variability in the annual cycles of the surface ocean in the North

  15. Relation of morphology of electrodeposited zinc to ion concentration profile

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    May, C. E.; Kautz, H. E.; Sabo, B. B.

    1977-01-01

    The morphology of electrodeposited zinc was studied with special attention to the ion concentration profile. The initial concentrations were 9M hydroxide ion and 1.21M zincate. Current densities were 6.4 to 64 mA/sq cm. Experiments were run with a horizontal cathode which was observed in situ using a microscope. The morphology of the zinc deposit was found to be a function of time as well as current density; roughly, the log of the transition time from mossy to large crystalline type deposit is inversely proportional to current density. Probe electrodes indicated that the electrolyte in the cathode chamber was mixed by self inducted convection. However, relatively large concentration gradients of the involved species existed across the boundary layer of the cathode. Analysis of the data suggests that the morphology converts from mossy to large crystalline when the hydroxide activity on the cathode surface exceeds about 12 M. Other experiments show that the pulse discharge technique had no effect on the morphology in the system where the bulk concentration of the electrolyte was kept homogeneous via self induced convection.

  16. Vertical profiles of black carbon concentration and particle number size distribution in the North China Plain

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ran, L.; Deng, Z.

    2013-12-01

    The vertical distribution of aerosols is of great importance to our understanding in the impacts of aerosols on radiation balance and climate, as well as air quality and public health. To better understand and estimate the effects of atmospheric components including trace gases and aerosols on atmospheric environment and climate, an intensive field campaign, Vertical Observations of trace Gases and Aerosols in the North China Plain (VOGA-NCP), was carried out from late July to early August 2013 over a rural site in the polluted NCP. During the campaign, vertical profiles of black carbon (BC) concentration and particle number size distribution were measured respectively by a micro-Aethalometer and an optical particle counter attached to a tethered balloon within 1000 m height. Meteorological parameters, including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction, were measured simultaneously by a radiosonde also attached to the tethered balloon. Preliminary results showed distinct diurnal variations of the vertical distribution of aerosol total number concentration and BC concentration, following the development of the mixing layer. Generally, there was a well mixing of aerosols within the mixing layer and a sharp decrease above the mixing layer. Particularly, a small peak of BC concentrations was observed around 400-500 m height for several profiles. Further analysis would be needed to explain such phenomenon. It was also found that measured vertical profiles of BC using the filter-based method might be affected by the vertical distribution of relative humidity.

  17. Effect of asymmetric concentration profile on thermal conductivity in Ge/SiGe superlattices

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hahn, Konstanze R., E-mail: konstanze.hahn@dsf.unica.it; Cecchi, Stefano; Colombo, Luciano

    2016-05-16

    The effect of the chemical composition in Si/Ge-based superlattices on their thermal conductivity has been investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Simulation cells of Ge/SiGe superlattices have been generated with different concentration profiles such that the Si concentration follows a step-like, a tooth-saw, a Gaussian, and a gamma-type function in direction of the heat flux. The step-like and tooth-saw profiles mimic ideally sharp interfaces, whereas Gaussian and gamma-type profiles are smooth functions imitating atomic diffusion at the interface as obtained experimentally. Symmetry effects have been investigated comparing the symmetric profiles of the step-like and the Gaussian function to the asymmetric profilesmore » of the tooth-saw and the gamma-type function. At longer sample length and similar degree of interdiffusion, the thermal conductivity is found to be lower in asymmetric profiles. Furthermore, it is found that with smooth concentration profiles where atomic diffusion at the interface takes place the thermal conductivity is higher compared to systems with atomically sharp concentration profiles.« less

  18. School profiles of at-risk student concentration: Differential growth in oral reading fluency

    PubMed Central

    Logan, Jessica A.R.; Petscher, Yaacov

    2010-01-01

    The present study provides a data-driven approach to identifying groups of schools based on the concentration of at-risk students the school serves. The percentage of English language learners, minority students, and students eligible for free or reduced priced lunch were used as indicators in a latent profile analysis of 569 schools. The goal of the present study was to determine whether school-level average student reading performance varied as a function of the groups identified in the latent profile analysis. To do so, groups extracted by the latent profile analysis were used as school-level predictors of growth in oral reading fluency, which was modeled at the within-student level of a three-level hierarchical growth curve model. Oral reading fluency was measured at four points during the year in a large cross-sectional sample of first-, second-, and third-grade students. Results indicated that schools were able to be classified into four distinct groups based on their concentrations and types of at-risk students. Further, in all three grades, there were significant differences between the four identified groups observed in average reading fluency scores at the beginning of the year, the end of the year, and growth during the year indicating that groups based on school-concentration of at-risk students were significantly related to average student achievement in reading ability. PMID:20159224

  19. Quantitative evaluation of polymer concentration profile during swelling of hydrophilic matrix tablets using 1H NMR and MRI methods.

    PubMed

    Baumgartner, Sasa; Lahajnar, Gojmir; Sepe, Ana; Kristl, Julijana

    2005-02-01

    Many pharmaceutical tablets are based on hydrophilic polymers, which, after exposure to water, form a gel layer around the tablet that limits the dissolution and diffusion of the drug and provides a mechanism for controlled drug release. Our aim was to determine the thickness of the swollen gel layer of matrix tablets and to develop a method for calculating the polymer concentration profile across the gel layer. MR imaging has been used to investigate the in situ swelling behaviour of cellulose ether matrix tablets and NMR spectroscopy experiments were performed on homogeneous hydrogels with known polymer concentration. The MRI results show that the thickest gel layer was observed for hydroxyethylcellulose tablets, followed by definitely thinner but almost equal gel layer for hydroxypropylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose of both molecular weights. The water proton NMR relaxation parameters were combined with the MRI data to obtain a quantitative description of the swelling process on the basis of the concentrations and mobilities of water and polymer as functions of time and distance. The different concentration profiles observed after the same swelling time are the consequence of the different polymer characteristics. The procedure developed here could be used as a general method for calculating polymer concentration profiles on other similar polymeric systems.

  20. Characteristics of ozone vertical profile observed in the boundary layer around Beijing in autumn.

    PubMed

    Ma, Zhiqiang; Zhang, Xiaoling; Xu, Jing; Zhao, Xiujuan; Meng, Wei

    2011-01-01

    In the autumn of 2008, the vertical profiles of ozone and meteorological parameters in the low troposphere (0-1000 m) were observed at two sites around Beijing, specifically urban Nanjiao and rural Shangdianzi. At night and early morning, the lower troposphere divided into two stratified layers due to temperature inversion. Ozone in the lower layer showed a large gradient due to the titration of NO. Air flow from the southwest brought ozone-rich air to Beijing, and the ozone profiles were marked by a continuous increase in the residual layer at night. The accumulated ozone in the upper layer played an important role in the next day's surface peak ozone concentration, and caused a rapid increase in surface ozone in the morning. Wind direction shear and wind speed shear exhibited different influences on ozone profiles and resulted in different surface ozone concentrations in Beijing.

  1. 1.6μm DIAL System for Measurements of CO2 Concentration Profiles in the Atmosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nagasawa, C.; Abo, M.; Shibata, Y.

    2013-12-01

    We have developed a direct detection 1.6 μm differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique to perform range-resolved measurements of vertical CO2 concentration profiles in the atmosphere. Our 1.6 μm DIAL system has a 60 cm telescope for vertical measurement and a 25 cm scanning telescope for horizontal measurement. This 1.6 μm DIAL system is also available to measure CO2 concentration profiles for daytime by using narrow-band interference filters. The 1.6 μm DIAL measurement was achieved successfully the vertical CO2 profile up to 7 km altitude with an error less than 1.0 % by integration time of 30 minutes and vertical resolution of 300 - 600 m. The CO2 DIAL was also operated with the range-height indicator (RHI) mode, and the 2-D measurement provided inhomogeneity in the boundary layer. The vertical distribution of CO2 concentration from 2 km to 7 km altitude has been observed using two telescopes with different apertures. We hope to get the data of the CO2 concentration from lower altitude to 7 km at the same time. Since the change of signal intensity is larger near the ground, it is also important to the install the photon counter with the faster count rate to expand the dynamic range. The high speed counter and the telescope system make the dynamic range expand more than 10 times and the vertical distribution observation of CO2 concentration from 0.5 km to 7 km altitude is performed. This work was financially supported by the System Development Program for Advanced Measurement and Analysis of the Japan Science and Technology Agency. References Sakaizawa, D., C. Nagasawa, T. Nagai, M. Abo, Y. Shibata, H. Nagai, M. Nakazato, and T. Sakai, Development of a 1.6μm differential absorption lidar with a quasi-phase-matching optical parametric oscillator and photon-counting detector for the vertical CO2 profile, Applied Optics, Vol.48, No.4, pp. 748-757, 2009. Stephens, B. B. et al., Weak Northern and Strong Tropical Land Carbon Uptake from Vertical Profiles of

  2. GOSAT TIR radiometric validation toward simultaneous GHG column and profile observation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kataoka, F.; Knuteson, R. O.; Kuze, A.; Shiomi, K.; Suto, H.; Saitoh, N.

    2015-12-01

    The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) was launched on January 2009 and continues its operation for more than six years. The thermal and near infrared sensor for carbon observation Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) onboard GOSAT measures greenhouse gases (GHG), such as CO2 and CH4, with wide and high resolution spectra from shortwave infrared (SWIR) to thermal infrared (TIR). This instrument has the advantage of being able to measure simultaneously the same field of view in different spectral ranges. The combination of column-GHG form SWIR band and vertical profile-GHG from TIR band provide better understanding and distribution of GHG, especially in troposphere. This work describes the radiometric validation and sensitivity analysis of TANSO-FTS TIR spectra, especially CO2, atmospheric window and CH4 channels with forward calculation. In this evaluation, we used accurate in-situ dataset of the HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observation) airplane observation data and GOSAT vicarious calibration and validation campaign data in Railroad Valley, NV. The HIPPO aircraft campaign had taken accurate atmospheric vertical profile dataset (T, RH, O3, CO2, CH4, N2O, CO) approximately pole-to-pole from the surface to the tropopause over the ocean. We implemented these dataset for forward calculation and made the spectral correction model with respect to wavenumber and internal calibration blackbody temperature The GOSAT vicarious calibration campaign have conducted every year since 2009 near summer solstice in Railroad Valley, where high-temperature desert site. In this campaign, we have measured temperature and humidity by a radiosonde and CO2, CH4 and O3 profile by the AJAX airplane at the time of the GOSAT overpass. Sometimes, the GHG profiles over the Railroad Valley show the air mass advection in mid-troposphere depending on upper wind. These advections bring the different concentration of GHG in lower and upper troposphere. Using these cases, we made

  3. Observations of particle extinction, PM2.5 mass concentration profile and flux in north China based on mobile lidar technique

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lv, Lihui; Liu, Wenqing; Zhang, Tianshu; Chen, Zhenyi; Dong, Yunsheng; Fan, Guangqiang; Xiang, Yan; Yao, Yawei; Yang, Nan; Chu, Baolin; Teng, Man; Shu, Xiaowen

    2017-09-01

    Fine particle with diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) have important direct and indirect effects on human life and activities. However, the studies of fine particle were limited by the lack of monitoring data obtained with multiple fixed site sampling strategies. Mobile monitoring has provided a means for broad measurement of fine particles. In this research, the potential use of mobile lidar to map the distribution and transport of fine particles was discussed. The spatial and temporal distributions of particle extinction, PM2.5 mass concentration and regional transport flux of fine particle in the planetary boundary layer were investigated with the use of vehicle-based mobile lidar and wind field data from north China. Case studies under different pollution levels in Beijing were presented to evaluate the contribution of regional transport. A vehicle-based mobile lidar system was used to obtain the spatial and temporal distributions of particle extinction in the measurement route. Fixed point lidar and a particulate matter sampler were operated next to each other at the University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS) in Beijing to determine the relationship between the particle extinction coefficient and PM2.5 mass concentration. The correlation coefficient (R2) between the particle extinction coefficient and PM2.5 mass concentration was found to be over 0.8 when relative humidity (RH) was less than 90%. A mesoscale meteorological model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, was used to obtain profiles of the horizontal wind speed, wind direction and relative humidity. A vehicle-based mobile lidar technique was applied to estimate transport flux based on the PM2.5 profile and vertical profile of wind data. This method was applicable when hygroscopic growth can be neglected (relatively humidity<90%). Southwest was found to be the main pathway of Beijing during the experiments.

  4. Concentration profiles of metals in breast milk, drinking water, and soil: relationship between matrices.

    PubMed

    Cardoso, Osmar O; Julião, Fabiana C; Alves, Renato I S; Baena, Antonio R; Díez, Isabel G; Suzuki, Meire N; Celere, Beatriz S; Nadal, Martí; Domingo, José L; Segura-Muñoz, Susana I

    2014-07-01

    The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, and Zn were determined in breast milk of women living in Conceição das Alagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The potential relationships between metal levels in samples of breast milk, drinking water, and soils collected in the study area were also established. Metal levels in breast milk, except Cr, were lower in comparison to WHO reference concentrations. Zinc was the predominant element in breast milk and drinking water samples, with a median level of 46.2 and 82.2 μg · L(-1), respectively. Soils presented a different pattern of metal concentrations with respect to those found in breast milk and drinking water, Chromium showed the highest median levels (148 mg · kg(-1)), while a certain predominance of Zn and Cu was also observed (47.0 and 43.0 mg · kg(-1), respectively). Similar profiles were observed when comparing metal concentrations in drinking water and breast milk (chi-square χ(2) = 14.36; p < 0.05). In contrast, breast milk-soil and drinking water-soil metal concentration profiles showed significant differences (χ(2) = 635.05 and χ(2) = 721.78, respectively; p < 0.05). These results indicate that drinking water is an important exposure pathway for metals to newborns through breast milk. Further studies should be aimed at assessing the body burdens of metals in that population and at evaluating the potential relationships in the concentrations in biological and environmental matrices as well as at estimating the contribution of dietary intake of metals. In addition, the presence of other chemical pollutants in breast milk should be also studied in order to assess the combined newborn exposure to other contaminants.

  5. Characterization of Florida red tide aerosol and the temporal profile of aerosol concentration.

    PubMed

    Cheng, Yung Sung; Zhou, Yue; Pierce, Richard H; Henry, Mike; Baden, Daniel G

    2010-05-01

    Red tide aerosols containing aerosolized brevetoxins are produced during the red tide bloom and transported by wind to coastal areas of Florida. This study reports the characterization of Florida red tide aerosols in human volunteer studies, in which an asthma cohort spent 1h on Siesta Beach (Sarasota, Florida) during aerosolized red tide events and non-exposure periods. Aerosol concentrations, brevetoxin levels, and particle size distribution were measured. Hourly filter samples were taken and analyzed for brevetoxin and NaCl concentrations. In addition, the aerosol mass concentration was monitored in real time. The results indicated that during a non-exposure period in October 2004, no brevetoxin was detected in the water, resulting in non-detectable levels of brevetoxin in the aerosol. In March 2005, the time-averaged concentrations of brevetoxins in water samples were moderate, in the range of 5-10 microg/L, and the corresponding brevetoxin level of Florida red tide aerosol ranged between 21 and 39 ng/m(3). The temporal profiles of red tide aerosol concentration in terms of mass, NaCl, and brevetoxin were in good agreement, indicating that NaCl and brevetoxins are components of the red tide aerosol. By continuously monitoring the marine aerosol and wind direction at Siesta Beach, we observed that the marine aerosol concentration varied as the wind direction changed. The temporal profile of the Florida red tide aerosol during a sampling period could be explained generally with the variation of wind direction. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  6. Retrieval of ozone profiles from OMPS limb scattering observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Arosio, Carlo; Rozanov, Alexei; Malinina, Elizaveta; Eichmann, Kai-Uwe; von Clarmann, Thomas; Burrows, John P.

    2018-04-01

    This study describes a retrieval algorithm developed at the University of Bremen to obtain vertical profiles of ozone from limb observations performed by the Ozone Mapper and Profiler Suite (OMPS). This algorithm is based on the technique originally developed for use with data from the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument. As both instruments make limb measurements of the scattered solar radiation in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (Vis) spectral ranges, an underlying objective of the study is to obtain consolidated and consistent ozone profiles from the two satellites and to produce a combined data set. The retrieval algorithm uses radiances in the UV and Vis wavelength ranges normalized to the radiance at an upper tangent height to obtain ozone concentrations in the altitude range of 12-60 km. Measurements at altitudes contaminated by clouds in the instrument field of view are identified and filtered out. An independent aerosol retrieval is performed beforehand and its results are used to account for the stratospheric aerosol load in the ozone inversion. The typical vertical resolution of the retrieved profiles varies from ˜ 2.5 km at lower altitudes ( < 30 km) to ˜ 1.5 km (about 45 km) and becomes coarser at upper altitudes. The retrieval errors resulting from the measurement noise are estimated to be 1-4 % above 25 km, increasing to 10-30 % in the upper troposphere. OMPS data are processed for the whole of 2016. The results are compared with the NASA product and validated against profiles derived from passive satellite observations or measured in situ by balloon-borne sondes. Between 20 and 60 km, OMPS ozone profiles typically agree with data from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) v4.2 within 5-10 %, whereas in the lower altitude range the bias becomes larger, especially in the tropics. The comparison of OMPS profiles with ozonesonde measurements shows differences within ±5 % between 13 and 30 km at

  7. Programming of Multicomponent Temporal Release Profiles in 3D Printed Polypills via Core-Shell, Multilayer, and Gradient Concentration Profiles.

    PubMed

    Haring, Alexander P; Tong, Yuxin; Halper, Justin; Johnson, Blake N

    2018-06-10

    Additive manufacturing (AM) appears poised to provide novel pharmaceutical technology and controlled release systems, yet understanding the effects of processing and post-processing operations on pill design, quality, and performance remains a significant barrier. This paper reports a study of the relationship between programmed concentration profile and resultant temporal release profile using a 3D printed polypill system consisting of a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved excipient (Pluronic F-127) and therapeutically relevant dosages of three commonly used oral agents for treatment of type 2 diabetes (300-500 mg per pill). A dual-extrusion hydrogel microextrusion process enables the programming of three unique concentration profiles, including core-shell, multilayer, and gradient structures. Experimental and computational studies of diffusive mass transfer processes reveal that programmed concentration profiles are dynamic throughout both pill 3D printing and solidification. Spectrophotometric assays show that the temporal release profiles could be selectively programmed to exhibit delayed, pulsed, or constant profiles over a 5 h release period by utilizing the core-shell, multilayer, and gradient distributions, respectively. Ultimately, this work provides new insights into the mass transfer processes that affect design, quality, and performance of spatially graded controlled release systems, as well as demonstrating the potential to create disease-specific polypill technology with programmable temporal release profiles. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  8. K-band observations of boxy bulges - I. Morphology and surface brightness profiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bureau, M.; Aronica, G.; Athanassoula, E.; Dettmar, R.-J.; Bosma, A.; Freeman, K. C.

    2006-08-01

    In this first paper of a series on the structure of boxy and peanut-shaped (B/PS) bulges, Kn-band observations of a sample of 30 edge-on spiral galaxies are described and discussed. Kn-band observations best trace the dominant luminous galactic mass and are minimally affected by dust. Images, unsharp-masked images, as well as major-axis and vertically summed surface brightness profiles are presented and discussed. Galaxies with a B/PS bulge tend to have a more complex morphology than galaxies with other bulge types, more often showing centred or off-centred X structures, secondary maxima along the major-axis and spiral-like structures. While probably not uniquely related to bars, those features are observed in three-dimensional N-body simulations of barred discs and may trace the main bar orbit families. The surface brightness profiles of galaxies with a B/PS bulge are also more complex, typically containing three or more clearly separated regions, including a shallow or flat intermediate region (Freeman Type II profiles). The breaks in the profiles offer evidence for bar-driven transfer of angular momentum and radial redistribution of material. The profiles further suggest a rapid variation of the scaleheight of the disc material, contrary to conventional wisdom but again as expected from the vertical resonances and instabilities present in barred discs. Interestingly, the steep inner region of the surface brightness profiles is often shorter than the isophotally thick part of the galaxies, itself always shorter than the flat intermediate region of the profiles. The steep inner region is also much more prominent along the major-axis than in the vertically summed profiles. Similarly to other recent work but contrary to the standard `bulge + disc' model (where the bulge is both thick and steep), we thus propose that galaxies with a B/PS bulge are composed of a thin concentrated disc (a disc-like bulge) contained within a partially thick bar (the B/PS bulge), itself

  9. Measurement of stratospheric HOCl - Concentration profiles, including diurnal variation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chance, K. V.; Johnson, D. G.; Traub, W. A.

    1989-01-01

    Determinations have been made of concentration profiles of HOCl in the earth's stratosphere, including the diurnal variation. Measurements of the rotational Q2 branch at 99.5/cm and of five RR(J3) transitions between 143 and 159/cm were made using far-infrared thermal emission spectroscopy. The spectra were obtained during a balloon flight of the FIRS 2 far-infrared Fourier-transform spectrometer and telescope from Palestine, Texas on May 12-13, 1988. From these measurements, altitude profiles of HOCl from 23 to 42 km are obtained. Daytime and nighttime average profiles of HOCl, as well as measurements on a 30-min time scale through the sunset transition at a single (35 km) altitude are presented. The measured profiles are lower than the current predictions from several modeling groups by a factor of approximately 0.6.

  10. Peat porewater chloride concentration profiles in the Everglades during wet/dry cycles from January 1996 to June 1998: Field measurements and theoretical analysis

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Reddy, M.M.; Reddy, M.B.; Kipp, K.L.; Burman, A.; Schuster, P.; Rawlik, P.S.

    2008-01-01

    Water quality is a key aspect of the Everglades Restoration Project, the largest water reclamation and ecosystem management project proposed in the United States. Movement of nutrients and contaminants to and from Everglades peat porewater could have important consequences for Everglades water quality and ecosystem restoration activities. In a study of Everglades porewater, we observed complex, seasonally variable peat porewater chloride concentration profiles at several locations. Analyses and interpretation of these changing peat porewater chloride concentration profiles identifies processes controlling conservative solute movement at the peat-surface water interface, that is, solutes whose transport is minimally affected by chemical and biological reactions. We examine, with an advection-diffusion model, how alternating wet and dry climatic conditions in the Florida Everglades mediate movement of chloride between peat porewater and marsh surface water. Changing surface water-chloride concentrations alter gradients at the interface between peat and overlying water and hence alter chloride flux across that interface. Surface water chloride concentrations at two frequently monitored sites vary with marsh water depth, and a transfer function was developed to describe daily marsh surface water chloride concentration as a function of marsh water depth. Model results demonstrate that porewater chloride concentrations are driven by changing surface water chloride concentrations, and a sensitivity analysis suggests that inclusion of advective transport in the model improves the agreement between the calculated and the observed chloride concentration profiles. Copyright ?? 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  11. [Distribution characteristics of soil profile nitrous oxide concentration in paddy fields with different rice-upland crop rotation systems].

    PubMed

    Liu, Ping-li; Zhang, Xiao-lin; Xiong, Zheng-qin; Huang, Tai-qing; Ding, Min; Wang, Jin-yang

    2011-09-01

    To investigate the dynamic distribution patterns of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the soil profiles in paddy fields with different rice-upland crop rotation systems, a special soil gas collection device was adopted to monitor the dynamics of N2O at the soil depths 7, 15, 30, and 50 cm in the paddy fields under both flooding and drainage conditions. Two rotation systems were installed, i.e., wheat-single rice and oilseed rape-double rice, each with or without nitrogen (N) application. Comparing with the control, N application promoted the N2O production in the soil profiles significantly (P < 0.01), and there existed significant correlations in the N2O concentration among the four soil depths during the whole observation period (P < 0.01). In the growth seasons of winter wheat and oilseed rape under drainage condition and with or without N application, the N2O concentrations at the soil depths 30 cm and 50 cm were significantly higher than those at the soil depths 7 cm and 15 cm; whereas in the early rice growth season under flooding condition and without N application, the N2O concentrations at the soil depth 7 cm and 15 cm were significantly higher than those at the soil depths 30 cm and 50 cm (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the N2O concentrations at the test soil depths among the other rice cropping treatments. The soil N2O concentrations in the treatments without N application peaked in the transitional period from the upland crops cropping to rice planting, while those in the treatments with N application peaked right after the second topdressing N of upland crops. Relatively high soil N2O concentrations were observed at the transitional period from the upland crops cropping to rice planting.

  12. Vertical profiles of aerosol mass concentration derived by unmanned airborne in situ and remote sensing instruments during dust events

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mamali, Dimitra; Marinou, Eleni; Sciare, Jean; Pikridas, Michael; Kokkalis, Panagiotis; Kottas, Michael; Binietoglou, Ioannis; Tsekeri, Alexandra; Keleshis, Christos; Engelmann, Ronny; Baars, Holger; Ansmann, Albert; Amiridis, Vassilis; Russchenberg, Herman; Biskos, George

    2018-05-01

    In situ measurements using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and remote sensing observations can independently provide dense vertically resolved measurements of atmospheric aerosols, information which is strongly required in climate models. In both cases, inverting the recorded signals to useful information requires assumptions and constraints, and this can make the comparison of the results difficult. Here we compare, for the first time, vertical profiles of the aerosol mass concentration derived from light detection and ranging (lidar) observations and in situ measurements using an optical particle counter on board a UAV during moderate and weak Saharan dust episodes. Agreement between the two measurement methods was within experimental uncertainty for the coarse mode (i.e. particles having radii > 0.5 µm), where the properties of dust particles can be assumed with good accuracy. This result proves that the two techniques can be used interchangeably for determining the vertical profiles of aerosol concentrations, bringing them a step closer towards their systematic exploitation in climate models.

  13. Simultaneous Measurements of CO2 Concentration and Temperature profiles using 1.6 μm DIAL in the Lower-Atmosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shibata, Y.; Nagasawa, C.; Abo, M.

    2016-12-01

    High-accurate vertical carbon dioxide (CO2) profiles are highly desirable in the inverse method to improve quantification and understanding of the global sink and source of CO2, and also global climate change. We have developed a ground based 1.6μm differential absorption lidar (DIAL) to achieve measurements of vertical CO2 profiles in the atmosphere. As the spectra of absorption lines of any molecules are influenced basically by the temperature and pressure in the atmosphere, it is important to measure them simultaneously so that the better accuracy of the DIAL measurement is realized. The barometric formula can derive atmospheric pressure of each altitude using atmospheric pressure of ground level at the lidar site. Comparison of atmospheric pressure prlofiles calculated from this equation and those obtained from radiosonde observations at Tateno, Japan are consisted within 0.2 % below 3 km altitude. So, we have developed a 1.6 μm CO2 DIAL system for simultaneous measurements of the CO2 concentration and temperature profiles in the lower-atmosphere. Laser beams of three wavelengths around a CO2 absorption spectrum is transmitted alternately to the atmosphere. Moreover, the value of the retrieved CO2 concentration will be improved remarkably by processing the iteration assignment of CO2 concentration and temperature, which measured by these DIAL techniques. We have acheived vertical CO2 concentration and temperature profile from 0.5 to 2.0 km altitude by this DIAL system. In the next step, we will use this high accuracy CO2 concentration profile and back-trajectory analysis for the behavior analysis of the CO2 mass. This work was financially supported by the System Development Program for Advanced Measurement and Analysis of the Japan Science and Technology Agency.

  14. Modeling of breath methane concentration profiles during exercise on an ergometer*

    PubMed Central

    Szabó, Anna; Unterkofler, Karl; Mochalski, Pawel; Jandacka, Martin; Ruzsanyi, Vera; Szabó, Gábor; Mohácsi, Árpád; Teschl, Susanne; Teschl, Gerald; King, Julian

    2016-01-01

    We develop a simple three compartment model based on mass balance equations which quantitatively describes the dynamics of breath methane concentration profiles during exercise on an ergometer. With the help of this model it is possible to estimate the endogenous production rate of methane in the large intestine by measuring breath gas concentrations of methane. PMID:26828421

  15. Vertical Profiles as Observational Constraints on Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions in an Agricultural Region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pusede, S.; Diskin, G. S.

    2015-12-01

    We use diurnal variability in near-surface N2O vertical profiles to derive N2O emission rates. Our emissions estimates are ~3 times greater than are accounted for by inventories, a discrepancy in line with results from previous studies using different approaches. We quantify the surface N2O concentration's memory of local surface emissions on previous days to be 50-90%. We compare measured profiles both over and away from a dense N2O source region in the San Joaquin Valley, finding that profile shapes, diurnal variability, and changes in integrated near-surface column abundances are distinct according to proximity to source areas. To do this work, we use aircraft observations from the wintertime DISCOVER-AQ project in California's San Joaquin Valley, a region of intense agricultural activity.

  16. TOLNet Data Format for Lidar Ozone Profile & Surface Observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, G.; Aknan, A. A.; Newchurch, M.; Leblanc, T.

    2015-12-01

    The Tropospheric Ozone Lidar Network (TOLNet) is an interagency initiative started by NASA, NOAA, and EPA in 2011. TOLNet currently has six Lidars and one ozonesonde station. TOLNet provides high-resolution spatio-temporal measurements of tropospheric (surface to tropopause) ozone and aerosol vertical profiles to address fundamental air-quality science questions. The TOLNet data format was developed by TOLNet members as a community standard for reporting ozone profile observations. The development of this new format was primarily based on the existing NDAAC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) format and ICARTT (International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation) format. The main goal is to present the Lidar observations in self-describing and easy-to-use data files. The TOLNet format is an ASCII format containing a general file header, individual profile headers, and the profile data. The last two components repeat for all profiles recorded in the file. The TOLNet format is both human and machine readable as it adopts standard metadata entries and fixed variable names. In addition, software has been developed to check for format compliance. To be presented is a detailed description of the TOLNet format protocol and scanning software.

  17. Variability of O3 and NO2 profile shapes during DISCOVER-AQ: Implications for satellite observations and comparisons to model-simulated profiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Flynn, Clare Marie; Pickering, Kenneth E.; Crawford, James H.; Weinheimer, Andrew J.; Diskin, Glenn; Thornhill, K. Lee; Loughner, Christopher; Lee, Pius; Strode, Sarah A.

    2016-12-01

    To investigate the variability of in situ profile shapes under a variety of meteorological and pollution conditions, results are presented of an agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis of the in situ O3 and NO2 profiles for each of the four campaigns of the NASA DISCOVER-AQ mission. Understanding the observed profile variability for these trace gases is useful for understanding the accuracy of the assumed profile shapes used in satellite retrieval algorithms as well as for understanding the correlation between satellite column observations and surface concentrations. The four campaigns of the DISCOVER-AQ mission took place in Maryland during July 2011, the San Joaquin Valley of California during January-February 2013, the Houston, Texas, metropolitan region during September 2013, and the Denver-Front Range region of Colorado during July-August 2014. Several distinct profile clusters emerged for the California, Texas, and Colorado campaigns for O3, indicating significant variability of O3 profile shapes, while the Maryland campaign presented only one distinct O3 cluster. In contrast, very few distinct profile clusters emerged for NO2 during any campaign for this particular clustering technique, indicating the NO2 profile behavior was relatively uniform throughout each campaign. However, changes in NO2 profile shape were evident as the boundary layer evolved through the day, but they were apparently not significant enough to yield more clusters. The degree of vertical mixing (as indicated by temperature lapse rate) associated with each cluster exerted an important influence on the shapes of the median cluster profiles for O3, as well as impacted the correlations between the associated column and surface data for each cluster for O3. The correlation analyses suggest satellites may have the best chance to relate to surface O3 under the conditions encountered during the Maryland campaign Clusters 1 and 2, which include deep, convective boundary layers and few

  18. 1.6 μm DIAL Measurement and Back Trajectory Analysis of CO2 Concentration Profiles in the Lower-Atmosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shibata, Y.; Nagasawa, C.; Abo, M.

    2016-12-01

    Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities. In addition to the ground level CO2 network, vertical CO2 concentration profiles also play an important role for the estimation of the carbon budget and global warming in the inversion method. Especially, for the detailed analysis of forest carbon dynamics and CO2 fluxes of urban area, vertical CO2 concentration profiles with high spatial and temporal resolution in the lower atmosphere have been conducted by a differential absorption lidar (DIAL). We have observed several vertical profiles of CO2 concentrations for nighttime and daytime from 0.25 to 2.5 km altitude with range resolution of 300 m and integration time of 1 hour. In order to extract information on the origin of the CO2 masses, one day back trajectories were calculated by using a three dimensional (3-D) atmospheric transport model. In many cases, CO2 low concentration layers of over 1.5km altitude were flown by westerly winds from the forest. In another case, high concentration layers of CO2 were flown from the urban areas. As the spectra of absorption lines of any molecules are influenced basically by the temperature in the atmosphere, laser beams of three wavelengths around a CO2 absorption spectrum are transmitted alternately to the atmosphere for simultaneous measurements of CO2 concentration and temperature profiles. Moreover, a few processing algorithms of CO2-DIAL are also performed for improvement of measurement accuracy. For computation of trajectories and drawing their figures, the JRA-25 data provided by the cooperative research project for the JRA-25 long-term reanalysis of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) and the NIPR trajectory model (Tomikawa and Sato, 2005; http://firp-nitram.nipr.ac.jp) were used. This work was financially supported by the System Development Program for Advanced Measurement and Analysis of the Japan Science and

  19. Vertical distribution of chlorophyll a concentration and phytoplankton community composition from in situ fluorescence profiles: a first database for the global ocean

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sauzède, R.; Lavigne, H.; Claustre, H.; Uitz, J.; Schmechtig, C.; D'Ortenzio, F.; Guinet, C.; Pesant, S.

    2015-04-01

    In vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence is a proxy of chlorophyll a concentration, and is one of the most frequently measured biogeochemical properties in the ocean. Thousands of profiles are available from historical databases and the integration of fluorescence sensors to autonomous platforms led to a significant increase of chlorophyll fluorescence profile acquisition. To our knowledge, this important source of environmental data has not yet been included in global analyses. A total of 268 127 chlorophyll fluorescence profiles from several databases as well as published and unpublished individual sources were compiled. Following a robust quality control procedure detailed in the present paper, about 49 000 chlorophyll fluorescence profiles were converted in phytoplankton biomass (i.e. chlorophyll a concentration) and size-based community composition (i.e. microphytoplankton, nanophytoplankton and picophytoplankton), using a~method specifically developed to harmonize fluorescence profiles from diverse sources. The data span over five decades from 1958 to 2015, including observations from all major oceanic basins and all seasons, and depths ranging from surface to a median maximum sampling depth of around 700 m. Global maps of chlorophyll a concentration and phytoplankton community composition are presented here for the first time. Monthly climatologies were computed for three of Longhurst's ecological provinces in order to exemplify the potential use of the data product. Original data sets (raw fluorescence profiles) as well as calibrated profiles of phytoplankton biomass and community composition are available in open access at PANGAEA, Data Publisher for Earth and Environmental Science. Raw fluorescence profiles: http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.844212 and Phytoplankton biomass and community composition: http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.844485.

  20. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination in Galveston Bay, Texas: Comparing concentrations and profiles in sediments, passive samplers, and fish.

    PubMed

    Oziolor, Elias M; Apell, Jennifer N; Winfield, Zach C; Back, Jeffrey A; Usenko, Sascha; Matson, Cole W

    2018-05-01

    The industrialized portion of the Houston Ship Channel (HSC) is heavily contaminated with anthropogenic contaminants, most prominent of which are the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This contamination has driven adaptive evolution in a keystone species for Galveston Bay, the Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis). We investigated the geographical extent of PCB impacts by sampling 12 sites, ranging from the heavily industrialized upper portion of the HSC to Galveston Island. At each site, PCB concentrations and profiles were determined in three environmental compartments: sediment, water (polyethylene passive samplers), and fish tissue (resident Gulf killifish). We observed a steep gradient of PCB contamination, ranging from 4.00 to 100,000 ng/g organic carbon in sediment, 290-110,000 ng/g lipid in fish, and 4.5-2300 ng/g polyethylene in passive samplers. The PCB congener profiles in Gulf killifish at the most heavily contaminated sites were shifted toward the higher chlorinated PCBs and were highly similar to the sediment contamination profiles. In addition, while magnitude of total PCB concentrations in sediment and total fish contamination levels were highly correlated between sites, the relative PCB congener profiles in fish and passive samplers were more alike. This strong correlation, along with a lack of dependency of biota-sediment accumulation factors with total contamination rates, confirm the likely non-migratory nature of Gulf killifish and suggest their contamination levels are a good site-specific indicator of contamination in the Galveston Bay area. The spatial gradient of PCB contamination in Galveston Bay was evident in all three matrices studied and was observed effectively using Gulf killifish contamination as an environmentally relevant bioindicator of localized contamination in this environment. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  1. Comparison of gene expression and fatty acid profiles in concentrate and forage finished beef.

    PubMed

    Buchanan, J W; Garmyn, A J; Hilton, G G; VanOverbeke, D L; Duan, Q; Beitz, D C; Mateescu, R G

    2013-01-01

    Fatty acid profiles and intramuscular expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism were characterized in concentrate- (CO) and forage- (FO) based finishing systems. Intramuscular samples from the adductor were taken at slaughter from 99 heifers finished on a CO diet and 58 heifers finished on a FO diet. Strip loins were obtained at fabrication to evaluate fatty acid profiles of LM muscle for all 157 heifers by using gas chromatography fatty acid methyl ester analysis. Composition was analyzed for differences by using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure in SAS. Differences in fatty acid profile included a greater atherogenic index, greater percentage total MUFA, decreased omega-3 to omega-6 ratio, decreased percentage total PUFA, and decreased percentage omega-3 fatty acids in CO- compared with FO-finished heifers (P<0.05). Fatty acid profiles from intramuscular samples were ranked by the atherogenic index, and 20 heifers with either a high (HAI; n=10) or low (LAI; n=10) atherogenic index were selected for gene expression analysis using real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Gene expression data for the 20 individuals were analyzed as a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement of treatments using the GLM procedure in SAS. There was no significant diet × atherogenic index interaction identified for any gene (P>0.05). Upregulation was observed for PPARγ, fatty acid synthase (FASN), and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) in FO-finished compared with CO-finished heifers in both atherogenic index categories (P<0.05). Upregulation of diglyceride acyl transferase 2 (DGAT2) was observed in FO-finished heifers with a HAI (P<0.05). Expression of steroyl Co-A desaturase (SCD) was upregulated in CO-finished heifers with a LAI, and downregulated in FO-finished heifers with a HAI (P<0.05). Expression of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) was significantly downregulated in CO-finished heifers with a HAI compared with all other categories (P<0.05). The genes identified in this study which exhibit

  2. NONLINEAR-APPROXIMATION TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING VERTICAL OZONE-CONCENTRATION PROFILES WITH A DIFFERENTIAL-ABSORPTION LIDAR

    EPA Science Inventory

    A new technique is presented for the retrieval of ozone concentration profiles from backscattered signals obtained by a multi-wavelength differential-absorption lidar (DIAL). The technique makes it possible to reduce erroneous local fluctuations induced in the ozone-concentration...

  3. Concentrations and congener profiles of chlorinated paraffins in domestic polymeric products in China.

    PubMed

    Wang, Chu; Gao, Wei; Liang, Yong; Wang, Yawei; Jiang, Guibin

    2018-03-21

    Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are widely used in domestic polymeric products as plasticizers and fire retardants. In this study, concentrations and congener profiles of short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) were investigated in domestic polymeric products, including plastics, rubber and food packaging in China. The average concentrations of SCCPs in polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and food packaging were 234, 3968, 150 and 188 ng/g, respectively and the corresponding average concentrations of MCCPs in these samples were 37.4, 2537, 208 and 644 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations of CPs in rubber and polyvinylchloride (PVC) were significantly higher than in other matrices. The highest concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs were found in a PVC cable sheath with 191 mg/g and 145 mg/g, respectively. Congener group profiles analysis indicated C 11 - and C 13 -congener groups were predominant in carbon homologues of SCCPs, and C 14 -congener groups were predominant in MCCPs. High levels of SCCPs and MCCPs in domestic polymeric products implied that they might be a significant source to the environment and human exposure. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  4. Vertical distribution of chlorophyll a concentration and phytoplankton community composition from in situ fluorescence profiles: a first database for the global ocean

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sauzède, R.; Lavigne, H.; Claustre, H.; Uitz, J.; Schmechtig, C.; D'Ortenzio, F.; Guinet, C.; Pesant, S.

    2015-10-01

    In vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence is a proxy of chlorophyll a concentration, and is one of the most frequently measured biogeochemical properties in the ocean. Thousands of profiles are available from historical databases and the integration of fluorescence sensors to autonomous platforms has led to a significant increase of chlorophyll fluorescence profile acquisition. To our knowledge, this important source of environmental data has not yet been included in global analyses. A total of 268 127 chlorophyll fluorescence profiles from several databases as well as published and unpublished individual sources were compiled. Following a robust quality control procedure detailed in the present paper, about 49 000 chlorophyll fluorescence profiles were converted into phytoplankton biomass (i.e., chlorophyll a concentration) and size-based community composition (i.e., microphytoplankton, nanophytoplankton and picophytoplankton), using a method specifically developed to harmonize fluorescence profiles from diverse sources. The data span over 5 decades from 1958 to 2015, including observations from all major oceanic basins and all seasons, and depths ranging from the surface to a median maximum sampling depth of around 700 m. Global maps of chlorophyll a concentration and phytoplankton community composition are presented here for the first time. Monthly climatologies were computed for three of Longhurst's ecological provinces in order to exemplify the potential use of the data product. Original data sets (raw fluorescence profiles) as well as calibrated profiles of phytoplankton biomass and community composition are available on open access at PANGAEA, Data Publisher for Earth and Environmental Science. Raw fluorescence profiles: http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.844212 and Phytoplankton biomass and community composition:

  5. Fabrication of Graded Porous and Skin-Core Structure RDX-Based Propellants via Supercritical CO2 Concentration Profile

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yang, Weitao; Li, Yuxiang; Ying, Sanjiu

    2015-04-01

    A fabrication process to produce graded porous and skin-core structure propellants via supercritical CO2 concentration profile is reported in this article. It utilizes a partial gas saturation technique to obtain nonequilibrium gas concentration profiles in propellants. Once foamed, the propellant obtains a graded porous or skin-pore structure. This fabrication method was studied with RDX(Hexogen)-based propellant under an SC-CO2 saturation condition. The principle was analyzed and the one-dimensional diffusion model was employed to estimate the gas diffusion coefficient and to predict the gas concentration profiles inside the propellant. Scanning electron microscopy images were used to analyze the effects of partial saturation on the inner structure. The results also suggested that the sorption time and desorption time played an important role in gas profile generation and controlled the inner structure of propellants.

  6. What’s normal? Oligosaccharide concentrations and profiles in milk produced by healthy women vary geographically12

    PubMed Central

    Meehan, Courtney L; McGuire, Mark A; Foster, James; Sellen, Daniel W; Kamau-Mbuthia, Elizabeth W; Kamundia, Egidioh W; Mbugua, Samwel; Moore, Sophie E; Prentice, Andrew M; Kvist, Linda J; Otoo, Gloria E; Brooker, Sarah L; Price, William J; Shafii, Bahman; Placek, Caitlyn; Lackey, Kimberly A; Robertson, Bianca; Ruíz, Lorena; Pareja, Rossina G; Bode, Lars

    2017-01-01

    Background: Human milk is a complex fluid comprised of myriad substances, with one of the most abundant substances being a group of complex carbohydrates referred to as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). There has been some evidence that HMO profiles differ in populations, but few studies have rigorously explored this variability. Objectives: We tested the hypothesis that HMO profiles differ in diverse populations of healthy women. Next, we examined relations between HMO and maternal anthropometric and reproductive indexes and indirectly examined whether differences were likely related to genetic or environmental variations. Design: In this cross-sectional, observational study, milk was collected from a total of 410 healthy, breastfeeding women in 11 international cohorts and analyzed for HMOs by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: There was an effect of the cohort (P < 0.05) on concentrations of almost all HMOs. For instance, the mean 3-fucosyllactose concentration was >4 times higher in milk collected in Sweden than in milk collected in rural Gambia (mean ± SEM: 473 ± 55 compared with 103 ± 16 nmol/mL, respectively; P < 0.05), and disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT) concentrations ranged from 216 ± 14 nmol/mL (in Sweden) to 870 ± 68 nmol/mL (in rural Gambia) (P < 0.05). Maternal age, time postpartum, weight, and body mass index were all correlated with several HMOs, and multiple differences in HMOs [e.g., lacto-N-neotetrose and DSLNT] were shown between ethnically similar (and likely genetically similar) populations who were living in different locations, which suggests that the environment may play a role in regulating the synthesis of HMOs. Conclusions: The results of this study support our hypothesis that normal HMO concentrations and profiles vary geographically, even in healthy women. Targeted genomic analyses are required to determine whether these differences are due at least in part to genetic variation. A careful examination of

  7. Mastitis outcomes on pre-ovulatory follicle diameter, estradiol concentrations, subsequent luteal profiles and conception rate in Buffaloes.

    PubMed

    Mansour, Mohamed Mohsen; Zeitoun, Moustafa M; Hussein, Fekry M

    2017-06-01

    The objectives of this study was to investigate the outcome of mastitis, in its clinical or subclinical forms, on the mean diameter of pre-ovulatory follicle (POF), plasma estradiol concentration on the day of estrus, subsequent luteal profile and subsequent conception rate in buffaloes. Sixty dairy buffalo (Bubalus bubalus) conducted in this study were divided into three groups {healthy (H), n=20; subclinical mastitis (SCM), n=18; and clinical mastitis (CM), n=22}. Ultrasonography of ovaries revealed that mean diameter of POF was larger (P<0.05) in H buffalo (14.35mm) compared to SCM (12.40mm) and CM (10.25mm). Also, plasma estradiol concentration on the day of estrus was higher (P<0.05) in H buffalo compared to SCM and CM counterparts; 34.95 vs. 32.87 and 27.50pg/ml, respectively. Besides, positive correlation was observed between the POF diameter with plasma estradiol concentration in H, SCM and CM buffaloes (r=0.64, 0.74, 0.72 respectively, P<0.05). Moreover, positive correlations (P<0.01) were found on days 9, 12, 16, and 21 post-ovulation between POF diameter and luteal profile. Thus, the conception rate in H buffalo was higher (P<0.05) compared with SCM and CM counterparts; 55% vs. 38.89 and 18.18%, respectively. In conclusion, mastitis in its clinical or subclinical forms disrupts the functioning of the pre-ovulatory follicle on the day of estrus, associated with low follicular estradiol production, resulting in suppression to subsequent luteal profile leading to substantial decrease in pregnancy consequence of buffaloes. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  8. Calibration of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network using Aircraft Profile Data

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wunch, Debra; Toon, Geoffrey C.; Wennberg, Paul O.

    2010-03-26

    The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) produces precise measurements of the column average dry-air mole fractions of CO{sub 2}, CO, CH{sub 4}, N{sub 2}O and H{sub 2}O at a variety of sites worldwide. These observations rely on spectroscopic parameters that are not known with sufficient accuracy to compute total columns that can be used in combination with in situ measure ments. The TCCON must therefore be calibrated to World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in situ trace gas measurement scales. We present a calibration of TCCON data using WMO-scale instrumentation aboard aircraft that measured profiles over four TCCON stations during 2008more » and 2009. The aircraft campaigns are the Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport 2008 (START-08), which included a profile over the Park Falls site, the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO-1) campaign, which included profiles over the Lamont and Lauder sites, a series of Learjet profiles over the Lamont site, and a Beechcraft King Air profile over the Tsukuba site. These calibrations are compared with similar observations made during the INTEX-NA (2004), COBRA-ME (2004) and TWP-ICE (2006) campaigns. A single, global calibration factor for each gas accurately captures the TCCON total column data within error.« less

  9. Prediction of local concentration statistics in variably saturated soils: Influence of observation scale and comparison with field data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Graham, Wendy; Destouni, Georgia; Demmy, George; Foussereau, Xavier

    1998-07-01

    The methodology developed in Destouni and Graham [Destouni, G., Graham, W.D., 1997. The influence of observation method on local concentration statistics in the subsurface. Water Resour. Res. 33 (4) 663-676.] for predicting locally measured concentration statistics for solute transport in heterogeneous porous media under saturated flow conditions is applied to the prediction of conservative nonreactive solute transport in the vadose zone where observations are obtained by soil coring. Exact analytical solutions are developed for both the mean and variance of solute concentrations measured in discrete soil cores using a simplified physical model for vadose-zone flow and solute transport. Theoretical results show that while the ensemble mean concentration is relatively insensitive to the length-scale of the measurement, predictions of the concentration variance are significantly impacted by the sampling interval. Results also show that accounting for vertical heterogeneity in the soil profile results in significantly less spreading in the mean and variance of the measured solute breakthrough curves, indicating that it is important to account for vertical heterogeneity even for relatively small travel distances. Model predictions for both the mean and variance of locally measured solute concentration, based on independently estimated model parameters, agree well with data from a field tracer test conducted in Manatee County, Florida.

  10. Exhaled methane concentration profiles during exercise on an ergometer

    PubMed Central

    Szabó, A; Ruzsanyi, V; Unterkofler, K; Mohácsi, Á; Tuboly, E; Boros, M; Szabó, G; Hinterhuber, H; Amann, A

    2016-01-01

    Exhaled methane concentration measurements are extensively used in medical investigation of certain gastrointestinal conditions. However, the dynamics of endogenous methane release is largely unknown. Breath methane profiles during ergometer tests were measured by means of a photoacoustic spectroscopy based sensor. Five methane-producing volunteers (with exhaled methane level being at least 1 ppm higher than room air) were measured. The experimental protocol consisted of 5 min rest—15 min pedalling (at a workload of 75 W)—5 min rest. In addition, hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were determined and compared to the estimated alveolar methane concentration. The alveolar breath methane level decreased considerably, by a factor of 3–4 within 1.5 min, while the estimated ventilation-perfusion ratio increased by a factor of 2–3. Mean pre-exercise and exercise methane concentrations were 11.4 ppm (SD:7.3) and 2.8 ppm (SD:1.9), respectively. The changes can be described by the high sensitivity of exhaled methane to ventilationperfusion ratio and are in line with the Farhi equation. PMID:25749807

  11. Vertical profiles of fine and coarse aerosol particles over Cyprus: Comparison between in-situ drone measurements and remote sensing observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mamali, Dimitra; Marinou, Eleni; Pikridas, Michael; Kottas, Michael; Binietoglou, Ioannis; Kokkalis, Panagiotis; Tsekeri, Aleksandra; Amiridis, Vasilis; Sciare, Jean; Keleshis, Christos; Engelmann, Ronny; Ansmann, Albert; Russchenberg, Herman W. J.; Biskos, George

    2017-04-01

    Vertical profiles of the aerosol mass concentration derived from light detection and ranging (lidar) measurements were compared to airborne dried optical particle counter (OPC MetOne; Model 212) measurements during the INUIT-BACCHUS-ACTRIS campaign. The campaign took place in April 2016 and its main focus was the study of aerosol dust particles. During the campaign the NOA Polly-XT Raman lidar located at Nicosia (35.08° N, 33.22° E) was providing round-the-clock vertical profiles of aerosol optical properties. In addition, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) carrying an OPC flew on 7 days during the first morning hours. The flights were performed at Orounda (35.1018° N, 33.0944° E) reaching altitudes of 2.5 km a.s.l, which allows comparison with a good fraction of the recorded lidar data. The polarization lidar photometer networking method (POLIPHON) was used for the estimation of the fine (non-dust) and coarse (dust) mode aerosol mass concentration profiles. This method uses as input the particle backscatter coefficient and the particle depolarization profiles of the lidar at 532 nm wavelength and derives the aerosol mass concentration. The first step in this approach makes use of the lidar observations to separate the backscatter and extinction contributions of the weakly depolarizing non-dust aerosol components from the contributions of the strongly depolarizing dust particles, under the assumption of an externally mixed two-component aerosol. In the second step, sun photometer retrievals of the fine and the coarse modes aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and volume concentration are used to calculate the associated concentrations from the extinction coefficients retrieved from the lidar. The estimated aerosol volume concentrations were converted into mass concentration with an assumption for the bulk aerosol density, and compared with the OPC measurements. The first results show agreement within the experimental uncertainty. This project received funding from the

  12. Damping profile of standing kink oscillations observed by SDO/AIA

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pascoe, D. J.; Goddard, C. R.; Nisticò, G.; Anfinogentov, S.; Nakariakov, V. M.

    2016-01-01

    Aims: Strongly damped standing and propagating kink oscillations are observed in the solar corona. This can be understood in terms of mode coupling, which causes the wave energy to be converted from the bulk transverse oscillation to localised, unresolved azimuthal motions. The damping rate can provide information about the loop structure, and theory predicts two possible damping profiles. Methods: We used the recently compiled catalogue of decaying standing kink oscillations of coronal loops to search for examples with high spatial and temporal resolution and sufficient signal quality to allow the damping profile to be examined. The location of the loop axis was tracked, detrended, and fitted with sinusoidal oscillations with Gaussian and exponential damping profiles. Results: Using the highest quality data currently available, we find that for the majority of our cases a Gaussian profile describes the damping behaviour at least as well as an exponential profile, which is consistent with the recently developed theory for the damping profile due to mode coupling.

  13. The potential of LIRIC to validate the vertical profiles of the aerosol mass concentration estimated by an air quality model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Siomos, Nikolaos; Filoglou, Maria; Poupkou, Anastasia; Liora, Natalia; Dimopoulos, Spyros; Melas, Dimitris; Chaikovsky, Anatoli; Balis, Dimitris

    2015-04-01

    Vertical profiles of the aerosol mass concentration derived by a retrieval algorithm that uses combined sunphotometer and LIDAR data (LIRIC) were used in order to validate the mass concentration profiles estimated by the air quality model CAMx. LIDAR and CIMEL measurements of the Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki were used for this validation.The aerosol mass concentration profiles of the fine and coarse mode derived by CAMx were compared with the respective profiles derived by the retrieval algorithm. For the coarse mode particles, forecasts of the Saharan dust transportation model BSC-DREAM8bV2 were also taken into account. Each of the retrieval algorithm's profiles were matched to the models' profile with the best agreement within a time window of four hours before and after the central measurement. OPAC, a software than can provide optical properties of aerosol mixtures, was also employed in order to calculate the angstrom exponent and the lidar ratio values for 355nm and 532nm for each of the model's profiles aiming in a comparison with the angstrom exponent and the lidar ratio values derived by the retrieval algorithm for each measurement. The comparisons between the fine mode aerosol concentration profiles resulted in a good agreement between CAMx and the retrieval algorithm, with the vertical mean bias error never exceeding 7 μgr/m3. Concerning the aerosol coarse mode concentration profiles both CAMx and BSC-DREAM8bV2 values are severely underestimated, although, in cases of Saharan dust transportation events there is an agreement between the profiles of BSC-DREAM8bV2 model and the retrieval algorithm.

  14. Developing and Characterizing X-Ray Concentrators for Space-Based Observations with the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Balsamo, Erin Rose

    A long standing need to resolve the equation of state (EOS) of neutron stars motivated the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer's (NICER) mission goals, including determining stellar radii to within +/-5%. This can be accomplished by observing the change in photon flux over time from pulsars (rotating neutron stars with a magnetic field) in the soft X-ray energy band (0.2-12.0 keV) using NICER's highly effective photon focusing system comprised of 56 X-ray concentrators (XRC). In this thesis, I prove the efficiency and functionally of the specialized fabrication process which allowed for the success of producing flight ready XRCs in a cost effective manner, which have been shown to exceed mission requirements through ground calibration. I have also conducted simulations of a challenging yet advantageous observation of the closest millisecond pulsar (MSP) which will provide astronomers with useful NICER data to further constrain the EOS. X-rays are focused by grazing incident reflection with incident angles on the order of a degree. The NICER optics were designed as singly-reflecting concentrators with a curved axial profile for improved photon concentration and a sturdy full shell structure for enhanced module stability. I assisted in developing a new substrate forming technique to accommodate these unique design elements. By analyzing hundreds of substrates' profiles post-forming, I found the profiles were copied, on average, to within 4.6% +/- 3.7%, i.e. with >95% accuracy. My ground calibration results and this analysis has shown that the heat shrink tape method is reliable, repeatable, and could be used in future missions to increase production rate and performance. NICER's 6 arcminute field-of-view poses a challenge in resolving the energy spectra and light curves of the closest MSP, PSR J0437-4715, due to the bright nearby X-ray source, the Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) RX J0437.4-4711, with an angular distance of 4.2 arcmintues from the pulsar. Since

  15. An Analysis of Water Line Profiles in Star Formation Regions Observed by SWAS

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ashby, Matthew L. N.; Bergin, Edwin A.; Plume, Rene; Carpenter, John M.; Neufeld, David A.; Chin, Gordon; Erickson, Neal R.; Goldsmith, Paul F.; Harwit, Martin; Howe, J. E.

    2000-01-01

    We present spectral line profiles for the 557 GHz 1(sub 1,0) yields 1(sub 0,1) ground-state rotational transition of ortho-H2(16)O for 18 galactic star formation regions observed by SWAS. 2 Water is unambiguously detected in every source. The line profiles exhibit a wide variety of shapes, including single-peaked spectra and self-reversed profiles. We interpret these profiles using a Monte Carlo code to model the radiative transport. The observed variations in the line profiles can be explained by variations in the relative strengths of the bulk flow and small-scale turbulent motions within the clouds. Bulk flow (infall, outflow) must be present in some cloud cores, and in certain cases this bulk flow dominates the turbulent motions.

  16. Activated sludge pilot plant: comparison between experimental and predicted concentration profiles using three different modelling approaches.

    PubMed

    Le Moullec, Y; Potier, O; Gentric, C; Leclerc, J P

    2011-05-01

    This paper presents an experimental and numerical study of an activated sludge channel pilot plant. Concentration profiles of oxygen, COD, NO(3) and NH(4) have been measured for several operating conditions. These profiles have been compared to the simulated ones with three different modelling approaches, namely a systemic approach, CFD and compartmental modelling. For these three approaches, the kinetics model was the ASM-1 model (Henze et al., 2001). The three approaches allowed a reasonable simulation of all the concentration profiles except for ammonium for which the simulations results were far from the experimental ones. The analysis of the results showed that the role of the kinetics model is of primary importance for the prediction of activated sludge reactors performance. The fact that existing kinetics parameters in the literature have been determined by parametric optimisation using a systemic model limits the reliability of the prediction of local concentrations and of the local design of activated sludge reactors. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  17. Near-bed observations of high-concentration sediment transport in the Changjiang Estuary

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhou, Z.; Ge, J.; Ding, P.

    2017-12-01

    The North Passage, the core of turbidity maximum in the Changjiang Estuary, is now under the strong sedimentation due to the abundant sediment supply from the upstream Changjiang River and the river-tide interacted dynamics. Recent studies suggested that strong siltation could be attributed to bottom high-concentration sediment transport, which however is very difficult to be detected and observed by vessel-anchored survey methods. To better understand the mechanisms of sediment transport and deposition in the channel region of the North Passage and its adjacent areas, we conducted continuous field observations which covered spring and neap tide period in the wintertime of 2016, the summertime of 2015 and 2017, focusing on near-bottom sediment transport. Tripods mounted with multiple instruments, including up-looking and down-looking Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers(ADCP), Vector Current Meter(ADV), Optical Backscatter Sensor(OBS), ASM, ALEC and RBR were used to observe the near-bottom physical process and its induced sediment dynamics. Results of these observations clearly described the current-wave-sediment interaction, which produced different patterns of bottom mud suspension at different tripods. Both hydrodynamic features and suspended sediment showed variations between spring and neap tide. Taking data of 2016 as an example, averaged suspended sediment concentration(SSC) at two tripods was 1.52 g/L and 2.13 g/L during the neap tide, 4.51 g/L and 5.75 g/L with the peak value reaching 25 g/L during the spring tide. At the tripod which was closer to the channel region, three peaks of SSC during the spring tide occurred near the flood slack with notable salinity increase, indicating the impact of saltwater intrusion on the bottom hydrodynamics. The results showed the occurrence of high-concentration suspended sediment was probably related to combined effects of bottom salinity intrusion, turbulent kinetic energy(TKE) and local stratification due to density

  18. Dating a tropical ice core by time-frequency analysis of ion concentration depth profiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gay, M.; De Angelis, M.; Lacoume, J.-L.

    2014-09-01

    Ice core dating is a key parameter for the interpretation of the ice archives. However, the relationship between ice depth and ice age generally cannot be easily established and requires the combination of numerous investigations and/or modelling efforts. This paper presents a new approach to ice core dating based on time-frequency analysis of chemical profiles at a site where seasonal patterns may be significantly distorted by sporadic events of regional importance, specifically at the summit area of Nevado Illimani (6350 m a.s.l.), located in the eastern Bolivian Andes (16°37' S, 67°46' W). We used ion concentration depth profiles collected along a 100 m deep ice core. The results of Fourier time-frequency and wavelet transforms were first compared. Both methods were applied to a nitrate concentration depth profile. The resulting chronologies were checked by comparison with the multi-proxy year-by-year dating published by de Angelis et al. (2003) and with volcanic tie points. With this first experiment, we demonstrated the efficiency of Fourier time-frequency analysis when tracking the nitrate natural variability. In addition, we were able to show spectrum aliasing due to under-sampling below 70 m. In this article, we propose a method of de-aliasing which significantly improves the core dating in comparison with annual layer manual counting. Fourier time-frequency analysis was applied to concentration depth profiles of seven other ions, providing information on the suitability of each of them for the dating of tropical Andean ice cores.

  19. Identification of intestinal loss of a drug through physiologically based pharmacokinetic simulation of plasma concentration-time profiles.

    PubMed

    Peters, Sheila Annie

    2008-01-01

    Despite recent advances in understanding of the role of the gut as a metabolizing organ, recognition of gut wall metabolism and/or other factors contributing to intestinal loss of a compound has been a challenging task due to the lack of well characterized methods to distinguish it from first-pass hepatic extraction. The implications of identifying intestinal loss of a compound in drug discovery and development can be enormous. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) simulations of pharmacokinetic profiles provide a simple, reliable and cost-effective way to understand the mechanisms underlying pharmacokinetic processes. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the application of PBPK simulations in bringing to light intestinal loss of orally administered drugs, using two example compounds: verapamil and an in-house compound that is no longer in development (referred to as compound A in this article). A generic PBPK model, built in-house using MATLAB software and incorporating absorption, metabolism, distribution, biliary and renal elimination models, was employed for simulation of concentration-time profiles. Modulation of intrinsic hepatic clearance and tissue distribution parameters in the generic PBPK model was done to achieve a good fit to the observed intravenous pharmacokinetic profiles of the compounds studied. These optimized clearance and distribution parameters are expected to be invariant across different routes of administration, as long as the kinetics are linear, and were therefore employed to simulate the oral profiles of the compounds. For compounds with reasonably good solubility and permeability, an area under the concentration-time curve for the simulated oral profile that far exceeded the observed would indicate some kind of loss in the intestine. PBPK simulations applied to compound A showed substantial loss of the compound in the gastrointestinal tract in humans but not in rats. This accounted for the lower bioavailability of the

  20. Spatiotemporal Variability in Particulate Organic Carbon Export Observed Using Bio-Optical Profiling Floats

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Estapa, M. L.

    2016-02-01

    Autonomous, bio-optical profiling floats are poised to broaden the number and spatiotemporal resolution of observations of the ocean's biological pump. Here, we used multiple optical sensors aboard two bio-optical profiling floats (Navis BGCi, Sea-Bird) deployed in the Sargasso Sea to derive in situ proxies for particulate carbon (PC) flux, sub-mixed layer net community production (NCP) and to drive a model of net primary production (NPP). Profiles were collected at approximately 2-day resolution, and drift-phase PC flux observations were collected at subdaily resolution at a rotating cycle of observation depths between 150 and 1000 m. The magnitudes of NPP, PC flux, and their annually-averaged ratio were generally consistent with observations at the nearby Bermuda Atlantic Timeseries Study (BATS) site. PC flux and the export ratio were enhanced in the autumn as well as in the spring, and varied over short timescales possibly due to the influence of mesoscale eddies. The relatively shallow park depths and short profile cycle lengths allow us to identify ephemeral, subsurface bio-optical features and compare them to measured fluxes and satellite-observed surface properties.

  1. Biomarkers are used to predict quantitative metabolite concentration profiles in human red blood cells

    DOE PAGES

    Yurkovich, James T.; Yang, Laurence; Palsson, Bernhard O.; ...

    2017-03-06

    Deep-coverage metabolomic profiling has revealed a well-defined development of metabolic decay in human red blood cells (RBCs) under cold storage conditions. A set of extracellular biomarkers has been recently identified that reliably defines the qualitative state of the metabolic network throughout this metabolic decay process. Here, we extend the utility of these biomarkers by using them to quantitatively predict the concentrations of other metabolites in the red blood cell. We are able to accurately predict the concentration profile of 84 of the 91 (92%) measured metabolites ( p < 0.05) in RBC metabolism using only measurements of these five biomarkers.more » The median of prediction errors (symmetric mean absolute percent error) across all metabolites was 13%. Furthermore, the ability to predict numerous metabolite concentrations from a simple set of biomarkers offers the potential for the development of a powerful workflow that could be used to evaluate the metabolic state of a biological system using a minimal set of measurements.« less

  2. Biomarkers are used to predict quantitative metabolite concentration profiles in human red blood cells

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Yurkovich, James T.; Yang, Laurence; Palsson, Bernhard O.

    Deep-coverage metabolomic profiling has revealed a well-defined development of metabolic decay in human red blood cells (RBCs) under cold storage conditions. A set of extracellular biomarkers has been recently identified that reliably defines the qualitative state of the metabolic network throughout this metabolic decay process. Here, we extend the utility of these biomarkers by using them to quantitatively predict the concentrations of other metabolites in the red blood cell. We are able to accurately predict the concentration profile of 84 of the 91 (92%) measured metabolites ( p < 0.05) in RBC metabolism using only measurements of these five biomarkers.more » The median of prediction errors (symmetric mean absolute percent error) across all metabolites was 13%. Furthermore, the ability to predict numerous metabolite concentrations from a simple set of biomarkers offers the potential for the development of a powerful workflow that could be used to evaluate the metabolic state of a biological system using a minimal set of measurements.« less

  3. Long-Term Observations of Ocean Biogeochemistry with Nitrate and Oxygen Sensors in Apex Profiling Floats

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Johnson, K. S.; Coletti, L.; Jannasch, H.; Martz, T.; Swift, D.; Riser, S.

    2008-12-01

    Long-term, autonomous observations of ocean biogeochemical cycles are now feasible with chemical sensors in profiling floats. These sensors will enable decadal-scale observations of trends in global ocean biogeochemical cycles. Here, we focus on measurements on nitrate and dissolved oxygen. The ISUS (In Situ Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer) optical nitrate sensor has been adapted to operate in a Webb Research, Apex profiling float. The Apex float is of the type used in the Argo array and is designed for multi-year, expendable deployments in the ocean. Floats park at 1000 m depth and make 60 nitrate and oxygen measurements at depth intervals ranging from 50 m below 400 m to 5 m in the upper 100 m as they profile to the surface. All data are transmitted to shore using the Iridium telemetry system and they are available on the Internet in near-real time. Floats equipped with ISUS and an Aanderaa oxygen sensor are capable of making 280 vertical profiles from 1000 m. At a 5 day cycle time, the floats should have nearly a four year endurance. Three floats have now been deployed at the Hawaii Ocean Time series station (HOT), Ocean Station Papa (OSP) in the Gulf of Alaska and at 50 South, 30 East in the Southern Ocean. Two additional floats are designated for deployment at the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series station (BATS) and in the Drake Passage. The HOT float has made 56 profiles over 260 days and should continue operating for 3 more years. Nitrate concentrations are in excellent agreement with the long-term mean observed at HOT. No significant long-term drift in sensor response has occurred. A variety of features have been observed in the HOT nitrate data that are linked to contemporaneous changes in oxygen production and mesoscale dynamics. The impacts of these features will be briefly described. The Southern Ocean float has operated for 200 days and is now observing reinjection of nitrate into surface waters as winter mixing occurs(surface nitrate > 24 micromolar). We

  4. Atmospheric soundings by SPICAM occultation observations: aerosol and ozone vertical profiles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Montmessin, F.

    2005-12-01

    The SPICAM instrument is a highly versatile, dual spectrometer probing both the UV and the NIR spectral region and is currently flying around Mars onboard Mars Express. Since the beginning of MEx operations, SPICAM has collected about thousand atmospheric profiles while observing in a solar or a stellar occultation mode. UV spectra bear the signatures of several species; i.e carbon dioxide, ozone and aerosols, while infrared spectra potentially bring information on atmospheric condensates and on water vapor. This presentation will focus on the measured aerosol, ozone and water vapor profiles. For the aerosol, we will emphasize the numerous observations made in the polar night and will also discuss some high altitude clouds discovered in the southern hemisphere. Ozone and water vapor profiles will be presented along with some General Circulation Model comparisons. This work has been supported by CNES.

  5. Model of flare lightcurve profile observed in soft X-rays

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gryciuk, Magdalena; Siarkowski, Marek; Gburek, Szymon; Podgorski, Piotr; Sylwester, Janusz; Kepa, Anna; Mrozek, Tomasz

    We propose a new model for description of solar flare lightcurve profile observed in soft X-rays. The method assumes that single-peaked `regular' flares seen in lightcurves can be fitted with the elementary time profile being a convolution of Gaussian and exponential functions. More complex, multi-peaked flares can be decomposed as a sum of elementary profiles. During flare lightcurve fitting process a linear background is determined as well. In our study we allow the background shape over the event to change linearly with time. Presented approach originally was dedicated to the soft X-ray small flares recorded by Polish spectrophotometer SphinX during the phase of very deep solar minimum of activity, between 23 rd and 24 th Solar Cycles. However, the method can and will be used to interpret the lightcurves as obtained by the other soft X-ray broad-band spectrometers at the time of both low and higher solar activity level. In the paper we introduce the model and present examples of fits to SphinX and GOES 1-8 Å channel observations as well.

  6. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for temperature and humidity profile retrieval from microwave radiometer observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ramesh, K.; Kesarkar, A. P.; Bhate, J.; Venkat Ratnam, M.; Jayaraman, A.

    2015-01-01

    The retrieval of accurate profiles of temperature and water vapour is important for the study of atmospheric convection. Recent development in computational techniques motivated us to use adaptive techniques in the retrieval algorithms. In this work, we have used an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to retrieve profiles of temperature and humidity up to 10 km over the tropical station Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E), India. ANFIS is trained by using observations of temperature and humidity measurements by co-located Meisei GPS radiosonde (henceforth referred to as radiosonde) and microwave brightness temperatures observed by radiometrics multichannel microwave radiometer MP3000 (MWR). ANFIS is trained by considering these observations during rainy and non-rainy days (ANFIS(RD + NRD)) and during non-rainy days only (ANFIS(NRD)). The comparison of ANFIS(RD + NRD) and ANFIS(NRD) profiles with independent radiosonde observations and profiles retrieved using multivariate linear regression (MVLR: RD + NRD and NRD) and artificial neural network (ANN) indicated that the errors in the ANFIS(RD + NRD) are less compared to other retrieval methods. The Pearson product movement correlation coefficient (r) between retrieved and observed profiles is more than 92% for temperature profiles for all techniques and more than 99% for the ANFIS(RD + NRD) technique Therefore this new techniques is relatively better for the retrieval of temperature profiles. The comparison of bias, mean absolute error (MAE), RMSE and symmetric mean absolute percentage error (SMAPE) of retrieved temperature and relative humidity (RH) profiles using ANN and ANFIS also indicated that profiles retrieved using ANFIS(RD + NRD) are significantly better compared to the ANN technique. The analysis of profiles concludes that retrieved profiles using ANFIS techniques have improved the temperature retrievals substantially; however, the retrieval of RH by all techniques considered in this paper (ANN, MVLR and

  7. Inversion of scattered radiance horizon profiles for gaseous concentrations and aerosol parameters

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Malchow, H. L.; Whitney, C. K.

    1977-01-01

    Techniques have been developed and used to invert limb scan measurements for vertical profiles of atmospheric state parameters. The parameters which can be found are concentrations of Rayleigh scatters, ozone, NO2, and aerosols, and aerosol physical properties including a Junge-size distribution parameter and real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction.

  8. Superior Effects of Eccentric to Concentric Knee Extensor Resistance Training on Physical Fitness, Insulin Sensitivity and Lipid Profiles of Elderly Men

    PubMed Central

    Chen, Trevor Chung-Ching; Tseng, Wei-Chin; Huang, Guan-Ling; Chen, Hsin-Lian; Tseng, Kuo-Wei; Nosaka, Kazunori

    2017-01-01

    It has been reported that eccentric training of knee extensors is effective for improving blood insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles to a greater extent than concentric training in young women. However, it is not known whether this is also the case for elderly individuals. Thus, the present study tested the hypothesis that eccentric training of the knee extensors would improve physical function and health parameters (e.g., blood lipid profiles) of older adults better than concentric training. Healthy elderly men (60–76 years) were assigned to either eccentric training or concentric training group (n = 13/group), and performed 30–60 eccentric or concentric contractions of knee extensors once a week. The intensity was progressively increased over 12 weeks from 10 to 100% of maximal concentric strength for eccentric training and from 50 to 100% for concentric training. Outcome measures were taken before and 4 days after the training period. The results showed that no sings of muscle damage were observed after any sessions. Functional physical fitness (e.g., 30-s chair stand) and maximal concentric contraction strength of the knee extensors increased greater (P ≤ 0.05) after eccentric training than concentric training. Homeostasis model assessment, oral glucose tolerance test and whole blood glycosylated hemoglobin showed improvement of insulin sensitivity only after eccentric training (P ≤ 0.05). Greater (P ≤ 0.05) decreases in fasting triacylglycerols, total, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols were evident after eccentric training than concentric training, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterols increased only after eccentric training. These results support the hypothesis and suggest that it is better to focus on eccentric contractions in exercise medicine. PMID:28443029

  9. Remote fluorescence imaging of dynamic concentration profiles with micrometer resolution using a coherent optical fiber bundle.

    PubMed

    Amatore, Christian; Chovin, Arnaud; Garrigue, Patrick; Servant, Laurent; Sojic, Neso; Szunerits, Sabine; Thouin, Laurent

    2004-12-15

    Dynamic concentration profiles within the diffusion layer of an electrode were imaged in situ using fluorescence detection through a multichannel imaging fiber. In this work, a coherent optical fiber bundle is positioned orthogonal to the surface of an electrode and is used to report spatial and temporal micrometric changes in the fluorescence intensity of an initial fluorescent species. The fluorescence signal is directly related to the local concentration of a redox fluorescent reagent, which is electrochemically modulated by the electrode. Fluorescence images are collected through the optical fiber bundle during the oxidation of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) to ruthenium(III) at a diffusion-limited rate and allow the concentration profiles of Ru(II) reagent to be monitored in situ as a function of time. Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) is excited at 485 nm and emits fluorescence at 605 nm, whereas the Ru(III) oxidation state is not fluorescent. Our experiments emphasize the influence of two parameters on the micrometer spatial resolution: the numerical aperture of optical fibers within the bundle and the Ru(II) bulk concentration. The extent of the volume probed by each individual fiber of the bundle is discussed qualitatively in terms of a primary inner-filter effect and refractive index gradient. Experimentally measured fluorescence intensity profiles were found to be in very good agreement with concentration profiles predicted upon considering planar diffusion and thus validate the concept of this new application of imaging fibers. The originality of this remote approach is to provide a global view of the entire diffusion layer at a given time through one single image and to allow the time expansion of the diffusion layer to be followed quantitatively in real time.

  10. Systematic Evaluation of Wajima Superposition (Steady-State Concentration to Mean Residence Time) in the Estimation of Human Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Profile.

    PubMed

    Lombardo, Franco; Berellini, Giuliano; Labonte, Laura R; Liang, Guiqing; Kim, Sean

    2016-03-01

    We present a systematic evaluation of the Wajima superpositioning method to estimate the human intravenous (i.v.) pharmacokinetic (PK) profile based on a set of 54 marketed drugs with diverse structure and range of physicochemical properties. We illustrate the use of average of "best methods" for the prediction of clearance (CL) and volume of distribution at steady state (VDss) as described in our earlier work (Lombardo F, Waters NJ, Argikar UA, et al. J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;53(2):178-191; Lombardo F, Waters NJ, Argikar UA, et al. J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;53(2):167-177). These methods provided much more accurate prediction of human PK parameters, yielding 88% and 70% of the prediction within 2-fold error for VDss and CL, respectively. The prediction of human i.v. profile using Wajima superpositioning of rat, dog, and monkey time-concentration profiles was tested against the observed human i.v. PK using fold error statistics. The results showed that 63% of the compounds yielded a geometric mean of fold error below 2-fold, and an additional 19% yielded a geometric mean of fold error between 2- and 3-fold, leaving only 18% of the compounds with a relatively poor prediction. Our results showed that good superposition was observed in any case, demonstrating the predictive value of the Wajima approach, and that the cause of poor prediction of human i.v. profile was mainly due to the poorly predicted CL value, while VDss prediction had a minor impact on the accuracy of human i.v. profile prediction. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Inc.

  11. Observed Classroom Quality Profiles of Kindergarten Classrooms in Finland

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Salminen, Jenni; Lerkkanen, Marja-Kristiina; Poikkeus, Anna-Maija; Pakarinen, Eija; Siekkinen, Martti; Hannikainen, Maritta; Poikonen, Pirjo-Liisa; Rasku-Puttonen, Helena

    2012-01-01

    Research Findings: The aim of the present study was to examine classroom quality profiles of kindergarten classrooms using a person-centered approach and to analyze these patterns in regard to teacher and classroom characteristics. Observations of the domains of Emotional Support, Classroom Organization, and Instructional Support were conducted in…

  12. Characterizing contaminant concentrations with depth by using the USGS well profiler in Oklahoma, 2003-9

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Smith, S. Jerrod; Becker, Carol J.

    2011-01-01

    In 2007, the USGS well profiler was used to investigate saline water intrusion in a deep public-supply well completed in the Ozark (Roubidoux) aquifer. In northeast Oklahoma, where the Ozark aquifer is known to be susceptible to contamination from mining activities, the well profiler also could be used to investigate sources (depths) of metals contamination and to identify routes of entry of metals to production wells.Water suppliers can consider well rehabilitation as a potential remediation strategy because of the ability to identify changes in contaminant concentrations with depth in individual wells with the USGS well profiler. Well rehabilitation methods, which are relatively inexpensive compared to drilling and completing new wells, involve modifying the construction or operation of a well to enhance the production of water from zones with lesser concentrations of a contaminant or to limit the production of water from zones with greater concentrations of a contaminant. One of the most effective well rehabilitation methods is zonal isolation, in which water from contaminated zones is excluded from production through installation of cement plugs or packers. By using relatively simple and inexpensive well rehabilitation methods, water suppliers may be able to decrease exposure of customers to contaminants and avoid costly installation of additional wells, conveyance infrastructure, and treatment technologies.

  13. Concentration profiles of actin-binding molecules in lamellipodia

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Falcke, Martin

    2016-04-01

    Motile cells form lamellipodia in the direction of motion, which are flat membrane protrusions containing an actin filament network. The network flows rearward relative to the leading edge of the lamellipodium due to actin polymerization at the front. Thus, actin binding molecules are subject to transport towards the rear of the cell in the bound state and diffuse freely in the unbound state. We analyze this reaction-diffusion-advection process with respect to the concentration profiles of these species and provide an analytic approximation for them. Network flow may cause a depletion zone of actin binding molecules close to the leading edge. The existence of such zone depends on the free molecule concentration in the cell body, on the ratio of the diffusion length to the distance bound molecules travel rearward with the flow before dissociating, and the ratio of the diffusion length to the width of the region with network flow and actin binding. Our calculations suggest the existence of depletion zones for the F-actin cross-linkers filamin and α-actinin in fish keratocytes (and other cell types), which is in line with the small elastic moduli of the F-actin network close to the leading edge found in measurements of the force motile cells are able to exert.

  14. Duality based direct resolution of unique profiles using zero concentration region information.

    PubMed

    Tavakkoli, Elnaz; Rajkó, Róbert; Abdollahi, Hamid

    2018-07-01

    Self Modeling Curve Resolution (SMCR) is a class of techniques concerned with estimating pure profiles underlying a set of measurements on chemical systems. In general, the estimated profiles are ambiguous (non-unique) except if some special conditions fulfilled. Implementing the adequate information can reduce the so-called rotational ambiguity effectively, and in the most desirable cases lead to the unique solution. Therefore, studies on circumstances resulting in unique solution are of particular importance. The conditions of unique solution can particularly be studied based on duality principle. In bilinear chemical (e.g., spectroscopic) data matrix, there is a natural duality between its row and column vector spaces using minimal constraints (non-negativity of concentrations and absorbances). In this article, the conditions of the unique solution according to duality concept and using zero concentration region information is intended to show. A simulated dataset of three components and an experimental system with synthetic mixtures containing three amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan are analyzed. It is shown that in the presence of sufficient information, the reliable unique solution is obtained that is valuable in analytical qualification and for quantitative verification analysis. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  15. An Object-Oriented Approach for Analyzing CALIPSO's Profile Observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Trepte, C. R.

    2016-12-01

    The CALIPSO satellite mission is a pioneering international partnership between NASA and the French Space Agency, CNES. Since launch on 28 April 2006, CALIPSO has been acquiring near-continuous lidar profile observations of clouds and aerosols in the Earth's atmosphere. Many studies have profitably used these observations to advance our understanding of climate, weather and air quality. For the most part, however, these studies have considered CALIPSO profile measurements independent from one another and have not related each to neighboring or family observations within a cloud element or aerosol feature. In this presentation we describe an alternative approach that groups measurements into objects visually identified from CALIPSO browse images. The approach makes use of the Visualization of CALIPSO (VOCAL) software tool that enables a user to outline a region of interest and save coordinates into a database. The selected features or objects can then be analyzed to explore spatial correlations over the feature's domain and construct bulk statistical properties for each structure. This presentation will show examples that examine cirrus and dust layers and will describe how this object-oriented approach can provide added insight into physical processes beyond conventional statistical treatments. It will further show results with combined measurements from other A-Train sensors to highlight advantages of viewing features in this manner.

  16. Observation and modelling of the Fe XXI line profile observed by IRIS during the impulsive phase of flares

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Polito, V.; Testa, P.; De Pontieu, B.; Allred, J. C.

    2017-12-01

    The observation of the high temperature (above 10 MK) Fe XXI 1354.1 A line with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) has provided significant insights into the chromospheric evaporation process in flares. In particular, the line is often observed to be completely blueshifted, in contrast to previous observations at lower spatial and spectral resolution, and in agreement with predictions from theoretical models. Interestingly, the line is also observed to be mostly symmetric and with a large excess above the thermal width. One popular interpretation for the excess broadening is given by assuming a superposition of flows from different loop strands. In this work, we perform a statistical analysis of Fe XXI line profiles observed by IRIS during the impulsive phase of flares and compare our results with hydrodynamic simulations of multi-thread flare loops performed with the 1D RADYN code. Our results indicate that the multi-thread models cannot easily reproduce the symmetry of the line and that some other physical process might need to be invoked in order to explain the observed profiles.

  17. Estimating the Soil Temperature Profile from a Single Depth Observation: A Simple Empirical Heatflow Solution

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Holmes, Thomas; Owe, Manfred; deJeu, Richard

    2007-01-01

    Two data sets of experimental field observations with a range of meteorological conditions are used to investigate the possibility of modeling near-surface soil temperature profiles in a bare soil. It is shown that commonly used heat flow methods that assume a constant ground heat flux can not be used to model the extreme variations in temperature that occur near the surface. This paper proposes a simple approach for modeling the surface soil temperature profiles from a single depth observation. This approach consists of two parts: 1) modeling an instantaneous ground flux profile based on net radiation and the ground heat flux at 5cm depth; 2) using this ground heat flux profile to extrapolate a single temperature observation to a continuous near surface temperature profile. The new model is validated with an independent data set from a different soil and under a range of meteorological conditions.

  18. [Comparison of dissolution profile and plasma concentration-time profile of the thalidomide formulations made by Japanese, Mexican and British companies].

    PubMed

    Fujita, Yukiyoshi; Yamamoto, Koujirou; Aomori, Tohru; Murakami, Hirokazu; Horiuchi, Ryuya

    2008-10-01

    Thalidomide is an important advance in the treatment of multiple myeloma. In Japan thalidomide is now on the approval step for the treatment of multiple myeloma. The drug has some bothersome side effects such as defect of organogenesis, neuropathy, constipation and fatigue, but is likely more effective than standard chemotherapy and is changing multiple myeloma treatment. At this moment, Japanese patients must import the thalidomide preparations from Mexico, Britain and elsewhere, but after approval, they patients will be able to get the new Japanese thalidomide capsules. In order to determine appropriate amounts of Japanese thalidomide capsules in the treatment of multiple myeloma, we compared the dissolution profile and plasma thalidomide concentrations of Japanese and British capsules and Mexican tablets. The dissolution test was performed according to the Japanese and the United States Pharmacopoeia. The pharmacokinetic data for Japanese capsules were obtained from the clinical trial in Japanese subjects and compared with those data published for other formulations. The dissolution rate of the Japanese capsule was the fastest, followed by British and Mexican formulations. The pharmacokinetic profiles of Japanese and British capsules were similar, while the 100 mg Japanese thalidomide capsule demonstrated a 1.6-fold higher maximum plasma concentration than the 200 mg Mexican thalidomide tablet (1.7 vs. 1.1 microg/ml), greatly shortened t(max) (4.5 vs. 6.2 h), and the apparent half life was only one-third of the Mexican tablet (4.8 vs. 13.5 h). A comparison of the dissolution and the pharmacokinetic absorption profiles demonstrated a rank-order correlation. Physicians and pharmacists should be aware of the probable alteration in plasma thalidomide concentration when switching to the Japanese capsule, especially from the Mexican tablet, and should monitor clinical response carefully.

  19. Equilibrium concentration profiles and sedimentation kinetics of colloidal gels under gravitational stress

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Buzzaccaro, S.; Secchi, E.; Brambilla, G.; Piazza, R.; Cipelletti, L.

    2012-07-01

    We study the sedimentation of colloidal gels by using a combination of light scattering, polarimetry and video imaging. The asymptotic concentration profiles φ(z,t → ∞) exhibit remarkable scaling properties: profiles for gels prepared at different initial volume fractions and particle interactions can be superimposed onto a single master curve by using suitable reduced variables. We show theoretically that this behavior stems from a power law dependence of the compressive elastic modulus versus φ, which we directly test experimentally. The sedimentation kinetics comprises an initial latency stage, followed by a rapid collapse where the gel height h decreases at constant velocity and a final compaction stage characterized by a stretched exponential relaxation of h toward a plateau. Analogies and differences with previous works are briefly discussed.

  20. Background concentrations for high resolution satellite observing systems of methane

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Benmergui, J. S.; Propp, A. M.; Turner, A. J.; Wofsy, S. C.

    2017-12-01

    Emerging satellite technologies promise to measure total column dry-air mole fractions of methane (XCH4) at resolutions on the order of a kilometer. XCH4 is linearly related to regional methane emissions through enhancements in the mixed layer, giving these satellites the ability to constrain emissions at unprecedented resolution. However, XCH4 is also sensitive to variability in transport of upwind concentrations (the "background concentration"). Variations in the background concentration are caused by synoptic scale transport in both the free troposphere and the stratosphere, as well as the rate of methane oxidation. Misspecification of the background concentration is aliased onto retrieved emissions as bias. This work explores several methods of specifying the background concentration for high resolution satellite observations of XCH4. We conduct observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) that simulate the retrieval of emissions in the Barnett Shale using observations from a 1.33 km resolution XCH4 imaging satellite. We test background concentrations defined (1) from an external continental-scale model, (2) using pixels along the edge of the image as a boundary value, (3) using differences between adjacent pixels, and (4) using differences between the same pixel separated by one hour in time. We measure success using the accuracy of the retrieval, the potential for bias induced by misspecification of the background, and the computational expedience of the method. Pathological scenarios are given to each method.

  1. Annual nitrate drawdown observed by SOCCOM profiling floats and the relationship to annual net community production

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Johnson, Kenneth S.; Plant, Joshua N.; Dunne, John P.; Talley, Lynne D.; Sarmiento, Jorge L.

