Sample records for observed pronounced differences

  1. Pronounced differences between observed and CMIP5-simulated multidecadal climate variability in the twentieth century

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kravtsov, Sergey

    2017-06-01

    Identification and dynamical attribution of multidecadal climate undulations to either variations in external forcings or to internal sources is one of the most important topics of modern climate science, especially in conjunction with the issue of human-induced global warming. Here we utilize ensembles of twentieth century climate simulations to isolate the forced signal and residual internal variability in a network of observed and modeled climate indices. The observed internal variability so estimated exhibits a pronounced multidecadal mode with a distinctive spatiotemporal signature, which is altogether absent in model simulations. This single mode explains a major fraction of model-data differences over the entire climate index network considered; it may reflect either biases in the models' forced response or models' lack of requisite internal dynamics, or a combination of both.Plain Language SummaryGlobal and regional warming trends over the course of the twentieth century have been nonuniform, with decadal and longer periods of faster or slower warming, or even cooling. Here we show that state-of-the-art global models used to predict climate fail to adequately reproduce such multidecadal climate variations. In particular, the models underestimate the magnitude of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> variability and misrepresent its spatial pattern. Therefore, our ability to interpret the <span class="hlt">observed</span> climate change using these models is limited.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22448670','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22448670"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> microheterogeneity in a sorbitol-water mixture <span class="hlt">observed</span> through variable temperature neutron scattering.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chou, Shin G; Soper, Alan K; Khodadadi, Sheila; Curtis, Joseph E; Krueger, Susan; Cicerone, Marcus T; Fitch, Andrew N; Shalaev, Evgenyi Y</p> <p>2012-04-19</p> <p>In this study, the structure of concentrated d-sorbitol-water mixtures is studied by wide- and small-angle neutron scattering (WANS and SANS) as a function of temperature. The mixtures are prepared using both deuterated and regular sorbitol and water at a molar fraction of sorbitol of 0.19 (equivalent to 70% by weight of regular sorbitol in water). Retention of an amorphous structure (i.e., absence of crystallinity) is confirmed for this system over the entire temperature range, 100-298 K. The glass transition temperature, Tg, is found from differential scanning calorimetry to be approximately 200 K. WANS data are analyzed using empirical potential structure refinement, to obtain the site-site radial distribution functions (RDFs) and coordination numbers. This analysis reveals the presence of nanoscaled water clusters surrounded by (and interacting with) sorbitol molecules. The water clusters appear more structured compared to bulk water and, especially at the lowest temperatures, resemble the structure of low-density amorphous ice (LDA). Upon cooling to 100 K the peaks in the water RDFs become markedly sharper, with increased coordination number, indicating enhanced local (nanometer-scale) ordering, with changes taking place both above and well below the Tg. On the mesoscopic (submicrometer) scale, although there are no changes between 298 and 213 K, cooling the sample to 100 K results in a significant increase in the SANS signal, which is indicative of <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> inhomogeneities. This increase in the scattering is partly reversed during heating, although some hysteresis is <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Furthermore, a power law analysis of the SANS data indicates the existence of domains with well-defined interfaces on the submicrometer length scale, probably as a result of the appearance and growth of microscopic voids in the glassy matrix. Because of the unusual combination of small and wide scattering data used here, the present results provide new physical insight into the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Mawson&pg=2&id=EJ188421','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Mawson&pg=2&id=EJ188421"><span>Educational Interventions in Counseling: The Need to Avoid <span class="hlt">Pronouncements</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Mawson, Carol Dienhardt</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Pronouncements</span> are unqualified statements of, or declarations of, expertise. It is suggested that <span class="hlt">pronouncements</span> are generally an unethical form of language for the counselor-teacher to use, and that although they serve a number of persuasive functions for the counselor, they mystify knowledge and authority relationships for the client. (Author)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20015235','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20015235"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> within-individual plasticity in sperm morphometry across social environments.