    2017-08-01

    Annual nitrate cycles have been measured throughout the pelagic waters of the Southern Ocean, including regions with seasonal ice cover and southern hemisphere subtropical zones. Vertically resolved nitrate measurements were made using in situ ultraviolet spectrophotometer (ISUS) and submersible ultraviolet nitrate analyzer (SUNA) optical nitrate sensors deployed on profiling floats. Thirty-one floats returned 40 complete annual cycles. The mean nitrate profile from the month with the highest winter nitrate minus the mean profile from the month with the lowest nitrate yields the annual nitrate drawdown. This quantity was integrated to 200 m depth and converted to carbon using the Redfield ratio to estimate annual net community production (ANCP) throughout the Southern Ocean south of 30°S. A well-defined, zonal mean distribution is found with highest values (3-4 mol C m-2 yr-1) from 40 to 50°S. Lowest values are found in the subtropics and in the seasonal ice zone. The area weighted mean was 2.9 mol C m-2 yr-1 for all regions south of 40°S. Cumulative ANCP south of 50°S is 1.3 Pg C yr-1. This represents about 13% of global ANCP in about 14% of the global ocean area.Plain Language SummaryThis manuscript reports on 40 annual cycles of nitrate <span class="hlt">observed</span> by chemical sensors on SOCCOM <span class="hlt">profiling</span> floats. The annual drawdown in nitrate <span class="hlt">concentration</span> by phytoplankton is used to assess the spatial variability of annual net community production in the Southern Ocean. This ANCP is a key component of the global carbon cycle and it exerts an important control on atmospheric carbon dioxide. We show that the results are consistent with our prior understanding of Southern Ocean ANCP, which has required decades of <span class="hlt">observations</span> to accumulate. The <span class="hlt">profiling</span> floats now enable annual resolution of this key process. The results also highlight spatial variability in ANCP in the Southern Ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830058580&hterms=801&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3D801','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830058580&hterms=801&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3D801"><span>Ozone <span class="hlt">profile</span> intercomparison based on simultaneous <span class="hlt">observations</span> between 20 and 40 km</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Aimedieu, P.; Krueger, A. J.; Robbins, D. E.; Simon, P. C.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>The vertical distribution of stratospheric ozone has been simultaneously measured by means of five different instruments carried on the same balloon payload. The launches were performed from Gap during the intercomparison campaign conducted in June 1981 in southern France. Data obtained between altitudes of 20 and 40 km are compared and discussed. Vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> deduced from Electrochemical <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> Cell sondes launched from the same location by small balloons and from short Umkehr measurements made at Mt Chiran (France) are also included in this comparison. Systematic differences of the order of 20 percent between ozone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> deduced from solar u.v. absorption and in situ techniques are found.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmRe.194...17B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmRe.194...17B"><span>Potential of collocated radiometer and wind <span class="hlt">profiler</span> <span class="hlt">observations</span> for monsoon studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Balaji, B.; Prabha, Thara V.; Jaya Rao, Y.; Kiran, T.; Dinesh, G.; Chakravarty, Kaustav; Sonbawne, S. M.; Rajeevan, M.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Collocated <span class="hlt">observations</span> from microwave radiometer and wind <span class="hlt">profiler</span> are used in a pilot study during the monsoon period to derive information on the thermodynamics and winds and association with rainfall characteristics. These instruments were operated throughout the monsoon season of 2015. Continuous vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of winds, temperature and humidity show significant promise for understanding the low-level jet, its periodicity and its association with moisture transport, clouds and precipitation embedded within the monsoon large-scale convection. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> showed mutually beneficial in explaining variability that are part of the low frequency oscillations and the diurnal variability during monsoon. These <span class="hlt">observations</span> highlight the importance of locally driven convective systems, in the presence of weak moisture transport over the area. The episodic moisture convergence showed a periodicity of 9 days which matches with the subsequent convection and precipitation and thermodynamic regimes. Inferences from the diurnal cycle of moisture transport and the convective activity, relationship with the low-level jet characteristics and thermodynamics are also illustrated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4314252','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4314252"><span>Use of Satellite <span class="hlt">Observations</span> for Long-Term Exposure Assessment of Global <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> of Fine Particulate Matter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Martin, Randall V.; Brauer, Michael; Boys, Brian L.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Background: More than a decade of satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> offers global information about the trend and magnitude of human exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Objective: In this study, we developed improved global exposure estimates of ambient PM2.5 mass and trend using PM2.5 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> inferred from multiple satellite instruments. Methods: We combined three satellite-derived PM2.5 sources to produce global PM2.5 estimates at about 10 km × 10 km from 1998 through 2012. For each source, we related total column retrievals of aerosol optical depth to near-ground PM2.5 using the GEOS–Chem chemical transport model to represent local aerosol optical properties and vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. We collected 210 global ground-based PM2.5 <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the literature to evaluate our satellite-based estimates with values measured in areas other than North America and Europe. Results: We estimated that global population-weighted ambient PM2.5 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> increased 0.55 μg/m3/year (95% CI: 0.43, 0.67) (2.1%/year; 95% CI: 1.6, 2.6) from 1998 through 2012. Increasing PM2.5 in some developing regions drove this global change, despite decreasing PM2.5 in some developed regions. The estimated proportion of the population of East Asia living above the World Health Organization (WHO) Interim Target-1 of 35 μg/m3 increased from 51% in 1998–2000 to 70% in 2010–2012. In contrast, the North American proportion above the WHO Air Quality Guideline of 10 μg/m3 fell from 62% in 1998–2000 to 19% in 2010–2012. We found significant agreement between satellite-derived estimates and ground-based measurements outside North America and Europe (r = 0.81; n = 210; slope = 0.68). The low bias in satellite-derived estimates suggests that true global <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> could be even greater. Conclusions: Satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> provide insight into global long-term changes in ambient PM2.5 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Satellite-derived estimates and ground-based PM2.5 <span class="hlt">observations</span> from this study</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24683321','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24683321"><span>Adaptive super-twisting <span class="hlt">observer</span> for estimation of random road excitation <span class="hlt">profile</span> in automotive suspension systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rath, J J; Veluvolu, K C; Defoort, M</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The estimation of road excitation <span class="hlt">profile</span> is important for evaluation of vehicle stability and vehicle suspension performance for autonomous vehicle control systems. In this work, the nonlinear dynamics of the active automotive system that is excited by the unknown road excitation <span class="hlt">profile</span> are considered for modeling. To address the issue of estimation of road <span class="hlt">profile</span>, we develop an adaptive supertwisting <span class="hlt">observer</span> for state and unknown road <span class="hlt">profile</span> estimation. Under Lipschitz conditions for the nonlinear functions, the convergence of the estimation error is proven. Simulation results with Ford Fiesta MK2 demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed <span class="hlt">observer</span> for state and unknown input estimation for nonlinear active suspension system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3934084','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3934084"><span>Adaptive Super-Twisting <span class="hlt">Observer</span> for Estimation of Random Road Excitation <span class="hlt">Profile</span> in Automotive Suspension Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rath, J. J.; Veluvolu, K. C.; Defoort, M.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The estimation of road excitation <span class="hlt">profile</span> is important for evaluation of vehicle stability and vehicle suspension performance for autonomous vehicle control systems. In this work, the nonlinear dynamics of the active automotive system that is excited by the unknown road excitation <span class="hlt">profile</span> are considered for modeling. To address the issue of estimation of road <span class="hlt">profile</span>, we develop an adaptive supertwisting <span class="hlt">observer</span> for state and unknown road <span class="hlt">profile</span> estimation. Under Lipschitz conditions for the nonlinear functions, the convergence of the estimation error is proven. Simulation results with Ford Fiesta MK2 demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed <span class="hlt">observer</span> for state and unknown input estimation for nonlinear active suspension system. PMID:24683321</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUSMSA31B..09M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUSMSA31B..09M"><span>Geocoronal Balmer α line <span class="hlt">profile</span> <span class="hlt">observations</span> and forward-model analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mierkiewicz, E. J.; Bishop, J.; Roesler, F. L.; Nossal, S. M.</p> <p>2006-05-01</p> <p>High spectral resolution geocoronal Balmer α line <span class="hlt">profile</span> <span class="hlt">observations</span> from Pine Bluff Observatory (PBO) are presented in the context of forward-model analysis. Because Balmer series column emissions depend significantly on multiple scattering, retrieval of hydrogen parameters of general aeronomic interest from these <span class="hlt">observations</span> (e.g., the hydrogen column abundance) currently requires a forward modeling approach. This capability is provided by the resonance radiative transfer code LYAO_RT. We have recently developed a parametric data-model comparison search procedure employing an extensive grid of radiative transport model input parameters (defining a 6-dimensional parameter space) to map-out bounds for feasible forward model retrieved atomic hydrogen density distributions. We applied this technique to same-night (March, 2000) ground-based Balmer α data from PBO and geocoronal Lyman β measurements from the Espectrógrafo Ultravioleta extremo para la Radiación Difusa (EURD) instrument on the Spanish satellite MINISAT-1 (provided by J.F. Gómez and C. Morales of the Laboratorio de Astrofisica Espacial y Física Fundamental, INTA, Madrid, Spain) in order to investigate the modeling constraints imposed by two sets of independent geocoronal intensity measurements, both of which rely on astronomical calibration methods. In this poster we explore extending this analysis to the line <span class="hlt">profile</span> information also contained in the March 2000 PBO Balmer α data set. In general, a decrease in the Doppler width of the Balmer α emission with shadow altitude is a persistent feature in every night of PBO <span class="hlt">observations</span> in which a wide range of shadow altitudes are <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Preliminary applications of the LYAO_RT code, which includes the ability to output Doppler line <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for both the singly and multiply scattered contributions to the Balmer α emission line, displays good qualitative agreement with regard to geocoronal Doppler width trends <span class="hlt">observed</span> from PBO. Model-data Balmer</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004APS..SES.DC006H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004APS..SES.DC006H"><span>Open Path and Solar Sourced Atmospheric Spectra are Analyzed Yielding <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> and Temporal Variation Results</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hager, John; Steill, Jeff; Compton, Robert</p> <p>2004-11-01</p> <p>A high-resolution FTIR Bomem DA8 spectrometer has been installed at the University of Tennessee and has been successfully coupled with a suntracker and open path optics. Solar absorption spectra were recorded on 75 days in the last 18 months over a large spectral range. The high-resolution spectra provide information on the vertical <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of trace gases in the atmosphere. The HITRAN data base was used along with SFIT2 in order to retrieve <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of different trace gases. Many atmospheric constituents are open to this analysis. Tropospheric Ozone in the Knoxville area is rated as the worst in the nation by the American Lung Association. Sunlight, pollutants and hot weather cause ground-level ozone to form in harmful <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in the air. Seasonal and daily trends of ozone show correlation with other sources such as the EPA, and recent efforts to correlate solar spectra with open-path spectra will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A53H0240N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A53H0240N"><span>A Direct Detection 1.6μm DIAL with Three Wavelengths for Measurements of Vertical CO2 <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> and Temperature <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> in the Atmosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nagasawa, C.; Abo, M.; Shibata, Y.; Nagai, T.; Tsukamoto, M.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>We report the new 1.6 μm DIAL system that can measure the temperature <span class="hlt">profiles</span> with the CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the atmosphere because of improvement of measurement accuracy of the CO2 density and mixing ratio (ppm). We have developed a direct detection 1.6 μm differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique to perform range-resolved measurements of vertical CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the atmosphere [Sakaizawa et al. 2009]. Our 1.6 μm DIAL system consists of the Optical Parametric Generator (OPG) transmitter that excited by the LD pumped Nd:YAG laser with high repetition rate (500 Hz) and the receiving optics that included the near-infrared photomultiplier tube with high quantum efficiency operating at the photon counting mode and the telescope with larger aperture than that of the coherent detection method. Laser beams of three wavelengths around a CO2 absorption line is transmitted alternately to the atmosphere for measurements of CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and temperature <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Moreover, a few retrieval algorithms of CO2-DIAL are also performed for improvement of measurement accuracy. The accurate vertical CO2 <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the troposphere are highly desirable in the inverse techniques to improve quantification and understanding of the global budget of CO2 and also global climate changes [Stephens et al. 2007]. In comparison with the ground-based monitoring network, CO2 measurements for vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the troposphere have been limited to campaign-style aircraft and commercial airline <span class="hlt">observations</span> with the limited spatial and temporal coverage. This work was financially supported by the System Development Program for Advanced Measurement and Analysis of the Japan Science and Technology Agency. References Sakaizawa, D., C. Nagasawa, T. Nagai, M. Abo, Y. Shibata, H. Nagai, M. Nakazato, and T. Sakai, Development of a 1.6μm differential absorption lidar with a quasi-phase-matching optical parametric oscillator and photon-counting detector for the vertical</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23983440','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23983440"><span>Efficacy <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for different <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of Lactobacillus acidophilus in experimental colitis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Lin-Lin; Zou, Yi-You; Lu, Fang-Gen; Li, Fu-Jun; Lian, Guang-Hui</p> <p>2013-08-28</p> <p>To determine the efficacy <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of different <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) for treating colitis using an experimental murine model. Colitis was established in 64 BALB/c mice by adding 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to the drinking water and allowing ad libitum access for 7 d. The mice were then randomly divided into the following control and experimental model groups (n = 8 each; day 0): untreated model control; negative-treatment model control (administered gavage of 1 mL/10 g normal saline); experimental-treatment models C4-C8 (administered gavage of 10(4), 10(5), 10(6), 10(7), or 10(8) CFU/10 g L. acidophilus, respectively); positive-treatment model control (administration of the anti-inflammatory agent prednisone acetate at 45 μg/10 g). Eight mice given regular water (no DSS) and no subsequent treatments served as the normal control group. Body weight, fecal traits, and presence of fecal occult blood were assessed daily. All animals were sacrificed on post-treatment day 7 to measure colonic length, perform histological scoring, and quantify the major bacteria in the proximal and distal colon. Intergroup differences were determined by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Student-Newman-Keuls comparison. All treatments (L. acidophilus and prednisone acetate) protected against colitis-induced weight loss (P < 0.05 vs model and normal control groups). The extent of colitis-induced colonic shortening was significantly reduced by all treatments (prednisone acetate > C4 > C5 > C7 > C8 > C6; P < 0.05 vs untreated model group), and the C6 group showed colonic length similar to that of the normal control group (P > 0.05). The C6 group also had the lowest disease activity index scores among the model groups. The bacterial <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the proximal colon were similar between all of the experimental-treatment model groups (all P > 0.05). In contrast, the bacterial <span class="hlt">profile</span> in the distal colon of the C6 group showed the distinctive features (P < 0</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23792543','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23792543"><span>Interaction of silver nanoparticles with proteins: a characteristic protein <span class="hlt">concentration</span> dependent <span class="hlt">profile</span> of SPR signal.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Banerjee, Victor; Das, K P</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Silver nanoparticles are finding increasing applications in biological systems, for example as antimicrobial agents and potential candidates for control drug release systems. In all such applications, silver nanoparticles interact with proteins and other biomolecules. Hence, the study of such interactions is of considerable importance. While BSA has been extensively used as a model protein for the study of interaction with the silver nanoparticles, studies using other proteins are rather limited. The interaction of silver nanoparticles with light leads to collective oscillation of the conducting electrons giving rise to surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Here, we have studied the protein <span class="hlt">concentration</span> dependence of the SPR band <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for a number of proteins. We found that for all the proteins, with increase in <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, the SPR band intensity initially decreased, reaching minima and then increased again leading to a characteristic "dip and rise" pattern. Minimum point of the pattern appeared to be related to the isoelectric point of the proteins. Detailed dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that the consistency of SPR <span class="hlt">profile</span> was dependent on the average particle size and state of association of the silver nanoparticles with the change in the protein <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. Fluorescence spectroscopic studies showed the binding constants of the proteins with the silver nanoparticles were in the nano molar range with more than one nanoparticle binding to protein molecule. Structural studies demonstrate that protein retains its native-like structure on the nanoparticle surface unless the molar ratio of silver nanoparticles to protein exceeds 10. Our study reveals that nature of the protein <span class="hlt">concentration</span> dependent <span class="hlt">profile</span> of SPR signal is a general phenomena and mostly independent of the size and structure of the proteins. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AtmRe.140...28M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AtmRe.140...28M"><span>Seasonal variability of aerosol vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> over east US and west Europe: GEOS-Chem/APM simulation and comparison with CALIPSO <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ma, Xiaoyan; Yu, Fangqun</p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>In this study, we employed 5 years (2007-2011) of the CALIPSO level-3 monthly aerosol extinction product to compare with the GEOS-Chem/APM simulations for the same time period over two major industrial regions (east US and west Europe). The objective is to understand which aerosol types or species significantly determine the vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> by comparing the seasonal variability between the simulations and <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Our study shows that the model successfully produces the magnitude of aerosol extinction, <span class="hlt">profile</span> shape, and their seasonal variability <span class="hlt">observed</span> by CALIPSO over both east US (EUS) and west Europe (WEU). The extinctions below 1 km make up 44-79% to the total, from either the model simulations or satellite retrievals, with larger percentages in winter seasons (62-79%) and smaller percentages in summer seasons (44-57%) associated with the strength of vertical transport. The shape of the vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> has, therefore, a distinct seasonal variability, with a more like quasi-exponential shape in DJF (December, January, and February) and SON (September, October, and November) than in MAM (March, April, and May) and JJA (June, July, and August), which have been discerned from both measurements and simulations. Analysis of modeled aerosol species indicates that secondary particles (SP), containing sulfate, ammonia, nitrate, and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), predominantly determine the total aerosol vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> while black carbon (BC), primary organic carbon (OC), and sea salt (SS), only account for a small fraction and are also limited near the surface. Mineral dust (DS) contributes more to the total extinction over WEU than over EUS, particularly in MAM, a result of being adjacent to the North Africa desert. Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA, i.e. sulfate, ammonia, and nitrate) contributes most of the total SP mass in DJF and SON while SOA is particularly important in MAM and JJA when the emissions from leafed plants are active. Our study also</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhDT.......183K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhDT.......183K"><span>Validation of ionospheric electron density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> inferred from GPS occultation <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the GPS/MET experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kawakami, Todd Mori</p> <p></p> <p>In April of 1995, the launch of the GPS Meteorology Experiment (GPS/MET) onboard the Orbview-1 satellite, formerly known as Microlab-1, provided the first technology demonstration of active limb sounding of the Earth's atmosphere with a low Earth orbiting spacecraft utilizing the signals transmitted by the satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS). Though the experiment's primary mission was to probe the troposphere and stratosphere, GPS/MET was also capable of making radio occultation <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the ionosphere. The application of the GPS occultation technique to the upper atmosphere created a unique opportunity to conduct ionospheric research with an unprecedented global distribution of <span class="hlt">observations</span>. For operational support requirements, the Abel transform could be employed to invert the horizontal TEC <span class="hlt">profiles</span> computed from the L1 and L2 phase measurements <span class="hlt">observed</span> by GPS/MET into electron density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> versus altitude in near real time. The usefulness of the method depends on how effectively the TEC limb <span class="hlt">profiles</span> can be transformed into vertical electron density <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. An assessment of GPS/MET's ability to determine electron density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> needs to be examined to validate the significance of the GPS occultation method as a new and complementary ionospheric research tool to enhance the <span class="hlt">observational</span> databases and improve space weather modeling and forecasting. To that end, simulations of the occultation <span class="hlt">observations</span> and their inversions have been conducted to test the Abel transform algorithm and to provide qualitative information about the type and range of errors that might be experienced during the processing of real data. Comparisons of the electron density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> inferred from real GPS/MET <span class="hlt">observations</span> are then compared with coincident in situ measurements from the satellites of Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and ground-based remote sensing from digisonde and incoherent scatter radar facilities. The principal focus of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A31C3048Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A31C3048Z"><span>Vertical <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> of Light-Absorbing Aerosol: A Combination of In-situ and AERONET <span class="hlt">Observations</span> during NASA DISCOVER-AQ</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ziemba, L. D.; Beyersdorf, A. J.; Chen, G.; Corr, C.; Crumeyrolle, S.; Giles, D. M.; Holben, B. N.; Hudgins, C.; Martin, R.; Moore, R.; Shook, M.; Thornhill, K. L., II; Winstead, E.; Anderson, B. E.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Understanding the vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> of atmospheric aerosols plays a vital role in utilizing spaceborne, column-integrated satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The properties and distribution of light-absorbing aerosol are particularly uncertain despite significant air quality and climate ramifications. Advanced retrieval algorithms are able to derive complex aerosol properties (e.g., wavelength-dependent absorption coefficient and single scattering albedo) from remote-sensing measurements, but quantitative relationships to surface conditions remain a challenge. Highly systematic atmospheric <span class="hlt">profiling</span> during four unique deployments for the NASA DISCOVER-AQ project (Baltimore, MD, 2011; San Joaquin Valley, CA, 2013; Houston, TX, 2013; Denver, CO, 2014) allow statistical assessment of spatial, temporal, and source-related variability for light-absorbing aerosol properties in these distinct regions. In-situ sampling in conjunction with a dense network of AERONET sensors also allows evaluation of the sensitivity, limitations, and advantages of remote-sensing data products over a wide range of conditions. In-situ aerosol and gas-phase <span class="hlt">observations</span> were made during DISCOVER-AQ aboard the NASA P-3B aircraft. Aerosol absorption coefficients were measured by a Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP). Approximately 200 <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for each of the four deployments were obtained, from the surface (25-300m altitude) to 5 km, and are used to calculate absorption aerosol optical depths (AAODs). These are quantitatively compared to AAOD derived from AERONET Level 1.5 retrievals to 1) explore discrepancies between measurements, 2) quantify the fraction of AAOD that exists directly at the surface and is often missed by airborne sampling, and 3) evaluate the potential for deriving ground-level black carbon (BC) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> for air quality prediction. Aerosol size distributions are used to assess absorption contributions from mineral dust, both at the surface and aloft. SP2 (Single Particle Soot</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26389928','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26389928"><span>Serum Adiponectin and Leptin <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> in Relation to Body Fat Distribution, Hematological Indices and Lipid <span class="hlt">Profile</span> in Humans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lubkowska, Anna; Radecka, Aleksandra; Bryczkowska, Iwona; Rotter, Iwona; Laszczyńska, Maria; Dudzińska, Wioleta</p> <p>2015-09-14</p> <p>The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between serum adiponectin and leptin <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and body composition, hematological indices and lipid <span class="hlt">profile</span> parameters in adults. The study involved 95 volunteers (BMI from 23.3 to 53 kg/m²). Anthropometric parameters were measured: body weight and height, waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat mass (BMF), subcutaneous and visceral fat mass (SFM, VFM), lean body mass (LBM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM). In serum we determined adiponectin and leptin <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, extracellular hemoglobin, total bilirubin, as well as lipid metabolism (TCh, HDL-Ch, LDL-Ch, TG). Mean adipokine levels were significantly higher in women (p ≤ 0.01), adiponectin significantly negatively correlated with body height and weight, systolic blood pressure and absolute LBM and SMM values. The same relation was <span class="hlt">observed</span> for erythroid system indicators and lipid indicators. A positive correlation was exceptionally found between adiponectin and HDL-Ch. LEP negatively correlated with some percentage rates (%LBM, %SMM). Only in women, we <span class="hlt">observed</span> a positive correlation between LEP and body weight, BMI and WHR. Studies on ADPN and the ADPN/LEP ratio as a valuable complementary diagnostic element in the prediction and prevention of cardiovascular diseases need to be continued.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JAP...103f3717G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JAP...103f3717G"><span>An improved procedure for determining grain boundary diffusion coefficients from averaged <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gryaznov, D.; Fleig, J.; Maier, J.</p> <p>2008-03-01</p> <p>Whipple's solution of the problem of grain boundary diffusion and Le Claire's relation, which is often used to determine grain boundary diffusion coefficients, are examined for a broad range of ratios of grain boundary to bulk diffusivities Δ and diffusion times t. Different reasons leading to errors in determining the grain boundary diffusivity (DGB) when using Le Claire's relation are discussed. It is shown that nonlinearities of the diffusion <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in lnCav-y6/5 plots and deviations from "Le Claire's constant" (-0.78) are the major error sources (Cav=averaged <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, y =coordinate in diffusion direction). An improved relation (replacing Le Claire's constant) is suggested for analyzing diffusion <span class="hlt">profiles</span> particularly suited for small diffusion lengths (short times) as often required in diffusion experiments on nanocrystalline materials.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27566166','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27566166"><span><span class="hlt">Observability</span> of Plant Metabolic Networks Is Reflected in the Correlation of Metabolic <span class="hlt">Profiles</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schwahn, Kevin; Küken, Anika; Kliebenstein, Daniel J; Fernie, Alisdair R; Nikoloski, Zoran</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Understanding whether the functionality of a biological system can be characterized by measuring few selected components is key to targeted phenotyping techniques in systems biology. Methods from <span class="hlt">observability</span> theory have proven useful in identifying sensor components that have to be measured to obtain information about the entire system. Yet, the extent to which the data <span class="hlt">profiles</span> reflect the role of components in the <span class="hlt">observability</span> of the system remains unexplored. Here we first identify the sensor metabolites in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by employing state-of-the-art genome-scale metabolic networks. By using metabolic data <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from a set of seven environmental perturbations as well as from natural variability, we demonstrate that the data <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of sensor metabolites are more correlated than those of nonsensor metabolites. This pattern was confirmed with in silico generated metabolic <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from a medium-size kinetic model of plant central carbon metabolism. Altogether, due to the small number of identified sensors, our study implies that targeted metabolite analyses may provide the vast majority of relevant information about plant metabolic systems. © 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists. All Rights Reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26489300','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26489300"><span>[Direct <span class="hlt">Observation</span> on the Temporal and Spatial Patterns of the CO2 <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> in the Atmospheric of Nanjing Urban Canyon in Summer].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gao, Yun-qiu; Liu, Shou-dong; Hu, Ning; Wang, Shu-min; Deng, Li-chen; Yu, Zhou; Zhang, Zhen; Li, Xu-hui</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Direct <span class="hlt">observation</span> of urban atmospheric CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is vital for the research in the contribution of anthropogenic activity to the atmospheric abundance since cities are important CO2 sources. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the atmospheric CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> at multiple sites/heights can help us learn more about the temporal and spatial patterns and influencing mechanisms. In this study, the CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was <span class="hlt">observed</span> at 5 sites (east, west, south, north and middle) in the main city area of Nanjing from July 18 to 25, 2014, and the vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> of atmospheric CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was measured in the middle site at 3 heights (30 m, 65 m and 110 m). The results indicated that: (1) An obvious vertical CO2 gradient was found, with higher CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> [molar fraction of 427. 3 x 10(-6) (±18. 2 x 10(-6))] in the lower layer due to the strong influences of anthropogenic emissions, and lower CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the upper layers [411. 8 x 10(-6) (±15. 0 x 10(-6)) and 410. 9 x 10(-6) (±14. 6 x 10(-6)) at 65 and 110 m respectively] for the well-mixed condition. The CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was higher and the vertical gradient was larger when the atmosphere was stable. (2) The spatial distribution pattern of CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was dominated by wind and atmospheric stability. During the <span class="hlt">observation</span>, the CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the southwest was higher than that in the northeast region with the CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> difference of 7. 8 x 10(-6), because the northwest wind was prevalent. And the CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> difference reduced with increasing wind speed since stronger wind diluted CO2 more efficiently. The more stable the atmosphere was, the higher the CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was. (3) An obvious diurnal variation of CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was shown in the 5 sites. A peak value occurred during the morning rush hours, the valley value occurred around 17:00 (Local time) and another high value occurred around 19:00 because of evening rush hour sometimes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29107886','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29107886"><span>Determination of rare earth elements <span class="hlt">concentration</span> at different depth <span class="hlt">profile</span> of Precambrian pegmatites using instrumental neutron activation analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sadiq Aliyu, Abubakar; Musa, Yahaya; Liman, M S; Abba, Habu T; Chaanda, Mohammed S; Ngene, Nnamani C; Garba, N N</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The Keffi area hosts abundant pegmatite bodies as a result of the surrounding granitic intrusions. Keffi is part of areas that are geologically classified as North Central Basement Complex. Data on the mineralogy and mineralogical zonation of the Keffi pegmatite are scanty. Hence the need to understand the geology and mineralogical zonation of Keffi pegmatites especially at different depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span> is relevant as a study of the elemental composition of the pegmatite is essential for the estimation of its economic viability. Here, the relative standardization method of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) has been used to investigate the vertical deviations of the elemental <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of rare earth elements (REEs) at different depth <span class="hlt">profile</span> of Keffi pegmatite. This study adopted the following metrics in investigating the vertical variations of REEs <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Namely, the total contents of rare earth elements (∑REE); ratio of light to heavy rare earth elements (LREE/HREE), which defines the enrichment or depletion of REEs; europium anomaly (Eu/Sm); La/Lu ratio relative to chondritic meteorites. The study showed no significant variations in the total content of rare elements between the vertical depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span> (100-250m). However, higher total <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of REEs (~ 92.65ppm) were recorded at the upper depth of the pegmatite and the europium anomaly was consistently negative at all the depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span> suggesting that the Keffi pegmatite is enriched with light REEs. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A32D..02K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A32D..02K"><span>Three-dimensional Distribution of Greenhouse Gas <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> over Megacities <span class="hlt">Observed</span> by GOSAT</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kikuchi, N.; Kuze, A.; Kataoka, F.; Shiomi, K.; Hashimoto, M.; Suto, H.; Knuteson, R. O.; Iraci, L. T.; Yates, E. L.; Gore, W.; Tanaka, T.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Since the launch in January 2009, TANSO-FTS onboard GOSAT continues to <span class="hlt">observe</span> the global distribution of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. The regular grid <span class="hlt">observation</span> is the standard <span class="hlt">observation</span> mode, because a reduction of the uncertainty in the surface fluxes of CO2 and CH4in a subcontinental scale is one of the prime objectives of GOSAT. To meet an increasing demand for monitoring the anthropogenic emission of the greenhouses gases from large cities, GOSAT has carried out extensive target mode <span class="hlt">observations</span> over several megacities since 2016. Although the footprint of TANSO-FTS is relatively large, the flexible pointing mechanism enables us to cover a city and the surrounding area at the same time. Another advantage of GOSAT TANSO-FTS is that it measures both SWIR and TIR spectra at the same footprint. By adding TIR windows to the existing SWIR retrieval algorithm, we can get the degrees of freedom larger than 2 for CO2 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. This means that we can retrieve not only the column averaged <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of CO2 (XCO2), but also the two-layer structure of CO2 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, independent of the a priori constraint. In this study, we present three-dimensional distributions of CO2 and CH4 retrieved from GOSAT <span class="hlt">observations</span> over several megacities including New York City. Fig. 1 shows the seasonal variation of XCO2 over New York City in 2016 covered by 16 footprints of GOSAT <span class="hlt">observations</span>. A three-dimensional representation of CO2 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> is shown in Fig. 2 <span class="hlt">observed</span> on September 15, 2016. In this example, CO2 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were lower in the lower atmosphere in most of GOSAT footprints, indicating that CO2 was depleted in the lower atmosphere as expected for the summer season. In the winter season, the CO2 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were enhanced in the lower atmosphere as shown in Fig. 3. This example indicates that GOSAT can detect variations in both the column and the vertical structure of CO2 over megacities. Similar analyses are underway for</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..APR.M5002C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..APR.M5002C"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> of Simulated Dark Matter Halos</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Child, Hillary</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>We present the <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-mass (c-M) relation of dark matter halos in two new high-volume high-resolution cosmological N-body simulations, Q Continuum and Outer Rim. <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> describes the density of the central regions of halos; it is highest for low-mass halos at low redshift, decreasing at high mass and redshift. The shape of the c-M relation is an important probe of cosmology. We discuss the redshift dependence of the c-M relation, several different methods to determine <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of simulated halos, and potential sources of bias in <span class="hlt">concentration</span> measurements. To connect to lensing <span class="hlt">observations</span>, we stack halos, which also allows us to assess the suitability of the Navarro-Frenk-White <span class="hlt">profile</span> and other <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, such as Einasto, with an additional shape parameter. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-1144082.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AdAtS..22..936Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AdAtS..22..936Z"><span>Estimating the soil moisture <span class="hlt">profile</span> by assimilating near-surface <span class="hlt">observations</span> with the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Shuwen; Li, Haorui; Zhang, Weidong; Qiu, Chongjian; Li, Xin</p> <p>2005-11-01</p> <p>The paper investigates the ability to retrieve the true soil moisture <span class="hlt">profile</span> by assimilating near-surface soil moisture into a soil moisture model with an ensemble Kaiman filter (EnKF) assimilation scheme, including the effect of ensemble size, update interval and nonlinearities in the <span class="hlt">profile</span> retrieval, the required time for full retrieval of the soil moisture <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, and the possible influence of the depth of the soil moisture <span class="hlt">observation</span>. These questions are addressed by a desktop study using synthetic data. The “true” soil moisture <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are generated from the soil moisture model under the boundary condition of 0.5 cm d-1 evaporation. To test the assimilation schemes, the model is initialized with a poor initial guess of the soil moisture <span class="hlt">profile</span>, and different ensemble sizes are tested showing that an ensemble of 40 members is enough to represent the covariance of the model forecasts. Also compared are the results with those from the direct insertion assimilation scheme, showing that the EnKF is superior to the direct insertion assimilation scheme, for hourly <span class="hlt">observations</span>, with retrieval of the soil moisture <span class="hlt">profile</span> being achieved in 16 h as compared to 12 days or more. For daily <span class="hlt">observations</span>, the true soil moisture <span class="hlt">profile</span> is achieved in about 15 days with the EnKF, but it is impossible to approximate the true moisture within 18 days by using direct insertion. It is also found that <span class="hlt">observation</span> depth does not have a significant effect on <span class="hlt">profile</span> retrieval time for the EnKF. The nonlinearities have some negative influence on the optimal estimates of soil moisture <span class="hlt">profile</span> but not very seriously.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP13C1628S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP13C1628S"><span>Anatomy of a turbidity current: <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> and grain size structure of a deep-sea flow revealed by multiple-frequency acoustic <span class="hlt">profilers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Simmons, S.; Parsons, D. R.; Paull, C. K.; Barry, J.; Chaffey, M. R.; Gwiazda, R.; O'Reilly, T. C.; Maier, K. L.; Rosenberger, K. J.; Talling, P.; Xu, J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Turbidity currents are responsible for transporting large volumes of sediment to the deep ocean, yet remain poorly understood due to the limited number of field <span class="hlt">observations</span> of these episodic, high energy events. As part of the Monterey Coordinated Canyon Experiment high resolution, sub-minute acoustic velocity and backscatter <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were acquired with downward-looking acoustic Doppler current <span class="hlt">profilers</span> (ADCPs) distributed along the canyon on moorings at depths ranging from 270 to 1,900 m over a period of 18 months. Additionally, three upward-looking ADCPs on different frequencies (300, 600 and 1200 kHz) <span class="hlt">profiled</span> the water column above a seafloor instrument node (SIN) at 1850 m water depth. Traps on the moorings collected sediment carried by the flows at different heights above the seafloor and sediment cores were taken to determine the depositional record produced by the flows. Several sediment-laden turbidity flows were <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the experiment, three of which ran out for more than 50 km to water depths of greater than 1,900 m and were <span class="hlt">observed</span> on all of the moorings. Flow speeds of up to 6 m/s were <span class="hlt">observed</span> and individual moorings, anchored by railroad wheels, moved up to 7.8 km down-canyon during these powerful events. We present results based on a novel analysis of the multiple-frequency acoustic data acquired by the ADCPs at the SIN integrated with grain size data from the sediment traps, close to the deepest mooring in the array where the flow thickened to the 70 m height of the ADCP above the bed. The analysis allows, for the first time, retrieval of the suspended sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and vertical distribution of grain size structure within a turbidity in spectacular detail. The details of the stratification and flow dynamics will be used to re-evaluate and discuss our existing models for these deep-sea flows.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26513072','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26513072"><span>Gonococcal infections in Austria: a long-term <span class="hlt">observation</span> of prevalence and resistance <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from 1999 to 2014.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Stary, Angelika; Heller-Vitouch, Claudia; Binder, Michael; Geusau, Alexandra; Stary, Georg; Rappersberger, Klemens; Komericki, Peter; Hoepfl, Reinhard; Haller, Maria</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>The increase in minimum inhibitory <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (MICs) of cephalosporins for Neisseria gonorrhoeae has given rise to concerns regarding potentially untreatable gonococcal infections. The goal was to ascertain the prevalence of gonorrhea in a Viennese patient group and determine resistance patterns. Another objective was to evaluate resistance <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and MIC values of gonococcal isolates in an Austria-wide surveillance project. From 1999 to 2014, 350,000 individuals were tested for gonococci at the Viennese Outpatient Clinic. In addition, from 2010 to 2014, the MICs of recommended antibiotics was determined in 3,584 gonococcal isolates, initially by agar dilution and breakpoint determination, and, from 2012 onwards, by Etest®. During the <span class="hlt">observation</span> period, the prevalence of gonorrhea increased eightfold, with a significantly greater number of quinolone, penicillin, and tetracycline- resistant strains. In gonococcal strains isolated from across Austria, there was an increase in cefixime and ceftriaxone MICs toward breakpoints. Twenty-one isolates showed cefixime resistance, and while there was an increase in azithromycin resistance from 0.9 % (2013) to 3.2 % (2014), no resistance to ceftriaxone was <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Currently, there is no imminent risk of untreatable gonorrhea in Austria. However, continuing the use of gonococcal cultures as a diagnostic tool for establishing resistance <span class="hlt">profiles</span> is essential in order to monitor trends in the development of Neisseria (N.) gonorrhoeae resistance. © 2015 Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft (DDG). Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvB..87d5309T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvB..87d5309T"><span>Electron spin resonance <span class="hlt">observation</span> of charge carrier <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in organic field-effect transistors during device operation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tanaka, Hisaaki; Hirate, Masataka; Watanabe, Shun-ichiro; Kaneko, Kazuaki; Marumoto, Kazuhiro; Takenobu, Taishi; Iwasa, Yoshihiro; Kuroda, Shin-ichi</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Charge carrier <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in operating organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) reflects the electric potential within the channel, acting as a key quantity to clarify the operation mechanism of the device. Here, we demonstrate a direct determination of charge carrier <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the operating devices of pentacene and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) by field-induced electron spin resonance (FI-ESR) spectroscopy. This method sensitively detects polarons induced by applying gate voltage, giving a clear FI-ESR signal around g=2.003 in both devices. Upon applying drain-source voltage, carrier <span class="hlt">concentration</span> decreases monotonically in the FET linear region, reaching about 70% of the initial value at the pinch-off point, and stayed constant in the saturation region. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> results are reproduced well from the theoretical potential <span class="hlt">profile</span> based on the gradual channel model. In particular, the carrier <span class="hlt">concentration</span> at the pinch-off point is calculated to be β/(β+1) of the initial value, where β is the power exponent in the gate voltage (Vgs) dependence of the mobility (μ), expressed as μ∝Vgsβ-2, providing detailed information of charge transport. The present devices show β=2.6 for the pentacene and β=2.3 for the P3HT cases, consistent with those determined by transfer characteristics. The gate voltage dependence of the mobility, originating from the charge trapping at the device interface, is confirmed microscopically by the motional narrowing of the FI-ESR spectra.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6740C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6740C"><span>A New Quality Control Method base on IRMCD for Wind <span class="hlt">Profiler</span> <span class="hlt">Observation</span> towards Future Assimilation Application</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Min; Zhang, Yu</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>A wind <span class="hlt">profiler</span> network with a total of 65 <span class="hlt">profiling</span> radars was operated by the MOC/CMA in China until July 2015. In this study, a quality control procedure is constructed to incorporate the <span class="hlt">profiler</span> data from the wind-<span class="hlt">profiling</span> network into the local data assimilation and forecasting system (BJRUC). The procedure applies a blacklisting check that removes stations with gross errors and an outlier check that rejects data with large deviations from the background. Instead of the bi-weighting method, which has been commonly implemented in outlier elimination for one-dimensional scalar <span class="hlt">observations</span>, an outlier elimination method is developed based on the iterated reweighted minimum covariance determinant (IRMCD) for multi-variate <span class="hlt">observations</span> such as wind <span class="hlt">profiler</span> data. A quality control experiment is separately performed for subsets containing <span class="hlt">profiler</span> data tagged in parallel with/without rain flags at every 00UTC/12UTC from 20 June to 30 Sep 2015. From the results, we find that with the quality control, the frequency distributions of the differences between the <span class="hlt">observations</span> and model background become more Gaussian-like and meet the requirements of a Gaussian distribution for data assimilation. Further intensive assessment for each quality control step reveals that the stations rejected by blacklisting contain poor data quality, and the IRMCD rejects outliers in a robust and physically reasonable manner.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20125732','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20125732"><span>Measuring near-field nanoparticle <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> by correlating surface plasmon resonance reflectance with effective refractive index of nanofluids.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Iltai; Kihm, Kenneth D</p> <p>2010-02-01</p> <p>Time-dependent and near-field nanoparticle <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> are determined by correlating the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) reflectance intensities with the effective refractive index (ERI) of the nanofluid under evaporation. A critical angle measurement for total internal reflection identifies the ERI of the nanofluid at different nanoparticle <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. The corresponding SPR reflectance intensities correlate the nanofluidic ERI with the nanoparticle <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Example applications for evaporating nanofluidic droplets containing 47 nmAl(2)O(3) particles demonstrate the feasibility of this new imaging tool for measuring time-resolved and full-field nanoparticle <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApPhL.108v3105L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApPhL.108v3105L"><span><span class="hlt">Concentric</span> nano rings <span class="hlt">observed</span> on Al-Cu-Fe microspheres</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Chunfei; Wang, Limin; Hampikian, Helen; Bair, Matthew; Baker, Andrew; Hua, Mingjian; Wang, Qiongshu; Li, Dingqiang</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>It is well known that when particle size is reduced, surface effect becomes important. As a result, micro/nanoparticles tend to have well defined geometric shapes to reduce total surface energy, as opposed to the irregular shapes <span class="hlt">observed</span> in most bulk materials. The surface of such micro/nanostructures are smooth. Any deviation from a smooth surface implies an increased surface energy which is not energetically favorable. Here, we report an <span class="hlt">observation</span> of spherical particles in an alloy of Al65Cu20Fe15 nominal composition prepared by arc melting. Such spherical particles stand out from those reported so far due to the decoration of <span class="hlt">concentric</span> nanorings on the surface. Three models for the formation of these <span class="hlt">concentric</span> ring patterns are suggested. The most prominent ones assume that the rings are frozen features of liquid motion which could open the door to investigate the kinetics of liquid motion on the micro/nanometer scale.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A51H..08A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A51H..08A"><span>Measurements of CO2 <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> and Wind <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> with A Scanning 1.6μm DIAL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Abo, M.; Shibata, Y.; Nagasawa, C.; Nagai, T.; Sakai, T.; Tsukamoto, M.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Horizontal carbon dioxide (CO2) distribution and wind <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are important information for understanding of the regional sink and source of CO2. The differential absorption lidar (DIAL) and the Doppler lidar with the range resolution is expected to bring several advantages over passive measurements. We have developed a new scanning 1.6μm DIAL and incoherent Doppler lidar system to perform simultaniously measurements of CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and wind speed <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the atmosphere. The 1.6μm DIAL and Doppler lidar system consists of the Optical Parametric Generator (OPG) transmitter that excited by the LD pumped Nd:YAG laser with high repetition rate (500 Hz). The receiving optics include the near-infrared photomultiplier tube with high quantum efficiency operating at the photon counting mode, a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) filter to detct Doppler shift, and a 25 cm telescope[1][2]. Laser beam is transmitted coaxially and motorized scanning mirror system can scan the laser beam and field of view 0-360deg horizontally and 0-52deg vertically. We report the results of vertical CO2 scanning measurenents and vertical wind <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. The scanning elevation angles were from 12deg to 24deg with angular step of 4deg and CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were obtained up to 1 km altitude with 200 m altitude resolution. We also obtained vertical wind vector <span class="hlt">profiles</span> by measuring line-of-sight wind <span class="hlt">profiles</span> at two azimuth angles with a fixed elevation angle 52deg. Vertical wind vector <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were obtained up to 5 km altitude with 1 km altitude rasolution. This work was financially supported by the System Development Program for Advanced Measurement and Analysis of the Japan Science and Technology Agency. References [1] L. B. Vann, et al., "Narrowband fiber-optic phase-shifted Fabry-Perot Bragg grating filters for atmospheric water vapor lidar measurements", Appl. Opt., 44, pp. 7371-7377 (2005). [2] Y. Shibata, et al., "1.5μm incoherent Doppler lidar using a FBG filter", Proceedings</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2079317','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2079317"><span>Metabolic <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and lipoprotein lipid <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in non-obese and obese patients with polycystic ovarian disease.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mahabeer, S; Naidoo, C; Norman, R J; Jialal, I; Reddi, K; Joubert, S M</p> <p>1990-10-01</p> <p>Clinical parameters, androgen status and lipoprotein lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were assessed in 10 non-obese and 10 obese patients with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) and reference subjects matched for age, height and weight. Both obese and non-obese women with PCOD had significantly higher androgen levels when compared to the reference groups. When comparison of lipoprotein lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were made between groups, non-obese women with PCOD had significantly higher total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol levels than non-obese reference subjects. Obese PCOD women manifested significantly higher total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, cholesterol/HDL, and LDL/HDL values than did obese reference subjects. Correlations between serum androgens and lipoprotein lipid <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in PCOD and normal women were unhelpful. Both non-obese and obese patients with PCOD had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BPs) than the reference groups. Thus, both non-obese and obese women with PCOD manifest hyperandrogenaemia which may result in a male pattern of lipoprotein lipid <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001126','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001126"><span>High Temporal Resolution Tropospheric Wind <span class="hlt">Profile</span> <span class="hlt">Observations</span> at NASA Kennedy Space Center During Hurricane Irma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Decker, Ryan K.; Barbre, Robert E., Jr.; Huddleston, Lisa; Brauer, Thomas; Wilfong, Timothy</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) operates a 48-MHz Tropospheric/Stratospheric Doppler Radar Wind <span class="hlt">Profiler</span> (TDRWP) on a continual basis generating wind <span class="hlt">profiles</span> between 2-19 km in the support of space launch vehicle operations. A benefit of the continual operability of the system is the ability to provide unique <span class="hlt">observations</span> of severe weather events such as hurricanes. Over the past two Atlantic Hurricane seasons the TDRWP has made high temporal resolution wind <span class="hlt">profile</span> <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Hurricane Irma in 2017 and Hurricane Matthew in 2016. Hurricane Irma was responsible for power outages to approximately 2/3 of Florida's population during its movement over the state(Stein,2017). An overview of the TDRWP system configuration, brief summary of Hurricanes Irma and Matthew storm track in proximity to KSC, characteristics of the tropospheric wind <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the TDRWP during both events, and discussion of the dissemination of TDRWP data during the event will be presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22156255-blood-cadmium-concentration-lipid-profile-korean-adults','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22156255-blood-cadmium-concentration-lipid-profile-korean-adults"><span>Blood cadmium <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and lipid <span class="hlt">profile</span> in Korean adults</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kim, Kisok, E-mail: kimkisok@kmu.ac.kr</p> <p></p> <p>Although animal experiments have shown that cadmium exposure induces alterations in lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, no epidemiological study of this relationship has been performed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between blood cadmium <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and blood lipid levels in Korean adults. A cross-sectional study comprising participants (n=3903) aged 20 years or older from the 2005, 2008, and 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys was conducted. Demographic characteristics and dietary intake were obtained from the participants by questionnaire, and cadmium and lipid levels were determined by analysis of blood samples. After adjusting for demographic and dietary factors,more » blood <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of cadmium was positively associated with the risk of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in a dose-dependent manner (p for trend <0.001). In addition, the odds ratios (ORs) of a high triglyceride to HDL-C ratio was significantly increased in the high blood cadmium groups [OR=1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-1.79 for fourth quintile and OR=1.41; 95% CI, 1.07-1.86 for fifth quintile] compared with the lowest quintile group. However, high blood cadmium was not associated with a risk of high total cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or high triglycerides. These data suggest that an increased cadmium body burden increases the risk of dyslipidemia, mainly due to the increased risk of low HDL-C and the high ratio of triglycerides to HDL-C.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AMT....11.2735D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AMT....11.2735D"><span>Calibration of Raman lidar water vapor <span class="hlt">profiles</span> by means of AERONET photometer <span class="hlt">observations</span> and GDAS meteorological data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dai, Guangyao; Althausen, Dietrich; Hofer, Julian; Engelmann, Ronny; Seifert, Patric; Bühl, Johannes; Mamouri, Rodanthi-Elisavet; Wu, Songhua; Ansmann, Albert</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>We present a practical method to continuously calibrate Raman lidar <span class="hlt">observations</span> of water vapor mixing ratio <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. The water vapor <span class="hlt">profile</span> measured with the multiwavelength polarization Raman lidar <span style="" class="text">PollyXT is calibrated by means of co-located AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) sun photometer <span class="hlt">observations</span> and Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) temperature and pressure <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. This method is applied to lidar <span class="hlt">observations</span> conducted during the Cyprus Cloud Aerosol and Rain Experiment (CyCARE) in Limassol, Cyprus. We use the GDAS temperature and pressure <span class="hlt">profiles</span> to retrieve the water vapor density. In the next step, the precipitable water vapor from the lidar <span class="hlt">observations</span> is used for the calibration of the lidar measurements with the sun photometer measurements. The retrieved calibrated water vapor mixing ratio from the lidar measurements has a relative uncertainty of 11 % in which the error is mainly caused by the error of the sun photometer measurements. During CyCARE, nine measurement cases with cloud-free and stable meteorological conditions are selected to calculate the precipitable water vapor from the lidar and the sun photometer <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The ratio of these two precipitable water vapor values yields the water vapor calibration constant. The calibration constant for the <span style="" class="text">PollyXT Raman lidar is 6.56 g kg-1 ± 0.72 g kg-1 (with a statistical uncertainty of 0.08 g kg-1 and an instrumental uncertainty of 0.72 g kg-1). To check the quality of the water vapor calibration, the water vapor mixing ratio <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from the simultaneous nighttime <span class="hlt">observations</span> with Raman lidar and Vaisala radiosonde sounding are compared. The correlation of the water vapor mixing ratios from these two instruments is determined by using all of the 19 simultaneous nighttime measurements during CyCARE. Excellent agreement with the slope of 1.01 and the R2 of 0.99 is found. One example is presented to demonstrate the full</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1393192-improved-observations-turbulence-dissipation-rates-from-wind-profiling-radars','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1393192-improved-observations-turbulence-dissipation-rates-from-wind-profiling-radars"><span>Improved <span class="hlt">observations</span> of turbulence dissipation rates from wind <span class="hlt">profiling</span> radars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>McCaffrey, Katherine; Bianco, Laura; Wilczak, James M.</p> <p>2017-07-20</p> <p><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of turbulence dissipation rates in the planetary boundary layer are crucial for validation of parameterizations in numerical weather prediction models. However, because dissipation rates are difficult to obtain, they are infrequently measured through the depth of the boundary layer. For this reason, demonstrating the ability of commonly used wind <span class="hlt">profiling</span> radars (WPRs) to estimate this quantity would be greatly beneficial. During the XPIA field campaign at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory, two WPRs operated in an optimized configuration, using high spectral resolution for increased accuracy of Doppler spectral width, specifically chosen to estimate turbulence from a vertically pointing beam. Multiplemore » post-processing techniques, including different numbers of spectral averages and peak processing algorithms for calculating spectral moments, were evaluated to determine the most accurate procedures for estimating turbulence dissipation rates using the information contained in the Doppler spectral width, using sonic anemometers mounted on a 300 m tower for validation. Furthermore, the optimal settings were determined, producing a low bias, which was later corrected. Resulting estimations of turbulence dissipation rates correlated well ( R 2 = 0.54 and 0.41) with the sonic anemometers, and <span class="hlt">profiles</span> up to 2 km from the 449 MHz WPR and 1 km from the 915 MHz WPR were <span class="hlt">observed</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1393192','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1393192"><span>Improved <span class="hlt">observations</span> of turbulence dissipation rates from wind <span class="hlt">profiling</span> radars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>McCaffrey, Katherine; Bianco, Laura; Wilczak, James M.</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of turbulence dissipation rates in the planetary boundary layer are crucial for validation of parameterizations in numerical weather prediction models. However, because dissipation rates are difficult to obtain, they are infrequently measured through the depth of the boundary layer. For this reason, demonstrating the ability of commonly used wind <span class="hlt">profiling</span> radars (WPRs) to estimate this quantity would be greatly beneficial. During the XPIA field campaign at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory, two WPRs operated in an optimized configuration, using high spectral resolution for increased accuracy of Doppler spectral width, specifically chosen to estimate turbulence from a vertically pointing beam. Multiplemore » post-processing techniques, including different numbers of spectral averages and peak processing algorithms for calculating spectral moments, were evaluated to determine the most accurate procedures for estimating turbulence dissipation rates using the information contained in the Doppler spectral width, using sonic anemometers mounted on a 300 m tower for validation. Furthermore, the optimal settings were determined, producing a low bias, which was later corrected. Resulting estimations of turbulence dissipation rates correlated well ( R 2 = 0.54 and 0.41) with the sonic anemometers, and <span class="hlt">profiles</span> up to 2 km from the 449 MHz WPR and 1 km from the 915 MHz WPR were <span class="hlt">observed</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7865V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7865V"><span>Critical Analysis of Different Methods to Retrieve Atmosphere Humidity <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> from GNSS Radio Occultation <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vespe, Francesco; Benedetto, Catia</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The huge amount of GPS Radio Occultation (RO) <span class="hlt">observations</span> currently available thanks to space mission like COSMIC, CHAMP, GRACE, TERRASAR-X etc., have greatly encouraged the research of new algorithms suitable to extract humidity, temperature and pressure <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the atmosphere in a more and more precise way. For what concern the humidity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in these last years two different approaches have been widely proved and applied: the "Simple" and the 1DVAR methods. The Simple methods essentially determine dry refractivity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from temperature analysis <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and hydrostatic equation. Then the dry refractivity is subtracted from RO refractivity to achieve the wet component. Finally from the wet refractivity is achieved humidity. The 1DVAR approach combines RO <span class="hlt">observations</span> with <span class="hlt">profiles</span> given by the background models with both the terms weighted with the inverse of covariance matrix. The advantage of "Simple" methods is that they are not affected by bias due to the background models. We have proposed in the past the BPV approach to retrieve humidity. Our approach can be classified among the "Simple" methods. The BPV approach works with dry atmospheric CIRA-Q models which depend on latitude, DoY and height. The dry CIRA-Q refractivity <span class="hlt">profile</span> is selected estimating the involved parameters in a non linear least square fashion achieved by fitting RO <span class="hlt">observed</span> bending angles through the stratosphere. The BPV as well as all the other "Simple" methods, has as drawback the unphysical occurrence of negative "humidity". Thus we propose to apply a modulated weighting of the fit residuals just to minimize the effects of this inconvenient. After a proper tuning of the approach, we plan to present the results of the validation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020023939','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020023939"><span>COSIM: A Finite-Difference Computer Model to Predict Ternary <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> Associated With Oxidation and Interdiffusion of Overlay-Coated Substrates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Nesbitt, James A.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>A finite-difference computer program (COSIM) has been written which models the one-dimensional, diffusional transport associated with high-temperature oxidation and interdiffusion of overlay-coated substrates. The program predicts <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for up to three elements in the coating and substrate after various oxidation exposures. Surface recession due to solute loss is also predicted. Ternary cross terms and <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-dependent diffusion coefficients are taken into account. The program also incorporates a previously-developed oxide growth and spalling model to simulate either isothermal or cyclic oxidation exposures. In addition to predicting <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> after various oxidation exposures, the program can also be used to predict coating life based on a <span class="hlt">concentration</span> dependent failure criterion (e.g., surface solute content drops to 2%). The computer code is written in FORTRAN and employs numerous subroutines to make the program flexible and easily modifiable to other coating oxidation problems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000120367','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000120367"><span>COSIM: A Finite-Difference Computer Model to Predict Ternary <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> Associated with Oxidation and Interdiffusion of Overlay-Coated Substrates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Nesbitt, James A.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>A finite-difference computer program (COSIM) has been written which models the one-dimensional, diffusional transport associated with high-temperature oxidation and interdiffusion of overlay-coated substrates. The program predicts <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for up to three elements in the coating and substrate after various oxidation exposures. Surface recession due to solute loss is also predicted. Ternary cross terms and <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-dependent diffusion coefficients are taken into account. The program also incorporates a previously-developed oxide growth and spalling model to simulate either isothermal or cyclic oxidation exposures. In addition to predicting <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> after various oxidation exposures, the program can also be used to predict coating fife based on a <span class="hlt">concentration</span> dependent failure criterion (e.g., surface solute content drops to two percent). The computer code, written in an extension of FORTRAN 77, employs numerous subroutines to make the program flexible and easily modifiable to other coating oxidation problems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940020410&hterms=atmosphere+wind+profile&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Datmosphere%2Bwind%2Bprofile','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940020410&hterms=atmosphere+wind+profile&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Datmosphere%2Bwind%2Bprofile"><span>Analyzing Martian winds and tracer <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> using Mars <span class="hlt">Observer</span> data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Houben, Howard C.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>During the courses of a day, the Mars <span class="hlt">Observer</span> spacecraft will acquire globally distributed <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the martian atmosphere. It is highly desirable that this data be assembled into synoptic weather maps (complete specifications of the atmospheric pressure, temperature, and winds at a given time), which can in turn be used as starting points in the study of many meteorological phenomena. Unfortunately, the special nature of the Mars <span class="hlt">Observer</span> data presents several challenges above and beyond the usual difficult problem of data initialization. Mars <span class="hlt">Observer</span> atmospheric data will consist almost exclusively of asynoptic vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of temperatures (or radiances) and pressures, whereas winds are generally in balance with horizontal gradients of these quantities (which will not be <span class="hlt">observed</span>). It will therefore be necessary to resort to dynamical models to analyze the wind fields. As a rule, data assimilation into atmospheric models can result in the generation of spurious gravity waves, so special steps must be taken to suppress these. In addition, the asynoptic nature of the data will require a four-dimensional (space and time) data assimilation scheme. The problem is to find a full set of meteorological fields (winds and temperatures) such that, when marched forward in time in the model, they achieve a best fit (in the weighted least-squares sense) to the data. The proposed solution is to develop a model especially for the Mars <span class="hlt">Observer</span> data assimilation problem. Gravity waves are filtered from the model by eliminating all divergence terms from the prognostic divergence equation. This leaves a diagnostic gradient wind relation between the rotational wind and the temperature field. The divergent wind is diagnosed as the wind required to maintain the gradient wind balance in the presence of the diabatic heating. The primitive equations of atmospheric dynamics (with three principal dependent variables) are thus reduced to a simpler system with a single prognostic</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SASS...28...19D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SASS...28...19D"><span>High Resolution Asteroid <span class="hlt">Profile</span> by Multi Chord Occultation <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Degenhardt, Scott</p> <p>2009-05-01</p> <p>For millennia man has <span class="hlt">observed</span> celestial objects occulting other bodies and distant stars. We have used these celestial synchronicities to measure the properties of objects. On January 1, 1801 Italian astronomer Giusappe Piazzi discovered the first asteroid that would soon be named Ceres. To date 190,000 of these objects have been catalogued, but only a fraction of these have accurate measurements of their true size and shape. The International Occultation Timing Association (IOTA) currently facilitates the prediction and reduction of asteroidal occultations. By measuring the shadow cast on the earth by an asteroid during a stellar occultation one can directly measure the physical size, shape, and position in space of this body to accuracies orders of magnitudes better than the best ground based adaptive optics telescope and can provide verification to 3D inverted reflective lightcurve prediction models. Recent novel methods developed by IOTA involving an individual making multiple <span class="hlt">observations</span> through unattended remote <span class="hlt">observing</span> stations have made way for numerous chords of occultation measurement through a single body yielding high resolution <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of asteroid bodies. Methodology of how <span class="hlt">observing</span> stations are deployed will be demonstrated, results of some of these <span class="hlt">observations</span> are presented as comparisons to their inverted lightcurve are shown.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8599E..1ZW','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SPIE.8599E..1ZW"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of laser beam <span class="hlt">profile</span> progression inside an extended laser cavity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Frank F.; Farrell, Thomas C.</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>This report presents the result of the laser beam <span class="hlt">profile</span> progression in target-in-the-loop (TIL) system. This simulation experiment is to verify whether it is possible to form a tight hot spot similar to a single transversal mode in an extended laser cavity. Therefore, it is very important to <span class="hlt">observe</span> the progression of the laser <span class="hlt">profile</span> at a laser cavity mirror when a seeded high energy laser pulse is injected into the TIL system. The extended laser cavity is formed with a high reflectivity mirror on one end and an optical phase conjugated mirror as the second mirror, with potential disturbance media inside. The laser oscillation occurs only when it is triggered with a single frequency high energy laser pulse to overcome the threshold condition. With a laser cavity length of around 11 meters and a seeded laser pulse of 10 ns, we have been able to acquire and distinguish the laser beam <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of each round-trip. Inserting a scattering media and other distortion elements can simulate atmospheric effects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SuMi..113..690L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SuMi..113..690L"><span>Mg <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profile</span> and its control in the low temperature grown Mg-doped GaN epilayer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, S. T.; Yang, J.; Zhao, D. G.; Jiang, D. S.; Liang, F.; Chen, P.; Zhu, J. J.; Liu, Z. S.; Liu, W.; Xing, Y.; Zhang, L. Q.; Wang, W. J.; Li, M.; Zhang, Y. T.; Du, G. T.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>In this work, the Cp2Mg flux and growth pressure influence to Mg doping <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span> is studied. From the SIMS measurement we found that a transition layer exists at the bottom region of the layer in which the Mg doping <span class="hlt">concentration</span> changes gradually. The thickness of transition layer decreases with the increases of Mg doping <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. Through analysis, we found that this is caused by Ga memory effect which the Ga atoms stay residual in MOCVD system will react with Mg source, leading a transition layer formation and improve the growth rate. And the Ga memory effect can be well suppressed by increasing Mg doping <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and growth pressure and thus get a steep Mg doping at the bottom region of p type layer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27875258','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27875258"><span>Sweat lipid mediator <span class="hlt">profiling</span>: a noninvasive approach for cutaneous research.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Agrawal, Karan; Hassoun, Lauren A; Foolad, Negar; Pedersen, Theresa L; Sivamani, Raja K; Newman, John W</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Recent advances in analytical and sweat collection techniques provide new opportunities to identify noninvasive biomarkers for the study of skin inflammation and repair. This study aims to characterize the lipid mediator <span class="hlt">profile</span> including oxygenated lipids, endocannabinoids, and ceramides/sphingoid bases in sweat and identify differences in these <span class="hlt">profiles</span> between sweat collected from nonlesional sites on the unflared volar forearm of subjects with and without atopic dermatitis (AD). Adapting routine procedures developed for plasma analysis, over 100 lipid mediators were <span class="hlt">profiled</span> using LC-MS/MS and 58 lipid mediators were detected in sweat. Lipid mediator <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were not affected by sampling or storage conditions. Increases in <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of C30-C40 [NS] and [NdS] ceramides, and C18:1 sphingosine, were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the sweat of study participants with AD despite no differences being <span class="hlt">observed</span> in transepidermal water loss between study groups, and this effect was strongest in men (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc HSD). No differences in oxylipins and endocannabinoids were <span class="hlt">observed</span> between study groups. Sweat mediator <span class="hlt">profiling</span> may therefore provide a noninvasive diagnostic for AD prior to the presentation of clinical signs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28962224','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28962224"><span><span class="hlt">Concentration</span>- and time-dependent genotoxicity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of isoprene monoepoxides and diepoxide, and the cross-linking potential of isoprene diepoxide in cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Yan; Pelah, Avishay; An, Jing; Yu, Ying-Xin; Zhang, Xin-Yu</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Isoprene, a possible carcinogen, is a petrochemical and a natural product being primarily produced by plants. It is biotransformed to 2-ethenyl-2-methyloxirane (IP-1,2-O) and 2-(1-methylethenyl)oxirane (IP-3,4-O), both of which can be further metabolized to 2-methyl-2,2'-bioxirane (MBO). MBO is mutagenic, but IP-1,2-O and IP-3,4-O are not. While IP-1,2-O has been reported being genotoxic, the genotoxicity of IP-3,4-O and MBO, and the cross-linking potential of MBO have not been examined. In the present study, we used the comet assay to investigate the <span class="hlt">concentration</span>- and time-dependent genotoxicity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the three metabolites and the cross-linking potential of MBO in human hepatocyte L02 cells. For the incubation time of 1 h, all metabolites showed positive <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-dependent <span class="hlt">profiles</span> with a potency rank order of IP-3,4-O > MBO > IP-1,2-O. In human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and human leukemia (HL60) cells, IP-3,4-O was still more potent in inducing DNA breaks than MBO at high <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (>200 μM), although at low <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (≤200 μM) IP-3,4-O exhibited slightly lower or similar potency to MBO. Interestingly, their time-dependent genotoxicity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> (0.5-4 h) in L02 cells were different from each other: IP-1,2-O and MBO (200 μM) exhibited negative and positive <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, respectively, with IP-3,4-O lying in between, namely, IP-3,4-O-caused DNA breaks did not change over the exposure time. Further experiments demonstrated that hydrolysis of IP-1,2-O contributed to the negative <span class="hlt">profile</span> and MBO induced cross-links at high <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and long incubation times. Collectively, the results suggested that IP-3,4-O might play a significant role in the toxicity of isoprene.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28551534','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28551534"><span>Tracing methamphetamine and amphetamine sources in wastewater and receiving waters via <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and enantiomeric <span class="hlt">profiling</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, Zeqiong; Du, Peng; Li, Kaiyang; Gao, Tingting; Wang, Zhenglu; Fu, Xiaofang; Li, Xiqing</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Wastewater analysis is a promising approach to monitor illicit drug abuse of a community. However, drug use estimation via wastewater analysis may be biased by sources other than abuse. This is especially true for methamphetamine and amphetamine as their presence in wastewater may come from many sources, such as direct disposal or excretion following administration of prescription drugs. Here we traced methamphetamine and amphetamine sources via <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and enantiomeric <span class="hlt">profiling</span> of the two compounds from black market to receiving waters. Methamphetamine in wastewater was found to predominantly arise from abuse, proving the feasibility of using wastewater analysis for estimating its consumption in China. Amphetamine abuse was previously considered negligible in East and Southeast Asia. However, we found that amphetamine was abused considerably (up to 90.7mg/1000inh/day) in a significant number (>20%) of major cities in China. Combined <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and enantiomeric <span class="hlt">profiling</span> also revealed direct disposal into receiving waters of methamphetamine manufactured by different processes. These findings have important implications for monitoring of and law enforcement against methamphetamine/amphetamine abuse and related crimes in China and abroad. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15004770','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15004770"><span><span class="hlt">Profiling</span> users in the UNIX os environment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dao, V N P; Vemuri, R; Templeton, S J</p> <p>2000-09-29</p> <p>This paper presents results obtained by using a method of <span class="hlt">profiling</span> a user based on the login host, the login time, the command set, and the command set execution time of the <span class="hlt">profiled</span> user. It is assumed that the user is logging onto a UNIX host on a computer network. The paper <span class="hlt">concentrates</span> on two areas: short-term and long-term <span class="hlt">profiling</span>. In short-term <span class="hlt">profiling</span> the focus is on <span class="hlt">profiling</span> the user at a given session where user characteristics do not change much. In long-term <span class="hlt">profiling</span>, the duration of <span class="hlt">observation</span> is over a much longer period of time. The latter is moremore » challenging because of a phenomenon called concept or <span class="hlt">profile</span> drift. <span class="hlt">Profile</span> drift occurs when a user logs onto a host for an extended period of time (over several sessions).« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020091934','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20020091934"><span>Retrieval of Precipitation <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> from Multiresolution, Multifrequency, Active and Passive Microwave <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Grecu, Mircea; Anagnostou, Emmanouil N.; Olson, William S.; Starr, David OC. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>In this study, a technique for estimating vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of precipitation from multifrequency, multiresolution active and passive microwave <span class="hlt">observations</span> is investigated using both simulated and airborne data. The technique is applicable to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite multi-frequency active and passive <span class="hlt">observations</span>. These <span class="hlt">observations</span> are characterized by various spatial and sampling resolutions. This makes the retrieval problem mathematically more difficult and ill-determined because the quality of information decreases with decreasing resolution. A model that, given reflectivity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and a small set of parameters (including the cloud water content, the intercept drop size distribution, and a variable describing the frozen hydrometeor properties), simulates high-resolution brightness temperatures is used. The high-resolution simulated brightness temperatures are convolved at the real sensor resolution. An optimal estimation procedure is used to minimize the differences between simulated and <span class="hlt">observed</span> brightness temperatures. The retrieval technique is investigated using cloud model synthetic and airborne data from the Fourth Convection And Moisture Experiment. Simulated high-resolution brightness temperatures and reflectivities and airborne <span class="hlt">observation</span> strong are convolved at the resolution of the TRMM instruments and retrievals are performed and analyzed relative to the reference data used in <span class="hlt">observations</span> synthesis. An illustration of the possible use of the technique in satellite rainfall estimation is presented through an application to TRMM data. The study suggests improvements in combined active and passive retrievals even when the instruments resolutions are significantly different. Future work needs to better quantify the retrievals performance, especially in connection with satellite applications, and the uncertainty of the models used in retrieval.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990GBioC...4..179E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990GBioC...4..179E"><span>Vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> of elemental <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in aerosol particles in the Bermuda area during GCE/CASE/WATOX</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ennis, G.; Sievering, H.</p> <p>1990-06-01</p> <p>During the 1988 Global Change Expedition/Coordinated Air-Sea Experiment/Western Atlantic Ocean Experiment (GCE/CASE/WATOX) joint effort, research was conducted to determine elemental <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in atmospheric aerosol particles near Bermuda, to construct a three-level (15, 150, and 2600 m ASL) vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> of these <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, and to ascertain the source of the particles. Samples were collected by the NOAA King Air aircraft and NOAA ship Mt. Mitchell on July 24-28, 1988. <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> determinations were made for 16 elements through the use of an X ray fluorescence instrument designed for analysis of small-mass samples. A layering effect was found; <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of several elements at 150 m were more than twice their respective <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> at 15 m and 2600 m. Enrichment factors, V/Mn ratio, and correlations between <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> suggest a Saharan mineral source, despite air mass back trajectories that show no direct continental input for up to 10 days prior to sample collection. Estimated total mineral aerosol <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> at 15 m, 150 m, and 2600 m are 1.5, 4.1, and 2.1 μg m-3.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSMG54B2033D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSMG54B2033D"><span>Suspended Sediment Character in the Tidal Mekong River: <span class="hlt">Observations</span> from LISST <span class="hlt">Profiling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Di Leonardo, D. R.; Allison, M. A.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>In two recent cooperative field campaigns, teams of researchers from the US and Vietnam collected hydrological and sedimentological data during a low flow season and a high flow season on the lower 100 km of the Song Hau distributary of the Mekong River. The objective of this study is to describe the forcing controls (e.g., tidal and riverine flow, water column stratification, resuspension) on suspended sediment grain size (e.g. mass, volume, granulometry, degree of flocculation) as measured by a Sequoia Scientific LISST 100X mounted on a <span class="hlt">profiling</span> CTD. LISST (Type C, 2.5-500 µm size range) casts were collected at five transects in the Song Hau distributary. Four transects were located in the Dinh An and the Tran De channels immediately above the ocean interface with one additional transect located above the channel bifurcation, 40 km from the river mouth. Casts were collected at multiple stations across each channel transect for 12 hour and 24 hour continuous periods. Stationary ADCP data was collected during each 5-15 minute cast period and used to characterize shear stress. Preliminary results from the LISST suggest that the majority of suspended sediment is in the silt and very fine sand range. Increasing <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of all size fractions towards the bed suggests a local sediment source. Bimodal grain size distributions, with the coarser peak in the 150 µm to 250 µm range, are <span class="hlt">observed</span> frequently, especially in the low discharge study. Grain size frequencies from the high discharge study tend to be more often unimodal. While there was effectively no salinity <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the October 2014 high flow season, a maximum of 25.8 PSU was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the March 2015 low flow season. These results suggest that flocculation is an important process in the Mekong River, particularly during periods of higher salinity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1612784G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1612784G"><span>Stratospheric NO2 vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> retrieved from ground-based Zenith-Sky DOAS <span class="hlt">observations</span> at Kiruna, Sweden</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gu, Myojeong; Enell, Carl-Fredrik; Hendrick, François; Pukite, Janis; Van Roozendael, Michel; Platt, Ulrich; Raffalski, Uwe; Wagner, Thomas</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Stratospheric NO2 destroys ozone and acts as a buffer against halogen-catalyzed ozone loss through the formation of reservoir species (ClONO2, BrONO2). Since the importance of both mechanisms depends on the altitude, the investigation of stratospheric NO2 vertical distribution can provide more insight into the role of nitrogen compounds in the destruction of ozone. Here we present stratospheric NO2 vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> retrieved from twilight ground-based zenith-sky DOAS <span class="hlt">observations</span> at Kiruna, Sweden (68.84°N, 20.41°E) covering 1997 - 2013 periods. This instrument <span class="hlt">observes</span> zenith scattered sunlight. The sensitivity for stratospheric trace gases is highest during twilight due to the maximum altitude of the scattering <span class="hlt">profile</span> and the light path through the stratosphere, which vary with the solar zenith angle. The <span class="hlt">profiling</span> algorithm, based on the Optimal Estimation Method, has been developed by IASB-BIRA and successfully applied at other stations (Hendrick et al., 2004). The basic principle behind this <span class="hlt">profiling</span> approach is that during twilight, the mean Rayleigh scattering altitude scans the stratosphere rapidly, providing height-resolved information on the absorption by stratospheric NO2. In this study, the long-term evolution of the stratospheric NO2 <span class="hlt">profile</span> at polar latitude will be investigated. Hendrick, F., B. Barret, M. Van Roozendael, H. Boesch, A. Butz, M. De Mazière, F. Goutail, C. Hermans, J.-C. Lambert, K. Pfeilsticker, and J.-P. Pommereau, Retrieval of nitrogen dioxide stratospheric <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from ground-based zenith-sky UV-visible <span class="hlt">observations</span>: Validation of the technique through correlative comparisons, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 4, 2091-2106, 2004</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26192133','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26192133"><span>Beyond the average marital communication: Latent <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> interactions among Chinese newlywed couples.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cao, Hongjian; Fang, Xiaoyi; Fine, Mark A; Ju, Xiaoyan; Lan, Jing; Liu, Xuanwen</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Employing a multicontext <span class="hlt">observational</span> design, using a person-centered approach, and treating the marital dyad as the unit of analysis, this study examined the within-couple communication patterning of 144 Chinese newlywed couples and its association with relationship satisfaction. Latent <span class="hlt">profile</span> analysis consistently revealed 3 <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of spouses' interactive behaviors across contexts differing in both topic nature (i.e., problem-solving vs. social support) and initiator (i.e., husbands vs. wives): (a) traditionally undemonstrative <span class="hlt">profile</span>, (b) emotionally quarrelling <span class="hlt">profile</span>, and (c) warmly supportive <span class="hlt">profile</span>. The prevalence of communication <span class="hlt">profiles</span> changed markedly with the nature of the discussion topic and the topic initiator. Further, using latent class analysis, we classified couples into subgroups based on their identified <span class="hlt">profile</span> memberships across contexts (i.e., consistency of interaction mode across contexts). Three classes were identified: (a) consistently quarrelling class, (b) consistently supportive class, and (c) modestly traditional class. Both the consistently supportive class and the modestly traditional class reported significantly higher levels of marital satisfaction than did the consistently quarrelling class. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMDI21A0393F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMDI21A0393F"><span>Thermal <span class="hlt">Profile</span> of the Lunar Interior Constrained by Revised Estimates of <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> of Heat Producing Elements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fuqua-Haviland, H.; Panovska, S.; Mallik, A.; Bremner, P. M.; McDonough, W. F.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Constraining the heat producing element (HPE) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of the Moon is important for understanding the thermal state of the interior. The lunar HPE budget is debated to be suprachondritic [1] to chondritic [2]. The Moon is differentiated, thus, each reservoir has a distinct HPE signature complicating this effort. The thermal <span class="hlt">profile</span> of the lunar interior has been constructed using HPE <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of an ordinary chondrite (U = 0.0068 ppm; Th = 0.025 ppm; K = 17 ppm) which yields a conservative low estimate [2, 3, 4]. A later study estimated the bulk lunar mantle HPE <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (U = 0.039 ppm; Th = 0.15 ppm; K = 212 ppm) based on measurements of Apollo pyroclastic glasses [5] assuming that these glasses represent the least fractionated, near-primary lunar mantle melts, hence, are the best proxies for capturing mantle composition. In this study, we independently validate the revised estimate by using HPE <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> [5] to construct a conductive lunar thermal <span class="hlt">profile</span>, or selenotherm. We compare our conductive <span class="hlt">profile</span> to the range of valid temperatures. We demonstrate the HPE <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> reported by [5], when used in a simple 1D spherical thermal conduction equation, yield an impossibly hot mantle with temperatures in excess of 4,000 K (Fig 1). This confirms their revised estimate is not representative of the bulk lunar mantle, and perhaps only representative of a locally enriched mantle domain. We believe that their Low-Ti avg. source estimate (Th = 0.055 ppm, Th/U=4; K/U=1700), with the least KREEP assimilation is the closest representation of the bulk lunar mantle, producing 3E-12 W/kg of heat. This estimate is close to that of the Earth (5E-12 W/kg), indicating that the bulk Earth and lunar mantles are similar in their HPE constituents. We have used the lunar mantle heat production, in conjunction with HPE estimates of the Fe-Ti-rich cumulates (high Ti-source estimate from [5]) and measurements of crustal ferroan anorthite [6], to capture the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5234720','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5234720"><span>Sweat lipid mediator <span class="hlt">profiling</span>: a noninvasive approach for cutaneous research[S</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hassoun, Lauren A.; Foolad, Negar; Pedersen, Theresa L.; Sivamani, Raja K.; Newman, John W.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Recent advances in analytical and sweat collection techniques provide new opportunities to identify noninvasive biomarkers for the study of skin inflammation and repair. This study aims to characterize the lipid mediator <span class="hlt">profile</span> including oxygenated lipids, endocannabinoids, and ceramides/sphingoid bases in sweat and identify differences in these <span class="hlt">profiles</span> between sweat collected from nonlesional sites on the unflared volar forearm of subjects with and without atopic dermatitis (AD). Adapting routine procedures developed for plasma analysis, over 100 lipid mediators were <span class="hlt">profiled</span> using LC-MS/MS and 58 lipid mediators were detected in sweat. Lipid mediator <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were not affected by sampling or storage conditions. Increases in <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of C30–C40 [NS] and [NdS] ceramides, and C18:1 sphingosine, were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the sweat of study participants with AD despite no differences being <span class="hlt">observed</span> in transepidermal water loss between study groups, and this effect was strongest in men (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc HSD). No differences in oxylipins and endocannabinoids were <span class="hlt">observed</span> between study groups. Sweat mediator <span class="hlt">profiling</span> may therefore provide a noninvasive diagnostic for AD prior to the presentation of clinical signs. PMID:27875258</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BGD....1117413G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BGD....1117413G"><span>Autonomous <span class="hlt">profiling</span> float <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the high biomass plume downstream of the Kerguelen plateau in the Southern Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grenier, M.; Della Penna, A.; Trull, T. W.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Natural iron fertilisation from Southern Ocean islands results in high primary production and phytoplankton biomass accumulations readily visible in satellite ocean colour <span class="hlt">observations</span>. These images reveal great spatial complexity with highly varying <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of chlorophyll, presumably reflecting both variations in iron supply and conditions favouring phytoplankton accumulation. To examine the second aspect, in particular the influences of variations in temperature and stratification, we deployed four autonomous <span class="hlt">profiling</span> floats in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current near the Kerguelen plateau in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. Each "bio-<span class="hlt">profiler</span>" measured more than 250 <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of temperature (T), salinity (S), dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll fluorescence (Chl a), and particle backscatter in the top 300 m of the water column, sampling up to 5 <span class="hlt">profiles</span> per day along meandering trajectories extending up to 1000 km. Comparison of surface Chl a estimates (top 50 m depth; analogous to values from satellite images) with total water column inventories revealed largely linear relationships, suggesting that dilution of chlorophyll by mixed layer depth variations plays only a minor role in the spatial distributions <span class="hlt">observed</span> by satellite, and correspondingly that these images provide credible information on total and not just surface biomass accumulations. Regions of very high Chl a accumulation (1.5-10 μg L-1) were associated predominantly with a narrow T-S class of surface waters, which appears to derive from the northern Kerguelen plateau. In contrast, waters with only moderate Chl a enrichments (0.5-1.5 μg L-1) displayed no clear correlation with water properties, including no dependence on mixed layer depth, suggesting a diversity of sources of iron and/or its efficient dispersion across filaments of the plume. The lack of dependence on mixed layer depth also indicates a limited influence on production by light limitation. One float became trapped in a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22522058-spectro-polarimetric-simulations-solar-limb-absorption-emission-fe-line-profiles-torsional-flows-intergranular-magnetic-flux-concentrations','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22522058-spectro-polarimetric-simulations-solar-limb-absorption-emission-fe-line-profiles-torsional-flows-intergranular-magnetic-flux-concentrations"><span>SPECTRO-POLARIMETRIC SIMULATIONS OF THE SOLAR LIMB: ABSORPTION-EMISSION Fe I 6301.5 Å AND 6302.5 Å LINE <span class="hlt">PROFILES</span> AND TORSIONAL FLOWS IN THE INTERGRANULAR MAGNETIC FLUX <span class="hlt">CONCENTRATIONS</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Shelyag, S.</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>Using radiative magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the magnetized solar photosphere and detailed spectro-polarimetric diagnostics with the Fe I 6301.5 Å and 6302.5 Å photospheric lines in the local thermodynamic equilibrium approximation, we model active solar granulation as if it was <span class="hlt">observed</span> at the solar limb. We analyze general properties of the radiation across the solar limb, such as the continuum and the line core limb darkening and the granulation contrast. We demonstrate the presence of <span class="hlt">profiles</span> with both emission and absorption features at the simulated solar limb, and pure emission <span class="hlt">profiles</span> above the limb. These <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are associated with the regionsmore » of strong linear polarization of the emergent radiation, indicating the influence of the intergranular magnetic fields on the line formation. We analyze physical origins of the emission wings in the Stokes <span class="hlt">profiles</span> at the limb, and demonstrate that these features are produced by localized heating and torsional motions in the intergranular magnetic flux <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1281695-observed-large-scale-structures-diabatic-heating-drying-profiles-during-twp-ice','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1281695-observed-large-scale-structures-diabatic-heating-drying-profiles-during-twp-ice"><span><span class="hlt">Observed</span> large-scale structures and diabatic heating and drying <span class="hlt">profiles</span> during TWP-ICE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Xie, Shaocheng; Hume, Timothy; Jakob, Christian; ...</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This study documents the characteristics of the large-scale structures and diabatic heating and drying <span class="hlt">profiles</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the Tropical Warm Pool–International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE), which was conducted in January–February 2006 in Darwin during the northern Australian monsoon season. The examined <span class="hlt">profiles</span> exhibit significant variations between four distinct synoptic regimes that were <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the experiment. The active monsoon period is characterized by strong upward motion and large advective cooling and moistening throughout the entire troposphere, while the suppressed and clear periods are dominated by moderate midlevel subsidence and significant low- to midlevel drying through horizontal advection. The midlevel subsidence andmore » horizontal dry advection are largely responsible for the dry midtroposphere <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the suppressed period and limit the growth of clouds to low levels. During the break period, upward motion and advective cooling and moistening located primarily at midlevels dominate together with weak advective warming and drying (mainly from horizontal advection) at low levels. The variations of the diabatic heating and drying <span class="hlt">profiles</span> with the different regimes are closely associated with differences in the large-scale structures, cloud types, and rainfall rates between the regimes. Strong diabatic heating and drying are seen throughout the troposphere during the active monsoon period while they are moderate and only occur above 700 hPa during the break period. The diabatic heating and drying tend to have their maxima at low levels during the suppressed periods. Furthermore, the diurnal variations of these structures between monsoon systems, continental/coastal, and tropical inland-initiated convective systems are also examined.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Icar..293..119F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Icar..293..119F"><span>CO <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere of Titan from VIMS dayside limb <span class="hlt">observations</span> at 4.7 μm</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fabiano, F.; López Puertas, M.; Adriani, A.; Moriconi, M. L.; D'Aversa, E.; Funke, B.; López-Valverde, M. A.; Ridolfi, M.; Dinelli, B. M.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>During the last 30 years, many works have focused on the determination of the CO abundance in Titan's atmosphere, but no measurement above 300 km has been done yet due to the faint signal of CO. Nevertheless, such measurements are particularly awaited as a confirmation of photochemical models predictions that CO is uniformly mixed in the whole atmosphere. Moreover, since CO is the main atmospheric reservoir of oxygen, its actual abundance has implications on the origins of Titan's atmosphere. In this work, we analyse a set of Cassini VIMS daytime limb <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Titan at 4.7 μm, which is dominated by solar-pumped non-LTE (non-local thermodynamic equilibrium) emission of CO ro-vibrational bands. In order to retrieve the CO abundance from these <span class="hlt">observations</span>, we developed a non-LTE model for the CO vibrational levels. The retrieval of the CO <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is performed following a bayesian approach and using the calculated non-LTE populations. The data set analysed consists of 47 limb scanning sequences -about 1500 spectra- acquired by VIMS in 2006 and 2007. CO relative abundance <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from 200 to 500 km are obtained, for each set analysed. The mean result shows no significant variations with altitude and is consistent with the prediction of a well-mixed vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span>. However, if compared with Earth-based mm measurements, a small vertical gradient is plausible.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.125..252H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AtmEn.125..252H"><span><span class="hlt">Observed</span> chlorine <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> during Jack Rabbit I and Lyme Bay field experiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hanna, Steven; Chang, Joseph; Huq, Pablo</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>As part of planning for a series of field experiments where large quantities (up to 20 tons) of pressurized liquefied chlorine will be released, <span class="hlt">observations</span> from previous chlorine field experiments are analyzed to estimate the ranges of chlorine <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> expected at various downwind distances. In five field experiment days during the summer 2010 Jack Rabbit I (JR I) field trials, up to two tons of chlorine were released and <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> at distances, x, from 25 to 500 m. In the 1927 Lyme Bay (LB) experiments, there were four days of trials, where 3-10 tons of chlorine were released in about 15 min from the back of a ship. <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> were sampled at LB from four ships sailing across the cloud path at downwind distances in the range from about 350 to 3000 m. Thus, the distances from which JR I <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were available slightly overlapped the LB distances. One-minute arc-maximum chlorine <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, C (g/m3), were analyzed from four JR I trials and two LB trials. Normalized <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (Cu/Q) were plotted versus x (m), where u (m/s) is measured wind speed at heights of 2-10 m and Q (g/s) is continuous mass release rate. It is found that the JR I and LB Cu/Q <span class="hlt">observations</span> smoothly merge with each other and fall along a line with approximate slope of -2 at distances beyond about 200 m (i.e., Cu/Q is proportional to x-2). At x < 200 m, where dense gas effects are more important, the slope is less (about -1.5). Most of the data points are within a factor of two of the "best-fit" line.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18...49C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18...49C"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of ozone depletion events in a Finnish boreal forest</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Xuemeng; Quéléver, Lauriane L. J.; Fung, Pak L.; Kesti, Jutta; Rissanen, Matti P.; Bäck, Jaana; Keronen, Petri; Junninen, Heikki; Petäjä, Tuukka; Kerminen, Veli-Matti; Kulmala, Markku</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>We investigated the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of ozone over a 20-year period (1996-2016) at the SMEAR II station in southern Finland. Our results showed that the typical daily median ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were in the range of 20-50 ppb with clear diurnal and annual patterns. In general, the <span class="hlt">profile</span> of ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> illustrated an increase as a function of heights. The main aim of our study was to address the frequency and strength of ozone depletion events at this boreal forest site. We <span class="hlt">observed</span> more than a thousand of 10 min periods at 4.2 m, with ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> below 10 ppb, and a few tens of cases with ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> below 2 ppb. Among these <span class="hlt">observations</span>, a number of ozone depletion events that lasted for more than 3 h were identified, and they occurred mainly in autumn and winter months. The low ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were likely related to the formation of a low mixing layer under the conditions of low temperatures, low wind speeds, high relative humidities and limited intensity of solar radiation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001135','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001135"><span>High Temporal Resolution Tropospheric Wind <span class="hlt">Profile</span> <span class="hlt">Observations</span> at NASA Kennedy Space Center During Hurricane Irma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Decker, Ryan; Barbre, Robert; Huddleston, Lisa; Wilfong, Tim; Brauer, Tom</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) operates a 48-MHz Tropospheric/Stratospheric Doppler Radar Wind <span class="hlt">Profiler</span> (TDRWP) on a continual basis generating wind <span class="hlt">profiles</span> between 2-19 km in the support of space launch vehicle operations. A benefit of the continual operability of the system is the ability to provide unique <span class="hlt">observations</span> of severe weather events such as hurricanes. On the evening of 10 September 2017, Hurricane Irma passed within 100 miles to the west of KSC through the middle of the Florida peninsula. The hurricane was responsible for power outages to approximately 2/3 of Florida's population. This paper will describe the characteristics of the tropospheric wind <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the TDRWP during Irma, provide a comparison to previous TDRWP <span class="hlt">observations</span> from Hurricane Matthew in 2016, and discuss lessons learned regarding dissemination of TDRWP data during the event.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4304481','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4304481"><span>Temporal <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> Dissociate Regional Extracellular Ethanol versus Dopamine <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>In vivo monitoring of dopamine via microdialysis has demonstrated that acute, systemic ethanol increases extracellular dopamine in regions innervated by dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra. Simultaneous measurement of dialysate dopamine and ethanol allows comparison of the time courses of their extracellular <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Early studies demonstrated dissociations between the time courses of brain ethanol <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and dopaminergic responses in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) elicited by acute ethanol administration. Both brain ethanol and extracellular dopamine levels peak during the first 5 min following systemic ethanol administration, but the dopamine response returns to baseline while brain ethanol <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> remain elevated. Post hoc analyses examined ratios of the dopamine response (represented as a percent above baseline) to tissue <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of ethanol at different time points within the first 25–30 min in the prefrontal cortex, NAc core and shell, and dorsomedial striatum following a single intravenous infusion of ethanol (1 g/kg). The temporal patterns of these “response ratios” differed across brain regions, possibly due to regional differences in the mechanisms underlying the decline of the dopamine signal associated with acute intravenous ethanol administration and/or to the differential effects of acute ethanol on the properties of subpopulations of midbrain dopamine neurons. This Review draws on neurochemical, physiological, and molecular studies to summarize the effects of acute ethanol administration on dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatal regions, to explore the potential reasons for the regional differences <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the decline of ethanol-induced dopamine signals, and to suggest directions for future research. PMID:25537116</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E2022V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E2022V"><span>First retrievals of MLT sodium <span class="hlt">profiles</span> based on satellite sodium nightglow <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Von Savigny, Christian; Zilker, Bianca; Langowski, Martin</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>The Na D lines are a well known feature of the terrestrial airglow and have been identified for the first time in 1929. During the daytime the Na airglow emission is caused by resonance fluorescence, while during the night the excitation occurs by chemiluminescent reactions. Knowledge of Na in the mesopause region is of interest, because the Na layer is thought to be maintained by meteoric ablation and Na measurements allow constraining the meteoric mass influx into the Earth system. In this contribution we employ SCIAMACHY/Envisat nighttime limb measurements of the Na D-line airglow from fall 2002 to spring 2012 - in combination with photochemical models - in order to retrieve Na <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the 75 - 100 km altitude range. The Na <span class="hlt">profiles</span> show realistic peak altitudes, number densities and seasonal variations. The retrieval scheme, sample results and comparisons to ground-based LIDAR measurements of Na as well as SCIAMACHY daytime retrievals will be presented. Moreover, uncertainties in the assumed photochemical scheme and their impact on the Na retrievals will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25287325','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25287325"><span>The relationship between <span class="hlt">observed</span> signs of impairment and THC <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in oral fluid.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fierro, Inmaculada; González-Luque, Juan Carlos; Alvarez, F Javier</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Studies have shown that cannabis intake increases the risk of traffic accidents. Controlled experiments support these findings and have shown a positive dose-effect relationship. In this retrospective cross-sectional study of data from a roadside survey, we investigated whether a police officer's judgment regarding signs of impairment is related to the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the oral fluid (OF). We investigated 2,632 cases from a representative sample of 3,302 Spanish drivers: 253 drivers positive for THC only, 32 positive for THC and ethanol, 201 with only ethanol detected in their breath, and 2,146 drivers who tested negative for ethanol in breath and drugs in OF. Recorded data comprised breath alcohol <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, THC <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in the OF, and the 31 <span class="hlt">observed</span> signs of impairment. Subject groups were compared using the chi-square test, and logistic regression was used to examine the risk of being categorized as exhibiting signs of impairment. A relationship was found between the OF THC <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and some <span class="hlt">observed</span> signs of impairment. Eye signs were noticeable from a THC <span class="hlt">concentration</span> >3.0 ng/ml in OF, and >25 ng/ml was related to behavior, facial expression, and speech signs. Alcohol and THC contribute to impairment independently and, when taken simultaneously, the effects are comparable to the sum of the effects when consumed separately. The <span class="hlt">observation</span> of signs of impairment due to cannabis occurs in an OF <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-related manner but, as a clinical test, OF has low sensitivity and specificity in a random roadside survey. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70032792','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70032792"><span>Modelling chemical depletion <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in regolith</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Brantley, S.L.; Bandstra, J.; Moore, J.; White, A.F.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Chemical or mineralogical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in regolith display reaction fronts that document depletion of leachable elements or minerals. A generalized equation employing lumped parameters was derived to model such ubiquitously <span class="hlt">observed</span> patterns:C = frac(C0, frac(C0 - Cx = 0, Cx = 0) exp (??ini ?? over(k, ??) ?? x) + 1)Here C, Cx = 0, and Co are the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of an element at a given depth x, at the top of the reaction front, or in parent respectively. ??ini is the roughness of the dissolving mineral in the parent and k???? is a lumped kinetic parameter. This kinetic parameter is an inverse function of the porefluid advective velocity and a direct function of the dissolution rate constant times mineral surface area per unit volume regolith. This model equation fits <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of <span class="hlt">concentration</span> versus depth for albite in seven weathering systems and is consistent with the interpretation that the surface area (m2 mineral m- 3 bulk regolith) varies linearly with the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of the dissolving mineral across the front. Dissolution rate constants can be calculated from the lumped fit parameters for these <span class="hlt">profiles</span> using <span class="hlt">observed</span> values of weathering advance rate, the proton driving force, the geometric surface area per unit volume regolith and parent <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of albite. These calculated values of the dissolution rate constant compare favorably to literature values. The model equation, useful for reaction fronts in both steady-state erosional and quasi-stationary non-erosional systems, incorporates the variation of reaction affinity using pH as a master variable. Use of this model equation to fit depletion fronts for soils highlights the importance of buffering of pH in the soil system. Furthermore, the equation should allow better understanding of the effects of important environmental variables on weathering rates. ?? 2008.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780029799&hterms=copernicus&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dcopernicus','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780029799&hterms=copernicus&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dcopernicus"><span>Long-term changes in ultraviolet P Cygni <span class="hlt">profiles</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> with Copernicus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Snow, T. P., Jr.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>The incidence and nature of variability occurring on time scales of years in the ultraviolet P Cygni <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of 15 O and B stars are investigated using spectrophotometric data obtained with the Copernicus satellite. It is found that some change in at least a few details of the P Cygni <span class="hlt">profiles</span> is evident in almost every case, that the changes in a few stars appear to represent substantial variations in the column densities of the particular ions <span class="hlt">observed</span>, and that the changes in other stars are minor in nature and do not result from significant alterations in the quantity of material in the stellar winds. Most of the narrow absorption features are shown to be invariant in velocity, although their strengths have apparently changed in certain cases. The nature of the changes <span class="hlt">observed</span> in each of the program stars is briefly described, the time scale for variability in the stellar winds is considered, and two stars (Zeta Pup and Delta Ori A) are identified for which some alteration in the total amount of material in the stellar wind has taken place. It is suggested that the narrow absorption features probably represent temperature gradients or plateaus in the stellar-wind velocity fields or may be caused by flat regions in the height dependence of the wind velocity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/159769-comparison-stoic-ground-based-lidar-microwave-spectrometer-dobson-spectrophotometer-umkehr-ozone-profiles-ozone-profiles-from-balloon-borne-elecrochemical-concentration-cell-ozonesondes','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/159769-comparison-stoic-ground-based-lidar-microwave-spectrometer-dobson-spectrophotometer-umkehr-ozone-profiles-ozone-profiles-from-balloon-borne-elecrochemical-concentration-cell-ozonesondes"><span>Comparison of STOIC 1989 ground-based lidar, microwave spectrometer, and Dobson spectrophotometer Umkehr ozone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> with ozone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from balloon-borne elecrochemical <span class="hlt">concentration</span> cell ozonesondes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Komhyr, W.D.; McDermid, I.S.; Margitan, J.J.</p> <p>1995-05-20</p> <p>Ground-based measurements of stratospheric ozone using a Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) lidar, a NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) lidar, a Millitech Corporation/NASA Langley Research Center (Millitech/LaRC) microwave spectrometer, and a NOAA Dobson ozone spectrophotometer were compared with in situ measurements made quasi-simultaneously with balloon-borne electrochemical <span class="hlt">concentration</span> cell (ECC) ozonesondes during 10 days of the Stratospheric Ozone Intercomparison Campaign (STOIC). Within the altitude range of 20-32 km, ozone measurement precisions were estimated to be {+-}0.6 to {+-}1.2% for the JPL lidar, {+-}0.7% for the GSFC lidar, {+-}4% for the microwave spectrometer, and {+-}3% for the NOAA ECC ozonesonde instruments. Thesemore » precisions decreased in the 32 to 38.6-km altitude range to {+-}1.3, {+-}1.5 and {+-}3% to {+-}10% for the JPL lidar, GSFC lidar, and the ECC sondes, respectively, but remained at {+-}4% for the microwave radiometer, and {+-}5% for the ECC ozonesondes. The accuracies decreased in the 32 to 38.6-km altitude range to {+-}2.6, {+-}3.0, {+-}7, and 1{+-}4% to {minus}4{+-}10% for the JPL lidar, the GSFC lidar, the microwave spectrometer, and the ECC ozonesondes, respectively. While accuracy estimates for the ECC sondes were obtained by combining random and estimated bias errors, the accuracies for the lidar instruments were obtained by doubling the measurement precision figures, with the assumption that such doubling accounts for systematic errors. Within the altitude range of 20-36 km the mean ozone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> produced by the JPL, GSFC, and the Millitech/LaRC groups did not differ from the mean ozone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> produced by the mean ECC sonde ozone <span class="hlt">profile</span> by more than about 2, 4, and 5% respectively. Six morning Dobson instrument Umkehr <span class="hlt">observations</span> yielded mean ozone amounts in layers 3 and 5-7 that agreed with comparison ECC ozonesonde data to within {+-}4%. In layer 4 the difference was 7.8%. 24 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70033397','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70033397"><span>Chemical weathering of a marine terrace chronosequence, Santa Cruz, California I: Interpreting rates and controls based on soil <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>White, A.F.; Schulz, M.S.; Vivit, D.V.; Blum, A.E.; Stonestrom, David A.; Anderson, S.P.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The spatial and temporal changes in element and mineral <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in regolith <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in a chronosequence developed on marine terraces along coastal California are interpreted in terms of chemical weathering rates and processes. In regoliths up to 15 m deep and 226 kyrs old, quartz-normalized mass transfer coefficients indicate non-stoichiometric preferential release of Sr > Ca > Na from plagioclase along with lesser amounts of K, Rb and Ba derived from K-feldspar. Smectite weathering results in the loss of Mg and concurrent incorporation of Al and Fe into secondary kaolinite and Fe-oxides in shallow argillic horizons. Elemental losses from weathering of the Santa Cruz terraces fall within the range of those for other marine terraces along the Pacific Coast of North America. Residual amounts of plagioclase and K-feldspar decrease with terrace depth and increasing age. The gradient of the weathering <span class="hlt">profile</span> bs is defined by the ratio of the weathering rate, R to the velocity at which the <span class="hlt">profile</span> penetrates into the protolith. A spreadsheet calculator further refines <span class="hlt">profile</span> geometries, demonstrating that the non-linear regions at low residual feldspar <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> at shallow depth are dominated by exponential changes in mineral surface-to-volume ratios and at high residual feldspar <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, at greater depth, by the approach to thermodynamic saturation. These parameters are of secondary importance to the fluid flux qh, which in thermodynamically saturated pore water, controls the weathering velocity and mineral losses from the <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Long-term fluid fluxes required to reproduce the feldspar weathering <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are in agreement with contemporary values based on solute Cl balances (qh = 0.025-0.17 m yr-1). During saturation-controlled and solute-limited weathering, the greater loss of plagioclase relative to K-feldspar is dependent on the large difference in their respective solubilities instead of the small difference between their respective</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJWC.11923025S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJWC.11923025S"><span>The Potential of The Synergy of Sunphotometer and Lidar Data to Validate Vertical <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> of The Aerosol Mass <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> Estimated by An Air Quality Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Siomos, N.; Filioglou, M.; Poupkou, A.; Liora, N.; Dimopoulos, S.; Melas, D.; Chaikovsky, A.; Balis, D. S.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the aerosol mass <span class="hlt">concentration</span> derived by the Lidar/Radiometer Inversion Code (LIRIC), that uses combined sunphotometer and lidar data, were used in order to validate the aerosol mass <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> estimated by the air quality model CAMx. Lidar and CIMEL measurements performed at the Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (40.5N, 22.9E) from the period 2013-2014 were used in this study.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16475315','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16475315"><span>Atmospheric PCB <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> at Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gambaro, Andrea; Manodori, Laura; Zangrando, Roberta; Cincinelli, Alessandra; Capodaglio, Gabriele; Cescon, Paolo</p> <p>2005-12-15</p> <p><span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> of gas-phase polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) were studied over an austral summer at a site in Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Gas-phase <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of individual PCB congeners in the atmosphere of Terra Nova Bay ranged from below the detection limit to 0.25 pg m(-3), with a mean <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of sigmaPCB of 1.06 pg m(-3). The PCB <span class="hlt">profile</span> was dominated by lower-chlorinated PCB congeners; in fact >78% of the total PCB content was due to congeners with 1-4 chlorine atoms and only about 10% with 5-7 chlorines, whereas higher-chlorinated PCB congeners were below detection limits. The mean sigmaPCB <span class="hlt">concentration</span> obtained in this study were lower than those reported in previous Antarctic studies. Temporal <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of sigmaPCB do not correspond to seasonal temperature changes. In consideration of the low PCB <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span>, the studies with the wind roses, the regression between In P(PCB) and T(-1), and the distribution of congeners, we can hypothesize that PCB local source contributions are not very important, whereas long-distance transport is the prevalent factor bringing PCBs to Terra Nova Bay.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120003630','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120003630"><span><span class="hlt">Profiler</span> Support for Operations at Space Launch Ranges</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Merceret, Francis; Wilfong, Timothy; Lambert, Winifred; Short, David; Decker, Ryan; Ward, Jennifer</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Accurate vertical wind <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are essential to successful launch or landing. Wind changes can make it impossible to fly a desired trajectory or avoid dangerous vehicle loads, possibly resulting in loss of mission. Balloons take an hour to generate a <span class="hlt">profile</span> up to 20 km, but major wind changes can occur in 20 minutes. Wind <span class="hlt">profilers</span> have the temporal response to detect such last minute hazards. They also measure the winds directly overhead while balloons blow downwind. At the Eastern Range (ER), altitudes from 2 to 20 km are sampled by a 50-MHz <span class="hlt">profiler</span> every 4 minutes. The surface to 3 km is sampled by five 915-MHz <span class="hlt">profilers</span> every 15 minutes. The Range Safety office assesses the risk of potential toxic chemical dispersion. They use <span class="hlt">observational</span> data and model output to estimate the spatial extent and <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of substances dispersed within the boundary layer. The ER uses 915-MHz <span class="hlt">profilers</span> as both a real time <span class="hlt">observation</span> system and as input to dispersion models. The WR has similar plans. Wind <span class="hlt">profilers</span> support engineering analyses for the Space Shuttle. The 50-IVl11z <span class="hlt">profiler</span> was used recently to analyze changes in the low frequency wind and low vertical wavenumber content of wind <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the 3 to 15 km region of the atmosphere. The 915-MHz <span class="hlt">profiler</span> network was used to study temporal wind change within the boundary layer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GeoRL..41.6943A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GeoRL..41.6943A"><span>First spaceborne <span class="hlt">observation</span> of the entire <span class="hlt">concentric</span> airglow structure caused by tropospheric disturbance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Akiya, Y.; Saito, A.; Sakanoi, T.; Hozumi, Y.; Yamazaki, A.; Otsuka, Y.; Nishioka, M.; Tsugawa, T.</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>Spaceborne imagers are able to <span class="hlt">observe</span> the airglow structures with wide field of views regardless of the tropospheric condition that limits the <span class="hlt">observational</span> time of the ground-based imagers. <span class="hlt">Concentric</span> wave structures of the O2 airglow in 762 nm wavelength were <span class="hlt">observed</span> over North America on 1 June 2013 from the International Space Station. This was the first <span class="hlt">observation</span> in which the entire image of the structure was captured from space, and its spatial scale size was determined to be 1200 km radius without assumptions. The apparent horizontal wavelength was 80 km, and the amplitude in the intensity was approximately 20% of the background intensity. The propagation velocity of the structure was derived as 125 ± 62 m/s and atmospheric gravity waves were estimated to be generated for 3.5 ± 1.7 h. <span class="hlt">Concentric</span> structures <span class="hlt">observed</span> in this event were interpreted to be generated by super cells that caused a tornado in its early phase.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.7930C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.7930C"><span>A study of the Ionospheric electron density <span class="hlt">profile</span> with FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC <span class="hlt">observation</span> data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chou, Min-Yang; Tsai, Ho-Fang; Lin, Chi-Yen; Lee, I.-Te; Lin, Charles; Liu, Jann-Yenq</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The GPS Occultation Experiment payload onboard FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC microsatellite constellation is capable of scanning the ionospheric structure by the radio occultation (RO) technique to retrieve precise electron density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> since 2006. Due to the success of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC, the follow-on mission, FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2, is to launch 12 microsatellites in 2016 and 2018, respectively, with the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) RO instrument onboard for tracking GPS, Galileo and/or GLONASS satellite signals and to provide more than 8,000 RO soundings per day globally. An overview of the validation of the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC ionospheric <span class="hlt">profiling</span> is given by means of the traditional Abel transform through bending angle and total electron content (TEC), while the ionospheric data assimilation is also applied, based on the Gauss-Markov Kalman filter with the International Reference Ionosphere model (IRI-2007) and global ionosphere map (GIM) as background model, to assimilate TEC <span class="hlt">observations</span> from FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC. The results shows comparison of electron density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from Abel inversion and data assimilation. Furthermore, an <span class="hlt">observing</span> system simulation experiment is also applied to determine the impact of FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 on ionospheric weather monitoring, which reveals an opportunity on advanced study of small spatial and temporal variations in the ionosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001112','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001112"><span>High Temporal Resolution Tropospheric Wind <span class="hlt">Profile</span> <span class="hlt">Observations</span> at NASA Kennedy Space Center during Hurricane Irma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Decker, Ryan K.; Barbre, Robert E., Jr.; Huddleston, Lisa; Brauer, Thomas; Wilfong, Timothy</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Kennedy Space Center (KSC) operates a 48-MHz Tropospheric/Stratospheric Doppler Radar Wind <span class="hlt">Profiler</span> (TDRWP) on a continual basis generating wind <span class="hlt">profiles</span> between 2-19 km (approximately 6.6-62.3 kft) in the support of space launch vehicle operations. A benefit of the continual operability of the system is the ability to provide unique <span class="hlt">observations</span> of severe weather events such as hurricanes. On the evening of 10 September 2017, Hurricane Irma passed within 160 km (87 nmi) to the west of KSC through the middle of the Florida peninsula. The hurricane was responsible for power outages to approximately 2/3 of Florida's population (Stein, 2017). This paper will provide an overview of the TDRWP system, describe the characteristics of the wind <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the TDRWP during Irma passage, provide a comparison to previous TDRWP <span class="hlt">observations</span> from Hurricane Matthew in 2016, and provide the location where TDRWP data is available to the meteorological community.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Ap%26SS.351..289K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Ap%26SS.351..289K"><span>A comparison between <span class="hlt">observed</span> and analytical velocity dispersion <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of 20 nearby galaxy clusters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Khan, Mohammad S.; Abdullah, Mohamed H.; Ali, Gamal B.</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>We derive analytical expression for the velocity dispersion of galaxy clusters, using the statistical mechanical approach. We compare the <span class="hlt">observed</span> velocity dispersion <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for 20 nearby ( z≤0.1) galaxy clusters with the analytical ones. It is interesting to find that the analytical results closely match with the <span class="hlt">observed</span> velocity dispersion <span class="hlt">profiles</span> only if the presence of the diffuse matter in clusters is taken into consideration. This takes us to introduce a new approach to detect the ratio of diffuse mass, M diff , within a galaxy cluster. For the present sample, the ratio f= M diff / M, where M the cluster's total mass is found to has an average value of 45±12 %. This leads us to the result that nearly 45 % of the cluster mass is impeded outside the galaxies, while around 55 % of the cluster mass is settled in the galaxies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BoLMe.166..449N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BoLMe.166..449N"><span>High-Resolution Vertical <span class="hlt">Profile</span> Measurements for Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapour <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> Within and Above Crop Canopies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ney, Patrizia; Graf, Alexander</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>We present a portable elevator-based facility for measuring CO2, water vapour, temperature and wind-speed <span class="hlt">profiles</span> between the soil surface and the atmospheric surface layer above crop canopies. The end of a tube connected to a closed-path gas analyzer is continuously moved up and down over the <span class="hlt">profile</span> range (in our case, approximately 2 m) while <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> are logged at a frequency of 20 s^{-1}. Using campaign measurements in winter wheat, winter barley and a catch crop mixture (spring 2015 to autumn 2016) during different stages of crop development and different times of the day, we demonstrate a simple approach to correct for time lags, and the resulting <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of 30-min mean mole fractions of CO2 and H2O over height increments of 0.025 m. The <span class="hlt">profiles</span> clearly show the effects of soil respiration and photosynthetic carbon assimilation, varying both during the diurnal cycle and during the growing season. <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> of temperature and wind speed are based on a ventilated finewire thermocouple and a hot-wire anemometer, respectively. Measurements over bare soil and a short plant canopy were analyzed in the framework of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory to check the validity of the measurements and raw-data-processing approach. Derived fluxes of CO2, latent and sensible heat and momentum show good agreement with eddy-covariance measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...638688X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...638688X"><span>Effects of nitrogen and biochar amendment on soil methane <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and diffusion in a rice-wheat annual rotation system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xu, Xin; Wu, Zhen; Dong, Yubing; Zhou, Ziqiang; Xiong, Zhengqin</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The CH4 emissions from soil were influenced by the changeable CH4 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and diffusions in soil <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, but that have been subjected to nitrogen (N) and biochar amendment over seasonal and annual time frames. Accordingly, a two-year field experiment was conducted in southeastern China to determine the amendment effects on CH4 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and diffusive effluxes as measured by a multilevel sampling probe in paddy soil during two cycles of rice-wheat rotations. The results showed that the top 7-cm soil layers were the primary CH4 production sites during the rice-growing seasons. This layer acted as the source of CH4 generation and diffusion, and the deeper soil layers and the wheat season soil acted as the sink. N fertilization significantly increased the CH4 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and diffusive effluxes in the top 7-cm layers during the 2013 and 2014 rice seasons. Following biochar amendment, the soil CH4 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> significantly decreased during the rice season in 2014, relative to the single N treatment. Moreover, 40 t ha-1 biochar significantly decreased the diffusive effluxes during the rice seasons in both years. Therefore, our results showed that biochar amendment is a good strategy for reducing the soil <span class="hlt">profile</span> CH4 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and diffusive effluxes induced by N in paddy fields.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27929052','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27929052"><span>Effects of nitrogen and biochar amendment on soil methane <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and diffusion in a rice-wheat annual rotation system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, Xin; Wu, Zhen; Dong, Yubing; Zhou, Ziqiang; Xiong, Zhengqin</p> <p>2016-12-08</p> <p>The CH 4 emissions from soil were influenced by the changeable CH 4 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and diffusions in soil <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, but that have been subjected to nitrogen (N) and biochar amendment over seasonal and annual time frames. Accordingly, a two-year field experiment was conducted in southeastern China to determine the amendment effects on CH 4 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and diffusive effluxes as measured by a multilevel sampling probe in paddy soil during two cycles of rice-wheat rotations. The results showed that the top 7-cm soil layers were the primary CH 4 production sites during the rice-growing seasons. This layer acted as the source of CH 4 generation and diffusion, and the deeper soil layers and the wheat season soil acted as the sink. N fertilization significantly increased the CH 4 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and diffusive effluxes in the top 7-cm layers during the 2013 and 2014 rice seasons. Following biochar amendment, the soil CH 4 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> significantly decreased during the rice season in 2014, relative to the single N treatment. Moreover, 40 t ha -1 biochar significantly decreased the diffusive effluxes during the rice seasons in both years. Therefore, our results showed that biochar amendment is a good strategy for reducing the soil <span class="hlt">profile</span> CH 4 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and diffusive effluxes induced by N in paddy fields.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24739175','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24739175"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of small cluster formation in <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> monoclonal antibody solutions and its implications to solution viscosity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yearley, Eric J; Godfrin, Paul D; Perevozchikova, Tatiana; Zhang, Hailiang; Falus, Peter; Porcar, Lionel; Nagao, Michihiro; Curtis, Joseph E; Gawande, Pradad; Taing, Rosalynn; Zarraga, Isidro E; Wagner, Norman J; Liu, Yun</p> <p>2014-04-15</p> <p>Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a major class of biopharmaceuticals. It is hypothesized that some <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> mAb solutions exhibit formation of a solution phase consisting of reversibly self-associated aggregates (or reversible clusters), which is speculated to be responsible for their distinct solution properties. Here, we report direct <span class="hlt">observation</span> of reversible clusters in <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> solutions of mAbs using neutron spin echo. Specifically, a stable mAb solution is studied across a transition from dispersed monomers in dilute solution to clustered states at more <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> conditions, where clusters of a preferred size are <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Once mAb clusters have formed, their size, in contrast to that <span class="hlt">observed</span> in typical globular protein solutions, is <span class="hlt">observed</span> to remain nearly constant over a wide range of <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Our results not only conclusively establish a clear relationship between the undesirable high viscosity of some mAb solutions and the formation of reversible clusters with extended open structures, but also directly <span class="hlt">observe</span> self-assembled mAb protein clusters of preferred small finite size similar to that in micelle formation that dominate the properties of <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> mAb solutions. Copyright © 2014 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18..236G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18..236G"><span>Seasonal dynamics of soil CO2 efflux and soil <span class="hlt">profile</span> CO2 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in arboretum of Moscow botanical garden</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Goncharova, Olga; Udovenko, Maria; Matyshak, Georgy</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>To analyse and predict recent and future climate change on a global scale exchange processes of greenhouse gases - primarily carbon dioxide - over various ecosystems are of rising interest. In order to upscale land-use dependent sources and sinks of CO2, knowledge of the local variability of carbon fluxes is needed. Among terrestrial ecosystems, urban areas play an important role because most of anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide originate from these areas. On the other hand, urban soils have the potential to store large amounts of soil organic carbon and, thus, contribute to mitigating increases in atmospheric CO2 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Research objectives: 1) estimate the seasonal dynamics of carbon dioxide production (emission - closed chamber technique and <span class="hlt">profile</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> - soil air sampling tubes method) by soils of Moscow State University Botanical Garden Arboretum planted with Picea obovata and Pinus sylvestris, 1) identification the factors that control CO2 production. The study was conducted with 1-2 weeks intervals between October 2013 and November 2015 at two sites. Carbon dioxide soil surface efflux during the year ranged from 0 to 800 mgCO2/(m2hr). Efflux values above 0 mgCO2/(m2hr) was <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the all cold period except for only 3 weeks. Soil CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> ranged from 1600-3000 ppm in upper 10-cm layer to 10000-40000 ppm at a depth of 60 cm. The maximum <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of CO2 were recorded in late winter and late summer. We associate it with high biological activity (both heterotrophic and autotrophic) during the summer, and with physical gas jamming in the winter. The high value of annual CO2 production of the studied soils is caused by high organic matter content, slightly alkaline reaction, good structure and texture of urban soils. Differences in soil CO2 production by spruce and pine urban forest soils (in the pine forest 1.5-2.0 times higher) are caused by urban soil <span class="hlt">profiles</span> construction, but not temperature regimes. Seasonal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4585174','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4585174"><span>A multiscale computational model of spatially resolved calcium cycling in cardiac myocytes: from detailed cleft dynamics to the whole cell <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Vierheller, Janine; Neubert, Wilhelm; Falcke, Martin; Gilbert, Stephen H.; Chamakuri, Nagaiah</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Mathematical modeling of excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) in ventricular cardiac myocytes is a multiscale problem, and it is therefore difficult to develop spatially detailed simulation tools. ECC involves gradients on the length scale of 100 nm in dyadic spaces and <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> along the 100 μm of the whole cell, as well as the sub-millisecond time scale of local <span class="hlt">concentration</span> changes and the change of lumenal Ca2+ content within tens of seconds. Our concept for a multiscale mathematical model of Ca2+ -induced Ca2+ release (CICR) and whole cardiomyocyte electrophysiology incorporates stochastic simulation of individual LC- and RyR-channels, spatially detailed <span class="hlt">concentration</span> dynamics in dyadic clefts, rabbit membrane potential dynamics, and a system of partial differential equations for myoplasmic and lumenal free Ca2+ and Ca2+-binding molecules in the bulk of the cell. We developed a novel computational approach to resolve the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> gradients from dyadic space to cell level by using a quasistatic approximation within the dyad and finite element methods for integrating the partial differential equations. We show whole cell Ca2+-<span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> using three previously published RyR-channel Markov schemes. PMID:26441674</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29803029','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29803029"><span>Vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of lung deposited surface area <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of particulate matter measured with a drone in a street canyon.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kuuluvainen, Heino; Poikkimäki, Mikko; Järvinen, Anssi; Kuula, Joel; Irjala, Matti; Dal Maso, Miikka; Keskinen, Jorma; Timonen, Hilkka; Niemi, Jarkko V; Rönkkö, Topi</p> <p>2018-05-23</p> <p>The vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of lung deposited surface area (LDSA) <span class="hlt">concentration</span> were measured in an urban street canyon in Helsinki, Finland, by using an unmanned aerial system (UAS) as a moving measurement platform. The street canyon can be classified as an avenue canyon with an aspect ratio of 0.45 and the UAS was a multirotor drone especially modified for emission measurements. In the experiments of this study, the drone was equipped with a small diffusion charge sensor capable of measuring the alveolar LDSA <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of particles. The drone measurements were conducted during two days on the same spatial location at the kerbside of the street canyon by flying vertically from the ground level up to an altitude of 50 m clearly above the rooftop level (19 m) of the nearest buildings. The drone data were supported by simultaneous measurements and by a two-week period of measurements at nearby locations with various instruments. The results showed that the averaged LDSA <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> decreased approximately from 60 μm 2 /cm 3 measured close to the ground level to 36-40 μm 2 /cm 3 measured close to the rooftop level of the street canyon, and further to 16-26 μm 2 /cm 3 measured at 50 m. The high-resolution measurement data enabled an accurate analysis of the functional form of vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> both in the street canyon and above the rooftop level. In both of these regions, exponential fits were used and the parameters obtained from the fits were thoroughly compared to the values found in literature. The results of this study indicated that the role of turbulent mixing caused by traffic was emphasized compared to the street canyon vortex as a driving force of the dispersion. In addition, the vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> above the rooftop level showed a similar exponential decay compared to the <span class="hlt">profiles</span> measured inside the street canyon. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820048714&hterms=oso&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Doso','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820048714&hterms=oso&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Doso"><span>Evidence of redshifts in the average solar line <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of C IV and Si IV from OSO-8 <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Roussel-Dupre, D.; Shine, R. A.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Line <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of C IV and Si V obtained by the Colorado spectrometer on OSO-8 are presented. It is shown that the mean <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are redshifted with a magnitude varying from 6-20 km/s, and with a mean of 12 km/s. An apparent average downflow of material in the 50,000-100,000 K temperature range is measured. The redshifts are <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the line center positions of spatially and temporally averaged <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and are measured either relative to chromospheric Si I lines or from a comparison of sun center and limb <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> of 6-20 km/s redshifts place constraints on the mechanisms that dominate EUV line emission since it requires a strong weighting of the emission in regions of downward moving material, and since there is little evidence for corresponding upward moving materials in these lines.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1742882','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1742882"><span>A distribution method for analysing the baseline of pulsatile endocrine signals as exemplified by 24-hour growth hormone <span class="hlt">profiles</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Matthews, D R; Hindmarsh, P C; Pringle, P J; Brook, C G</p> <p>1991-09-01</p> <p>To develop a method for quantifying the distribution of <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> present in hormone <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, which would allow an <span class="hlt">observer</span>-unbiased estimate of the time <span class="hlt">concentration</span> attribute and to make an assessment of the baseline. The log-transformed <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (regardless of their temporal attribute) are sorted and allocated to class intervals. The number of <span class="hlt">observations</span> in each interval are then determined and expressed as a percentage of the total number of samples drawn in the study period. The data may be displayed as a frequency distribution or as a cumulative distribution. Cumulative distributions may be plotted as sigmoidal ogives or can be transformed into discrete probabilities (linear probits), which are then linear, and amenable to regression analysis. Probability analysis gives estimates of the mean (the value below which 50% of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> lie, which we term 'OC50'). 'Baseline' can be defined in terms of percentage occupancy--the '<span class="hlt">Observed</span> <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> for 5%' (which we term 'OC5') which is the threshold at or below which the hormone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> are measured 5% of the time. We report the use of applying this method to 24-hour growth hormone (GH) <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from 63 children, 26 adults and one giant. We demonstrate that GH effects (growth or gigantism) in these groups are more related to the baseline OC5 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> than peak <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (OC5 +/- 95% confidence limits: adults 0.05 +/- 0.04, peak-height-velocity pubertal 0.39 +/- 0.22, giant 8.9 mU/l). Pulsatile hormone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> can be analysed using this method in order to assess baseline and other <span class="hlt">concentration</span> domains.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ESASP.735E..26B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ESASP.735E..26B"><span>Combined Use of Satellite <span class="hlt">Observations</span> with Urban Surface Characteristics to Estimate PM <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> by Employing Mixed-Effects Models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Beloconi, Anton; Benas, Nikolaos; Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Kamarianakis, Yiannis</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>Linear mixed effects models were developed for the estimation of the average daily Particulate Matter (PM) <span class="hlt">concentration</span> spatial distribution over the area of Greater London (UK). Both fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were predicted for the 2002- 2012 time period, based on satellite data. The latter included Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) at 3×3 km spatial resolution, as well as the Surface Relative Humidity, Surface Temperature and K-Index derived from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor. For a meaningful interpretation of the association among these variables, all data were homogenized with regard to spatial support and geographic projection, thus addressing the change of support problem and leading to a valid statistical inference. To this end, spatial (2D) and spatio- temporal (3D) kriging techniques were applied to in-situ particulate matter <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and the leave-one- station-out cross-validation was performed on a daily level to gauge the quality of the predictions. Satellite- derived covariates displayed clear seasonal patterns; in order to work with data which is stationary in mean, for each covariate, deviations from its estimated annual <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were computed using nonlinear least squares and nonlinear absolute deviations. High-resolution land- cover and morphology static datasets were additionally incorporated in the analysis in order to catch the effects of nearby emission sources and sequestration sites. For pairwise comparisons of the particulate matter <span class="hlt">concentration</span> means at distinct land-cover classes, the pairwise comparisons method for unequal sample sizes, known as Tukey's method, was performed. The use of satellite-derived products allowed better assessment of space-time interactions of PM, since these daily spatial measurements were able to capture differences in PM <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> between grid cells, while the use of high- resolution land-cover and morphology static datasets allowed accounting for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780061652&hterms=1082&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231082','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780061652&hterms=1082&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231082"><span>Sodium D-line emission from Io - Comparison of <span class="hlt">observed</span> and theoretical line <span class="hlt">profiles</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Carlson, R. W.; Matson, D. L.; Johnson, T. V.; Bergstralh, J. T.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>High-resolution spectra of the D-line <span class="hlt">profiles</span> have been obtained for Io's sodium emission cloud. These lines, which are produced through resonance scattering of sunlight, are broad and asymmetric and can be used to infer source and dynamical properties of the sodium cloud. In this paper we compare line <span class="hlt">profile</span> data with theoretical line shapes computed for several assumed initial velocity distributions corresponding to various source mechanisms. We also examine the consequences of source distributions which are nonuniform over the surface of Io. It is found that the experimental data are compatible with escape of sodium atoms from the leading hemisphere of Io and with velocity distributions characteristic of sputtering processes. Thermal escape and simple models of plasma sweeping are found to be incompatible with the <span class="hlt">observations</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9525E..3YO','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9525E..3YO"><span>Remote sensing of temperature and <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of a gas jet by coupling infrared emission spectroscopy and LIDAR for characterization of aircraft engine exhaust</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Offret, J.-P.; Lebedinsky, J.; Navello, L.; Pina, V.; Serio, B.; Bailly, Y.; Hervé, P.</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>Temperature data play an important role in the combustion chamber since it determines both the efficiency and the rate of pollutants emission of engines. Air pollution problem concerns the emissions of gases such as CO, CO2, NO, NO2, SO2 and also aerosols, soot and volatile organic compounds. Flame combustion occurs in hostile environments where temperature and <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are often not easy to measure. In this study, a temperature and CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> optical measurement method, suitable for combustion analysis, is discussed and presented. The proposed optical metrology method presents numerous advantages when compared to intrusive methods. The experimental setup comprises a passive radiative emission measurement method combined with an active laser-measurement method. The passive method is based on the use of gas emission spectroscopy. The experimental spectrometer device is coupled with an active method. The active method is used to investigate and correct complex flame <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. This method similar to a LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) device is based on the measurement of Rayleigh scattering of a short laser pulse recorded using a high-speed streak camera. The whole experimental system of this new method is presented. Results obtained on a small-scale turbojet are shown and discussed in order to illustrate the potentials deliver by the sophisticated method. Both temperature and <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the gas jet are presented and discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16245536','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16245536"><span>Effect of nanoparticle nature on hydrogen <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and improved switching characteristics in Gd switchable mirrors.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Aruna, I; Mehta, B R; Malhotra, L K; Khan, S A; Avasthi, D K</p> <p>2005-10-01</p> <p>A detailed elastic recoil detection analysis using 40 MeV 28Si5+ ions has been carried out to study the changes in the H <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> during the hydrogenation/dehydrogenation process in polycrystalline and nanoparticle Gd layers formed using vacuum evaporation and inert gas evaporation techniques, respectively. Nanoparticle sample exhibits a larger difference in the [H]/[Gd] values (2.9 and 1.7) in comparison to polycrystalline sample (2.4 and 2.0) in the loaded and deloaded states. Hydrogenation/dehydrogenation activity is restricted to the top portion in case of polycrystalline sample. In contrast to this, size induced structural transformation; enhanced surface area and the presence of large number of inter particle boundaries due to nanoparticle character result in the complete Gd layer becoming active during switching.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRD..12011536D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRD..12011536D"><span>Mesoscale kinematics derived from X-band Doppler radar <span class="hlt">observations</span> of convective versus stratiform precipitation and comparison with GPS radiosonde <span class="hlt">profiles</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Deshpande, Sachin M.; Dhangar, N.; Das, S. K.; Kalapureddy, M. C. R.; Chakravarty, K.; Sonbawne, S.; Konwar, M.</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>Single Doppler analysis techniques known as velocity azimuth display (VAD) and volume velocity processing (VVP) are used to analyze kinematics of mesoscale flow such as horizontal wind and divergence using X-band Doppler weather radar <span class="hlt">observations</span>, for selected cases of convective, stratiform, and shallow cloud systems near tropical Indian sites Pune (18.58°N, 73.92°E, above sea level (asl) 560 m) and Mandhardev (18.51°N, 73.85°E, asl 1297 m). The vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of horizontal wind estimated from radar VVP/VAD methods agree well with GPS radiosonde <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, with the low-level jet at about 1.5 km during monsoon season well depicted in both. The vertical structure and temporal variability of divergence and reflectivity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are indicative of the dynamical and microphysical characteristics of shallow convective, deep convective, and stratiform cloud systems. In shallow convective systems, vertical development of reflectivity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> is limited below 5 km. In deep convective systems, reflectivity values as large as 55 dBZ were <span class="hlt">observed</span> above freezing level. The stratiform system shows the presence of a reflectivity bright band (~35 dBZ) near the melting level. The diagnosed vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of divergence in convective and stratiform systems are distinct. In shallow convective conditions, convergence was seen below 4 km with divergence above. Low-level convergence and upper level divergence are <span class="hlt">observed</span> in deep convective <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, while stratiform precipitation has midlevel convergence present between lower level and upper level divergence. The divergence <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in stratiform precipitation exhibit intense shallow layers of "melting convergence" at 0°C level, near 4.5 km altitude, with a steep gradient on the both sides of the peak. The level of nondivergence in stratiform situations is lower than that in convective situations. These <span class="hlt">observed</span> vertical structures of divergence are largely indicative of latent heating <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the atmosphere, an</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..316a2028M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..316a2028M"><span>Effect of sodium tripolyphosphate <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and simulated gastrointestinal fluids on release <span class="hlt">profile</span> of paracetamol from chitosan microsphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mulia, Kamarza; Andrie; Krisanti, Elsa A.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The problem to overcome in oral drug administration is the significant pH changes present in the human digestive system. In this study, ionotropic gelation method employing 2-8% (w/v) tripolyphosphate solutions were used to crosslink chitosan microspheres for a controlled release of paracetamol as a model drug. The release <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of paracetamol from chitosan microspheres were determined using simulated gastrointestinal fluids having pH values of 1.2, 6.8, and 7.4. The results showed that the paracetamol loading and the encapsulation efficiency values increased with increasing <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of tripolyphosphate solutions used in the preparation step. Paracetamol released at pH 1.2 and 6.8 buffer solutions was significantly higher than that at pH 7.4; also, more paracetamol was released in the presence of α-amylase and β-glucosidase enzymes. The release <span class="hlt">profiles</span> showed zero-order release behaviour up to 8 hours where the highest drug release was 39% of the paracetamol loaded in the chitosan microspheres, indicating a strong crosslinking between chitosan and TPP anions. The relatively low accumulated drug release could be compensated by employing suitable enzymes, lower TPP solution <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, and addition of other biodegradable polymer to reduce the TPP crosslink.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090009345','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090009345"><span>Combining Satellite Microwave Radiometer and Radar <span class="hlt">Observations</span> to Estimate Atmospheric Latent Heating <span class="hlt">Profiles</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Grecu, Mircea; Olson, William S.; Shie, Chung-Lin; L'Ecuyer, Tristan S.; Tao, Wei-Kuo</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>In this study, satellite passive microwave sensor <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) are utilized to make estimates of latent + eddy sensible heating rates (Q1-QR) in regions of precipitation. The TMI heating algorithm (TRAIN) is calibrated, or "trained" using relatively accurate estimates of heating based upon spaceborne Precipitation Radar (PR) <span class="hlt">observations</span> collocated with the TMI <span class="hlt">observations</span> over a one-month period. The heating estimation technique is based upon a previously described Bayesian methodology, but with improvements in supporting cloud-resolving model simulations, an adjustment of precipitation echo tops to compensate for model biases, and a separate scaling of convective and stratiform heating components that leads to an approximate balance between estimated vertically-integrated condensation and surface precipitation. Estimates of Q1-QR from TMI compare favorably with the PR training estimates and show only modest sensitivity to the cloud-resolving model simulations of heating used to construct the training data. Moreover, the net condensation in the corresponding annual mean satellite latent heating <span class="hlt">profile</span> is within a few percent of the annual mean surface precipitation rate over the tropical and subtropical oceans where the algorithm is applied. Comparisons of Q1 produced by combining TMI Q1-QR with independently derived estimates of QR show reasonable agreement with rawinsonde-based analyses of Q1 from two field campaigns, although the satellite estimates exhibit heating <span class="hlt">profile</span> structure with sharper and more intense heating peaks than the rawinsonde estimates. 2</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29724459','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29724459"><span>Vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP-derived radiocesium <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in the waters of the southwestern Okhotsk Sea (2011-2017).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Inoue, Mutsuo; Morokado, Toshiki; Fujimoto, Ken; Miki, Shizuho; Kofuji, Hisaki; Isoda, Yutaka; Nagao, Seiya</p> <p>2018-04-30</p> <p>We examined the vertical 134 Cs and 137 Cs <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the southwestern Okhotsk Sea in 2011, 2013, and 2017. In June 2011, atmospheric deposition-derived 134 Cs from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) was detected at depths of 0-200 m (0.06-0.6 mBq/L). In July 2013, 134 Cs detected at depths of 100-200 m (∼0.05 mBq/L) was ascribed to the transport of low-level 134 Cs-contaminated water and/or the convection of radioactive depositions (<0.03 mBq/L at depths of 0-50 m). In July 2017, 134 Cs was detected in water samples at depths above 300 m (0.03-0.05 mBq/L), and the inventory, decay-corrected to the FDNPP accident date, exhibited its maximum value (85 Bq/m 2 ) during this period. Combining temperature-salinity data with the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of global fallout-derived 137 Cs led to a plausible explanation for this <span class="hlt">observation</span>, which is a consequence of re-entry of FDNPP-derived radiocesium through the Kuril Strait from the northwestern North Pacific Ocean to the Okhotsk Sea and subsequent mixing with the south Okhotsk subsurface layer until 2017. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JNuM..504..181B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JNuM..504..181B"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of oscillatory radiation induced segregation <span class="hlt">profiles</span> at grain boundaries in neutron irradiated 316 stainless steel using atom probe tomography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barr, Christopher M.; Felfer, Peter J.; Cole, James I.; Taheri, Mitra L.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Radiation induced segregation in austenitic Fe-Ni-Cr stainless steels is a key detrimental microstructural modification experienced in the current generation of light water reactors. In particular, Cr depletion at grain boundaries can be a significant factor in irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking. Therefore, having a complete knowledge and mechanistic understanding of radiation induced segregation at high dose and after a long thermal history is desired for continued sustainability of existing reactors. Here, we examine a 12% cold worked AISI 316 stainless steel hexagonal duct exposed in the lower dose, outer blanket region of the EBR-II reactor, by using advanced characterization and analysis techniques including atom probe tomography and analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy. Contrary to existing literature, we <span class="hlt">observe</span> an oscillatory w-shape Cr and M-shape Ni <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profile</span> at 31 dpa. The presence and characterization through advanced atom probe tomography analysis of the w-shape Cr RIS <span class="hlt">profile</span> is discussed in the context of the localized GB plane interfacial excess of the other major and minor alloying elements. The key finding of a co-segregation phenomena coupling Cr, Mo, and C is discussed in the context of the existing solute segregation literature under irradiation with emphasis on improved spatial and chemical resolution of atom probe tomography.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013E%26ES...16a2007A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013E%26ES...16a2007A"><span>Troubleshooting for the <span class="hlt">observed</span> problems in processing latex <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> from natural resource</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Afreen, S.; Haque, K. R.; Huda, M. K.</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>Natural latex has special importance in the rubber industry for manufacturing different types of goods like gloves, balloons, male contraceptive and similar thin walled articles. This natural latex is much more sensitive a liquid to handle since it can easily become contaminated and thereby coagulated which makes it unfavourable for centrifuge and getting <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> from it. Some other related measures also are included in consideration during the processing of <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> latex from the natural raw latex. The problems that are being faced in a <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> latex processing plant can be categorized in different groups like, problems related to the latex property, mechanical problems, electrical problems, handling and storage problems, transformation problems, problems related to environmental issues, etc. Among them, the most common and vital problems frequently <span class="hlt">observed</span> in a <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> latex processing plant are discussed here with a view to finding the measures for solution which will help to maintain the latex property in any latex processing plant.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ThApC.131..927W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ThApC.131..927W"><span>Quantitative detection of mass <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of sand-dust storms via wind-<span class="hlt">profiling</span> radar and analysis of Z- M relationship</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Minzhong; Ming, Hu; Ruan, Zheng; Gao, Lianhui; Yang, Di</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>With the aim to achieve quantitative monitoring of sand-dust storms in real time, wind-<span class="hlt">profiling</span> radar is applied to monitor and study the process of four sand-dust storms in the Tazhong area of the Taklimakan Desert. Through evaluation and analysis of the spatial-temporal distribution of reflectivity factor, it is found that reflectivity factor ranges from 2 to 18 dBz under sand-dust storm weather. Using echo power spectrum of radar vertical beams, sand-dust particle spectrum and sand-dust mass <span class="hlt">concentration</span> at the altitude of 600 ˜ 1500 m are retrieved. This study shows that sand-dust mass <span class="hlt">concentration</span> reaches 700 μg/m3 under blowing sand weather, 2000 μg/m3 under sand-dust storm weather, and 400 μg/m3 under floating dust weather. The following equations are established to represent the relationship between the reflectivity factor and sand-dust mass <span class="hlt">concentration</span>: Z = 20713.5 M 0.995 under floating dust weather, Z = 22988.3 M 1.006 under blowing sand weather, and Z = 24584.2 M 1.013 under sand-dust storm weather. The retrieval results from this paper are almost consistent with previous monitoring results achieved by former researchers; thus, it is implied that wind-<span class="hlt">profiling</span> radar can be used as a new reference device to quantitatively monitor sand-dust storms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9668E..3PL','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9668E..3PL"><span>Experimental investigation of a nanofluid absorber employed in a low-<span class="hlt">profile</span>, <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> solar thermal collector</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Qiyuan; Zheng, Cheng; Mesgari, Sara; Hewakuruppu, Yasitha L.; Hjerrild, Natasha; Crisostomo, Felipe; Morrison, Karl; Woffenden, Albert; Rosengarten, Gary; Scott, Jason A.; Taylor, Robert A.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Recent studies [1-3] have demonstrated that nanotechnology, in the form of nanoparticles suspended in water and organic liquids, can be employed to enhance solar collection via direct volumetric absorbers. However, current nanofluid solar collector experimental studies are either relevant to low-temperature flat plate solar collectors (<100 °C) [4] or higher temperature (>100 °C) indoor laboratory-scale <span class="hlt">concentrating</span> solar collectors [1, 5]. Moreover, many of these studies involve in thermal properties of nanofluid (such as thermal conductivity) enhancement in solar collectors by using conventional selective coated steel/copper tube receivers [6], and no full-scale <span class="hlt">concentrating</span> collector has been tested at outdoor condition by employing nanofluid absorber [2, 6]. Thus, there is a need of experimental researches to evaluate the exact performance of full-scale <span class="hlt">concentrating</span> solar collector by employing nanofluids absorber at outdoor condition. As reported previously [7-9], a low <span class="hlt">profile</span> (<10 cm height) solar thermal <span class="hlt">concentrating</span> collector was designed and analysed which can potentially supply thermal energy in the 100-250 °C range (an application currently met by gas and electricity). The present study focuses on the design and experimental investigation of a nanofluid absorber employed in this newly designed collector. The nanofluid absorber consists of glass tubes used to contain chemically functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dispersed in DI water. MWCNTs (average diameter of 6-13 nm and average length of 2.5-20 μm) were functionalized by potassium persulfate as an oxidant. The nanofluids were prepared with a MCWNT <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of 50 +/- 0.1 mg/L to form a balance between solar absorption depth and viscosity (e.g. pumping power). Moreover, experimentally comparison of the thermal efficiency between two receivers (a black chrome-coated copper tube versus a MWCNT nanofluid contained within a glass tubetube) is investigated. Thermal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1246945-observations-using-inside-air-concentrations-predictor-outside-air-concentrations','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1246945-observations-using-inside-air-concentrations-predictor-outside-air-concentrations"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> on using inside air <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> as a predictor of outside air <span class="hlt">concentrations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Hawkley, Gavin; Whicker, Jeffrey; Harris, Jason</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Here, excavations of radiological material were performed within confined structures with known operational parameters, such as a filtered exhaust system with known filtration efficiency. Given the known efficiency, the assumption could be made that the air <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of radioactivity measured outside the structure would be proportional to the air <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> measured inside the structure. To investigate this assumption, the inside <span class="hlt">concentration</span> data was compared with the outside <span class="hlt">concentration</span> data. The correlation of the data suggested that the inside <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were not a good predictor of the outside <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. This poor correlation was deemed to be a result of operational unknownsmore » within the structures.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20930393','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20930393"><span>The relationship between the drug <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in plasma and the drug doses in the colon.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tajiri, Shinichiro; Kanamaru, Taro; Yoshida, Kazuhiro; Hosoi, Yasue; Konno, Tsutomu; Yada, Shuichi; Nakagami, Hiroaki</p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>After the dosing of an extended-release (ER) formulation, compounds may exist in solutions at various <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in the colon because the drugs are released at various speeds from the ER dosage form. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the drug <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in plasma and the drug doses in the colon. Several drug solutions of different <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were directly administered into the ascending colon of dogs using a lubricated endoscope, and the effects of the drug dose on colonic absorption were estimated. As a result, dose-dependency of colonic absorption varied from compound to compound. Although the relative bioavailability of colonic administration of diclofenac, metformin and cevimeline compared to oral administration was similar regardless of the drug doses in the colon, colonic absorption of diltiazem varied according to the doses. From the results of the co-administration of verapamil and fexofenadine, it was clear that diltiazem underwent extensive hepatic and gastrointestinal first-pass metabolism, resulting in a low area under the curves (AUC) at a low drug dose. During the design of oral ER delivery systems, a colonic absorption study of candidate compounds should be carried out at several solutions of different drug <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and assessed carefully.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23909905','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23909905"><span>Loss of body weight and fat and improved lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in obese rats fed apple pomace or apple juice <span class="hlt">concentrate</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cho, Kyung-Dong; Han, Chan-Kyu; Lee, Bog-Hieu</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of apple pomace (AP) and apple juice <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> (AC) supplementation on body weight and fat loss as well as lipid metabolism in obese rats fed a high-fat diet. Diet-induced obese rats were assigned to three groups (n=8 for each group): high fat diet (HFD) control, HFD containing 10% (w/w) AP, and HFD containing 10% (w/w) AC. There was also a normal diet group (n=8). After 5 weeks, body weight gain, adipose tissue weight, serum and hepatic lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, liver morphology, and adipocyte size were measured. Body weight gain, white adipose tissue (WAT) weight, serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, epididymal adipocyte size, and lesion scores were significantly lower and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and brown adipose tissue weights were significantly higher in the AP and AC groups compared with the HFD group. In addition, atherogenic indices in the AP and AC groups were significantly lower than in the HFD group. These results indicate that supplementing apple products such as AP and AC may help suppress body weight and WAT gain, as well as improve lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in diet-induced obese rats.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3778949','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3778949"><span>Loss of Body Weight and Fat and Improved Lipid <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> in Obese Rats Fed Apple Pomace or Apple Juice <span class="hlt">Concentrate</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cho, Kyung-Dong; Han, Chan-Kyu</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of apple pomace (AP) and apple juice <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> (AC) supplementation on body weight and fat loss as well as lipid metabolism in obese rats fed a high-fat diet. Diet-induced obese rats were assigned to three groups (n=8 for each group): high fat diet (HFD) control, HFD containing 10% (w/w) AP, and HFD containing 10% (w/w) AC. There was also a normal diet group (n=8). After 5 weeks, body weight gain, adipose tissue weight, serum and hepatic lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, liver morphology, and adipocyte size were measured. Body weight gain, white adipose tissue (WAT) weight, serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, epididymal adipocyte size, and lesion scores were significantly lower and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and brown adipose tissue weights were significantly higher in the AP and AC groups compared with the HFD group. In addition, atherogenic indices in the AP and AC groups were significantly lower than in the HFD group. These results indicate that supplementing apple products such as AP and AC may help suppress body weight and WAT gain, as well as improve lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in diet-induced obese rats. PMID:23909905</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A11C0065S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A11C0065S"><span>Vertical and Spatial <span class="hlt">Profiling</span> of Arctic Black Carbon on the North Slope of Alaska 2015: Comparison of Model and <span class="hlt">Observation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sedlacek, A. J., III; Feng, Y.; Biraud, S.; Springston, S. R.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>One of the major issues confronting aerosol climate simulations of the Arctic and Antarctic Cryospheres is the lack of detailed data on the vertical and spatial distribution of aerosols with which to test these models. This is due, in part, to the inherent difficulty of conducting such measurements in extreme environments. One class of under measured radiative forcing agents in the Polar Region is the absorbing aerosol - black carbon and brown carbon. In particular, vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> information of BC is critical in reducing uncertainty in model assessment of aerosol radiative impact at high latitudes. During the summer of 2015, a Single-Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) was deployed aboard the Department of Energy (DOE) Gultstream-1 (G-1) aircraft to measure refractory BC (rBC) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> as part of the DOE-sponsored ACME-V (ARM Airborne Carbon Measurements) campaign. This campaign was conducted from June through to mid-September along the North Slope of Alaska and was punctuated by vertical <span class="hlt">profiling</span> over 5 sites (Atquasuk, Barrow, Ivotuk, Oliktok, and Toolik). In addition, measurement of CO, CO2 and CH4were also taken to provide information on the spatial and seasonal differences in GHG sources and how these sources correlate with BC. Lastly, these aerosol and gas measurements provide an important dataset to assess the representativeness of ground sites at regional scales. Comparisons between <span class="hlt">observations</span> and a global climate model (CAM5) simulations will be agumented with a discussion on the capability of the model to capture <span class="hlt">observed</span> monthly mean <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of BC and stratified aerosol layers. Additionally, the ability of the SP2 to partition rBC-containing particles into nascent or aged species allows an evaluation of how well the CAM5 model captures aging of long distant transported carbonaceous aerosols. Finally model sensitivity studies will be aso be presented that investigated the relative importance of the different emission sectors to the summer Arctic</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70192098','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70192098"><span>Calculation of in situ acoustic sediment attenuation using off-the-shelf horizontal ADCPs in low <span class="hlt">concentration</span> settings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Haught, Dan; Venditti, Jeremy G.; Wright, Scott A.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The use of “off-the-shelf” acoustic Doppler velocity <span class="hlt">profilers</span> (ADCPs) to estimate suspended sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and grain-size in rivers requires robust methods to estimate sound attenuation by suspended sediment. Theoretical estimates of sediment attenuation require a priori knowledge of the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and grain-size distribution (GSD), making the method impractical to apply in routine monitoring programs. In situ methods use acoustic backscatter <span class="hlt">profile</span> slope to estimate sediment attenuation, and are a more attractive option. However, the performance of in situ sediment attenuation methods has not been extensively compared to theoretical methods. We used three collocated horizontally mounted ADCPs in the Fraser River at Mission, British Columbia and 298 <span class="hlt">observations</span> of <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and GSD along the acoustic beams to calculate theoretical and in situ sediment attenuation. Conversion of acoustic intensity from counts to decibels is influenced by the instrument noise floor, which affects the backscatter <span class="hlt">profile</span> shape and therefore in situ attenuation. We develop a method that converts counts to decibels to maximize <span class="hlt">profile</span> length, which is useful in rivers where cross-channel acoustic <span class="hlt">profile</span> penetration is a fraction of total channel width. Nevertheless, the agreement between theoretical and in situ attenuation is poor at low <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> because cross-stream gradients in <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, sediment size or GSD can develop, which affect the backscatter <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. We establish threshold <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> below which in situ attenuation is unreliable in Fraser River. Our results call for careful examination of cross-stream changes in suspended sediment characteristics and acoustic <span class="hlt">profiles</span> across a range of flows before in situ attenuation methods are applied in river monitoring programs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1344234-convective-cloud-vertical-velocity-mass-flux-characteristics-from-radar-wind-profiler-observations-during-goamazon2014-vertical-velocity-goamazon2014','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1344234-convective-cloud-vertical-velocity-mass-flux-characteristics-from-radar-wind-profiler-observations-during-goamazon2014-vertical-velocity-goamazon2014"><span>Convective cloud vertical velocity and mass-flux characteristics from radar wind <span class="hlt">profiler</span> <span class="hlt">observations</span> during GoAmazon2014/5: VERTICAL VELOCITY GOAMAZON2014/5</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Giangrande, Scott E.; Toto, Tami; Jensen, Michael P.; ...</p> <p>2016-11-15</p> <p>A radar wind <span class="hlt">profiler</span> data set collected during the 2 year Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) campaign is used to estimate convective cloud vertical velocity, area fraction, and mass flux <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Vertical velocity <span class="hlt">observations</span> are presented using cumulative frequency histograms and weighted mean <span class="hlt">profiles</span> to provide insights in a manner suitable for global climate model scale comparisons (spatial domains from 20 km to 60 km). Convective <span class="hlt">profile</span> sensitivity to changes in environmental conditions and seasonal regime controls is also considered. Aggregate and ensemble average vertical velocity, convective area fraction, andmore » mass flux <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, as well as magnitudes and relative <span class="hlt">profile</span> behaviors, are found consistent with previous studies. Updrafts and downdrafts increase in magnitude with height to midlevels (6 to 10 km), with updraft area also increasing with height. Updraft mass flux <span class="hlt">profiles</span> similarly increase with height, showing a peak in magnitude near 8 km. Downdrafts are <span class="hlt">observed</span> to be most frequent below the freezing level, with downdraft area monotonically decreasing with height. Updraft and downdraft <span class="hlt">profile</span> behaviors are further stratified according to environmental controls. These results indicate stronger vertical velocity <span class="hlt">profile</span> behaviors under higher convective available potential energy and lower low-level moisture conditions. Sharp contrasts in convective area fraction and mass flux <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are most pronounced when retrievals are segregated according to Amazonian wet and dry season conditions. During this deployment, wet season regimes favored higher domain mass flux <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, attributed to more frequent convection that offsets weaker average convective cell vertical velocities.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26580721','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26580721"><span>Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments from the Southern Yellow Sea: <span class="hlt">Concentration</span>, composition <span class="hlt">profile</span>, source identification and mass inventory.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Guoguang; Peng, Jialin; Xu, Xiang; Zhang, Dahai; Li, Xianguo</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>The Southern Yellow Sea (SYS) is believed to be influenced by the contaminants from mainland China and the Korean peninsula. Here we report the first record about <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the sediments of the SYS. The <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of ∑(7)PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) and BDE-209 were 0.064-0.807 ng g(-1) (dry weight) and 0.067-1.961 ng g(-1) with a mean value of 0.245 ng g(-1) and 0.652 ng g(-1), respectively. These are distinctively low compared with the PBDE levels previously reported in other regions of the world. PBDE <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> gradually increased from the coastal areas to the central mud area. BDE-209 was the dominant congener, accounting for 70.2-91.6% of the total PBDEs. Congener <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of PBDEs were similar to those in sediments from the Bohai Sea (BS), Laizhou Bay and modern Yellow River, which might be a tentative indication that they shared similar sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that PBDEs in the SYS were mainly from continental runoff (69.0%) and atmospheric deposition (31.0%). Depth <span class="hlt">profile</span> of PBDEs in a sediment core collected from the edge of the central mud area showed that <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of BDE-209 rapidly increased in recent years, which is in accordance with the replacement in demand and consumption of Penta- and Octa-BDEs by the Deca-BDE. Compared with BS, East China Sea, Erie and Ontario, the SYS was a relatively weak sink of PBDEs (0.102-1.288 t yr(-1) for ∑(7)PBDEs and 0.107-3.129 t yr(-1) for BDE-209) in the world. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29482020','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29482020"><span>Organophosphate esters and phthalate esters in human hair from rural and urban areas, Chongqing, China: <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span>, composition <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and sources in comparison to street dust.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>He, Ming-Jing; Lu, Jun-Feng; Ma, Jing-Ye; Wang, Huan; Du, Xiao-Fan</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Human hair and street dust from rural and urban areas in Chongqing were collected to analyze Organophosphate esters (OPEs) and phthalate esters (PAEs). <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> of OPEs in urban hair were significantly higher than those in rural hair, whereas PAEs <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in rural hair were significantly higher than those in urban hair. Different composition patterns of OPEs were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in rural and urban hair, where tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris (butyl) phosphate (TNBP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were the dominating analogues in rural hair, accounting for 62.1% of the OPEs burden, and tris (methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP) exhibited a high contribution in urban hair, responsible for 51.3% of total OPEs, which differed from the composition <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in corresponding street dust. Analogous composition patterns of PAEs were found in hair of both areas. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DNBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) were the most abundant analogues in hair samples, while DEHP was the predominant analogue in dust samples. No clear tendency was obtained between the increasing ages and the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of both compounds. Most OPEs and PAEs congeners showed significantly positive correlation with one another in rural hair. On the contrary, different correlation patterns were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in urban hair for OPEs and PAEs, indicating multiple or additional sources existed in urban areas. Significant correlations of OPEs and PAEs were found between hair and corresponding street dust samples, but poor correlations of OPEs and PAEs were <span class="hlt">observed</span> between rural hair and rural indoor dust, suggesting that street dust may be a predominant exogenous source for human exposure to OPEs and PAEs in this area. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080046997&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DH%2526M','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080046997&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DH%2526M"><span><span class="hlt">Observed</span> and Modeled HOCl <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> in the Midlatitude Stratosphere: Implication for Ozone Loss</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kovalenko, L. J.; Jucks, K. W.; Salawitch, R. J.; Toon, G. C.; Blavier, J. F.; Johnson, D. G.; Kleinbohl, A.; Livesey, N. J .; Margitan, J. J.; Pickett, H. M.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20080046997'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20080046997_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20080046997_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20080046997_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20080046997_hide"></p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of stratospheric HOCl calculated with a diurnal steady-state photochemical model that uses currently recommended reaction rates and photolysis cross sections underestimate <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of HOCl obtained by two balloon-borne instruments, FIRS-2 (a far-infrared emission spectrometer) and MkIV (a mid-infrared, solar absorption spectrometer). Considerable uncertainty (a factor of two) persists in laboratory measurements of the rate constant (k(sub 1)) for the reaction ClO + HO2 yields HOCl + O2. Agreement between modeled and measured HOCl can be attained using a value of k(sub 1) from Stimpfle et al. (1979) that is about a factor-of-two faster than the currently recommended rate constant. Comparison of modeled and measured HOCl suggests that models using the currently recommended value for k(sub 1) may underestimate the role of the HOCl catalytic cycle for ozone depletion, important in the midlatitude lower stratosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP21H..02D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMEP21H..02D"><span>The role of fluid mobility in the development of shale weathering <span class="hlt">profiles</span>: Direct <span class="hlt">observations</span> from a vadose zone monitoring system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Druhan, J. L.; Wang, J.; Cargill, S.; Murphy, C.; Tune, A. K.; Dietrich, W. E.; Rempe, D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Extensive effort has focused on resolving the contribution of weathering reactions to the transfer of mass over scales ranging from individual hillslope weathering <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, across local watersheds, to continental drainage networks. A persistent limitation in quantifying these fluxes is the variability in fluid flowpaths through the subsurface, which may alter the extent of chemical weathering relative to that expected from idealized homogenous conditions. In the past decade, the consequence of fluid travel time on solute flux has been recognized as a key complexity in the interpretation of solute <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, particularly in upland watersheds characterized by fracture flowpaths, as is typical of shale-dominated landscapes. Though recent studies have suggested a variety of models for solute generation in such dual (matrix and fracture flow) domain systems, a central impediment to advancing prediction is the lack of direct <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Here, we report solute chemistry as a function of depth across an 18 m thick vadose zone of weathered argillite (shale) in the Eel River Critical Zone Observatory (ERCZO) using novel sub-horizontal distributed samplers (Vadose Zone Monitoring System). We contrast a year of major and trace ion chemistry obtained from water samples collected approximately biweekly using two complementary sampling systems, one applying active pressure to extract matrix-bound pore fluid, and the other using a passive collection method to extract freely draining water. Precipitation falling during the winter rainy season passes through this vadose zone, causing increased rock moisture that is subsequently depleted by transpiring trees. Solute <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> reflect these seasonal changes, and, surprisingly, normalized ion ratios span the full range of values reported for the world's largest rivers. Notably, for some major cations, freely draining water is consistently less <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> than matrix-bound water, and the composition of vadose zone water</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AtmEn..43.1329H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AtmEn..43.1329H"><span>Assimilating <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">observations</span> for transport and dispersion modeling in a meandering wind field</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Haupt, Sue Ellen; Beyer-Lout, Anke; Long, Kerrie J.; Young, George S.</p> <p></p> <p>Assimilating <span class="hlt">concentration</span> data into an atmospheric transport and dispersion model can provide information to improve downwind <span class="hlt">concentration</span> forecasts. The forecast model is typically a one-way coupled set of equations: the meteorological equations impact the <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, but the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> does not generally affect the meteorological field. Thus, indirect methods of using <span class="hlt">concentration</span> data to influence the meteorological variables are required. The problem studied here involves a simple wind field forcing Gaussian dispersion. Two methods of assimilating <span class="hlt">concentration</span> data to infer the wind direction are demonstrated. The first method is Lagrangian in nature and treats the puff as an entity using feature extraction coupled with nudging. The second method is an Eulerian field approach akin to traditional variational approaches, but minimizes the error by using a genetic algorithm (GA) to directly optimize the match between <span class="hlt">observations</span> and predictions. Both methods show success at inferring the wind field. The GA-variational method, however, is more accurate but requires more computational time. Dynamic assimilation of a continuous release modeled by a Gaussian plume is also demonstrated using the genetic algorithm approach.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26333998','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26333998"><span><span class="hlt">Profiling</span> and Quantification of Phenolics in Stevia rebaudiana Leaves.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Karaköse, Hande; Müller, Anja; Kuhnert, Nikolai</p> <p>2015-10-21</p> <p>Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) is a plant from the Asteraceae family with significant economic value because of the steviol glycoside sweeteners in its leaves. Chlorogenic acids and flavonoid glycosides of S. rebaudiana from seven different botanical varieties cultivated over two years and harvested three times a year in eight European locations were <span class="hlt">profiled</span> and quantified in a total of 166 samples. Compounds quantified include chlorogenic acids as well as flavonoid glycosides and aglycons. All phenolic <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> show a perfect Gaussian distribution. Principal component analyses allow distinction between varieties of different geographical origin and distinction between different plant varieties. Although <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of all chlorogenic acids showed a positive correlation, no correlation was <span class="hlt">observed</span> for flavonoid glycosides. Conclusions from these findings with respect to the biosynthesis and functional role of phenolics in S. rebaudiana are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B23B0203B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B23B0203B"><span>Seasonal variations and cycling of nitrous oxide using nitrogen isotopes and <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> from an unsaturated zone of a floodplain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bill, M.; Conrad, M. E.; Kolding, S.; Williams, K. H.; Tokunaga, T. K.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Nitrous oxide (N2O) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and isotope ratios of 15N to 14N of N2O in the vadose zone mainly depend on atmospheric deposition, symbiotic or non-symbiotic N2 fixation, and nitrification/denitrification processes in underlying groundwater. In an effort to quantify N2O seasonal variations, cycling and N budgets in an alluvial aquifer in western Colorado (Rifle, CO), the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and nitrogen stable isotopes of N2O within the pore space of partially saturated sediments have been monitored over the 2013-2014 years. Vertically resolved <span class="hlt">profiles</span> spanning from 0m to 3m depth were sampled at 0.5m increments at a periodicity of one month. At each of the <span class="hlt">profile</span> locations, N2O <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> decreased from 3m depth to the surface. The maximum <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> at the interface between the unsaturated zone and groundwater, with minimum values <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the near surface samples. The d15N values tend to increase from the unsaturated zone/groundwater interface to the surface. Both variation of N2O <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and d15N values suggest that denitrification is the main contribution to N2O production and both parameters exhibited a strong seasonal variation. The maximum <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (~10ppmv) were <span class="hlt">observed</span> at the beginning of summer, during the annual maximum in water table elevation. The minimum N2O <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the period from January to May and coincided with low water table elevations. Additionally, nitrogen <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and d15N values of the shallowest sediments within the vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> do not show variation, suggesting that the main source of N2O is associated with groundwater denitrification, with the shallower, partially saturated sediments acting as a sink for N2O.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29267803','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29267803"><span>Dynamic Analysis of the Temperature and the <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> of an Industrial Rotary Kiln Used in Clinker Production.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rodrigues, Diulia C Q; Soares, Atílio P; Costa, Esly F; Costa, Andréa O S</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Cement is one of the most used building materials in the world. The process of cement production involves numerous and complex reactions that occur under different temperatures. Thus, there is great interest in the optimization of cement manufacturing. Clinker production is one of the main steps of cement production and it occurs inside the kiln. In this paper, the dry process of clinker production is analysed in a rotary kiln that operates in counter flow. The main phenomena involved in clinker production is as follows: free residual water evaporation of raw material, decomposition of magnesium carbonate, decarbonation, formation of C3A and C4AF, formation of dicalcium silicate, and formation of tricalcium silicate. The main objective of this study was to propose a mathematical model that realistically describes the temperature <span class="hlt">profile</span> and the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of clinker components in a real rotary kiln. In addition, the influence of different speeds of inlet gas and solids in the system was analysed. The mathematical model is composed of partial differential equations. The model was implemented in Mathcad (available at CCA/UFES) and solved using industrial input data. The proposal model is satisfactory to describe the temperature and <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of a real rotary kiln.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BoLMe.149..103R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BoLMe.149..103R"><span>The Effect of Wind-Turbine Wakes on Summertime US Midwest Atmospheric Wind <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> as <span class="hlt">Observed</span> with Ground-Based Doppler Lidar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rhodes, Michael E.; Lundquist, Julie K.</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>We examine the influence of a modern multi-megawatt wind turbine on wind and turbulence <span class="hlt">profiles</span> three rotor diameters (D) downwind of the turbine. Light detection and ranging (lidar) wind-<span class="hlt">profile</span> <span class="hlt">observations</span> were collected during summer 2011 in an operating wind farm in central Iowa at 20-m vertical intervals from 40 to 220 m above the surface. After a calibration period during which two lidars were operated next to each other, one lidar was located approximately 2D directly south of a wind turbine; the other lidar was moved approximately 3D north of the same wind turbine. Data from the two lidars during southerly flow conditions enabled the simultaneous capture of inflow and wake conditions. The inflow wind and turbulence <span class="hlt">profiles</span> exhibit strong variability with atmospheric stability: daytime <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are well-mixed with little shear and strong turbulence, while nighttime <span class="hlt">profiles</span> exhibit minimal turbulence and considerable shear across the rotor disk region and above. Consistent with the <span class="hlt">observations</span> available from other studies and with wind-tunnel and large-eddy simulation studies, measurable reductions in wake wind-speeds occur at heights spanning the wind turbine rotor (43-117 m), and turbulent quantities increase in the wake. In generalizing these results as a function of inflow wind speed, we find the wind-speed deficit in the wake is largest at hub height or just above, and the maximum deficit occurs when wind speeds are below the rated speed for the turbine. Similarly, the maximum enhancement of turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence intensity occurs at hub height, although <span class="hlt">observations</span> at the top of the rotor disk do not allow assessment of turbulence in that region. The wind shear below turbine hub height (quantified here with the power-law coefficient) is found to be a useful parameter to identify whether a downwind lidar <span class="hlt">observes</span> turbine wake or free-flow conditions. These field <span class="hlt">observations</span> provide data for validating turbine-wake models and wind</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ACPD...15.6745S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ACPD...15.6745S"><span>Simulating CO2 <span class="hlt">profiles</span> using NIES TM and comparison with HIAPER Pole-to-Pole <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Song, C.; Maksyutov, S.; Belikov, D.; Takagi, H.; Shu, J.</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>We present a study on validation of the National Institute for Environmental Studies Transport Model (NIES TM) by comparing to <span class="hlt">observed</span> vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of atmospheric CO2. The model uses a hybrid sigma-isentropic (σ-θ) vertical coordinate that employs both terrain-following and isentropic parts switched smoothly in the stratosphere. The model transport is driven by reanalyzed meteorological fields and designed to simulate seasonal and diurnal cycles, synoptic variations, and spatial distributions of atmospheric chemical constituents in the troposphere. The model simulations were run for biosphere, fossil fuel, air-ocean exchange, biomass burning and inverse correction fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) by GOSAT Level 4 product. We compared the NIES TM simulated fluxes with data from the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole <span class="hlt">Observations</span> (HIPPO) Merged 10 s Meteorology, Atmospheric Chemistry, and Aerosol Data, including HIPPO-1, HIPPO-2 and HIPPO-3 from 128.0° E to -84.0° W, and 87.0° N to -67.2° S. The simulation results were compared with CO2 <span class="hlt">observations</span> made in January and November 2009, and March and April 2010. The analysis attests that the model is good enough to simulate vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> with errors generally within 1-2 ppmv, except for the lower stratosphere in the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950004619','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950004619"><span><span class="hlt">Observed</span> changes in the vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> of stratopheric nitrous oxide at Thule, Greenland, February - March 1992</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Emmons, Louisa K.; Reeves, John M.; Shindell, Drew T.; Dezafra, Robert L.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Using a ground-based mm-wave spectrometer, we have <span class="hlt">observed</span> stratospheric N2O over Thule, Greenland (76.3 N, 68.4 W) during late February and March, 1992. Vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of mixing ratio ranging from 16 to 50 km were recovered from molecular emission spectra. The <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of early March show an abrupt increase in the lower-stratosphere N2O mixing ratio similar to the spring-to-summer change associated with the break up of the Antarctic polar vortex. This increase is correlated with changes in potential vorticity, air temperature, and ozone mixing ratio.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.5581N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.5581N"><span><span class="hlt">Concentric</span> waves and short-period oscillations <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the ionosphere after the 2013 Moore EF5 tornado</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nishioka, Michi; Tsugawa, Takuya; Kubota, Minoru; Ishii, Mamoru</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>We detected clear <span class="hlt">concentric</span> waves and short-period oscillations in the ionosphere after an Enhanced Fujita scale (EF)5 tornado hit Moore, Oklahoma, U.S., on 20 May 2013 using dense wide-coverage ionospheric total electron content (TEC) <span class="hlt">observations</span> in North America. These <span class="hlt">concentric</span> waves were nondispersive, with a horizontal wavelength of ~120 km and a period of ~13 min. They were <span class="hlt">observed</span> for more than 7 h throughout North America. TEC oscillations with a period of ~4 min were also <span class="hlt">observed</span> to the south of Moore for more than 8 h. A comparison between the TEC <span class="hlt">observations</span> and infrared cloud image from the GOES satellite indicates that the <span class="hlt">concentric</span> waves and short-period oscillations are caused by supercell-induced atmospheric gravity waves and acoustic resonances, respectively. This <span class="hlt">observational</span> result provides the first clear evidence of a severe meteorological event causing atmospheric waves propagating upward in the upper atmosphere and reaching the ionosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A43E0329H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A43E0329H"><span>Validation of 10 years of SAO OMI Ozone <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> with Ozonesonde and MLS <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huang, G.; Liu, X.; Chance, K.; Bhartia, P. K.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>To evaluate the accuracy and long-term stability of the SAO OMI ozone <span class="hlt">profile</span> product, we validate ~10 years of ozone <span class="hlt">profile</span> product (Oct. 2004-Dec. 2014) against collocated ozonesonde and MLS data. Ozone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> as well stratospheric, tropospheric, lower tropospheric ozone columns are compared with ozonesonde data for different latitude bands, and time periods (e.g., 2004-2008/2009-2014 for without/with row anomaly. The mean biases and their standard deviations are also assessed as a function of time to evaluate the long-term stability and bias trends. In the mid-latitude and tropical regions, OMI generally shows good agreement with ozonesonde <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The mean ozone <span class="hlt">profile</span> biases are generally within 6% with up to 30% standard deviations. The biases of stratospheric ozone columns (SOC) and tropospheric ozone columns (TOC) are -0.3%-2.2% and -0.2%-3%, while standard deviations are 3.9%-5.8% and 14.4%-16.0%, respectively. However, the retrievals during 2009-2014 show larger standard deviations and larger temporal variations; the standard deviations increase by ~5% in the troposphere and ~2% in the stratosphere. Retrieval biases at individual levels in the stratosphere and upper troposphere show statistically significant trends and different trends for 2004-2008 and 2009-2014 periods. The trends in integrated ozone partial columns are less significant due to cancellation from various layers, except for significant trend in tropical SOC. These results suggest the need to perform time dependent radiometric calibration to maintain the long-term stability of this product. Similarly, we are comparing the OMI stratospheric ozone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and SOC with collocated MLS data, and the results will be reported.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19540638','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19540638"><span>Altitude <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of total chlorinated paraffins in humus and spruce needles from the Alps (MONARPOP).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Iozza, Saverio; Schmid, Peter; Oehme, Michael; Bassan, Rodolfo; Belis, Claudio; Jakobi, Gert; Kirchner, Manfred; Schramm, Karl-Werner; Kräuchi, Norbert; Moche, Wolfgang; Offenthaler, Ivo; Weiss, Peter; Simoncic, Primoz; Knoth, Wilhelm</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are toxic, bioaccumulative, persistent, and ubiquitously present in the environment. CPs were analyzed in humus and needle samples, which were taken within the Monitoring Network in the Alpine Region for Persistent and other Organic Pollutants (MONARPOP) at sampling sites of 7 different altitude <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the Alps. Gas chromatography combined with electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry (EI-MS/MS) was used for the determination of total CPs (sum of short, medium and long chain CPs). CPs were found in all samples; the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> varied between 7 and 199 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) and within 26 and 460 ng g(-1) dw in humus and needle samples, respectively. A clear vertical tendency within the individual altitude <span class="hlt">profiles</span> could not be ascertained. Within all altitude <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, elevated <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in humus samples taken between 700 and 900 m and between 1300 and 1500 m. In the needle samples no similar correlation could be <span class="hlt">observed</span> due to higher variation of the data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A51T..07D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A51T..07D"><span>Calculating clear-sky radiative heating rates using the Fu-Liou RTM with inputs from <span class="hlt">observed</span> and reanalyzed <span class="hlt">profiles</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dolinar, E. K.; Dong, X.; Xi, B.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>One-dimensional radiative transfer models (RTM) are a common tool used for calculating atmospheric heating rates and radiative fluxes. In the forward sense, RTMs use known (or <span class="hlt">observed</span>) quantities of the atmospheric state and surface characteristics to determine the appropriate surface and top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes. The NASA CERES science team uses the modified Fu-Liou RTM to calculate atmospheric heating rates and surface and TOA fluxes using the CERES <span class="hlt">observed</span> TOA shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) fluxes as constraints to derive global surface and TOA radiation budgets using a reanalyzed atmospheric state (e.g. temperature and various greenhouse gases) from the newly developed MERRA-2. However, closure studies have shown that using the reanalyzed state as input to the RTM introduces some disparity between the RTM calculated fluxes and surface <span class="hlt">observed</span> ones. The purpose of this study is to generate a database of <span class="hlt">observed</span> atmospheric state <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, from satellite and ground-based sources, at several permanent Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program sites, including the Southern Great Plains (SGP), Northern Slope of Alaska (NSA) and Tropical Western Pacific Nauru (TWP-C2), and Eastern North Atlantic (ENA) permanent facilities. Since clouds are a major modulator of radiative transfer within the Earth's atmosphere, we will focus on the clear-sky conditions in this study, which will set up the baseline for our cloudy studies in the future. Clear-sky flux <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are calculated using the Edition 4 NASA LaRC modified Fu-Liou RTM. The aforementioned atmospheric <span class="hlt">profiles</span> generated in-house are used as input into the RTM, as well as from reanalyses. The calculated surface and TOA fluxes are compared with ARM surface measured and CERES satellite <span class="hlt">observed</span> SW and LW fluxes, respectively. Clear-sky cases are identified by the ARM radar-lidar <span class="hlt">observations</span>, as well as satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span>, at the select ARM sites.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4567507','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4567507"><span>SERUM THYROTROPIN <span class="hlt">CONCENTRATIONS</span> ARE NOT PREDICTIVE OF AGGRESSIVE BREAST CANCER BIOLOGY IN EUTHYROID INDIVIDUALS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Villa, Natalie M.; Li, Ning; Yeh, Michael W.; Hurvitz, Sara A.; Dawson, Nicole A.; Leung, Angela M.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Objective The potential influence of hypothyroidism on breast cancer remains incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum thyrotropin [thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)] <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and markers of aggressive breast cancer biology, as defined by receptor expression <span class="hlt">profile</span>, tumor grade, and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage characteristics. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients from 2002–2014. All breast cancer patients who had complete receptor (estrogen receptor, ER; progesterone receptor, PR; and Her2/neu) and pre-diagnosis serum TSH data (n=437) were included. All patients had one of six receptor <span class="hlt">profiles</span>: ER+ PR+ Her2/neu −, ER+ PR− Her2/neu−, ER+ PR+ Her2/neu+, ER+ PRHer2/ neu+, ER− PR− Her2/neu+, ER− PR− Her2/neu−. Log-transformed serum TSH <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were analyzed using multinomial and logistic regressions for a potential relationship with markers of breast cancer aggressiveness. Results Increasing serum TSH <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was associated with a lower probability of having the receptor expression <span class="hlt">profile</span> ER+ PR+ Her2/neu+ compared to patients with the ER+ PR+ Her2/neu− <span class="hlt">profile</span> (OR=0.52, p=0.0045). No significant associations between other receptor expression <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and serum TSH <span class="hlt">concentration</span> were found. All time-weighted and unweighted median serum TSH <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were within normal limits. No significant associations between serum TSH <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and tumor grade, overall AJCC stage, or tumor size (T), lymph node positivity (N), or presence of metastasis (M) were <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Conclusions Serum TSH was not associated with markers of breast cancer aggressiveness in our cohort. PMID:26121443</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006HyPr...20..241K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006HyPr...20..241K"><span>Infiltration pattern in a regolith-fractured bedrock <span class="hlt">profile</span>: field <span class="hlt">observation</span> of a dye stain pattern</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Jae Gon; Lee, Gyoo Ho; Lee, Jin-Soo; Chon, Chul-Min; Kim, Tack Hyun; Ha, Kyoochul</p> <p>2006-02-01</p> <p>We examined the infiltration pattern of water in a regolith-bedrock <span class="hlt">profile</span> consisting of two overburdens (OB1 and OB2), a buried rice paddy soil (PS), two texturally distinctive weathered materials (WM1 and WM2) and a fractured sedimentary rock (BR), using a Brilliant Blue FCF dye tracer. A black-coloured coating in conducting fractures in WM1, WM2 and BR was analysed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The dye tracer penetrated to greater than 2 m depth in the <span class="hlt">profile</span>. The macropore flow and saturated interflow were the major infiltration patterns in the <span class="hlt">profile</span>. Macropore flow and saturated interflow were <span class="hlt">observed</span> along fractures in WM1, WM2 and BR and at the dipping interfaces of PS-WM1, PS-WM2 and PS-BR respectively. Heterogeneous matrix flow occurred in upper overburden (OB1) and PS. Compared with OB1, the coarser textured OB2 acted as a physical barrier for vertical flow of water. The PS with low bulk density and many fine roots was another major conducting route of water in the <span class="hlt">profile</span>. Manganese oxide and iron oxide were positively identified in the black coating material and had low crystallinity and high surface area, indicating their high reactivity with conducting contaminants.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A43F2526B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A43F2526B"><span>Update of NOx emission temporal <span class="hlt">profiles</span> using CMAQ-HDDM</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bae, C.; Lee, J. B.; Kim, H. C.; Kim, B. U.; Kim, S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>This study demonstrates the impact of revised temporal <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of NOx emissions on air quality simulations in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), South Korea. Air pollutants such as ozone and nitrogen oxides can be harmful to the human body even with short-term exposure. Since most of air quality models use predefined temporal <span class="hlt">profiles</span> which are often outdated or taken from different chemical environment, providing accurate temporal variation of emissions are challenging in prediction of correct local air quality. Considering secondary formation of pollutants are important in mega cities and temporal variations of emissions are not coincident with those of resultant <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, we utilized CMAQ-HDDM to link emissions and consequential <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> from different time steps. Base simulations were conducted using WRF, SMOKE, and CMAQ modeling frame using CREATE 2015 and CAPSS 2013 emissions inventories for East Asia and South Korea, respectively. With current modeling system, modeled NOx <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> underestimate 4% in the daytime (10-16 LST), but overestimate 30% in the nighttime during May to August 2015. Applying revised temporal <span class="hlt">profiles</span> based on HDDM sensitivities, model performance was improved significantly. We conclude that the proposed temporal allocation method can be useful to reduce the model-<span class="hlt">observation</span> discrepancies when the activity data for emission sources are difficult to obtain with a bottom-up approach.