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Immler, Simone; Pryke, Sarah R; Birkhead, Tim R; Griffith, Simon C</p> <p>2010-06-01</p> <p>Sperm morphometry (i.e., size and shape) and function are important determinants of male reproductive success and are thought to be under stabilizing selection. However, recent studies suggest that sperm morphometry can be a phenotypically plastic trait, which can be adjusted to varying conditions. We tested whether <span class="hlt">different</span> behavioral strategies in aggression between aggressive red and nonaggressive black males of the color polymorphic Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae) can influence sperm morphometry. We show <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> within-individual phenotypic plasticity in sperm morphometry of male Gouldian finches in three <span class="hlt">different</span> social environments. Both red and black males placed in intermediate to high competitive environments (high frequency of red males) increased the relative length of their sperm midpiece. By contrast, red males placed in low to intermediate competitive environments (higher frequency of black males) increased the length of the sperm flagellum. Significant changes in stress and sex steroid hormone levels (in response to the competitive environment) appear to influence sperm traits in red but not in black males, suggesting that changes in hormonal levels are not solely responsible for the <span class="hlt">observed</span> changes in sperm morphometry. These findings imply that males can adjust sperm morphometry across social environments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020033018&hterms=words&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dwords','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020033018&hterms=words&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dwords"><span>A Dual-Route Model that Learns to <span class="hlt">Pronounce</span> English Words</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Remington, Roger W.; Miller, Craig S.; Null, Cynthia H. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>This paper describes a model that learns to <span class="hlt">pronounce</span> English words. Learning occurs in two modules: 1) a rule-based module that constructs pronunciations by phonetic analysis of the letter string, and 2) a whole-word module that learns to associate subsets of letters to the pronunciation, without phonetic analysis. In a simulation on a corpus of over 300 words the model produced pronunciation latencies consistent with the effects of word frequency and orthographic regularity <span class="hlt">observed</span> in human data. Implications of the model for theories of visual word processing and reading instruction are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EurSS..49..859O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EurSS..49..859O"><span>Transformation of humus substances in the long-drained surface-gleyed soddy-podzolic soils under conditions of <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> microrelief and <span class="hlt">different</span> agrogenic loads</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ovchinnikova, M. F.</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>The transformation of humus substances resulting from artificial drainage of the surface-gleyed soddy-podzolic soils under conditions of <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> microtopography and <span class="hlt">different</span> agrogenic loads was studied. The studied soil characteristics included acid-base conditions, the content and group composition of humus, the ratios between the fractions of humus acids, and optical density of humic acids. The features attesting to humus degradation were found in the soils of microdepressions periodically subjected to excessive surface moistening, in the soils of <span class="hlt">different</span> landforms upon the construction of drainage trenches, and in the plowed non-fertilized soils. The response of humus characteristics to the changes in the ecological situation in the period of active application of agrochemicals for reclamation of the agrotechnogenically disturbed soils was traced. It was shown that the long-term dynamics of the particular parameters of the biological productivity of the soil depend on the hydrological and agrogenic factors, as well as on the weather conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4938645','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4938645"><span>Placental Hypomethylation Is More <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> in Genomic Loci Devoid of Retroelements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chatterjee, Aniruddha; Macaulay, Erin C.; Rodger, Euan J.; Stockwell, Peter A.; Parry, Matthew F.; Roberts, Hester E.; Slatter, Tania L.; Hung, Noelyn A.; Devenish, Celia J.; Morison, Ian M.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The human placenta is hypomethylated compared to somatic tissues. However, the degree and specificity of placental hypomethylation across the genome is unclear. We assessed genome-wide methylation of the human placenta and compared it to that of the neutrophil, a representative homogeneous somatic cell. We <span class="hlt">observed</span> global hypomethylation in placenta (relative reduction of 22%) compared to neutrophils. Placental hypomethylation was <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in intergenic regions and gene bodies, while the unmethylated state of the promoter remained conserved in both tissues. For every class of repeat elements, the placenta showed lower methylation but the degree of hypomethylation <span class="hlt">differed</span> substantially between these classes. However, some retroelements, especially the evolutionarily younger Alu elements, retained high levels