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27176930','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27176930"><span>Application of PAH <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in lake sediments as indicators for smelting activity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Warner, Wiebke; Ruppert, Hans; Licha, Tobias</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>The ability of lake sediment cores to store long-term anthropogenic pollution establishes them as natural archives. In this study, we focus on the influence of copper shale mining and smelting in the Mansfeld area of Germany, using the depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of two sediment cores from Lake Süßer See. The sediment cores provide a detailed chronological deposition history of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals in the studied area. Theisen sludge, a fine-grained residue from copper shale smelting, reaches the lake via deflation by wind or through riverine input; it is assumed to be the main source of pollution. To achieve the comparability of absolute contaminant <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, we calculated the influx of contaminants based on the sedimentation rate. Compared to the natural background <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, PAHs are significantly more enriched than heavy metals. They are therefore more sensitive and selective for source apportionment. We suggest two diagnostic ratios of PAHs to distinguish between Theisen sludge and its leachate: the ratio fluoranthene to pyrene ~2 and the ratio of PAH with logKOW<5.7 to PAH with a logKOW>5.7 converging to an even lower value than 2.3 (the characteristic of Theisen sludge) to identify the particulate input in lake environments. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28540893','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28540893"><span>Comparison of intradialytic hemodynamic tolerance between on-line hemodiafiltration and acetate-free biofiltration with <span class="hlt">profiled</span> potassium dialysate <span class="hlt">concentration</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kosmadakis, George; Correia, Enrique Da Costa; Somda, Frederic; Aguilera, Didier</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Intradialytic hypotensive episodes are deleterious for hemodialysis (HD) patients. Acetate-free biofiltration with <span class="hlt">profiled</span> potassium (AFBK) dialysate <span class="hlt">concentration</span> may improve their cardiovascular stability. The aim of the present crossover study was to compare intradialytic hemodynamic tolerance and biological parameters between online hemodiafiltration (olHDF) and AFBK. Ten frail HD patients (8 males) with a mean age of 66.71- ± 12.31 years were studied for three months on olHDF and AFBK. There was a significant reduction of the hypotensive episodes during the AFBK period compared to the olHDF period. Mean intradialytic systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher during the AFBK period. There was a significant postdialytic increase in serum sodium <span class="hlt">concentration</span> with the AFBK compared to olHDF. The dry weight and ultrafiltration indices were significantly higher, and the Kt/V was significantly lower during the AFBK period. Serum albumin <span class="hlt">concentration</span> significantly increased during the AFBK period. AFBK leads to a significantly improved intradialytic tolerance in hemodynamically instable HD patients.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5287490','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5287490"><span>An Excel®-based visualization tool of 2-D soil gas <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in petroleum vapor intrusion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Verginelli, Iason; Yao, Yijun; Suuberg, Eric M.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>In this study we present a petroleum vapor intrusion tool implemented in Microsoft® Excel® using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and integrated within a graphical interface. The latter helps users easily visualize two-dimensional soil gas <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and indoor <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> as a function of site-specific conditions such as source strength and depth, biodegradation reaction rate constant, soil characteristics and building features. This tool is based on a two-dimensional explicit analytical model that combines steady-state diffusion-dominated vapor transport in a homogeneous soil with a piecewise first-order aerobic biodegradation model, in which rate is limited by oxygen availability. As recommended in the recently released United States Environmental Protection Agency's final Petroleum Vapor Intrusion guidance, a sensitivity analysis and a simplified Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis are also included in the spreadsheet. PMID:28163564</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28163564','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28163564"><span>An Excel®-based visualization tool of 2-D soil gas <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in petroleum vapor intrusion.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Verginelli, Iason; Yao, Yijun; Suuberg, Eric M</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>In this study we present a petroleum vapor intrusion tool implemented in Microsoft ® Excel ® using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and integrated within a graphical interface. The latter helps users easily visualize two-dimensional soil gas <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and indoor <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> as a function of site-specific conditions such as source strength and depth, biodegradation reaction rate constant, soil characteristics and building features. This tool is based on a two-dimensional explicit analytical model that combines steady-state diffusion-dominated vapor transport in a homogeneous soil with a piecewise first-order aerobic biodegradation model, in which rate is limited by oxygen availability. As recommended in the recently released United States Environmental Protection Agency's final Petroleum Vapor Intrusion guidance, a sensitivity analysis and a simplified Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis are also included in the spreadsheet.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A%26A...489..795C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A%26A...489..795C"><span>Vertical temperature <span class="hlt">profile</span> and mesospheric winds retrieval on Mars from CO ;millimeter <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Comparison with general circulation model predictions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cavalié, T.; Billebaud, F.; Encrenaz, T.; Dobrijevic, M.; Brillet, J.; Forget, F.; Lellouch, E.</p> <p>2008-10-01</p> <p>Aims: We have recorded high spectral resolution spectra and derived precise atmospheric temperature <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and wind velocities in the atmosphere of Mars. We have compared <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the planetary mean thermal <span class="hlt">profile</span> and mesospheric wind velocities on the disk, obtained with our millimetric <span class="hlt">observations</span> of CO rotational lines, to predictions from the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) Mars General Circulation Model, as provided through the Mars Climate Database (MCD) numerical tool. Methods: We <span class="hlt">observed</span> the atmosphere of Mars at CO(1-0) and CO(2-1) wavelengths with the IRAM 30-m antenna in June 2001 and November 2005. We retrieved the mean thermal <span class="hlt">profile</span> of the planet from high and low spectral resolution data with an inversion method detailed here. High spectral resolution spectra were used to derive mesospheric wind velocities on the planetary disk. We also report here the use of 13CO(2-1) line core shifts to measure wind velocities at 40 km. Results: Neither the Mars Year 24 (MY24) nor the Dust Storm scenario from the Mars Climate Database (MCD) provides satisfactory fits to the 2001 and 2005 data when retrieving the thermal <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. The Warm scenario only provides good fits for altitudes lower than 30 km. The atmosphere is warmer than predicted up to 60 km and then becomes colder. Dust loading could be the reason for this mismatch. The MCD MY24 scenario predicts a thermal inversion layer between 40 and 60 km, which is not retrieved from the high spectral resolution data. Our results are generally in agreement with other <span class="hlt">observations</span> from 10 to 40 km in altitude, but our results obtained from the high spectral resolution spectra differ in the 40-70 km layer, where the instruments are the most sensitive. The wind velocities we retrieve from our 12CO <span class="hlt">observations</span> confirm MCD predictions for 2001 and 2005. Velocities obtained from 13CO <span class="hlt">observations</span> are consistent with MCD predictions in 2001, but are lower than predicted in 2005.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020073069&hterms=Ackerman&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3DAckerman','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020073069&hterms=Ackerman&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3DAckerman"><span>Sensitivity of Stratocumulus Optical Depths to Droplet <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span>: Satellite <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and Large-Eddy Simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ackerman, A. S.; Stevens, D. E.; Toon, O. B.; Coakley, J. A., Jr.; Gore, Warren J. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>A number of <span class="hlt">observations</span> and simulations have shown that increased droplet <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in ship tracks increase their total cross-sectional area, thereby enhancing cloud albedo and providing a negative (cooling) radiative forcing at the surface and the top of the atmosphere. In some cases cloud water has been found to be enhanced in ship tracks, which has been attributed to suppression of drizzle and implies an enhanced susceptibility of cloud albedo to droplet <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. However, <span class="hlt">observations</span> from aircraft and satellite indicate that on average cloud water is instead reduced in daytime ship tracks. Such a reduction in liquid water may be attributable to cloud-burning caused by solar heating by soot within the ship exhaust, or by increased precipitation resulting from giant nuclei in the ship exhaust. We will summarize the <span class="hlt">observational</span> evidence and present results from large-eddy simulations that evaluate these mechanisms. Along the way we will present our insights into the interpretation of satellite retrievals of cloud microphysical properties.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...585..598D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...585..598D"><span>Addendum: ``The Dynamics of M15: <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of the Velocity Dispersion <span class="hlt">Profile</span> and Fokker-Planck Models'' (ApJ, 481, 267 [1997])</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dull, J. D.; Cohn, H. N.; Lugger, P. M.; Murphy, B. W.; Seitzer, P. O.; Callanan, P. J.; Rutten, R. G. M.; Charles, P. A.</p> <p>2003-03-01</p> <p>It has recently come to our attention that there are axis scale errors in three of the figures presented in Dull et al. (1997, hereafter D97). This paper presented Fokker-Planck models for the collapsed-core globular cluster M15 that include a dense, centrally <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> population of neutron stars and massive white dwarfs. These models do not include a central black hole. Figure 12 of D97, which presents the predicted mass-to-light <span class="hlt">profile</span>, is of particular interest, since it was used by Gerssen et al. (2002) as an input to their Jeans equation analysis of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) STIS velocity measurements reported by van der Marel et al. (2002). On the basis of the original, incorrect version of Figure 12, Gerssen et al. (2002) concluded that the D97 models can fit the new data only with the addition of an intermediate-mass black hole. However, this is counter to our previous finding, shown in Figure 6 of D97, that the Fokker-Planck models predict the sort of moderately rising velocity dispersion <span class="hlt">profile</span> that Gerssen et al. (2002) infer from the new data. Baumgardt et al. (2003) have independently noted this apparent inconsistency. We appreciate the thoughtful cooperation of Roeland van der Marel in resolving this issue. Using our corrected version of Figure 12 (see below), Gerssen et al. (2003) now find that the velocity dispersion <span class="hlt">profile</span> that they infer from the D97 mass-to-light ratio <span class="hlt">profile</span> is entirely consistent with the velocity dispersion <span class="hlt">profile</span> presented in Figure 6 of D97. Gerssen et al. (2003) further find that there is no statistically significant difference between the fit to the van der Marel et al. (2002) velocity measurements provided by the D97 intermediate-phase model and that provided by their model, which supplements this D97 model with a 1.7+2.7-1.7×103Msolar black hole. Thus, the choice between models with and without black holes will require additional model predictions and <span class="hlt">observational</span> tests. We present corrected versions of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20496224','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20496224"><span><span class="hlt">Profile</span> of isokinetic eccentric-to-<span class="hlt">concentric</span> strength ratios of shoulder rotator muscles in elite female team handball players.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Andrade, Marilia Dos Santos; Fleury, Anna Maria; de Lira, Claudio Andre Barbosia; Dubas, Joao Paulo; da Silva, Antonio Carlos</p> <p>2010-05-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to establish the isokinetic <span class="hlt">profile</span> of shoulder rotator muscles strength in female handball players. Twenty-seven handball players performed <span class="hlt">concentric</span> and eccentric strength tests of both dominant and non-dominant upper limbs on an isokinetic dynamometer. Internal and external rotator muscles peak torque was assessed at 1.05, 3.14, and 5.23 rad . s(-1) in <span class="hlt">concentric</span> mode and at 3.14 and 5.23 rad . s(-1) in eccentric mode. <span class="hlt">Concentric</span> balance ratio and functional ratio were obtained. Bi-lateral deficiency was compared. <span class="hlt">Concentric</span> strength for internal and external rotation was significantly greater for the dominant than for the non-dominant limb for all speeds (P < or = 0.0001). For eccentric actions, internal rotator muscles were stronger in the dominant than the non-dominant limb (P < or = 0.0001) at both speeds. <span class="hlt">Concentric</span> balance and functional balance ratios did not differ between sides at 3.14 rad . s(-1) (P = 0.1631), but at 5.23 rad . s(-1) the functional balance ratio in the dominant limb was lower than for the non-dominant limb (P = 0.0500). Although the dominant side was stronger than the non-dominant side, balance <span class="hlt">concentric</span> ratios remained the same, with only the functional strength ratio different at 5.23 rad . s(-1). Our results suggest that <span class="hlt">concentric</span> strength exercises be used for internal and external rotators on the non-dominant side, and functional exercise that improves eccentric rotation strength for prevention programmes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120015018','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120015018"><span>Expected Performance of Ozone Climate Data Records from Ozone Mapping and <span class="hlt">Profiler</span> Suite Limb <span class="hlt">Profiler</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Xu, P. Q.; Rault, D. F.; Pawson, S.; Wargan, K.; Bhartia, P. K.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The Ozone Mapping and <span class="hlt">Profiler</span> Suite Limb <span class="hlt">Profiler</span> (OMPS/LP) was launched on board of the Soumi NPP space platform in late October 2011. It provides ozone-<span class="hlt">profiling</span> capability with high-vertical resolution from 60 Ian to cloud top. In this study, an end-to-end <span class="hlt">Observing</span> System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) of OMPS/LP ozone is discussed. The OSSE was developed at NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) using the Goddard Earth <span class="hlt">Observing</span> System (GEOS-5) data assimilation system. The "truth" for this OSSE is built by assimilating MLS <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and OMI ozone columns, which is known to produce realistic three-dimensional ozone fields in the stratosphere and upper troposphere. OMPS/LP radiances were computed at tangent points computed by an appropriate orbital model. The OMPS/LP forward RT model, Instrument Models (IMs) and EDR retrieval model were introduced and pseudo-<span class="hlt">observations</span> derived. The resultant synthetic OMPS/LP <span class="hlt">observations</span> were evaluated against the "truth" and subsequently these <span class="hlt">observations</span> were assimilated into GEOS-5. Comparison of this assimilated dataset with the "truth" enables comparisons of the likely uncertainties in 3-D analyses of OMPS/LP data. This study demonstrated the assimilation capabilities of OMPS/LP ozone in GEOS-5, with the monthly, zonal mean (O-A) smaller than 0.02ppmv at all levels, the nns(O-A) close to O.lppmv from 100hPa to 0.2hPa; and the mean(O-B) around the 0.02ppmv for all levels. The monthly zonal mean analysis generally agrees to within 2% of the truth, with larger differences of 2-4% (0.1-0.2ppmv) around 10hPa close to North Pole and in the tropical tropopause region, where the difference is above 20% due to the very low ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. These OSSEs demonstrated that, within a single data assimilation system and the assumption that assimilated MLS <span class="hlt">observations</span> provide a true rendition of the stratosphere, the OMPS/LP ozone data are likely to produce accurate analyses through much of the stratosphere</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001RaSc...36..773C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001RaSc...36..773C"><span>Total solar eclipse effects on VLF signals: <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Clilverd, Mark A.; Rodger, Craig J.; Thomson, Neil R.; Lichtenberger, János; Steinbach, Péter; Cannon, Paul; Angling, Matthew J.</p> <p></p> <p>During the total solar eclipse <span class="hlt">observed</span> in Europe on August 11, 1999, measurements were made of the amplitude and phase of four VLF transmitters in the frequency range 16-24 kHz. Five receiver sites were set up, and significant variations in phase and amplitude are reported for 17 paths, more than any previously during an eclipse. Distances from transmitter to receiver ranged from 90 to 14,510 km, although the majority were <2000 km. Typically, positive amplitude changes were <span class="hlt">observed</span> throughout the whole eclipse period on path lengths <2000 km, while negative amplitude changes were <span class="hlt">observed</span> on paths >10,000 km. Negative phase changes were <span class="hlt">observed</span> on most paths, independent of path length. Although there was significant variation from path to path, the typical changes <span class="hlt">observed</span> were ~3 dB and ~50°. The changes <span class="hlt">observed</span> were modeled using the Long Wave Propagation Capability waveguide code. Maximum eclipse effects occurred when the Wait inverse scale height parameter β was 0.5 km-1 and the effective ionospheric height parameter H' was 79 km, compared with β=0.43km-1 and H'=71km for normal daytime conditions. The resulting changes in modeled amplitude and phase show good agreement with the majority of the <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The modeling undertaken provides an interpretation of why previous estimates of height change during eclipses have shown such a range of values. A D region gas-chemistry model was compared with electron <span class="hlt">concentration</span> estimates inferred from the <span class="hlt">observations</span> made during the solar eclipse. Quiet-day H' and β parameters were used to define the initial ionospheric <span class="hlt">profile</span>. The gas-chemistry model was then driven only by eclipse-related solar radiation levels. The calculated electron <span class="hlt">concentration</span> values at 77 km altitude throughout the period of the solar eclipse show good agreement with the values determined from <span class="hlt">observations</span> at all times, which suggests that a linear variation in electron production rate with solar ionizing radiation is reasonable</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70017453','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70017453"><span>Interface dissolution control of the 14C <span class="hlt">profile</span> in marine sediment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Keir, R.S.; Michel, R.L.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>The process of carbonate dissolution at the sediment-water interface has two possible endmember boundary conditions. Either the carbonate particles dissolve mostly before they are incorporated into the sediment by bioturbation (interface dissolution), or the vertical mixing is rapid relative to their extermination rate (homogeneous dissolution). In this study, a detailed radiocarbon <span class="hlt">profile</span> was determined in deep equatorial Pacific sediment that receives a high rate of carbonate supply. In addition, a box model of sediment mixing was used to simulate radiocarbon, carbonate content and excess thorium <span class="hlt">profiles</span> that result from either boundary process following a dissolution increase. Results from homogeneous dissolution imply a strong, very recent erosional event, while interface dissolution suggests that moderately increased dissolution began about 10,000 years ago. In order to achieve the <span class="hlt">observed</span> mixed layer radiocarbon age, increased homogeneous dissolution would <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> a greater amount of clay and 230Th than is <span class="hlt">observed</span>, while for interface dissolution the predicted <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> are too small. These results together with small discontinuities beneath the mixed layer in 230Th <span class="hlt">profiles</span> suggest a two-stage increase in interface dissolution in the deep Pacific, the first occurring near the beginning of the Holocene and the second more recently, roughly 5000 years ago. ?? 1993.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16583258','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16583258"><span>Polychlorinated biphenyl <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, congener <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, and ratios in the fat tissue, eggs, and plasma of snapping turtles (Chelydra s. serpentina) from the Ohio Basin of Lake Erie, USA.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dabrowska, H; Fisher, S W; Estenik, J; Kidekhel, R; Stromberg, P</p> <p>2006-08-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> and <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in three tissues of adult snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) from six locations in the Ohio Basin of Lake Erie to characterize tissue variation and geographic trends. The locations included the Ohio Areas of Concern, i.e., the Ashtabula, Black, and Maumee Rivers; the Ottawa River near Toledo; and two reference sites. Mean total PCBs were greatest in turtles from the Ottawa River followed by the Maumee, Ashtabula, and Black Rivers. All three types of samples-fat tissue (FT), eggs, and plasma-showed the same geographic trend in PCB levels. On a wet-weight basis, mean <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> ranged from 2,148 to 18,669 ng/g in FT, from 183 to 3,683 ng/g in eggs, and from 18 to 201 ng/g in plasma. Across all sites, total PCB <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> between the tissues were significantly correlated (0.001 < p < 0.005; Pearson correlation coefficient (r ( P )) was between 0.720 and 0.954). Two distinctly different <span class="hlt">profiles</span> with respect to relative congener and homologue <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were found among the sites. One that included four of the six sites examined was characterized by hexa-chlorobiphenyl (hexa-CB) dominance followed by hepta-CBs, with PCBs no. 138 + 163, 153 + 132 + 105, and 180 being the most abundant congeners. The second <span class="hlt">profile</span>, specific for turtles from the Ottawa River, was different from the first in that tetra-CBs were the most abundant congeners followed by hexa-CBs. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant intertissue differences in the PCB homologue <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, i.e., FT had a higher percentage of hepta-, octa-, and nona-CBs compared with eggs and plasma, whereas eggs showed a higher percentage of hexa-CBs. At any listed location, FT, eggs, and plasma had the same congener <span class="hlt">profile</span>. An intertissue distribution of lipid-normalized individual congener <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> examined by regression analyses revealed significant egg-FT, egg-plasma, and FT-plasma relations for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1710983B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1710983B"><span>One year of Seaglider dissolved oxygen <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> at the PAP site</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Binetti, Umberto; Kaiser, Jan; Heywood, Karen; Damerell, Gillian; Rumyantseva, Anna</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Oxygen is one of the most important variables measured in oceanography, influenced both by physical and biological factors. During the OSMOSIS project, 7 Seagliders were used in 3 subsequent missions to measure a multidisciplinary suite of parameters at high frequency in the top 1000 m of the water column for one year, from September 2012 to September 2013. The gliders were deployed at the PAP time series station (nominally at 49° N 16.5° W) and surveyed the area following a butterfly-shaped path. Oxygen <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was measured by Aanderaa optodes and calibrated using ship CTD O2 <span class="hlt">profiles</span> during 5 deployment and recovery cruises, which were in turn calibrated by Winkler titration of discrete samples. The oxygen-rich mixed layer deepens in fall and winter and gets richer in oxygen when the temperature decreases. The spring bloom did not happen as expected, but instead the presence of a series of small blooms was measured throughout spring and early summer. During the summer the mixed layer become very shallow and oxygen <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> decreased. A Deep Oxygen Maximum (DOM) developed along with a deep chlorophyll maximum during the summer and was located just below the mixed layer . At this depth, phytoplankton had favourable light and nutrient conditions to grow and produce oxygen, which was not subject to immediate outgassing. The oxygen <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the DOM was not constant, but decreased, then increased again until the end of the mission. Intrusions of oxygen rich water are also visible throughout the mission. These are probably due to mesoscale events through the horizontal transport of oxygen and/or nutrients that can enhance productivity, particularly at the edge of the fronts. We calculate net community production (NCP) by analysing the variation in oxygen with time. Two methods have been proposed. The classical oxygen budget method assumes that changes in oxygen are due to the sum of air-sea flux, isopycnal advection, diapycnal mixing and NCP. ERA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JaJAP..37.5800K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JaJAP..37.5800K"><span>Noncontact Measurement of Doping <span class="hlt">Profile</span> for Bare Silicon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kohno, Motohiro; Matsubara, Hideaki; Okada, Hiroshi; Hirae, Sadao; Sakai, Takamasa</p> <p>1998-10-01</p> <p>In this study, we evaluate the doping <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of bare silicon wafers by noncontact capacitance voltage (C V) measurements. The metal-air-insulator-semiconductor (MAIS) method enables the measurement of C V characteristics of silicon wafers without oxidation and electrode preparation. This method has the advantage that a doping <span class="hlt">profile</span> close to the wafer surface can be obtained. In our experiment, epitaxial silicon wafers were used to compare the MAIS method with the conventional MIS method. The experimental results obtained from the two methods showed good agreement. Then, doping <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of boron-doped Czochralski (CZ) wafers were measured by the MAIS method. The result indicated a significant reduction of the doping <span class="hlt">concentration</span> near the wafer surface. This <span class="hlt">observation</span> is attributed to the well-known deactivation of boron with atomic hydrogen which permeated the silicon bulk during the polishing process. This deactivation was recovered by annealing in air at 180°C for 120 min.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25465559','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25465559"><span>Probiotic administration modifies the milk fatty acid <span class="hlt">profile</span>, intestinal morphology, and intestinal fatty acid <span class="hlt">profile</span> of goats.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Apás, A L; Arena, M E; Colombo, S; González, S N</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The effect of a mixture of potentially probiotic bacteria (MPPB; Lactobacillus reuteri DDL 19, Lactobacillus alimentarius DDL 48, Enterococcus faecium DDE 39, and Bifidobacterium bifidum strains) on the milk fatty acid (FA) <span class="hlt">profile</span>, with emphasis on cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in the middle stage of goat lactation, was determined. In addition, the effects of MPPB feeding on the FA <span class="hlt">profile</span> in intestinal content and intestinal morphology in weaned goats were analyzed. The probiotic supplement was able to modify FA composition of milk and intestinal content. The unsaturated FA <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in milk (g of FA/L of milk) increased from 4.49 to 7.86 for oleic (18:1), from 0.70 to 1.39 for linoleic (18:2), from 0.063 to 0.187 for linolenic (18:3) acid, and from 0.093 to 0.232 for CLA. The atherogenicity index diminished 2-fold after MPPB ingestion. In the intestinal content of the weaned goats, no significant difference in saturated FA <span class="hlt">concentration</span> compared with the control was <span class="hlt">observed</span>. However, oleic acid, linolenic acid, CLA, and docosahexaenoic acid <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> increased by 81, 23, 344, and 74%, respectively, after probiotic consumption. The ruminal production of CLA was increased by the MPPB. However, bacterial strains of MPPB were unable to produce CLA in culture media. By histological techniques, it was <span class="hlt">observed</span> that the treated group had intestinally more conserved morphological structures than the control group. The results obtained in this study indicate that the MPPB administration in lactating and weaned goats allows for the production of milk with improved <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of beneficial compounds, and also produces a protective effect in the goat intestine. The results obtained in this study reinforce the strategy of probiotics application to enhance goat health with the production of milk with higher <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of polyunsaturated FA. Copyright © 2015 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...481..267D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...481..267D"><span>The Dynamics of M15: <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of the Velocity Dispersion <span class="hlt">Profile</span> and Fokker-Planck Models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dull, J. D.; Cohn, H. N.; Lugger, P. M.; Murphy, B. W.; Seitzer, P. O.; Callanan, P. J.; Rutten, R. G. M.; Charles, P. A.</p> <p>1997-05-01</p> <p>We report a new measurement of the velocity dispersion <span class="hlt">profile</span> within 1' (3 pc) of the center of the globular cluster M15 (NGC 7078), using long-slit spectra from the 4.2 m William Herschel Telescope at La Palma Observatory. We obtained spatially resolved spectra for a total of 23 slit positions during two <span class="hlt">observing</span> runs. During each run, a set of parallel slit positions was used to map out the central region of the cluster; the position angle used during the second run was orthogonal to that used for the first. The spectra are centered in wavelength near the Ca II infrared triplet at 8650 Å, with a spectral range of about 450 Å. We determined radial velocities by cross-correlation techniques for 131 cluster members. A total of 32 stars were <span class="hlt">observed</span> more than once. Internal and external comparisons indicate a velocity accuracy of about 4 km s-1. The velocity dispersion <span class="hlt">profile</span> rises from about σ = 7.2 +/- 1.4 km s-1 near 1' from the center of the cluster to σ = 13.9 +/- 1.8 km s-1 at 20". Inside of 20", the dispersion remains approximately constant at about 10.2 +/- 1.4 km s-1 with no evidence for a sharp rise near the center. This last result stands in contrast with that of Peterson, Seitzer, & Cudworth who found a central velocity dispersion of 25 +/- 7 km s-1, based on a line-broadening measurement. Our velocity dispersion <span class="hlt">profile</span> is in good agreement with those determined in the recent studies of Gebhardt et al. and Dubath & Meylan. We have developed a new set of Fokker-Planck models and have fitted these to the surface brightness and velocity dispersion <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of M15. We also use the two measured millisecond pulsar accelerations as constraints. The best-fitting model has a mass function slope of x = 0.9 (where 1.35 is the slope of the Salpeter mass function) and a total mass of 4.9 × 105 M⊙. This model contains approximately 104 neutron stars (3% of the total mass), the majority of which lie within 6" (0.2 pc) of the cluster center. Since the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050210138','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050210138"><span>Multisensor <span class="hlt">Observation</span> and Simulation of Snowfall During the 2003 Wakasa Bay Field Experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Johnson, Benjamin T.; Petty, Grant W.; Skofronick-Jackson, Gail; Wang, James W.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>This research seeks to assess and improve the accuracy of microphysical assumptions used in satellite passive microwave radiative transfer models and retrieval algorithms by exploiting complementary <span class="hlt">observations</span> from satellite radiometers, such as TRMM/AMSR-E/GPM, and coincident aircraft instruments, such as the next generation precipitation radar (PR-2). We focus in particular on aircraft data obtained during the Wakasa Bay field experiment, Japan 2003, pertaining to surface snowfall events. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> of vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of reflectivity and Doppler-derived fall speeds are used in conjunction with the radiometric measurements to identify 1-D <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of precipitation particle types, sizes, and <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> that are consistent with the <span class="hlt">observations</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820038880&hterms=theory+develop&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dtheory%2Bdevelop','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820038880&hterms=theory+develop&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dtheory%2Bdevelop"><span>Reconstruction of atmospheric pollutant <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> from remote sensing data - An application of distributed parameter <span class="hlt">observer</span> theory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koda, M.; Seinfeld, J. H.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>The reconstruction of a <span class="hlt">concentration</span> distribution from spatially averaged and noise-corrupted data is a central problem in processing atmospheric remote sensing data. Distributed parameter <span class="hlt">observer</span> theory is used to develop reconstructibility conditions for distributed parameter systems having measurements typical of those in remote sensing. The relation of the reconstructibility condition to the stability of the distributed parameter <span class="hlt">observer</span> is demonstrated. The theory is applied to a variety of remote sensing situations, and it is found that those in which <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> are measured as a function of altitude satisfy the conditions of distributed state reconstructibility.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4239018','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4239018"><span>Metabolic <span class="hlt">Profiling</span> and Flux Analysis of MEL-2 Human Embryonic Stem Cells during Exponential Growth at Physiological and Atmospheric Oxygen <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Titmarsh, Drew; Krömer, Jens O.; Kao, Li-Pin; Nielsen, Lars; Wolvetang, Ernst; Cooper-White, Justin</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>As human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) steadily progress towards regenerative medicine applications there is an increasing emphasis on the development of bioreactor platforms that enable expansion of these cells to clinically relevant numbers. Surprisingly little is known about the metabolic requirements of hESCs, precluding the rational design and optimisation of such platforms. In this study, we undertook an in-depth characterisation of MEL-2 hESC metabolic behaviour during the exponential growth phase, combining metabolic <span class="hlt">profiling</span> and flux analysis tools at physiological (hypoxic) and atmospheric (normoxic) oxygen <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. To overcome variability in growth <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and the problem of closing mass balances in a complex environment, we developed protocols to accurately measure uptake and production rates of metabolites, cell density, growth rate and biomass composition, and designed a metabolic flux analysis model for estimating internal rates. hESCs are commonly considered to be highly glycolytic with inactive or immature mitochondria, however, whilst the results of this study confirmed that glycolysis is indeed highly active, we show that at least in MEL-2 hESC, it is supported by the use of oxidative phosphorylation within the mitochondria utilising carbon sources, such as glutamine to maximise ATP production. Under both conditions, glycolysis was disconnected from the mitochondria with all of the glucose being converted to lactate. No difference in the growth rates of cells cultured under physiological or atmospheric oxygen <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> was <span class="hlt">observed</span> nor did this cause differences in fluxes through the majority of the internal metabolic pathways associated with biogenesis. These results suggest that hESCs display the conventional Warburg effect, with high aerobic activity despite high lactate production, challenging the idea of an anaerobic metabolism with low mitochondrial activity. The results of this study provide new insight that can be used in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950041429&hterms=coma&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dcoma','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950041429&hterms=coma&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dcoma"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> and analysis of O(1D) and NH2 line <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for the coma of comet P/Halley</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Smyth, William H.; Combi, Michael R.; Roesler, Fred L.; Scherb, Frank</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>A set of high-resolution Fabry-Perot measurements of the coma of comet P/Halley was acquired in the (O I) 6300 A and NH2 6298.62 A emission lines. These high-resolution measurements provide the first optical <span class="hlt">observations</span> capable of studying directly the photochemical kinetics and dynamic outflow of the coma. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> were analyzed by a Monte Carlo Particle Trajectory Model. The agreement of the model and <span class="hlt">observed</span> line <span class="hlt">profiles</span> was excellent and verified the underlying dynamics, exothermic photodissociative chemistry, and collisional thermalization in the coma. The somewhat wider intrinsic line <span class="hlt">profile</span> width for the O(1D) emission in 1986 January compared to 1986 May, is, for example, produced by the larger outflow speeds and gas temperatures nearer perihelion in January. The January O(1D) <span class="hlt">profile</span>, which is wider than the January NH2 <span class="hlt">profile</span>, is indicative of the photochemical kinetics in the dissociation of the parent molecules H2O and OH in the coma. The absolute calibration of the <span class="hlt">observations</span> in 1986 January allowed the production rates for H2O and the NH2-parent molecules to be determined. The average daily water production rates derived from the O(1D) emission data for January 16 and 17 are presented. These very large water production rates are consistent with the extrapolated (and 7.6 day time variable) water production rates determined from the analysis of lower spectral resolution <span class="hlt">observations</span> for O(1D) and H-alpha emissions that covered the time period up to January 13. The large production rates on January 16 and 17 establish that the maximum water production rate for comet Halley accurred pre-perihelion in January. Implications drawn from comparison with 18 cm radio emission data in January suggest that the peak water production rate was even larger. The average production rate for NH3 determined from the NH2 emission data for January 17 was (1.48 +/- 0.10) x 10(exp 28) molecules/s, yielding an NH3/H2O production rate ratio of 0.55%.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1710719G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1710719G"><span>Comparison of stratospheric NO2 <span class="hlt">profiles</span> above Kiruna, Sweden retrieved from ground-based zenith sky DOAS measurements, SAOZ balloon measurements and SCIAMACHY limb <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gu, Myojeong; Enell, Carl-Fredrik; Hendrick, François; Pukite, Janis; Van Roozendael, Michel; Platt, Ulrich; Raffalski, Uwe; Wagner, Thomas</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Stratospheric NO2 not only destroys ozone but acts as a buffer against halogen catalyzed ozone loss by converting halogen species into stable nitrates. These two roles of stratospheric NO2 depend on the altitude. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the vertical distribution of stratospheric NO2. We compare the NO2 <span class="hlt">profiles</span> derived from the zenith sky DOAS with those obtained from, SAOZ balloon measurements and satellite limb <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of stratospheric NO2 are retrieved from ground-based zenith sky DOAS <span class="hlt">observations</span> operated at Kiruna, Sweden (68.84°N, 20.41°E) since 1996. To determine the <span class="hlt">profile</span> of stratospheric NO2 measured from ground-based zenith sky DOAS, we apply the Optimal Estimation Method (OEM) to retrieval of vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of stratospheric NO2 which has been developed by IASB-BIRA. The basic principle behind this <span class="hlt">profiling</span> approach is the dependence of the mean scattering height on solar zenith angle (SZA). We compare the retrieved <span class="hlt">profiles</span> to two additional datasets of stratospheric NO2 <span class="hlt">profile</span>. The first one is derived from satellite limb <span class="hlt">observations</span> by SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption spectrometer for Atmospheric CHartographY) on EnviSAT. The second is derived from the SAOZ balloon measurements (using a UV/Visible spectrometer) performed at Kiruna in Sweden.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27999864','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27999864"><span>Recovering fluorophore <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from confocal images near lateral refractive index step changes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jonášová, Eleonóra Parelius; Bjørkøy, Astrid; Stokke, Bjørn Torger</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Optical aberrations due to refractive index mismatches occur in various types of microscopy due to refractive differences between the sample and the immersion fluid or within the sample. We study the effects of lateral refractive index differences by fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy due to glass or polydimethylsiloxane cuboids and glass cylinders immersed in aqueous fluorescent solution, thereby mimicking realistic imaging situations in the proximity of these materials. The reduction in fluorescence intensity near the embedded objects was found to depend on the geometry and the refractive index difference between the object and the surrounding solution. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> fluorescence intensity gradients do not reflect the fluorophore <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the solution. It is suggested to apply a Gaussian fit or smoothing to the <span class="hlt">observed</span> fluorescence intensity gradient and use this as a basis to recover the fluorophore <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the proximity of the refractive index step change. The method requires that the reference and sample objects have the same geometry and refractive index. The best results were obtained when the sample objects were also used for reference since small differences such as uneven surfaces will result in a different extent of aberration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1816412M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1816412M"><span>ACTRIS aerosol vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> data and <span class="hlt">observations</span>: potentiality and first examples of integrated studies with models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mona, Lucia; Benedetti, Angela; D'Amico, Giuseppe; Myhre, Cathrine Lund; Schulz, Michael; Wandinger, Ulla; Laj, Paolo; Pappalardo, Gelsomina</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The ACTRIS-2 project, funded by Horizon 2020, addresses the scope of integrating state-of-the-art European ground-based stations for long term <span class="hlt">observations</span> of aerosols, clouds and short lived gases, capitalizing on the work of FP7-ACTRIS. It aims at achieving the construction of a user-oriented RI, unique in the EU-RI landscape for providing 4-D integrated high-quality data from near-surface to high altitude (vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and total-column) which are relevant to climate and air-quality research. ACTRIS-2 develops and implements, in a large network of stations in Europe and beyond, <span class="hlt">observational</span> protocols that permit the harmonization of collected data and their dissemination. ACTRIS secures provision and dissemination of a unique set of data and data-products that would not otherwise be available with the same level of quality and standardization. This results from a 10-year plus effort in constructing a research infrastructure capable of responding to community needs and requirements, and has been engaged since the start of the FP5 EU commission program. ACTRIS ensures compliance with reporting requirements (timing, format, traceability) defined by the major global <span class="hlt">observing</span> networks. EARLINET (European Aerosol research Lidar NETwork), the aerosol vertical <span class="hlt">profiling</span> component of ACTRIS, is providing since May 2000 vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of aerosol extinction and backscatter over Europe. A new structure of the EARLINET database has been designed in a more user oriented approach reporting new data products which are more effective for specific uses of different communities. In particular, a new era is starting with the Copernicus program during which the aerosol vertical <span class="hlt">profiling</span> capability will be fundamental for assimilation and validation purposes. The new data products have been designed thanks to a strong link with EARLINET data users, first of all modeling and satellite communities, established since the beginning of EARLINET and re-enforced within ACTRIS2</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=reactive+AND+program&pg=4&id=EJ927509','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=reactive+AND+program&pg=4&id=EJ927509"><span><span class="hlt">Profiles</span> of Anger Control in Second-Grade Children: Examination of Self-Report, <span class="hlt">Observational</span>, and Physiological Components</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Smith, Marissa; Hubbard, Julie A.; Laurenceau, Jean-Philippe</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The current study used latent <span class="hlt">profile</span> analysis (LPA) to examine anger control in 257 second-grade children (approximately 8 years of age). Anger was induced through losing a game and prize to a confederate who cheated. Three components of anger control were assessed: self-report of awareness of anger, <span class="hlt">observed</span> intensity of angry facial…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26498147','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26498147"><span>Microscale <span class="hlt">profiling</span> of photosynthesis-related variables in a highly productive biofilm photobioreactor.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Tong; Piltz, Bastian; Podola, Björn; Dron, Anthony; de Beer, Dirk; Melkonian, Michael</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>In the present study depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of light, oxygen, pH and photosynthetic performance in an artificial biofilm of the green alga Halochlorella rubescens in a porous substrate photobioreactor (PSBR) were recorded with microsensors. Biofilms were exposed to different light intensities (50-1,000 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1) ) and CO2 levels (0.04-5% v/v in air). The distribution of photosynthetically active radiation showed almost identical trends for different surface irradiances, namely: a relatively fast drop to a depth of about 250 µm, (to 5% of the incident), followed by a slower decrease. Light penetrated into the biofilm deeper than the Lambert-Beer Law predicted, which may be attributed to forward scattering of light, thus improving the overall light availability. Oxygen <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> showed maxima at a depth between 50 and 150 μm, depending on the incident light intensity. A very fast gas exchange was <span class="hlt">observed</span> at the biofilm surface. The highest oxygen <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of 3.2 mM was measured with 1,000 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1) and 5% supplementary CO2. Photosynthetic productivity increased with light intensity and/or CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and was always highest at the biofilm surface; the stimulating effect of elevated CO2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the gas phase on photosynthesis was enhanced by higher light intensities. The dissolved inorganic carbon <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> suggest that the availability of the dissolved free CO2 has the strongest impact on photosynthetic productivity. The results suggest that dark respiration could explain previously <span class="hlt">observed</span> decrease in growth rate over cultivation time in this type of PSBR. Our results represent a basis for understanding the complex dynamics of environmental variables and metabolic processes in artificial phototrophic biofilms exposed to a gas phase and can be used to improve the design and operational parameters of PSBRs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SPIE.3884..174T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SPIE.3884..174T"><span>Using the surface charge <span class="hlt">profiler</span> for in-line monitoring of doping <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in silicon epitaxial wafer manufacturing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tower, Joshua P.; Kamieniecki, Emil; Nguyen, M. C.; Danel, Adrien</p> <p>1999-08-01</p> <p>The Surface Charge <span class="hlt">Profiler</span> (SCP) has been introduced for monitoring and development of silicon epitaxial processes. The SCP measures the near-surface doping <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and offers advantages that lead to yield enhancement in several ways. First, non-destructive measurement technology enables in-line process monitoring, eliminating the need to sacrifice production wafers for resistivity measurements. Additionally, the full-wafer mapping capability helps in development of improved epitaxial growth processes and early detection of reactor problems. As examples, we present the use of SCP to study the effects of susceptor degradation in barrel reactors and to study autodoping for development of improved dopant uniformity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AtmEn..82..268W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AtmEn..82..268W"><span>Estimation of the caesium-137 source term from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant using a consistent joint assimilation of air <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and deposition <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Winiarek, Victor; Bocquet, Marc; Duhanyan, Nora; Roustan, Yelva; Saunier, Olivier; Mathieu, Anne</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Inverse modelling techniques can be used to estimate the amount of radionuclides and the temporal <span class="hlt">profile</span> of the source term released in the atmosphere during the accident of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in March 2011. In Winiarek et al. (2012b), the lower bounds of the caesium-137 and iodine-131 source terms were estimated with such techniques, using activity <span class="hlt">concentration</span> measurements. The importance of an objective assessment of prior errors (the <span class="hlt">observation</span> errors and the background errors) was emphasised for a reliable inversion. In such critical context where the meteorological conditions can make the source term partly unobservable and where only a few <span class="hlt">observations</span> are available, such prior estimation techniques are mandatory, the retrieved source term being very sensitive to this estimation. We propose to extend the use of these techniques to the estimation of prior errors when assimilating <span class="hlt">observations</span> from several data sets. The aim is to compute an estimate of the caesium-137 source term jointly using all available data about this radionuclide, such as activity <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in the air, but also daily fallout measurements and total cumulated fallout measurements. It is crucial to properly and simultaneously estimate the background errors and the prior errors relative to each data set. A proper estimation of prior errors is also a necessary condition to reliably estimate the a posteriori uncertainty of the estimated source term. Using such techniques, we retrieve a total released quantity of caesium-137 in the interval 11.6-19.3 PBq with an estimated standard deviation range of 15-20% depending on the method and the data sets. The “blind” time intervals of the source term have also been strongly mitigated compared to the first estimations with only activity <span class="hlt">concentration</span> data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A%26A...608A.126R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A%26A...608A.126R"><span>The role of stellar radial motions in shaping galaxy surface brightness <span class="hlt">profiles</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ruiz-Lara, T.; Few, C. G.; Florido, E.; Gibson, B. K.; Pérez, I.; Sánchez-Blázquez, P.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Aims: The physics driving features such as breaks <span class="hlt">observed</span> in galaxy surface brightness (SB) <span class="hlt">profiles</span> remains contentious. Here, we assess the importance of stellar radial motions in shaping their characteristics. Methods: We use the simulated Milky Way-mass cosmological discs from the Ramses Disc Environment Study (RaDES) to characterise the radial redistribution of stars in galaxies displaying type-I (pure exponentials), II (downbending), and III (upbending) SB <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. We compare radial <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the mass fractions and the velocity dispersions of different sub-populations of stars according to their birth and current location. Results: Radial redistribution of stars is important in all galaxies regardless of their light <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Type-II breaks seem to be a consequence of the combined effects of outward-moving and accreted stars. The former produce shallower inner <span class="hlt">profiles</span> (lack of stars in the inner disc) and accumulate material around the break radius and beyond, strengthening the break; the latter can weaken or even convert the break into a pure exponential. Further accretion from satellites can <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> material in the outermost parts, leading to type-III breaks that can coexist with type-II breaks, but situated further out. Type-III galaxies would be the result of an important radial redistribution of material throughout the entire disc, as well as a <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of accreted material in the outskirts. In addition, type-III galaxies display the most efficient radial redistribution and the largest number of accreted stars, followed by type-I and II systems, suggesting that type-I galaxies may be an intermediate case between types II and III. In general, the velocity dispersion <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of all galaxies tend to flatten or even increase around the locations where the breaks are found. The age and metallicity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are also affected, exhibiting different inner gradients depending on their SB <span class="hlt">profile</span>, being steeper in the case of type-II systems (as</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24902707','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24902707"><span>Effects of dietary gossypol <span class="hlt">concentration</span> on growth performance, blood <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, and hepatic histopathology in meat ducks.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zeng, Q F; Yang, G L; Liu, G N; Wang, J P; Bai, S P; Ding, X M; Luo, Y H; Zhang, K Y</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>The objective of this study was to determine the effects of gossypol from cottonseed meal (CSM) on growth performance, blood biochemical <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, and liver histopathology of ducks. A total of 900 1-d-old ducks were randomly allocated to 5 treatments with 12 pens/treatment and 15 ducks/pen. The 5 experimental diets were formulated in such a way that 0% (a corn-soybean meal basal diet, diet 1), 25% (diet 2), 50% (diet 3), 75% (diet 4), and 100% (diet 5) of protein from soybean meal were replaced with that from CSM. All diets were formulated on a digestible amino acid basis. The experiment included 2 phases, the starter phase (1 to 3 wk) where the test diets contained graded levels of CSM and the growth phase (4 to 5 wk) where birds were fed a corn-soybean basal diet to examine the recovery of ducks after CSM withdrawal. Dietary CSM and gossypol linearly (P < 0.01) and quadratically (P < 0.01) decreased ADG and ADFI during d 1 to 14. The threshold of daily total gossypol (TG) and free gossypol (FG) intake based on ADG on d 1 to 7 and d 7 to 14 were 32.20 and 2.64 mg/d, and 92.12 and 9.62 mg/d, respectively. Serum alanine aminotransferase increased (P < 0.05) linearly with increasing level of gossypol in the diets (d 7), whereas aspartate aminotransferase increased (P < 0.05) linearly and quadratically (d 14). Serum albumin <span class="hlt">concentration</span> decreased (P < 0.05) quadratically with increasing dietary CSM <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> on d 21. The degree of damage to the liver increased markedly with increasing dietary CSM and gossypol content and the length of CSM and gossypol intake. On d 35, there was no difference on BW and blood <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of ducks among all treatments. These results suggest that meat ducks' dietary TG and FG <span class="hlt">concentration</span> should be lower than 928.9 and 77.2 mg/kg, respectively, during d 1 to 21 of age and that a 2-wk withdrawal of diets containing gossypol should be considered. © Poultry Science Association Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A41O..06H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A41O..06H"><span>A new MesosphEO dataset of temperature <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from 35 to 85 km using Rayleigh scattering at limb from GOMOS/ENVISAT daytime <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hauchecorne, A.; Blanot, L.; Wing, R., Jr.; Keckhut, P.; Khaykin, S. M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The scattering of sunlight by the Earth atmosphere above the top of the stratospheric layer, about 30-35 km altitude, is only due to Rayleigh scattering by atmospheric molecules. Its intensity is then directly proportional to the atmospheric density. It is then possible to retrieve a temperature <span class="hlt">profile</span> in absolute value using the hydrostatic equation and the perfect gas law, assuming that the temperature is known from a climatological model at the top of the density <span class="hlt">profile</span>. This technique is applied to Rayleigh lidar <span class="hlt">observations</span> since more than 35 years (Hauchecorne and Chanin, 1980). The GOMOS star occultation spectrometer <span class="hlt">observed</span> the sunlight scattering at limb during daytime to remove it from the star spectrum. In the frame of the ESA funded MesosphEO project, GOMOS Rayleigh scattering <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the spectral range 400-460 nm have been used to retrieve temperature <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from 35 to 85 km with a 2-km vertical resolution. A dataset of more than 310 thousands <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from 2002 to 2012 is available for climatology and atmospheric dynamics studies. The validation of this dataset using NDACC Rayleigh lidars and MLS-AURA and SABER-TIMED will be presented. Preliminary results on the variability of the upper stratosphere and the mesosphere will be shown. We propose to apply this technique in the future to ALTIUS <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The Rayleigh scattering technique can be applied to any sounder <span class="hlt">observing</span> the day-time limb on the near-UV and visible spectrum.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22401642','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22401642"><span>Steady-state plasma <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profile</span> of transdermal rotigotine: an integrated analysis of three, open-label, randomized, phase I multiple dose studies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Elshoff, Jan-Peer; Braun, Marina; Andreas, Jens-Otto; Middle, Michelle; Cawello, Willi</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>The dopamine agonist rotigotine is formulated in a transdermal delivery system (patch) for once-daily application. It has been reported as efficacious in the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and restless legs syndrome. This article summarizes the results of 3 clinical studies conducted to characterize the 24-hour pharmacokinetic <span class="hlt">profile</span> of rotigotine in steady state and the effect of different patch application sites on this <span class="hlt">profile</span>. In addition, the relative bioavailability of a single, large patch versus 2 smaller patches was assessed. One Phase I study (SP871) assessed the steady-state pharmacokinetic properties at different application sites at a rotigotine maintenance dose of 3 mg/24 hours in healthy participants. Due to tolerability issues, the steady-state pharmacokinetic properties of rotigotine at higher doses (8 mg/24 hours) was assessed in 2 Phase I studies (SP630, SP651) in early-stage PD patients. Relative rotigotine bioavailability from a 40 cm(2) patch versus 2 × 20 cm(2) patches (SP651) and from a 15 cm(2) patch versus 1 × 5 cm(2) + 1 × 10 cm(2) patches (SP871) was also evaluated. Rotigotine <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in plasma were analyzed using a validated LC-MS/MS method. The pharmacokinetic variables were calculated using standard noncompartmental analysis. Release of rotigotine to the skin was 31% to 62% of total drug content in the patch. Variability of rotigotine exposure was low within participants (15%) compared with the variability <span class="hlt">observed</span> between participants (54%). Rotigotine exposure increased proportionally in the therapeutic dose range of 2 mg/24 hours to 8 mg/24 hours. Plasma <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> at steady state were stable over the 24-hour patch-on period. Delivery via a single, large patch compared with a combination of smaller patches did not appear to influence exposure to rotigotine. Bioavailability showed some variability depending on patch application site (hip, shoulder, abdomen, flank, thigh, upper arm); the respective</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28226363','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28226363"><span>Coagulation <span class="hlt">Profile</span> in Patients with Different Etiologies for Cushing Syndrome: A Prospective <span class="hlt">Observational</span> Study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tirosh, Amit; Lodish, Maya; Lyssikatos, Charalampos; Belyavskaya, Elena; Feelders, Richard A; Stratakis, Constantine A</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Previous studies reported a higher prevalence of venous-thromboembolic events among patients with Cushing disease (CD) compared to those with ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome (CS) from adrenal sources. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the coagulation <span class="hlt">profile</span> of patients with CS from different etiologies. A prospective <span class="hlt">observational</span> study was conducted at a clinical research center. The study included adult patients admitted for evaluation of suspected CS (n=85), that were divided into 3 groups: CD (n=22), ACTH-independent CS from an adrenal tumor/hyperplasia (adrenal CS, n=21), and a control group consisting of subjects with negative screening for CS (rule-out CS, n=42). Coagulation <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were drawn before and 8.5±4.3 months after surgery (trans-sphenoidal or adrenalectomy, n=18), and included fibrinogen, Factor VIII (FVIII), von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), antithrombin III (ATIII), Protein C (PC), Protein S (PS), α2-antiplasmin (α2AP), and aPTT measurements. Patients with CD had higher baseline mean cortisol levels, ATIII activity and vWF:Ag levels compared with adrenal CS. Differences in ATIII activity and vWF:Ag levels remained even after controlling for BMI, and ATIII after also controlling for 24-h urinary free cortisol collections. Our study showed for the first time the differences in coagulation <span class="hlt">profiles</span> between various etiologies of CS. We assume that the higher cortisol burden among CD patients may explain the differences found in the coagulation <span class="hlt">profile</span> as well as the higher risk for VTE compared with primary adrenal CS patients. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880051860&hterms=vertical+height&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dvertical%2Bheight','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880051860&hterms=vertical+height&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dvertical%2Bheight"><span>Satellite remote sensing and ozonesonde <span class="hlt">observation</span> of ozone vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> and severe storm development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hung, R. J.; Liu, J. M.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Two year ozonesonde data, January 1981 to December 1982, <span class="hlt">observed</span> at four Canadian stations, and two-and-a-half year backscattered ultraviolet experiment data on the Nimbus-4 satellite, April 1970 to August 1972, <span class="hlt">observed</span> over five U.S. stations, were used to study the relationship between the total ozone, vertical distribution of the ozone mixing ratio, height of half the total ozone, and the variation of local tropopause height. In view of the correlation between the variation of the tropopause height and the possible development of severe storms, a better understanding of the effect of the vertical distribution of the local ozone <span class="hlt">profile</span> on the variation of the tropopause height can give considerable insight into the development of severe storms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989JApMe..28..609R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989JApMe..28..609R"><span>Simulation of Tracer <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> Data in the Brush Creek Drainage Flow Using an Integrated Puff Model.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rao, K. Shankar; Eckman, Richard M.; Hosker, Rayford P., Jr.</p> <p>1989-07-01</p> <p>During the 1984 ASCOT field study in Brush Creek Valley, two perfluorocarbon tracers were released into the nocturnal drainage flow at two different heights. The resulting surface <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were sampled at 90 sites, and vertical <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> at 11 sites. These detailed tracer measurements provide a valuable dataset for developing and testing models of pollutant transport and dispersion in valleys.In this paper, we present the results of Gaussian puff model simulations of the tracer releases in Brush Creek Valley. The model was modified to account for the restricted lateral dispersion in the valley, and for the gross elevation differences between the release site and the receptors. The variable wind fields needed to transport the puffs were obtained by interpolation between wind <span class="hlt">profiles</span> measured using tethered balloons at five along-valley sites. Direct turbulence measurements were used to estimate diffusion. Subsidence in the valley flow was included for elevated releases.Two test simulations-covering different nights, tracers, and release heights-were performed. The predicted hourly <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were compared with <span class="hlt">observations</span> at 51 ground-level locations. At most sites, the predicted and <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> agree within a factor of 2 to 6. For the elevated release simulation, the <span class="hlt">observed</span> mean <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is 40 pL/L, the predicted mean is 21 pL/L, the correlation coefficient between the <span class="hlt">observed</span> and predicted <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> is 0.24, and the index of agreement is 0.46. For the surface release simulation, the <span class="hlt">observed</span> mean is 85 pL/L, and the predicted mean is 73 pL/L. The correlation coefficient is 0.23, and the index of agreement is 0.42. The results suggest that this modified puff model can be used as a practical tool for simulating pollutant transport and dispersion in deep valleys.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982PApGe.120..607L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982PApGe.120..607L"><span>Nitric oxide <span class="hlt">concentration</span> near the mesopause as deduced from ionospheric absorption measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lastovicka, J.</p> <p></p> <p>The upper-D-region NO <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is calculated on the basis of published 2775-kHz-absorption, Lyman-alpha (OSO-5), and X-ray (Solrad-9) data obtained over Central Europe in June-August 1969, 1970, and 1972. Ionization-rate and radio-wave-absorption <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for solar zenith angles of 60, 70 and 40 deg are computed, presented graphically, and compared with model calculations to derive the NO-<span class="hlt">concentration</span> correction coefficients necessary to make the Lyman-alpha/X-ray flux ratios of the models of Meira (1971), Baker et al. (1977), Tohmatsu and Iwagami (1976), and Tisone (1973) agree with the <span class="hlt">observed</span> ratios. Values of the corrected NO <span class="hlt">concentration</span> include 6.5 and 8.5 x 10 to the 13th/cu m at 78 and 90 km, respectively. The values are shown to be higher than those of standard models but within the range of <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22661004-observations-simulations-nai-sub-line-profiles-class-solar-flare','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22661004-observations-simulations-nai-sub-line-profiles-class-solar-flare"><span><span class="hlt">OBSERVATIONS</span> AND SIMULATIONS OF THE Na i D{sub 1} LINE <span class="hlt">PROFILES</span> IN AN M-CLASS SOLAR FLARE</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Kuridze, D.; Mathioudakis, M.; Jess, D. B.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>We study the temporal evolution of the Na i D{sub 1} line <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the M3.9 flare SOL2014-06-11T21:03 UT, using <span class="hlt">observations</span> at high spectral resolution obtained with the Interferometric Bidimensional Spectrometer instrument on the Dunn Solar Telescope combined with radiative hydrodynamic simulations. Our results show a significant increase in the intensities of the line core and wings during the flare. The analysis of the line <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from the flare ribbons reveals that the Na i D{sub 1} line has a central reversal with excess emission in the blue wing (blue asymmetry). We combine RADYN and RH simulations to synthesize Na imore » D{sub 1} line <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the flaring atmosphere and find good agreement with the <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Heating with a beam of electrons modifies the radiation field in the flaring atmosphere and excites electrons from the ground state 3s {sup 2}S to the first excited state 3p {sup 2}P, which in turn modifies the relative population of the two states. The change in temperature and the population density of the energy states make the sodium line <span class="hlt">profile</span> revert from absorption into emission. Furthermore, the rapid changes in temperature break the pressure balance between the different layers of the lower atmosphere, generating upflow/downflow patterns. Analysis of the simulated spectra reveals that the asymmetries of the Na i D{sub 1} flare <span class="hlt">profile</span> are produced by the velocity gradients in the lower solar atmosphere.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.A31F0187S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.A31F0187S"><span><span class="hlt">Observing</span> the Great Plains Low-Level Jet Using the Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS): A Comparison with Boundary Layer <span class="hlt">Profiler</span> <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Skinner, P. S.; Basu, S.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>Wind resources derived from the nocturnal low-level jet of the Great Plains of the United States are a driving factor in the proliferation of wind energy facilities across the region. Accurate diagnosis and forecasting of the low-level jet is important to not only assess the wind resource but to estimate the potential for shear-induced stress generation on turbine rotors. This study will examine the utility of Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) <span class="hlt">observations</span> in diagnosing low-level jet events across the Texas Panhandle. ACARS <span class="hlt">observations</span> from Lubbock International Airport (KLBB) will be compared to <span class="hlt">observations</span> from a 915 MHZ Doppler radar vertical boundary-layer <span class="hlt">profiler</span> with 60m vertical resolution located at the field experiment site of Texas Tech University. The ability of ACARS data to adequately <span class="hlt">observe</span> low-level jet events during the spring and summer of 2009 will be assessed and presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMDI31B..01G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMDI31B..01G"><span>Petrologically-based Electrical <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> vs. Geophysical <span class="hlt">Observations</span> through the Upper Mantle (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gaillard, F.; Massuyeau, M.; Sifre, D.; Tarits, P.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Mineralogical transformations in the up-welling mantle play a critical role on the dynamics of mass and heat transfers at mid-ocean-ridgeS. The melting event producing ridge basalts occur at 60 km depth below the ridge axis, but because of small amounts of H2O and CO2 in the source region of MOR-basalts, incipient melting can initiate at much greater depth. Such incipient melts <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> incompatible elements, and are particularly rich in volatile species. These juices evolve from carbonatites, carbonated basalts, to CO2-H2O-rich basalts as recently exposed by petrological surveys; the passage from carbonate to silicate melts is a complex pathway that is strongly non-linear. This picture has recently been complicated further by studies showing that oxygen increasingly partitions into garnet as pressure increases; this implies that incipient melting may be prevented at depth exceeding 200 km because not enough oxygen is available in the system to stabilize carbonate melts. The aim of this work is twofold: - We modelled the complex pathway of mantle melting in presence of C-O-H volatiles by adjusting the thermodynamic properties of mixing in the multi-component C-O-H-melt system. This allows us to calculate the change in melt composition vs. depth following any sortS of adiabat. - We modelled the continuous change in electrical properties from carbonatites, carbonated basalts, to CO2-H2O-rich basalts. We then successfully converted this petrological evolution along a ridge adiabat into electrical conductivity vs. depth signal. The discussion that follows is about comparison of this petrologically-based conductivity <span class="hlt">profile</span> with the recent <span class="hlt">profiles</span> obtained by inversion of the long-period electromagnetic signals from the East-Pacific-Rise. These geophysically-based <span class="hlt">profiles</span> reveal the electrical conductivity structure down to 400 km depth and they show some intriguing highly conductive sections. We will discuss heterogeneity in electrical conductivity of the upper</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ACPD...1534149M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ACPD...1534149M"><span>Potential of polarization lidar to provide <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of CCN- and INP-relevant aerosol parameters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mamouri, R. E.; Ansmann, A.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>We investigate the potential of polarization lidar to provide vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of aerosol parameters from which cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) and ice nucleating particle (INP) number <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> can be estimated. We show that height <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of number <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of aerosol particles with radius > 50 nm (APC50, reservoir of favorable CCN) and with radius > 250 nm (APC250, reservoir of favorable INP), as well as <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the aerosol particle surface area <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (ASC, used in INP parameterization) can be retrieved from lidar-derived aerosol extinction coefficients (AEC) with relative uncertainties of a factor of around 2 (APC50), and of about 25-50 % (APC250, ASC). Of key importance is the potential of polarization lidar to identify mineral dust particles and to distinguish and separate the aerosol properties of basic aerosol types such as mineral dust and continental pollution (haze, smoke). We investigate the relationship between AEC and APC50, APC250, and ASC for the main lidar wavelengths of 355, 532 and 1064 nm and main aerosol types (dust, pollution, marine). Our study is based on multiyear Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) photometer <span class="hlt">observations</span> of aerosol optical thickness and column-integrated particle size distribution at Leipzig, Germany, and Limassol, Cyprus, which cover all realistic aerosol mixtures of continental pollution, mineral dust, and marine aerosol. We further include AERONET data from field campaigns in Morocco, Cabo Verde, and Barbados, which provide pure dust and pure marine aerosol scenarios. By means of a simple relationship between APC50 and the CCN-reservoir particles (APCCCN) and published INP parameterization schemes (with APC250 and ASC as input) we finally compute APCCCN and INP <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. We apply the full methodology to a lidar <span class="hlt">observation</span> of a heavy dust outbreak crossing Cyprus with dust up to 8 km height and to a case during which anthropogenic pollution dominated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=AU','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=AU"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in Australia | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>‚¬"alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project name | NREL</A> Australia <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> Australia are listed belowââ</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24336460','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24336460"><span>Impact of non-constant <span class="hlt">concentration</span> exposure on lethality of inhaled hydrogen cyanide.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sweeney, Lisa M; Sommerville, Douglas R; Channel, Stephen R</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>The ten Berge model, also known as the toxic load model, is an empirical approach in hazard assessment modeling for estimating the relationship between the inhalation toxicity of a chemical and the exposure duration. The toxic load (TL) is normally expressed as a function of vapor <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (C) and duration (t), with TL equaling C(n) × t being a typical form. Hypothetically, any combination of <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and time that yields the same "toxic load" will give a constant biological response. These formulas have been developed and tested using controlled, constant <span class="hlt">concentration</span> animal studies, but the validity of applying these assumptions to time-varying <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> has not been tested. Experiments were designed to test the validity of the model under conditions of non-constant acute exposure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats inhaled constant or pulsed <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) generated in a nose-only exposure system for 5, 15, or 30 min. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> lethality of HCN for the 11 different C versus t <span class="hlt">profiles</span> was used to evaluate the ability of the model to adequately describe the lethality of HCN under the conditions of non-constant inhalation exposure. The model was found to be applicable under the tested conditions, with the exception of the median lethality of very brief, high <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, discontinuous exposures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApPhB.124...61L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApPhB.124...61L"><span>Two-dimensional temperature and carbon dioxide <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in atmospheric laminar diffusion flames measured by mid-infrared direct absorption spectroscopy at 4.2 μm</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Xunchen; Zhang, Guoyong; Huang, Yan; Wang, Yizun; Qi, Fei</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>We present a multi-line flame thermometry technique based on mid-infrared direct absorption spectroscopy of carbon dioxide at its v_3 fundamental around 4.2 μm that is particularly suitable for sooting flames. Temperature and <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of gas phase molecules in a flame are important characteristics to understand its flame structure and combustion chemistry. One of the standard laboratory flames to analyze polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and soot formation is laminar non-premixed co-flow flame, but PAH and soot introduce artifact to most non-contact optical measurements. Here we report an accurate diagnostic method of the temperature and <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of CO2 in ethylene diffusion flames by measuring its v_3 vibrational fundamental. An interband cascade laser was used to probe the R-branch bandhead at 4.2 μm, which is highly sensitive to temperature change, free from soot interference and ambient background. Calibration measurement was carried out both in a low-pressure Herriott cell and an atmospheric pressure tube furnace up to 1550 K to obtain spectroscopic parameters for high-temperature spectra. In our co-flow flame measurement, two-dimensional line-of-sight optical depth of an ethylene/N2 laminar sooting flame was recorded by dual-beam absorption scheme. The axially symmetrical attenuation coefficient <span class="hlt">profile</span> of CO2 in the co-flow flame was reconstructed from the optical depth by Abel inversion. Spatially resolved flame temperature and in situ CO2 volume fraction <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were derived from the calibrated CO2 spectroscopic parameters and compared with temperature <span class="hlt">profiles</span> measured by two-line atomic fluorescence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3081824','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3081824"><span>Transcriptome <span class="hlt">Profiling</span> of Bovine Milk Oligosaccharide Metabolism Genes Using RNA-Sequencing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wickramasinghe, Saumya; Hua, Serenus; Rincon, Gonzalo; Islas-Trejo, Alma; German, J. Bruce; Lebrilla, Carlito B.; Medrano, Juan F.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>This study examines the genes coding for enzymes involved in bovine milk oligosaccharide metabolism by comparing the oligosaccharide <span class="hlt">profiles</span> with the expressions of glycosylation-related genes. Fresh milk samples (n = 32) were collected from four Holstein and Jersey cows at days 1, 15, 90 and 250 of lactation and free milk oligosaccharide <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were analyzed. RNA was extracted from milk somatic cells at days 15 and 250 of lactation (n = 12) and gene expression analysis was conducted by RNA-Sequencing. A list was created of 121 glycosylation-related genes involved in oligosaccharide metabolism pathways in bovine by analyzing the oligosaccharide <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and performing an extensive literature search. No significant differences were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in either oligosaccharide <span class="hlt">profiles</span> or expressions of glycosylation-related genes between Holstein and Jersey cows. The highest <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of free oligosaccharides were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the colostrum samples and a sharp decrease was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of free oligosaccharides on day 15, followed by progressive decrease on days 90 and 250. Ninety-two glycosylation-related genes were expressed in milk somatic cells. Most of these genes exhibited higher expression in day 250 samples indicating increases in net glycosylation-related metabolism in spite of decreases in free milk oligosaccharides in late lactation milk. Even though fucosylated free oligosaccharides were not identified, gene expression indicated the likely presence of fucosylated oligosaccharides in bovine milk. Fucosidase genes were expressed in milk and a possible explanation for not detecting fucosylated free oligosaccharides is the degradation of large fucosylated free oligosaccharides by the fucosidases. Detailed characterization of enzymes encoded by the 92 glycosylation-related genes identified in this study will provide the basic knowledge for metabolic network analysis of oligosaccharides in mammalian milk. These candidate genes will guide</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=toys+AND+gender+AND+development&pg=6&id=ED404034','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=toys+AND+gender+AND+development&pg=6&id=ED404034"><span>Childhood and Children: A Compendium of Customs, Superstitions, Theories, <span class="hlt">Profiles</span>, and Facts.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bel Geddes, Joan</p> <p></p> <p>Children and childhood are almost completely ignored in most history books, encyclopedias, anthologies, and almanacs, which <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> on the achievement of the adult half of the world's population. This book is intended to fill the gap by focusing on childhood, and presents an array of facts, anecdotes, <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, and <span class="hlt">observations</span> about children…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25248720','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25248720"><span>New procyanidin B3-human salivary protein complexes by mass spectrometry. Effect of salivary protein <span class="hlt">profile</span>, tannin <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, and time stability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Perez-Gregorio, Maria Rosa; Mateus, Nuno; De Freitas, Victor</p> <p>2014-10-15</p> <p>Several factors could influence the tannin-protein interaction such as the human salivary protein <span class="hlt">profile</span>, the tannin tested, and the tannin/protein ratio. The goal of this study aims to study the effect of different salivas (A, B, and C) and different tannin <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (0.5 and 1 mg/mL) on the interaction process as well as the complex's stability over time. This study is focused on the identification of new procyanidin B3-human salivary protein complexes. Thus, 48 major B3-human salivary protein aggregates were identified regardless of the saliva and tannin <span class="hlt">concentration</span> tested. A higher number of aggregates was found at lower tannin <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. Moreover, the number of protein moieties involved in the aggregation process was higher when the tannin <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was also higher. The selectivity of the different groups of proteins to bind tannin was also confirmed. It was also verified that the B3-human salivary protein complexes formed evolved over time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....1714275X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....1714275X"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of the vertical distributions of summertime atmospheric pollutants and the corresponding ozone production in Shanghai, China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xing, Chengzhi; Liu, Cheng; Wang, Shanshan; Chan, Ka Lok; Gao, Yang; Huang, Xin; Su, Wenjing; Zhang, Chengxin; Dong, Yunsheng; Fan, Guangqiang; Zhang, Tianshu; Chen, Zhenyi; Hu, Qihou; Su, Hang; Xie, Zhouqing; Liu, Jianguo</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) and lidar measurements were performed in Shanghai, China, during May 2016 to investigate the vertical distribution of summertime atmospheric pollutants. In this study, vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of aerosol extinction coefficient, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurements using the Heidelberg <span class="hlt">Profile</span> (HEIPRO) algorithm, while vertical distribution of ozone (O3) was obtained from an ozone lidar. Sensitivity study of the MAX-DOAS aerosol <span class="hlt">profile</span> retrieval shows that the a priori aerosol <span class="hlt">profile</span> shape has significant influences on the aerosol <span class="hlt">profile</span> retrieval. Aerosol <span class="hlt">profiles</span> retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurements with Gaussian a priori <span class="hlt">profile</span> demonstrate the best agreements with simultaneous lidar measurements and vehicle-based tethered-balloon <span class="hlt">observations</span> among all a priori aerosol <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Tropospheric NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) measured with MAX-DOAS show a good agreement with OMI satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> with a Pearson correlation coefficient (R) of 0.95. In addition, measurements of the O3 vertical distribution indicate that the ozone productions do not only occur at surface level but also at higher altitudes (about 1.1 km). Planetary boundary layer (PBL) height and horizontal and vertical wind field information were integrated to discuss the ozone formation at upper altitudes. The results reveal that enhanced ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> at ground level and upper altitudes are not directly related to horizontal and vertical transportation. Similar patterns of O3 and HCHO vertical distributions were <span class="hlt">observed</span> during this campaign, which implies that the ozone productions near the surface and at higher altitudes are mainly influenced by the abundance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the lower troposphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=GR','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=GR"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in Greece | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>;alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project name. MINOS NREL</A> Greece <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> Greece are listed belowâ€"</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=DZ','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=DZ"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in Algeria | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>;alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project name. ISCC Hassi NREL</A> Algeria <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> Algeria are listed belowâ€"</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=TH','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=TH"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in Thailand | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>;alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project name. Thai Solar | NREL</A> Thailand <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> Thailand are listed belowâ€"</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=IL','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=IL"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in Israel | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>;alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project name. Ashalim Ashalim NREL</A> Israel <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> Israel are listed belowâ€"</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=EG','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=EG"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in Egypt | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>;alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project name. ISCC Kuraymat NREL</A> Egypt <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> Egypt are listed belowâ€"</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=SA','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=SA"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in Saudi Arabia | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>belowâ€"alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project Power | NREL</A> Saudi Arabia <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> Saudi Arabia are listed</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=ZA','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=ZA"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in South Africa | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>belowâ€"alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project Power | NREL</A> South Africa <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> South Africa are listed</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=KW','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=KW"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in Kuwait | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>;alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project name. Shagaya CSP NREL</A> Kuwait <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> Kuwait are listed belowâ€"</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=TR','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=TR"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in Turkey | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>;alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project name. Greenway CSP NREL</A> Turkey <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> Turkey are listed belowâ€"</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=IT','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=IT"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in Italy | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>;alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project name. Archimede ASE NREL</A> Italy <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> Italy are listed belowâ€"</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=CL','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=CL"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in Chile | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>;alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project name. Atacama-1 NREL</A> Chile <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> Chile are listed belowâ€"</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO34A3026S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO34A3026S"><span>Variation of subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer from the vertical <span class="hlt">profiler</span> and in-situ <span class="hlt">observation</span> in the eastern coastal region of Korea (the East/Japan Sea)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Son, Y. T.; Chang, K. I.; Nam, S.; Kang, D. J.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Coastal monitoring buoy (called it as ESROB) has been continually operated to monitor meteorological (wind, air temperature, air pressure, PAR) and oceanic properties (temperature, salinity, current, chlorophyll fluorescence, DO, turbidity) using equipment such as CTD, fluorometer and WQM (Water Quality Monitor) in the eastern coastal region of Korea (the East/Japan Sea) since April 2011. The ESROB produced temporal evolution of physical and biogeochemical parameters of the water column with high resolution of 10 min interval. In order to understand horizontal influence of physical and biogeochemical parameters on variation of subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer (SCM), interdisciplinary in-situ surveys with small R/V in the study area for about week were conducted in June/October 2014 and in May 2015. A wirewalker, a wave-driven vertically <span class="hlt">profiling</span> platform (Rainville and Pinkel 2001), was also deployed at two points (about 30 m and 80 m water depth) along cross-shore direction with the ESROB for about one or two weeks with in-situ survey durations. The wirewalker was equipped with CTD, turbidity and chlorophyll a fluorometer <span class="hlt">profiler</span>, which was completed approximately every 3 10 minute depending on sea surface state. The SCM was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in almost every deployment nearest coast, except for June in 2014, with variation of semi- and diurnal time periods. Temporal evolution of the wirewalker showed that disappearance and reoccurrence of the SCM within the water column in October 2014, which was associated with vertical mixing induced by strong wind stress. Low salinity plume in the surface layer and shoaling of bottom cold water were concurrently <span class="hlt">observed</span> after homogeneous water column, affecting another condition to the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a in this coastal region. Moreover in-situ <span class="hlt">observation</span> with densely points and temporal interval for 1 day revealed that distribution with high <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of chlorophyll a on isopycnal was association with</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7463E..09E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7463E..09E"><span>Preliminary VHF radar and high-data-rate optical turbulence <span class="hlt">profile</span> <span class="hlt">observations</span> using a balloon-ring platform</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Eaton, Frank D.; Nastrom, Gregory D.; Kyrazis, Demos T.; Black, Don G.; Black, Wiley T.; Black, R. Alastair</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>A recent measurement campaign at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif. involved taking simultaneous <span class="hlt">observations</span> with a VHF radar and high-data-rate (1-micron diameter) platinum wires to sense optical turbulence (from temperature fluctuations). The radar <span class="hlt">observations</span> produce <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the refractive index structure parameter (C2n ), the turbulent kinetic energy (σ2t ), the eddy dissipation rate (ɛ), the inner scale (lo ), the outer scale (Lo ) of turbulence, and wind speed and direction to an altitude of 20 km AGL. The fine wire measurements were taken from the surface with several sensors mounted on a balloon-ring platform sampling in excess of 3 kHz to balloon burst altitudes (typically above 25 km AGL). The main objectives of this effort are to compare the two measurement techniques and to obtain <span class="hlt">observations</span> that can address several fundamental turbulence issues of the real turbulent atmosphere related to laser beam propagation. To date, modeling and simulation of laser beam propagation through atmospheric turbulence have relied upon a traditional theoretical basis that assumes the existence of homogeneous, isotropic, stationary, and Kolmogorov turbulence. Results presented from the radar <span class="hlt">observations</span> include C2n, σ2t, ɛ, lo, and the standard deviation of vertical velocity (σw). A comparison of the <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of C2n obtained from the two measurement techniques is shown and discussed. A time series of temperature data obtained from a fine wire probe traversing one radar range gate is presented and discussed. Future measurement and analysis efforts are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999NIMPB.158..451H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999NIMPB.158..451H"><span>Elastic recoil detection analysis for the determination of hydrogen <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in switchable mirrors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huisman, M. C.; van der Molen, S. J.; Vis, R. D.</p> <p>1999-10-01</p> <p>Switchable mirrors [J.N. Huiberts, R. Griessen, J.H. Rector, R.J. Wijngaarden, J.P. Dekker, D.G. de Groot, N.J. Koeman, Nature 380 (1996) 231; J.N Huiberts, J.H. Rector, R.J. Wijngaarden, S. Jetten, D. de Groot, B. Dam, N.J.. Koeman, R. Griessen, B. Hjörvarsson, S Olafsson, Y.S. Cho, J. Alloys and Compounds 239 (1996) 158; F.J.A. den Broeder, S.J. van der Molen, M. Kremers, J. N. Huiberts, D.G. Nagengast, A.T.M. van Gogh, W.H. Huisman, N. J. Koeman, B. Dam, J.H. Rector, S. Plota, M. Haaksma, R.M.N. Hanzen, R.M. Jungblut, P.A. Duine, R. Griessen, Nature 394 (1998) 656] made of thin films of Y, La or rare-earth (RE) metals exhibit spectacular changes in their optical and electrical properties upon hydrogen loading. The study of these materials has indicated that the occurring phenomena are highly sensitive to the actual hydrogen <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in these materials. In this paper elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) is used as a tool to measure hydrogen <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> on a micrometer scale. The measurements have been performed using a 4He 2+ ion beam from a 1.7 MV Pelletron accelerator. The ion beam can be focused routinely to a spot size of approximately 10 μm 2. The experimental set-up enables the simultaneous measurement of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) as well as particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectra, which provide complementary information. The results of ERDA measurements on laterally diffused YH x (0< x<3) samples with a qualitatively known hydrogen <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profile</span> are presented and discussed. The calibration of the microbeam set-up and possible improvement of the measurement technique are described.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS42A..05J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS42A..05J"><span>The annual cycle of nitrate and net community production in surface waters of the Southern Ocean <span class="hlt">observed</span> with SOCCOM <span class="hlt">profiling</span> floats</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Johnson, K. S.; Plant, J. N.; Sakamoto, C.; Coletti, L. J.; Sarmiento, J. L.; Riser, S.; Talley, L. D.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Sixty <span class="hlt">profiling</span> floats with ISUS and SUNA nitrate sensors have been deployed in the Southern Ocean (south of 30 degrees S) as part of the SOCCOM (Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and Modeling) program and earlier efforts. These floats have produced detailed records of the annual cycle of nitrate <span class="hlt">concentration</span> throughout the region from the surface to depths near 2000 m. In surface waters, there are clear cycles in nitrate <span class="hlt">concentration</span> that result from uptake of nitrate during austral spring and summer. These changes in nitrate <span class="hlt">concentration</span> were used to compute the annual net community production over this region. NCP was computed using a simplified version of the approach detailed by Plant et al. (2016, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 30, 859-879, DOI: 10.1002/2015GB005349). At the time the abstract was written 41 complete annual cycles were available from floats deployed before the austral summer of 2015/2016. After filtering the data to remove floats that crossed distinct frontal boundaries, floats with other anomalies, and floats in sub-tropical waters, 23 cycles were available. A preliminary assessment of the data yields an NCP of 2.8 +/- 0.95 (1 SD) mol C/m2/y after integrating to 100 m depth and converting nitrate uptake to carbon using the Redfield ratio. This preliminary assessment ignores vertical transport across the nitracline and is, therefore, a minimum estimate. The number of cycles available for analysis will increase rapidly, as 32 of the floats were deployed in the austral summer of 2015/2016 and have not yet been analyzed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A%26A...369..889B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A%26A...369..889B"><span>A study of polarized spectra of magnetic CP stars: Predicted š. <span class="hlt">observed</span> Stokes IQUV <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for beta CrB and 53 Cam</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bagnulo, S.; Wade, G. A.; Donati, J.-F.; Landstreet, J. D.; Leone, F.; Monin, D. N.; Stift, M. J.</p> <p>2001-04-01</p> <p>We present a comparison of <span class="hlt">observed</span> and calculated Stokes IQUV spectra of two well-known magnetic chemically peculiar stars, beta Coronae Borealis and 53 Camelopardalis. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> Stokes spectra were recently described by Wade et al. (\\cite{wad00a}), and have been complemented with additional circularly polarized spectra obtained at the Special Astrophysical Observatory. The calculated spectra represent the predictions of new and previously published magnetic field models derived from the analysis of some surface averaged field estimates (e.g., longitudinal field, magnetic field modulus, etc.). We find that these magnetic models are not sufficient to account fully for the <span class="hlt">observed</span> Stokes <span class="hlt">profiles</span> - particularly remarkable is the disagreement between the predicted and <span class="hlt">observed</span> Stokes Q and U <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of 53 Cam. We suggest that this should be interpreted in terms of magnetic morphologies which are significantly more complex than the second-order multipolar expansions assumed in the models. However, it is clear that some of our inability to reproduce the detailed shapes of the Stokes IQUV <span class="hlt">profiles</span> is unrelated to the magnetic models. For many metallic ions, for both stars, we found it impossible to account for the strengths and shapes of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> spectral line <span class="hlt">profiles</span> when we adopted a unique value for the individual ion abundance. We suggest that this results from strongly non-uniform distributions of these ions as a function of optical depth (i.e., chemical stratification), a hypothesis that is supported by comparison with simple chemically stratified models. Based on <span class="hlt">observations</span> obtained with the 2 m Bernard Lyot telescope of the Pic-du-Midi Observatory, the 1 m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory, and the 0.9 m telescope of the Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130008703','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130008703"><span>Integrating Wind <span class="hlt">Profiling</span> Radars and Radiosonde <span class="hlt">Observations</span> with Model Point Data to Develop a Decision Support Tool to Assess Upper-Level Winds for Space Launch</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bauman, William H., III; Flinn, Clay</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>On the day of launch, the 45th Weather Squadron (45 WS) Launch Weather Officers (LWOs) monitor the upper-level winds for their launch customers. During launch operations, the payload/launch team sometimes asks the LWOs if they expect the upper-level winds to change during the countdown. The LWOs used numerical weather prediction model point forecasts to provide the information, but did not have the capability to quickly retrieve or adequately display the upper-level <span class="hlt">observations</span> and compare them directly in the same display to the model point forecasts to help them determine which model performed the best. The LWOs requested the Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) develop a graphical user interface (GUI) that will plot upper-level wind speed and direction <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) Automated Meteorological <span class="hlt">Profiling</span> System (AMPS) rawinsondes with point forecast wind <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Mesoscale (NAM), Rapid Refresh (RAP) and Global Forecast System (GFS) models to assess the performance of these models. The AMU suggested adding <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the NASA 50 MHz wind <span class="hlt">profiler</span> and one of the US Air Force 915 MHz wind <span class="hlt">profilers</span>, both located near the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Shuttle Landing Facility, to supplement the AMPS <span class="hlt">observations</span> with more frequent upper-level <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Figure 1 shows a map of KSC/CCAFS with the locations of the <span class="hlt">observation</span> sites and the model point forecasts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9178554','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9178554"><span>Thermal gelation <span class="hlt">profile</span> changes in reconstituted actomyosin due to storage under a high salt <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and low temperature.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tanji, H; Ikeuchi, Y; Yoshizawa, M; Suzuki, A</p> <p>1997-05-01</p> <p>Changes in the heat-induced gelation properties of reconstituted rabbit skeletal actomyosin stored under a high salt <span class="hlt">concentration</span> at pH 6.0 and 0 degree C were investigated at different weight ratios of actin to myosin by using dynamic rheological and biochemical measurements. The addition of actin resulted in a pronounced peak maximum at about 50 degrees C and an accompanying temporary reduction in the range at about 50 degrees C to 60 degrees C. The more the initial actin <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was increased, the greater was the area of the peak/shoulder. However, this area was markedly diminished with increasing storage time. As a result, the dynamic rheological pattern was transformed from an actomyosin type into a myosin type. The relationship between the G' value at 80 degrees C and the actin/myosin weight ratio was curvilinear, with a peak at the ratio of 0.05, immediately after storage was started. This <span class="hlt">profile</span> changed during storage, depending on the extent to denaturation of actin and myosin in the reconstituted actomyosin (RAM). The G' value of actomyosin in 0.5 M KCl with a small actin/myosin ratio of 0.05 decreased to one-half of its initial value after 7 days of storage, whereas the G' value with a large actin/myosin ratio of 0.225 increased by about 1.6 times. In 1.5 M KCl, all the G' values declined to the level with myosin alone after 7 days of storage. The time-course plots of the remaining actin <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in RAM at different weight ratios of actin to myosin after being treated with 0.5 M or 1.5 M KCl showed a decrease in the actin content with increasing storage time, and an increase in the KCl <span class="hlt">concentration</span> to 1.5 M KCl promoted the denaturation of actin in RAM faster than with 0.5 M KCl. The surface hydrophobicity of each RAM sample progressively increased with increasing storage time, while little significant increase in the sulfhydryl (SH) content during storage was <span class="hlt">observed</span>. It is concluded that changes in the heat-induced gelation properties of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=DK','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=DK"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in Denmark | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>;alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project name. Aalborg CSP-Brà NREL</A> Denmark <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> Denmark are listed belowâ€"</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=CA','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=CA"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in Canada | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>;alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project name. City <em>of</em> NREL</A> Canada <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> Canada are listed belowâ€"</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=FR','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=FR"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in France | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>;alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project name. eLLO Solar NREL</A> France <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> France are listed belowâ€"</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=MX','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=MX"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in Mexico | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>;alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project name. Agua Prieta II NREL</A> Mexico <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> Mexico are listed belowâ€"</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=DE','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=DE"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects in Germany | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>;alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> by clicking on <em>the</em> project name. Jülich Solar NREL</A> Germany <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) projects <em>in</em> Germany are listed belowâ€"</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27479633','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27479633"><span>Measuring <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> of Dissolved Methane and Ethane and the 13 C of Methane in Shale and Till.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hendry, M Jim; Barbour, S Lee; Schmeling, Erin E; Mundle, Scott O C</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Baseline characterization of <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and isotopic values of dissolved natural gases is needed to identify contamination caused by the leakage of fugitive gases from oil and gas activities. Methods to collect and analyze baseline <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of dissolved CH 4 and C 2 H 6 and δ 13 C-CH 4 in shales and Quaternary clayey tills were assessed at two sites in the Williston Basin, Canada. Core and cuttings samples were stored in Isojars ® in a low O 2 headspace prior to analysis. Measurements and multiphase diffusion modeling show that the gas <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in core samples yield well-defined and reproducible depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span> after 31-d equilibration. No measurable oxidative loss or production during core sample storage was <span class="hlt">observed</span>. <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> from cuttings and mud gas logging (including IsoTubes ® ) were much lower than from cores, but correlated well. Simulations suggest the lower <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> from cuttings can be attributed to drilling time, and therefore their use to define gas <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> may have inherent limitations. Calculations based on mud gas logging show the method can provide estimates of core <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> if operational parameters for the mud gas capture cylinder are quantified. The δ 13 C-CH 4 measured from mud gas, IsoTubes ® , cuttings, and core samples are consistent, exhibiting slight variations that should not alter the implications of the results in identifying the sources of the gases. This study shows core and mud gas techniques and, to a lesser extent, cuttings, can generate high-resolution depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of dissolved hydrocarbon gas <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and their isotopes. © 2016, National Ground Water Association.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013OcSci...9..431C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013OcSci...9..431C"><span>From the chlorophyll a in the surface layer to its vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span>: a Greenland Sea relationship for satellite applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cherkasheva, A.; Nöthig, E.-M.; Bauerfeind, E.; Melsheimer, C.; Bracher, A.</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Current estimates of global marine primary production range over a factor of two. Improving these estimates requires an accurate knowledge of the chlorophyll vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, since they are the basis for most primary production models. At high latitudes, the uncertainty in primary production estimates is larger than globally, because here phytoplankton absorption shows specific characteristics due to the low-light adaptation, and in situ data and ocean colour <span class="hlt">observations</span> are scarce. To date, studies describing the typical chlorophyll <span class="hlt">profile</span> based on the chlorophyll in the surface layer have not included the Arctic region, or, if it was included, the dependence of the <span class="hlt">profile</span> shape on surface <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was neglected. The goal of our study was to derive and describe the typical Greenland Sea chlorophyll <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, categorized according to the chlorophyll <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the surface layer and further monthly resolved <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. The Greenland Sea was chosen because it is known to be one of the most productive regions of the Arctic and is among the regions in the Arctic where most chlorophyll field data are available. Our database contained 1199 chlorophyll <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from R/Vs Polarstern and Maria S. Merian cruises combined with data from the ARCSS-PP database (Arctic primary production in situ database) for the years 1957-2010. The <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were categorized according to their mean <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the surface layer, and then monthly median <span class="hlt">profiles</span> within each category were calculated. The category with the surface layer chlorophyll (CHL) exceeding 0.7 mg C m-3 showed values gradually decreasing from April to August. A similar seasonal pattern was <span class="hlt">observed</span> when monthly <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were averaged over all the surface CHL <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. The maxima of all chlorophyll <span class="hlt">profiles</span> moved from the greater depths to the surface from spring to late summer respectively. The <span class="hlt">profiles</span> with the smallest surface values always showed a subsurface chlorophyll maximum with its median</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38..908R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38..908R"><span>Evaluation of Inversion Methods Applied to Ionospheric ro <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rios Caceres, Arq. Estela Alejandra; Rios, Victor Hugo; Guyot, Elia</p> <p></p> <p>The new technique of radio-occultation can be used to study the Earth's ionosphere. The retrieval processes of ionospheric <span class="hlt">profiling</span> from radio occultation <span class="hlt">observations</span> usually assume spherical symmetry of electron density distribution at the locality of occultation and use the Abel integral transform to invert the measured total electron content (TEC) values. This pa-per presents a set of ionospheric <span class="hlt">profiles</span> obtained from SAC-C satellite with the Abel inversion technique. The effects of the ionosphere on the GPS signal during occultation, such as bending and scintillation, are examined. Electron density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are obtained using the Abel inversion technique. Ionospheric radio occultations are validated using vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of electron <span class="hlt">con-centration</span> from inverted ionograms , obtained from ionosonde sounding in the vicinity of the occultation. Results indicate that the Abel transform works well in the mid-latitudes during the daytime, but is less accurate during the night-time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27306031','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27306031"><span>Does canine inflammatory bowel disease influence gut microbial <span class="hlt">profile</span> and host metabolism?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, Jia; Verbrugghe, Adronie; Lourenço, Marta; Janssens, Geert P J; Liu, Daisy J X; Van de Wiele, Tom; Eeckhaut, Venessa; Van Immerseel, Filip; Van de Maele, Isabel; Niu, Yufeng; Bosch, Guido; Junius, Greet; Wuyts, Brigitte; Hesta, Myriam</p> <p>2016-06-16</p> <p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to a diverse group of chronic gastrointestinal diseases, and gut microbial dysbiosis has been proposed as a modulating factor in its pathogenesis. Several studies have investigated the gut microbial ecology of dogs with IBD but it is yet unclear if this microbial <span class="hlt">profile</span> can alter the nutrient metabolism of the host. The aim of the present study was to characterize the faecal bacterial <span class="hlt">profile</span> and functionality as well as to determine host metabolic changes in IBD dogs. Twenty-three dogs diagnosed with IBD and ten healthy control dogs were included. Dogs with IBD were given a clinical score using the canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI). Faecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonia <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were measured and quantitative PCR was performed. The <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of plasma amino acids, acylcarnitines, serum folate, cobalamin, and indoxyl sulfate was determined. No significant differences in the abundance of a selection of bacterial groups and fermentation metabolites were <span class="hlt">observed</span> between the IBD and control groups. However, significant negative correlations were found between CCECAI and the faecal proportion of Lactobacillus as well as between CCECAI and total SCFA <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. Serum folate and plasma citrulline were decreased and plasma valine was increased in IBD compared to control dogs. Increased plasma free carnitine and total acylcarnitines were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in IBD compared with control dogs, whereas short-chain acylcarnitines (butyrylcarnitine + isobutyrylcarnitine and, methylmalonylcarnitine) to free carnitine ratios decreased. Dogs with IBD had a higher 3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine + isovalerylcarnitine to leucine ratio compared to control dogs. Canine IBD induced a wide range of changes in metabolic <span class="hlt">profile</span>, especially for the plasma <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of short-chain acylcarnitines and amino acids, which could have evolved from tissue damage and alteration in host metabolism. In</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4172515','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4172515"><span><span class="hlt">Profiles</span> of <span class="hlt">observed</span> infant anger predict preschool behavior problems: Moderation by life stress</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Brooker, Rebecca J.; Buss, Kristin A.; Lemery-Chalfant, Kathryn; Aksan, Nazan; Davidson, Richard J.; Goldsmith, H. Hill</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Using both traditional composites and novel <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of anger, we examined associations between infant anger and preschool behavior problems in a large, longitudinal data set (N = 966). We also tested the role of life stress as a moderator of the link between early anger and the development of behavior problems. Although traditional measures of anger were largely unrelated to later behavior problems, <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of anger that dissociated typical from atypical development predicted behavior problems during preschool. Moreover, the relation between infant anger <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and preschool behavior problems was moderated such that, when early life stress was low, infants with atypical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of early anger showed more preschool behavior problems than did infants with normative anger <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. However, when early life stress was high, infants with atypical and normative <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of infant anger did not differ in preschool behavior problems. We conclude that a discrete emotions approach including latent <span class="hlt">profile</span> analysis is useful for elucidating biological and environmental developmental pathways to early problem behaviors. PMID:25151247</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AtmEn.123..327L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AtmEn.123..327L"><span>Tethered balloon-based black carbon <span class="hlt">profiles</span> within the lower troposphere of Shanghai in the 2013 East China smog</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Juan; Fu, Qingyan; Huo, Juntao; Wang, Dongfang; Yang, Wen; Bian, Qinggen; Duan, Yusen; Zhang, Yihua; Pan, Jun; Lin, Yanfen; Huang, Kan; Bai, Zhipeng; Wang, Sheng-Hsiang; Fu, Joshua S.; Louie, Peter K. K.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>A Tethered balloon-based field campaign was launched for the vertical <span class="hlt">observation</span> of air pollutants within the lower troposphere of 1000 m for the first time over a Chinese megacity, Shanghai in December of 2013. A custom-designed instrumentation platform for tethered balloon <span class="hlt">observation</span> and ground-based <span class="hlt">observation</span> synchronously operated for the measurement of same meteorological parameters and typical air pollutants. One episodic event (December 13) was selected with specific focus on particulate black carbon, a short-lived climate forcer with strong warming effect. Diurnal variation of the mixing layer height showed very shallow boundary of less than 300 m in early morning and night due to nocturnal inversion while extended boundary of more than 1000 m from noon to afternoon. Wind <span class="hlt">profiles</span> showed relatively stagnant synoptic condition in the morning, frequent shifts between upward and downward motion at noon and in the afternoon, and dominant downward motion with sea breeze in the evening. Characteristics of black carbon vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> during four different periods of a day were analyzed and compared. In the morning, surface BC <span class="hlt">concentration</span> averaged as high as 20 μg/m3 due to intense traffic emissions from the morning rush hours and unfavorable meteorological conditions. A strong gradient of BC <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> with altitude was <span class="hlt">observed</span> from the ground to the top of boundary layer at around 250-370 m. BC gradients turned much smaller above the boundary layer. BC <span class="hlt">profiles</span> measured during noon and afternoon were the least dependent on heights. The largely extended boundary layer with strong vertical convection was responsible for a well mixing of BC particles in the whole measured column. BC <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were similar between the early-evening and late-evening phases. The lower troposphere was divided into two stratified air layers with contrasted BC vertical distributions. <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> at night showed strong gradients from the relatively high surface <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmEn.154..141Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmEn.154..141Z"><span>Tethered balloon-based particle number <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, and size distribution vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> within the lower troposphere of Shanghai</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Kun; Wang, Dongfang; Bian, Qinggen; Duan, Yusen; Zhao, Mengfei; Fei, Dongnian; Xiu, Guangli; Fu, Qingyan</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>A tethered balloon-based measurement campaign of particle number <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (PNC) and particle number size distribution (PNSD) in the size range of 15.7-661.2 nm was conducted within the lower troposphere of 1000 m in Shanghai, a Chinese megacity, during December of 2015. The meteorological conditions, PNC, and PNSD were synchronously measured at the ground-based station as well as by the tethered balloon. On ground level, the 88.2 nm particles were found to have the highest PNC. The Pearson correlation analysis based on the ground level data showed NO2 had a strong correlation with PNC. The synchronous measurement of PNC and PNSD at the ground station and on the tethered balloon showed that the 15.7-200 nm particles had higher PNC on ground level, but the PNC of 200-661.2 nm particles was higher at 400 m. One haze event (Dec 22nd-Dec 23rd) was selected for detailed discussion on the variation of vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of PNSD and PNC. The vertical distribution of characteristics of PNC and PNSD were <span class="hlt">observed</span> and compared. Results indicated that the highest MaxDm (the diameter with the highest PNC) during those three launches all appeared at a high altitude, usually above 300 m. Compared to the clean days, the relatively bigger MaxDm at each height in the haze days also indicated regional transport of pollutants might contribute to more to that haze event.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663529-non-maxwellian-analysis-transition-region-line-profiles-observed-interface-region-imaging-spectrograph','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663529-non-maxwellian-analysis-transition-region-line-profiles-observed-interface-region-imaging-spectrograph"><span>Non-Maxwellian Analysis of the Transition-region Line <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> <span class="hlt">Observed</span> by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dudík, Jaroslav; Dzifčáková, Elena; Polito, Vanessa</p> <p>2017-06-10</p> <p>We investigate the nature of the spectral line <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for transition-region (TR) ions <span class="hlt">observed</span> with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) . In this context, we analyzed an active-region <span class="hlt">observation</span> performed by IRIS in its 1400 Å spectral window. The TR lines are found to exhibit significant wings in their spectral <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, which can be well fitted with a non-Maxwellian κ distribution. The fit with a κ distribution can perform better than a double-Gaussian fit, especially for the strongest line, Si iv 1402.8 Å. Typical values of κ found are about 2, occurring in a majority of spatial pixels wheremore » the TR lines are symmetric, i.e., the fit can be performed. Furthermore, all five spectral lines studied (from Si iv, O iv, and S iv) appear to have the same full-width at half-maximum irrespective of whether the line is an allowed or an intercombination transition. A similar value of κ is obtained for the electron distribution by the fitting of the line intensities relative to Si iv 1402.8 Å, if photospheric abundances are assumed. The κ distributions, however, do not remove the presence of non-thermal broadening. Instead, they actually increase the non-thermal width. This is because, for κ distributions, TR ions are formed at lower temperatures. The large <span class="hlt">observed</span> non-thermal width lowers the opacity of the Si iv line sufficiently enough for this line to become optically thin.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16290735','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16290735"><span>Direct measurement of <span class="hlt">concentration</span> distribution within the boundary layer of an ion-exchange membrane.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Choi, Jae-Hwan; Park, Jin-Soo; Moon, Seung-Hyeon</p> <p>2002-07-15</p> <p>In this study the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> distributions within the diffusion boundary layer were obtained by directly measuring the potential drops while the currents (under- and overlimiting) passed through the Neosepta CMX cation-exchange membrane (Tokuyama Corp., Japan). Potential drops according to the distance from the membrane surface on the depleted side were measured using a microelectrode to obtain the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profile</span>. From the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> obtained, it was <span class="hlt">observed</span> that the diffusion boundary layers existed in the range of 300-350 microm, which reasonably coincide with the theoretical diffusion boundary layer thickness calculated from the limiting current density. Although there were some deviations between the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> determined from the Nernst model and those from experiments, it was confirmed that the Nernst model effectively depicts the transport phenomena in the ion-exchange membrane system. In addition it was found that the salt <span class="hlt">concentration</span> at the membrane surface increased when the currents applied exceeded the limiting current. It is thought that the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> polarization formed in the diffusion boundary layer at currents near or lower than the limiting current was disturbed by a turbulent convection when the current was greater than the limiting current. As a consequence, the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> at the membrane surface increased to a sufficient level for generation of the overlimiting current.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18620413','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18620413"><span>Cooking decreases <span class="hlt">observed</span> perfluorinated compound <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in fish.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Del Gobbo, Liana; Tittlemier, Sheryl; Diamond, Miriam; Pepper, Karen; Tague, Brett; Yeudall, Fiona; Vanderlinden, Loren</p> <p>2008-08-27</p> <p>Dietary intake is a major route of exposure to perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Although fish and seafood contribute significantly to total dietary exposure to these compounds, there is uncertainty with respect to the effect of cooking on PFC <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in these foods. Eighteen fish species purchased from markets in Toronto, Mississauga, and Ottawa, Canada were analyzed for perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSAs)-based fluorochemicals and perfluorinated acids (PFAs) in raw and cooked (baked, boiled, fried) samples. Of 17 analytes, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was detected most frequently; <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> ranged from 0.21 to 1.68 ng/g ww in raw and cooked samples. PFOSAs were detected only in scallops at <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> ranging from 0.20 ng/g ww to 0.76 ng/g ww. Total <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of PFAs in samples were 0.21 to 9.20 ng/g ww, respectively, consistent with previous studies. All cooking methods reduced PFA <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Baking appeared to be the most effective cooking method; after baking samples for 15 min at 163 C (325 degrees F), PFAs were not detected in any of the samples. The margin of exposures (MOE) between the toxicological points of reference and the dietary intake of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) and PFOS in fish and seafood muscle tissue were greater than 4 orders of magnitude. This indicates that reducing consumption of fish muscle tissue is not warranted on the basis of PFC exposure concerns at the reported levels of contamination, even for high fish consuming populations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A22A..06F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A22A..06F"><span>Comparisons of Airborne HSRL and Modeled Aerosol <span class="hlt">Profiles</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ferrare, R. A.; Burton, S. P.; Hostetler, C. A.; Hair, J. W.; Ismail, S.; Rogers, R. R.; Notari, A.; Berkoff, T.; Butler, C. F.; Collins, J. E., Jr.; Fenn, M. A.; Scarino, A. J.; Clayton, M.; Mueller, D.; Chemyakin, E.; Fast, J. D.; Berg, L. K.; Randles, C. A.; Colarco, P. R.; daSilva, A.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Aerosol <span class="hlt">profiles</span> derived from a regional and a global model are compared with aerosol <span class="hlt">profiles</span> acquired by NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidars (HSRLs) during recent field missions. We compare simulated aerosol <span class="hlt">profiles</span> obtained from the WRF-Chem regional model with those measured by the airborne HSRL-2 instrument over the Atlantic Ocean east of Cape Cod in July 2012 during the Department of Energy Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP). While deployed on the LaRC King Air during TCAP, HSRL-2 acquired <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of aerosol extinction at 355 and 532 nm, as well as aerosol backscatter and depolarization at 355, 532, and 1064 nm. Additional HSRL-2 data products include <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of aerosol type, mixed layer depth, and aerosol microphysical parameters (e.g. effective radius, <span class="hlt">concentration</span>). The HSRL-2 and WRF-Chem aerosol <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are compared along the aircraft flight tracks. HSRL-2 <span class="hlt">profiles</span> acquired during the NASA Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from COlumn and VERtically Resolved <span class="hlt">Observations</span> Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) mission over Houston during September 2013 are compared with the NASA Goddard Earth <span class="hlt">Observing</span> System global model, version 5 (GEOS-5) <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. In addition to comparing backscatter and extinction <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, the fraction of aerosol extinction and optical thickness from various aerosol species from GEOS-5 are compared with aerosol extinction and optical thickness contributed by aerosol types derived from HSRL-2 data. We also compare aerosol <span class="hlt">profiles</span> modeled by GEOS-5 with those measured by the airborne LaRC DIAL/HSRL instrument during August and September 2013 when it was deployed on the NASA DC-8 for the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) mission. DIAL/HSRL measured extinction (532 nm), backscatter (532 and 1064 nm), and depolarization <span class="hlt">profiles</span> (532 and 1064 nm) in both nadir and zenith directions during long transects over the</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JChPh.118.4692Q','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JChPh.118.4692Q"><span>Ion <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and velocity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in nanochannel electroosmotic flows</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Qiao, R.; Aluru, N. R.</p> <p>2003-03-01</p> <p>Ion distributions and velocity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for electroosmotic flow in nanochannels of different widths are studied in this paper using molecular dynamics and continuum theory. For the various channel widths studied in this paper, the ion distribution near the channel wall is strongly influenced by the finite size of the ions and the discreteness of the solvent molecules. The classical Poisson-Boltzmann equation fails to predict the ion distribution near the channel wall as it does not account for the molecular aspects of the ion-wall and ion-solvent interactions. A modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation based on electrochemical potential correction is introduced to account for ion-wall and ion-solvent interactions. The electrochemical potential correction term is extracted from the ion distribution in a smaller channel using molecular dynamics. Using the electrochemical potential correction term extracted from molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of electroosmotic flow in a 2.22 nm channel, the modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation predicts the ion distribution in larger channel widths (e.g., 3.49 and 10.00 nm) with good accuracy. Detailed studies on the velocity <span class="hlt">profile</span> in electro-osmotic flow indicate that the continuum flow theory can be used to predict bulk fluid flow in channels as small as 2.22 nm provided that the viscosity variation near the channel wall is taken into account. We propose a technique to embed the velocity near the channel wall obtained from MD simulation of electroosmotic flow in a narrow channel (e.g., 2.22 nm wide channel) into simulation of electroosmotic flow in larger channels. Simulation results indicate that such an approach can predict the velocity <span class="hlt">profile</span> in larger channels (e.g., 3.49 and 10.00 nm) very well. Finally, simulation of electroosmotic flow in a 0.95 nm channel indicates that viscosity cannot be described by a local, linear constitutive relationship that the continuum flow theory is built upon and thus the continuum flow theory is</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988spte....2.2393O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988spte....2.2393O"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> and simulation of flow on soap film induced by <span class="hlt">concentration</span> gradient</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ohnishi, Mitsuru; Yoshihara, Shoichi; Azuma, Hisao</p> <p></p> <p>The behavior of the flow and capillary wave induced on the film surface by the surfactant <span class="hlt">concentration</span> difference is studied. Flat soap film is used as a model of thin film. The result is applicable to the case of flow by thermal gradient. The Schlieren method is used to <span class="hlt">observe</span> the flow and the wave on the soap film. It is found that the wave velocities, in the case of a high surface tension difference, are linearly related to the square root of the surface tension difference.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26SS....5...19Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26SS....5...19Z"><span>Negative Aerosol-Cloud re Relationship From Aircraft <span class="hlt">Observations</span> Over Hebei, China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhao, Chuanfeng; Qiu, Yanmei; Dong, Xiaobo; Wang, Zhien; Peng, Yiran; Li, Baodong; Wu, Zhihui; Wang, Yang</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Using six flights <span class="hlt">observations</span> in September 2015 over Hebei, China, this study shows a robust negative aerosol-cloud droplet effective radius (<fi>r</fi><fi>e</fi>) relationship for liquid clouds, which is different from previous studies that found positive aerosol-cloud <fi>r</fi><fi>e</fi> relationship over East China using satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span>. A total of 27 cloud samples was analyzed with the classification of clean and polluted conditions using lower and upper 1/3 aerosol <span class="hlt">concentration</span> at 200 m below the cloud bases. By normalizing the <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of cloud droplet <fi>r</fi><fi>e</fi>, we found significant smaller values under polluted than under clean condition at most heights. Moreover, the averaged <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of cloud liquid water content (LWC) show larger values under polluted than clean conditions, indicating even stronger negative aerosol-cloud <fi>r</fi><fi>e</fi> relationship if LWC is kept constant. The droplet size distributions further demonstrate that more droplets <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> within smaller size ranges under polluted conditions. Quantitatively, the aerosol-cloud interaction is found around 0.10-0.19 for the study region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008cosp...37..266B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008cosp...37..266B"><span>Impact of spatial inhomogeneities on stratospheric species vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from remote-sensing balloon-borne instruments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Berthet, Gwenael; Renard, Jean-Baptiste; Catoire, Valery; Huret, Nathalie; Lefevre, Franck; Hauchecorne, Alain; Chartier, Michel; Robert, Claude</p> <p></p> <p>Remote-sensing balloon <span class="hlt">observations</span> have recurrently revealed high <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of polar stratospheric NO2 in particular in the lower stratosphere as can be seen in various published vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. A balloon campaign dedicated to the investigation of this problem through comparisons between remote-sensing (SALOMON) and in situ (SPIRALE) measurements of NO2 inside the polar vortex was conducted in January 2006. The published results show unexpected strong enhancements in the slant column densities of NO2 with respect to the elevation angle and displacement of the balloon. These fluctuations result from NO2 spatial inhomogeneities located above the balloon float altitude resulting from mid-latitude air intrusion as revealed by Potential Vorticity (PV) maps. The retrieval of the NO2 vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> is subsequently biased in the form of artificial excesses of NO2 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. A direct implication is that the differences previously <span class="hlt">observed</span> between measurements of NO2 and OClO and model results are probably mostly due to the improper inversion of NO2 in presence of either perturbed dynamical conditions or when mesospheric production events occur as recently highlighted from ENVISAT data. Through the occurrence of such events, we propose to re-examine formerly published high-latitude <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from the remote-sensing instruments AMON and SALOMON using in parallel PV maps from the MIMOSA advection contour model and the REPROBUS CTM outputs. Mid-latitude <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of NO2 will also be investigated since they are likely to be biased if presence of air from other latitudes was present at the time of the <span class="hlt">observations</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1254572-evaluation-long-term-surface-retrieved-cloud-droplet-number-concentration-situ-aircraft-observations-arm-cloud-droplet-number-concentration','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1254572-evaluation-long-term-surface-retrieved-cloud-droplet-number-concentration-situ-aircraft-observations-arm-cloud-droplet-number-concentration"><span>Evaluation of long-term surface-retrieved cloud droplet number <span class="hlt">concentration</span> with in situ aircraft <span class="hlt">observations</span>: ARM Cloud Droplet Number <span class="hlt">Concentration</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Lim, Kyo-Sun Sunny; Riihimaki, Laura; Comstock, Jennifer M.</p> <p></p> <p>A new cloud-droplet number <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (NDROP) value added product (VAP) has been produced at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site for the 13 years from January 1998 to January 2011. The retrieval is based on surface radiometer measurements of cloud optical depth from the multi-filter rotating shadow-band radiometer (MFRSR) and liquid water path from the microwave radiometer (MWR). It is only applicable for single-layered warm clouds. Validation with in situ aircraft measurements during the extended-term aircraft field campaign, Routine ARM Aerial Facility (AAF) CLOWD Optical Radiative <span class="hlt">Observations</span> (RACORO), shows that the NDROP VAP robustly reproduces themore » primary mode of the in situ measured probability density function (PDF), but produces a too wide distribution, primarily caused by frequent high cloud-droplet number <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. Our analysis shows that the error in the MWR retrievals at low liquid water paths is one possible reason for this deficiency. Modification through the diagnosed liquid water path from the coordinate solution improves not only the PDF of the NDROP VAP but also the relationship between the cloud-droplet number <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and cloud-droplet effective radius. Consideration of entrainment effects rather than assuming an adiabatic cloud improves the values of the NDROP retrieval by reducing the magnitude of cloud-droplet number <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. Aircraft measurements and retrieval comparisons suggest that retrieving the vertical distribution of cloud-droplet number <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and effective radius is feasible with an improvement of the parameter representing the mixing effects between environment and clouds and with a better understanding of the effect of mixing degree on cloud properties.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860000843','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860000843"><span>A simple method of obtaining <span class="hlt">concentration</span> depth-<span class="hlt">profiles</span> from X-ray diffraction</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wiedemann, K. E.; Unnam, J.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>The construction of composition <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from X-ray intensity bands was investigated. The intensity band-to-composition <span class="hlt">profile</span> transformation utilizes a solution which can be easily evaluated. The technique can be applied to thin films and thick speciments for which the variation of lattice parameters, linear absorption coefficient, and reflectivity with composition are known. A deconvolution scheme with corrections for the instrumental broadening and ak-alfadoublet is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3755476','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3755476"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of Elevated Air Pollutant <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> in a Residential Neighborhood of Los Angeles California Using a Mobile Platform</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hu, Shishan; Fruin, Scott; Kozawa, Kathleen; Mara, Steve; Winer, Arthur M.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>We <span class="hlt">observed</span> elevated air pollutant <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, especially of ultrafine particles (UFP), black carbon (BC) and NO, across the residential neighborhood of the Boyle Heights Community (BH) of Los Angeles, California. Using an electric vehicle mobile platform equipped with fast response instruments, real-time air pollutant <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were measured in BH in spring and summer of 2008. Pollutant <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> varied significantly in the two seasons, on different days, and by time of day, with an overall average UFP <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the residential areas of ~33 000 cm−3. The averaged UFP, BC, and NO <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> measured on Soto St, a major surface street in BH, were 57 000 cm−3, 5.1 µg m−3, and 67 ppb, respectively. <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> of UFP across the residential areas in BH were nearly uniform spatially, in contrast to other areas in the greater metropolitan area of Los Angeles where UFP <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> exhibit strong gradients downwind of roadways. We attribute this “UFP cloud” to high traffic volumes, including heavy duty diesel trucks on the freeways which surround and traverse BH, and substantial numbers of high-emitting vehicles (HEVs) on the surface streets traversing BH. Additionally, the high density of stop signs and lights and short block lengths, requiring frequent accelerations of vehicles, may contribute. The data also support a role for photochemical production of UFP in the afternoon. UFP <span class="hlt">concentration</span> peaks (5 s average) of up to 9 million particles cm−3 were also <span class="hlt">observed</span> immediately behind HEVs when they accelerated from stop lights in the BH neighborhood and areas immediately adjacent. Although encounters with HEV during mornings accounted for only about 6% and 17% of time spent monitoring residential areas and major surface streets, HEV contributed to about 28% and 53% of total ultrafine particles measured on the route, respectively. The <span class="hlt">observation</span> of elevated pollutant number <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> across the Boyle Heights community</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AtmEn..51..311H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AtmEn..51..311H"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of elevated air pollutant <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in a residential neighborhood of Los Angeles California using a mobile platform</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hu, Shishan; Paulson, Suzanne E.; Fruin, Scott; Kozawa, Kathleen; Mara, Steve; Winer, Arthur M.</p> <p>2012-05-01</p> <p>We <span class="hlt">observed</span> elevated air pollutant <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, especially of ultrafine particles (UFP), black carbon (BC) and NO, across the residential neighborhood of the Boyle Heights Community (BH) of Los Angeles, California. Using an electric vehicle mobile platform equipped with fast response instruments, real-time air pollutant <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were measured in BH in spring and summer of 2008. Pollutant <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> varied significantly in the two seasons, on different days, and by time of day, with an overall average UFP <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the residential areas of ∼33 000 cm-3. The averaged UFP, BC, and NO <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> measured on Soto St, a major surface street in BH, were 57 000 cm-3, 5.1 μg m-3, and 67 ppb, respectively. <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> of UFP across the residential areas in BH were nearly uniform spatially, in contrast to other areas in the greater metropolitan area of Los Angeles where UFP <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> exhibit strong gradients downwind of roadways. We attribute this “UFP cloud” to high traffic volumes, including heavy duty diesel trucks on the freeways which surround and traverse BH, and substantial numbers of high-emitting vehicles (HEVs) on the surface streets traversing BH. Additionally, the high density of stop signs and lights and short block lengths, requiring frequent accelerations of vehicles, may contribute. The data also support a role for photochemical production of UFP in the afternoon. UFP <span class="hlt">concentration</span> peaks (5 s average) of up to 9 million particles cm-3 were also <span class="hlt">observed</span> immediately behind HEVs when they accelerated from stop lights in the BH neighborhood and areas immediately adjacent. Although encounters with HEV during mornings accounted for only about 6% and 17% of time spent monitoring residential areas and major surface streets, HEV contributed to about 28% and 53% of total ultrafine particles measured on the route, respectively. The <span class="hlt">observation</span> of elevated pollutant <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> across the Boyle Heights community highlights</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160005841','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160005841"><span>High-Latitude Topside Ionospheric Vertical Electron-Density-<span class="hlt">Profile</span> Changes in Response to Large Magnetic Storms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Benson, Robert F.; Fainberg, Joseph; Osherovich, Vladimir A.; Truhlik, Vladimir; Wang, Yongli; Bilitza, Dieter; Fung, Shing F.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Large magnetic-storm induced changes have been detected in high-latitude topside vertical electron-density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> Ne(h). The investigation was based on the large database of topside Ne(h) <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and digital topside ionograms from the International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies (ISIS) program available from the NASA Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) at http://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/isis/isis-status.html. This large database enabled Ne(h) <span class="hlt">profiles</span> to be obtained when an ISIS satellite passed through nearly the same region of space before, during, and after a major magnetic storm. A major goal was to relate the magnetic-storm induced high-latitude Ne(h) <span class="hlt">profile</span> changes to solar-wind parameters. Thus an additional data constraint was to consider only storms where solar-wind data were available from the NASA/SPDF OMNIWeb database. Ten large magnetic storms (with Dst less than -100 nT) were identified that satisfied both the Ne(h) <span class="hlt">profile</span> and the solar-wind data constraints. During five of these storms topside ionospheric Ne(h) <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were available in the high-latitude northern hemisphere and during the other five storms similar ionospheric data were available in the southern hemisphere. Large Ne(h) changes were <span class="hlt">observed</span> during each one of these storms. Our <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in this paper is on the northern hemisphere. The data coverage was best for the northern-hemisphere winter. Here Ne(h) <span class="hlt">profile</span> enhancements were always <span class="hlt">observed</span> when the magnetic local time (MLT) was between 00 and 03 and Ne(h) <span class="hlt">profile</span> depletions were always <span class="hlt">observed</span> between 08 and 10 MLT. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> Ne(h) deviations were compared with solar-wind parameters, with appropriate time shifts, for four storms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.2296M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.2296M"><span>Systematic <span class="hlt">observations</span> of long-range transport events and climatological backscatter <span class="hlt">profiles</span> with the DWD ceilometer network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mattis, Ina; Müller, Gerhard; Wagner, Frank; Hervo, Maxime</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The German Meteorological Service (DWD) operates a network of about 60 CHM15K-Nimbus ceilometers for cloud base height <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Those very powerful ceilometers allow for the detection and characterization of aerosol layers. Raw data of all network ceilometers are transferred online to DWD's data analysis center at the Hohenpeißenberg Meteorological Observatory. There, the occurrence of aerosol layers from long-range transport events in the free troposphere is systematically monitored on daily basis for each single station. If possible, the origin of the aerosol layers is determined manually from the analysis of the meteorological situation and model output. We use backward trajectories as well as the output of the MACC and DREAM models for the decision, whether the <span class="hlt">observed</span> layer originated in the Sahara region, from forest fires in North America or from another, unknown source. Further, the magnitude of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> layers is qualitatively estimated taking into account the geometrical layer depth, signal intensity, model output and nearby sun photometer or lidar <span class="hlt">observations</span> (where available). All <span class="hlt">observed</span> layers are attributed to one of the categories 'faint', 'weak', 'medium', 'strong', or 'extreme'. We started this kind of analysis in August 2013 and plan to continue this systematic documentation of long-range transport events of aerosol layers to Germany on long-term base in the framework of our GAW activities. Most of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> aerosol layers have been advected from the Sahara region to Germany. In the 15 months between August 2013 and November 2014 we <span class="hlt">observed</span> on average 46 days with Sahara dust layers per station, but only 16 days with aerosol layers from forest fires. The occurrence of Sahara dust layers vary with latitude. We <span class="hlt">observed</span> only 28 dusty days in the north, close to the coasts of North Sea and Baltic Sea. In contrast, in southern Germany, in Bavarian Pre-Alps and in the Black Forest mountains, we <span class="hlt">observed</span> up to 59 days with dust. At</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5090/','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5090/"><span>Vertical distribution of trace-element <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and occurrence of metallurgical slag particles in accumulated bed sediments of Lake Roosevelt, Washington, September 2002</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Cox, S.E.; Bell, P.R.; Lowther, J.S.; Van Metre, P.C.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Sediment cores were collected from six locations in Lake Roosevelt to determine the vertical distributions of trace-element <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in the accumulated sediments of Lake Roosevelt. Elevated <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc occurred throughout much of the accumulated sediments. <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> varied greatly within the sediment core <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, often covering a range of 5 to 10 fold. Trace-element <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> typically were largest below the surficial sediments in the lower one-half of each <span class="hlt">profile</span>, with generally decreasing <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> from the 1964 horizon to the surface of the core. The trace-element <span class="hlt">profiles</span> reflect changes in historical discharges of trace elements to the Columbia River by an upstream smelter. All samples analyzed exceeded clean-up guidelines adopted by the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation for cadmium, lead, and zinc and more than 70 percent of the samples exceeded cleanup guidelines for mercury, arsenic, and copper. Although 100 percent of the samples exceeded sediment guidelines for cadmium, lead, and zinc, surficial <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of arsenic, copper, and mercury in some cores were less than the sediment-quality guidelines. With the exception of copper, the trace-element <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the five cores collected along the pre-reservoir Columbia River channel typically showed trends of decreasing <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in sediments deposited after the 1964 time horizon. The decreasing <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of trace elements in the upper half of cores from along the pre-reservoir Columbia River showed a pattern of decreasing <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> similar to reductions in trace-element loading in liquid effluent from an upstream smelter. Except for arsenic, trace-element <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> typically were smaller at downstream reservoir locations along the pre-reservoir Columbia River. Trace-element <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in sediments from the Spokane Arm of the reservoir showed distinct differences compared to the similarities</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27500375','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27500375"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of Enhanced Hole Extraction in Br <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> Gradient Perovskite Materials.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Min-Cheol; Kim, Byeong Jo; Son, Dae-Yong; Park, Nam-Gyu; Jung, Hyun Suk; Choi, Mansoo</p> <p>2016-09-14</p> <p>Enhancing hole extraction inside the perovskite layer is the key factor for boosting photovoltaic performance. Realization of halide <span class="hlt">concentration</span> gradient perovskite materials has been expected to exhibit rapid hole extraction due to the precise bandgap tuning. Moreover, a formation of Br-rich region on the tri-iodide perovskite layer is expected to enhance moisture stability without a loss of current density. However, conventional synthetic techniques of perovskite materials such as the solution process have not achieved the realization of halide <span class="hlt">concentration</span> gradient perovskite materials. In this report, we demonstrate the fabrication of Br <span class="hlt">concentration</span> gradient mixed halide perovskite materials using a novel and facile halide conversion method based on vaporized hydrobromic acid. Accelerated hole extraction and enhanced lifetime due to Br gradient was verified by <span class="hlt">observing</span> photoluminescence properties. Through the combination of secondary ion mass spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, the diffusion behavior of Br ions in perovskite materials was investigated. The Br-gradient was found to be eventually converted into a homogeneous mixed halide layer after undergoing an intermixing process. Br-substituted perovskite solar cells exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 18.94% due to an increase in open circuit voltage from 1.08 to 1.11 V and an advance in fill-factor from 0.71 to 0.74. Long-term stability was also dramatically enhanced after the conversion process, i.e., the power conversion efficiency of the post-treated device has remained over 97% of the initial value under high humid conditions (40-90%) without any encapsulation for 4 weeks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22716224','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22716224"><span>The absorption <span class="hlt">profile</span> of pregabalin in chronic pancreatitis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Olesen, Anne E; Olofsen, Erik; Olesen, Søren S; Staahl, Camilla; Andresen, Trine; Dahan, Albert; Drewes, Asbjørn M</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>It was recently shown that pregabalin decreased pain associated with chronic pancreatitis. It is well known that pancreatitis patients suffer from fat malabsorption with accompanying diarrhoea because of loss of exocrine pancreatic enzyme production. This may lead to changes in the mucosal surface in the small intestine and possibly affect the absorption of pregabalin. The pharmacokinetics of pregabalin has never been investigated in patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of pregabalin administered to patients with chronic pancreatitis. The pregabalin population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted on data from fifteen patients with chronic pancreatitis. Each patient received 75 mg of pregabalin (oral capsule). Pregabalin <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were measured using a validated liquid chromatographic method. Data analysis was performed using non-linear mixed effects modelling methodology as implemented by NONMEM. A one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination adequately described pregabalin pharmacokinetics. Time to maximum <span class="hlt">observed</span> plasma <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (T(max) ) was 1.53 (95% CI 1.09-2.05). The maximum plasma <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (C(max) ) was 1.98 μg/ml (95% CI 1.69-2.34), and area under the plasma <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-time <span class="hlt">profile</span> (area under the curve) was 18.2 μg*hr/ml (95% CI 14.7-26.3). Pregabalin is well absorbed in patients with chronic pancreatitis, and the pharmacokinetic <span class="hlt">profile</span> of pregabalin is not extensively affected by chronic pancreatitis. © 2012 The Authors Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology © 2012 Nordic Pharmacological Society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6096390-observation-chain-stretching-langmuir-diblock-copolymer-monolayers','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6096390-observation-chain-stretching-langmuir-diblock-copolymer-monolayers"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of chain stretching in Langmuir diblock copolymer monolayers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Factor, B.J.; Lee, L.; Kent, M.S.</p> <p>1993-10-01</p> <p>We report <span class="hlt">observations</span> of chain stretching in diblock copolymer monolayers on the surface of a selective solvent. Using neutron reflectivity, we have studied the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profile</span> of the submerged block over a large range of surface density [sigma] (chains per area) for two different molecular weights. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> increase in the layer thickness is weaker than the [sigma][sup 1/3] prediction of mean-field and scaling theories for the limiting behavior, but is in agreement with recent numerical self-consistent-field calculations by Whitmore and Noolandi [Macromolecules 23, 3321 (1990)].</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AIPC.1556...92A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AIPC.1556...92A"><span>Improved ATIR <span class="hlt">concentrator</span> photovoltaic module</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Adriani, Paul M.; Mao, Erwang</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>Novel aggregated total internal reflection (ATIR) <span class="hlt">concentrator</span> photovoltaic module design comprises 2-D shaped primary and secondary optics that effectively combine optical efficiency, low <span class="hlt">profile</span>, convenient range of acceptance angles, reliability, and manufacturability. This novel optical design builds upon previous investigations by improving the shapes of primary and secondary optics to enable improved long-term reliability and manufacturability. This low <span class="hlt">profile</span>, low <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (5x to 10x) design fits well with one-axis trackers that are often used for flat plate crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules in large scale ground mount installations. Standard mounting points, materials, and procedures apply without changes from flat plate modules.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....1714747P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....1714747P"><span><span class="hlt">Observational</span> assessment of the role of nocturnal residual-layer chemistry in determining daytime surface particulate nitrate <span class="hlt">concentrations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Prabhakar, Gouri; Parworth, Caroline L.; Zhang, Xiaolu; Kim, Hwajin; Young, Dominique E.; Beyersdorf, Andreas J.; Ziemba, Luke D.; Nowak, John B.; Bertram, Timothy H.; Faloona, Ian C.; Zhang, Qi; Cappa, Christopher D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>This study discusses an analysis of combined airborne and ground <span class="hlt">observations</span> of particulate nitrate (NO3-(p)) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> made during the wintertime DISCOVER-AQ (Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from COlumn and VERtically resolved <span class="hlt">observations</span> relevant to Air Quality) study at one of the most polluted cities in the United States - Fresno, CA - in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) and focuses on developing an understanding of the various processes that impact surface nitrate <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> during pollution events. The results provide an explicit case-study illustration of how nighttime chemistry can influence daytime surface-level NO3-(p) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, complementing previous studies in the SJV. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> exemplify the critical role that nocturnal chemical production of NO3-(p) aloft in the residual layer (RL) can play in determining daytime surface-level NO3-(p) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Further, they indicate that nocturnal production of NO3-(p) in the RL, along with daytime photochemical production, can contribute substantially to the buildup and sustaining of severe pollution episodes. The exceptionally shallow nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) heights characteristic of wintertime pollution events in the SJV intensify the importance of nocturnal production aloft in the residual layer to daytime surface <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> also demonstrate that dynamics within the RL can influence the early-morning vertical distribution of NO3-(p), despite low wintertime wind speeds. This overnight reshaping of the vertical distribution above the city plays an important role in determining the net impact of nocturnal chemical production on local and regional surface-level NO3-(p) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Entrainment of clean free-tropospheric (FT) air into the boundary layer in the afternoon is identified as an important process that reduces surface-level NO3-(p) and limits buildup during pollution episodes. The influence of dry deposition of HNO3 gas to the surface on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070003600','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070003600"><span>Comparison of Satellite <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Nitrogen Dioxide to Surface Monitor Nitrogen Dioxide <span class="hlt">Concentration</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kleb, Mary M.; Pippin, Margaret R.; Pierce, R. Bradley; Neil, Doreen O.; Lingenfelser, Gretchen; Szykman, James J.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Nitrogen dioxide is one of the U. S. EPA s criteria pollutants, and one of the main ingredients needed for the production of ground-level ozone. Both ozone and nitrogen dioxide cause severe public health problems. Existing satellites have begun to produce <span class="hlt">observational</span> data sets for nitrogen dioxide. Under NASAs Earth Science Applications Program, we examined the relationship between satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> and surface monitor <span class="hlt">observations</span> of this air pollutant to examine if the satellite data can be used to facilitate a more capable and integrated <span class="hlt">observing</span> network. This report provides a comparison of satellite tropospheric column nitrogen dioxide to surface monitor nitrogen dioxide <span class="hlt">concentration</span> for the period from September 1996 through August 1997 at more than 300 individual locations in the continental US. We found that the spatial resolution and <span class="hlt">observation</span> time of the satellite did not capture the variability of this pollutant as measured at ground level. The tools and processes developed to conduct this study will be applied to the analysis of advanced satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span>. One advanced instrument has significantly better spatial resolution than the measurements studied here and operates with an afternoon overpass time, providing a more representative distribution for once-per-day sampling of this photochemically active atmospheric constituent.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25553582','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25553582"><span>Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) leaf-proteome <span class="hlt">profiles</span> after exposure to cylindrospermopsin and a microcystin-LR/cylindrospermopsin mixture: a <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-dependent response.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Freitas, Marisa; Campos, Alexandre; Azevedo, Joana; Barreiro, Aldo; Planchon, Sébastien; Renaut, Jenny; Vasconcelos, Vitor</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>The intensification of agricultural productivity is an important challenge worldwide. However, environmental stressors can provide challenges to this intensification. The progressive occurrence of the cyanotoxins cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) as a potential consequence of eutrophication and climate change is of increasing concern in the agricultural sector because it has been reported that these cyanotoxins exert harmful effects in crop plants. A proteomic-based approach has been shown to be a suitable tool for the detection and identification of the primary responses of organisms exposed to cyanotoxins. The aim of this study was to compare the leaf-proteome <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of lettuce plants exposed to environmentally relevant <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of CYN and a MC-LR/CYN mixture. Lettuce plants were exposed to 1, 10, and 100 μg/l CYN and a MC-LR/CYN mixture for five days. The proteins of lettuce leaves were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), and those that were differentially abundant were then identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS). The biological functions of the proteins that were most represented in both experiments were photosynthesis and carbon metabolism and stress/defense response. Proteins involved in protein synthesis and signal transduction were also highly <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the MC-LR/CYN experiment. Although distinct protein abundance patterns were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in both experiments, the effects appear to be <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-dependent, and the effects of the mixture were clearly stronger than those of CYN alone. The obtained results highlight the putative tolerance of lettuce to CYN at <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> up to 100 μg/l. Furthermore, the combination of CYN with MC-LR at low <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (1 μg/l) stimulated a significant increase in the fresh weight (fr. wt) of lettuce leaves and at the proteomic level resulted in the increase in abundance of a high number of proteins. In</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8368F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8368F"><span>Comparison of MAX-DOAS <span class="hlt">profiling</span> algorithms during CINDI-2 - Part 1: aerosols</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Friess, Udo; Hendrick, Francois; Tirpitz, Jan-Lukas; Apituley, Arnoud; van Roozendael, Michel; Kreher, Karin; Richter, Andreas; Wagner, Thomas</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The second Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI-2) took place at the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR; Utrecht area, The Netherlands) from 25 August until 7 October 2016. CINDI-2 was aiming at assessing the consistency of MAX-DOAS slant column density measurements of tropospheric species (NO2, HCHO, O3, and O4) relevant for the validation of future ESA atmospheric Sentinel missions, through coordinated operation of a large number of DOAS and MAXDOAS instruments from all over the world. An important objective of the campaign was to study the relationship between remote-sensing column and <span class="hlt">profile</span> measurements of the above species and collocated reference ancillary <span class="hlt">observations</span>. For this purpose, the CINDI-2 <span class="hlt">Profiling</span> Task Team (CPTT) was created, involving 22 groups performing aerosol and trace gas vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> inversion using dedicated MAX-DOAS <span class="hlt">profiling</span> algorithms, as well as the teams responsible for ancillary <span class="hlt">profile</span> and surface <span class="hlt">concentration</span> measurements (NO2 analysers, NO2 sondes, NO2 and Raman LIDARs, CAPS, Long-Path DOAS, sun photometer, nephelometer, etc). The main purpose of the CPTT is to assess the consistency of the different <span class="hlt">profiling</span> tools for retrieving aerosol extinction and trace gas vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> through comparison exercises using commonly defined settings and to validate the retrievals with correlative <span class="hlt">observations</span>. In this presentation, we give an overview of the MAX-DOAS vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> comparison results, focusing on the retrieval of aerosol extinction <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, with the trace gas retrievals being presented in a companion abstract led by F. Hendrick. The performance of the different algorithms is investigated with respect to the variable visibility and cloud conditions encountered during the campaign. The consistency between optimal-estimation-based and parameterized <span class="hlt">profiling</span> tools is also evaluated for these different conditions, together with the level of agreement</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216057','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216057"><span>A passive air sampler for characterizing the vertical <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profile</span> of gaseous phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in near soil surface air.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Yuzhong; Deng, Shuxing; Liu, Yanan; Shen, Guofeng; Li, Xiqing; Cao, Jun; Wang, Xilong; Reid, Brian; Tao, Shu</p> <p>2011-03-01</p> <p>Air-soil exchange is an important process governing the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A novel passive air sampler was designed and tested for measuring the vertical <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profile</span> of 4 low molecular weight PAHs in gaseous phase (PAH(LMW4)) in near soil surface air. Air at various heights from 5 to 520 mm above the ground was sampled by polyurethane foam disks held in down-faced cartridges. The samplers were tested at three sites: A: an extremely contaminated site, B: a site near A, and C: a background site on a university campus. Vertical <span class="hlt">concentration</span> gradients were revealed for PAH(LMW4) within a thin layer close to soil surface at the three sites. PAH <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> either decreased (Site A) or increased (Sites B and C) with height, suggesting either deposition to or evaporation from soils. The sampler is a useful tool for investigating air-soil exchange of gaseous phase semi-volatile organic chemicals. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120015537','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120015537"><span>Integrating Wind <span class="hlt">Profiling</span> Radars and Radiosonde <span class="hlt">Observations</span> with Model Point Data to Develop a Decision Support Tool to Assess Upper-Level Winds for Space Launch</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bauman, William H., III; Flinn, Clay</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>On the day-of-launch, the 45th Weather Squadron (45 WS) Launch Weather Officers (LWOs) monitor the upper-level winds for their launch customers to include NASA's Launch Services Program and NASA's Ground Systems Development and Operations Program. They currently do not have the capability to display and overlay <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of upper-level <span class="hlt">observations</span> and numerical weather prediction model forecasts. The LWOs requested the Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) develop a tool in the form of a graphical user interface (GUI) that will allow them to plot upper-level wind speed and direction <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) 50 MHz tropospheric wind <span class="hlt">profiling</span> radar, KSC Shuttle Landing Facility 915 MHz boundary layer wind <span class="hlt">profiling</span> radar and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) Automated Meteorological Processing System (AMPS) radiosondes, and then overlay forecast wind <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from the model point data including the North American Mesoscale (NAM) model, Rapid Refresh (RAP) model and Global Forecast System (GFS) model to assess the performance of these models. The AMU developed an Excel-based tool that provides an objective method for the LWOs to compare the model-forecast upper-level winds to the KSC wind <span class="hlt">profiling</span> radars and CCAFS AMPS <span class="hlt">observations</span> to assess the model potential to accurately forecast changes in the upperlevel <span class="hlt">profile</span> through the launch count. The AMU wrote Excel Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) scripts to automatically retrieve model point data for CCAFS (XMR) from the Iowa State University Archive Data Server (http://mtarchive.qeol.iastate.edu) and the 50 MHz, 915 MHz and AMPS <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the NASA/KSC Spaceport Weather Data Archive web site (http://trmm.ksc.nasa.gov). The AMU then developed code in Excel VBA to automatically ingest and format the <span class="hlt">observations</span> and model point data in Excel to ready the data for generating Excel charts for the LWO's. The resulting charts allow the LWOs to independently initialize the three models 0</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780058272&hterms=MOOS&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DMOOS','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780058272&hterms=MOOS&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DMOOS"><span>Ultraviolet <span class="hlt">observations</span> of cool stars. VI - L alpha and Mg II emission line <span class="hlt">profiles</span> /and a search for flux variability/ in Arcturus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mcclintock, W.; Moos, H. W.; Henry, R. C.; Linsky, J. L.; Barker, E. S.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>High-precision, high-resolution <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the L alpha and Mg II k chromospheric emission lines from Arcturus (alpha Boo) obtained with the Princeton Experimental Package aboard the Copernicus satellite are presented. Asymmetries seen in the <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of these lines are probably intrinsic to the star, rather than the result of interstellar absorption. In contrast to previous <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the Ca II K emission line, no evidence is found during a three-year period for variability in the <span class="hlt">profiles</span> or in the total fluxes from these lines on time scales ranging from hours to months. Also presented is a flux <span class="hlt">profile</span> of the O I 1302 line and flux upper limits for L beta, O VI 1032, Si III 1206, and O V 1218.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5482476','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5482476"><span>Effects of dietary inclusion of high <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of crude glycerin on meat quality and fatty acid <span class="hlt">profile</span> of feedlot fed Nellore bulls</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>D'Áurea, André P.; Fávaro, Vanessa R.; van Cleef, Flavia O. S.; Barducci, Robson S.; Almeida, Marco T. C.; Machado Neto, Otávio R.; Ezequiel, Jane M. B.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Crude glycerin, the main by-product of biodiesel production, can replace dietary energy sources, such as corn. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of up to 30% of crude glycerin in dry matter (DM) of the total diets, and its effects on meat quality parameters of feedlot Nellore bulls. Thirty animals (227.7 ± 23.8 kg body weight; 18 months old) were housed in individual pens and fed 5 experimental diets, containing 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 or 30% crude glycerin (DM basis). After 103 d (21 d adaptation) animals were slaughtered and the Longissimus muscle was collected. The characteristics assessed were chemical composition, fatty acid <span class="hlt">profile</span>, cholesterol, shear force, pH, color, water-holding capacity, cooking loss and sensory properties. The increasing inclusion of crude glycerin in the diets did not affect the chemical composition of the Longissimus muscle (P > 0.10). A quadratic effect was <span class="hlt">observed</span> when levels of crude glycerin were increased, on the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of pentadecanoic, palmitoleic and eicosenoic fatty acids in meat (P < 0.05), and on the activity of the delta-9 desaturase 16 and delta-9 desaturase 18 enzymes (P < 0.05). The addition of crude glycerin increased the gamma linolenic fatty acid <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (P < 0.01), and altered the monounsaturated fatty acids in Longissimus muscle of animals (Pquad. < 0.05). Crude glycerin decreased cholesterol content in meat (P < 0.05), and promoted higher flavor score and greasy intensity perception of the meat (P < 0.01). The inclusion of up to 30% crude glycerin in Nellore cattle bulls`diets (DM basis) improves meat cholesterol and sensory attributes, such as flavor, without affecting significantly the physical traits, the main fatty acid <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and the chemical composition. PMID:28644883</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980236655','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980236655"><span>Continuing Studies in Support of Ultraviolet <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Planetary Atmospheres</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Clark, John</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>This program was a one-year extension of an earlier Planetary Atmospheres program grant, covering the period 1 August 1996 through 30 September 1997. The grant was for supporting work to complement an active program <span class="hlt">observing</span> planetary atmospheres with Earth-orbital telescopes, principally the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The recent <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of this work has been on HST <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Jupiter's upper atmosphere and aurora, but it has also included <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Io, serendipitous <span class="hlt">observations</span> of asteroids, and <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the velocity structure in the interplanetary medium. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Jupiter have been at vacuum ultraviolet wavelengths, including imaging and spectroscopy of the auroral and airglow emissions. The most recent HST <span class="hlt">observations</span> have been at the same time as in situ measurements made by the Galileo orbiter instruments, as reflected in the meeting presentations listed below. <span class="hlt">Concentrated</span> efforts have been applied in this year to the following projects: The analysis of HST WFPC 2 images of Jupiter's aurora, including the Io footprint emissions. We have performed a comparative analysis of the lo footprint locations with two magnetic field models, studied the statistical properties of the apparent dawn auroral storms on Jupiter, and found various other repeated patterns in Jupiter's aurora. Analysis and modeling of airglow and auroral Ly alpha emission line <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from Jupiter. This has included modeling the aurora] line <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, including the energy degradation of precipitating charged particles and radiative transfer of the emerging emissions. Jupiter's auroral emission line <span class="hlt">profile</span> is self-absorbed, since it is produced by an internal source, and the resulting emission with a deep central absorption from the overlying atmosphere permits modeling of the depth of the emissions, plus the motion of the emitting layer with respect to the overlying atmospheric column from the <span class="hlt">observed</span> Doppler shift of the central absorption. By contrast</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AMT....11.1669S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AMT....11.1669S"><span>High-resolution humidity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> retrieved from wind <span class="hlt">profiler</span> radar measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Saïd, Frédérique; Campistron, Bernard; Di Girolamo, Paolo</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The retrieval of humidity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from wind <span class="hlt">profiler</span> radars has already been documented in the past 30 years and is known to be neither as straightforward and nor as robust as the retrieval of the wind velocity. The main constraint to retrieve the humidity <span class="hlt">profile</span> is the necessity to combine measurements from the wind <span class="hlt">profiler</span> and additional measurements (such as <span class="hlt">observations</span> from radiosoundings at a coarser time resolution). Furthermore, the method relies on some assumptions and simplifications that restrict the scope of its application. The first objective of this paper is to identify the obstacles and limitations and solve them, or at least define the field of applicability. To improve the method, we propose using the radar capacity to detect transition levels, such as the top level of the boundary layer, marked by a maximum in the radar reflectivity. This forces the humidity <span class="hlt">profile</span> from the free troposphere and from the boundary layer to coincide at this level, after an optimization of the calibration coefficients, and reduces the error. The resulting mean bias affecting the specific humidity <span class="hlt">profile</span> never exceeds 0.25 g kg-1. The second objective is to explore the capability of the algorithm to retrieve the humidity vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for an operational purpose by comparing the results with <span class="hlt">observations</span> from a Raman lidar.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMOS31F1780V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMOS31F1780V"><span>A Self-Powered Fast-Sampling <span class="hlt">Profiling</span> Float in support of a Mesoscale Ocean <span class="hlt">Observing</span> System in the Western North Pacific</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Valdez, T.; Chao, Y.; Davis, R. E.; Jones, J.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>This talk will describe a new self-powered <span class="hlt">profiling</span> float that can perform fast sampling over the upper ocean for long durations in support of a mesoscale ocean <span class="hlt">observing</span> system in the Western North Pacific. The current state-of-the-art <span class="hlt">profiling</span> floats can provide several hundreds <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for the upper ocean every ten days. To quantify the role of the upper ocean in modulating the development of Typhoons requires at least an order of magnitude reduction for the sampling interval. With today's <span class="hlt">profiling</span> float and battery technology, a fast sampling of one day or even a few hours will reduce the typical lifetime of <span class="hlt">profiling</span> floats from years to months. Interactions between the ocean and typhoons often involves mesoscale eddies and fronts, which require a dense array of floats to reveal the 3-dimensional structure. To measure the mesoscale ocean over a large area like the Western North Pacific therefore requires a new technology that enables fast sampling and long duration at the same time. Harvesting the ocean renewable energy associated with the vertical temperature differentials has the potential to power <span class="hlt">profiling</span> floats with fast sampling over long durations. Results from the development and deployment of a prototype self-powered <span class="hlt">profiling</span> float (known as SOLO-TREC) will be presented. With eight hours sampling in the upper 500 meters, the upper ocean temperature and salinity reveal pronounced high frequency variations. Plans to use the SOLO-TREC technology in support of a dense array of fast sampling <span class="hlt">profiling</span> floats in the Western North Pacific will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17631381','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17631381"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> of synthetic musk compounds in personal care and sanitation products and human exposure <span class="hlt">profiles</span> through dermal application.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Roosens, Laurence; Covaci, Adrian; Neels, Hugo</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>Synthetic musks, such as 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN) and 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-gamma-2-benzopyran (HHCB), musk ketone (MK) and musk xylene (MX), are used as an alternative for natural musk. Due to their widespread use, these synthetic compounds turned up in different environmental compartments, such as wastewater, human and animal tissues. Yet, little is known about their distribution and occurrence in personal care and household products, information needed in order to evaluate the different human exposure routes. This paper gives an overview of the synthetic musk levels in six different product categories: body lotions, perfumes, deodorants, hair care products, shower products and sanitation products. Especially body lotions, perfumes and deodorants contained high levels of synthetic musks. Maximum <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of HHCB, AHTN, MX and MK were 22 mg g(-1), 8 mg g(-1), 26 microg g(-1) and 0.5 microg g(-1), respectively. By combining these results with the average usage of consumer products, low-, medium- and high-exposure <span class="hlt">profiles</span> through dermal application could be estimated. HHCB was the highest contributor to the total amount of synthetic musks in every exposure <span class="hlt">profile</span> (18-23 700 microg d(-1)). Exposure to MK and MX did not increase substantially (10-20-fold) between low- and high-exposure <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, indicating that these compounds cover a less broad range. In comparison, exposure to HHCB and AHTN increased up to 10 000 fold between low- and high-exposure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1305266','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1305266"><span>λ-Repressor Oligomerization Kinetics at High <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> Using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy in Zero-Mode Waveguides</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Samiee, K. T.; Foquet, M.; Guo, L.; Cox, E. C.; Craighead, H. G.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has demonstrated its utility for measuring transport properties and kinetics at low fluorophore <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. In this article, we demonstrate that simple optical nanostructures, known as zero-mode waveguides, can be used to significantly reduce the FCS <span class="hlt">observation</span> volume. This, in turn, allows FCS to be applied to solutions with significantly higher fluorophore <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. We derive an empirical FCS model accounting for one-dimensional diffusion in a finite tube with a simple exponential <span class="hlt">observation</span> <span class="hlt">profile</span>. This technique is used to measure the oligomerization of the bacteriophage λ repressor protein at micromolar <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. The results agree with previous studies utilizing conventional techniques. Additionally, we demonstrate that the zero-mode waveguides can be used to assay biological activity by measuring changes in diffusion constant as a result of ligand binding. PMID:15613638</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...851..108R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...851..108R"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of the Coronal Mass Ejection with a Complex Acceleration <span class="hlt">Profile</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Reva, A. A.; Kirichenko, A. S.; Ulyanov, A. S.; Kuzin, S. V.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We study the coronal mass ejection (CME) with a complex acceleration <span class="hlt">profile</span>. The event occurred on 2009 April 23. It had an impulsive acceleration phase, an impulsive deceleration phase, and a second impulsive acceleration phase. During its evolution, the CME showed signatures of different acceleration mechanisms: kink instability, prominence drainage, flare reconnection, and a CME–CME collision. The special feature of the <span class="hlt">observations</span> is the usage of the TESIS EUV telescope. The instrument could image the solar corona in the Fe 171 Å line up to a distance of 2 {R}ȯ from the center of the Sun. This allows us to trace the CME up to the LASCO/C2 field of view without losing the CME from sight. The onset of the CME was caused by kink instability. The mass drainage occurred after the kink instability. The mass drainage played only an auxiliary role: it decreased the CME mass, which helped to accelerate the CME. The first impulsive acceleration phase was caused by the flare reconnection. We <span class="hlt">observed</span> the two-ribbon flare and an increase of the soft X-ray flux during the first impulsive acceleration phase. The impulsive deceleration and the second impulsive acceleration phases were caused by the CME–CME collision. The studied event shows that CMEs are complex phenomena that cannot be explained with only one acceleration mechanism. We should seek a combination of different mechanisms that accelerate CMEs at different stages of their evolution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A23B2344S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A23B2344S"><span>Vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> of aerosols in the Himalayan region using an ultralight aircraft platform</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Singh, A.; Mahata, K.; Rupakheti, M.; Lawrence, M. G.; Junkermann, W.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Indo-gangetic plain (IGP) and Himalayan foothills have large spatial and temporal heterogeneity in aerosols characteristics. Regional meteorology around 850-500 mb plays an important role in the transformation and transportation of aerosols from west Asia to IGP, into Himalayan foothill, as well to high-altitude region of the Himalayas. In order to quantify the vertical and horizontal variation of aerosol properties in the Himalayan , an airborne campaign was carried out in the Pokhara Valley/Nepal (83°50'-84°10' E, 25°7'-28°15' N, 815 masl ) in two phases: test flights during May 2016 and an intensive airborne sampling flight in December-January 2017. This paper provides an overview of airborne measurement campaign from the first phase of measurements in May 2016. A two-seater microlight aircraft (IKARUS C 42) was used as the aerial platform. This was deemed the feasible option in Nepal for an aerial campaign; technical specification of the aircraft include an approximately 6 hrs of flying time, short-take off run, > 100 kgs of payload, suitable for spiral upward and downward <span class="hlt">profiling</span>. The instrument package consist of GRIMM 1.108 for particle size distribution from 0.3 to 20 um at 6 seconds time resolution, and TSI CPC 3375 for total ultrafine particle (UFP) <span class="hlt">concentration</span> at 1 s. The package also includes a Magee Scientific Aethalometer (AE42) for aerosol absorption at seven different wavelengths. Meteorological parameters include temperature and dew point at a sampling rate of 1 Hz or higher. The paper provides a snapshot of <span class="hlt">observed</span> vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> (from 800 to 4500masl) of aerosols size, number and black carbon over one of populated mountain valley in Nepal during the pre-monsoon season. During the airborne measurement, local fires- mostly agriculture burn were <span class="hlt">observed</span>, however no large scale forest fire was captured. Sharp morning and afternoon gradients were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> for aerosol number and size, mostly dominated by <400 nm. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26334264','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26334264"><span>Comparison of Glucosinolate <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> in Different Tissues of Nine Brassica Crops.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bhandari, Shiva Ram; Jo, Jung Su; Lee, Jun Gu</p> <p>2015-08-31</p> <p>Glucosinolate (GSL) <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in various tissues (seeds, sprouts, mature root, and shoot) were determined and compared across nine Brassica species, including cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, radish, baemuchae, pakchoi, Chinese cabbage, leaf mustard, and kale. The compositions and <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of individual GSLs varied among crops, tissues, and growth stages. Seeds had highest total GSL <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in most of crops, whereas shoots had the lowest GSL <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Aliphatic GSL <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were the highest in seeds, followed by that in sprouts, shoots, and roots. Indole GSL <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was the highest in the root or shoot tissues in most of the crops. In contrast, aromatic GSL <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were highest in roots. Of the nine crops examined, broccoli exhibited the highest total GSL <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in seeds (110.76 µmol·g(-1)) and sprouts (162.19 µmol·g(-1)), whereas leaf mustard exhibited the highest total GSL <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in shoots (61.76 µmol·g(-1)) and roots (73.61 µmol·g(-1)). The lowest GSL <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in radish across all tissues examined.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10099515','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10099515"><span>Prediction of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in tubular photobioreactors for microalgal culture</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rubio; Fernandez; Perez; Camacho; Grima</p> <p>1999-01-05</p> <p>A model is developed for prediction of axial <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in tubular photobioreactors used for culturing microalgae. Experimental data are used to verify the model for continuous outdoor culture of Porphyridium cruentum grown in a 200-L reactor with 100-m long tubular solar receiver. The culture was carried out at a dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 applied only during a 10-h daylight period. The quasi-steady state biomass <span class="hlt">concentration</span> achieved was 3.0 g. L-1, corresponding to a biomass productivity of 1.5 g. L-1. d-1. The model could predict the dissolved oxygen level in both gas disengagement zone of the reactor and at the end of the loop, the exhaust gas composition, the amount of carbon dioxide injected, and the pH of the culture at each hour. In predicting the various parameters, the model took into account the length of the solar receiver tube, the rate of photosynthesis, the velocity of flow, the degree of mixing, and gas-liquid mass transfer. Because the model simulated the system behavior as a function of tube length and operational variables (superficial gas velocity in the riser, composition of carbon dioxide in the gas injected in the solar receiver and its injection rate), it could potentially be applied to rational design and scale-up of photobioreactors. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country.cfm','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country.cfm"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power Projects by Country | <span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> Solar Power |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>NREL</A> Country In this section, you can select a country from <em>the</em> map or <em>the</em> following list <em>of</em> countries. You can then select a specific <span class="hlt">concentrating</span> solar power (CSP) project and review a <em><span class="hlt">profile</span></em> covering project basics, participating organizations, and power plant configuration data for <em>the</em> solar</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16912834','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16912834"><span>Biochemical <span class="hlt">profile</span> of coconut water from coconut palms planted in an inland region.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vigliar, Renata; Sdepanian, Vera L; Fagundes-Neto, Ulysses</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>To analyze the biochemical <span class="hlt">profile</span> of coconut water from dwarf coconut palms planted in non-coastal regions, during the maturation period (sixth to ninth month). Eight of 15 coconut palms planted in a non-coastal region were selected by lots and their coconuts sent to a laboratory for extraction and analysis of the coconut water. Coconut water from a total of 45 coconuts, from the sixth to ninth months' maturity, were analyzed to measure glucose, electrolytes, total proteins and osmolarity and to identify the sugars contained. The analysis of coconut water from the sixth to ninth month did not find any differences in the median <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of sodium (3 mEq/L; 2 and 3), glucose (0.6 g/L; 0.3 and 17.3) or total proteins (9 g/L; 6 and 12), but detected a reduction in the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of potassium (64 mEq/L; 46 and 99), calcium (6.5 mmol/L; 5 and 8.5), magnesium (8 mmol/L; 3.9 and 9.8), chloride (38.5 mEq/L; 30 and 48.7) and osmolarity (419 mOsmol/L; 354 and 472). With relation to the sugars, identified by chromatography on paper, an increase was <span class="hlt">observed</span> from the sixth to the ninth month in the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of fructose (68 mg/microL; 44 and 320) and glucose (299 mg/microL; 262 and 332) and in conjunction with a <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of sucrose (340 mg/microL; 264 and 390). The biochemical <span class="hlt">profile</span> of coconut water varied as the coconuts matured, <span class="hlt">observing</span> reductions in the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and osmolarity. Descending paper chromatography revealed an increase in the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of fructose and glucose and also a reduction in the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of sucrose.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25060759','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25060759"><span>Glucosinolate <span class="hlt">profile</span> and distribution among plant tissues and phenological stages of field-grown horseradish.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Agneta, Rosa; Lelario, Filomena; De Maria, Susanna; Möllers, Christian; Bufo, Sabino Aurelio; Rivelli, Anna Rita</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Profile</span> and distribution of glucosinolates (GLS) were detected in plant tissues of horseradish at different developmental stages: beginning of vegetative re-growth, flowering and silique formation. The GLS <span class="hlt">profile</span> varied widely in the different tissues: we identified 17 GLS in roots and sprouts, one of which was not previously characterized in horseradish, i.e. the 2(S)-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl-GLS (glucobarbarin) and/or 2(R)-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl-GLS (epiglucobarbarin), 11 already found in the roots, including the putative 2-methylsulfonyl-oxo-ethyl-GLS, and 5 previously recognized only in the sprouts. Fifteen of those GLS were also identified in young and cauline leaves, 12 in the mature leaves and 13 in the inflorescences. No difference in GLS <span class="hlt">profile</span> was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in plant among the phenological stages. Differences in <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of GLS, quantified as desulfated, were found in plant. At the beginning of vegetative re-growth, sprouts while showing the same <span class="hlt">profile</span> of the roots were much richer in GLS having the highest total GLS <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (117.5 and 7.7μmolg(-1) dry weight in sprouts and roots, respectively). During flowering and silique forming stages, the roots still maintained lower amount of total GLS (7.4μmolg(-1) of dry weight, on average) with respect to the epigeous tissues, in which mature and young leaves showed the highest total <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (70.5 and 73.8μmolg(-1) of dry weight on average, respectively). Regardless of the phenological stages, the aliphatic GLS were always predominant in all tissues (95%) followed by indolic (2.6%) and benzenic (2.4%) GLS. Sinigrin contributed more than 90% of the total GLS <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. Aliphatic GLS <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were much higher in the epigeous tissues, particularly in the mature and young leaves, while benzenic and indolic GLS <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were higher in the roots. Through the phenological stages, GLS <span class="hlt">concentration</span> increased in young and mature leaves and decreased in cauline leaves and inflorescences</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16..633S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16..633S"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of the Variability of Floc Sizes on the Louisiana Shelf</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sahin, Cihan; Sheremet, Alexandru</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>The general principles of floc formation under variable turbulent stresses and sediment availability are well known, but the details of the dynamics are still unclear. Flocculation of primary particles occurs when these particles get close enough to collide, and a significant number of these collisions result in adhesion. Particle <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, the intensity and number of collisions (turbulent shear) control the size of the flocs. However, aggregation transitions into fragmentation if the intensity of collisions or turbulent shear exceeds a certain threshold. In this case, a limiting maximum size might exist (Berhane et al., 1997; Dyer and Manning, 1999; Uncles et al., 2010). This study investigates the relation between SSC (suspended sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span>), turbulent stresses, and floc size using the high-resolution <span class="hlt">observations</span> of suspended sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, flow and acoustic backscatter made for 2 weeks in Spring 2008 on the muddy Atchafalaya Shelf. During the experiment, pressure, near-bed current velocities, and acoustic backscatter <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were sampled using a downward-pointing 1500-kHz PC-ADP (Pulse-Coherent Acoustic Doppler <span class="hlt">Profiler</span>, Sontek/YSI). In addition, a downward-pointing single frequency ABS (Acoustic Backscatter Sensor, 700-kHz, Marine Electronics, Isle of Guernsey) measured the intensity of acoustic return in the first meter above bed. Thus, acoustic backscatter <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> by two different frequencies (700 kHz for the ABS and 1500 kHz for the PC-ADP). Direct SSC <span class="hlt">observations</span> were provided by two OBS-3s at 15 and 40-cm above the bed, which sampled synchronously with the PC-ADP. Simultaneous <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of SSC and the mean floc size at cm-scale vertical resolution were obtained using acoustic backscatter intensity at the different acoustic frequencies. For the calibration of the instruments, which involves estimation of the instruments system constants, the algorithm described in Sahin et al. (2013) was followed. The mean floc size</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27235445','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27235445"><span>Fasting Is Not Routinely Required for Determination of a Lipid <span class="hlt">Profile</span>: Clinical and Laboratory Implications Including Flagging at Desirable <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> Cutpoints-A Joint Consensus Statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nordestgaard, Børge G; Langsted, Anne; Mora, Samia; Kolovou, Genovefa; Baum, Hannsjörg; Bruckert, Eric; Watts, Gerald F; Sypniewska, Grazyna; Wiklund, Olov; Borén, Jan; Chapman, M John; Cobbaert, Christa; Descamps, Olivier S; von Eckardstein, Arnold; Kamstrup, Pia R; Pulkki, Kari; Kronenberg, Florian; Remaley, Alan T; Rifai, Nader; Ros, Emilio; Langlois, Michel</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>To critically evaluate the clinical implications of the use of non-fasting rather than fasting lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and to provide guidance for the laboratory reporting of abnormal non-fasting or fasting lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Extensive <span class="hlt">observational</span> data, in which random non-fasting lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> have been compared with those determined under fasting conditions, indicate that the maximal mean changes at 1-6 h after habitual meals are not clinically significant [+0.3 mmol/L (26 mg/dL) for triglycerides; -0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for total cholesterol; -0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for LDL cholesterol; +0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for calculated remnant cholesterol; -0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for calculated non-HDL cholesterol]; <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein(a) are not affected by fasting/non-fasting status. In addition, non-fasting and fasting <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> vary similarly over time and are comparable in the prediction of cardiovascular disease. To improve patient compliance with lipid testing, we therefore recommend the routine use of non-fasting lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, whereas fasting sampling may be considered when non-fasting triglycerides are >5 mmol/L (440 mg/dL). For non-fasting samples, laboratory reports should flag abnormal <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> as triglycerides ≥2 mmol/L (175 mg/dL), total cholesterol ≥5 mmol/L (190 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol ≥3 mmol/L (115 mg/dL), calculated remnant cholesterol ≥0.9 mmol/L (35 mg/dL), calculated non-HDL cholesterol ≥3.9 mmol/L (150 mg/dL), HDL cholesterol ≤1 mmol/L (40 mg/dL), apolipoprotein A1 ≤1.25 g/L (125 mg/dL), apolipoprotein B ≥1.0 g/L (100 mg/dL), and lipoprotein(a) ≥50 mg/dL (80th percentile); for fasting samples, abnormal <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> correspond to triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL). Life-threatening <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> require separate referral for the risk of pancreatitis when triglycerides are >10 mmol/L (880 mg/dL), for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia when LDL cholesterol</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15095150','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15095150"><span>Proteome analysis reveals a distinct molecular <span class="hlt">profile</span> of cellular stress following incubation of DDT1-MF2 smooth muscle cells in the presence of a high <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of hyperforin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schrattenholz, André; Schroer, Klaus; Chatterjee, Shyam S; Koch, Egon</p> <p>2004-04-01</p> <p>The acylphloroglucinol derivative hyperforin is a major constituent of St. John's wort extracts ( Hypericum perforatum L.), which has been demonstrated to contribute to the antidepressant action of this herbal drug. In previous investigations we <span class="hlt">observed</span> that hyperforin causes a rapid stimulation of intracellular calcium mobilization and enhances extracellular acidification in the hamster vas deferens smooth muscle cell line DDT (1)-MF2. To obtain further insight into its mode of action, we have now examined if these effects are accompanied by changes in protein expression. Cells were incubated with hyperforin for 15 min at a <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of 1 microg/mL. Proteome analysis in cell lysates was accomplished by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and proteins were visualized by silver staining. Differences in the expression pattern between hyperforin- and vehicle-treated cells were displayed by computer-assisted differential display and identification of selected protein spots was performed by peptide mass fingerprinting after digestion with trypsin. Following incubation with hyperforin marked changes in the expression of several proteins were evident. A particularly strong change was <span class="hlt">observed</span> for 6 proteins, which were identified as tubulin-beta, enolase 3, SYNCRIP, endoplasmin, elongation factor 2 and HSP84. As these proteins are known to be involved in cellular responses to stress by regulating energy metabolism as well as synthesis, intracellular transport and folding of proteins, our results suggest that the effects <span class="hlt">observed</span> are not components of the normal pharmacological activity <span class="hlt">profile</span> of hyperforin but are rather indicative of cellular stress promoting activity at higher <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22370084-music-clash-predictions-concentration-mass-relation','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22370084-music-clash-predictions-concentration-mass-relation"><span>The music of clash: predictions on the <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-mass relation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Meneghetti, M.; Rasia, E.; Vega, J.</p> <p></p> <p>We present an analysis of the MUSIC-2 N-body/hydrodynamical simulations aimed at estimating the expected <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-mass relation for the CLASH (Cluster Lensing and Supernova Survey with Hubble) cluster sample. We study nearly 1,400 halos simulated at high spatial and mass resolution. We study the shape of both their density and surface-density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and fit them with a variety of radial functions, including the Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW), the generalized NFW, and the Einasto density <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. We derive <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and masses from these fits. We produce simulated Chandra <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the halos, and we use them to identify objects resembling the X-ray morphologies andmore » masses of the clusters in the CLASH X-ray-selected sample. We also derive a <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-mass relation for strong-lensing clusters. We find that the sample of simulated halos that resembles the X-ray morphology of the CLASH clusters is composed mainly of relaxed halos, but it also contains a significant fraction of unrelaxed systems. For such a heterogeneous sample we measure an average two-dimensional <span class="hlt">concentration</span> that is ∼11% higher than is found for the full sample of simulated halos. After accounting for projection and selection effects, the average NFW <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of CLASH clusters are expected to be intermediate between those predicted in three dimensions for relaxed and super-relaxed halos. Matching the simulations to the individual CLASH clusters on the basis of the X-ray morphology, we expect that the NFW <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> recovered from the lensing analysis of the CLASH clusters are in the range [3-6], with an average value of 3.87 and a standard deviation of 0.61.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...797...34M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...797...34M"><span>The MUSIC of CLASH: Predictions on the <span class="hlt">Concentration</span>-Mass Relation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Meneghetti, M.; Rasia, E.; Vega, J.; Merten, J.; Postman, M.; Yepes, G.; Sembolini, F.; Donahue, M.; Ettori, S.; Umetsu, K.; Balestra, I.; Bartelmann, M.; Benítez, N.; Biviano, A.; Bouwens, R.; Bradley, L.; Broadhurst, T.; Coe, D.; Czakon, N.; De Petris, M.; Ford, H.; Giocoli, C.; Gottlöber, S.; Grillo, C.; Infante, L.; Jouvel, S.; Kelson, D.; Koekemoer, A.; Lahav, O.; Lemze, D.; Medezinski, E.; Melchior, P.; Mercurio, A.; Molino, A.; Moscardini, L.; Monna, A.; Moustakas, J.; Moustakas, L. A.; Nonino, M.; Rhodes, J.; Rosati, P.; Sayers, J.; Seitz, S.; Zheng, W.; Zitrin, A.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>We present an analysis of the MUSIC-2 N-body/hydrodynamical simulations aimed at estimating the expected <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-mass relation for the CLASH (Cluster Lensing and Supernova Survey with Hubble) cluster sample. We study nearly 1,400 halos simulated at high spatial and mass resolution. We study the shape of both their density and surface-density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and fit them with a variety of radial functions, including the Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW), the generalized NFW, and the Einasto density <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. We derive <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and masses from these fits. We produce simulated Chandra <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the halos, and we use them to identify objects resembling the X-ray morphologies and masses of the clusters in the CLASH X-ray-selected sample. We also derive a <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-mass relation for strong-lensing clusters. We find that the sample of simulated halos that resembles the X-ray morphology of the CLASH clusters is composed mainly of relaxed halos, but it also contains a significant fraction of unrelaxed systems. For such a heterogeneous sample we measure an average two-dimensional <span class="hlt">concentration</span> that is ~11% higher than is found for the full sample of simulated halos. After accounting for projection and selection effects, the average NFW <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of CLASH clusters are expected to be intermediate between those predicted in three dimensions for relaxed and super-relaxed halos. Matching the simulations to the individual CLASH clusters on the basis of the X-ray morphology, we expect that the NFW <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> recovered from the lensing analysis of the CLASH clusters are in the range [3-6], with an average value of 3.87 and a standard deviation of 0.61.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5056674','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5056674"><span>Application of Physiologically Based Absorption Modeling to Characterize the Pharmacokinetic <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> of Oral Extended Release Methylphenidate Products in Adults</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Yang, Xiaoxia; Duan, John; Fisher, Jeffrey</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>A previously presented physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for immediate release (IR) methylphenidate (MPH) was extended to characterize the pharmacokinetic behaviors of oral extended release (ER) MPH formulations in adults for the first time. Information on the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, together with the biopharmaceutical properties of MPH, was integrated into the original model, with model parameters representing hepatic metabolism and intestinal non-specific loss recalibrated against in vitro and in vivo kinetic data sets with IR MPH. A Weibull function was implemented to describe the dissolution of different ER formulations. A variety of mathematical functions can be utilized to account for the engineered release/dissolution technologies to achieve better model performance. The physiological absorption model tracked well the plasma <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in adults receiving a multilayer-release MPH formulation or Metadate CD, while some degree of discrepancy was <span class="hlt">observed</span> between predicted and <span class="hlt">observed</span> plasma <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for Ritalin LA and Medikinet Retard. A local sensitivity analysis demonstrated that model parameters associated with the GI tract significantly influenced model predicted plasma MPH <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, albeit to varying degrees, suggesting the importance of better understanding the GI tract physiology, along with the intestinal non-specific loss of MPH. The model provides a quantitative tool to predict the biphasic plasma time course data for ER MPH, helping elucidate factors responsible for the diverse plasma MPH <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> following oral dosing of different ER formulations. PMID:27723791</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA41B2620J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA41B2620J"><span>Characteristics of ionospheric electron density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the auroral and polar cap regions from long-term incoherent scatter radar <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jee, G.; Kim, E.; Kwak, Y. S.; Kim, Y.; Kil, H.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We investigate the climatological characteristics of the ionospheric electron density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the auroral and polar cap regions in comparison with the mid-latitude ionosphere using incoherent scatter radars (ISR) <span class="hlt">observations</span> from Svalbard (78.15N, 16.05E), Tromso (69.59N, 19.23E), and Millstone Hill (42.6N, 288.5E) during a period of 1995 - 2015. Diurnal variations of electron density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from 100 to 500 km are compared among the three radar <span class="hlt">observations</span> during equinox, summer and winter solstice for different solar and geomagnetic activities. Also investigated are the physical characteristics of E-region and F-region peak parameters of electron density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the auroral and polar cap regions, which are significantly different from the mid-latitude ionosphere. In the polar ionosphere, the diurnal variations of density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are extremely small in summer hemisphere. Semiannual anomaly hardly appears for all latitudes, but winter anomaly occurs at mid-latitude and auroral ionospheres for high solar activity. Nighttime density becomes larger than daytime density in the winter polar cap ionosphere for high solar activity. The E-region peak is very distinctive in the nighttime auroral region and the peak height is nearly constant at about 110 km for all conditions. Compared with the F-region peak density, the E-region peak density does not change much with solar activity. Furthermore, the E-region peak density can be even larger than F-region density for low solar activity in the auroral region, particularly during disturbed condition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19885137','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19885137"><span>Continuous glucose <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in healthy subjects under everyday life conditions and after different meals.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Freckmann, Guido; Hagenlocher, Sven; Baumstark, Annette; Jendrike, Nina; Gillen, Ralph C; Rössner, Katja; Haug, Cornelia</p> <p>2007-09-01</p> <p>This study investigated continuous glucose <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in nondiabetic subjects. Continuous interstitial glucose measurement was performed under everyday life conditions (2 days) and after ingestion of four meals with standardized carbohydrate content (50 grams), but with different types of carbohydrates and variable protein and fat content. Twenty-four healthy volunteers (12 female, 12 male, age 27.1 +/- 3.6 years) participated in the study. Each subject wore two microdialysis devices (SCGM1, Roche Diagnostics) simultaneously. The mean 24-hour interstitial glucose <span class="hlt">concentration</span> under everyday life conditions was 89.3 +/- 6.2 mg/dl (mean +/- SD, n = 21), and mean interstitial glucose <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> at daytime and during the night were 93.0 +/- 7.0 and 81.8 +/- 6.3 mg/dl, respectively. The highest postprandial glucose <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> after breakfast: 132.3 +/- 16.7 mg/dl (range 101-168 mg/dl); peak <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> after lunch and dinner were 118.2 +/- 13.4 and 123.0 +/- 16.9 mg/dl, respectively. Mean time to peak glucose <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was between 46 and 50 minutes. After ingestion of standardized meals with fast absorption characteristics, peak interstitial glucose <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were 133.2 +/- 14.4 and 137.2 +/- 21.1 mg/dl, respectively. Meals with a higher fiber, protein, and fat content induced a smaller increase and a slower decrease of postprandial glucose <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> with peak values of 99.2 +/- 10.5 and 122.1 +/- 20.4 mg/dl, respectively. This study provided continuous glucose <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in nondiabetic subjects and demonstrated that differences in meal composition are reflected in postprandial interstitial glucose <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Regarding the increasing application of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetic patients, these data suggest that detailed information about the ingested meals is important for adequate interpretation of postprandial glucose <span class="hlt">profiles</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27748699','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27748699"><span>Power <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> of Commercial Multifocal Soft Contact Lenses.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Eon; Bakaraju, Ravi C; Ehrmann, Klaus</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>To evaluate the optical power <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of commercially available soft multifocal contact lenses and compare their optical designs. The power <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of 38 types of multifocal contact lenses-three lenses each-were measured in powers +6D, +3D, +1D, -1D, -3D, and -6D using NIMO TR1504 (Lambda-X, Belgium). All lenses were measured in phosphate buffered saline across 8 mm optic zone diameter. Refractive index of each lens material was measured using CLR 12-70 (Index Instruments, UK), which was used for converting measured power in the medium to in-air radial power <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Three basic types of power <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were identified: center-near, center-distance, and <span class="hlt">concentric</span>-zone ring-type designs. For most of the lens types, the relative plus with respect to prescription power was lower than the corresponding spectacle add. For some lens types, the measured power <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were shifted by up to 1D across the power range relative to their labeled power. Most of the lenses were designed with noticeable amounts of spherical aberration. The sign and magnitude of spherical aberration can either be power dependent or consistent across the power range. Power <span class="hlt">profiles</span> can vary widely between the different lens types; however, certain similarities were also <span class="hlt">observed</span> between some of the center-near designs. For the more recently released lens types, there seems to be a trend emerging to reduce the relative plus with respect to prescription power, include negative spherical aberration, and keep the power <span class="hlt">profiles</span> consistent across the power range.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27534260','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27534260"><span>Glycaemic <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> of Children With Overweight and Obesity in Free-living Conditions in Association With Cardiometabolic Risk.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rijks, Jesse; Karnebeek, Kylie; van Dijk, Jan-Willem; Dorenbos, Elke; Gerver, Willem-Jan; Stouthart, Pauline; Plat, Jogchum; Vreugdenhil, Anita</p> <p>2016-08-18</p> <p>Insulin resistance is common among children with overweight and obesity. However, knowledge about glucose fluctuations in these children is scarce. This study aims to evaluate glycaemic <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in children with overweight and obesity in free-living conditions, and to examine the association between glycaemic <span class="hlt">profiles</span> with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk parameters. One hundred eleven children with overweight and obesity were included. 48-hour sensor glucose <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in free-living conditions, fasting plasma and post-glucose load <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, serum lipid and lipoprotein <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and blood pressure were evaluated. Hyperglycaemic glucose excursions (≥7.8 mmol/L) were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in 25% (n = 28) of the children. The median sensor glucose <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was 5.0 (2.7-7.3) mmol/L, and correlated with fasting plasma glucose <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (rs = 0.190, p = 0.046), serum insulin <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (rs = 0.218, p = 0.021), and HOMA-IR (rs = 0.230, p = 0.015). The hyperglycaemic area under the curve (AUC) correlated with waist circumference z-score (rs = 0.455, p = 0.025), triacylglycerol <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (rs = 0.425, p = 0.024), and HOMA-IR (rs = 0.616, p < 0.001). In conclusion, hyperglycaemic glucose excursions are frequently <span class="hlt">observed</span> in children with overweight and obesity in free-living conditions. Children with insulin resistance had higher median sensor glucose <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and a larger hyperglycaemic sensor glucose AUC, which are both associated with specific parameters predicting cardiovascular disease risk.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820023233','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820023233"><span>Solar <span class="hlt">concentration</span> properties of flat fresnel lenses with large F-numbers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cosby, R. M.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>The solar <span class="hlt">concentration</span> performances of flat, line-focusing sun-tracking Fresnel lenses with selected f-numbers between 0.9 and 2.0 were analyzed. Lens transmittance was found to have a weak dependence on f-number, with a 2% increase occuring as the f-number is increased from 0.9 to 2.0. The geometric <span class="hlt">concentration</span> ratio for perfectly tracking lenses peaked for an f-number near 1.35. Intensity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were more uniform over the image extent for large f-number lenses when compared to the f/0.9 lens results. Substantial decreases in geometri <span class="hlt">concentration</span> ratios were <span class="hlt">observed</span> for transverse tracking errors equal to or below 1 degree for all f-number lenses. With respect to tracking errors, the solar performance is optimum for f-numbers between 1.25 and 1.5.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=203461&keyword=phenobarbital&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=203461&keyword=phenobarbital&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Pathway-Based <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> Response <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> from Toxicogenomics Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Microarray analysis of gene expression of in vitro systems could be a powerful tool for assessing chemical hazard. Differentially expressed genes specific to cells, chemicals, and <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> can be organized into molecular pathways that inform mode of action. An important par...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8914483','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8914483"><span>Use of a subcutaneous glucose sensor to detect decreases in glucose <span class="hlt">concentration</span> prior to <span class="hlt">observation</span> in blood.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thomé-Duret, V; Reach, G; Gangnerau, M N; Lemonnier, F; Klein, J C; Zhang, Y; Hu, Y; Wilson, G S</p> <p>1996-11-01</p> <p>The development of a hypoglycemic alarm system using a subcutaneous glucose sensor implies that a decrease in blood glucose is rapidly followed by a decrease in the signal generated by the sensor. In a first set of experiments the linearity and the kinetics of the response of sensors implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of normal rats were investigated during a progressive increase in plasma glucose <span class="hlt">concentration</span>: the sensitivities determined between 5 and 10 mM and between 10 and 15 mM were not significantly different, and a 5-10 min delay in the sensor's response was <span class="hlt">observed</span>. In a second set of experiments, performed in diabetic rats, the kinetics of the decrease in subcutaneous glucose <span class="hlt">concentration</span> following insulin administration was monitored during a decrease in plasma glucose level, from 15 to 3 mmol/L. During the 20 first min following insulin administration, the sensor monitored glucose <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in subcutaneous tissue with no lag time. Subsequently, the decrease in the estimation of subcutaneous glucose <span class="hlt">concentration</span> preceded that of plasma glucose. This phenomenon was not <span class="hlt">observed</span> when the same sensors were investigated in vitro during a similar decrease in glucose <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and may be due to a mechanism occurring in vivo, such as the effect of insulin on glucose transfer from the interstitial space to the cells surrounding the sensor. It reinforces the interest of the use of implantable glucose sensors as a part of a hypoglycemic alarm.