of placental methylation. Surprisingly, nonretrotransposon-containing sequences showed a greater degree of placental hypomethylation than retrotransposons in every genomic element (intergenic, introns, and exons) except promoters. The differentially methylated fragments (DMFs) in placenta and neutrophils were enriched in gene-poor and CpG-poor regions. The placentally hypomethylated DMFs were enriched in genomic regions that are usually inactive, whereas hypermethylated DMFs were enriched in active regions. Hypomethylation of the human placenta is not specific to retroelements, indicating that the evolutionary advantages of placental hypomethylation go beyond those provided by expression of retrotransposons and retrogenes. PMID:27172225</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12831248','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12831248"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounceability</span>: a measure of language samples based on children's mastery of the phonemes employed in them.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Whissell, Cynthia</p> <p>2003-06-01</p> <p>56 samples (n > half a million phonemes) of names (e.g., men's, women's jets'), song lyrics (e.g., Paul Simon's, rap, Beatles'), poems (frequently anthologized English poems), and children's materials (books directed at children ages 3-10 years) were used to study a proposed new measure of English language samples--<span class="hlt">Pronounceability</span>-based on children's mastery of some phonemes in advance of others. This measure was provisionally equated with greater "youthfulness" and "playfulness" in language samples and with less "maturity." Findings include the facts that women's names were less <span class="hlt">pronounceable</span> than men's and that poetry was less <span class="hlt">pronounceable</span> than song lyrics or children's materials. In a supplementary study, 13 university student volunteers' assessments of the youth of randomly constructed names was linearly related to how <span class="hlt">pronounceable</span> each name was (eta = .8), providing construct validity for the interpretation of <span class="hlt">Pronounceability</span> as a measure of Youthfulness.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24155994','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24155994"><span>Acquired hemochromatosis with <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> pigment deposition of the upper eyelids.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chacon, Anna H; Morrison, Brian; Hu, Shasa</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>primary (hereditary) or secondary (acquired). The acquired type most commonly occurs after massive intake of iron supplements or blood transfusions and is also known as transfusional iron overload. In the past, hemochromatosis was usually recognized at an advanced stage by the classic triad of hyperpigmentation, diabetes mellitus ("bronze diabetes"), and hepatic cirrhosis. Cutaneous hyperpigmentation is present in 70 percent of patients due to two <span class="hlt">different</span> mechanisms: (1) hemosiderin deposition resulting in diffuse, slate-gray darkening and (2) increased production of melanin in the epidermis. A 47-year-old woman who receives regular transfusions due to low iron and chronic, unresolving anemia and who subsequently developed <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> hyperpigmentation of the upper eyelids is described. The presentation, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment options of hyperpigmentation due to secondary hemochromatosis are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3805307','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3805307"><span>Acquired Hemochromatosis with <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Pigment Deposition of the Upper Eyelids</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Morrison, Brian; Hu, Shasa</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Hemochromatosis may be classified into two groups: primary (hereditary) or secondary (acquired). The acquired type most commonly occurs after massive intake of iron supplements or blood transfusions and is also known as transfusional iron overload. In the past, hemochromatosis was usually recognized at an advanced stage by the classic triad of hyperpigmentation, diabetes mellitus (“bronze diabetes”), and hepatic cirrhosis. Cutaneous hyperpigmentation is present in 70 percent of patients due to two <span class="hlt">different</span> mechanisms: (1) hemosiderin deposition resulting in diffuse, slate-gray darkening and (2) increased production of melanin in the epidermis. A 47-year-old woman who receives regular transfusions due to low iron and chronic, unresolving anemia and who subsequently developed <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> hyperpigmentation of the upper eyelids is described. The presentation, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment options of hyperpigmentation due to secondary hemochromatosis are discussed. PMID:24155994</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMNG23D..02S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMNG23D..02S"><span>Interpreting the Latitudinal Structure of <span class="hlt">Differences</span> Between Modeled and <span class="hlt">Observed</span> Temperature Trends (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Santer, B. D.; Mears, C. A.; Gleckler, P. J.; Solomon, S.; Wigley, T.; Arblaster, J.; Cai, W.; Gillett, N. P.; Ivanova, D. P.; Karl, T. R.; Lanzante, J.; Meehl, G. A.; Stott, P.; Taylor, K. E.; Thorne, P.; Wehner, M. F.; Zou, C.