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.sedhyd.org/2015/openconf/modules/request.php?module=oc_program&action=summary.php&id=250','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="http://www.sedhyd.org/2015/openconf/modules/request.php?module=oc_program&action=summary.php&id=250"><span>Physically based method for measuring suspended-sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and grain size using multi-frequency arrays of acoustic-doppler <span class="hlt">profilers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Topping, David J.; Wright, Scott A.; Griffiths, Ronald; Dean, David</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>As the result of a 12-year program of sediment-transport research and field testing on the Colorado River (6 stations in UT and AZ), Yampa River (2 stations in CO), Little Snake River (1 station in CO), Green River (1 station in CO and 2 stations in UT), and Rio Grande (2 stations in TX), we have developed a physically based method for measuring suspended-sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and grain size at 15-minute intervals using multifrequency arrays of acoustic-Doppler <span class="hlt">profilers</span>. This multi-frequency method is able to achieve much higher accuracies than single-frequency acoustic methods because it allows removal of the influence of changes in grain size on acoustic backscatter. The method proceeds as follows. (1) Acoustic attenuation at each frequency is related to the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of silt and clay with a known grain-size distribution in a river cross section using physical samples and theory. (2) The combination of acoustic backscatter and attenuation at each frequency is uniquely related to the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of sand (with a known reference grain-size distribution) and the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of silt and clay (with a known reference grain-size distribution) in a river cross section using physical samples and theory. (3) Comparison of the suspended-sand <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> measured at each frequency using this approach then allows theory-based calculation of the median grain size of the suspended sand and final correction of the suspended-sand <span class="hlt">concentration</span> to compensate for the influence of changing grain size on backscatter. Although this method of measuring suspended-sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is somewhat less accurate than using conventional samplers in either the EDI or EWI methods, it is much more accurate than estimating suspended-sediment <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> using calibrated pump measurements or single-frequency acoustics. Though the EDI and EWI methods provide the most accurate measurements of suspended-sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, these measurements are labor-intensive, expensive, and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJS..148...39P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJS..148...39P"><span>First-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) <span class="hlt">Observations</span>: Beam <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> and Window Functions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Page, L.; Barnes, C.; Hinshaw, G.; Spergel, D. N.; Weiland, J. L.; Wollack, E.; Bennett, C. L.; Halpern, M.; Jarosik, N.; Kogut, A.; Limon, M.; Meyer, S. S.; Tucker, G. S.; Wright, E. L.</p> <p>2003-09-01</p> <p>Knowledge of the beam <span class="hlt">profiles</span> is of critical importance for interpreting data from cosmic microwave background experiments. In this paper, we present the characterization of the in-flight optical response of the WMAP satellite. The main-beam intensities have been mapped to <=-30 dB of their peak values by <span class="hlt">observing</span> Jupiter with the satellite in the same <span class="hlt">observing</span> mode as for CMB <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The beam patterns closely follow the prelaunch expectations. The full width at half-maximum is a function of frequency and ranges from 0.82d at 23 GHz to 0.21d at 94 GHz; however, the beams are not Gaussian. We present (a) the beam patterns for all 10 differential radiometers, showing that the patterns are substantially independent of polarization in all but the 23 GHz channel; (b) the effective symmetrized beam patterns that result from WMAP's compound spin <span class="hlt">observing</span> pattern; (c) the effective window functions for all radiometers and the formalism for propagating the window function uncertainty; and (d) the conversion factor from point-source flux to antenna temperature. A summary of the systematic uncertainties, which currently dominate our knowledge of the beams, is also presented. The constancy of Jupiter's temperature within a frequency band is an essential check of the optical system. The tests enable us to report a calibration of Jupiter to 1%-3% accuracy relative to the CMB dipole. WMAP is the result of a partnership between Princeton University and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Scientific guidance is provided by the WMAP Science Team.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JChPh.148l4902N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JChPh.148l4902N"><span>USAXS analysis of <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-dependent self-assembling of polymer-brush-modified nanoparticles in ionic liquid: [I] <span class="hlt">concentrated</span>-brush regime</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nakanishi, Yohei; Ishige, Ryohei; Ogawa, Hiroki; Sakakibara, Keita; Ohno, Kohji; Morinaga, Takashi; Sato, Takaya; Kanaya, Toshiji; Tsujii, Yoshinobu</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Using ultra-small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS), we analyzed the higher-order structures of nanoparticles with a <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> brush of an ionic liquid (IL)-type polymer (<span class="hlt">concentrated</span>-polymer-brush-modified silica particle; PSiP) in an IL and the structure of the swollen shell layer of PSiP. Homogeneous mixtures of PSiP and IL were successfully prepared by the solvent-casting method involving the slow evaporation of a volatile solvent, which enabled a systematic study over an exceptionally wide range of compositions. Different diffraction patterns as a function of PSiP <span class="hlt">concentration</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the USAXS images of the mixtures. At suitably low PSiP <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, the USAXS intensity <span class="hlt">profile</span> was analyzed using the Percus-Yevick model by matching the contrast between the shell layer and IL, and the swollen structure of the shell and "effective diameter" of the PSiP were evaluated. This result confirms that under sufficiently low pressures below and near the liquid/crystal-threshold <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, the studied PSiP can be well described using the "hard sphere" model in colloidal science. Above the threshold <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, the PSiP forms higher-order structures. The analysis of diffraction patterns revealed structural changes from disorder to random hexagonal-closed-packing and then face-centered-cubic as the PSiP <span class="hlt">concentration</span> increased. These results are discussed in terms of thermodynamically stable "hard" and/or "semi-soft" colloidal crystals, wherein the swollen layer of the <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> polymer brush and its structure play an important role.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11011720','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11011720"><span>Measurement of gas-liquid partition coefficient and headspace <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of perfume materials by solid-phase microextraction and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu; Wene</p> <p>2000-09-01</p> <p>An empirical model describing the relationship between the partition coefficients (K) of perfume materials in the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber stationary phase and the Linearly Temperature Programmed Retention Index (LTPRI) is obtained. This is established using a mixture of eleven selected fragrance materials spiked in mineral oil at different <span class="hlt">concentration</span> levels to simulate liquid laundry detergent matrices. Headspace <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of the materials are measured using both static headspace and SPME-gas chromatography analysis. The empirical model is tested by measuring the K values for fourteen perfume materials experimentally. Three of the calculated K values are within 2-19% of the measured K value, and the other eleven calculated K values are within 22-59%. This range of deviation is understandable because a diverse mixture was used to cover most chemical functionalities in order to make the model generally applicable. Better prediction accuracy is expected when a model is established using a specific category of compounds, such as hydrocarbons or aromatics. The use of this method to estimate distribution constants of fragrance materials in liquid matrices is demonstrated. The headspace SPME using the established relationship between the gas-liquid partition coefficient and the LTPRI is applied to measure the headspace <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of fragrances. It is demonstrated that this approach can be used to monitor the headspace perfume <span class="hlt">profiles</span> over consumer laundry and cleaning products. This method can provide high sample throughput, reproducibility, simplicity, and accuracy for many applications for screening major fragrance materials over consumer products. The approach demonstrated here can be used to translate headspace SPME results into true static headspace <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. This translation is critical for obtaining the gas-phase composition by correcting for the inherent differential partitioning of analytes into the fiber stationary</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018InAgr..32..101K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018InAgr..32..101K"><span>Community-level physiological <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of microorganisms inhabiting soil contaminated with heavy metals</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kuźniar, Agnieszka; Banach, Artur; Stępniewska, Zofia; Frąc, Magdalena; Oszust, Karolina; Gryta, Agata; Kłos, Marta; Wolińska, Agnieszka</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The aim of the study was to assess the differences in the bacterial community physiological <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in soils contaminated with heavy metals versus soils without metal contaminations. The study's contaminated soil originated from the surrounding area of the Szopienice non-ferrous metal smelter (Silesia Region, Poland). The control was soil unexposed to heavy metals. Metal <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was appraised by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, whereas the the community-level physiological <span class="hlt">profile</span> was determined with the Biolog EcoPlatesTM system. The soil microbiological activity in both sites was also assessed via dehydrogenase activity. The mean <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of metals (Cd and Zn) in contaminated soil samples were in a range from 147.27 to 12265.42 mg kg-1, and the heavy metal contamination brought about a situation where dehydrogenase activity inhibition was <span class="hlt">observed</span> mostly in the soil surface layers. Our results demonstrated that there is diversity in the physiological <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of microorganisms inhabiting contaminated and colntrol soils; therefore, for assessment purposes, these were treated as two clusters. Cluster I included colntrol soil samples in which microbial communities utilised most of the available substrates. Cluster II incorporated contaminated soil samples in which a smaller number of the tested substrates was utilised by the contained microorganisms. The physiological <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of micro-organisms inhabiting the contaminated and the colntrol soils are distinctly different.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998CoTPh..29..463C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998CoTPh..29..463C"><span>Velocity <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> of Slow Blood Flow in a Narrow Tube</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Jinyu; Huang, Zuqia; Zhuang, Fengyuan; Zhang, Hui</p> <p>1998-04-01</p> <p>A fractal model is introduced into the slow blood motion. When blood flows slowly in a narrow tube, red cell aggregation results in the formation of an approximately cylindrical core of red cells. By introducing the fractal model and using the power law relation between area fraction φ and distance from tube axis ρ, rigorous velocity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the fluid in and outside the aggregated core and of the core itself are obtained analytically for different fractal dimensions. It shows a blunted velocity distribution for a relatively large fractal dimension (D ˜ 2), which can be <span class="hlt">observed</span> in normal blood; a pathological velocity <span class="hlt">profile</span> for moderate dimension (D = 1), which is similar to the Segre-Silberberg effect; and a parabolic <span class="hlt">profile</span> for negligible red cell <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (D = 0), which likes in the Poiseuille flow. The project supported by the National Basic Research Project "Nonlinear Science", National Natural Science Foundation of China and the State Education Commission through the Foundation of Doctoral Training</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A42B..04F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A42B..04F"><span>Source Attribution of <span class="hlt">Observed</span> Absorption <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> During the Two Column Aerosol Project (TCAP) Using a Regional Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fast, J. D.; Berg, L. K.; Chand, D.; Ferrare, R. A.; Flynn, C. J.; Hostetler, C. A.; Redemann, J.; Sedlacek, A. J., III; Shilling, J.; Shinozuka, Y.; Tomlinson, J. M.; Zelenyuk, A.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Relatively large uncertainties remain in climate model predictions of absorption resulting from black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC). In this study, we focus on comparing simulated <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of BC, biomass burning aerosols, absorption, and other aerosol optical properties obtained from the regional WRF-Chem model with in situ and remote sensing measurements made during the Department of Energy's Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP). TCAP was designed to investigate changes in aerosol mixing state, aerosol radiative forcing, CCN <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, and cloud-aerosol interactions in two atmospheric columns: one over Cape Cod, Massachusetts and another located approximately 200 km to the east over the ocean. Measurements from the NASA second-generation airborne High Resolution Spectral Lidar reveal the presence distinct aerosol layers associated with the marine boundary layer, residual layer transported over the ocean and in the free troposphere. Analyses of SP2 and aerosol optical measurements indicate that particles in the free troposphere were more 'aged' and had a lower single scattering albebo than for aerosol layers at lower altitudes; however, BC <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> aloft were lower in the free troposphere. Instead, particle classes derived from the miniSPLAT single particle measurements suggest that the increased absorption aloft may be due biomass burning aerosols. The model suggests that ambient winds likely transported smoke from large wildfires in central Canada as well as smoke from other fires into the sampling domain. The simulated percentage of biomass burning aerosols was consistent with the miniSPLAT data, but the model currently treats all organic matter as non-absorbing. Therefore, we perform sensitivity simulations to examine how the model's absorption and AOD responds to assumptions used for BrC associated with biomass burning and whether the predicted <span class="hlt">profiles</span> agree with absorption data and wavelength dependent AOD data from 4STAR.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1716190','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1716190"><span>Lipoprotein Particle <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> Mark Familial and Sporadic Human Longevity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Heijmans, Bastiaan T; Beekman, Marian; Houwing-Duistermaat, Jeanine J; Cobain, Mark R; Powell, Jonathan; Blauw, Gerard Jan; van der Ouderaa, Frans; Westendorp, Rudi G. J; Slagboom, P. Eline</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Background Genetic and biochemical studies have indicated an important role for lipid metabolism in human longevity. Ashkenazi Jewish centenarians and their offspring have large low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles as compared with control individuals. This <span class="hlt">profile</span> also coincided with a lower prevalence of disease. Here, we investigate whether this <span class="hlt">observation</span> can be confirmed for familial longevity in an outbred European population and whether it can be extended to sporadic longevity in the general population. Methods and Findings NMR-measured lipoprotein <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were analyzed in 165 families from the Leiden Longevity Study, consisting of 340 long-lived siblings (females >91 y, males >89 y), 511 of their offspring, and 243 partners of the offspring. Offspring had larger (21.3 versus 21.1 nm; p = 0.020) and fewer (1,470 versus 1,561 nmol/l; p = 0.011) LDL particles than their same-aged partners. This effect was even more prominent in the long-lived siblings (p < 10−3) and could be pinpointed to a reduction specifically in the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of small LDL particles. No differences were <span class="hlt">observed</span> for HDL particle phenotypes. The mean LDL particle sizes in 259 90-y-old singletons from a population-based study were similar to those in the long-lived siblings and thus significantly larger than in partners of the offspring, suggesting that the relevance of this phenotype extends beyond familial longevity. A low <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of small LDL particles was associated with better overall health among both long-lived siblings (p = 0.003) and 90-y-old singletons (p = 0.007). Conclusions Our study indicates that LDL particle <span class="hlt">profiles</span> mark both familial and sporadic human longevity already in middle age. PMID:17194192</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18972302','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18972302"><span>Analysis of single-breath <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of exhaled nitric oxide in children with allergy and asthma: guideline-derived plateau <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> compared to results of automatic evaluation by two analyzers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chládková, Jirina; Havlínová, Zuzana; Chyba, Tomás; Krcmová, Irena; Chládek, Jaroslav</p> <p>2008-11-01</p> <p>Current guidelines recommend the single-breath measurement of fractional <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of exhaled nitric oxide (FE(NO)) at the expiratory flow rate of 50 mL/s as a gold standard. The time <span class="hlt">profile</span> of exhaled FE(NO) consists of a washout phase followed by a plateau phase with a stable <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. This study performed measurements of FE(NO) using a chemiluminescence analyzer Ecomedics CLD88sp and an electrochemical monitor NIOX MINO in 82 children and adolescents (44 males) from 4.9 to 18.7 years of age with corticosteroid-treated allergic rhinitis (N = 58) and/or asthma (N = 59). Duration of exhalation was 6 seconds for children less than 12 years of age and 10 seconds for older children. The first aim was to compare the evaluation of FE(NO)-time <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from Ecomedics by its software in fixed intervals of 7 to 10 seconds (older children) and 2 to 4 seconds (younger children) since the start of exhalation (method A) with the guideline-based analysis of plateau <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> at variable time intervals (method B). The second aim was to assess the between-analyzer agreement. In children over 12 years of age, the median ratio of FE(NO) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of 1.00 (95% CI: 0.99-1.02) indicated an excellent agreement between the methods A and B. Compared with NIOX MINO, the Ecomedics results were higher by 11% (95% CI: 1-22) (method A) and 14% (95% CI: 4-26) (method B), respectively. In children less than 12 years of age, the FE(NO) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> obtained by the method B were 34% (95% CI: 21-48) higher and more reproducible (p < 0.02) compared to the method A. The Ecomedics results of the method A were 11% lower (95% CI: 2-20) than NIOX MINO <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> while the method B gave 21% higher <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (95% CI: 9-35). We conclude that in children less than 12 years of age, the guideline-based analysis of FE(NO)-time <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from Ecomedics at variable times obtains FE(NO) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> that are higher and more reproducible than those from the fixed interval of 2 to 4</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMOS31B1718A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMOS31B1718A"><span>Total mercury <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in sediment from the continental shelf of central California</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Acosta, R. M.; Weiss-Penzias, P. S.; Bauer, V.; Ryan, J. P.; Flegal, A. R.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>In order to understand the biogeochemical distribution of mercury (Hg) and locate specific Hg hot spots in the coastal region of central California, total mercury (HgT) <span class="hlt">concentration</span> were measured in 43 archived sediment cores collected between Año Nuevo and the southern end of Monterey Bay. The samples were taken from USGS in Menlo Park, California on May 4th 2012. The cores were collected through the Environmental Management Assessment Program (EMAP), with ID sites: M-1-95-MB, P-2-95-MB and P-1-97-MB. For the purpose of this study we assumed that there has been negligible diagenesis on trace metal Hg since samples were taken. Total Hg <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were measured on the top five cm of the cores and yielded a mean of 0.037 μg g-1, and ranged from 0.013 to 0.113 μg g-1. In addition, the 43 samples were split into nine transects, and transects found near the mouth of Monterey Bay submarine canyon (MBSC) contained the highest <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of HgT, with a mean <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of 0.043 μg g-1, and ranged from 0.038 to 0.113 μg g-1. This substantial increase in HgT <span class="hlt">concentration</span> near MBSC might be a product of the bathymetry acting as a sink or interaction between internal waves and the canyon's rim. This allows reactivation of surface sediment, which can separate fine grained sand, mud and clay content near the mid-shelf region and the canyon rim. Three depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span> with 0-30 cm intervals were measured for HgT <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Cores averaged mean HgT <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of 0.032, 0.040, and 0.037 μg g-1, while each <span class="hlt">profile</span> ranged from 0.025-0.043, 0.028-0.065 and 0.022-0.051 μg g-1. Each depth <span class="hlt">profile</span> had slight variations in HgT <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. One core located between Daven Port and Santa Cruz displayed decreasing HgT <span class="hlt">concentration</span> with increasing depth. The inconsistency seen in the depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span> might be products of external factors such as textural changes as depth increases, changes in Hg fluxes, bio mixing, and diagenesis such as redox reactions. Furthermore</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.C21C0710W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.C21C0710W"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of upper ocean stability and heat fluxes in the Antarctic from under-ice Argo float <span class="hlt">profile</span> data.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wilson, E. A.; Riser, S.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Sea ice growth around Antarctica is intimately linked to the stability and thermohaline structure of the underlying ocean. As sea ice grows, the resulting brine triggers convective instabilities that deepen the mixed layer and entrain warm water from the weakly stratified pycnocline. The heat released from this process acts as a strong negative feedback to ice growth which, under the right scenarios, can exceed the initial atmospheric heat loss. Much of our current understanding of this ice-ocean interaction comes from a handful of relatively short field campaigns in the Weddell Sea. Here, we supplement those <span class="hlt">observations</span> with an analysis of over 9000 under-ice Argo float <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, collected between 2006-2015. These <span class="hlt">profiles</span> provide an unprecedented view of the temporal and spatial variability of the upper ocean structure throughout the Antarctic region. With these <span class="hlt">observations</span> and a theoretical understanding of the coupled ice-ocean system, we assess the ocean's potential to limit thermodynamic ice growth as well as its susceptibility to deep convection in different regions. Using these results, we infer how recent climatic changes may influence Antarctic sea ice growth and deep ocean ventilation in the near future.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27122601','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27122601"><span>Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid <span class="hlt">profile</span>: clinical and laboratory implications including flagging at desirable <span class="hlt">concentration</span> cut-points-a joint consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nordestgaard, Børge G; Langsted, Anne; Mora, Samia; Kolovou, Genovefa; Baum, Hannsjörg; Bruckert, Eric; Watts, Gerald F; Sypniewska, Grazyna; Wiklund, Olov; Borén, Jan; Chapman, M John; Cobbaert, Christa; Descamps, Olivier S; von Eckardstein, Arnold; Kamstrup, Pia R; Pulkki, Kari; Kronenberg, Florian; Remaley, Alan T; Rifai, Nader; Ros, Emilio; Langlois, Michel</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>To critically evaluate the clinical implications of the use of non-fasting rather than fasting lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and to provide guidance for the laboratory reporting of abnormal non-fasting or fasting lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Extensive <span class="hlt">observational</span> data, in which random non-fasting lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> have been compared with those determined under fasting conditions, indicate that the maximal mean changes at 1-6 h after habitual meals are not clinically significant [+0.3 mmol/L (26 mg/dL) for triglycerides; -0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for total cholesterol; -0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for LDL cholesterol; +0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for calculated remnant cholesterol; -0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for calculated non-HDL cholesterol]; <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein(a) are not affected by fasting/non-fasting status. In addition, non-fasting and fasting <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> vary similarly over time and are comparable in the prediction of cardiovascular disease. To improve patient compliance with lipid testing, we therefore recommend the routine use of non-fasting lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, while fasting sampling may be considered when non-fasting triglycerides >5 mmol/L (440 mg/dL). For non-fasting samples, laboratory reports should flag abnormal <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> as triglycerides ≥2 mmol/L (175 mg/dL), total cholesterol ≥5 mmol/L (190 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol ≥3 mmol/L (115 mg/dL), calculated remnant cholesterol ≥0.9 mmol/L (35 mg/dL), calculated non-HDL cholesterol ≥3.9 mmol/L (150 mg/dL), HDL cholesterol ≤1 mmol/L (40 mg/dL), apolipoprotein A1 ≤1.25 g/L (125 mg/dL), apolipoprotein B ≥1.0 g/L (100 mg/dL), and lipoprotein(a) ≥50 mg/dL (80th percentile); for fasting samples, abnormal <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> correspond to triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL). Life-threatening <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> require separate referral when triglycerides >10 mmol/L (880 mg/dL) for the risk of pancreatitis, LDL cholesterol >13 mmol/L (500 mg/dL) for homozygous familial</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4929379','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4929379"><span>Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid <span class="hlt">profile</span>: clinical and laboratory implications including flagging at desirable <span class="hlt">concentration</span> cut-points—a joint consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Nordestgaard, Børge G.; Langsted, Anne; Mora, Samia; Kolovou, Genovefa; Baum, Hannsjörg; Bruckert, Eric; Watts, Gerald F.; Sypniewska, Grazyna; Wiklund, Olov; Borén, Jan; Chapman, M. John; Cobbaert, Christa; Descamps, Olivier S.; von Eckardstein, Arnold; Kamstrup, Pia R.; Pulkki, Kari; Kronenberg, Florian; Remaley, Alan T.; Rifai, Nader; Ros, Emilio; Langlois, Michel</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Abstract Aims To critically evaluate the clinical implications of the use of non-fasting rather than fasting lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and to provide guidance for the laboratory reporting of abnormal non-fasting or fasting lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Methods and results Extensive <span class="hlt">observational</span> data, in which random non-fasting lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> have been compared with those determined under fasting conditions, indicate that the maximal mean changes at 1–6 h after habitual meals are not clinically significant [+0.3 mmol/L (26 mg/dL) for triglycerides; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for total cholesterol; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for LDL cholesterol; +0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for calculated remnant cholesterol; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for calculated non-HDL cholesterol]; <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein(a) are not affected by fasting/non-fasting status. In addition, non-fasting and fasting <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> vary similarly over time and are comparable in the prediction of cardiovascular disease. To improve patient compliance with lipid testing, we therefore recommend the routine use of non-fasting lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, while fasting sampling may be considered when non-fasting triglycerides >5 mmol/L (440 mg/dL). For non-fasting samples, laboratory reports should flag abnormal <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> as triglycerides ≥2 mmol/L (175 mg/dL), total cholesterol ≥5 mmol/L (190 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol ≥3 mmol/L (115 mg/dL), calculated remnant cholesterol ≥0.9 mmol/L (35 mg/dL), calculated non-HDL cholesterol ≥3.9 mmol/L (150 mg/dL), HDL cholesterol ≤1 mmol/L (40 mg/dL), apolipoprotein A1 ≤1.25 g/L (125 mg/dL), apolipoprotein B ≥1.0 g/L (100 mg/dL), and lipoprotein(a) ≥50 mg/dL (80th percentile); for fasting samples, abnormal <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> correspond to triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL). Life-threatening <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> require separate referral when triglycerides >10 mmol/L (880 mg/dL) for the risk of pancreatitis, LDL cholesterol >13 mmol/L (500 mg</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26437395','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26437395"><span>Metabolic <span class="hlt">Profiling</span> of Alpine and Ecuadorian Lichens.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mittermeier, Verena K; Schmitt, Nicola; Volk, Lukas P M; Suárez, Juan Pablo; Beck, Andreas; Eisenreich, Wolfgang</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>Non-targeted ¹H-NMR methods were used to determine metabolite <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from crude extracts of Alpine and Ecuadorian lichens collected from their natural habitats. In control experiments, the robustness of metabolite detection and quantification was estimated using replicate measurements of Stereocaulon alpinum extracts. The deviations in the overall metabolite fingerprints were low when analyzing S. alpinum collections from different locations or during different annual and seasonal periods. In contrast, metabolite <span class="hlt">profiles</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> from extracts of different Alpine and Ecuadorian lichens clearly revealed genus- and species-specific <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. The discriminating functions determining cluster formation in principle component analysis (PCA) were due to differences in the amounts of genus-specific compounds such as sticticin from the Sticta species, but also in the amounts of ubiquitous metabolites, such as sugar alcohols or trehalose. However, varying <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of these metabolites from the same lichen species e.g., due to different environmental conditions appeared of minor relevance for the overall cluster formation in PCA. The metabolic clusters matched phylogenetic analyses using nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of lichen mycobionts, as exemplified for the genus Sticta. It can be concluded that NMR-based non-targeted metabolic <span class="hlt">profiling</span> is a useful tool in the chemo-taxonomy of lichens. The same approach could also facilitate the discovery of novel lichen metabolites on a rapid and systematical basis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21925741','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21925741"><span>Dietary fish oil alters the lysophospholipid metabolomic <span class="hlt">profile</span> and decreases urinary 11-dehydro thromboxane B₂ <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in healthy Beagles.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hall, Jean A; Brockman, Jeffrey A; Jewell, Dennis E</p> <p>2011-12-15</p> <p>Increased <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of dietary fish oil and antioxidants have been shown previously to change circulating <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of individual fatty acids (FAs) and vitamin E. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the effects of vitamins E and C, in combination with dietary fish oil, on selected blood and urinary biomarkers. Fifty adult Beagle dogs (mean age 5.3 years, range 1.4-14.2 years) were randomized into five dietary treatment groups for 90 days. All foods were complete and balanced and met the nutrient <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of AAFCO for adult dogs. For 60 days before study initiation, dogs consumed a pretrial food that contained 74 IU/kg vitaminE and 0mg/kg vitaminC. The five experimental foods were confirmed by analytical methods to contain ≥ 640 IU/kg vitaminE and 130 mg/kg vitaminC (as fed). Experimental foods ranged from low levels of EPA and DHA (pretrial food and lowest experimental food had 0.01% EPA and no detectable DHA) to the highest experimental food with 0.25% EPA and 0.17% DHA. Serum was analyzed for FAs, vitamin E, and cholesterol <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>; urine was analyzed for 11-dehydro thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)). Serum was also used for metabolomic analysis. FA intake ranged from 0.02 g/day EPA and 0.02 g/day DHA to 0.58 g/day EPA and 0.39 g/day DHA. Increasing dietary <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of EPA and DHA resulted in increased serum <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of EPA and DHA in a dose-dependent fashion. Greater dietary vitamin E intake resulted in increased serum vitamin E <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (P<0.01). Higher serum cholesterol was also associated with higher serum vitamin E <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (P<0.01). In turn, changes in serum cholesterol <span class="hlt">concentration</span> were associated with diet-induced changes in serum FA <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> (all P<0.01). At the beginning of the dietary treatment period the most significant predictor of urine 11-dehydro TXB(2) <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was age, followed by lean-body mass. After dietary treatment with different amounts of fish oil, age (increases 11-dehydro</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29331219','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29331219"><span>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and lichen from the western Tibetan Plateau: <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, distribution and its influencing factors.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhou, Ruichen; Yang, Ruiqiang; Jing, Chuanyong</p> <p>2018-05-15</p> <p>The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a huge area and rarely affected by human activity, and is regarded as one of the most remote regions on the earth. Many studies about the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) were conducted in southern and central TP. However, there are very limited studies focused on PAHs in the western TP and the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, distribution and its controlling factors in this area remains unclear. Thus, to explore this knowledge gap, 37 surface soil samples and 23 lichen samples were collected and analyzed for PAHs. The total <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of 16 US EPA's priority PAHs (∑ 16 PAHs) in western TP ranges 14.4-59.5ng/g and 38.0-133ng/g dry weight (dw) with a mean value of 30.8 and 84.6ng/g dw in soil and lichen, respectively, which is lower than the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in most remote areas worldwide. In the western TP, low molecular weight PAHs (2-3 rings) are dominant (occupied 77.4% and 87.9% on average in soil and lichen, respectively), implying a significant contribution of LRAT in this area. The significant linear correlations (R 2 = 0.372-0.627, p < 0.05) between longitude and soil <span class="hlt">concentration</span> suggest a strong impact of the westerly wind on the distribution of PAHs in soil. In addition, the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> ratio of lichen/soil (L/S) was found to linearly increase with the increasing log K OA of individual PAH, suggesting lichen has a strong ability in filtering more lipophilic airborne pollutants in western TP. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.T12B..01A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.T12B..01A"><span>Broadband Seismic Array <span class="hlt">Observation</span> along a ~2000-km-long Linear <span class="hlt">Profile</span> in South China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ai, Y.; Zhao, L.; Chen, L.; Zheng, T.; He, Y.; Jiang, M.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>In order to study the interior structure and geodynamic evolution of South China, we have started implementation of a linear seismic array <span class="hlt">observation</span> in this region since December 2009. The linear array extends for ~2000 km from the northwestern continental interior all the way to the southeastern coastal area, across major tectonic units of South China including the Songpan-Ganze Orogenic Belt (SGOB) in the northwest, the Yangtze Craton (YzC) in the middle, and the Huanan Orogenic Belt (HOB) in the southeast. We plan to deploy a total of 200 broadband stations in the time period from December 2009 to June 2012. All the stations will be equipped with Guralp CMG-3ESP sensors and Ref-tek 130-1 or Ref-tek 72-A digitizers. The entire array <span class="hlt">observation</span> includes three stages. In the time period from December 2009 to March 2011, 64 stations were deployed with a spatial interval of ~25 km from Chengdu city in Sichuan province in the west to Quanzhou city in Fujian province in the southeast of China. In the second stage, about 70 stations with a spatial interval of ~10 km will be deployed from Gonghe city in Qinghai province in the northwest to Chengdu city in the southeast in the time period from October 2010 to November 2011. In the last stage from April 2011 to June 2012, 66 stations with a spatial interval of ~25 km will be deployed to densify the station coverage along the Chengdu - Quanzhou segment of the <span class="hlt">profile</span>. We have already analyzed the seismic data collected at the 64 stations using receiver function methods. Our preliminary results show an obvious W-E variation in the crustal thickness of the region. In particular, from inland to offshore of the Fujian Province the crustal thickness decreases, whereas the Poisson's ratio increases. These may indicate decreasing SiO2 and increasing calc-alkaline contents in the crust. The receiver function data also reveal a coherent structure of the 410-km and 660-km discontinuities along the <span class="hlt">observation</span> <span class="hlt">profile</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ECSS...43..627R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ECSS...43..627R"><span><span class="hlt">Profiling</span> Groundwater Salt <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> in Mangrove Swamps and Tropical Salt Flats</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ridd, Peter V.; Sam, Renagi</p> <p>1996-11-01</p> <p>The salt <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of groundwater in mangrove swamps is an important parameter controlling the growth of mangrove species. Extremely high salt <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of groundwater in tropical salt flats are responsible for the complete absence of macrophytes. Determining groundwater salt <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> can be a very time-consuming and laborious process if conventional techniques are used. Typically, groundwater samples must be extracted for later laboratory analysis. In this work, a simple conductivity probe has been developed which may be inserted easily to a depth of 2 m into the sediment. The changes in conductivity of the sediment is due primarily to porewater salt <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, and thus ground conductivity is useful in determining changes in groundwater salt <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Using the conductivity probe, transects of sediment conductivity can be undertaken quickly. As an example of a possible application of the probe, transects of ground conductivity were taken on a mangrove swamp/saltflat system. The transects show clearly the sharp delineation in conductivity between the salt flat and mangrove swamp due to a change in groundwater salt <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Horizontal and vertical salt <span class="hlt">concentration</span> gradients of up to 50 g l -1 m -1and 150 g l -1 m -1, respectively, were found. Very sharp changes in groundwater salt <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> at the interface between salt flats and mangroves indicate that the mangroves may be modifying the salinity of the groundwater actively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28539251','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28539251"><span>Anabolic hormone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in elite military men: Robust associations with age, stress, and fatigue.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Taylor, Marcus K; Padilla, Genieleah A; Hernández, Lisa M</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>We recently established stable daily <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the anabolic hormones dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone in 57 elite military men. In this follow-on study, we explored associations of salivary anabolic hormone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> with demographic (i.e., age, body mass index [BMI]) and biobehavioral health indices (i.e., blood pressure, sleep, perceived stress, fatigue) via correlational models. Next, nuanced patterns were constructed using quartile splits followed by one-way analysis of variance and post hoc subgroup comparisons. Both DHEA (r range: -0.33 to -0.49) and testosterone (r range: -0.19 to -0.41) were inversely associated with age. Quartile comparisons revealed that age-related declines in DHEA were linear, curvilinear, or sigmoidal, depending on the summary parameter of interest. Anabolic hormone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> did not associate with BMI, blood pressure, or sleep efficiency. Robust linear associations were <span class="hlt">observed</span> between testosterone and perceived stress (r range: -0.29 to -0.36); <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-dependent patterns were less discernible. Lower DHEA (r range: -0.22 to -0.30) and testosterone (r range: -0.22 to -0.36) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> associated with higher fatigue. Subsequent quartile comparisons suggested a <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-dependent threshold with respect to evening testosterone. Specifically, those individuals within the lowest quartile (≤68.4pg/mL) endorsed the highest fatigue of the four groups (p=0.01), while the remaining three groups did not differ from each other. This study not only showed that anabolic hormone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> have distinctive age trajectories, but are also valuable predictors of stress and fatigue in elite military men. This highlights the importance of routine monitoring of anabolic hormone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> to sustain and optimize health and readiness in chronically stressed populations. Published by Elsevier Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8484H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8484H"><span>Comparison of MAX-DOAS <span class="hlt">profiling</span> algorithms during CINDI-2 - Part 2: trace gases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hendrick, Francois; Friess, Udo; Tirpitz, Lukas; Apituley, Arnoud; Van Roozendael, Michel; Kreher, Karin; Richter, Andreas; Wagner, Thomas</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The second Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI-2) took place at the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR; Utrecht area, The Netherlands) from 25 August until 7 October 2016. CINDI-2 was aiming at assessing the consistency of MAX-DOAS slant column density measurements of tropospheric species (NO2, HCHO, O3, and O4) relevant for the validation of future ESA atmospheric Sentinel missions, through coordinated operation of a large number of DOAS and MAXDOAS instruments from all over the world. An important objective of the campaign was to study the relationship between remote-sensing column and <span class="hlt">profile</span> measurements of the above species and collocated reference ancillary <span class="hlt">observations</span>. For this purpose, the CINDI-2 <span class="hlt">Profiling</span> Task Team (CPTT) was created, involving 22 groups performing aerosol and trace gas vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> inversion using dedicated MAX-DOAS <span class="hlt">profiling</span> algorithms, as well as the teams responsible for ancillary <span class="hlt">profile</span> and surface <span class="hlt">concentration</span> measurements (NO2 analysers, NO2 sondes, NO2 and Raman LIDARs, CAPS, Long-Path DOAS, sunphotometer, nephelometer, etc). The main purpose of the CPTT is to assess the consistency of the different <span class="hlt">profiling</span> tools for retrieving aerosol extinction and trace gas vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> through comparison exercises using commonly defined settings and to validate the retrievals with correlative <span class="hlt">observations</span>. In this presentation, we give an overview of the MAX-DOAS vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> comparison results, focusing on NO2 and HCHO, the aerosol retrievals being presented in a companion abstract led by U. Frieß. The performance of the different algorithms is investigated with respect to the various sky and weather conditions and aerosol loadings encountered during the campaign. The consistency between optimal-estimation-based and parameterized <span class="hlt">profiling</span> tools is also evaluated for these different conditions, together with the level of agreement with available NO2 and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18241863','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18241863"><span>Characterization of the estrous cycle and assessment of reproductive status in Matschie's tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei) with fecal progestin <span class="hlt">profiles</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>North, Lindsay A; Harder, John D</p> <p>2008-03-01</p> <p>The population of Matschie's tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus matschiei) held in North American zoos has declined to critically low numbers, and information on the reproductive biology of tree kangaroos is limited. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the temporal features of the estrous cycle through the measurement of fecal progesterone metabolite (i.e., progestin) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and (2) determine the reproductive status of female tree kangaroos in the captive population of North America through the identification of estrous cyclicity. Fecal pellets and <span class="hlt">observations</span> of estrous behaviors were collected from 16 captive female tree kangaroos. Fecal pellets were sampled and extracted with methanol, and progestin <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were quantified using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for progesterone and its metabolites. A progestin <span class="hlt">profile</span> was obtained for each female by plotting fecal progestin <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> for every third day over a 120-day period. <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> for 12 of 16 females showed evidence of estrous cyclicity (P<0.01). The mean length of the estrous cycle was estimated at 58.9+/-2.4 days (n=11). Progestin <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were low during the first 15-20 days of the luteal phase and remained elevated above baseline only during the last 30.2+/-3.2 days of the luteal phase, which averaged 46.6+/-2.5 days in duration. The progestin <span class="hlt">profile</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the estrous cycle of Matschie's tree kangaroos in this study is very similar to that seen in the non-pregnant cycle of several other species in the family Macropodidae.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27391','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27391"><span>Relation between troponin T <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and mortality in patients presenting with an acute stroke: <span class="hlt">observational</span> study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>James, P; Ellis, C J; Whitlock, R M L; McNeil, A R; Henley, J; Anderson, N E</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Objective To assess whether a raised serum troponin T <span class="hlt">concentration</span> would be an independent predictor of death in patients with an acute ischaemic stroke. Design <span class="hlt">Observational</span> study. Setting Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. Subjects All 181 patients with an acute ischaemic stroke admitted over nine months in 1997-8, from a total of 8057 patients admitted to the acute medical service. Main outcome measures Blood samples for measuring troponin T <span class="hlt">concentration</span> were collected 12-72 hours after admission; other variables previously associated with severity of stroke were also recorded and assessed as independent predictors of inpatient mortality. Results Troponin T <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was raised (>0.1 μg/l) in 17% (30) of patients admitted with an acute ischaemic stroke. Thirty one patients died in hospital (12/30 (40%) patients with a raised troponin T <span class="hlt">concentration</span> v 19/151 (13%) patients with a normal <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (relative risk 3.2 (95% confidence 1.7 to 5.8; P=0.0025)). Of 17 possible predictors of death, assessed in a multivariate stepwise model, only a raised troponin T <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (P=0.0002), age (P=0.0008), and an altered level of consciousness at presentation (P=0.0074) independently predicted an adverse outcome. Conclusions Serum troponin T <span class="hlt">concentration</span> at hospital admission is a powerful predictor of mortality in patients admitted with an acute ischaemic stroke. PMID:10834890</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A51D0073S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A51D0073S"><span>New Insights on "Next Day" Ozone Increases in the Northeastern U.S. using Continuous Vertical <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> of Ozone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sullivan, J. T.; McGee, T. J.; Rabenhorst, S. D.; Delgado, R.; Dreessen, J.; Sumnicht, G. K.; Twigg, L.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>A unique multi-day air quality event occurred throughout the Mid-Atlantic region from June 9-12, 2015. The June event was coupled to the advection of widespread smoke and debris from western Canada throughout the region. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> indicated that the aged smoke impacted the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) and greatly enhanced ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> at the surface. Many ground sites in the region, particularly in Maryland, recorded 8-hr ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> that were in exceedance of the 75 ppb EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). After the high O3 episode occurred, a nocturnal low-level jet developed throughout the Mid-Atlantic region, which was spatially correlated with next day high O3 at several sites within the New England region. During this event, nearly continuous vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of ozone are presented at Beltsville, MD from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center TROPospheric OZone DIfferential Absorption Lidar (GSFC TROPOZ DIAL), which has been developed and validated within the Tropospheric Ozone Lidar Network (TOLNet). Lidar <span class="hlt">observations</span> reveal a well-mixed polluted PBL, nocturnal residual layer, and subsequent mixing down of the residual layer in the morning. Additional measurements of surface ozone, aerosol lidar <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, wind <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, and balloon borne <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are also presented. Model output and trajectory analyses are also presented to illustrate the complex flow regimes that occurred during the daytime and nighttime to help redistribute the polluted air mass.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1336080-fingerprints-riming-event-cloud-radar-doppler-spectra-observations-modeling','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1336080-fingerprints-riming-event-cloud-radar-doppler-spectra-observations-modeling"><span>Fingerprints of a riming event on cloud radar Doppler spectra: <span class="hlt">observations</span> and modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Kalesse, Heike; Szyrmer, Wanda; Kneifel, Stefan; ...</p> <p>2016-03-09</p> <p>In this paper, Radar Doppler spectra measurements are exploited to study a riming event when precipitating ice from a seeder cloud sediment through a supercooled liquid water (SLW) layer. The focus is on the "golden sample" case study for this type of analysis based on <span class="hlt">observations</span> collected during the deployment of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's (ARM) mobile facility AMF2 at Hyytiälä, Finland, during the Biogenic Aerosols – Effects on Clouds and Climate (BAECC) field campaign. The presented analysis of the height evolution of the radar Doppler spectra is a state-of-the-art retrieval with <span class="hlt">profiling</span> cloud radars in SLW layers beyondmore » the traditional use of spectral moments. Dynamical effects are considered by following the particle population evolution along slanted tracks that are caused by horizontal advection of the cloud under wind shear conditions. In the SLW layer, the identified liquid peak is used as an air motion tracer to correct the Doppler spectra for vertical air motion and the ice peak is used to study the radar <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of rimed particles. A 1-D steady-state bin microphysical model is constrained using the SLW and air motion <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and cloud top radar <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> radar moment <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the rimed snow can be simulated reasonably well by the model, but not without making several assumptions about the ice particle <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and the relative role of deposition and aggregation. In conclusion, this suggests that in situ <span class="hlt">observations</span> of key ice properties are needed to complement the <span class="hlt">profiling</span> radar <span class="hlt">observations</span> before process-oriented studies can effectively evaluate ice microphysical parameterizations.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70037648','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70037648"><span>Meteoric 10Be in soil <span class="hlt">profiles</span> - A global meta-analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Graly, Joseph A.; Bierman, Paul R.; Reusser, Lucas J.; Pavich, Milan J.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>In order to assess current understanding of meteoric 10Be dynamics and distribution in terrestrial soils, we assembled a database of all published meteoric 10Be soil depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, including 104 <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from 27 studies in globally diverse locations, collectively containing 679 individual measurements. This allows for the systematic comparison of meteoric 10Be <span class="hlt">concentration</span> to other soil characteristics and the comparison of <span class="hlt">profile</span> depth distributions between geologic settings. Percent clay, 9Be, and dithionite-citrate extracted Al positively correlate to meteoric 10Be in more than half of the soils where they were measured, but the lack of significant correlation in other soils suggests that no one soil factor controls meteoric 10Be distribution with depth. Dithionite-citrate extracted Fe and cation exchange capacity are only weakly correlated to meteoric 10Be. Percent organic carbon and pH are not significantly related to meteoric 10Be <span class="hlt">concentration</span> when all data are complied.The compilation shows that meteoric 10Be <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is seldom uniform with depth in a soil <span class="hlt">profile</span>. In young or rapidly eroding soils, maximum meteoric 10Be <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> are typically found in the uppermost 20 cm. In older, more slowly eroding soils, the highest meteoric 10Be <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> are found at depth, usually between 50 and 200 cm. We find that the highest measured meteoric 10Be <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in a soil <span class="hlt">profile</span> is an important metric, as both the value and the depth of the maximum meteoric 10Be <span class="hlt">concentration</span> correlate with the total measured meteoric 10Be inventory of the soil <span class="hlt">profile</span>.In order to refine the use of meteoric 10Be as an estimator of soil erosion rate, we compare near-surface meteoric 10Be <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> to total meteoric 10Be soil inventories. These trends are used to calibrate models of meteoric 10Be loss by soil erosion. Erosion rates calculated using this method vary based on the assumed depth and timing of erosional events and on the reference data selected.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhyS...71..523C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhyS...71..523C"><span>Radiated Power and Impurity <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> in the EXTRAP-T2R Reversed-Field Pinch</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Corre, Y.; Rachlew, E.; Cecconello, M.; Gravestijn, R. M.; Hedqvist, A.; Pégourié, B.; Schunke, B.; Stancalie, V.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>A numerical and experimental study of the impurity <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and radiation in the EXTRAP-T2R device is reported. The experimental setup consists of an 8-chord bolometer system providing the plasma radiated power and a vacuum-ultraviolet spectrometer providing information on the plasma impurity content. The plasma emissivity <span class="hlt">profile</span> as measured by the bolometric system is peaked in the plasma centre. A one dimensional Onion Skin Collisional-Radiative model (OSCR) has been developed to compute the density and radiation distributions of the main impurities. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> centrally peaked emissivity <span class="hlt">profile</span> can be reproduced by OSCR simulations only if finite particle confinement time and charge-exchange processes between plasma impurities and neutral hydrogen are taken into account. The neutral hydrogen density <span class="hlt">profile</span> is computed with a recycling code. Simulations show that recycling on metal first wall such as in EXTRAP-T2R (stainless steel vacuum vessel and molybdenum limiters) is compatible with a rather high neutral hydrogen density in the plasma centre. Assuming an impurity <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of 10% for oxygen and 3% for carbon compared with the electron density, the OSCR calculation including lines and continuum emission reproduces about 60% of the total radiated power with a similarly centrally peaked emissivity <span class="hlt">profile</span>. The centrally peaked emissivity <span class="hlt">profile</span> is due to low ionisation stages and strongly radiating species in the plasma core, mainly O4+ (Be-like) and C3+ Li-like.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27363168','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27363168"><span>[<span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> and Component <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> PAHs in Surface Soils and Wheat Grains from the Cornfields Close to the Steel Smelting Industry in Handan, Hebei Province].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wu, Di; Wang, Yi-long; Liu, Wei-jian; Chen, Yuan-chen; Fu, Xiao-fang; Tao, Shu; Liu, Wen-xin</p> <p>2016-02-15</p> <p>In this study, paired surface soil and mature wheat grain samples were collected in the cornfields near the large Handan Steel Manufacturer; and the total <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and compositional <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the parent PAHs were measured, then the spatial distribution characteristics and correlation with total organic carbon fractions in soil were determined. Accordingly, a preliminary source identification was performed, and the association between PAHs in surface soil and wheat grain was briefly discussed. The median <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of total PAHs in surface soils from the cornfields of Handan was 398.9 ng x g(-1) (ranged from 123.4 ng x g(-1) to 1626.4 ng x g(-1), where around 18% and 10% of all the studied soil samples were over the corresponding quality criteria for total PAHs and B [a] P in soils, respectively. The MMW and HMW species were the main components in the compositional <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of surface soils. Based on the specific isomeric ratios of PAHs species, coal/biomass combustion and transportation fuel (tail gas) were the dominant mixed sources for the local PAHs emission. The fractions of surface soil TOC had significant positive correlations with the total PAHs and also with the individual components with different rings. In addition, the median <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of total PAHs in wheat grains collected in the cornfields near the Handan Steel Manufacture was 27.0 ng x g(-1) (ranged from 19.0-34.0 ng x g(-1)). The levels in wheat grains were not high, and lower than the related hygienic standards of food proposed by EU and China. The LMW and MMW PAHs with 2 to 4 rings occupied a larger proportion, more than 84% of the total PAHs, which was largely different from the component <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in surface soils. This situation suggested that the local sources of PAHs in wheat grains may originate not only from surface soil via root absorption and internal transportation, but also from ambient air through dry and wet deposition on the leaf surface (stoma).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994AtmEn..28.1159O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994AtmEn..28.1159O"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> in eastern England of elevated methyl iodide <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in air of atlantic origin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Oram, D. E.; Penkett, S. A.</p> <p></p> <p>Atmospheric methyl iodide (CH 3I) has been measured at a ground-based site in eastern England for two consecutive summers. Maximum values of 43.1 pptv and 28.9 pptv were recorded in 1989 and 1990, respectively. CH 3I was not detectable in the autumn and winter months. Episodes of elevated <span class="hlt">concentration</span> persisted for periods ranging from a few hours to several days. The origin of much of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> CH 31 would appear to be the Atlantic Ocean, indicating the presence of large source areas, possibly phytoplankton blooms, in ocean waters. If so, this work provides the first evidence of long-range transport of an important iodine-bearing species at <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of hemispheric significance. Estimates are made of the dry deposition velocity of CH 3I and the potential impact of elevated tropospheric levels on the human uptake of iodine.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012cosp...39.1770S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012cosp...39.1770S"><span>Variability of trace gas <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> over Asian region: satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> vs model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sheel, Varun; Richter, Andreas; Srivastava, Shuchita; Lal, Shyam</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>Nitrogen dioxide (NO_2) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) play a key role in the chemistry of the tropospheric ozone and are emitted mainly by anthropogenic processes. These emissions have been increasing over Asia over the past few years due to rapid economic growth and yet there are very few systematic ground based <span class="hlt">observations</span> of these species over this region. We have analysed ten years of data from space borne instruments: Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME), SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) and Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT), which have been measuring the tropospheric abundance of these trace gases. We have examined trends over the period 1996-2008 in NO_2 and CO over a few Indian regions where high economic growth in the present decade is likely to see increased emissions for these species. However, even the highest growth rate of these species seen in the present study, is less when compared with similar polluted regions of China, where a much more rapid increase has been <span class="hlt">observed</span>. In order to understand the trends and variability in atmospheric trace gas <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, one must take into account changes in emissions and transport. Only by assessing the relevance of each of these factors will it be possible to predict future changes with reasonable confidence. To this effect we have used a global chemical transport model, MOZART, to simulate <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of NO_2 and CO using the POET (European) and REAS (Asian) emission inventories. These are compared with satellite measurements to study seasonal variations and the discrepancies are discussed. The combined uncertainties of the emission inventory and retrieval of the satellite data could be contributing factors to the discrepancies. It may be thus worthwhile to develop emission inventories for India at a higher resolution to include local level activity data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.A32B..09G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.A32B..09G"><span>New <span class="hlt">observations</span> of VOC emissions and <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in, above, and around the Central Valley of California</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Goldstein, A. H.; Fares, S.; Gentner, D. R.; Park, J.; Weber, R.; Ormeno, E.; Holzinger, R.; Misztal, P. K.; Karl, T. R.; Guenther, A. B.; Fischer, M. L.; Harley, R. A.; Karlik, J. F.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Large portions of the Central Valley of California are out of compliance with current state and federal air quality standards for ozone and particulate matter, and the relative importance of biogenic and anthropogenic VOC emissions to their photochemical production in this region remains uncertain. In 2009-2011 multiple measurement campaigns were completed investigating the VOC emission inventory and <span class="hlt">concentration</span> distributions. In 2009 BVOC emissions from more than 20 species of major agricultural crops in California were measured in a greenhouse using branch enclosures by both PTRMS and in-situ GC. Overall, crops were found to emit low amounts of BVOC compared to the natural forests surrounding the valley. Crops mainly emitted methanol and terpenes, with a broad array of other species emitted at lower levels, and all the measured crops showed negligible emissions of isoprene. Navel oranges were the largest crop BVOC emitters measured so a full year of flux measurements were made in an orange grove near Visalia in 2010 by eddy covariance(EC)-PTRMS with two multi-week periods of <span class="hlt">concentration</span> measurements by hourly in-situ GC, and one month of high mass resolution flux measurements by EC-PTR-TOF-MS. The dominant BVOC emissions from the orange grove were methanol and terpenes, followed by acetone, acetaldehyde, and a low level of emissions for many other species. In 2011 aircraft eddy covariance measurements of BVOC fluxes were made by EC-PTRMS covering a large area of California as part of the California Airborne Bvoc Emission Research in Natural Ecosystem Transects (CABERNET) campaign aimed at improving BVOC emission models on regional scales, mainly <span class="hlt">profiling</span> BVOC emissions from oak woodlands surrounding the Central Valley. In 2010, hourly in-situ VOC measurements were made via in-situ GC in Bakersfield, CA as part of the CalNex experiment. Additionally, in-situ measurements of fresh motor vehicle exhaust were made in Oakland's Caldecott tunnel. Measurements by</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.6416J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.6416J"><span>Biogeochemical sensor performance in the SOCCOM <span class="hlt">profiling</span> float array</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Johnson, Kenneth S.; Plant, Joshua N.; Coletti, Luke J.; Jannasch, Hans W.; Sakamoto, Carole M.; Riser, Stephen C.; Swift, Dana D.; Williams, Nancy L.; Boss, Emmanuel; Haëntjens, Nils; Talley, Lynne D.; Sarmiento, Jorge L.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and Modeling (SOCCOM) program has begun deploying a large array of biogeochemical sensors on <span class="hlt">profiling</span> floats in the Southern Ocean. As of February 2016, 86 floats have been deployed. Here the focus is on 56 floats with quality-controlled and adjusted data that have been in the water at least 6 months. The floats carry oxygen, nitrate, pH, chlorophyll fluorescence, and optical backscatter sensors. The raw data generated by these sensors can suffer from inaccurate initial calibrations and from sensor drift over time. Procedures to correct the data are defined. The initial accuracy of the adjusted <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> is assessed by comparing the corrected data to laboratory measurements made on samples collected by a hydrographic cast with a rosette sampler at the float deployment station. The long-term accuracy of the corrected data is compared to the GLODAPv2 data set whenever a float made a <span class="hlt">profile</span> within 20 km of a GLODAPv2 station. Based on these assessments, the fleet average oxygen data are accurate to 1 ± 1%, nitrate to within 0.5 ± 0.5 µmol kg-1, and pH to 0.005 ± 0.007, where the error limit is 1 standard deviation of the fleet data. The bio-optical measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and optical backscatter are used to estimate chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. The particulate organic carbon <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> inferred from optical backscatter appear accurate to with 35 mg C m-3 or 20%, whichever is larger. Factors affecting the accuracy of the estimated chlorophyll a <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> are evaluated.<abstract type="synopsis"><title type="main">Plain Language SummaryThe ocean science community must move toward greater use of autonomous platforms and sensors if we are to extend our knowledge of the effects of climate driven change within the ocean. Essential to this shift in <span class="hlt">observing</span> strategies is an understanding of the performance that can be obtained from biogeochemical sensors on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090026399&hterms=rain&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Drain','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090026399&hterms=rain&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Drain"><span>Improved Atmospheric Boundary Layer <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Tropical Cyclones with the Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne <span class="hlt">Profiler</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fernandez, D. Esteban; Chang, P.; Carswel, J.; Contreras, R.; Chu, T.; Asuzu, P.; Black, P.; Marks, F.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The Imaging Wind and Rain Arborne <span class="hlt">Profilers</span> (IWRAP) is a dual-frequency, conically-scanning Doppler radar that measures high-resolution, dual-polarized, multi-beam C- and Ku-band reflectivity and Doppler velocity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) within the inner core of hurricanes.From the datasets acquired during the 2002 through 20O5 hurricane seasons as part of the ONR Coupled Boundary Layer Air-Sea Transfer (CBLAST) program and the NOAA/NESDIS Ocean Winds and Rain experiments, very high resolution radar <span class="hlt">observations</span> of hurricanes have been acquired and made available to the CBLAST community. Of particular interest am the ABL wind fields and 3-D structures found within the inner core of hurricanes. As a result of these analysis, a limitation in the ability to retrieve the ABL wind field at very low altitudes was identified. This paper shows how this limitation has been removed and presents initial results demonstrating its new capabilities to derive the ABL wind field within the inner are of hurricanes to much lower altitudes than the ones the original system was capable of.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5486128','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5486128"><span>Candida albicans Impairments Induced by Peppermint and Clove Oils at Sub-Inhibitory <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rajkowska, Katarzyna; Otlewska, Anna; Kunicka-Styczyńska, Alina; Krajewska, Agnieszka</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Members of Candida species cause significant health problems, inducing various types of superficial and deep-seated mycoses in humans. In order to prevent from Candida sp. development, essential oils are more and more frequently applied, due to their antifungal activity, low toxicity if used appropriately, and biodegrability. The aim of the study was to characterize the early alterations in Candida albicans metabolic properties in relation to proteins and chromosomal DNA <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, after treatment with peppermint and clove oils at sub-inhibitory <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. The yeasts were affected by the oils even at a <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of 0.0075% v/v, which resulted in changes in colony morphotypes and metabolic activities. Peppermint and clove oils at <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> ranging from 0.015× MIC (minimal inhibitory <span class="hlt">concentration</span>) to 0.5× MIC values substantially affected the enzymatic abilities of C. albicans, and these changes were primarily associated with the loss or decrease of activity of all 9 enzymes detected in the untreated yeast. Moreover, 29% isolates showed additional activity of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and 14% isolates—α-fucosidase in comparison to the yeast grown without essential oils addition. In response to essential oils at 0.25–0.5× MIC, extensive changes in C. albicans whole-cell protein <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were noted. However, the yeast biochemical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were intact with the sole exception of the isolate treated with clove oil at 0.5× MIC. The alterations were not attributed to gross chromosomal rearrangements in C. albicans karyotype. The predominantly <span class="hlt">observed</span> decrease in protein fractions and the yeast enzymatic activity after treatment with the oils should be considered as a phenotypic response of C. albicans to the essential oils at their sub-inhibitory <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and may lead to the reduction of this yeast pathogenicity. PMID:28629195</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28629195','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28629195"><span>Candida albicans Impairments Induced by Peppermint and Clove Oils at Sub-Inhibitory <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rajkowska, Katarzyna; Otlewska, Anna; Kunicka-Styczyńska, Alina; Krajewska, Agnieszka</p> <p>2017-06-19</p> <p>Members of Candida species cause significant health problems, inducing various types of superficial and deep-seated mycoses in humans. In order to prevent from Candida sp. development, essential oils are more and more frequently applied, due to their antifungal activity, low toxicity if used appropriately, and biodegrability. The aim of the study was to characterize the early alterations in Candida albicans metabolic properties in relation to proteins and chromosomal DNA <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, after treatment with peppermint and clove oils at sub-inhibitory <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. The yeasts were affected by the oils even at a <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of 0.0075% v / v , which resulted in changes in colony morphotypes and metabolic activities. Peppermint and clove oils at <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> ranging from 0.015× MIC (minimal inhibitory <span class="hlt">concentration</span>) to 0.5× MIC values substantially affected the enzymatic abilities of C. albicans , and these changes were primarily associated with the loss or decrease of activity of all 9 enzymes detected in the untreated yeast. Moreover, 29% isolates showed additional activity of N -acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and 14% isolates-α-fucosidase in comparison to the yeast grown without essential oils addition. In response to essential oils at 0.25-0.5× MIC, extensive changes in C. albicans whole-cell protein <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were noted. However, the yeast biochemical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were intact with the sole exception of the isolate treated with clove oil at 0.5× MIC. The alterations were not attributed to gross chromosomal rearrangements in C. albicans karyotype. The predominantly <span class="hlt">observed</span> decrease in protein fractions and the yeast enzymatic activity after treatment with the oils should be considered as a phenotypic response of C. albicans to the essential oils at their sub-inhibitory <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and may lead to the reduction of this yeast pathogenicity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26195007','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26195007"><span>In Silico Estimation of Skin <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> Following the Dermal Exposure to Chemicals.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hatanaka, Tomomi; Yoshida, Shun; Kadhum, Wesam R; Todo, Hiroaki; Sugibayashi, Kenji</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>To develop an in silico method based on Fick's law of diffusion to estimate the skin <span class="hlt">concentration</span> following dermal exposure to chemicals with a wide range of lipophilicity. Permeation experiments of various chemicals were performed through rat and porcine skin. Permeation parameters, namely, permeability coefficient and partition coefficient, were obtained by the fitting of data to two-layered and one-layered diffusion models for whole and stripped skin. The mean skin <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of chemicals during steady-state permeation was calculated using the permeation parameters and compared with the <span class="hlt">observed</span> values. All permeation <span class="hlt">profiles</span> could be described by the diffusion models. The estimated skin <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of chemicals using permeation parameters were close to the <span class="hlt">observed</span> levels and most data fell within the 95% confidence interval for complete prediction. The permeability coefficient and partition coefficient for stripped skin were almost constant, being independent of the permeant's lipophilicity. Skin <span class="hlt">concentration</span> following dermal exposure to various chemicals can be accurately estimated based on Fick's law of diffusion. This method should become a useful tool to assess the efficacy of topically applied drugs and cosmetic ingredients, as well as the risk of chemicals likely to cause skin disorders and diseases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4339756','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4339756"><span>Cohort <span class="hlt">Profile</span>: HAART <span class="hlt">Observational</span> Medical Evaluation and Research (HOMER) Cohort</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Patterson, Sophie; Cescon, Angela; Samji, Hasina; Cui, Zishan; Yip, Benita; Lepik, Katherine J; Moore, David; Lima, Viviane D; Nosyk, Bohdan; Harrigan, P Richard; Montaner, Julio SG; Shannon, Kate; Wood, Evan; Hogg, Robert S</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Since 1986, antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been available free of charge to individuals living with HIV in British Columbia (BC), Canada, through the BC Centre of Excellence in HIV/AIDS (BC-CfE) Drug Treatment Program (DTP). The Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) <span class="hlt">Observational</span> Medical Evaluation and Research (HOMER) cohort was established in 1996 to maintain a prospective record of clinical measurements and medication <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of a subset of DTP participants initiating HAART in BC. This unique cohort provides a comprehensive data source to investigate mortality, prognostic factors and treatment response among people living with HIV in BC from the inception of HAART. Currently over 5000 individuals are enrolled in the HOMER cohort. Data captured include socio-demographic characteristics (e.g. sex, age, ethnicity, health authority), clinical variables (e.g. CD4 cell count, plasma HIV viral load, AIDS-defining illness, hepatitis C co-infection, mortality) and treatment variables (e.g. HAART regimens, date of treatment initiation, treatment interruptions, adherence data, resistance testing). Research findings from the HOMER cohort have featured in numerous high-impact peer-reviewed journals. The HOMER cohort collaborates with other HIV cohorts on both national and international scales to answer complex HIV-specific research questions, and welcomes input from external investigators regarding potential research proposals or future collaborations. For further information please contact the principal investigator, Dr Robert Hogg (robert_hogg@sfu.ca). PMID:24639444</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26108222','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26108222"><span>Pharmacokinetics and <span class="hlt">Concentration</span>-Effect Relationship of Oral LSD in Humans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dolder, Patrick C; Schmid, Yasmin; Haschke, Manuel; Rentsch, Katharina M; Liechti, Matthias E</p> <p>2015-06-24</p> <p>The pharmacokinetics of oral lysergic acid diethylamide are unknown despite its common recreational use and renewed interest in its use in psychiatric research and practice. We characterized the pharmacokinetic <span class="hlt">profile</span>, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship, and urine recovery of lysergic acid diethylamide and its main metabolite after administration of a single oral dose of lysergic acid diethylamide (200 μg) in 8 male and 8 female healthy subjects. Plasma lysergic acid diethylamide <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were quantifiable (>0.1 ng/mL) in all the subjects up to 12 hours after administration. Maximal <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of lysergic acid diethylamide (mean±SD: 4.5±1.4 ng/mL) were reached (median, range) 1.5 (0.5-4) hours after administration. <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> then decreased following first-order kinetics with a half-life of 3.6±0.9 hours up to 12 hours and slower elimination thereafter with a terminal half-life of 8.9±5.9 hours. One percent of the orally administered lysergic acid diethylamide was eliminated in urine as lysergic acid diethylamide, and 13% was eliminated as 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-lysergic acid diethylamide within 24 hours. No sex differences were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the pharmacokinetic <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of lysergic acid diethylamide. The acute subjective and sympathomimetic responses to lysergic acid diethylamide lasted up to 12 hours and were closely associated with the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in plasma over time and exhibited no acute tolerance. These first data on the pharmacokinetics and <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-effect relationship of oral lysergic acid diethylamide are relevant for further clinical studies and serve as a reference for the assessment of intoxication with lysergic acid diethylamide. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of CINP.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4772267','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4772267"><span>Pharmacokinetics and <span class="hlt">Concentration</span>-Effect Relationship of Oral LSD in Humans</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dolder, Patrick C.; Schmid, Yasmin; Haschke, Manuel; Rentsch, Katharina M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Background: The pharmacokinetics of oral lysergic acid diethylamide are unknown despite its common recreational use and renewed interest in its use in psychiatric research and practice. Methods: We characterized the pharmacokinetic <span class="hlt">profile</span>, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship, and urine recovery of lysergic acid diethylamide and its main metabolite after administration of a single oral dose of lysergic acid diethylamide (200 μg) in 8 male and 8 female healthy subjects. Results: Plasma lysergic acid diethylamide <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were quantifiable (>0.1ng/mL) in all the subjects up to 12 hours after administration. Maximal <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of lysergic acid diethylamide (mean±SD: 4.5±1.4ng/mL) were reached (median, range) 1.5 (0.5–4) hours after administration. <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> then decreased following first-order kinetics with a half-life of 3.6±0.9 hours up to 12 hours and slower elimination thereafter with a terminal half-life of 8.9±5.9 hours. One percent of the orally administered lysergic acid diethylamide was eliminated in urine as lysergic acid diethylamide, and 13% was eliminated as 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-lysergic acid diethylamide within 24 hours. No sex differences were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the pharmacokinetic <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of lysergic acid diethylamide. The acute subjective and sympathomimetic responses to lysergic acid diethylamide lasted up to 12 hours and were closely associated with the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in plasma over time and exhibited no acute tolerance. Conclusions: These first data on the pharmacokinetics and <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-effect relationship of oral lysergic acid diethylamide are relevant for further clinical studies and serve as a reference for the assessment of intoxication with lysergic acid diethylamide. PMID:26108222</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19339775','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19339775"><span>Effect of advice to increase carbohydrate and reduce fat intake on dietary <span class="hlt">profile</span> and plasma lipid <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in healthy postmenopausal women.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Arefhosseini, S R; Edwards, C A; Malkova, D; Higgins, S</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The current dietary guidelines advise an increase in carbohydrate intake. However, there is concern regarding the effect this may have on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, in particular in postmenopausal women, in light of the knowledge that raised triacylglycerol (TAG) may pose a stronger risk for CHD in this group. To evaluate the effect of advice to increase carbohydrate intake to 50% of energy intake as part of advice to follow current dietary guidelines on the dietary <span class="hlt">profile</span>, including dietary glycaemic index (GI) and plasma lipids in healthy postmenopausal women. Twelve healthy postmenopausal women (56 +/- 6.5 years) took part in the study. Habitual diet was assessed by a 7-day weighed intake. On the basis of the results, subjects were advised to increase their carbohydrate intake to comply with the current dietary guidelines. Subjects were asked to follow this diet for 4 weeks, in a free-living situation. Fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline and after 1 and 4 weeks. There was a significant decrease in body mass index (BMI; p < 0.05) after 4 weeks. There was a significant increase in fasting TAG <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> after 1 week (p < 0.05), and the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after 1 and 4 weeks. The subjects significantly increased their percentage of energy from carbohydrates and starch (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) after 1 week, and their percentage of energy from starch after 4 weeks (p < 0.05). Dietary GI was significantly increased (p < 0.05) after 1 and 4 weeks. Fruit and vegetable intake was significantly increased after 1 week (p < 0.01), as was fruit intake alone (p < 0.05), and there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the 'antioxidant power' as measured by the ferric reducing ability of plasma assay. In postmenopausal women, following the UK dietary guidelines resulted in changes in the lipid <span class="hlt">profile</span> that were more likely to favour an increased risk of CHD, as</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JGRD..119.5719P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JGRD..119.5719P"><span>Long-term changes in lower tropospheric baseline ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>: Comparing chemistry-climate models and <span class="hlt">observations</span> at northern midlatitudes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parrish, D. D.; Lamarque, J.-F.; Naik, V.; Horowitz, L.; Shindell, D. T.; Staehelin, J.; Derwent, R.; Cooper, O. R.; Tanimoto, H.; Volz-Thomas, A.; Gilge, S.; Scheel, H.-E.; Steinbacher, M.; Fröhlich, M.</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Two recent papers have quantified long-term ozone (O3) changes <span class="hlt">observed</span> at northern midlatitude sites that are believed to represent baseline (here understood as representative of continental to hemispheric scales) conditions. Three chemistry-climate models (NCAR CAM-chem, GFDL-CM3, and GISS-E2-R) have calculated retrospective tropospheric O3 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> as part of the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 model intercomparisons. We present an approach for quantitative comparisons of model results with measurements for seasonally averaged O3 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. There is considerable qualitative agreement between the measurements and the models, but there are also substantial and consistent quantitative disagreements. Most notably, models (1) overestimate absolute O3 mixing ratios, on average by 5 to 17 ppbv in the year 2000, (2) capture only 50% of O3 changes <span class="hlt">observed</span> over the past five to six decades, and little of <span class="hlt">observed</span> seasonal differences, and (3) capture 25 to 45% of the rate of change of the long-term changes. These disagreements are significant enough to indicate that only limited confidence can be placed on estimates of present-day radiative forcing of tropospheric O3 derived from modeled historic <span class="hlt">concentration</span> changes and on predicted future O3 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Evidently our understanding of tropospheric O3, or the incorporation of chemistry and transport processes into current chemical climate models, is incomplete. Modeled O3 trends approximately parallel estimated trends in anthropogenic emissions of NOx, an important O3 precursor, while measured O3 changes increase more rapidly than these emission estimates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMOS23B1185C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMOS23B1185C"><span>In-situ <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Swash-zone Flow Velocities and Sediment Transport on a Steep Beach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chardon-Maldonado, P.; Puleo, J. A.; Figlus, J.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>A 45 m scaffolding frame containing an array of instruments was installed at South Bethany Beach, Delaware, to obtain in-situ measurements in the swash zone. Six cross-shore stations were established to simultaneously measure near-bed velocity <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and water level fluctuations on a steep beach. Measurements of swash-zone hydrodynamics and morphological change were collected from February 12 to 25, 2014, following a large Nor'easter storm with surf zone significant wave height exceeding 5 m. Swash-zone flow velocities (u,v,w) were measured at each cross-shore location using a Nortek Vectrino <span class="hlt">profiling</span> velocimeter that measured a 30 mm velocity <span class="hlt">profile</span> at 1 mm vertical increments at 100 Hz. These velocity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were used to quantify the vertical flow structure over the foreshore and estimate hydrodynamic parameters such as bed shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation. Sediment <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were measured using optical backscatter sensors (OBS) to obtain spatio-temporal measurements during both uprush and backwash phases of the swash cycle. Cross-shore sediment transport rates at each station were estimated by taking the product of cross-shore velocity and sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. Foreshore elevations were sampled every low tide using a Leica GPS system with RTK capability. Cross-shore sediment transport rates and gradients derived from the velocities and bed shear stress estimates will be related to the <span class="hlt">observed</span> morphological change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ResPh...7.3497W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ResPh...7.3497W"><span>Local accumulation times for spatial difference in morphogen <span class="hlt">concentration</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wen, Xiaoqing; Yin, Hongwei</p> <p></p> <p>During development of multicellular organisms, spatial patterns of cells and tissue organizations rely on the action of morphogens, which are signaling molecules and act as dose-dependent regulators of gene expression and cellular differentiation. Since some experimental evidences have indicated that the spatial difference in morphogen <span class="hlt">concentration</span> regulates cellular proliferation rather than this <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profile</span> in developing tissues, we propose spatially discrete models to describe this difference for a synthesis-diffusion-degradation process of morphogen in infinite and finite development fields, respectively. For both of models, we respectively derive analytical expressions of local accumulation times, which are required to form the steady state of the spatial difference in morphogen <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. Our results show that the local accumulation times for the spatial difference in morphogen <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> are different from the ones for morphogen <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10059E..23K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10059E..23K"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of chest tumor using diffuse optical spectroscopy: time-varying Indocyanine green <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in rabbit model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Yikeun; Kim, Sehun; Kim, Sungwon; Lee, Haeyoung; Oak, Chulho; Ahn, Yeh-Chan</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>This experiment was conducted by using the diffuse optical spectroscopy based on near-infrared light. The near-infrared light in the water window was used to see the change of molecular <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the living tissue. The experiment subject was New Zealand rabbits weighing 3 +/- 0.3 kg. VX2 tumor cells were injected into the inside of the chest wall of rabbits. The <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of indocyanine green (ICG) has been <span class="hlt">observed</span> once every three days, after the size of the pleural tumor grew up over 1cm. We used five different wavelengths (732, 758, 805, 840, and 880 nm) with known ICG spectrum. The distance between light source and detector probes was fixed by 1 cm. The probes were placed on the skin right above the tumor with an aid of laparoscope. ICG was injected into rabbits via ear vein. The diffused light was measured through the tumor with time course using a spectrometer. These measured data enabled us to <span class="hlt">observe</span> the change of ICG <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in real time with respect to the baseline without ICG. ICG was present longer in tumor compared to normal tissue. This phenomenon is thought to be due to the excessive angiogenesis in the tumor tissue. Since this method can be applied to other cases easily, it is thought that there is a possibility of cancer screening with less cost and simple equipment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28315690','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28315690"><span>Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetic <span class="hlt">Profile</span> After Transdermal Drug Application Using Excised Human Skin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yamamoto, Syunsuke; Karashima, Masatoshi; Arai, Yuta; Tohyama, Kimio; Amano, Nobuyuki</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Although several mathematical models have been reported for the estimation of human plasma <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of drug substances after dermal application, the successful cases that can predict human pharmacokinetic <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the prediction of human plasma <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> after dermal application using in vitro permeation parameters obtained from excised human skin. The in vitro skin permeability of 7 marketed drug products was evaluated. The plasma <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-time <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the drug substances in humans after their dermal application were simulated using compartment models and the clinical pharmacokinetic parameters. The transdermal process was simulated using the in vitro skin permeation rate and lag time assuming a zero-order absorption. These simulated plasma <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were compared with the clinical data. The result revealed that the steady-state plasma <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of diclofenac and the maximum <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of nicotine, bisoprolol, rivastigmine, and lidocaine after topical application were within 2-fold of the clinical data. Furthermore, the simulated <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of bisoprolol, nicotine, and rivastigmine reproduced the decrease in absorption due to drug depletion from the formulation. In conclusion, this simple compartment model using in vitro human skin permeation parameters as zero-order absorption predicted the human plasma <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> accurately. Copyright © 2017 American Pharmacists Association®. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20026821-observation-vapor-bubble-non-azeotropic-binary-mixture-microgravity-two-wavelength-interferometer','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20026821-observation-vapor-bubble-non-azeotropic-binary-mixture-microgravity-two-wavelength-interferometer"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of vapor bubble of non-azeotropic binary mixture in microgravity with a two-wavelength interferometer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Abe, Yoshiyuki; Iwasaki, Akira</p> <p>1999-07-01</p> <p>Although non-azeotropic mixtures are considered to be promising working fluids in advanced energy conversion systems, the primary technical problems in the heat transfer degradation in phase change processes cause economical handicap to wide-spread applications. The boiling behavior of mixtures still remains a number of basic questions being not answered yet, and the present authors believe that the most essential information for the boiling process in non-azeotropic mixtures is how temperature and <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are developed around the bubbles. The present study attempts at understanding fundamental heat and mass transfer mechanisms in nucleate pool boiling of non-azeotropic binary mixtures, and withmore » the knowledge to develop a passive boiling heat transfer enhancement eventually. To this end, the authors have employed microgravity environment for rather detailed <span class="hlt">observation</span> around vapor bubbles in the course of boiling inception and bubble growth. A two-wavelength Mach-Zehnder interferometer has been developed, which withstands mechanical shock caused by gravity change from very low gravity of the order of 10{sup {minus}5} g to relatively high gravity of approximately 8 g exposed during deceleration period. A series of experiments on single vapor bubbles for CFC113 single component and CFC12/CFC112 non-azeotropic binary mixture have been conducted under a high quality microgravity conditions available in 10-second free-fall facility of Japan Microgravity Center (JAMIC). The results for single component liquid showed a strong influence due to Marangoni effect caused by the temperature <span class="hlt">profile</span> around the bubble. The results for non-azeotropic binary mixture showed, however, considerably different behavior from single component liquid. Both temperature and <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> around a single vapor bubble were evaluated from the interferograms. The temperature and <span class="hlt">concentration</span> layers established around the bubbles were nearly one order of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A53A2214H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A53A2214H"><span>Multi-year MAX-DOAS <span class="hlt">observations</span> of formaldehyde and glyoxal in Phimai, Thailand</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hoque, H. M. S.; Irie, H.; Shimizu, A.; Damiani, A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The first long-term Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) <span class="hlt">observations</span> were performed in Phimai, Thailand (15.18 °N, 102.56 °E), a site in Southeast Asia, where ground-based remote sensing <span class="hlt">observations</span> of trace gases and aerosols are very limited. Vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> information of eight components was retrieved independently using the Japanese MAX-DOAS <span class="hlt">profile</span> retrieval algorithm, version 2 (JM2). Here we focus on the two organic compounds, formaldehyde (HCHO) and glyoxal (CHOCHO), and study their volume mixing ratio data in the lowest layer (0-1 km) of our retrieved vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. In addition to the systematic climatological analysis of HCHO and CHOCHO, we also report the ratio of CHOCHO to HCHO, RGF, which is suggested to be an important tracer of changes of the volatile organic compound (VOC) emission sources. Higher <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of HCHO and CHOCHO was <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the dry season (January-April), whereas the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> level was close to the background level during the wet season (June-September). Such enhancements correspond well the influence of the pronounced seasonal variation of biomass burning activity. The RGF for the Phimai site was estimated to be 0.030±0.010. Our estimated RGF during the dry season ( 0.025±0.008) was lower than that in the wet season ( 0.033±0.012). This change in the RGF is consistent with the satellite retrievals, suggesting a higher RGF for strong biogenic emission sources. While the site can be characterized as environment with a low nitrogen dioxide (NO2) <span class="hlt">concentration</span> level ( 1 ppbv), the impact of biomass burning on the lower RGF during the dry season was confirmed by occasional enhancement of the NO2 level as an anthropogenic tracer. The results are further supported by additional error analyses for the cloud influence. Our findings are expected to be used to reduce model uncertainties related to VOC chemistry and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JCrGr..99..665K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JCrGr..99..665K"><span>In-situ <span class="hlt">observation</span> of impurity diffusion boundary layer in silicon Czochralski growth</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kakimoto, Koichi; Eguchi, Minoru; Watanabe, Hisao; Hibiya, Taketoshi</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>In-situ <span class="hlt">observation</span> of the impurity diffusion boundary layer during single crystal growth of indium-doped silicon was carried out by X-ray radiography. The difference in the transmitted X-ray image compared with molten silicon just beneath the crystal-melt interface was attributed to the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of indium impurities having a larger absorption coefficient. The intensity <span class="hlt">profile</span> of the transmitted X-ray can be reproduced by a transmittance calculation that considers the meniscus shape and impurity distribution. The impurity distribution <span class="hlt">profile</span> near the crystal-melt interface was estimated using the Burton-Prim-Slichter (BPS) equation. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> impurity diffusion boundary layer thickness was about 0.5 mm. It was found that the boundary layer thickness was not constant in the radial direction, which cannot be explained by the BPS theory, since it is based on a one-dimensional calculation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP34C..06M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMEP34C..06M"><span>Monitoring suspended sediment transport in an ice-affected river using acoustic Doppler current <span class="hlt">profilers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moore, S. A.; Ghareh Aghaji Zare, S.; Rennie, C. D.; Ahmari, H.; Seidou, O.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p> the maximum <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> during breakup was more than an order of magnitude larger than the typical values <span class="hlt">observed</span> under stable ice cover (>300 mg/L, versus 5 - 15 mg/L). This result is consistent with the few historic studies of river ice breakup in which water samples were collected. This study shows that acoustic <span class="hlt">profilers</span> can be used to monitor suspended sediment fluxes under ice, ultimately reducing the uncertainty in sediment budget computations for ice-affected rivers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3926416','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3926416"><span>Bio-active engineered 50 nm silica nanoparticles with bone anabolic activity: therapeutic index, effective <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, and cytotoxicity <span class="hlt">profile</span> in vitro</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ha, Shin-Woo; Sikorski, James A.; Weitzmann, M. Neale; Beck, George R.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Silica-based nanomaterials are generally considered to be excellent candidates for therapeutic applications particularly related to skeletal metabolism however the current data surrounding the safety of silica based nanomaterials is conflicting. This may be due to differences in size, shape, incorporation of composite materials, surface properties, as well as the presence of contaminants following synthesis. In this study we performed extensive in vitro safety <span class="hlt">profiling</span> of ~50 nm spherical silica nanoparticles with OH-terminated or Polyethylene Glycol decorated surface, with and without a magnetic core, and synthesized by the Stöber method. Nineteen different cell lines representing all major organ types were used to investigate an in vitro lethal <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (LC) and results revealed little toxicity in any cell type analyzed. To calculate an in vitro therapeutic index we quantified the effective <span class="hlt">concentration</span> at 50% response (EC50) for nanoparticle-stimulated mineral deposition activity using primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The EC50 for BMSCs was not substantially altered by surface or magnetic core. The calculated Inhibitory <span class="hlt">concentration</span> 50% (IC50) for pre-osteoclasts was similar to the osteoblastic cells. These results demonstrate the pharmacological potential of certain silica-based nanomaterial formulations for use in treating bone diseases based on a favorable in vitro therapeutic index. PMID:24333519</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950004692','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950004692"><span>Local fluctuations of ozone from 16 km to 45 km deduced from in situ vertical ozone <span class="hlt">profile</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Moreau, G.; Robert, C.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>A vertical ozone <span class="hlt">profile</span> obtained by an in situ ozone sonde from 16 km to 45 km, has allowed to <span class="hlt">observe</span> local ozone <span class="hlt">concentration</span> variations. These variations can be <span class="hlt">observed</span>, thanks to a fast measurement system based on a UV absorption KrF excimer laser beam in a multipass cell. Ozone standard deviation versus altitude calculated from the mean is derived. Ozone variations or fluctuations are correlated with the different dynamic zones of the stratosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.G24A..10Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.G24A..10Z"><span>Merging altimeter data with Argo <span class="hlt">profiles</span> to improve <span class="hlt">observation</span> of tropical Pacific thermocline circulation and ENSO</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, D.; Lee, T.; Wang, F.; McPhaden, M. J.; Kessler, W. S.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Meridional thermocline currents play an important role in the recharge and discharge of tropical Pacific warm water during the development and transition of ENSO cycles. Previous analyses have shown large variations of the equatorward meridional thermocline convergence/divergence on ENSO and decadal time scales in the interior ocean. The total convergence/divergence is however unknown due to the lack of long term <span class="hlt">observation</span> in the western boundary currents. Numerical modelling studies suggested a tendency of compensation between the interior and western boundary currents, but the exact compensation is model dependent. While Argo floats provide reasonable data coverage in the interior ocean, few floats are in the western boundary currents. Recent multi-mission satellite altimeter data and advanced processing techniques have resulted in higher resolution sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) products with better accuracy closer to the coasts. This study utilizes the statistical relationship between Argo dynamic height <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and altimeter SSHA to calculate geostrophic thermocline currents in both the interior ocean and the western boundary of the tropical Pacific. The derived thermocline currents in the western boundary are validated by a 3.5-year moored Acoustic Doppler Current <span class="hlt">Profiler</span> (ADCP) measurement in the Mindanao Current and by a series of glider surveys (Davis et al. 2012) in the Solomon Sea. The meridional transport timeseries of the interior and western boundary currents in the thermocline show different lead-lag relationships to the Nino 3.4 index. Results will be discussed in the context of recent 2014-2015 El Nino development and the potential contribution to the Tropical Pacific <span class="hlt">Observing</span> System (TPOS).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3701709','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3701709"><span>Ethnic Variation in Inflammatory <span class="hlt">Profile</span> in Tuberculosis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Coussens, Anna K.; Wilkinson, Robert J.; Nikolayevskyy, Vladyslav; Elkington, Paul T.; Hanifa, Yasmeen; Islam, Kamrul; Timms, Peter M.; Bothamley, Graham H.; Claxton, Alleyna P.; Packe, Geoffrey E.; Darmalingam, Mathina; Davidson, Robert N.; Milburn, Heather J.; Baker, Lucy V.; Barker, Richard D.; Drobniewski, Francis A.; Mein, Charles A.; Bhaw-Rosun, Leena; Nuamah, Rosamond A.; Griffiths, Christopher J.; Martineau, Adrian R.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Distinct phylogenetic lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) cause disease in patients of particular genetic ancestry, and elicit different patterns of cytokine and chemokine secretion when cultured with human macrophages in vitro. Circulating and antigen-stimulated <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of these inflammatory mediators might therefore be expected to vary significantly between tuberculosis patients of different ethnic origin. Studies to characterise such variation, and to determine whether it relates to host or bacillary factors, have not been conducted. We therefore compared circulating and antigen-stimulated <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of 43 inflammatory mediators and 14 haematological parameters (inflammatory <span class="hlt">profile</span>) in 45 pulmonary tuberculosis patients of African ancestry vs. 83 patients of Eurasian ancestry in London, UK, and investigated the influence of bacillary and host genotype on these <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Despite having similar demographic and clinical characteristics, patients of differing ancestry exhibited distinct inflammatory <span class="hlt">profiles</span> at presentation: those of African ancestry had lower neutrophil counts, lower serum <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of CCL2, CCL11 and vitamin D binding protein (DBP) but higher serum CCL5 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and higher antigen-stimulated IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-12 secretion. These differences associated with ethnic variation in host DBP genotype, but not with ethnic variation in MTB strain. Ethnic differences in inflammatory <span class="hlt">profile</span> became more marked following initiation of antimicrobial therapy, and immunological correlates of speed of elimination of MTB from the sputum differed between patients of African vs. Eurasian ancestry. Our study demonstrates a hitherto unappreciated degree of ethnic heterogeneity in inflammatory <span class="hlt">profile</span> in tuberculosis patients that associates primarily with ethnic variation in host, rather than bacillary, genotype. Candidate immunodiagnostics and immunological biomarkers of response to antimicrobial therapy should be derived</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.5157N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.5157N"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of ozone-poor air in the tropical tropopause layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Newton, Richard; Vaughan, Geraint; Hintsa, Eric; Filus, Michal T.; Pan, Laura L.; Honomichl, Shawn; Atlas, Elliot; Andrews, Stephen J.; Carpenter, Lucy J.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Ozonesondes reaching the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) over the west Pacific have occasionally measured layers of very low ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> - less than 15 ppbv - raising the question of how prevalent such layers are and how they are formed. In this paper, we examine aircraft measurements from the Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment (ATTREX), the Coordinated Airborne Studies in the Tropics (CAST) and the Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) experiment campaigns based in Guam in January-March 2014 for evidence of very low ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and their relation to deep convection. The study builds on results from the ozonesonde campaign conducted from Manus Island, Papua New Guinea, as part of CAST, where ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> as low as 12 ppbv were <span class="hlt">observed</span> between 100 and 150 hPa downwind of a deep convective complex. TTL measurements from the Global Hawk unmanned aircraft show a marked contrast between the hemispheres, with mean ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the Southern Hemisphere between 100 and 150 hPa of between 10.7 and 15.2 ppbv. By contrast, the mean ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the Northern Hemisphere were always above 15.4 ppbv and normally above 20 ppbv at these altitudes. The CAST and CONTRAST aircraft sampled the atmosphere between the surface and 120 hPa, finding very low ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> only between the surface and 700 hPa; mixing ratios as low as 7 ppbv were regularly measured in the boundary layer, whereas in the free troposphere above 200 hPa <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were generally well in excess of 15 ppbv. These results are consistent with uplift of almost-unmixed boundary-layer air to the TTL in deep convection. An interhemispheric difference was found in the TTL ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, with values < 15 ppbv measured extensively in the Southern Hemisphere but seldom in the Northern Hemisphere. This is consistent with a similar contrast in the low-level ozone between the two hemispheres found by</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=216324&keyword=time+AND+perspective&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=216324&keyword=time+AND+perspective&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Assessing Multi-year Changes in Modeled and <span class="hlt">Observed</span> Urban NOx <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> from a Dynamic Model Evaluation Perspective</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>An investigation of the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from an air quality model and <span class="hlt">observations</span> at monitoring sites was performed to assess the changes in NOx levels attributable to changes in mobile emissions. This evaluation effort focused on weekday morning rush hou...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25998723','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25998723"><span>Neutrophil migration under spatially-varying chemoattractant gradient <span class="hlt">profiles</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Halilovic, Iris; Wu, Jiandong; Alexander, Murray; Lin, Francis</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Chemotaxis plays an important role in biological processes such as cancer metastasis, embryogenesis, wound healing, and immune response. Neutrophils are the frontline defenders against invasion of foreign microorganisms into our bodies. To achieve this important immune function, a neutrophil can sense minute chemoattractant <span class="hlt">concentration</span> differences across its cell body and effectively migrate toward the chemoattractant source. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated in various studies that neutrophils are highly sensitive to changes in the surrounding chemoattractant environments, suggesting the role of a chemotactic memory for processing the complex spatiotemporal chemical guiding signals. Using a microfluidic device, in the present study we characterized neutrophil migration under spatially varying <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of interleukine-8 gradients, which consist of three spatially ordered regions of a shallow gradient, a steep gradient and a nearly saturated gradient. This design allowed us to examine how neutrophils migrate under different chemoattractant gradient <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, and how the migratory response is affected when the cell moves from one gradient <span class="hlt">profile</span> to another in a single experiment. Our results show robust neutrophil chemotaxis in the shallow and steep gradient, but not the saturated gradient. Furthermore, neutrophils display a transition from chemotaxis to flowtaxis when they migrate across the steep gradient interface, and the relative efficiency of this transition depends on the cell's chemotaxis history. Finally, some neutrophils were <span class="hlt">observed</span> to adjust their morphology to different gradient <span class="hlt">profiles</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012OcScD...9.3567C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012OcScD...9.3567C"><span>From the chlorophyll a in the surface layer to its vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span>: a Greenland Sea relationship for satellite applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cherkasheva, A.; Bracher, A.; Nöthig, E.-M.; Bauerfeind, E.; Melsheimer, C.</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>Current estimates of global marine primary production range over a factor of two. At high latitudes, the uncertainty is even larger than globally because here in-situ data and ocean color <span class="hlt">observations</span> are scarce, and the phytoplankton absorption shows specific characteristics due to the low-light adaptation. The improvement of the primary production estimates requires an accurate knowledge on the chlorophyll vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span>, which is the basis for most primary production models. To date, studies describing the typical chlorophyll <span class="hlt">profile</span> based on the chlorophyll in the surface layer did not include the Arctic region or, if it was included, the dependence of the <span class="hlt">profile</span> shape on surface <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was neglected. The goal of our study was to derive and describe the typical Greenland Sea chlorophyll <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, categorized according to the chlorophyll <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the surface layer and further monthly resolved. The Greenland Sea was chosen because it is known to be one of the most productive regions of the Arctic and is among the Arctic regions where most chlorophyll field data are available. Our database contained 1199 chlorophyll <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from R/Vs Polarstern and Maria S Merian cruises combined with data of the ARCSS-PP database (Arctic primary production in-situ database) for the years 1957-2010. The <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were categorized according to their mean <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the surface layer and then monthly median <span class="hlt">profiles</span> within each category were calculated. The category with the surface layer chlorophyll exceeding 0.7 mg C m-3 showed a clear seasonal cycle with values gradually decreasing from April to August. Chlorophyll <span class="hlt">profiles</span> maxima moved from lower depths in spring towards the surface in late summer. <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> with smallest surface values always showed a subsurface chlorophyll maximum with its median magnitude reaching up to three times the surface <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. While the variability in April, May and June of the Greenland Sea season is following the global</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/938212-source-profiles-nonmethane-organic-compounds-atmosphere-cairo-egypt','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/938212-source-profiles-nonmethane-organic-compounds-atmosphere-cairo-egypt"><span>Source <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for nonmethane organic compounds in the atmosphere of Cairo, Egypt.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Doskey, P. V.; Fukui, Y.; Sultan, M.</p> <p>1999-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Profiles</span> of the sources of nonmethane organic compounds (NMOCs) were developed for emissions from vehicles, petroleum fuels (gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and natural gas), a petroleum refinery, a smelter, and a cast iron factory in Cairo, Egypt. More than 100 hydrocarbons and oxygenated hydrocarbons were tentatively identified and quantified. Gasoline-vapor and whole-gasoline <span class="hlt">profiles</span> could be distinguished from the other <span class="hlt">profiles</span> by high <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of the C{sub 5} and C{sub 6} saturated hydrocarbons. The vehicle emission <span class="hlt">profile</span> was similar to the whole-gasoline <span class="hlt">profile</span>, with the exception of the unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, which were present at higher <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in themore » vehicle emission <span class="hlt">profile</span>. High levels of the C{sub 2}-C{sub 4} saturated hydrocarbons, particularly n-butane, were characteristic features of the petroleum refinery emissions. The smelter and cast iron factory emissions were similar to the refinery emissions; however, the levels of benzene and toluene were greater in the former two sources. The LPG and natural gas emissions contained high <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of n-butane and ethane, respectively. The NMOC source <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for Cairo were distinctly different from <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for U.S. sources, indicating that NMOC source <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are sensitive to the particular composition of petroleum fuels that are used in a location.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GeoRL..41.3658F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GeoRL..41.3658F"><span>An <span class="hlt">observation</span> of sea-spray microphysics by airborne Doppler radar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fairall, C. W.; Pezoa, S.; Moran, K.; Wolfe, D.</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>This paper describes <span class="hlt">observations</span> and analysis of Doppler radar data from a down-looking 94 GHz (W-Band) system operated from a NOAA WP-3 Orion research aircraft in Tropical Storm (TS) Karen. The flight took place on 5 October 2013; Karen had weakened with maximum winds around 20 m s-1. Doppler spectral moments from the radar were processed to retrieve sea-spray microphysical properties (drop size and liquid water mass <span class="hlt">concentration</span>) <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the height range 75-300 m above the sea surface. In the high wind speed regions of TS Karen (U10 > 15 m s-1), sea spray was <span class="hlt">observed</span> with a nominal mass-mode radius of about 40 µm, a radar-weighted gravitational fall velocity of about 1 m s-1, and a mass <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of about 10-3 gm-3 at 75 m. Spray-drop mass <span class="hlt">concentration</span> declined with height to values of about 10-4 gm-3 at 300 m. Drop mass decreased slightly more slowly with increasing height than predicted by surface-layer similarity theory for a balance of turbulent diffusion vs fall velocity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ACP....15.3217F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ACP....15.3217F"><span>Seasonal changes in the tropospheric carbon monoxide <span class="hlt">profile</span> over the remote Southern Hemisphere evaluated using multi-model simulations and aircraft <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fisher, J. A.; Wilson, S. R.; Zeng, G.; Williams, J. E.; Emmons, L. K.; Langenfelds, R. L.; Krummel, P. B.; Steele, L. P.</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>The combination of low anthropogenic emissions and large biogenic sources that characterizes the Southern Hemisphere (SH) leads to significant differences in atmospheric composition relative to the better studied Northern Hemisphere. This unique balance of sources poses significant challenges for global models. Carbon monoxide (CO) in particular is difficult to simulate in the SH due to the increased importance of secondary chemical production associated with the much more limited primary emissions. Here, we use aircraft <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the 1991-2000 Cape Grim Overflight Program (CGOP) and the 2009-2011 HIAPER (High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research) Pole-to-Pole <span class="hlt">Observations</span> (HIPPO), together with model output from the SH Model Intercomparison Project, to elucidate the drivers of CO vertical structure in the remote SH. <span class="hlt">Observed</span> CO vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from Cape Grim are remarkably consistent with those <span class="hlt">observed</span> over the southern mid-latitudes Pacific 10-20 years later, despite major differences in time periods, flight locations, and sampling strategies between the two data sets. These similarities suggest the processes driving <span class="hlt">observed</span> vertical gradients are coherent across much of the remote SH and have not changed significantly over the past 2 decades. Model ability to simulate CO <span class="hlt">profiles</span> reflects the interplay between biogenic emission sources, the chemical mechanisms that drive CO production from these sources, and the transport that redistributes this CO throughout the SH. The four chemistry-climate and chemical transport models included in the intercomparison show large variability in their abilities to reproduce the <span class="hlt">observed</span> CO <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. In particular, two of the four models significantly underestimate vertical gradients in austral summer and autumn, which we find are driven by long-range transport of CO produced from oxidation of biogenic compounds. Comparisons between the models show that more complex chemical</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JNEng...7d6013W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JNEng...7d6013W"><span>Designing in vivo <span class="hlt">concentration</span> gradients with discrete controlled release: a computational model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Walker, Edgar Y.; Barbour, Dennis L.</p> <p>2010-08-01</p> <p>One promising neurorehabilitation therapy involves presenting neurotrophins directly into the brain to induce growth of new neural connections. The precise control of neurotrophin <span class="hlt">concentration</span> gradients deep within neural tissue that would be necessary for such a therapy is not currently possible, however. Here we evaluate the theoretical potential of a novel method of drug delivery, discrete controlled release (DCR), to control effective neurotrophin <span class="hlt">concentration</span> gradients in an isotropic region of neocortex. We do so by constructing computational models of neurotrophin <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> resulting from discrete release locations into the cortex and then optimizing their design for uniform <span class="hlt">concentration</span> gradients. The resulting model indicates that by rationally selecting initial neurotrophin <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> for drug-releasing electrode coatings in a square 16-electrode array, nearly uniform <span class="hlt">concentration</span> gradients (i.e. planar <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span>) from one edge of the electrode array to the other should be obtainable. DCR therefore represents a promising new method of precisely directing neuronal growth in vivo over a wider spatial <span class="hlt">profile</span> than would be possible with single release points.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28043130','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28043130"><span>Effect of Extent of Supersaturation on the Evolution of Kinetic Solubility <span class="hlt">Profiles</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Han, Yi Rang; Lee, Ping I</p> <p>2017-01-03</p> <p>Solubility limited compounds require enabling formulations such as amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) to increase the apparent solubility by dissolving to a <span class="hlt">concentration</span> higher than the equilibrium solubility of the drug. This may lead to subsequent precipitation and thus the loss of the solubility advantage. Although higher supersaturation is known to result in faster precipitation, the overall effect of this faster precipitation on the bioavailability is not well understood. The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of the impact of extent of supersaturation (i.e., dose) on the resulting kinetic solubility <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of supersaturating dosage forms. Experimental <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-time curves of two model compounds with different recrystallization tendencies, indomethacin (IND) and naproxen (NAP), were explored under varying sink indices (SIs) by infusing varying volumes of dissolved drug (e.g., in ethanol) into the dissolution medium. The experimental results were simulated with a mechanistic model considering classical nucleation theory and interface controlled growth on the nucleus surface. In the absence of dissolved polymer to inhibit precipitation, experimental and predicted results show that there exists a critical supersaturation below which no precipitation is <span class="hlt">observed</span>, and due to this supersaturation maintenance, there exists an optimal dose which maximizes the area under the curve (AUC) of the kinetic solubility <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-time <span class="hlt">profile</span>. In the presence of dissolved polymer from ASD dissolution, similar trends were <span class="hlt">observed</span> except the critical supersaturation was increased due to crystallization inhibition by the dissolved polymer. The importance of measuring the experimental "kinetic solubility" is emphasized. However, we show that the true solubility advantage of amorphous solids depends not on the "kinetic solubility" of amorphous dosage forms, typically arising from the balance between the rate of supersaturation generation and the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFM.A23C0957Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFM.A23C0957Z"><span>Derivation of Cloud Heating Rate <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> using <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Mixed-Phase Arctic Clouds: Impacts of Solar Zenith Angle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, G.; McFarquhar, G.; Poellot, M.; Verlinde, J.; Heymsfield, A.; Kok, G.</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>Arctic stratus clouds play an important role in the energy balance of the Arctic region. Previous studies have suggested that Arctic stratus persist due to a balance among cloud top radiation cooling, latent heating, ice crystal fall out and large scale forcing. In this study, radiative heating <span class="hlt">profiles</span> through Arctic stratus are computed using cloud, surface and thermodynamic <span class="hlt">observations</span> obtained during the Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE) as input to the radiative transfer model STREAMER. In particular, microphysical and macrophycial cloud properties such as phase, water content, effective particle size, particle shape, cloud height and cloud thickness were derived using data collected by in-situ sensors on the University of North Dakota (UND) Citation and ground-based remote sensors at Barrow and Oliktok Point. Temperature <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were derived from radiosonde launches and a fresh snow surface was assumed. One series of sensitivity studies explored the dependence of the heating <span class="hlt">profile</span> on the solar zenith angle. For smaller solar zenith angles, more incoming solar radiation is received at cloud top acting to counterbalance infrared cooling. As solar zenith angle in the Arctic is large compared to low latitudes, a large solar zenith angle may contribute to the longevity of these clouds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Icar..252..327K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Icar..252..327K"><span>Vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of H2O, H2SO4, and sulfuric acid <span class="hlt">concentration</span> at 45-75 km on Venus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A.</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>A method developed by Krasnopolsky and Pollack (Krasnopolsky, V.A., Pollack, J.B. [1994]. Icarus 109, 58-78) to model vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of H2O and H2SO4 vapors and sulfuric acid <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the Venus cloud layer has been updated with improved thermodynamic parameters for H2O and H2SO4 and reduced photochemical production of sulfuric acid. The model is applied to the global-mean conditions and those at the low latitudes and at 60°. Variations in eddy diffusion near the lower cloud boundary are used to simulate variability in the cloud properties and abundances of H2O and H2SO4. The best version of the model for the global-mean condition results in a lower cloud boundary (LCB) at 47.5 km, H2SO4 peak abundance of 7.5 ppm at the LCB, and H2O mixing ratios of 7 ppm at 62 km and 3.5 ppm above 67 km. The model for low latitudes gives LCB at 48.5 km, the H2SO4 peak of 5 ppm, H2O of 8.5 ppm at 62 km and 3 ppm above 67 km. The model for 60° shows LCB at 46 km, the H2SO4 peak of 8.5 ppm, H2O of 9 ppm at 62 km and 4.5 ppm above 67 km. The calculated variability is induced by the proper changes in the production of sulfuric acid (by factors of 1.2 and 0.7 for the low latitudes and 60°, respectively) and reduction of eddy diffusion near 45 km relative to the value at 54 km by factors of 1.1, 3, and 4.5 for the low and middle (global-mean) latitudes and 60°, respectively. <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> of sulfuric acid at the low and middle latitudes varies from ∼98% near 50 km to ∼80% at 60 km and then is almost constant at 79% at 70 km. <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> at 60° is 98% at 50 km, 73% at 63 km, and 81% at 70 km. There is a reasonable agreement between the model results and <span class="hlt">observations</span> except for the sulfuric acid <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the lower clouds. Variations of eddy diffusion in the lower cloud layer simulate variations in atmospheric dynamics and may induce strong variations in water vapor near the cloud tops. Variations in temperature may affect abundances of the H2O and H2SO4 vapors</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://edg.epa.gov/metadata/catalog/search/resource/details.page?uuid=%7B925F880B-45BE-4CA7-9C62-37A17225C9A1%7D','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://edg.epa.gov/metadata/catalog/search/resource/details.page?uuid=%7B925F880B-45BE-4CA7-9C62-37A17225C9A1%7D"><span>GADEP Continuous PM2.5 mass <span class="hlt">concentration</span> data, VIIRS Day Night Band SDR (SVDNB), MODIS Terra Level 2 water vapor <span class="hlt">profiles</span> (infrared algorithm for atmospheric <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for both day and night, NWS surface meteorological data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Data descriptions are provided at the following urls:GADEP Continuous PM2.5 mass <span class="hlt">concentration</span> data - https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/documents/data_mart_welcome.htmlhttps://www3.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/files/ambient/pm25/qa/QA-Handbook-Vol-II.pdfVIIRS Day Night Band SDR (SVDNB) http://www.class.ngdc.noaa.gov/saa/products/search?datatype_family=VIIRS_SDRMODIS Terra Level 2 water vapor <span class="hlt">profiles</span> (infrared algorithm for atmospheric <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for both day and night -MOD0&_L2; http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/MOD07_L2/index.html NWS surface meteorological data - https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/isdThis dataset is associated with the following publication:Wang, J., C. Aegerter, and J. Szykman. Potential Application of VIIRS Day/Night Band for Monitoring Nighttime Surface PM2.5 Air Quality From Space. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 124(0): 55-63, (2016).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AtmEn..57....1Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AtmEn..57....1Z"><span>Cluster analysis of particulate matter (PM10) and black carbon (BC) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Žibert, Janez; Pražnikar, Jure</p> <p>2012-09-01</p> <p>The monitoring of air-pollution constituents like particulate matter (PM10) and black carbon (BC) can provide information about air quality and the dynamics of emissions. Air quality depends on natural and anthropogenic sources of emissions as well as the weather conditions. For a one-year period the diurnal <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of PM10 and BC in the Port of Koper were analysed by clustering days into similar groups according to the similarity of the BC and PM10 hourly derived day-<span class="hlt">profiles</span> without any prior assumptions about working and non-working days, weather conditions or hot and cold seasons. The analysis was performed by using k-means clustering with the squared Euclidean distance as the similarity measure. The analysis showed that 10 clusters in the BC case produced 3 clusters with just one member day and 7 clusters that encompasses more than one day with similar BC <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Similar results were found in the PM10 case, where one cluster has a single-member day, while 7 clusters contain several member days. The clustering analysis revealed that the clusters with less pronounced bimodal patterns and low hourly and average daily <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> for both types of measurements include the most days in the one-year analysis. A typical day <span class="hlt">profile</span> of the BC measurements includes a bimodal pattern with morning and evening peaks, while the PM10 measurements reveal a less pronounced bimodality. There are also clusters with single-peak day-<span class="hlt">profiles</span>. The BC data in such cases exhibit morning peaks, while the PM10 data consist of noon or afternoon single peaks. Single pronounced peaks can be explained by appropriate cluster wind speed <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. The analysis also revealed some special day-<span class="hlt">profiles</span>. The BC cluster with a high midnight peak at 30/04/2010 and the PM10 cluster with the highest <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of PM10 at 01/05/2010 (208.0 μg m-3) coincide with 1 May, which is a national holiday in Slovenia and has very strong tradition of bonfire parties. The clustering of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28649041','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28649041"><span>Determination of the vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> of particle number <span class="hlt">concentration</span> adjacent to a motorway using an unmanned aerial vehicle.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Villa, T F; Jayaratne, E R; Gonzalez, L F; Morawska, L</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>A quantitative assessment of the vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> of traffic pollution, specifically particle number <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (PNC), in an open space adjacent to a motorway was possible for the first time, to the knowledge of the authors, using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) system. Until now, traffic pollution has only been measured at ground level while the vertical distribution, is limited to studies conducted from buildings or fixed towers and balloons. This new UAV system demonstrated that the PNC sampled during the period form 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., outside the rush hours with a constant traffic flow, increased from a <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of 2 × 10 4 p/cm 3 near the ground up to 10 m, and then sharply decreased attaining a steady value of 4 × 10 3 p/cm 3 beyond a height of about 40 m. While more comprehensive investigations would be warranted under different conditions, such as topography and vehicle and fuel type, this finding is of great significance, given that it demonstrates the impact of traffic emissions on human exposure, but less so to pollution within the upper part of the boundary layer. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24639444','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24639444"><span>Cohort <span class="hlt">Profile</span>: HAART <span class="hlt">Observational</span> Medical Evaluation and Research (HOMER) cohort.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Patterson, Sophie; Cescon, Angela; Samji, Hasina; Cui, Zishan; Yip, Benita; Lepik, Katherine J; Moore, David; Lima, Viviane D; Nosyk, Bohdan; Harrigan, P Richard; Montaner, Julio S G; Shannon, Kate; Wood, Evan; Hogg, Robert S</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>Since 1986, antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been available free of charge to individuals living with HIV in British Columbia (BC), Canada, through the BC Centre of Excellence in HIV/AIDS (BC-CfE) Drug Treatment Program (DTP). The Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) <span class="hlt">Observational</span> Medical Evaluation and Research (HOMER) cohort was established in 1996 to maintain a prospective record of clinical measurements and medication <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of a subset of DTP participants initiating HAART in BC. This unique cohort provides a comprehensive data source to investigate mortality, prognostic factors and treatment response among people living with HIV in BC from the inception of HAART. Currently over 5000 individuals are enrolled in the HOMER cohort. Data captured include socio-demographic characteristics (e.g. sex, age, ethnicity, health authority), clinical variables (e.g. CD4 cell count, plasma HIV viral load, AIDS-defining illness, hepatitis C co-infection, mortality) and treatment variables (e.g. HAART regimens, date of treatment initiation, treatment interruptions, adherence data, resistance testing). Research findings from the HOMER cohort have featured in numerous high-impact peer-reviewed journals. The HOMER cohort collaborates with other HIV cohorts on both national and international scales to answer complex HIV-specific research questions, and welcomes input from external investigators regarding potential research proposals or future collaborations. For further information please contact the principal investigator, Dr Robert Hogg (robert_hogg@sfu.ca). © The Author 2014; all rights reserved. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26897583','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26897583"><span><span class="hlt">Concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, source apportionment and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dumpsite soils from Agbogbloshie e-waste dismantling site, Accra, Ghana.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Daso, Adegbenro P; Akortia, Eric; Okonkwo, Jonathan O</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of eighteen (18) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including the 16 USEPA's priority PAHs as well as two alkyl-substituted naphthalenes were determined in dumpsite soils collected from different sampling sites within the Agbogbloshie e-waste dismantling site in Accra, Ghana. Following their isolation with ultrasonic-assisted extraction technique, the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of the PAHs were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Loss-on-ignition (LOI) method was employed for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) of the soil samples. The mean Σ18PAHs obtained were 3006, 5627, 3046, 5555, and 7199 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) for sampling sites A (mosque), B (dismantling site), C (residential house/police station), D (personal computer repairers' shop) and E (e-waste open burning area), respectively. In all cases, the prevalence of phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene was generally <span class="hlt">observed</span> across the sampling sites. In this study, PAHs with two to three rings and four to six rings exhibited strong positive correlations, whereas BbF and BkF showed weak positive and negative correlations with other PAHs investigated. With the exception of BbF and BkF, all the PAHs had moderate to strong positive correlations with the TOC. Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is a useful indicator of the carcinogenic potency of environmental matrices and these ranged between 111 and 454 ng g(-1), which are generally below the 'safe' level of 600 ng g(-1) established for the protection of the environment and human health. Interestingly, the seven carcinogenic PAHs were the major contributors to the BaPeq <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> accounting between 97.7 and 98.3 %. Despite the minimal risk to cancer via exposure to the investigated dumpsite soil as indicated in the present study, the prolonged exposure to these pollutants via various exposure pathways may result in increased risk to cancer over time. The application of several</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2898863','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2898863"><span>Global Estimates of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> from Satellite-Based Aerosol Optical Depth: Development and Application</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>van Donkelaar, Aaron; Martin, Randall V.; Brauer, Michael; Kahn, Ralph; Levy, Robert; Verduzco, Carolyn; Villeneuve, Paul J.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Background Epidemiologic and health impact studies of fine particulate matter with diameter < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) are limited by the lack of monitoring data, especially in developing countries. Satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> offer valuable global information about PM2.5 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Objective In this study, we developed a technique for estimating surface PM2.5 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> from satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Methods We mapped global ground-level PM2.5 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> using total column aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and MISR (Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite instruments and coincident aerosol vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model. Results We determined that global estimates of long-term average (1 January 2001 to 31 December 2006) PM2.5 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> at approximately 10 km × 10 km resolution indicate a global population-weighted geometric mean PM2.5 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of 20 μg/m3. The World Health Organization Air Quality PM2.5 Interim Target-1 (35 μg/m3 annual average) is exceeded over central and eastern Asia for 38% and for 50% of the population, respectively. Annual mean PM2.5 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> exceed 80 μg/m3 over eastern China. Our evaluation of the satellite-derived estimate with ground-based in situ measurements indicates significant spatial agreement with North American measurements (r = 0.77; slope = 1.07; n = 1057) and with noncoincident measurements elsewhere (r = 0.83; slope = 0.86; n = 244). The 1 SD of uncertainty in the satellite-derived PM2.5 is 25%, which is inferred from the AOD retrieval and from aerosol vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> errors and sampling. The global population-weighted mean uncertainty is 6.7 μg/m3. Conclusions Satellite-derived total-column AOD, when combined with a chemical transport model, provides estimates of global long-term average PM2.5 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. PMID:20519161</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24684726','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24684726"><span>Transcriptomic and lipidomic <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of glycerolipids during Arabidopsis flower development.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nakamura, Yuki; Teo, Norman Z W; Shui, Guanghou; Chua, Christine H L; Cheong, Wei-Fun; Parameswaran, Sriram; Koizumi, Ryota; Ohta, Hiroyuki; Wenk, Markus R; Ito, Toshiro</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>Flower glycerolipids are the yet-to-be discovered frontier of the lipidome. Although ample evidence suggests important roles for glycerolipids in flower development, stage-specific lipid <span class="hlt">profiling</span> in tiny Arabidopsis flowers is challenging. Here, we utilized a transgenic system to synchronize flower development in Arabidopsis. The transgenic plant PAP1::AP1-GR ap1-1 cal-5 showed synchronized flower development upon dexamethasone treatment, which enabled massive harvesting of floral samples of homogenous developmental stages for glycerolipid <span class="hlt">profiling</span>. Glycerolipid <span class="hlt">profiling</span> revealed a decrease in <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of phospholipids involved in signaling during the early development stages, such as phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol, and a marked increase in <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of nonphosphorous galactolipids during the late stage. Moreover, in the midstage, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate <span class="hlt">concentration</span> was increased transiently, which suggests the stimulation of the phosphoinositide metabolism. Accompanying transcriptomic <span class="hlt">profiling</span> of relevant glycerolipid metabolic genes revealed simultaneous induction of multiple phosphoinositide biosynthetic genes associated with the increased phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, with a high degree of differential expression patterns for genes encoding other glycerolipid-metabolic genes. The phosphatidic acid phosphatase mutant pah1 pah2 showed flower developmental defect, suggesting a role for phosphatidic acid in flower development. Our concurrent <span class="hlt">profiling</span> of glycerolipids and relevant metabolic gene expression revealed distinct metabolic pathways stimulated at different stages of flower development in Arabidopsis. © 2014 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2014 New Phytologist Trust.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28926709','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28926709"><span>Simulating Osmotic Equilibria: A New Tool for Calculating Activity Coefficients in <span class="hlt">Concentrated</span> Aqueous Salt Solutions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bley, Michael; Duvail, Magali; Guilbaud, Philippe; Dufrêche, Jean-François</p> <p>2017-10-19</p> <p>Herein, a new theoretical method is presented for predicting osmotic equilibria and activities, where a bulk liquid and its corresponding vapor phase are simulated by means of molecular dynamics using explicit polarization. Calculated time-averaged number density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> provide the amount of evaporated molecules present in the vapor phase and consequently the vapor-phase density. The activity of the solvent and the corresponding osmotic coefficient are determined by the vapor density at different solute <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> with respect to the reference vapor density of the pure solvent. With the extended Debye-Hückel equation for the activity coefficient along with the corresponding Gibbs-Duhem relation, the activity coefficients of the solutes are calculated by fitting the osmotic coefficients. A simple model based on the combination of Poisson processes and Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distributions is introduced to interpret statistical phenomena <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the simulations, which are related to evaporation and recondensation. This method is applied to aqueous dysprosium nitrate [Dy(NO 3 ) 3 ] solutions at different <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. The obtained densities of the liquid bulk and the osmotic and activity coefficients are in good agreement with the experimental results for <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> and saturated solutions. Density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the liquid-vapor interface at different <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> provide detailed insight into the spatial distributions of all compounds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17480167','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17480167"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> from a 4-year contamination study of a sample depth <span class="hlt">profile</span> through Martian meteorite Nakhla.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Toporski, Jan; Steele, Andrew</p> <p>2007-04-01</p> <p>Morphological, compositional, and biological evidence indicates the presence of numerous well-developed microbial hyphae structures distributed within four different sample splits of the Nakhla meteorite obtained from the British Museum (allocation BM1913,25). By examining depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the sample splits over time, morphological changes displayed by the structures were documented, as well as changes in their distribution on the samples, <span class="hlt">observations</span> that indicate growth, decay, and reproduction of individual microorganisms. Biological staining with DNA-specific molecular dyes followed by epifluorescence microscopy showed that the hyphae structures contain DNA. Our <span class="hlt">observations</span> demonstrate the potential of microbial interaction with extraterrestrial materials, emphasize the need for rapid investigation of Mars return samples as well as any other returned or impactor-delivered extraterrestrial materials, and suggest the identification of appropriate storage conditions that should be followed immediately after samples retrieved from the field are received by a handling/curation facility. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> are further relevant in planetary protection considerations as they demonstrate that microorganisms may endure and reproduce in extraterrestrial materials over long (at least 4 years) time spans. The combination of microscopy images coupled with compositional and molecular staining techniques is proposed as a valid method for detection of life forms in martian materials as a first-order assessment. Time-resolved in situ <span class="hlt">observations</span> further allow <span class="hlt">observation</span> of possible (bio)dynamics within the system.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26434272','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26434272"><span>Possible causes of variation in acrylamide <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in French fries prepared in food service establishments: an <span class="hlt">observational</span> study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sanny, M; Jinap, S; Bakker, E J; van Boekel, M A J S; Luning, P A</p> <p>2012-05-01</p> <p>Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen, and its presence in a range of fried and oven-cooked foods has raised considerable health concern world-wide. Dietary intake studies <span class="hlt">observed</span> significant variations in acrylamide <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, which complicate risk assessment and the establishment of effective control measures. The objective of this study was to obtain an insight into the actual variation in acrylamide <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in French fries prepared under typical conditions in a food service establishment (FSE). Besides acrylamide, frying time, frying temperature, and reducing sugars were measured and the actual practices at receiving, thawing and frying during French fries preparation were <span class="hlt">observed</span> and recorded. The variation in the actual frying temperature contributed most to the variation in acrylamide <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, followed by the variation in actual frying time; no obvious effect of reducing sugars was found. The lack of standardised control of frying temperature and frying time (due to inadequate frying equipment) and the variable practices of food handlers seem to contribute most to the large variation and high acrylamide <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in French fries prepared in a restaurant type of FSE as compared to chain fast-food services, and institutional caterers. The obtained insights in this study can be used to develop dedicated control measures in FSE, which may contribute to a sustainable reduction in the acrylamide intake. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29143816','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29143816"><span>Quantitative microbiome <span class="hlt">profiling</span> links gut community variation to microbial load.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vandeputte, Doris; Kathagen, Gunter; D'hoe, Kevin; Vieira-Silva, Sara; Valles-Colomer, Mireia; Sabino, João; Wang, Jun; Tito, Raul Y; De Commer, Lindsey; Darzi, Youssef; Vermeire, Séverine; Falony, Gwen; Raes, Jeroen</p> <p>2017-11-23</p> <p>Current sequencing-based analyses of faecal microbiota quantify microbial taxa and metabolic pathways as fractions of the sample sequence library generated by each analysis. Although these relative approaches permit detection of disease-associated microbiome variation, they are limited in their ability to reveal the interplay between microbiota and host health. Comparative analyses of relative microbiome data cannot provide information about the extent or directionality of changes in taxa abundance or metabolic potential. If microbial load varies substantially between samples, relative <span class="hlt">profiling</span> will hamper attempts to link microbiome features to quantitative data such as physiological parameters or metabolite <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Saliently, relative approaches ignore the possibility that altered overall microbiota abundance itself could be a key identifier of a disease-associated ecosystem configuration. To enable genuine characterization of host-microbiota interactions, microbiome research must exchange ratios for counts. Here we build a workflow for the quantitative microbiome <span class="hlt">profiling</span> of faecal material, through parallelization of amplicon sequencing and flow cytometric enumeration of microbial cells. We <span class="hlt">observe</span> up to tenfold differences in the microbial loads of healthy individuals and relate this variation to enterotype differentiation. We show how microbial abundances underpin both microbiota variation between individuals and covariation with host phenotype. Quantitative <span class="hlt">profiling</span> bypasses compositionality effects in the reconstruction of gut microbiota interaction networks and reveals that the taxonomic trade-off between Bacteroides and Prevotella is an artefact of relative microbiome analyses. Finally, we identify microbial load as a key driver of <span class="hlt">observed</span> microbiota alterations in a cohort of patients with Crohn's disease, here associated with a low-cell-count Bacteroides enterotype (as defined through relative <span class="hlt">profiling</span>).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AAS...207.0903A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AAS...207.0903A"><span>FFT Deconvultion of Be Star Hα Line <span class="hlt">Profiles</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Austin, S. J.</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>We have been monitoring the spectroscopic variability of Be stars using the UCA Fiber Fed Spectrograph. The spectra are 0.8 Angstrom/pixel resolution of the Hα line. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> line <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are a convolution of the actual <span class="hlt">profile</span> and the instrumental <span class="hlt">profile</span>. A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method has been used to deconvolve the <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, given the instrument <span class="hlt">profile</span> obtained by <span class="hlt">observing</span> the narrow lines from the HgNe wavelength calibration lamp. The long-term monitoring of the spectroscopic variability of Be stars is crucial for testing the various Be star models. Deconvolved H-α line <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, velocities, and variability are shown for gamma Cas, delta Sco, chi Oph, eta PsA, 48 Lib, and upsilon Sgr (HD181615). Funding has been provided by the UCA University Research Council and the Arkansas Space Grant Consortium.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23238517','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23238517"><span>Effect of oxidizing adulterants on human urinary steroid <span class="hlt">profiles</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kuzhiumparambil, Unnikrishnan; Fu, Shanlin</p> <p>2013-02-01</p> <p>Steroid <span class="hlt">profiling</span> is the most versatile and informative technique adapted by doping control laboratories for detection of steroid abuse. The absolute <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and ratios of endogenous steroids including testosterone, epitestosterone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol and 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol constitute the significant characteristics of a steroid <span class="hlt">profile</span>. In the present study we report the influence of various oxidizing adulterants on the steroid <span class="hlt">profile</span> of human urine. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was carried out to develop the steroid <span class="hlt">profile</span> of human male and female urine. Oxidants potassium nitrite, sodium hypochlorite, potassium permanganate, cerium ammonium nitrate, sodium metaperiodate, pyridinium chlorochromate, potassium dichromate and potassium perchlorate were reacted with urine at various <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and conditions and the effect of these oxidants on the steroid <span class="hlt">profile</span> were analyzed. Most of the oxidizing chemicals led to significant changes in endogenous steroid <span class="hlt">profile</span> parameters which were considered stable under normal conditions. These oxidizing chemicals can cause serious problems regarding the interpretation of steroid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and have the potential to act as masking agents that can complicate or prevent the detection of the steroid abuse. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E1435N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E1435N"><span>Monitoring the distribution of tropospheric ozone <span class="hlt">concentration</span> over Pakistan by using OMI/MLS satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Noreen, Asma; Fahim Khokhar, Muhammad; Murtaza, Rabbia; Zeb, Naila</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>Pakistan is a semi-arid, agricultural country located in Indian Sub-continent, Asia. Due to exponential population growth, poor control and regulatory measures and practices in industries, it is facing a major problem of air pollution. The <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of greenhouse gases and aerosols are showing an increasing trend in general. One of these greenhouse gases is tropospheric ozone, one of the criteria pollutant, which has a radiative forcing (RF) of about 0.4 ± 0.2 Wm-2, contributing about 14% of the present total RF. Spatial distribution and temporal evolution of tropospheric ozone <span class="hlt">concentration</span> over Pakistan during 2004 to 2014 was studied by using combined OMI/MLS product, which was derived by tropospheric ozone residual (TOR) method. Results showed an overall increase of 3.2 ± 2.2 DU in tropospheric ozone <span class="hlt">concentration</span> over Pakistan since October 2004. The mean spatial distribution showed high <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of ozone in the Punjab and southern Sindh where there is high population densities along with rapid urbanization and enhanced anthropogenic activities. The seasonal variations were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the provinces of the country and TO3 VCDs were found to be high during summer while minimum during winter. The statistical analysis by using seasonal Mann Kendal test also showed strong positive trends over the four provinces as well as in major cities of Pakistan. These variations were driven by various factors such as seasonality in UV-B fluxes, seasonality in ozone precursor gases such as NOx and VOCs and agricultural fire activities in Pakistan. A strong correlation of 97% was found between fire events and tropospheric ozone <span class="hlt">concentration</span> over the country. The results also depicted the influence of UV-B radiations on the tropospheric ozone <span class="hlt">concentration</span> over different regions of Pakistan especially in Baluchistan and Sindh provinces.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AdAtS..33..135S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AdAtS..33..135S"><span>The impact of cut-off lows on ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over Changchun from ozonesonde <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Song, Yushan; Lü, Daren; Li, Qian; Bian, Jianchun; Wu, Xue; Li, Dan</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>In situ measurements of the vertical structure of ozone were made in Changchun (43.53°N, 125.13°E), China, by the Institute of Atmosphere Physics, in the summers of 2010-13. Analysis of the 89 validated ozone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> shows the variation of ozone <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) caused by cut-off lows (COLs) over Changchun. During the COL events, an increase of the ozone <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and a lower height of the tropopause are <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Backward simulations with a trajectory model show that the ozone-rich airmass brought by the COL is from Siberia. A case study proves that stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) occurs in the COL. The ozone-rich air mass transported from the stratosphere to the troposphere first becomes unstable, then loses its high ozone <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. This process usually happens during the decay stage of COLs. In order to understand the influence of COLs on the ozone in the UTLS, statistical analysis of the ozone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> within COLs, and other <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, are employed. The results indicate that the ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of the in-COL <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are significantly higher than those of the other <span class="hlt">profiles</span> between ±4 km around the tropopause. The COLs induce an increase in UTLS column ozone by 32% on average. Meanwhile, the COLs depress the lapse-rate tropopause (LRT)/dynamical tropopause height by 1.4/1.7 km and cause the atmosphere above the tropopause to be less stable. The influence of COLs is durable because the increased ozone <span class="hlt">concentration</span> lasts at least one day after the COL has passed over Changchun. Furthermore, the relative coefficient between LRT height and lower stratosphere (LS) column ozone is -0.62, which implies a positive correlation between COL strength and LS ozone <span class="hlt">concentration</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21696800','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21696800"><span>Advancing assessment and design of stormwater monitoring programs using a self-organizing map: characterization of trace metal <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in stormwater runoff.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ki, Seo Jin; Kang, Joo-Hyon; Lee, Seung Won; Lee, Yun Seok; Cho, Kyung Hwa; An, Kwang-Guk; Kim, Joon Ha</p> <p>2011-08-01</p> <p>Stormwater runoff poses a great challenge to the scientific assessment of the effects of diffuse pollution sources on receiving waters. In this study, a self-organizing map (SOM), a research tool for analyzing specific patterns in a large array of data, was applied to the monitoring data obtained from a stormwater monitoring survey to acquire new insights into stream water quality <span class="hlt">profiles</span> under different rainfall conditions. The components of the input data vectors used by the SOM included <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of 10 metal elements, river discharge, and rainfall amount which were collected at the inlet and endpoint of an urban segment of the Yeongsan River, Korea. From the study, it was found that the SOM displayed significant variability in trace metal <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> for different monitoring sites and rainfall events, with a greater impact of stormwater runoff on stream water quality at the upstream site than at the downstream site, except under low rainfall conditions (≤ 4 mm). In addition, the SOM clearly determined the water quality characteristics for "non-storm" and "storm" data, where the parameters nickel and arsenic and the parameters chromium, cadmium, and lead played an important role in reflecting the spatial and temporal water quality, respectively. When the SOM was used to examine the efficacy of stormwater quality monitoring programs, between 34 and 64% of the sample size in the current data set was shown to be sufficient for estimating the stormwater pollutant loads. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> errors were small, generally being below 10, 6, and 20% for load estimation, map resolution, and clustering accuracy, respectively. Thus, the method recommended may be used to minimize monitoring costs if both the efficiency and accuracy are further determined by examining a large existing data set. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24002539','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24002539"><span>The effect of tick infestation on the serum <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of the cardiac biomarker troponin I, acid-base balance and haematobiochemical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in camels (Camelus dromedarius).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tharwat, Mohamed; Al-Sobayil, Fahd</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in camels with tick infestation as a marker of potential myocardial injury and its prognostication. The effects of acid-base and electrolyte balance and haematobiochemical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were also investigated. Twenty-three camels (Camelus dromedarius) with tick infestation and suffering from anorexia, incoordination of movement, unsteady gait, recumbency, opisthotonus, anaemia and reduced production were examined. Ticks were visible, deeply embedded in the skin over the whole body, especially under the neck and around the udder or testis. Of the camels, 15 recovered after treatment and 8 did not. Blood samples were collected from the diseased camels on the day of admission to our clinic. Blood samples were also collected from 12 healthy camels and were used as controls. The mean serum <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of cTnI in the camels with tick infestation was 1.7 ± 1.6 ng/ml compared to 0.03 ± 0.02 ng/ml in the controls. The mean serum <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of cTnI in those camels that recovered was 0.36 ± 0.53 ng/ml compared to 3.0 ± 1.1 ng/ml in the camels that did not. Venous blood gas alterations included an increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide and decreases in partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation. Haematological parameters involved decreases of red blood cells, haemoglobin and haematocrit and increases in the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. Biochemical parameters included significant elevations in the serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and alkaline phosphates. Other biochemical alterations <span class="hlt">observed</span> were decreases in total protein and albumin and increases in globulin and glucose <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. In conclusion, the data of this study suggest the possibility of using cTnI as a biomarker for cardiac injury in camels with tick infestation and for the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28632435','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28632435"><span>Relative effects of plasma, fibrinogen <span class="hlt">concentrate</span>, and factor XIII on ROTEM coagulation <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in an in vitro model of massive transfusion in trauma.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schmidt, David E; Halmin, Märit; Wikman, Agneta; Östlund, Anders; Ågren, Anna</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Massive traumatic haemorrhage is aggravated through the development of trauma-induced coagulopathy, which is managed by plasma transfusion and/or fibrinogen <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> administration. It is yet unclear whether these treatments are equally potent in ensuring adequate haemostasis, and whether additional factor XIII (FXIII) administration provides further benefits. In this study, we compared ROTEM whole blood coagulation <span class="hlt">profiles</span> after experimental massive transfusion with different transfusion regimens in an in vitro model of dilution- and transfusion-related coagulopathy. Healthy donor blood was mixed 1 + 1 with six different transfusion regimens. Each regimen contained RBC, platelet <span class="hlt">concentrate</span>, and either fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or Ringer's acetate (RA). The regimens were further augmented through addition of a low- or medium-dose fibrinogen <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> and FXIII. Transfusion with FFP alone was insufficient to maintain tissue-factor activated clot strength, coincidental with a deficiency in fibrin-based clot strength. Fibrinogen <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> conserved, but did not improve coagulation kinetics and overall clot strength. Only combination therapy with FFP and low-dose fibrinogen <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> improved both coagulation kinetics and fibrin-based clot strength. Administration of FXIII did not result in an improvement of clot strength. In conclusion, combination therapy with both FFP and low-dose fibrinogen <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> improved clotting time and produced firm clots, representing a possible preferred first-line regimen to manage trauma-induced coagulopathy when RBC and platelets are also transfused. Further research is required to identify optimal first-line transfusion fluids for massive traumatic haemorrhage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24333519','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24333519"><span>Bio-active engineered 50 nm silica nanoparticles with bone anabolic activity: therapeutic index, effective <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, and cytotoxicity <span class="hlt">profile</span> in vitro.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ha, Shin-Woo; Sikorski, James A; Weitzmann, M Neale; Beck, George R</p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>Silica-based nanomaterials are generally considered to be excellent candidates for therapeutic applications particularly related to skeletal metabolism however the current data surrounding the safety of silica based nanomaterials is conflicting. This may be due to differences in size, shape, incorporation of composite materials, surface properties, as well as the presence of contaminants following synthesis. In this study we performed extensive in vitro safety <span class="hlt">profiling</span> of ∼ 50 nm spherical silica nanoparticles with OH-terminated or Polyethylene Glycol decorated surface, with and without a magnetic core, and synthesized by the Stöber method. Nineteen different cell lines representing all major organ types were used to investigate an in vitro lethal <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (LC) and results revealed little toxicity in any cell type analyzed. To calculate an in vitro therapeutic index we quantified the effective <span class="hlt">concentration</span> at 50% response (EC50) for nanoparticle-stimulated mineral deposition activity using primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The EC50 for BMSCs was not substantially altered by surface or magnetic core. The calculated Inhibitory <span class="hlt">concentration</span> 50% (IC50) for pre-osteoclasts was similar to the osteoblastic cells. These results demonstrate the pharmacological potential of certain silica-based nanomaterial formulations for use in treating bone diseases based on a favorable in vitro therapeutic index. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017xru..conf..335T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017xru..conf..335T"><span>Radial <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> of PKS 0745-191 Galaxy Cluster with XMM-Newton X-Ray <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tumer, A.; Ezer, C.; Ercan, E.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Since clusters of galaxies are the largest comprehensive samples of the universe, they provide essential information on from the most basic to the most complex physical mechanisms such as nucleosynthesis and supernovae events. Some of these information are provided by the X-ray emission data from Intra Cluster Medium (ICM) which contains hot dilute gas. Recent archieved <span class="hlt">observation</span> of the X-Ray spectrum of the cool core galaxy cluster PKS 0745-191 provided by XMM-Newton is subjected to data analysis using ESAS package. Followed by spectra analysis utilizing Xspec spectral fitting software, we present the radial <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of temperature and abundance from the core to 0.5R_500 of brightest distant cluster (z ˜ 0.102) PKS 0745-191. Using the deprojected spectra, the radial distribution of pressure and entropy in the aforementioned region are also presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IzPSE..54..214L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IzPSE..54..214L"><span>Determining the Positions of Seismically Active Faults in Platform Regions Based on the Integrated <span class="hlt">Profile</span> <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Levshenko, V. T.; Grigoryan, A. G.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>By the examples of the Roslavl'skii, Grafskii, and Platava-Varvarinskii faults, the possibility is demonstrated of mapping the geological objects by the measurement algorithm that includes successively measuring the spectra of microseisms at the points of the measurement network by movable instruments and statistical accumulation of the ratios of the power spectra of the amplitudes. Based on this technique, the positions of these seismically active faults are determined by the integrated <span class="hlt">profile</span> <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the parameters of microseismic and radon fields. The refined positions of the faults can be used in estimating the seismic impacts on the critical objects in the vicinity of these faults.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ACP....1611915S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ACP....1611915S"><span>Atmospheric mercury <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> at ground-based monitoring sites globally distributed in the framework of the GMOS network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sprovieri, Francesca; Pirrone, Nicola; Bencardino, Mariantonia; D'Amore, Francesco; Carbone, Francesco; Cinnirella, Sergio; Mannarino, Valentino; Landis, Matthew; Ebinghaus, Ralf; Weigelt, Andreas; Brunke, Ernst-Günther; Labuschagne, Casper; Martin, Lynwill; Munthe, John; Wängberg, Ingvar; Artaxo, Paulo; Morais, Fernando; Barbosa, Henrique de Melo Jorge; Brito, Joel; Cairns, Warren; Barbante, Carlo; Diéguez, María del Carmen; Garcia, Patricia Elizabeth; Dommergue, Aurélien; Angot, Helene; Magand, Olivier; Skov, Henrik; Horvat, Milena; Kotnik, Jože; Read, Katie Alana; Mendes Neves, Luis; Gawlik, Bernd Manfred; Sena, Fabrizio; Mashyanov, Nikolay; Obolkin, Vladimir; Wip, Dennis; Feng, Xin Bin; Zhang, Hui; Fu, Xuewu; Ramachandran, Ramesh; Cossa, Daniel; Knoery, Joël; Marusczak, Nicolas; Nerentorp, Michelle; Norstrom, Claus</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Long-term monitoring of data of ambient mercury (Hg) on a global scale to assess its emission, transport, atmospheric chemistry, and deposition processes is vital to understanding the impact of Hg pollution on the environment. The Global Mercury <span class="hlt">Observation</span> System (GMOS) project was funded by the European Commission (<a href="http://www.gmos.eu" target="_blank">http://www.gmos.eu</a>) and started in November 2010 with the overall goal to develop a coordinated global <span class="hlt">observing</span> system to monitor Hg on a global scale, including a large network of ground-based monitoring stations, ad hoc periodic oceanographic cruises and measurement flights in the lower and upper troposphere as well as in the lower stratosphere. To date, more than 40 ground-based monitoring sites constitute the global network covering many regions where little to no <span class="hlt">observational</span> data were available before GMOS. This work presents atmospheric Hg <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> recorded worldwide in the framework of the GMOS project (2010-2015), analyzing Hg measurement results in terms of temporal trends, seasonality and comparability within the network. Major findings highlighted in this paper include a clear gradient of Hg <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> between the Northern and Southern hemispheres, confirming that the gradient <span class="hlt">observed</span> is mostly driven by local and regional sources, which can be anthropogenic, natural or a combination of both.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.P53A2159M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.P53A2159M"><span>High <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> of Hydrogen-bearing Volatiles at the Base of Poleward-facing slopes in the Moon's Large Southern Permanently Shadowed Regions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McClanahan, T. P.; Mitrofanov, I. G.; Boynton, W. V.; Chin, G.; Livengood, T. A.; Litvak, M. L.; Sanin, A. B.; Starr, R. D.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>In this paper we review evidence that indicates that high <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of hydrogen-bearing volatiles are biased towards the base of poleward-facing slopes (PFS) in the Moon's large southern permanently shadowed regions (PSR). Results are derived from a correlated study of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter instrument maps of: epithermal neutron leakage flux <span class="hlt">observed</span> by the Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND), topography derived from the Lunar <span class="hlt">Observing</span> Laser Altimeter (LOLA) and surface thermal maps derived from the Diviner radiometer. Maximum <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of hydrogen-volatiles, likely as water ice, are <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the Cabeus crater's PSR, 0.62 wght% water-equivalent-hydrogen. Detailed studies show that the occurrence of hydrogen-volatiles at the base of the (PFS) are correlated with the locations of low PSR temperatures of Cabeus, Haworth, Shoemaker and Faustini. LEND <span class="hlt">observations</span> show no consistent correlation to smaller impact craters and the lowest temperatures within the PSR's. It is not presently known if the high volatile <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> are due to downslope migration or thermal stability in the PFS breaks in slope. 15-km Full-width at Half-Maximum (FWHM) is shown to be an upper-bounds condition for the LEND collimated sensor's spatial resolution, derived from a cross-sectional <span class="hlt">profile</span>, through the permanently shadowed region at Cabeus'. LEND's high-resolution spatial response is further illustrated in a 220-km long <span class="hlt">profile</span> cut through the co-aligned permanently shadowed regions and partially-illuminated ridges of Haworth, Shoemaker, Faustini and Amundsen craters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1073043','SCIGOV-DOEDE'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1073043"><span>ARM - Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E): Multi-Frequency <span class="hlt">Profilers</span>, 449 MHz <span class="hlt">Profiler</span>(williams-449_prof)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/dataexplorer">DOE Data Explorer</a></p> <p>Williams, Christopher; Jensen, Mike</p> <p>2012-11-06</p> <p>This data was collected by the NOAA 449-MHz and 2.8-GHz <span class="hlt">profilers</span> in support of the Department of Energy (DOE) and NASA sponsored Mid-latitude Continental Convective Cloud Experiment (MC3E). The <span class="hlt">profiling</span> radars were deployed in Northern Oklahoma at the DOE Atmospheric Radiation Mission (ARM) Southern Great Plans (SGP) Central Facility from 22 April through 6 June 2011. NOAA deployed three instruments: a Parsivel disdrometer, a 2.8-GHz <span class="hlt">profiler</span>, and a 449-MHz <span class="hlt">profiler</span>. The parasivel provided surface estimates of the raindrop size distribution and is the reference used to absolutely calibrate the 2.8 GHz <span class="hlt">profiler</span>. The 2.8-GHz <span class="hlt">profiler</span> provided unattenuated reflectivity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the precipitation. The 449-MHz <span class="hlt">profiler</span> provided estimates of the vertical air motion during precipitation from near the surface to just below the freezing level. By using the combination of 2.8-GHz and 449-MHz <span class="hlt">profiler</span> <span class="hlt">observations</span>, vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of raindrop size distributions can be retrieved. The <span class="hlt">profilers</span> are often reference by their frequency band: the 2.8-GHz <span class="hlt">profiler</span> operates in the S-band and the 449-MHz <span class="hlt">profiler</span> operates in the UHF band. The raw <span class="hlt">observations</span> are available as well as calibrated spectra and moments. This document describes how the instruments were deployed, how the data was collected, and the format of the archived data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A43E0334F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A43E0334F"><span>Improved Ozone <span class="hlt">Profile</span> Retrievals Using Multispectral Measurements from NASA 'A Train' Satellites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fu, D.; Worden, J.; Livesey, N. J.; Irion, F. W.; Schwartz, M. J.; Bowman, K. W.; Pawson, S.; Wargan, K.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Ozone, a radiatively and chemically important trace gas, plays various roles in different altitude ranges in the atmosphere. In the stratosphere, it absorbs the solar UV radiation from the Sun and protects us from sunburn and skin cancers. In the upper troposphere, ozone acts as greenhouse gas. Ozone in the middle troposphere reacts with many anthropogenic pollutants and cleans up the atmosphere. Near surface ozone is harmful to human health and plant life. Accurate monitoring of ozone vertical distributions is crucial for a better understanding of air quality and climate change. The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) are both in orbit on the Earth <span class="hlt">Observing</span> System Aura satellite and are providing ozone <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profile</span> measurements. MLS <span class="hlt">observes</span> limb signals from 118 GHz to 2.5 THz, and measures upper tropospheric and stratospheric ozone <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (among many other species) with a vertical resolution of about 3 km. OMI is a nadir-viewing pushbroom ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) imaging spectrograph that measures backscattered radiances covering the 270-500 nm wavelength range. AIRS is a grating spectrometer, on EOS Aqua satellite, that measures the thermal infrared (TIR) radiances emitted by Earth's surface and by gases and particles in the spectral range 650 - 2665 cm-1. We present an approach to combine simultaneously measured UV and TIR radiances together with the retrieved MLS ozone fields, to improve the ozone sounding. This approach has the potential to provide a decadal record of ozone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> with an improved spatial coverage and vertical resolution from space missions. For evaluating the quality of retrieved <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, we selected a set of AIRS and OMI measurements, whose ground pixels were collocated with ozonesonde launch sites. The results from combination of these measurements are presented and discussed. The improvements on vertical resolution of tropospheric ozone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from the MLS/AIRS/OMI joint</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70037776','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70037776"><span>Application of a new vertical <span class="hlt">profiling</span> tool (ESASS) for sampling groundwater quality during hollow-stem auger drilling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Harte, Philip T.; Flanagan, Sarah M.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>A new tool called ESASS (Enhanced Screen Auger Sampling System) was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The use of ESASS, because of its unique U.S. patent design (U.S. patent no. 7,631,705 B1), allows for the collection of representative, depth-specific groundwater samples (vertical <span class="hlt">profiling</span>) in a quick and efficient manner using a 0.305-m long screen auger during hollow-stem auger drilling. With ESASS, the water column in the flights above the screen auger is separated from the water in the screen auger by a specially designed removable plug and collar. The tool fits inside an auger of standard inner diameter (82.55 mm). The novel design of the system constituted by the plug, collar, and A-rod allows the plug to be retrieved using conventional drilling A-rods. After retrieval, standard-diameter (50.8 mm) <span class="hlt">observation</span> wells can be installed within the hollow-stem augers. Testing of ESASS was conducted at one waste-disposal site with tetrachloroethylene (PCE) contamination and at two reference sites with no known waste-disposal history. All three sites have similar geology and are underlain by glacial, stratified-drift deposits. For the applications tested, ESASS proved to be a useful tool in vertical <span class="hlt">profiling</span> of groundwater quality. At the waste site, PCE <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> measured with ESASS <span class="hlt">profiling</span> at several depths were comparable (relative percent difference <25%) to PCE <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> sampled from wells. Vertical <span class="hlt">profiling</span> with ESASS at the reference sites illustrated the vertical resolution achievable in the <span class="hlt">profile</span> system; shallow groundwater quality varied by a factor of five in <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of some constituents (nitrate and nitrite) over short (0.61 m) distances.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27563851','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27563851"><span><span class="hlt">Concentrating</span> membrane proteins using ultrafiltration without <span class="hlt">concentrating</span> detergents.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Feroz, Hasin; Vandervelden, Craig; Ikwuagwu, Bon; Ferlez, Bryan; Baker, Carol S; Lugar, Daniel J; Grzelakowski, Mariusz; Golbeck, John H; Zydney, Andrew L; Kumar, Manish</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Membrane proteins (MPs) are of rapidly growing interest in the design of pharmaceutical products, novel sensors, and synthetic membranes. Ultrafiltration (UF) using commercially available centrifugal <span class="hlt">concentrators</span> is typically employed for laboratory-scale <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of low-yield MPs, but its use is accompanied by a concomitant increase in <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of detergent micelles. We present a detailed analysis of the hydrodynamic processes that control detergent passage during ultrafiltration of MPs and propose methods to optimize detergent passage during protein <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in larger-scale membrane processes. Experiments were conducted using nonionic detergents, octyl-β-D glucoside (OG), and decyl-β-D maltoside (DM) with the bacterial water channel protein, Aquaporin Z (AqpZ) and the light driven chloride pump, halorhodopsin (HR), respectively. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> sieving coefficient (So ), a measure of detergent passage, was evaluated in both stirred cell and centrifugal systems. So for DM and OG increased with increasing filtrate flux and decreasing shear rates in the stirred cell, that is, with increasing <span class="hlt">concentration</span> polarization (CP). Similar effects were <span class="hlt">observed</span> during filtration of MP-detergent (MPD) micelles. However, lower transmission was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the centrifugal system for both detergent and MPD systems. This is attributed to free convection-induced shear and hence reduced CP along the membrane surface during centrifugal UF. Thus to <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> MPs without retention of detergent, design of UF systems that promote CP is required. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2122-2130. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820052936&hterms=oso&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Doso','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19820052936&hterms=oso&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Doso"><span>Equatorial ozone <span class="hlt">profile</span> comparisons using OSO-8 UVMCS and Nimbus 4 BUV data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Aikin, A. C.; Millier, F.; Emery, B.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>A comparison is made of equatorial ozone altitude <span class="hlt">profiles</span> derived from data taken during near-coincident passes of the French solar occultation experiment on OSO-8 and the BUV instrument on Nimbus 4. The period of <span class="hlt">observation</span> is August through October 1975. OSO-8 data are confined to sunset and the BUV measures ozone during the day for a range of solar zenith angles. Good agreement is found between ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> from OSO-8 and Nimbus 4 in the region of near overlap, 0.7 mb (52 km). Data indicate that the diurnal variation in ozone below 55 km is less than 20 percent in agreement with current models. The equatorial ozone <span class="hlt">profile</span> can be described frequently by a single scale height from 34 to 60 km.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19960021379&hterms=Karovska&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DKarovska','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19960021379&hterms=Karovska&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAuthor-Name%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DKarovska"><span>Determining coronal electron temperatures from <span class="hlt">observations</span> with UVCS/SOHO</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fineschi, S.; Esser, R.; Habbal, S. R.; Karovska, M.; Romoli, M.; Strachan, L.; Kohl, J. L.; Huber, M. C. E.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The electron temperature is a fundamental physical parameter of the coronal plasma. Currently, there are no direct measurements of this quantity in the extended corona. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> with the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) aboard the upcoming Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission can provide the most direct determination of the electron kinetic temperature (or, more precisely, the electron velocity distribution along the line of sight). This measurement is based on the <span class="hlt">observation</span> of the Thomson-scattered Lyman alpha (Ly-alpha) <span class="hlt">profile</span>. This <span class="hlt">observation</span> is made particularly challenging by the fact that the integrated intensity of the electron-scattered Ly-alpha line is about 10(exp 3) times fainter than that of the resonantly-scattered Ly-alpha component. In addition, the former is distributed across 50 A (FWHM), unlike the latter that is <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> in 1 A. These facts impose stringent requirements on the stray-light rejection properties of the coronagraph/spectrometer, and in particular on the requirements for the grating. We make use of laboratory measurements of the UVCS Ly-alpha grating stray-light, and of simulated electron-scattered Ly-alpha <span class="hlt">profiles</span> to estimate the expected confidence levels of electron temperature determination. Models of different structures typical of the corona (e.g., streamers, coronal holes) are used for this parameter study.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28403743','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28403743"><span>Nonclinical <span class="hlt">Profile</span> of BLZ-100, a Tumor-Targeting Fluorescent Imaging Agent.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Parrish-Novak, Julia; Byrnes-Blake, Kelly; Lalayeva, Narine; Burleson, Stefanie; Fidel, Janean; Gilmore, Rhonda; Gayheart-Walsten, Pamela; Bricker, Gregory A; Crumb, William J; Tarlo, K S; Hansen, Stacey; Wiss, Valorie; Malta, Errol; Dernell, William S; Olson, James M; Miller, Dennis M</p> <p></p> <p>BLZ-100 is a single intravenous use, fluorescent imaging agent that labels tumor tissue to enable more complete and precise surgical resection. It is composed of a chlorotoxin peptide covalently bound to the near-infrared fluorophore indocyanine green. BLZ-100 is in clinical development for intraoperative visualization of human tumors. The nonclinical safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) <span class="hlt">profile</span> of BLZ-100 was evaluated in mice, rats, canines, and nonhuman primates (NHP). Single bolus intravenous administration of BLZ-100 was well tolerated, and no adverse changes were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in cardiovascular safety pharmacology, PK, and toxicology studies in rats and NHP. The single-dose no-<span class="hlt">observed</span>-adverse-effect-levels (NOAELs) were 7 mg (28 mg/kg) in rats and 60 mg (20 mg/kg) in NHP, corresponding to peak <span class="hlt">concentration</span> values of 89 400 and 436 000 ng/mL and area-under-the-curve exposure values of 130 000 and 1 240 000 h·ng/mL, respectively. Based on a human imaging dose of 3 mg, dose safety margins are >100 for rat and monkey. BLZ-100 produced hypersensitivity reactions in canine imaging studies (lethargy, pruritus, swollen muzzle, etc). The severity of the reactions was not dose related. In a follow-up study in dogs, plasma histamine <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were increased 5 to 60 minutes after BLZ-100 injection; this coincided with signs of hypersensitivity, supporting the conclusion that the reactions were histamine based. Hypersensitivity reactions were not <span class="hlt">observed</span> in other species or in BLZ-100 human clinical studies conducted to date. The combined imaging, safety pharmacology, PK, and toxicology studies contributed to an extensive initial nonclinical <span class="hlt">profile</span> for BLZ-100, supporting first-in-human clinical trials.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17386675','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17386675"><span>Validation of the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> obtained from the near infrared/multivariate curve resolution monitoring of reactions of epoxy resins using high performance liquid chromatography as a reference method.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Garrido, M; Larrechi, M S; Rius, F X</p> <p>2007-03-07</p> <p>This paper reports the validation of the results obtained by combining near infrared spectroscopy and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) and using high performance liquid chromatography as a reference method, for the model reaction of phenylglycidylether (PGE) and aniline. The results are obtained as <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> over the reaction time. The trueness of the proposed method has been evaluated in terms of lack of bias. The joint test for the intercept and the slope showed that there were no significant differences between the <span class="hlt">profiles</span> calculated spectroscopically and the ones obtained experimentally by means of the chromatographic reference method at an overall level of confidence of 5%. The uncertainty of the results was estimated by using information derived from the process of assessment of trueness. Such operational aspects as the cost and availability of instrumentation and the length and cost of the analysis were evaluated. The method proposed is a good way of monitoring the reactions of epoxy resins, and it adequately shows how the species <span class="hlt">concentration</span> varies over time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29238971','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29238971"><span>Postauthorization safety study of Clottafact® , a triply secured fibrinogen <span class="hlt">concentrate</span> in acquired fibrinogen deficiency: a prospective <span class="hlt">observational</span> study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Négrier, C; Ducloy-Bouthors, A-S; Piriou, V; De Maistre, E; Stieltjes, N; Borel-Derlon, A; Colson, P; Picard, J; Lambert, T; Claeyssens, S; Boileau, S; Bertrand, A; André, M-H; Fourrier, F; Ozier, Y; Sié, P; Gruel, Y; Tellier, Z</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>A postauthorization safety study was performed between 2009 and 2012 to describe the use of Clottafact ® in acquired fibrinogen deficiency in real-life medical practice in France. One hundred and fifty patients were planned for 28 days of prospective follow-up after infusion. The analysis of this <span class="hlt">observational</span> study was descriptive and performed according to the type of treatment (curative or preventive) and the origin of the bleed. One hundred and fifty-six patients (16-87 years) were included in 13 centres and treated in five different medical bleeding situations: postpartum (59), other gynaecological/obstetrical (6), trauma (34), liver (13), cardiovascular (23) and other various bleeding situations (21). The mean follow-up time was 18·9 ± 12·3 days. Two patients presented adverse drug reactions: one a pulmonary embolism and the other a four-site venous thromboembolic episode. All were serious with a dubious causal relationship with the study treatment. Efficacy data were collected as a secondary objective. In 150 patients receiving curative treatment, 117 of 159 infusions (73·6%) were considered as successful by the investigators, 35 as moderate (22%) and seven as no response (4·4%). The Clottafact ® safety <span class="hlt">profile</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the study matched the known <span class="hlt">profile</span> of fibrinogen during use. © 2017 International Society of Blood Transfusion.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910061322&hterms=Phytoplankton&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DPhytoplankton','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910061322&hterms=Phytoplankton&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DPhytoplankton"><span>On the seasonal phytoplankton <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and sea surface temperature cycles of the Gulf of Mexico as determined by satellites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mueller-Karger, Frank E.; Walsh, John J.; Meyers, Mark B.; Evans, Robert H.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Multiyear series of coastal zone color scanner (CZCS) and AVHRR <span class="hlt">observations</span> are presently used to derive monthly climatologies of near-surface phytoplankton pigment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and SST for the Gulf of Mexico; these, in combination with 1946-1987 SST data and NOAA hydrographic <span class="hlt">profile</span> data covering 1914-1985, show that the most important single factor controlling seasonal cycle surface-pigment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is the depth of the mixed layer. The CZCS images indicate that seasonal variation seaward of the continental shelf is synchronous throughout the Gulf. The combination of ocean color and IR images allows year-round <span class="hlt">observation</span> of surface circulation spatial structure in the Gulf, as well as of the dispersal pattern of the Mississippi River's plume.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150000350','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150000350"><span>Long-Term Changes in Lower Tropospheric Baseline Ozone <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span>:. [Comparing Chemistry-Climate Models and <span class="hlt">Observations</span> at Northern Mid-Latitudes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Parrish, D. D.; Lamarque, J.-F.; Naik, V.; Horowitz, L.; Shindell, D. T.; Staehelin, J.; Derwent, R.; Cooper, O. R.; Tanimoto, H.; Volz-Thomas, A.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20150000350'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20150000350_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20150000350_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20150000350_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20150000350_hide"></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Two recent papers have quantified long-term ozone (O3) changes <span class="hlt">observed</span> at northernmidlatitude sites that are believed to represent baseline (here understood as representative of continental to hemispheric scales) conditions. Three chemistry-climate models (NCAR CAM-chem, GFDL-CM3, and GISS-E2-R) have calculated retrospective tropospheric O3 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> as part of the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 model intercomparisons. We present an approach for quantitative comparisons of model results with measurements for seasonally averaged O3 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. There is considerable qualitative agreement between the measurements and the models, but there are also substantial and consistent quantitative disagreements. Most notably, models (1) overestimate absolute O3 mixing ratios, on average by approximately 5 to 17 ppbv in the year 2000, (2) capture only approximately 50% of O3 changes <span class="hlt">observed</span> over the past five to six decades, and little of <span class="hlt">observed</span> seasonal differences, and (3) capture approximately 25 to 45% of the rate of change of the long-term changes. These disagreements are significant enough to indicate that only limited confidence can be placed on estimates of present-day radiative forcing of tropospheric O3 derived from modeled historic <span class="hlt">concentration</span> changes and on predicted future O3 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. Evidently our understanding of tropospheric O3, or the incorporation of chemistry and transport processes into current chemical climate models, is incomplete. Modeled O3 trends approximately parallel estimated trends in anthropogenic emissions of NO(sub x), an important O3 precursor, while measured O3 changes increase more rapidly than these emission estimates.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1004225.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1004225.pdf"><span>Using OES Occupation <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> in a Job Search</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cunningham, Chris</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Using occupation <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, jobseekers can see which industries employ the most workers in a particular field, which geographical areas have high <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of those jobs, and how wages differ by industry and geographical area. This article gives an overview of the data in the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) occupation <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. It…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21743533','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21743533"><span>Evaluation and optimization of the optical performance of low-<span class="hlt">concentrating</span> dielectric compound parabolic <span class="hlt">concentrator</span> using ray-tracing methods.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sarmah, Nabin; Richards, Bryce S; Mallick, Tapas K</p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>We present a detailed design concept and optical performance evaluation of stationary dielectric asymmetric compound parabolic <span class="hlt">concentrators</span> (DiACPCs) using ray-tracing methods. Three DiACPC designs, DiACPC-55, DiACPC-66, and DiACPC-77, of acceptance half-angles (0° and 55°), (0° and 66°), and (0° and 77°), respectively, are designed in order to optimize the <span class="hlt">concentrator</span> for building façade photovoltaic applications in northern latitudes (>55 °N). The dielectric <span class="hlt">concentrator</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> have been realized via truncation of the complete compound parabolic <span class="hlt">concentrator</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> to achieve a geometric <span class="hlt">concentration</span> ratio of 2.82. Ray-tracing simulation results show that all rays entering the designed <span class="hlt">concentrators</span> within the acceptance half-angle range can be collected without escaping from the parabolic sides and aperture. The maximum optical efficiency of the designed <span class="hlt">concentrators</span> is found to be 83%, which tends to decrease with the increase in incidence angle. The intensity is found to be distributed at the receiver (solar cell) area in an inhomogeneous pattern for a wide range of incident angles of direct solar irradiance with high-intensity peaks at certain points of the receiver. However, peaks become more intense for the irradiation incident close to the extreme acceptance angles, shifting the peaks to the edge of the receiver. Energy flux distribution at the receiver for diffuse radiation is found to be homogeneous within ±12% with an average intensity of 520 W/m².</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26105887','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26105887"><span>PP032. Apolipoprotein <span class="hlt">profiling</span> in umbilical cord blood of intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) neonates.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pecks, Ulrich; Wölter, Manja; Borchers, Christoph; Smith, Derek; Maass, Nicolai; Glocker, Michael; Rath, Werner</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Fetal umbilical cord HDL <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is lower in IUGR neonates as compared to gestational age matched controls (CTRL). The causes by now are unknown. A full apolipoprotein analysis of cord blood might help in understanding the changes in lipid metabolism seen in IUGR. To characterize cord blood apolipoprotein <span class="hlt">profile</span> of IUGR neonates. Serum of venous umbilical cord blood (15 IUGR vs. 15 CTRL) was analyzed by Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM). 15 different known apolipoproteins were <span class="hlt">profiled</span>. HDL and LDL were measured by colorimetric methods in fetal cord blood and their corresponding mothers. Fetal HDL (p<0.0001), ApoC1 (p<0.0001), and ApoE (p=0.0001) levels were lower in IUGR as compared to CTRL. Fetal HDL levels were positive correlated to ApoE, ApoC1, and ApoA2 (r=0.79, r=0.74, r=0.56). Fetal LDL levels were positive correlated to ApoB, ApoE, ApoA2, and ApoC3 (r=0.74, r=0.67, r=0.57, r=0.55). Maternal LDL <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> correlated positive to fetal ApoC1, ApoC2, and LCAT-<span class="hlt">concentration</span> (r=0.54, r=0.52, r=0.52). The results underlines the relevance of ApoE in fetal development. Moreover, we speculate that maternal lipid <span class="hlt">profile</span> has an impact on fetal lipid metabolisms as evidenced by the association of maternal LDL levels and fetal ApoC1, ApoC2, and LCAT <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. This <span class="hlt">observation</span> requires further confirmation and is worth to be analyzed since it provides a mechanistic link for therapeutic options. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1817002K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1817002K"><span>Estimation of surface-level PM <span class="hlt">concentration</span> based on aerosol type classification and near-surface AOD over Korea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Kwanchul; Noh, Youngmin; Lee, Kwon H.</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Surface-level PM distribution was estimated from the satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) products, taking the account of aerosol type classification and near-surface AOD over Jeju, Korea. For this purpose, data from various instruments such as satellites, sunphotometer, and Micro-pulse Lidar (MPL) was used during March 2008 and October 2009. Initial analyses of comparison with sunphotometer AOD and PM <span class="hlt">concentration</span> showed some relatively poor relationship over Jeju, Korea. Since the AERONET L2 data has significant number of <span class="hlt">observations</span> with high AOT values paired to low surface-level PM values, which were believed to be the effect of long-rage transport aerosols like as Asian dust and biomass burning. Stronger correlations (exceeding R = 0.8) were obtained by screening long-rage transport aerosols and calculating near-surface AOT considering aerosol <span class="hlt">profiles</span> data from MPL and HYSPLIT air mass trajectory. The relationship found between corrected satellite <span class="hlt">observed</span> AOD and surface-level PM <span class="hlt">concentration</span> over Jeju is very similar. An approach to reduce the discrepancy between satellite <span class="hlt">observed</span> AOD and PM <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is demonstrated by tuning thresholds used to detect aerosol type from sunphotometer inversion data. Finally, the satellite <span class="hlt">observed</span> AOD-surface PM <span class="hlt">concentration</span> correlation is significantly improved. Our study clearly demonstrates that satellite <span class="hlt">observed</span> AOD is a good surrogate for monitoring PM air quality over Korea.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RJPCA..91.2600S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RJPCA..91.2600S"><span>Modelling of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Perturbations by Externally Induced Cholesterol Pulses of Finite Duration and with Asymmetrically Distributed <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> <span class="hlt">Profile</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stanojević, A.; Marković, V. M.; Čupić, Ž.; Vukojević, V.; Kolar-Anić, L.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>A model was developed that can be used to study the effect of gradual cholesterol intake by food on the HPA axis dynamics. Namely, well defined oscillatory dynamics of vital neuroendocrine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has proven to be necessary for maintaining regular basal physiology and formulating appropriate stress response to various types of perturbations. Cholesterol, as a precursor of all steroid HPA axis hormones, can alter the dynamics of HPA axis. To analyse its particular influence on the HPA axis dynamics we used stoichiometric model of HPA axis activity, and simulate cholesterol perturbations in the form of finite duration pulses, with asymmetrically distributed <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profile</span>. Our numerical simulations showed that there is a complex, nonlinear dependence between the HPA axis responsiveness and different forms of applied cholesterol <span class="hlt">concentration</span> pulses, indicating the significance of kinetic modelling, and dynamical systems theory for the understanding of large-scale self-regulatory, and homeostatic processes within this neuroendocrine system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29171655','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29171655"><span>Oral sampling methods are associated with differences in immune marker <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fakhry, Carole; Qeadan, Fares; Gilman, Robert H; Yori, Pablo; Kosek, Margaret; Patterson, Nicole; Eisele, David W; Gourin, Christine G; Chitguppi, Chandala; Marks, Morgan; Gravitt, Patti</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>To determine whether the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and distribution of immune markers in paired oral samples were similar. Clinical research. Cross-sectional study. Paired saliva and oral secretions (OS) samples were collected. The <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of immune markers was estimated using Luminex multiplex assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). For each sample, the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of respective immune markers was normalized to total protein present and log-transformed. Median <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of immune markers were compared between both types of samples. Intermarker correlation in each sampling method and across sampling methods was evaluated. There were 90 study participants. <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> of immune markers in saliva samples were significantly different from <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in OS samples. Oral secretions samples showed higher <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of immunoregulatory markers, whereas the saliva samples contained proinflammatory markers in higher <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. The immune marker <span class="hlt">profile</span> in saliva samples is distinct from the immune marker <span class="hlt">profile</span> in paired OS samples. 2b. Laryngoscope, 128:E214-E221, 2018. © 2017 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A43E2508O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A43E2508O"><span>Analysis of Biomass Burning Impacts on the Air Quality of El Paso, Texas in July 2016 using Ground <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and NASA Earth <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Odwuor, A.; Kolandaivelu, K. P.; Colley, B. E.; White, E. L.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Texas (TX), U.S., is surrounded by areas prone to wildfire and agricultural burning (collectively referred to as biomass burning) and smoke plumes from these fires can be driven by meteorological conditions to travel across the state, depositing a variety of pollutants. These pollutants include aerosols, which exert several negative effects on the environment and human health and are especially harmful when deposited in highly-populated metropolitan areas. In El Paso, TX, elevated atmospheric <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of ozone and PM 2.5 occur when aerosol-carrying biomass burning smoke plumes reach the city. One such pollution episode was identified by El Paso UTEP (CAMS 12) ground monitor on July 16th, 2016. To identify the sources of this pollution episode, this study utilized NASA Earth <span class="hlt">Observations</span> including Terra MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) and CALIPSO CALIOP calibrated and geo-located vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of aerosols and clouds to perform 3-D spatial temporal plume tracking. Thermal anomaly maps from Suomi NPP VIIRS were also used in conjunction with NOAA Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) Model trajectories. Results from these analyses indicated several potential source wildfires that could have contributed to the elevated pollutant <span class="hlt">concentration</span> levels, of which the School and Black Range Complex Fires in the Gila Wilderness of New Mexico, U.S. and agricultural biomass burning in Guaymas, Mexico were identified as the main contributors. 3-D aerosol transport maps produced using Terra MODIS AOD data for the exceedance date and CALIPSO CALIOP vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for a date leading up to the exceedance further validated this result. The results of this study can be replicated for other dates in other locations where similar elevated pollutant <span class="hlt">concentration</span> levels are <span class="hlt">observed</span> via ground monitors. This analysis, which combined in situ data, trajectory models and remote sensing data, proves itself a valuable tool for studying air pollution</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25960201','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25960201"><span>Estimation of the uncertainty of analyte <span class="hlt">concentration</span> from the measurement uncertainty.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brown, Simon; Cooke, Delwyn G; Blackwell, Leonard F</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>Ligand-binding assays, such as immunoassays, are usually analysed using standard curves based on the four-parameter and five-parameter logistic models. An estimate of the uncertainty of an analyte <span class="hlt">concentration</span> obtained from such curves is needed for confidence intervals or precision <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Using a numerical simulation approach, it is shown that the uncertainty of the analyte <span class="hlt">concentration</span> estimate becomes significant at the extremes of the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> range and that this is affected significantly by the steepness of the standard curve. We also provide expressions for the coefficient of variation of the analyte <span class="hlt">concentration</span> estimate from which confidence intervals and the precision <span class="hlt">profile</span> can be obtained. Using three examples, we show that the expressions perform well.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DFDD12005S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DFDD12005S"><span>Entrainment at a sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> interface in turbulent channel flow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Salinas, Jorge; Shringarpure, Mrugesh; Cantero, Mariano; Balachandar, S.</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>In this work we address the role of turbulence on entrainment at a sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> interface. This process can be conceived as the entrainment of sediment-free fluid into the bottom sediment-laden flow, or alternatively, as the entrainment of sediment into the top sediment-free flow. We have performed direct numerical simulations for fixed Reynolds and Schmidt numbers while varying the values of Richardson number and particle settling velocity. The analysis performed shows that the ability of the flow to pick up a given sediment size decreases with the distance from the bottom, and thus only fine enough sediment particles are entrained across the sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> interface. For these cases, the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> evolve to a final steady state in good agreement with the well-known Rouse <span class="hlt">profile</span>. The approach towards the Rouse <span class="hlt">profile</span> happens through a transient self-similar state. Detailed analysis of the three dimensional structure of the sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> interface shows the mechanisms by which sediment particles are lifted up by tongues of sediment-laden fluid with positive correlation between vertical velocity and sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span>. Finally, the mixing ability of the flow is addressed by monitoring the center of mass of the sediment-laden layer. With the support of ExxonMobil, NSF, ANPCyT, CONICET.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990ApPhL..57.2371W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990ApPhL..57.2371W"><span>Influence of surface topography on depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span> obtained with secondary-ion mass spectrometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Walker, A. J.; Borchert, M. T.; Vriezema, C. J.; Zalm, P. C.</p> <p>1990-11-01</p> <p>Lithographically generated well-defined surface topography of submicron dimensions has been etched into silicon (100) previously implanted with 25 keV 11B to a fluence of 2×1014 atoms/cm2. The thus-obtained samples were depth <span class="hlt">profiled</span> via secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The boron <span class="hlt">concentration</span> distributions measured were contrasted against those found on undisturbed flat parts of the target. From this intercomparison the otherwise trivial <span class="hlt">observation</span> that surface topography causes <span class="hlt">profile</span> distortion becomes suddenly alarming as an apparent improvement of depth resolution occurs. Scanning electron microscope images enable identification of the origin of this remarkable phenomenon. The present results imply that (i) the hitherto commonly accepted assumption in the interpretation of SIMS depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span> that perceived gradients are never steeper than actual ones is subject to revision; (ii) it may prove very difficult, if not impossible, to construct SIMS equipment for reliable on-chip analysis of submicron details.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.A33G..08H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.A33G..08H"><span>The GAW Aerosol Lidar <span class="hlt">Observation</span> Network (GALION) as a source of near-real time aerosol <span class="hlt">profile</span> data for model evaluation and assimilation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hoff, R. M.; Pappalardo, G.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>In 2007, the WMO Global Atmospheric Watch’s Science Advisory Group on Aerosols described a global network of lidar networks called GAW Aerosol Lidar <span class="hlt">Observation</span> Network (GALION). GALION has a purpose of providing expanded coverage of aerosol <span class="hlt">observations</span> for climate and air quality use. Comprised of networks in Asia (AD-NET), Europe (EARLINET and CIS-LINET), North America (CREST and CORALNET), South America (ALINE) and with contribution from global networks such as MPLNET and NDACC, the collaboration provides a unique capability to define aerosol <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the vertical. GALION is designed to supplement existing ground-based and column <span class="hlt">profiling</span> (AERONET, PHOTONS, SKYNET, GAWPFR) stations. In September 2010, GALION held its second workshop and one component of discussion focussed how the network would integrate into model needs. GALION partners have contributed to the Sand and Dust Storm Warning and Analysis System (SDS-WAS) and to assimilation in models such as DREAM. This paper will present the conclusions of those discussions and how these <span class="hlt">observations</span> can fit into a global model analysis framework. Questions of availability, latency, and aerosol parameters that might be ingested into models will be discussed. An example of where EARLINET and GALION have contributed in near-real time <span class="hlt">observations</span> was the suite of measurements during the Eyjafjallajokull eruption in Iceland and its impact on European air travel. Lessons learned from this experience will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Icar..226..552S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Icar..226..552S"><span>The thermal structure of Titan’s upper atmosphere, I: Temperature <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from Cassini INMS <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Snowden, D.; Yelle, R. V.; Cui, J.; Wahlund, J.-E.; Edberg, N. J. T.; Ågren, K.</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>We derive vertical temperature <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) N2 density measurements from 32 Cassini passes. We find that the average temperature of Titan’s thermosphere varies significantly from pass-to-pass between 112 and 175 K. The temperatures from individual temperature <span class="hlt">profiles</span> also varies considerably, with many passes exhibiting wave-like temperature perturbations and large temperature gradients. Wave-like temperature perturbations have wavelengths between 150 and 420 km and amplitudes between 3% and 22% and vertical wave power spectra of the INMS data and HASI data have a slope between -2 and -3, which is consistent with vertically propagating atmospheric waves. The lack of a strong correlation between temperature and latitude, longitude, solar zenith angle, or local solar time indicates that the thermal structure of Titan’s thermosphere is not primarily determined by the absorption of solar EUV flux. At N2 densities greater than 108 cm-3, Titan’s thermosphere is colder when Titan is <span class="hlt">observed</span> in Saturn’s magnetospheric lobes compared to Saturn’s plasma sheet as proposed by Westlake et al. (Westlake, J.H. et al. [2011]. J. Geophys. Res. 116, A03318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016251). This apparent correlation suggests that magnetospheric particle precipitation causes the temperature variability in Titan’s thermosphere; however, at densities smaller than 108 cm-3 the lobe passes are hotter than the plasma sheet passes and we find no correlation between the temperature of Titan’s thermosphere and ionospheric signatures of enhanced particle precipitation, which suggests that the correlation is not indicative of a physical connection. The temperature of Titan’s thermosphere also may have decreased by ∼10 K around mid-2007. Finally, we classify the vertical temperature <span class="hlt">profiles</span> to show which passes are hot and cold and which passes have the largest temperature variations. In a companion paper (Part II), we estimate</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140012691','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140012691"><span>Ozone <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> in the Baltimore-Washington Region (2006-2011): Satellite Comparisons and DISCOVER-AQ <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thompson, Anne M.; Stauffer, Ryan M.; Miller, Sonya K.; Martins, Douglas K.; Joseph, Everette; Weinheimer, Andrew J.; Diskin, Glenn S.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Much progress has been made in creating satellite products for tracking the pollutants ozone and NO2 in the troposphere. Yet, in mid-latitude regions where meteorological interactions with pollutants are complex, accuracy can be difficult to achieve, largely due to persistent layering of some constituents. We characterize the layering of ozone soundings and related species measured from aircraft over two ground sites in suburban Washington, DC (Beltsville, MD, 39.05N; 76.9W) and Baltimore (Edgewood, MD, 39.4N; 76.3W) during the July 2011 DISCOVER-AQ (Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved <span class="hlt">Observations</span> Relevant to Air Quality) experiment. First, we compare column-ozone amounts from the Beltsville and Edgewood sondes with data from overpassing satellites. Second, processes influencing ozone <span class="hlt">profile</span> structure are analyzed using Laminar Identification and tracers: sonde water vapor, aircraft CO and NOy. Third, Beltsville ozone <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and meteorological influences in July 2011 are compared to those from the summers of 2006-2010. Sonde-satellite offsets in total ozone during July 2011 at Edgewood and Beltsville, compared to the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), were 3 percent mean absolute error, not statistically significant. The disagreement between an OMIMicrowave Limb Sounder-based tropospheric ozone column and the sonde averaged 10 percent at both sites, with the sonde usually greater than the satellite. Laminar Identification (LID), that distinguishes ozone segments influenced by convective and advective transport, reveals that on days when both stations launched ozonesondes, vertical mixing was stronger at Edgewood. Approximately half the lower free troposphere sonde <span class="hlt">profiles</span> have very dry laminae, with coincident aircraft spirals displaying low CO (80-110 ppbv), suggesting stratospheric influence. Ozone budgets at Beltsville in July 2011, determined with LID, as well as standard meteorological indicators, resemble those</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8419J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8419J"><span>Soil <span class="hlt">profiles</span>' development and differentiation as revealed by their magnetic signal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jordanova, Neli; Jordanova, Diana</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Soil <span class="hlt">profiles</span>' development is a major theme in soil science research, as far as it gives basic information on soil genesis and classification. The use of soil magnetic properties as indicators for physical and geochemical conditions during pedogenesis received great attention during the last decade mainly in relation to paleoclimate reconstructions. However, tracking the <span class="hlt">observed</span> general relationships with respect to degree of soil differentiation would lead to capitalization of this knowledge and its further utilization as pedogenic indicator. Here we present an overview of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> relationships and depth variations of magnetic characteristics along ten soil <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of Chernozems, Luvisols and Planosols from Bulgaria. Depending on the general soil group considered, different relationships between depth distribution of the relative amount of superparamagnetic (SP), single domain (SD) and larger pseudo single domain (PSD) to multi domain (MD) ferrimagnetic fractions are revealed. The <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the soil group with pronounced accumulation of organic matter in the mineral topsoil (Chernozems and Phaeozems) a systematic shift in the relative maxima of SP- and SD- like <span class="hlt">concentration</span> proxies is <span class="hlt">observed</span> with the increase of <span class="hlt">profile</span> differentiation. In contrast, the group of soils with clay-enriched subsoil horizon (e.g. Luvisols) shows different evolution of the depth distribution of the grain-size proxy parameters. The increase of <span class="hlt">profile</span>'s degradation leads to a decrease in the amount of the SP fraction and a split in its maxima into two depth intervals related to the eluvial and illuvial horizons respectively. Along with this tendency, the maximum of the SD fraction moves to progressively deeper levels of the illuvial horizon. The third soil group of the Planosols is characterized by specific re-distribution of the iron oxides, caused by the oscillating oxidation - reduction fluctuations within the <span class="hlt">profile</span>. The diagnostic eluvial and illuvial soil horizons are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.454.1719B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.454.1719B"><span>The variation of rotation curve shapes as a signature of the effects of baryons on dark matter density <span class="hlt">profiles</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brook, Chris B.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Rotation curves of galaxies show a wide range of shapes, which can be paramaterized as scatter in Vrot(1 kpc)/Vmax , i.e. the ratio of the rotation velocity measured at 1 kpc and the maximum measured rotation velocity. We examine whether the <span class="hlt">observed</span> scatter can be accounted for by combining scatters in disc scalelengths, the <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-halo mass relation, and the M⋆-Mhalo relation. We use these scatters to create model galaxy populations; when housed within dark matter haloes that have universal, Navarro, Frenk & White density <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, the model does not match the lowest <span class="hlt">observed</span> values of Vrot(1 kpc)/Vmax and has too little scatter in Vrot(1 kpc)/Vmax compared to <span class="hlt">observations</span>. By contrast, a model using a mass-dependent dark matter <span class="hlt">profile</span>, where the inner slope is determined by the ratio of M⋆/Mhalo, produces galaxies with low values of Vrot(1 kpc)/Vmax and a much larger scatter, both in agreement with <span class="hlt">observation</span>. We conclude that the large <span class="hlt">observed</span> scatter in Vrot(1 kpc)/Vmax favours density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> that are significantly affected by baryonic processes. Alternative dark matter core formation models such as self-interacting dark matter may also account for the <span class="hlt">observed</span> variation in rotation curve shapes, but these <span class="hlt">observations</span> may provide important constraints in terms of core sizes, and whether they vary with halo mass and/or merger history.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5608336','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5608336"><span>Increased plasma proline <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> are associated with sarcopenia in the elderly</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Adachi, Yusuke; Imaizumi, Akira; Hakamada, Tomomi; Abe, Yasuko; Kaneko, Eiji; Takahashi, Soiciro; Shimokado, Kentaro</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Background and purpose Metabolome analyses have shown that plasma amino acid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> reflect various pathological conditions, such as cancer and diabetes mellitus. It remains unclear, however, whether plasma amino acid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> change in patients with sarcopenia. This study therefore aimed to investigate whether sarcopenia-specific changes occur in plasma amino acid <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Methods A total of 153 community-dwelling and seven institutionalized elderly individuals (56 men, 104 women; mean age, 77.7±7.0 years) were recruited for this cross-sectional analysis. We performed a comprehensive geriatric assessment, which included an evaluation of hand grip strength, gait speed, muscle mass and blood chemistry, including the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of 18 amino acids. Results Twenty-eight of the 160 participants met the criteria for sarcopenia established by the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Univariate analysis revealed associations between the presence of sarcopenia and a higher plasma <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of proline and glutamine, lower <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of histidine and tryptophan. Multivariable analysis revealed that a higher <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of proline was the only variable independently associated with sarcopenia. Conclusions The plasma <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of proline may be useful for understanding the underlying pathophysiology of sarcopenia. PMID:28934309</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28934309','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28934309"><span>Increased plasma proline <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> are associated with sarcopenia in the elderly.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Toyoshima, Kenji; Nakamura, Marie; Adachi, Yusuke; Imaizumi, Akira; Hakamada, Tomomi; Abe, Yasuko; Kaneko, Eiji; Takahashi, Soiciro; Shimokado, Kentaro</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Metabolome analyses have shown that plasma amino acid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> reflect various pathological conditions, such as cancer and diabetes mellitus. It remains unclear, however, whether plasma amino acid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> change in patients with sarcopenia. This study therefore aimed to investigate whether sarcopenia-specific changes occur in plasma amino acid <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. A total of 153 community-dwelling and seven institutionalized elderly individuals (56 men, 104 women; mean age, 77.7±7.0 years) were recruited for this cross-sectional analysis. We performed a comprehensive geriatric assessment, which included an evaluation of hand grip strength, gait speed, muscle mass and blood chemistry, including the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of 18 amino acids. Twenty-eight of the 160 participants met the criteria for sarcopenia established by the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Univariate analysis revealed associations between the presence of sarcopenia and a higher plasma <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of proline and glutamine, lower <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of histidine and tryptophan. Multivariable analysis revealed that a higher <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of proline was the only variable independently associated with sarcopenia. The plasma <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of proline may be useful for understanding the underlying pathophysiology of sarcopenia.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Nanot..18S5705B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Nanot..18S5705B"><span>Exfoliation in ecstasy: liquid crystal formation and <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-dependent debundling <span class="hlt">observed</span> for single-wall nanotubes dispersed in the liquid drug γ-butyrolactone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bergin, Shane D.; Nicolosi, Valeria; Giordani, Silvia; de Gromard, Antoine; Carpenter, Leslie; Blau, Werner J.; Coleman, Jonathan N.</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p>Large-scale debundling of single-walled nanotubes has been demonstrated by dilution of nanotube dispersions in the solvent γ-butyrolactone. This liquid, sometimes referred to as 'liquid ecstasy', is well known for its narcotic properties. At high <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> the dispersions form an anisotropic, liquid crystalline phase which can be removed by mild centrifugation. At lower <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> an isotropic phase is <span class="hlt">observed</span> with a biphasic region at intermediate <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. By measuring the absorbance before and after centrifugation, as a function of <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, the relative anisotropic and isotropic nanotube <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> can be monitored. The upper limit of the pure isotropic phase was CNT~0.004 mg ml-1, suggesting that this can be considered the nanotube dispersion limit in γ-butyrolactone. After centrifugation, the dispersions are stable against sedimentation and further aggregation for a period of 8 weeks at least. Atomic-force-microscopy studies on films deposited from the isotropic phase reveal that the bundle diameter distribution decreases dramatically as <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is decreased. Detailed data analysis suggests the presence of an equilibrium bundle number density. A population of individual nanotubes is always <span class="hlt">observed</span> which increases with decreasing <span class="hlt">concentration</span> until almost 40% of all dispersed objects are individual nanotubes at a <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of 6 × 10-4 mg ml-1. The number density of individual nanotubes peaks at a <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of ~6 × 10-3 mg ml-1 where almost 10% of the nanotubes by mass are individualized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.A43A0276I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.A43A0276I"><span>Source Identification Of Airborne Antimony On The Basis Of The Field Monitoring And The Source <span class="hlt">Profiling</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Iijima, A.; Sato, K.; Fujitani, Y.; Fujimori, E.; Tanabe, K.; Ohara, T.; Shimoda, M.; Kozawa, K.; Furuta, N.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>The results of the long-term monitoring of airborne particulate matter (APM) in Tokyo indicated that APM have been extremely enriched with antimony (Sb) compared to crustal composition. This <span class="hlt">observation</span> suggests that the airborne Sb is distinctly derived from human activities. According to the material flow analysis, automotive brake abrasion dust and fly ash from waste incinerator were suspected as the significant Sb sources. To clarify the emission sources of the airborne Sb, elemental composition, particle size distribution, and morphological <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of dust particles collected from two possible emission sources were characterized and compared to the field <span class="hlt">observation</span> data. Brake abrasion dust samples were generated by using a brake dynamometer. During the abrasion test, particle size distribution was measured by an aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer. Concurrently, size- classified dust particles were collected by an Andersen type air sampler. Fly ash samples were collected from several municipal waste incinerators, and the bulk ash samples were re-dispersed into an enclosed chamber. The measurement of particle size distribution and the collection of size-classified ash particles were conducted by the same methodologies as described previously. Field <span class="hlt">observations</span> of APM were performed at a roadside site and a residential site by using an Andersen type air sampler. Chemical analyses of metallic elements were performed by an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometr. Morphological <span class="hlt">profiling</span> of the individual particle was conducted by a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. High <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of Sb was detected from both of two possible sources. Particularly, Sb <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in a brake abrasion dust were extremely high compared to that in an ambient APM, suggesting that airborne Sb <span class="hlt">observed</span> at the roadside might have been largely derived from</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMOS13B2039P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMOS13B2039P"><span>Spring Blooms <span class="hlt">Observed</span> with Biochemical <span class="hlt">Profiling</span> Floats from a Chemical and Biological Perspective</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Plant, J. N.; Johnson, K. S.; Sakamoto, C.; Jannasch, H. W.; Coletti, L. J.; Elrod, V.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Recently there has been renewed interest in the mechanisms which control the seasonal increases in plankton biomass (spring blooms). Changes in physical and chemical forcing (light, wind, heat and nutrients) may increase the specific growth rate of phytoplankton. These changes may also shift the predator - prey relationships within the food web structure, which can alter the balance between plankton growth and loss rates. Biogeochemical <span class="hlt">profiling</span> floats provide a means to <span class="hlt">observe</span> the seasonal evolution of spring blooms from a physical, chemical and biological perspective in near real time. Floats equipped with optical sensors to measure nitrate, oxygen, chlorophyll fluorescence, and optical backscatter now have a presence in many ocean regions including the North Pacific, Subarctic Pacific, North Atlantic, South Atlantic and the Southern Ocean. Data from these regions are used to compare and contrast the evolution of spring blooms. The evolution of the bloom is examined using both chemical (oxygen, nitrate) and biooptical (phytoplankton from chlorophyll fluorescence and particulate organic carbon from optical backscatter) sensors under vastly different environmental conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.3838H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.3838H"><span>Prediction and <span class="hlt">Observation</span> of Electron Instabilities and Phase Space Holes <span class="hlt">Concentrated</span> in the Lunar Plasma Wake</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hutchinson, Ian H.; Malaspina, David M.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Recent theory and numerical simulation predicts that the wake of the solar wind flow past the Moon should be the site of electrostatic instabilities that give rise to electron holes. These play an important role in the eventual merging of the wake with the background solar wind. Analysis of measurements from the ARTEMIS satellites, orbiting the Moon at distances from 1.2 to 11 RM, detects holes highly <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> in the wake, in agreement with prediction. The theory also predicts that the hole flux density <span class="hlt">observed</span> should be hollow, peaking away from the wake axis. <span class="hlt">Observation</span> statistics qualitatively confirm this hollowness, lending extra supporting evidence for the identification of their generation mechanism.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A24F..04C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A24F..04C"><span>Evaluating Oil and Gas Speciation <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> with Factor Analysis of Ambient Volatile Organic Compound <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> in the Colorado Front Range</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Capps, S.; Paranjothi, G.; Pierce, G. E.; Milford, J. B.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Increased oil and gas (O&G) development, particularly through the use of hydraulic fracturing, in the Denver-Julesburg Basin (DJB) in Colorado over the last decade has been identified as a source of emissions of air pollutants, which are now included in chemical transport modeling. As one effort to evaluate its impact, ambient <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that serve as precursors to ozone formation were measured in an Ozone Precursor Study conducted by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment during 2013 and 2014. The study included 6 - 9 a.m. measurements of an extensive suite of ozone-precursor VOCs from a site in an area of intensive O&G development in Platteville, CO, and another site in downtown Denver, CO. To evaluate the influences of urban activity or O&G development on these ambient <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, we used the U.S. EPA's Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) tool. A five-factor PMF solution was selected as providing the best fit to the dataset comprised of VOC measurements for both years and both sites. One PMF factor matches the VOC emissions speciation <span class="hlt">profile</span> for the flashing gas composition for condensate tanks in the DJB that was developed by the Western Regional Air Partnership for use in chemical transport modeling in the region. The contribution of this factor to individual and total VOC <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and ozone production reactivity is evaluated for Platteville and Denver.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27662765','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27662765"><span>Inner filter effect and the onset of <span class="hlt">concentration</span> dependent red shift of synchronous fluorescence spectra.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tarai, Madhumita; Mishra, Ashok Kumar</p> <p>2016-10-12</p> <p>The phenomenon of <span class="hlt">concentration</span> dependent red shift, often <span class="hlt">observed</span> in synchronous fluorescence spectra (SFS) of monofluorophoric as well as multifluorophoric systems at high chromophore <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, is known to have good analytical advantages. This was previously understood in terms of large inner filter effect (IFE) through the introduction of a derived absorption spectral <span class="hlt">profile</span> that closely corresponds to the SFS <span class="hlt">profile</span>. Using representative monofluorophoric and multifluorophoric systems, it is now explained how the SF spectral maximum changes with <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of the fluorophore. For dilute solutions of monofluorophores the maximum is unchanged as expected. It is shown here that the onset of red shift of SFS maximum of both the mono as well as the multifluorophoric systems must occur at the derived absorption spectral parameter value of 0.32 that corresponds to the absorbance value of 0.87. This value is unique irrespective of the nature of the fluorophore under study. For monofluorophoric systems, the wavelength of derived absorption spectral maximum and the wavelength of synchronous fluorescence spectral maximum closely correspond with each other in the entire <span class="hlt">concentration</span> range. In contrast, for multifluorophoric systems like diesel and aqueous humic acid, large deviations were noted that could be explained as to be due to the presence of non-fluorescing chromophores in the system. This work bridges the entire fluorophore <span class="hlt">concentration</span> range over which the red shift of SFS maximum sets in; and in the process it establishes the importance of the derived absorption spectral parameter in understanding the phenomenon of <span class="hlt">concentration</span> dependent red shift of SFS maximum. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1417280-evaluation-cloud-resolving-model-simulations-midlatitude-cirrus-arm-train-observations','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1417280-evaluation-cloud-resolving-model-simulations-midlatitude-cirrus-arm-train-observations"><span>Evaluation of cloud-resolving model simulations of midlatitude cirrus with ARM and A-train <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Muhlbauer, A.; Ackerman, T. P.; Lawson, R. P.; ...</p> <p>2015-07-14</p> <p>Cirrus clouds are ubiquitous in the upper troposphere and still constitute one of the largest uncertainties in climate predictions. Our paper evaluates cloud-resolving model (CRM) and cloud system-resolving model (CSRM) simulations of a midlatitude cirrus case with comprehensive <span class="hlt">observations</span> collected under the auspices of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) program and with spaceborne <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration A-train satellites. The CRM simulations are driven with periodic boundary conditions and ARM forcing data, whereas the CSRM simulations are driven by the ERA-Interim product. Vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of temperature, relative humidity, and wind speeds are reasonably well simulated bymore » the CSRM and CRM, but there are remaining biases in the temperature, wind speeds, and relative humidity, which can be mitigated through nudging the model simulations toward the <span class="hlt">observed</span> radiosonde <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Simulated vertical velocities are underestimated in all simulations except in the CRM simulations with grid spacings of 500 m or finer, which suggests that turbulent vertical air motions in cirrus clouds need to be parameterized in general circulation models and in CSRM simulations with horizontal grid spacings on the order of 1 km. The simulated ice water content and ice number <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> agree with the <span class="hlt">observations</span> in the CSRM but are underestimated in the CRM simulations. The underestimation of ice number <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> is consistent with the overestimation of radar reflectivity in the CRM simulations and suggests that the model produces too many large ice particles especially toward the cloud base. Simulated cloud <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are rather insensitive to perturbations in the initial conditions or the dimensionality of the model domain, but the treatment of the forcing data has a considerable effect on the outcome of the model simulations. Despite considerable progress in <span class="hlt">observations</span> and microphysical parameterizations</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A11E0065S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A11E0065S"><span>Modeling Trace Pollutants in the North Atlantic Free Troposphere and Comparisons with <span class="hlt">Observed</span> Pollutant <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> at Pico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sanyal, S.; Wuebbles, D. J.; Olsen, S. C.; Mazzoleni, L. R.; Mazzoleni, C.; Helmig, D.; Fialho, P. J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>This study focuses on modeling free tropospheric aerosol and co-pollutants after trans-Atlantic transport of North American air pollution to the Pico Mountain Observatory (PMO) using the 3D global chemistry climate model CAM-Chem (version 4) and analyzing the model simulations relative to in-situ summertime measurements of carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3) and black carbon (BC) at the Pico Mountain Observatory (PMO) located in the Azores, Portugal from 2009 - 2011. The elevation of PMO ( 2225m above mean sea level) and steep slope of the surrounding mountain put the station above the regional marine boundary layer, enabling frequent sampling of free tropospheric air. Because of its unique location, air sampled at the station is rarely affected by local emissions or the ocean, and represents air masses transported over long distances to the site. The study used the Community Atmosphere Model CAM4, which is a part of the Community Earth System model version 1 (CESM1). HYSPLIT backward trajectories ran using the web-based portal READY was used to study airflow trajectory at PMO and showed that more than 50% of the air mass originated from North America. The model simulations were compared with <span class="hlt">observational</span> data (from April - September) at PMO for the years 2009 through 2011. The fire data for the USA and Canada was compiled from the reports of National Interagency Coordination Center and Canadian Wildland Fire Information System, respectively. Time series analyses and orthogonal regression were used to compare model simulations with <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The comparison shows simulations give a good representation of the <span class="hlt">observations</span>, e.g., the mean <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of CO in 2009 is 91.76 ppb and 95.05 ppb respectively from the simulation and the <span class="hlt">observations</span>. <span class="hlt">Observed</span> elevated pollutant <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> also coincide with the maxima captured by the simulations. To assess the impact of North American outflow on pollution at PMO, scatter technique was used to calculate enhancement</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ChOE...28..331Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ChOE...28..331Z"><span>Field <span class="hlt">observation</span> and analysis of wave-current-sediment movement in Caofeidian Sea area in the Bohai Bay, China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zuo, Li-qin; Lu, Yong-jun; Wang, Ya-ping; Liu, Huai-xiang</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>In order to study the mechanism of flow-sediment movement, it is essential to obtain measured data of water hydrodynamic and sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> process with high spatial and temporal resolution in the bottom boundary layer (BBL). Field <span class="hlt">observations</span> were carried out in the northwest Caofeidian sea area in the Bohai Bay. Near 2 m isobath (under the lowest tidal level), a tripod system was installed with AWAC (Acoustic Wave And Current), ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current <span class="hlt">Profilers</span>), OBS-3A (Optical Backscatter Point Sensor), ADV (Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters), etc. The accurate measurement of the bottom boundary layer during a single tidal period was carried out, together with a long-term sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> measurement under different hydrological conditions. All the measured data were used to analyze the characteristics of wave-current-sediment movement and the BBL. Analysis was performed on flow structure, shear stress, roughness, eddy viscosity and other parameters of the BBL. Two major findings were made. Firstly, from the measured data, the three-layer distribution model of the velocity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and eddy viscosities in the wave-current BBL are proposed in the <span class="hlt">observed</span> sea area; secondly, the sediment movement is related closely to wind-waves in the muddy coast area where sediment is clayey silt: 1) The <span class="hlt">observed</span> suspended sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> under light wind conditions is very low, with the peak value generally smaller than 0.1 kg/m3 and the average value being 0.03 kg/m3; 2) The sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> increases continuously under the gales over 6-7 in Beaufort scale, under a sustained wind action. The measured peak sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> at 0.4 m above the seabed is 0.15-0.32 kg/m3, and the average sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> during wind-wave action is 0.08-0.18 kg/m3, which is about 3-6 times the value under light wind conditions. The critical wave height signaling remarkable changes of sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> is 0.5 m. The results show that the suspended</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22123059','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22123059"><span>Characterization of the basic charge variants of a human IgG1: effect of copper <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in cell culture media.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kaschak, Timothy; Boyd, Daniel; Lu, Franklin; Derfus, Gayle; Kluck, Brian; Nogal, Bartek; Emery, Craig; Summers, Christie; Zheng, Kai; Bayer, Robert; Amanullah, Ashraf; Yan, Boxu</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>We report a case study of an IgG1 with a unique basic charge variant <span class="hlt">profile</span> caused by C-terminal proline amidation on either one or two heavy chains. The proline amidation was sensitive to copper ion <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in the production media during cell culture: the higher the Cu ( 2+) ion <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, the higher the level of proline amidation detected. This conclusion was supported by the analysis of samples that revealed direct correlation between the proline amidation level <span class="hlt">observed</span> from peptide maps and the level of basic peaks measured by imaged capillary isoelectric focusing and a pH gradient ion-exchange chromatography method. The importance of these <span class="hlt">observations</span> to therapeutic antibody production is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1395249-observation-flat-electron-temperature-profiles-lithium-tokamak-experiment','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1395249-observation-flat-electron-temperature-profiles-lithium-tokamak-experiment"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of Flat Electron Temperature <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Boyle, D. P.; Majeski, R.; Schmitt, J. C.; ...</p> <p>2017-07-05</p> <p>It has been predicted for over a decade that low-recycling plasma-facing components in fusion devices would allow high edge temperatures and flat or nearly flat temperature <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. In recent experiments with lithium wall coatings in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment (LTX), a hot edge ( > 200 eV ) and flat electron temperature <span class="hlt">profiles</span> have been measured following the termination of external fueling. In this work, reduced recycling was demonstrated by retention of ~ 60% of the injected hydrogen in the walls following the discharge. Electron energy confinement followed typical Ohmic confinement scaling during fueling, but did not decrease with densitymore » after fueling terminated, ultimately exceeding the scaling by ~ 200% . Lastly, achievement of the low-recycling, hot edge regime has been an important goal of LTX and lithium plasma-facing component research in general, as it has potentially significant implications for the operation, design, and cost of fusion devices.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1395249-observation-flat-electron-temperature-profiles-lithium-tokamak-experiment','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1395249-observation-flat-electron-temperature-profiles-lithium-tokamak-experiment"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of Flat Electron Temperature <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Boyle, D. P.; Majeski, R.; Schmitt, J. C.</p> <p></p> <p>It has been predicted for over a decade that low-recycling plasma-facing components in fusion devices would allow high edge temperatures and flat or nearly flat temperature <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. In recent experiments with lithium wall coatings in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment (LTX), a hot edge ( > 200 eV ) and flat electron temperature <span class="hlt">profiles</span> have been measured following the termination of external fueling. In this work, reduced recycling was demonstrated by retention of ~ 60% of the injected hydrogen in the walls following the discharge. Electron energy confinement followed typical Ohmic confinement scaling during fueling, but did not decrease with densitymore » after fueling terminated, ultimately exceeding the scaling by ~ 200% . Lastly, achievement of the low-recycling, hot edge regime has been an important goal of LTX and lithium plasma-facing component research in general, as it has potentially significant implications for the operation, design, and cost of fusion devices.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.V33A2609C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.V33A2609C"><span>A-Train <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Young Volcanic Eruption Clouds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Carn, S. A.; Prata, F.; Yang, K.; Rose, W. I.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>NASA's A-Train satellite constellation (including Aqua, CloudSat, CALIPSO, and Aura) has been flying in formation since 2006, providing unprecedented synergistic <span class="hlt">observations</span> of numerous volcanic eruption clouds in various stages of development. Measurements made by A-Train sensors include total column SO2 by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on Aura, upper tropospheric and stratospheric (UTLS) SO2 column by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on Aqua and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on Aura, ash mass loading from AIRS and the Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua, UTLS HCl columns and ice water content (IWC) from MLS, aerosol vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument aboard CALIPSO, and hydrometeor <span class="hlt">profiles</span> from the Cloud <span class="hlt">Profiling</span> Radar (CPR) on CloudSat. The active vertical <span class="hlt">profiling</span> capability of CALIPSO, CloudSat and MLS sychronized with synoptic passive sensing of trace gases and aerosols by OMI, AIRS and MODIS provides a unique perspective on the structure and composition of volcanic clouds. A-Train <span class="hlt">observations</span> during the first hours of atmospheric residence are particularly valuable, as the fallout, segregation and stratification of material in this period determines the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and altitude of constituents that remain to be advected downwind. This represents the eruption 'source term' essential for dispersion modeling, and hence for aviation hazard mitigation. In this presentation we show examples of A-Train data collected during recent eruptions including Chaitén (May 2008), Kasatochi (August 2008), Redoubt (March 2009), Eyjafjallajökull (April 2010) and Cordón Caulle (June 2011). We interpret the <span class="hlt">observations</span> using the canonical three-stage view of volcanic cloud development [e.g., Rose et al., 2000] from initial rapid ash fallout to far-field dispersion of fine ash, gas and aerosol, and results from numerical modeling of volcanic plumes [e.g., Textor et al</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950036867&hterms=dark+matter&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Ddark%2Bmatter','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950036867&hterms=dark+matter&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Ddark%2Bmatter"><span>ASCA <span class="hlt">observation</span> of NGC 4636: Dark matter and metallicity gradient</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mushotzky, R. F.; Loewenstein, M.; Awaki, H.; Makishima, K.; Matsushita, K.; Matsumoto, H.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>We present our analysis of ASCA PV phase <span class="hlt">observation</span> of the elliptical galaxy NGC 4636. Solid state imaging spectrometer (SIS) spectra in six <span class="hlt">concentric</span> annuli centered on NGC 4636 are used to derive temperature, metallicity, and column density <span class="hlt">profiles</span> for the hot interstellar medium. Outside of the central 3 min the temperature is roughly constant at approximately 0.85 keV, while the metallicity decreases from greater than 0.36 solar at the center to less than 0.12 solar at R approximately 9 min. The implications of this gradient for elliptical galaxy formation and the enrichment of intracluster gas are discussed. We derive a detailed mass <span class="hlt">profile</span> consistent with the stellar velocity dispersion and with ROSAT position sensitive proportional counter (PSPC) and ASCA SIS X-ray temperature <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. We find that NGC 4636 becomes dark matter dominated at roughly the de Vaucouleurs radius, and, at r approximately 100 kpc, the ratio of dark to luminous matter density is approximately 80 and solar mass/solar luminosity approximately equal to 150. Evidence for the presence of a cooling flow is also discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702905','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28702905"><span>Assessment of biofilm changes and <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span> during arsenopyrite oxidation by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ramírez-Aldaba, Hugo; Vazquez-Arenas, Jorge; Sosa-Rodríguez, Fabiola S; Valdez-Pérez, Donato; Ruiz-Baca, Estela; García-Meza, Jessica Viridiana; Trejo-Córdova, Gabriel; Lara, René H</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Biofilm formation and evolution are key factors to consider to better understand the kinetics of arsenopyrite biooxidation. Chemical and surface analyses were carried out using Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), glow discharge spectroscopy (GDS), and protein analysis (i.e., quantification) in order to evaluate the formation of intermediate secondary compounds and any significant changes arising in the biofilm structure of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans during a 120-h period of biooxidation. Results show that the biofilm first evolves from a low cell density structure (1 to 12 h) into a formation of microcolonies (24 to 120 h) and then finally becomes enclosed by a secondary compound matrix that includes pyrite (FeS 2 )-like, S n 2- /S 0 , and As 2 S 3 compounds, as shown by Raman and SEM-EDS. GDS analyses (<span class="hlt">concentration</span>-depth <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, i.e., 12 h) indicate significant differences for depth speciation between abiotic control and biooxidized surfaces, thus providing a quantitative assessment of surface-bulk changes across samples (i.e. reactivity and /or structure-activity relationship). Respectively, quantitative protein analyses and CLSM analyses suggest variations in the type of extracellular protein expressed and changes in the biofilm structure from hydrophilic (i.e., exopolysaccharides) to hydrophobic (i.e., lipids) due to arsenopyrite and cell interactions during the 120-h period of biooxidation. We suggest feasible environmental and industrial implications for arsenopyrite biooxidation based on the findings of this study.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24594863','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24594863"><span>Calcium/vitamin D supplementation, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, and cholesterol <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the Women's Health Initiative calcium/vitamin D randomized trial.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schnatz, Peter F; Jiang, Xuezhi; Vila-Wright, Sharon; Aragaki, Aaron K; Nudy, Matthew; O'Sullivan, David M; Jackson, Rebecca; LeBlanc, Erin; Robinson, Jennifer G; Shikany, James M; Womack, Catherine R; Martin, Lisa W; Neuhouser, Marian L; Vitolins, Mara Z; Song, Yiqing; Kritchevsky, Stephen; Manson, JoAnn E</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate whether increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, in response to calcium/vitamin D (CaD) supplementation, are associated with improved lipids in postmenopausal women. The parent trial was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial designed to test the effects of CaD supplementation (1,000 mg of elemental calcium + 400 IU of vitamin D3 daily) versus placebo in postmenopausal women. Women from the general community, including multiple sites in the United States, were enrolled between 1993 and 1998. This cohort included 300 white, 200 African-American, and 100 Hispanic participants who were randomly selected from the Women's Health Initiative CaD trial. Serum 25OHD3 and lipid (fasting plasma triglycerides [TG], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], and calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C]) levels were assessed before and after CaD randomization. There was a 38% increase in mean serum 25OHD3 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> after 2 years (95% CI, 1.29-1.47, P < 0.001) for women randomized to CaD (24.3 ng/mL postrandomization mean) compared with placebo (18.2 ng/mL). Women randomized to CaD had a 4.46-mg/dL mean decrease in LDL-C (P = 0.03). Higher <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of 25OHD3 were associated with higher HDL-C levels (P = 0.003), along with lower LDL-C and TG levels (P = 0.02 and P < 0.001, respectively). Supplemental CaD significantly increases 25OHD3 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and decreases LDL-C. Women with higher 25OHD3 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> have more favorable lipid <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, including increased HDL-C, lower LDL-C, and lower TG. These results support the hypothesis that higher <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of 25OHD3, in response to CaD supplementation, are associated with improved LDL-C.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ACP....1413281T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ACP....1413281T"><span>A joint data assimilation system (Tan-Tracker) to simultaneously estimate surface CO2 fluxes and 3-D atmospheric CO2 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> from <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tian, X.; Xie, Z.; Liu, Y.; Cai, Z.; Fu, Y.; Zhang, H.; Feng, L.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>We have developed a novel framework ("Tan-Tracker") for assimilating <span class="hlt">observations</span> of atmospheric CO2 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, based on the POD-based (proper orthogonal decomposition) ensemble four-dimensional variational data assimilation method (PODEn4DVar). The high flexibility and the high computational efficiency of the PODEn4DVar approach allow us to include both the atmospheric CO2 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and the surface CO2 fluxes as part of the large state vector to be simultaneously estimated from assimilation of atmospheric CO2 <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Compared to most modern top-down flux inversion approaches, where only surface fluxes are considered as control variables, one major advantage of our joint data assimilation system is that, in principle, no assumption on perfect transport models is needed. In addition, the possibility for Tan-Tracker to use a complete dynamic model to consistently describe the time evolution of CO2 surface fluxes (CFs) and the atmospheric CO2 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> represents a better use of <span class="hlt">observation</span> information for recycling the analyses at each assimilation step in order to improve the forecasts for the following assimilations. An experimental Tan-Tracker system has been built based on a complete augmented dynamical model, where (1) the surface atmosphere CO2 exchanges are prescribed by using a persistent forecasting model for the scaling factors of the first-guess net CO2 surface fluxes and (2) the atmospheric CO2 transport is simulated by using the GEOS-Chem three-dimensional global chemistry transport model. <span class="hlt">Observing</span> system simulation experiments (OSSEs) for assimilating synthetic in situ <span class="hlt">observations</span> of surface CO2 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> are carefully designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Tan-Tracker system. In particular, detailed comparisons are made with its simplified version (referred to as TT-S) with only CFs taken as the prognostic variables. It is found that our Tan-Tracker system is capable of outperforming TT-S with higher assimilation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23667542','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23667542"><span>The overnight effect of dietary energy balance on postprandial plasma free amino acid (PFAA) <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in Japanese adult men.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nishioka, Manabu; Imaizumi, Akira; Ando, Toshihiko; Tochikubo, Osamu</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The plasma free amino acid (PFAA) <span class="hlt">profile</span> is affected by various nutritional conditions, such as the dietary energy balance. Regarding the clinical use of PFAA <span class="hlt">profiling</span>, it is of concern that differences in food ingestion patterns may generate systematic errors in a plasma amino acid <span class="hlt">profile</span> and constitute a confounding factor in assessment. In this study, the overnight impact of the dietary energy balance on the postprandial plasma amino acid <span class="hlt">profile</span> was investigated to elucidate in particular the effects of high protein meals typical in Japanese cuisine. We conducted diet-controlled, crossover trials in eleven healthy male volunteers aged 40-61 y. They consumed either a normal meal (meal N) or high protein meal (meal H) at dinner. Forearm venous blood was collected, and plasma amino acid <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were measured before dinner and the next morning. We found that a high protein meal in the evening that contained 40% energy would significantly increase the PFAA <span class="hlt">concentration</span> the next morning, even more than 12 hours after the meal. Among amino acids, the most significant difference was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and in some urea-cycle related compounds. If the subject consumed the high protein diet at dinner, the PFAA <span class="hlt">profile</span> after overnight fasting might be still affected by the meal even 12 hours after the meal, suggesting that the PFAA <span class="hlt">profile</span> does not reflect the subject's health condition, but rather the acute effect of high protein ingestion.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3646894','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3646894"><span>The Overnight Effect of Dietary Energy Balance on Postprandial Plasma Free Amino Acid (PFAA) <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> in Japanese Adult Men</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Nishioka, Manabu; Imaizumi, Akira; Ando, Toshihiko; Tochikubo, Osamu</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The plasma free amino acid (PFAA) <span class="hlt">profile</span> is affected by various nutritional conditions, such as the dietary energy balance. Regarding the clinical use of PFAA <span class="hlt">profiling</span>, it is of concern that differences in food ingestion patterns may generate systematic errors in a plasma amino acid <span class="hlt">profile</span> and constitute a confounding factor in assessment. In this study, the overnight impact of the dietary energy balance on the postprandial plasma amino acid <span class="hlt">profile</span> was investigated to elucidate in particular the effects of high protein meals typical in Japanese cuisine. We conducted diet-controlled, crossover trials in eleven healthy male volunteers aged 40–61 y. They consumed either a normal meal (meal N) or high protein meal (meal H) at dinner. Forearm venous blood was collected, and plasma amino acid <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were measured before dinner and the next morning. We found that a high protein meal in the evening that contained 40% energy would significantly increase the PFAA <span class="hlt">concentration</span> the next morning, even more than 12 hours after the meal. Among amino acids, the most significant difference was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and in some urea-cycle related compounds. If the subject consumed the high protein diet at dinner, the PFAA <span class="hlt">profile</span> after overnight fasting might be still affected by the meal even 12 hours after the meal, suggesting that the PFAA <span class="hlt">profile</span> does not reflect the subject's health condition, but rather the acute effect of high protein ingestion. PMID:23667542</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..MARF27009H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..MARF27009H"><span>New Feature <span class="hlt">Observed</span> in the Raman Resonance Excitation <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> of (6 , 5) -Enriched, Selectively Bundled SWCNTs</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hight Walker, A. R.; Simpson, J. R.; Roslyak, O.; Haroz, E.; Telg, H.; Duque, J. G.; Crochet, J. J.; Piryatinski, A.; Doorn, S. K.</p> <p></p> <p>Understanding the photophysics of exciton behavior in single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundles remains important for opto-electronic device applications. We report resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) measurements on (6 , 5) -enriched SWCNTs, dispersed in aqueous solutions and separated using density gradient ultracentrifugation into fractions of increasing bundling. Near-IR to UV absorption spectroscopy shows a redshift and broadening of the main excitonic transitions with increasing bundling. A continuously tunable dye laser coupled to a triple-grating spectrometer affords measurement of Raman resonance excitation <span class="hlt">profiles</span> (REPs) over a range of wavelengths covering the (6 , 5) -E22 range (505 to 585) nm. REPs of both the radial breathing mode (RBM) and G-band reveal a redshifting and broadening of the (6 , 5) E22 transition energy with increasing bundling. Additionally, we <span class="hlt">observe</span> an unexpected peak in the REP of bundled SWCNTs, which is shifted lower in energy than the main E22 and is anomalously narrow. We compare these <span class="hlt">observations</span> to a theoretical model that examines the origin of this peak in relation to bundle polarization-enhanced exciton response.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040087193','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040087193"><span>Comparison of Satellite <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Aerosol Optical Depth to Surface Monitor Fine Particle <span class="hlt">Concentration</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kleb, Mary M.; AlSaadi, Jassim A.; Neil, Doreen O.; Pierce, Robert B.; Pippin, Margartet R.; Roell, Marilee M.; Kittaka, Chieko; Szykman, James J.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>Under NASA's Earth Science Applications Program, the Infusing satellite Data into Environmental Applications (IDEA) project examined the relationship between satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> and surface monitors of air pollutants to facilitate a more capable and integrated <span class="hlt">observing</span> network. This report provides a comparison of satellite aerosol optical depth to surface monitor fine particle <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">observations</span> for the month of September 2003 at more than 300 individual locations in the continental US. During September 2003, IDEA provided prototype, near real-time data-fusion products to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) directed toward improving the accuracy of EPA s next-day Air Quality Index (AQI) forecasts. Researchers from NASA Langley Research Center and EPA used data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument combined with EPA ground network data to create a NASA-data-enhanced Forecast Tool. Air quality forecasters used this tool to prepare their forecasts of particle pollution, or particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5), for the next-day AQI. The archived data provide a rich resource for further studies and analysis. The IDEA project uses data sets and models developed for tropospheric chemistry research to assist federal, state, and local agencies in making decisions concerning air quality management to protect public health.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23279504','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23279504"><span>Factors influencing annual fecal testosterone metabolite <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in captive male polar bears (Ursus maritimus).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Curry, E; Roth, T L; MacKinnon, K M; Stoops, M A</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of season, breeding activity, age and latitude on fecal testosterone metabolite <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in captive, adult male polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Fourteen polar bears from 13 North American zoos were monitored for 12-36 months, producing 25-year-long testosterone <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Results indicated that testosterone was significantly higher during the breeding season (early January through the end of May) compared with the non-breeding season with the highest <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> excreted from early January through late March. Variations in excretion patterns were <span class="hlt">observed</span> among individuals and also between years within an individual, with testosterone peaks closely associated with breeding activity. Results indicate that fecal testosterone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> are influenced by season, breeding activity and age, but not by latitude. This is the first report describing longitudinal fecal testosterone metabolite <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in individual adult male polar bears. © 2012 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29522956','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29522956"><span>Metformin impacts cecal bile acid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in mice.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sillner, Nina; Walker, Alesia; Koch, Wendelin; Witting, Michael; Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe</p> <p>2018-04-15</p> <p>Bile acids (BAs) are major components of bile synthesized from cholesterol and take part in the digestion of dietary lipids, as well as having signaling functions. They undergo extensive microbial metabolism inside the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we present a method of ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap mass spectrometry for quantification of 45 BAs in mouse cecum. The system was validated in regard to sensitivity with limits of detection and quantification (0.6-24.9 nM), interday accuracy (102.4%), interday precision (15.2%), recovery rate (74.7%), matrix effect (98.2%) and carry-over effect (<1.1%). Afterwards, we applied our method to investigate the effect of metformin on BA <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. Diabetic mice were treated with metformin for 1 day or 14 days. One day of treatment resulted in a significant increase of total BA <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (2.7-fold increase; db/db metformin 5.32 μmol/g, db/db control mice 1.95 μmol/g), most notable in levels of 7-oxodeoxycholic, 3-dehydrocholic and cholic acid. We <span class="hlt">observed</span> only minor impact on BA metabolism after 14 days of metformin treatment, compared to the single treatment. Furthermore, healthy wild type mice had elevated <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of allocholic and ω-muricholic acid compared to diabetic mice. Our method proved the applicability of <span class="hlt">profiling</span> BAs in cecum to investigate intestinal BA metabolism in diabetes and pharmacological applications. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO24D2991M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPO24D2991M"><span>pCO2 <span class="hlt">Observations</span> from a Vertical <span class="hlt">Profiler</span> on the upper continental slope off Vancouver Island: Physical controls on biogeochemical processes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mihaly, S. F.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>We analyse two six month sets of data collected from a vertical <span class="hlt">profiler</span> on Ocean Networks Canada's NEPTUNE observatory over the summer and early fall of 2012 and 2014. The <span class="hlt">profiler</span> is in 400 m of water on the upper slope of the continental shelf. The site is away from direct influence of canyons, but is in a region of strong internal tide generation. Both seasonally varying semidiurnal internal tidal currents and diurnal shelf waves are <span class="hlt">observed</span>. The near surface mean flow is weak and seasonally alternates between the California and Alaskan Currents. Mid-depth waters are influenced by the poleward flowing Californian undercurrent and the deep waters by seasonally varying wind-driven Ekman transport. The <span class="hlt">profiling</span> package consists of a CTD, an oxygen optode, a pCO2 sensor, Chlorophyll fluorometer/turbidity, CDOM and is co-located with an upward-looking bottom-mounted 75kHz ADCP that measures currents to 30 m below sea surface. With these first deep-sea <span class="hlt">profiled</span> time series measurements of pCO2, we endeavor to model how the local physical dynamics exert control over the variability of water properties over the slope and shelf and what the variability of the non-conservative tracers of pCO2 and O2 can tell us about the biogeochemistry of the region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70034652','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70034652"><span>Application of a new vertical <span class="hlt">profiling</span> tool (ESASS) for sampling groundwater quality during hollow-stem auger drilling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Harte, P.T.; Flanagan, S.M.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>A new tool called ESASS (Enhanced Screen Auger Sampling System) was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The use of ESASS, because of its unique U.S. patent design (U.S. patent no. 7,631,705 B1), allows for the collection of representative, depth-specific groundwater samples (vertical <span class="hlt">profiling</span>) in a quick and efficient manner using a 0.305-m long screen auger during hollow-stem auger drilling. With ESASS, the water column in the flights above the screen auger is separated from the water in the screen auger by a specially designed removable plug and collar. The tool fits inside an auger of standard inner diameter (82.55 mm). The novel design of the system constituted by the plug, collar, and A-rod allows the plug to be retrieved using conventional drilling A-rods. After retrieval, standard-diameter (50.8 mm) <span class="hlt">observation</span> wells can be installed within the hollow-stem augers. Testing of ESASS was conducted at one waste-disposal site with tetrachloroethylene (PCE) contamination and at two reference sites with no known waste-disposal history. All three sites have similar geology and are underlain by glacial, stratified-drift deposits. For the applications tested, ESASS proved to be a useful tool in vertical <span class="hlt">profiling</span> of groundwater quality. At the waste site, PCE <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> measured with ESASS <span class="hlt">profiling</span> at several depths were comparable (relative percent difference <25%) to PCE <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> sampled from wells. Vertical <span class="hlt">profiling</span> with ESASS at the reference sites illustrated the vertical resolution achievable in the <span class="hlt">profile</span> system; shallow groundwater quality varied by a factor of five in <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of some constituents (nitrate and nitrite) over short (0.61 m) distances. Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation ?? 2011, National Ground Water Association. No claim to original US government works.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016IJAEO..52..149C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016IJAEO..52..149C"><span>Estimating dissolved organic carbon <span class="hlt">concentration</span> in turbid coastal waters using optical remote sensing <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cherukuru, Nagur; Ford, Phillip W.; Matear, Richard J.; Oubelkheir, Kadija; Clementson, Lesley A.; Suber, Ken; Steven, Andrew D. L.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) is an important component in the global carbon cycle. It also plays an important role in influencing the coastal ocean biogeochemical (BGC) cycles and light environment. Studies focussing on DOC dynamics in coastal waters are data constrained due to the high costs associated with in situ water sampling campaigns. Satellite optical remote sensing has the potential to provide continuous, cost-effective DOC estimates. In this study we used a bio-optics dataset collected in turbid coastal waters of Moreton Bay (MB), Australia, during 2011 to develop a remote sensing algorithm to estimate DOC. This dataset includes data from flood and non-flood conditions. In MB, DOC <span class="hlt">concentration</span> varied over a wide range (20-520 μM C) and had a good correlation (R2 = 0.78) with absorption due to coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and remote sensing reflectance. Using this data set we developed an empirical algorithm to derive DOC <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> from the ratio of Rrs(412)/Rrs(488) and tested it with independent datasets. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to estimate DOC using remotely sensed optical <span class="hlt">observations</span> in turbid coastal waters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27689693','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27689693"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of residues in tissues of chickens exposed to low dietary <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of chloramphenicol.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rejtharová, Martina; Rejthar, Libor; Čačková, Katarína; Bureš, Jiří; Vernerová, Eva; Hera, Alfred</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>To investigate potential residues in tissues arising from naturally occurring low levels of chloramphenicol in plant material, feeding studies were conducted with chickens. A common chicken feed was prepared containing 0, 10, 50 and 200 μg kg -1 chloramphenicol and levels were confirmed by LC-MS/MS. Four separate groups of broiler chickens, eight animals in each group, were fed all their 35-day life with this contaminated feed. They were allowed ad libitum access to this feed and fresh water. After slaughtering the chickens, the residues in muscle and liver tissues were determined using GC/MS-NCI method. No residues were detected in tissues of animals from groups fed with feed containing 0, 10 or 50 µg kg -1 . Low chloramphenicol residual <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in a few of the muscle samples obtained from the group of chickens fed with feed containing chloramphenicol in added <span class="hlt">concentration</span> 200 µg kg -1 . No residues were detected in the remaining samples of this group. These results indicate that when residues of chloramphenicol are detected it is in all probability through illegal use.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26241114','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26241114"><span>Long-Term Trends Worldwide in Ambient NO2 <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> Inferred from Satellite <span class="hlt">Observations</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Geddes, Jeffrey A; Martin, Randall V; Boys, Brian L; van Donkelaar, Aaron</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>Air pollution is associated with morbidity and premature mortality. Satellite remote sensing provides globally consistent decadal-scale <span class="hlt">observations</span> of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution. We determined global population-weighted annual mean NO2 <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> from 1996 through 2012. We used <span class="hlt">observations</span> of NO2 tropospheric column densities from three satellite instruments in combination with chemical transport modeling to produce a global 17-year record of ground-level NO2 at 0.1° × 0.1° resolution. We calculated linear trends in population-weighted annual mean NO2 (PWMNO2) <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in different regions around the world. We found that PWMNO2 in high-income North America (Canada and the United States) decreased more steeply than in any other region, having declined at a rate of -4.7%/year [95% confidence interval (CI): -5.3, -4.1]. PWMNO2 decreased in western Europe at a rate of -2.5%/year (95% CI: -3.0, -2.1). The highest PWMNO2 occurred in high-income Asia Pacific (predominantly Japan and South Korea) in 1996, with a subsequent decrease of -2.1%/year (95% CI: -2.7, -1.5). In contrast, PWMNO2 almost tripled in East Asia (China, North Korea, and Taiwan) at a rate of 6.7%/year (95% CI: 6.0, 7.3). The satellite-derived estimates of trends in ground-level NO2 were consistent with regional trends inferred from data obtained from ground-station monitoring networks in North America (within 0.7%/year) and Europe (within 0.3%/year). Our rankings of regional average NO2 and long-term trends differed from the satellite-derived estimates of fine particulate matter reported elsewhere, demonstrating the utility of both indicators to describe changing pollutant mixtures. Long-term trends in satellite-derived ambient NO2 provide new information about changing global exposure to ambient air pollution. Our estimates are publicly available at http://fizz.phys.dal.ca/~atmos/martin/?page_id=232.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/697/pdf/ds697.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/697/pdf/ds697.pdf"><span>Digital spatial data for <span class="hlt">observed</span>, predicted, and misclassification errors for <span class="hlt">observations</span> in the training dataset for nitrate and arsenic <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in basin-fill aquifers in the Southwest Principal Aquifers study area</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>McKinney, Tim S.; Anning, David W.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>This product "Digital spatial data for <span class="hlt">observed</span>, predicted, and misclassification errors for <span class="hlt">observations</span> in the training dataset for nitrate and arsenic <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in basin-fill aquifers in the Southwest Principal Aquifers study area" is a 1:250,000-scale point spatial dataset developed as part of a regional Southwest Principal Aquifers (SWPA) study (Anning and others, 2012). The study examined the vulnerability of basin-fill aquifers in the southwestern United States to nitrate contamination and arsenic enrichment. Statistical models were developed by using the random forest classifier algorithm to predict <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of nitrate and arsenic across a model grid that represents local- and basin-scale measures of source, aquifer susceptibility, and geochemical conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27129362','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27129362"><span>Achieving a physiological cortisol <span class="hlt">profile</span> with once-daily dual-release hydrocortisone: a pharmacokinetic study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Johannsson, Gudmundur; Lennernäs, Hans; Marelli, Claudio; Rockich, Kevin; Skrtic, Stanko</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>Oral once-daily dual-release hydrocortisone (DR-HC) replacement therapy was developed to provide a cortisol exposure-time <span class="hlt">profile</span> that closely resembles the physiological cortisol <span class="hlt">profile</span>. This study aimed to characterize single-dose pharmacokinetics (PK) of DR-HC 5-20mg and assess intrasubject variability. Thirty-one healthy Japanese or non-Hispanic Caucasian volunteers aged 20-55 years participated in this randomized, open-label, PK study. Single doses of DR-HC 5, 15 (3×5), and 20mg were administered orally after an overnight fast and suppression of endogenous cortisol secretion. After estimating the endogenous cortisol <span class="hlt">profile</span>, PK of DR-HC over 24h were evaluated to assess dose proportionality and impact of ethnicity. Plasma cortisol <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PK parameters were calculated from individual cortisol <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-time <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. DR-HC 20mg provided higher than endogenous cortisol plasma <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> 0-4h post-dose but similar <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> later in the <span class="hlt">profile</span>. Cortisol <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> and PK exposure parameters increased with increasing doses. Mean maximal serum <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (Cmax) was 82.0 and 178.1ng/mL, while mean area under the <span class="hlt">concentration</span>-time curve (AUC)0-∞ was 562.8 and 1180.8h×ng/mL with DR-HC 5 and 20mg respectively. Within-subject PK variability was low (<15%) for DR-HC 20mg. All exposure PK parameters were less than dose proportional (slope <1). PK differences between ethnicities were explained by body weight differences. DR-HC replacement resembles the daily normal cortisol <span class="hlt">profile</span>. Within-subject day-to-day PK variability was low, underpinning the safety of DR-HC for replacement therapy. DR-HC PK were less than dose proportional - an important consideration when managing intercurrent illness in patients with adrenal insufficiency. © 2016 The authors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A43L..04H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A43L..04H"><span>Comparison of atmospheric CH4 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> by GOSAT and in-situ measurements in Thailand and India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hayashida, S.; Ono, A.; Ishikawa, S.; Terao, Y.; Takeuchi, W.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of atmospheric methane (CH4) has more than doubled since pre-industrial levels and the <span class="hlt">observed</span> long-term changes in the CH4 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> have been attributed to anthropogenic activity. However, despite the importance of atmospheric CH4 in global warming, the strength of individual sources of CH4 remains highly uncertain [e.g.,Dlugokencky et al., 2011]. To characterize and quantify the emissions of CH4 especially in Monsoon Asia and Siberia, which are the most important regions as CH4 source, we started a new project, "Characterization and Quantification of global methane emissions by utilizing GOSAT and in-situ measurements " by support of the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (ERTDF) from June 2012 under the umbrella of Ministry of Environment Japan. The projects includes (1) satellite data applications, (2) in-situ measurements in Siberia, over Western Pacific and in Monsoon Asia, (3) development of the inverse model to derive CH4 emissions by top-down approach, and (4) flux measurements in Siberia and Asia to improve the bottom-up inventories. As an initiatory approach in the project, we started air sampling in Thailand and India where there are only a few CH4 data of direct sampling with high precision. We took eight air samples at Kohn Kaen and Pimai in Thailand on June 9 and 10, 2012. The high CH4 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> near rice paddy field contrasted to the lower CH4 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> near Cassava field. We are planning to take more samples in India in mid-August. The satellite CH4 data including GOSAT and SCIAMACHY are also compared with the Land Surface Water Coverage (LSWC) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The analysis revealed the seasonal variation in of xCH4 is closely related to the variation of the LSWC, coupled with NDVI. However, the satellite measurements are all column-averaged mixing ratio (xCH4), and therefore do not necessarily reflect high CH4 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> near the surface over the emission</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=205446&keyword=homepage&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=205446&keyword=homepage&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Estimation of Biota Sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF) from Paired <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Chemical <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> in Biota and Sediment (Final Report)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>In March 2009, EPA's Ecological Risk Assessment Support Center (ERASC) released the final report entitled, <i>Estimation of Biota Sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF) from Paired <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Chemical <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span> in Biota and Sediment</i>. This report was written in response...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28749662','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28749662"><span>Influence of Different Fermentation Strategies on the Phenolic <span class="hlt">Profile</span> of Bilberry Wine (Vaccinium myrtillus L.).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Behrends, Annika; Weber, Fabian</p> <p>2017-08-30</p> <p>Polyphenol rich and especially anthocyanin rich berries like bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and derived products such as wine have enjoyed increasing popularity. During winemaking and aging, the phenolic <span class="hlt">profile</span> undergoes distinct changes, a phenomenon that has been well investigated in grape wine but not in bilberry wine. The present study determined the influence of different fermentation strategies including various pre- and postfermentative heating and cooling concepts on the phenolic <span class="hlt">profile</span> of bilberry wine. Besides significant differences in total anthocyanin and tannin <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, the different fermentation strategies resulted in distinguishable anthocyanin <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. A very fast aging manifested by a rapid decrease in monomeric anthocyanins of up to 98% during a 12 week storage and a coincident formation of polymeric pigments and pyranoanthocyanins was <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Several well-known processes associated with production and aging of wine were much more pronounced in bilberry wine compared to grape wine.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29023817','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29023817"><span>Changes in polyphenol <span class="hlt">profile</span> of dried apricots containing SO2 at various <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> during storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Altındağ, Melek; Türkyılmaz, Meltem; Özkan, Mehmet</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Changes in polyphenols have important effects on the quality (especially color) and health benefits of dried apricots. SO 2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, storage and the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were factors which had significant effects on polyphenols. Polyphenol <span class="hlt">profile</span> and activities of PPO and PAL in sulfured dried apricots (SDAs, 0, 451, 832, 2112 and 3241 mg SO 2 kg -1 ) were monitored during storage at 4, 20 and 30 °C for 379 days for the first time. Even the lowest SO 2 <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (451 mg kg -1 ) was sufficient to inactivate PPO during the entire storage period. However, while SO 2 led to the increase in PAL activity of the samples (r = 0.767) before storage, PAL activities of SDAs decreased during storage. After 90 days of storage, PAL activity was determined in only non-sulfured dried apricots (NSDAs) and dried apricots containing 451 mg SO 2 kg -1 . Although the major polyphenol in NSDAs was epicatechin (611.4 mg kg -1 ), that in SDAs was chlorogenic acid (455-1508 mg kg -1 ), followed by epicatechin (0-426.8 mg kg -1 ), rutin (148.9-477.3 mg kg -1 ), ferulic acid (23.3-55.3 mg kg -1 ) and gallic acid (2.4-43.6 mg kg -1 ). After storage at 30 °C for 379 days, the major polyphenol in SDAs was gallic acid (706-2324 mg kg -1 ). However, the major polyphenol in NSDAs did not change after storage. The highest total polyphenol content was detected in SDAs containing 2112 mg SO 2 kg -1 and stored at 30 °C. To produce dried apricots having high polyphenol content, ∼2000 mg SO 2 kg -1 should be used. Low storage temperature (<30 °C) was not necessary for the protection of polyphenols. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.477.2804S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.477.2804S"><span>Modelling baryonic effects on galaxy cluster mass <span class="hlt">profiles</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shirasaki, Masato; Lau, Erwin T.; Nagai, Daisuke</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Gravitational lensing is a powerful probe of the mass distribution of galaxy clusters and cosmology. However, accurate measurements of the cluster mass <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are limited by uncertainties in cluster astrophysics. In this work, we present a physically motivated model of baryonic effects on the cluster mass <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, which self-consistently takes into account the impact of baryons on the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> as well as mass accretion histories of galaxy clusters. We calibrate this model using the Omega500 hydrodynamical cosmological simulations of galaxy clusters with varying baryonic physics. Our model will enable us to simultaneously constrain cluster mass, <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, and cosmological parameters using stacked weak lensing measurements from upcoming optical cluster surveys.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24756646','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24756646"><span>Effects of supplemental copper on the serum lipid <span class="hlt">profile</span>, meat quality, and carcass composition of goat kids.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Huang, Yanling; Wang, Yong; Lin, Xi; Guo, Chunhua</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>To evaluate the effects of copper (Cu) supplementation on the serum lipid <span class="hlt">profile</span>, meat quality, and carcass composition of goat kids, thirty-five 3-4-month-old Jian Yang big-eared goat kids (BW 20.3±0.6 kg) were randomly assigned to one of seven dietary Cu treatments (n=5/treatment). The dietary Cu <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were: (1) control (no supplemental Cu), (2) 20 mg, (3) 40 mg, (4) 80 mg, (5) 160 mg, (6) 320 mg, and (7) 640 mg of supplemental Cu/kg dry matter (DM). Copper was supplemented as CuSO4.5H2O (25.2 % Cu). The goats were fed a high-<span class="hlt">concentrate</span> basal diet with the different <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of supplemental Cu/kg DM for 96 days. The serum lipid <span class="hlt">profile</span> was determined on day 51 and day 96. Meat quality and carcass composition of longissimus dorsi muscle were measured after the goats were slaughtered at 96 days. Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were not affected by treatment (P>0.18). No differences were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in drip loss, cooking loss, a* (redness/greenness) and b* (yellowness/blueness) values (P>0.17); however, the 24-h pH value (linear; P=0.0009) and L* (brightness) value (linear; P=0.0128) decreased, and shear force increased (linear; P=0.0005) as Cu supplementation increased. The intramuscular fat (%) increased (linear; P=0.001) as supplemental Cu increased. No differences (P>0.21) in the moisture, crude protein, and ash (%) were <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Results of this study indicate that supplemental Cu does not modify the serum lipid <span class="hlt">profile</span>; however, it can impact intramuscular fat content and the meat quality of goat kids.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840030320&hterms=tree+identification&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dtree%2Bidentification','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840030320&hterms=tree+identification&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dtree%2Bidentification"><span>Crop identification using Landsat temporal-spectral <span class="hlt">profiles</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Odenweller, J. B.; Johnson, K. I.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>The temporal-spectral <span class="hlt">profile</span> is a detailed indicator of the physical state of a field through time. Characteristic <span class="hlt">profiles</span> have been <span class="hlt">observed</span> for a variety of crops and other cover classes from Landsat data in the United States Corn Belt. These <span class="hlt">profiles</span> contain information to support crop identification at various levels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26407660','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26407660"><span>Plasma amino acid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in healthy East Asian subpopulations living in Japan.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nakamura, Hidehiro; Nishikata, Natsumi; Kawai, Nobuhiro; Imaizumi, Akira; Miyano, Hiroshi; Mori, Maiko; Yamamoto, Hiroshi; Noguchi, Yasushi</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Profiles</span> of plasma free amino acids (PFAAs) have been utilized as biomarkers to detect various diseases. However, few studies have investigated whether ethnicity or specific subpopulations within East Asia influence PFAA <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. A total of 95 healthy volunteers living in Japan, including 31 Japanese individuals, 36 Korean individuals and 28 Chinese individuals, were enrolled. Participants' PFAA levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and the effects of factors such as sex, age, body mass index (BMI) and subpopulation on PFAA <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were analyzed. With the exception of glutamine and α-aminobutyric acid, there were no significant differences among the three examined subpopulations with respect to either the means or the distributions of PFAA <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. A multiple regression analysis revealed that most of the PFAA <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were significantly related to sex. Ornithine <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, glutamate <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, and glutamine and α-aminobutyric acid <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were significantly associated with age, BMI, and Chinese subpopulation, respectively. The study results indicate that the contributions of subpopulation within East Asia to PFAA <span class="hlt">profiles</span> are small, particularly relative to the contributions provided by sex. © 2015 The Authors American Journal of Human Biology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3709498','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3709498"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> and theory of X-ray mirages</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Magnitskiy, Sergey; Nagorskiy, Nikolay; Faenov, Anatoly; Pikuz, Tatiana; Tanaka, Mamoko; Ishino, Masahiko; Nishikino, Masaharu; Fukuda, Yuji; Kando, Masaki; Kawachi, Tetsuya; Kato, Yoshiaki</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The advent of X-ray lasers allowed the realization of compact coherent soft X-ray sources, thus opening the way to a wide range of applications. Here we report the <span class="hlt">observation</span> of unexpected <span class="hlt">concentric</span> rings in the far-field beam <span class="hlt">profile</span> at the output of a two-stage plasma-based X-ray laser, which can be considered as the first manifestation of a mirage phenomenon in X-rays. We have developed a method of solving the Maxwell–Bloch equations for this problem, and find that the experimentally <span class="hlt">observed</span> phenomenon is due to the emergence of X-ray mirages in the plasma amplifier, appearing as phase-matched coherent virtual point sources. The obtained results bring a new insight into the physical nature of amplification of X-ray radiation in laser-induced plasma amplifiers and open additional opportunities for X-ray plasma diagnostics and extreme ultraviolet lithography. PMID:23733009</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23733009','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23733009"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> and theory of X-ray mirages.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Magnitskiy, Sergey; Nagorskiy, Nikolay; Faenov, Anatoly; Pikuz, Tatiana; Tanaka, Mamoko; Ishino, Masahiko; Nishikino, Masaharu; Fukuda, Yuji; Kando, Masaki; Kawachi, Tetsuya; Kato, Yoshiaki</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The advent of X-ray lasers allowed the realization of compact coherent soft X-ray sources, thus opening the way to a wide range of applications. Here we report the <span class="hlt">observation</span> of unexpected <span class="hlt">concentric</span> rings in the far-field beam <span class="hlt">profile</span> at the output of a two-stage plasma-based X-ray laser, which can be considered as the first manifestation of a mirage phenomenon in X-rays. We have developed a method of solving the Maxwell-Bloch equations for this problem, and find that the experimentally <span class="hlt">observed</span> phenomenon is due to the emergence of X-ray mirages in the plasma amplifier, appearing as phase-matched coherent virtual point sources. The obtained results bring a new insight into the physical nature of amplification of X-ray radiation in laser-induced plasma amplifiers and open additional opportunities for X-ray plasma diagnostics and extreme ultraviolet lithography.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018WRR....54...46H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018WRR....54...46H"><span>A Binomial Modeling Approach for Upscaling Colloid Transport Under Unfavorable Attachment Conditions: Emergent Prediction of Nonmonotonic Retention <span class="hlt">Profiles</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hilpert, Markus; Johnson, William P.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>We used a recently developed simple mathematical network model to upscale pore-scale colloid transport information determined under unfavorable attachment conditions. Classical log-linear and nonmonotonic retention <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, both well-reported under favorable and unfavorable attachment conditions, respectively, emerged from our upscaling. The primary attribute of the network is colloid transfer between bulk pore fluid, the near-surface fluid domain (NSFD), and attachment (treated as irreversible). The network model accounts for colloid transfer to the NSFD of downgradient grains and for reentrainment to bulk pore fluid via diffusion or via expulsion at rear flow stagnation zones (RFSZs). The model describes colloid transport by a sequence of random trials in a one-dimensional (1-D) network of Happel cells, which contain a grain and a pore. Using combinatorial analysis that capitalizes on the binomial coefficient, we derived from the pore-scale information the theoretical residence time distribution of colloids in the network. The transition from log-linear to nonmonotonic retention <span class="hlt">profiles</span> occurs when the conditions underlying classical filtration theory are not fulfilled, i.e., when an NSFD colloid population is maintained. Then, nonmonotonic retention <span class="hlt">profiles</span> result potentially both for attached and NSFD colloids. The <span class="hlt">concentration</span> maxima shift downgradient depending on specific parameter choice. The <span class="hlt">concentration</span> maxima were also shown to shift downgradient temporally (with continued elution) under conditions where attachment is negligible, explaining experimentally <span class="hlt">observed</span> downgradient transport of retained <span class="hlt">concentration</span> maxima of adhesion-deficient bacteria. For the case of zero reentrainment, we develop closed-form, analytical expressions for the shape, and the maximum of the colloid retention <span class="hlt">profile</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPO....44.2433B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPO....44.2433B"><span>Approximate Stokes Drift <span class="hlt">Profiles</span> in Deep Water</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Breivik, Øyvind; Janssen, Peter A. E. M.; Bidlot, Jean-Raymond</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>A deep-water approximation to the Stokes drift velocity <span class="hlt">profile</span> is explored as an alternative to the monochromatic <span class="hlt">profile</span>. The alternative <span class="hlt">profile</span> investigated relies on the same two quantities required for the monochromatic <span class="hlt">profile</span>, viz the Stokes transport and the surface Stokes drift velocity. Comparisons with parametric spectra and <span class="hlt">profiles</span> under wave spectra from the ERA-Interim reanalysis and buoy <span class="hlt">observations</span> reveal much better agreement than the monochromatic <span class="hlt">profile</span> even for complex sea states. That the <span class="hlt">profile</span> gives a closer match and a more correct shear has implications for ocean circulation models since the Coriolis-Stokes force depends on the magnitude and direction of the Stokes drift <span class="hlt">profile</span> and Langmuir turbulence parameterizations depend sensitively on the shear of the <span class="hlt">profile</span>. The alternative <span class="hlt">profile</span> comes at no added numerical cost compared to the monochromatic <span class="hlt">profile</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeCoA.109..143J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeCoA.109..143J"><span>LA-ICP-MS depth <span class="hlt">profile</span> analysis of apatite: Protocol and implications for (U-Th)/He thermochronometry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Johnstone, Samuel; Hourigan, Jeremy; Gallagher, Christopher</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>Heterogeneous <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of α-producing nuclides in apatite have been recognized through a variety of methods. The presence of zonation in apatite complicates both traditional α-ejection corrections and diffusive models, both of which operate under the assumption of homogeneous <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>. In this work we develop a method for measuring radial <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of 238U and 232Th in apatite by laser ablation ICP-MS depth <span class="hlt">profiling</span>. We then focus on one application of this method, removing bias introduced by applying inappropriate α-ejection corrections. Formal treatment of laser ablation ICP-MS depth <span class="hlt">profile</span> calibration for apatite includes construction and calibration of matrix-matched standards and quantification of rates of elemental fractionation. From this we conclude that matrix-matched standards provide more robust monitors of fractionation rate and <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> than doped silicate glass standards. We apply laser ablation ICP-MS depth <span class="hlt">profiling</span> to apatites from three unknown populations and small, intact crystals of Durango fluorapatite. Accurate and reproducible Durango apatite dates suggest that prolonged exposure to laser drilling does not impact cooling ages. Intracrystalline <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> vary by at least a factor of 2 in the majority of the samples analyzed, but <span class="hlt">concentration</span> variation only exceeds 5x in 5 grains and 10x in 1 out of the 63 grains analyzed. Modeling of synthetic <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> suggests that for <span class="hlt">concentration</span> variations of 2x and 10x individual homogeneous versus zonation dependent α-ejection corrections could lead to age bias of >5% and >20%, respectively. However, models based on measured <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> only generated biases exceeding 5% in 13 of the 63 cases modeled. Application of zonation dependent α-ejection corrections did not significantly reduce the age dispersion present in any of the populations studied. This suggests that factors beyond homogeneous α-ejection corrections are the dominant</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016A%26A...587A.134G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016A%26A...587A.134G"><span>A helium P-Cygni <span class="hlt">profile</span> in RR Lyrae stars?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gillet, D.; Sefyani, F. L.; Benhida, A.; Fabas, N.; Mathias, P.; Benkhaldoun, Z.; Daassou, A.</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>Context. Until 2006, helium emission lines had never been <span class="hlt">observed</span> in RR Lyrae stars. For the first time, a pre-maximum helium emission in 11 RRab stars was <span class="hlt">observed</span> during rising light (around the pulsation phase 0.92) and the reappearance of helium emission near maximum light (phase 0.0) in one RRab star: RV Oct. This post-maximum emission has been only <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the He I λ5875.66 (D3) line. Its intensity is very weak, and its <span class="hlt">profile</span> mimics a P-Cygni <span class="hlt">profile</span> with the emission peak centered at the laboratory wavelength. The physical explanation for this unexpected line <span class="hlt">profile</span> has not been proposed yet. Aims: Using new <span class="hlt">observations</span> of RR Lyr, we investigate the physical origin of the presence of a P-Cygni <span class="hlt">profile</span> in the He I λ5875.66 (D3) line. Methods: High-resolution spectra of RR Lyr, collected with a spectrograph eShel/C14 at the Oukaïmeden Observatory (Morocco) in 2013, were analyzed to understand the origin of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> P-Cygni <span class="hlt">profile</span> at D3. Results: When the shock intensity is moderate, helium emission cannot be produced in the shock wake, and consequently, the two consecutive helium emissions (pre- and post-maximum light emissions) are not <span class="hlt">observed</span>. This is the most frequent case. When the shock intensity becomes high enough, a pre-maximum He I emission first occurs, which can be followed by the appearance of a P-Cygni <span class="hlt">profile</span> if the shock intensity is still strong in the high atmosphere. The <span class="hlt">observation</span> of a P-Cygni <span class="hlt">profile</span> means that the shock wave is already detached from the photosphere. It is shown that the shock strongly first decelerates between the pulsation phases 0.90 and 1.04 from 130 km s-1 to 60 km s-1, probably before accelerating again to 80 km s-1 near phase 1.30. Conclusions: The presence of the P-Cygni <span class="hlt">profile</span> seems to be a natural consequence of the large extension of the expanding atmosphere, which is induced by strong (radiative) shock waves propagating toward the high atmosphere. This kind of P-Cygni <span class="hlt">profile</span> has already been</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..119a2049A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..119a2049A"><span><span class="hlt">Profile</span> of Rumen Fermentation and Blood Urea Nitrogen <span class="hlt">Concentration</span> of Kacang Goat Fed Total Mixed Ration Vs. Roughage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Adiwinarti, R.; Kustantinah; Budisatria, I. G. S.; Rusman; Indarto, E.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Kacang goat is usually reared traditionally fed natural grass and having inferior performance. Many researches had been done to improve the performance. Total mixed ration (TMR) containing soybean meal (SBM) and fish meal (FM) could increase the performance of Kacang goat, but the <span class="hlt">profile</span> of rumen fermentation has not been published. Therefore, this study investigated the <span class="hlt">profile</span> of rumen fermentation and blood urea Nitrogen <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (BUN) in Kacang goat fed natural grass (roughage) and TMR. Twelve yearling Kacang buck, 15.2-19.6 kg were arranged in completely randomized design. The treatments were NG (natural grass), FM (TMR containing FM), and SBM (TMR containing SBM). The TMR were formulated containing 15% crude protein and 56-58% TDN. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA. Rumen pH 6 hours after feeding of NG (7.4) was higher (P<0.01) than that of FM (6.2) and SBM (6.4). This lowering pH of TMR was caused by increasing volatile fatty acids (VFA). The VFA total of FM (129.7 mmol/l) and SBM (153.1 mmol/l) were higher than that of NG (86.4 mmol/l). At 3 and 6 hours after feeding, ammonia in the rumen of SBM was higher than that of NG and FM, indicating higher degraded protein. The BUN at 3 hours after feeding of SBM was higher than that of NG. It can be concluded that protein in SBM was degraded higher than others and the lower pH in rumen of TMR goats was caused by higher VFA produced by TMR goats compared to NG goats.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ACPD....9.6597S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ACPD....9.6597S"><span>Spatio-temporal <span class="hlt">observations</span> of tertiary ozone maximum</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sofieva, V. F.; Kyrölä, E.; Verronen, P. T.; Seppälä, A.; Tamminen, J.; Marsh, D. R.; Smith, A. K.; Bertaux, J.-L.; Hauchecorne, A.; Dalaudier, F.; Fussen, D.; Vanhellemont, F.; Fanton D'Andon, O.; Barrot, G.; Guirlet, M.; Fehr, T.; Saavedra, L.</p> <p>2009-03-01</p> <p>We present spatio-temporal distributions of tertiary ozone maximum (TOM), based on GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars) ozone measurements in 2002-2006. The tertiary ozone maximum is typically <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the high-latitude winter mesosphere at altitude ~72 km. Although the explanation for this phenomenon has been found recently - low <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of odd-hydrogen cause the subsequent decrease in odd-oxygen losses - models have had significant deviations from existing <span class="hlt">observations</span> until recently. Good coverage of polar night regions by GOMOS data has allowed for the first time obtaining spatial and temporal <span class="hlt">observational</span> distributions of night-time ozone mixing ratio in the mesosphere. The distributions obtained from GOMOS data have specific features, which are variable from year to year. In particular, due to a long lifetime of ozone in polar night conditions, the downward transport of polar air by the meridional circulation is clearly <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the tertiary ozone maximum time series. Although the maximum tertiary ozone mixing ratio is achieved close to the polar night terminator (as predicted by the theory), TOM can be <span class="hlt">observed</span> also at very high latitudes, not only in the beginning and at the end, but also in the middle of winter. We have compared the <span class="hlt">observational</span> spatio-temporal distributions of tertiary ozone maximum with that obtained using WACCM (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model) and found that the specific features are reproduced satisfactorily by the model. Since ozone in the mesosphere is very sensitive to HOx <span class="hlt">concentrations</span>, energetic particle precipitation can significantly modify the shape of the ozone <span class="hlt">profiles</span>. In particular, GOMOS <span class="hlt">observations</span> have shown that the tertiary ozone maximum was temporarily destroyed during the January 2005 and December 2006 solar proton events as a result of the HOx enhancement from the increased ionization.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830002375','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830002375"><span>Technology needs assessment of an atmospheric <span class="hlt">observation</span> system for tropospheric research missions, part 1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Alvarado, D. R.; Bortner, M. H.; Grenda, R. N.; Frippel, G. G.; Halsey, H.; Neste, S. L.; Kritikos, H.; Keafer, L. S.; Deryder, L. J.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>The technology advancements needed to implement the atmospheric <span class="hlt">observation</span> satellite systems for air quality research were identified. Tropospheric measurements are considered. The measurements and sensors are based on a model of knowledge objectives in atmospheric science. A set of potential missions and attendant spacecraft and sensors is postulated. The results show that the predominant technology needs will be in passive and active sensors for accurate and frequent global measurements of trace gas <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...54a2082D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...54a2082D"><span>Estimation of suspended sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> from Acoustic Doppler Current <span class="hlt">Profiler</span> (ADCP) instrument: A case study of Lembeh Strait, North Sulawesi</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dwinovantyo, Angga; Manik, Henry M.; Prartono, Tri; Susilohadi; Ilahude, Delyuzar</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Measurement of suspended sediment <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (SSC) is one of the parameters needed to determine the characteristics of sediment transport. However, the measurement of SSC nowadays still uses conventional technique and it has limitations; especially in temporal resolution. With advanced technology, the measurement can use hydroacoustic technology such as Acoustic Doppler Current <span class="hlt">Profiler</span> (ADCP). ADCP measures the intensity of backscatter as echo intensity unit from sediment particles. The frequency of ADCP used in this study was 400 kHz. The samples were measured and collected from Lembeh Strait, North Sulawesi. The highest <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of suspended sediment was 98.89 mg L-1 and the lowest was 45.20 mg L-1. Time series data showed the tidal condition affected the SSC. From the research, we also made correction from sound signal losses effect such as spherical spreading and sound absorption to get more accurate results by eliminating these parameters in echo intensity data. Simple linear regression analysis at echo intensity measured from ADCP to direct measurement of SSC was performed to obtain the estimation of the SSC. The comparison result of estimation of SSC from ADCP measurements and SSC from laboratory analyses was insignificantly different based on t-test statistical analysis with 95% confidence interval percentage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090042721&hterms=water+vapor&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dwater%2Bvapor','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090042721&hterms=water+vapor&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dwater%2Bvapor"><span>CRISM Limb <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Aerosols and Water Vapor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Smith, Michael D.; Wolff, M.J.; Clancy, R.T.; Seelos, F.; Murchie, S.L.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Near-infrared spectra taken in a limb-viewing geometry by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) on-board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) provide a useful tool for probing atmospheric structure. Here we describe preliminary work on the retrieval of vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of aerosols and water vapor from the CRISM limb <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The first full set of CRISM limb <span class="hlt">observations</span> was taken in July 2009, with subsequent limb <span class="hlt">observations</span> planned once every two months. Each set of limb <span class="hlt">observations</span> contains about four dozen scans across the limb giving pole-to-pole coverage for two orbits at roughly 100 and 290 W longitude. Radiative transfer modeling taking account of aerosol scattering in the limb-viewing geometry is used to model the <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The retrievals show the height to which dust and water vapor extend and the location and height of water ice clouds. Results from the First set of CRISM limb <span class="hlt">observations</span> (July 2009, Ls=300) show dust aerosol well-mixed to about three scale heights above the surface with thin water ice clouds above the dust near the equator and at mid-northern latitudes. Water vapor is <span class="hlt">concentrated</span> at high southern latitudes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29218905','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29218905"><span>Considerations for automated machine learning in clinical metabolic <span class="hlt">profiling</span>: Altered homocysteine plasma <span class="hlt">concentration</span> associated with metformin exposure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Orlenko, Alena; Moore, Jason H; Orzechowski, Patryk; Olson, Randal S; Cairns, Junmei; Caraballo, Pedro J; Weinshilboum, Richard M; Wang, Liewei; Breitenstein, Matthew K</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>With the maturation of metabolomics science and proliferation of biobanks, clinical metabolic <span class="hlt">profiling</span> is an increasingly opportunistic frontier for advancing translational clinical research. Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) approaches provide exciting opportunity to guide feature selection in agnostic metabolic <span class="hlt">profiling</span> endeavors, where potentially thousands of independent data points must be evaluated. In previous research, AutoML using high-dimensional data of varying types has been demonstrably robust, outperforming traditional approaches. However, considerations for application in clinical metabolic <span class="hlt">profiling</span> remain to be evaluated. Particularly, regarding the robustness of AutoML to identify and adjust for common clinical confounders. In this study, we present a focused case study regarding AutoML considerations for using the Tree-Based Optimization Tool (TPOT) in metabolic <span class="hlt">profiling</span> of exposure to metformin in a biobank cohort. First, we propose a tandem rank-accuracy measure to guide agnostic feature selection and corresponding threshold determination in clinical metabolic <span class="hlt">profiling</span> endeavors. Second, while AutoML, using default parameters, demonstrated potential to lack sensitivity to low-effect confounding clinical covariates, we demonstrated residual training and adjustment of metabolite features as an easily applicable approach to ensure AutoML adjustment for potential confounding characteristics. Finally, we present increased homocysteine with long-term exposure to metformin as a potentially novel, non-replicated metabolite association suggested by TPOT; an association not identified in parallel clinical metabolic <span class="hlt">profiling</span> endeavors. While warranting independent replication, our tandem rank-accuracy measure suggests homocysteine to be the metabolite feature with largest effect, and corresponding priority for further translational clinical research. Residual training and adjustment for a potential confounding effect by BMI only slightly modified</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24211555','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24211555"><span>Influence of supplemental vitamin C on postmortem protein degradation and fatty acid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of the longissimus thoracis of steers fed varying <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of dietary sulfur.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pogge, Danielle J; Lonergan, Steven M; Hansen, Stephanie L</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>The objective was to examine the effects of supplemental vitamin C (VC) on postmortem protein degradation and fatty acid <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of cattle receiving varying <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of dietary sulfur (S). A longissimus muscle was collected from 120 Angus-cross steers assigned to a 3 × 2 factorial, evaluating three <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of dietary S (0.22, 0.34, and 0.55%) and two <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of supplemental VC (0 or 10 g h(-1)d(-1)). Increasing dietary S and VC supplementation (P<0.001) increased the percent polyunsaturated fatty acids of steaks. Addition of VC tended to increase (P = 0.09) both Fe and 2-thiobarbituric acid content of longissimus thoracis. Increasing S increased (P = 0.03) the proportion of 80-kDa subunit of μ-calpain. Addition of VC within the high S treatment increased (P = 0.05) the abundance of 76-kDa subunit of μ-calpain. Increasing S decreased troponin T degradation (P = 0.07) and protein carbonylation (P<0.01). Supplemental VC appears to alleviate negative effects of high S on autolysis of μ-calpain and protein degradation. © 2013.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18610538','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18610538"><span>Evaluation of the effects of dietary particle fractions on fermentation <span class="hlt">profile</span> and <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of microbiota in the rumen of dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zebeli, Qendrim; Tafaj, Myqerem; Junck, Benjamin; Mansmann, Dominik; Steingass, Herbert; Drochner, Winfried</p> <p>2008-06-01</p> <p>The study evaluated the effects of three different theoretical particle lengths (TPL) of grass silage on the distribution of particle fractions of the diet and the resulting effects on fermentation <span class="hlt">profile</span> and <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of protozoa and mixed bacterial mass in the rumen of three lactating Holstein cows fed total mixed rations (45% grass silage, 5% grass hay and 50% <span class="hlt">concentrate</span>) ad libitum. Decreasing TPL of grass silage (long, medium, short) reduced particles retained on the 19-mm sieve of the Penn State Particle Separator, while particle fractions from 8 mm to 19 mm and smaller than 8 mm were increased. Different TPL did not affect pH and the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of volatile fatty acids in the rumen. However, lowering the TPL from long to medium increased significantly the bicarbonate <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, acetate proportion and protozoal number in the rumen, whereas the proportion of bacterial protein in ruminal digesta and its amino acid <span class="hlt">concentration</span> were significantly increased by the short TPL. For the current feeding conditions, it can be concluded that increasing the fraction of particles between 8 and 19 mm and probably even the fraction below 8 mm by decreasing TPL of grass silage do not adversely affect rumen conditions and can be beneficial in terms of optimising <span class="hlt">concentration</span> and activity of ruminal microbiota in high-yielding dairy cows.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432054','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432054"><span>Analysis of the electrolyte convection inside the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> boundary layer during structured electrodeposition of copper in high magnetic gradient fields.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>König, Jörg; Tschulik, Kristina; Büttner, Lars; Uhlemann, Margitta; Czarske, Jürgen</p> <p>2013-03-19</p> <p>To experimentally reveal the correlation between electrodeposited structure and electrolyte convection induced inside the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> boundary layer, a highly inhomogeneous magnetic field, generated by a magnetized Fe-wire, has been applied to an electrochemical system. The influence of Lorentz and magnetic field gradient force to the local transport phenomena of copper ions has been studied using a novel two-component laser Doppler velocity <span class="hlt">profile</span> sensor. With this sensor, the electrolyte convection within 500 μm of a horizontally aligned cathode is presented. The electrode-normal two-component velocity <span class="hlt">profiles</span> below the electrodeposited structure show that electrolyte convection is induced and directed toward the rim of the Fe-wire. The measured deposited structure directly correlates to the <span class="hlt">observed</span> boundary layer flow. As the local <span class="hlt">concentration</span> of Cu(2+) ions is enhanced due to the induced convection, maximum deposit thicknesses can be found at the rim of the Fe-wire. Furthermore, a complex boundary layer flow structure was determined, indicating that electrolyte convection of second order is induced. Moreover, the Lorentz force-driven convection rapidly vanishes, while the electrolyte convection induced by the magnetic field gradient force is preserved much longer. The progress for research is the first direct experimental proof of the electrolyte convection inside the <span class="hlt">concentration</span> boundary layer that correlates to the deposited structure and reveals that the magnetic field gradient force is responsible for the <span class="hlt">observed</span> structuring effect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhDT.......299C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhDT.......299C"><span>Analysis of air quality with numerical simulation (CMAQ), and <span class="hlt">observations</span> of trace gases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Castellanos, Patricia</p> <p></p> <p>Ozone, a secondary pollutant, is a strong oxidant that can pose a risk to human health. It is formed from a complex set of photochemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Ambient measurements and air quality modeling of ozone and its precursors are important tools for support of regulatory decisions, and analyzing atmospheric chemical and physical processes. I worked on three methods to improve our understanding of photochemical ozone production in the Eastern U.S.: a new detector for NO2, a numerical experiment to test the sensitivity to the timing to emissions, and comparison of modeled and <span class="hlt">observed</span> vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> of CO and ozone. A small, commercially available cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) NO2 detector suitable for surface and aircraft monitoring was modified and characterized. The CRDS detector was run in parallel to an ozone chemiluminescence device with photolytic conversion of NO2 to NO. The two instruments measured ambient air in suburban Maryland. A linear least-squares fit to a direct comparison of the data resulted in a slope of 0.960+/-0.002 and R of 0.995, showing agreement between two measurement techniques within experimental uncertainty. The sensitivity of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to the temporal variation of four emissions sectors was investigated to understand the effect of emissions' daily variability on modeled ozone. Decreasing the variability of mobile source emissions changed the 8-hour maximum ozone <span class="hlt">concentration</span> by +/-7 parts per billion by volume (ppbv). Increasing the variability of point source emissions affected ozone <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> by +/-6 ppbv, but only in areas close to the source. CO is an ideal tracer for analyzing pollutant transport in AQMs because the atmospheric lifetime is longer than the timescale of boundary layer mixing. CO can be used as a tracer if model performance of CO is well understood. An evaluation of CO model performance in CMAQ was</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29306213','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29306213"><span>Urinary metabolites of organophosphate esters in children in South China: <span class="hlt">Concentrations</span>, <span class="hlt">profiles</span> and estimated daily intake.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Yi; Fang, Jianzhang; Ren, Lu; Fan, Ruifang; Zhang, Jianqing; Liu, Guihua; Zhou, Li; Chen, Dingyan; Yu, Yingxin; Lu, Shaoyou</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used in household products as flame retardants or plasticizers and have become ubiquitous pollutants in environmental media. However, little is known about OPE metabolites in humans, especially in children. In this study, eight OPE metabolites were measured in 411 urine samples collected from 6 to 14-year-old children in South China. Bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were the dominant OPE metabolites, and their median <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> were 1.04, 0.15 and 0.28 μg/L, respectively. The levels of urinary OPE metabolites in the present study were much lower than those in participants from other countries, with the exception of BCEP, suggesting widespread exposure to tris(2-chlorethyl) phosphate (TCEP, the parent chemical of BCEP) in South China. No significant difference in the <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of any of the OPE metabolites was <span class="hlt">observed</span> between males and females (p > .05). Significant negative correlations were <span class="hlt">observed</span> between age and BCEP, BCIPP, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), di-o-cresyl phosphate (DoCP) and di-p-cresyl phosphate (DpCP) (DCP), or DPHP (p < .05). Pearson correlation coefficients between urinary OPE metabolites indicated multiple sources and OPE exposure pathways in children. The estimated daily intake suggested that children in South China have a relatively high exposure level to TCEP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the urinary levels of OPE metabolites in Chinese children. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A53I..04L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A53I..04L"><span>Evaluation and Improvement of Polar WRF simulations using the <span class="hlt">observed</span> atmospheric <span class="hlt">profiles</span> in the Arctic seasonal ice zone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Z.; Schweiger, A. J. B.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>We use the Polar Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate atmospheric conditions during the Seasonal Ice Zone Reconnaissance Survey (SIZRS) over the Beaufort Sea in the summer since 2013. With the 119 SIZRS dropsondes in the18 cross sections along the 150W and 140W longitude lines, we evaluate the performance of WRF simulations and two forcing data sets, the ERA-Interim reanalysis and the Global Forecast System (GFS) analysis, and explore the improvement of the Polar WRF performance when the dropsonde data are assimilated using <span class="hlt">observation</span> nudging. Polar WRF, ERA-Interim, and GFS can reproduce the general features of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> mean atmospheric <span class="hlt">profiles</span>, such as low-level temperature inversion, low-level jet (LLJ) and specific humidity inversion. The Polar WRF significantly improves the mean LLJ, with a lower and stronger jet and a larger turning angle than the forcing, which is likely related to the lower values of the boundary layer diffusion in WRF than in the global models such as ECMWF and GFS. The Polar WRF simulated relative humidity closely resembles the forcing datasets while having large biases compared to <span class="hlt">observations</span>. This suggests that the performance of Polar WRF and its forecasts in this region are limited by the quality of the forcing dataset and that the assimilation of more and better-calibrated <span class="hlt">observations</span>, such as humidity data, is critical for their improvement. We investigate the potential of assimilating the SIZRS dropsonde dataset in improving the weather forecast over the Beaufort Sea. A simple local nudging approach is adopted. Along SIZRS flight cross sections, a set of Polar WRF simulations are performed with varying number of variables and dropsonde <span class="hlt">profiles</span> assimilated. Different model physics are tested to examine the sensitivity of different aspects of model physics, such as boundary layer schemes, cloud microphysics, and radiation parameterization, to data assimilation. The comparison of the Polar WRF runs with</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1919570K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1919570K"><span>Lung deposited surface area <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> in a street canyon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kuuluvainen, Heino; Hietikko, Riina; Järvinen, Anssi; Saukko, Erkka; Irjala, Matti; Niemi, Jarkko V.; Timonen, Hilkka; Keskinen, Jorma; Rönkkö, Topi</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Street canyons are interesting environments with respect to the dispersion of traffic emissions and human exposure. Pedestrians may be exposed to relatively high <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> of fine particles and the vertical dispersion affects the human exposure above the ground level in buildings. Previously, particle <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> have been measured in street canyons at a few different heights (Marini et al., 2015). The information on the lung deposited surface area (LDSA) <span class="hlt">concentration</span>, which is a relevant metric for the negative health effects, is very limited even at the ground level of street canyons (Kuuluvainen et al., 2016). More information especially on the vertical dispersion and the ground level <span class="hlt">concentrations</span> is needed, for instance, for the use of urban planning and the design of ventilation systems in buildings. Measurements were carried out in a busy street canyon in Helsinki, Finland, at an urban super-site measurement station (Mäkelänkatu 50). The data included vertical <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">profiles</span> measured in an intensive measurement campaign with a Partector (Naneos GmbH) installed into a drone, long-term measurements with an AQ Urban particle sensor (Pegasor Ltd.), and an extensive comparison measurement in the field with different devices measuring the LDSA. These devices were an AQ Urban, Partector, DiSCmini (Testo AG), NSAM (TSI Inc.), and an ELPI+ (Dekati Ltd.). In addition, continuous measurements of gas phase components, particle size distributions, and meteorology were run at the supersite. The vertical <span class="hlt">profile</span> measurements were con-ducted in November 2016 during two days. In the measurements, the drone was flown from the ground level to an altitude of 50 or 100 m, which is clearly above the roof level of the buildings. Altogether, 48 up-and-down flights were conducted during the two days. The vertical <span class="hlt">profiles</span> were supported by continuous measurements at the ground level on both sides of the street canyon. The long-term measurements were conducted</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.4452G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.4452G"><span>Arctic sea ice <span class="hlt">concentration</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> with SMOS during summer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gabarro, Carolina; Martinez, Justino; Turiel, Antonio</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The Arctic Ocean is under profound transformation. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and model predictions show dramatic decline in sea ice extent and volume [1]. A retreating Arctic ice cover has a marked impact on regional and global climate, and vice versa, through a large number of feedback mechanisms and interactions with the climate system [2]. The launch of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, in 2009, marked the dawn of a new type of space-based microwave <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Although the mission was originally conceived for hydrological and oceanographic studies [3,4], SMOS is also making inroads in the cryospheric sciences by measuring the thin ice thickness [5,6]. SMOS carries an L-band (1.4 GHz), passive interferometric radiometer (the so-called MIRAS) that measures the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Earth's surface, at about 50 km spatial resolution, continuous multi-angle viewing, large wide swath (1200-km), and with a 3-day revisit time at the equator, but more frequently at the poles. A novel radiometric method to determine sea ice <span class="hlt">concentration</span> (SIC) from SMOS is presented. The method uses the Bayesian-based Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) approach to retrieve SIC. The advantage of this approach with respect to the classical linear inversion is that the former takes into account the uncertainty of the tie-point measured data in addition to the mean value, while the latter only uses a mean value of the tie-point data. When thin ice is present, the SMOS algorithm underestimates the SIC due to the low opacity of the ice at this frequency. However, using a synergistic approach with data from other satellite sensors, it is possible to obtain accurate thin ice thickness estimations with the Bayesian-based method. Despite its lower spatial resolution relative to SSMI or AMSR-E, SMOS-derived SIC products are little affected by the atmosphere and the snow (almost transparent at L-band). Moreover L-band measurements are more robust in front of the</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. Their policies may differ from this site.</div> </div><!-- container --> <footer><a id="backToTop" href="#top"> </a><nav><a id="backToTop" href="#top"> </a><ul class="links"><a id="backToTop" href="#top"> </a><li><a id="backToTop" href="#top"></a><a href="/sitemap.html">Site Map</a></li> <li><a href="/members/index.html">Members Only</a></li> <li><a href="/website-policies.html">Website Policies</a></li> <li><a href="https://doe.responsibledisclosure.com/hc/en-us" target="_blank">Vulnerability Disclosure Program</a></li> <li><a href="/contact.html">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> <div class="small">Science.gov is maintained by the U.S. Department of Energy's <a href="https://www.osti.gov/" target="_blank">Office of Scientific and Technical Information</a>, in partnership with <a href="https://www.cendi.gov/" target="_blank">CENDI</a>.</div> </nav> </footer> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- // var lastDiv = ""; function showDiv(divName) { // hide last div if (lastDiv) { document.getElementById(lastDiv).className = "hiddenDiv"; } //if value of the box is not nothing and an object with that name exists, then change the class if (divName && document.getElementById(divName)) { document.getElementById(divName).className = "visibleDiv"; lastDiv = divName; } } //--> </script> <script> /** * Function that tracks a click on an outbound link in Google Analytics. * This function takes a valid URL string as an argument, and uses that URL string * as the event label. */ var trackOutboundLink = function(url,collectionCode) { try { h = window.open(url); setTimeout(function() { ga('send', 'event', 'topic-page-click-through', collectionCode, url); }, 1000); } catch(err){} }; </script> <!-- Google Analytics --> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-1122789-34', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <!-- End Google Analytics --> <script> showDiv('page_1') </script> </body> </html>