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>We perform the most comprehensive comparison to date of simulated and <span class="hlt">observed</span> temperature trends. Comparisons are made for <span class="hlt">different</span> latitude bands, timescales, and temperature variables, using information from a multi-model archive and a variety of <span class="hlt">observational</span> datasets. Our focus is on temperature changes in the lower troposphere (TLT), the mid- to upper troposphere (TMT), and at the sea surface (SST). For SST, TLT, and TMT, trend comparisons over the satellite era (1979 to 2009) always yield closest agreement in mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. There are <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> discrepancies in the tropics and in the Southern Hemisphere: in both regions, the multi-model average warming is consistently larger than <span class="hlt">observed</span>. At high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, the <span class="hlt">observed</span> tropospheric warming exceeds multi-model average trends. The similarity in the latitudinal structure of this discrepancy pattern across <span class="hlt">different</span> temperature variables and <span class="hlt">observational</span> data sets suggests that these trend <span class="hlt">differences</span> are real, and are not due to residual inhomogeneities in the <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The interpretation of these results is hampered by the fact that the CMIP-3 multi-model archive analyzed here convolves errors in key external forcings with errors in the model response to forcing. Under a "forcing error" interpretation, model-average temperature trends in the Southern Hemisphere extratropics are biased warm because many models neglect (and/or inaccurately specify) changes in stratospheric ozone and the indirect effects of aerosols. An alternative "response error" explanation for the model trend errors is that there are fundamental problems with model clouds and ocean heat uptake over the Southern Ocean. When SST changes are compared over the longer period 1950 to 2009, there is close agreement between simulated and <span class="hlt">observed</span> trends poleward of 50°S. This result is difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that the trend discrepancies over 1979 to 2009 are primarily</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3990940','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3990940"><span>Shoulder pain and concomitant hand oedema among stroke patients with <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> arm paresis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background The aim of this prospective study was to identify clinical factors associated with the development of shoulder pain in stroke patients with <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> arm paresis. Methods At stroke onset, 485 patients were initially assessed in 2007–2009. Sixty-three patients with <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> arm paresis completed the study, and 21 of these developed shoulder pain. Clinical findings were recorded fortnightly by the attending physiotherapist during hospital stay. Results Hand oedema on the paretic side was more common in patients developing shoulder pain compared with those who did not develop shoulder pain. The onset of shoulder pain was associated with concomitant hand oedema. High NIHSS score was associated with developing shoulder pain. Patients with a history of shoulder pain developed pain earlier than those without previous shoulder pain. Patients with haemorrhagic stroke were significantly more prone to developing shoulder pain. Conclusions One-third of the stroke patients with <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> arm paresis developed shoulder pain. Concomitant hand oedema seems to be an additional symptom of shoulder injury. Patients with low general status are more vulnerable to develop post-stroke shoulder pain. PMID:24765589</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24753570','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24753570"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> zonal heterogeneity in Eocene southern high-latitude sea surface temperatures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Douglas, Peter M J; Affek, Hagit P; Ivany, Linda C; Houben, Alexander J P; Sijp, Willem P; Sluijs, Appy; Schouten, Stefan; Pagani, Mark</p> <p>2014-05-06</p> <p>Paleoclimate studies suggest that increased global warmth during the Eocene epoch was greatly amplified at high latitudes, a state that climate models cannot fully reproduce. However, proxy estimates of Eocene near-Antarctic sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have produced widely divergent results at similar latitudes, with SSTs above 20 °C in the southwest Pacific contrasting with SSTs between 5 and 15 °C in the South Atlantic. Validation of this zonal temperature <span class="hlt">difference</span> has been impeded by uncertainties inherent to the individual paleotemperature proxies applied at these sites. Here, we present multiproxy data from Seymour Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula, that provides well-constrained evidence for annual SSTs of 10-17 °C (1σ SD) during the middle and late Eocene. Comparison of the same paleotemperature proxy at Seymour Island and at the East Tasman Plateau indicate the presence of a large and consistent middle-to-late Eocene SST gradient of ∼7 °C between these two sites located at similar paleolatitudes. Intermediate-complexity climate model simulations suggest that enhanced oceanic heat transport in the South Pacific, driven by deep-water formation in the Ross Sea, was largely responsible for the <span class="hlt">observed</span> SST gradient. These results indicate that very warm SSTs, in excess of 18 °C, did not extend uniformly across the Eocene southern high latitudes, and suggest that thermohaline circulation may partially control the distribution of high-latitude ocean temperatures in greenhouse climates. The <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> zonal SST heterogeneity evident in the Eocene cautions against inferring past meridional temperature gradients using spatially limited data within given latitudinal bands.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29374166','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29374166"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> centennial-scale Atlantic Ocean climate variability correlated with Western Hemisphere hydroclimate.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thirumalai, Kaustubh; Quinn, Terrence M; Okumura, Yuko; Richey, Julie N; Partin, Judson W; Poore, Richard Z; Moreno-Chamarro, Eduardo</p> <p>2018-01-26</p> <p>Surface-ocean circulation in the northern Atlantic Ocean influences Northern Hemisphere climate. Century-scale circulation variability in the Atlantic Ocean, however, is poorly constrained due to insufficiently-resolved paleoceanographic records. Here we present a replicated reconstruction of sea-surface temperature and salinity from a site sensitive to North Atlantic circulation in the Gulf of Mexico which reveals <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> centennial-scale variability over the late Holocene. We find significant correlations on these timescales between salinity changes in the Atlantic, a diagnostic parameter of circulation, and widespread precipitation anomalies using three approaches: multiproxy synthesis, <span class="hlt">observational</span> datasets, and a transient simulation. Our results demonstrate links between centennial changes in northern Atlantic surface-circulation and hydroclimate changes in the adjacent continents over the late Holocene. Notably, our findings reveal that weakened surface-circulation in the Atlantic Ocean was concomitant with well-documented rainfall anomalies in the Western Hemisphere during the Little Ice Age.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70196179','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70196179"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> centennial-scale Atlantic Ocean climate variability correlated with Western Hemisphere hydroclimate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Thirumalai, Kaustubh; Quinn, Terrence M.; Okumura, Yuko; Richey, Julie; Partin, Judson W.; Poore, Richard Z.; Moreno-Chamarro, Eduardo</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Surface-ocean circulation in the northern Atlantic Ocean influences Northern Hemisphere climate. Century-scale circulation variability in the Atlantic Ocean, however, is poorly constrained due to insufficiently-resolved paleoceanographic records. Here we present a replicated reconstruction of sea-surface temperature and salinity from a site sensitive to North Atlantic circulation in the Gulf of Mexico which reveals <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> centennial-scale variability over the late Holocene. We find significant correlations on these timescales between salinity changes in the Atlantic, a diagnostic parameter of circulation, and widespread precipitation anomalies using three approaches: multiproxy synthesis, <span class="hlt">observational</span> datasets, and a transient simulation. Our results demonstrate links between centennial changes in northern Atlantic surface-circulation and hydroclimate changes in the adjacent continents over the late Holocene. Notably, our findings reveal that weakened surface-circulation in the Atlantic Ocean was concomitant with well-documented rainfall anomalies in the Western Hemisphere during the Little Ice Age.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12047482','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12047482"><span>The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine in two slow release formulations: <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> lag-time after a high fat breakfast.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schug, B S; Brendel, E; Chantraine, E; Wolf, D; Martin, W; Schall, R; Blume, H H</p> <p>2002-06-01</p> <p>.0%, respectively. However, most striking was a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> delay in nifedipine absorption <span class="hlt">observed</span> under fed conditions after administration of Slofedipine XL which resulted in lag-times of more than 15 h in 15 out of 24 subjects. Owing to this lag-time under fed conditions the relative bioavailability of nifedipine from Slofedipine XL compared with Adalat OROS was only 28% over the intended dosing interval of 24 h. In this study a dosage form-dependent food interaction was <span class="hlt">observed</span> which, under fed conditions, resulted in <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the relative bioavailability of nifedipine between Slofedipine XL and Adalat OROS over the intended dosing interval of 24 h. The delay in nifedipine absorption when Slofedipine XL is administered after a high-fat breakfast may be explained by the formulation properties. Slofedipine XL is an erosive tablet with an acid resistant coating whereas Adalat OROS is designed with an osmotic push-pull system. Under fed conditions drug from the single unit enteric coated dosage form exhibits a delayed absorption probably due to an extensively prolonged gastric residence time which does not allow drug release, on the other hand the osmotically driven push-pull system is not sensitive to concomitant food intake. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> phenomenon might be of therapeutic relevance. For example a change from taking Slofedipine XL in the fed to the fasted state might result in increased systemic concentrations of nifedipine.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4020054','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4020054"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> zonal heterogeneity in Eocene southern high-latitude sea surface temperatures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Douglas, Peter M. J.; Affek, Hagit P.; Ivany, Linda C.; Houben, Alexander J. P.; Sijp, Willem P.; Sluijs, Appy; Schouten, Stefan; Pagani, Mark</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Paleoclimate studies suggest that increased global warmth during the Eocene epoch was greatly amplified at high latitudes, a state that climate models cannot fully reproduce. However, proxy estimates of Eocene near-Antarctic sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have produced widely divergent results at similar latitudes, with SSTs above 20 °C in the southwest Pacific contrasting with SSTs between 5 and 15 °C in the South Atlantic. Validation of this zonal temperature <span class="hlt">difference</span> has been impeded by uncertainties inherent to the individual paleotemperature proxies applied at these sites. Here, we present multiproxy data from Seymour Island, near the Antarctic Peninsula, that provides well-constrained evidence for annual SSTs of 10–17 °C (1σ SD) during the middle and late Eocene. Comparison of the same paleotemperature proxy at Seymour Island and at the East Tasman Plateau indicate the presence of a large and consistent middle-to-late Eocene SST gradient of ∼7 °C between these two sites located at similar paleolatitudes. Intermediate-complexity climate model simulations suggest that enhanced oceanic heat transport in the South Pacific, driven by deep-water formation in the Ross Sea, was largely responsible for the <span class="hlt">observed</span> SST gradient. These results indicate that very warm SSTs, in excess of 18 °C, did not extend uniformly across the Eocene southern high latitudes, and suggest that thermohaline circulation may partially control the distribution of high-latitude ocean temperatures in greenhouse climates. The <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> zonal SST heterogeneity evident in the Eocene cautions against inferring past meridional temperature gradients using spatially limited data within given latitudinal bands. PMID:24753570</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150023292&hterms=runoff&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Drunoff','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150023292&hterms=runoff&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Drunoff"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Greenland Ice Sheet Firn Warming and Implications for Runoff Production</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Polashenski, Chris; Courville, Zoe; Benson, Carl; Wagner, Anna; Chen, Justin; Wong, Gifford; Hawley, Robert; Hall, Dorothy</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Field measurements of shallow borehole temperatures in firn across the northern Greenland ice sheet are collected during May 2013. Sites first measured in 19521955 are revisited, showing long-term trends in firn temperature. Results indicate a pattern of substantial firn warming (up to +5.7C) at midlevel elevations (1400-2500 m) and little temperature change at high elevations (2500 m). We find that latent heat transport into the firn due to meltwater percolation drives the <span class="hlt">observed</span> warming. Modeling shows that heat is stored at depth for several years, and energy delivered from consecutive melt events accumulates in the firn. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> warming is likely not yet in equilibrium with recent melt production rates but captures the progression of sites in the percolation facies toward net runoff production.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28430750','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28430750"><span>Elevated Immune Response Among Children 4 Years of Age With <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Local Adverse Events After the Fifth Diphtheria, Tetanus, Acellular Pertussis Vaccination.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>van der Lee, Saskia; Kemmeren, Jeanet M; de Rond, Lia G H; Öztürk, Kemal; Westerhof, Anneke; de Melker, Hester E; Sanders, Elisabeth A M; Berbers, Guy A M; van der Maas, Nicoline A T; Rümke, Hans C; Buisman, Anne-Marie</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>In the Netherlands, acellular pertussis vaccines replaced the more reactogenic whole-cell pertussis vaccines. This replacement in the primary immunization schedule of infants coincided with a significant increase in <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> local adverse events (AEs) in 4 years old children shortly after the administration of a fifth diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis and inactivated polio (DTaP-IPV) vaccine. The objective of this study was to investigate possible <span class="hlt">differences</span> in vaccine antigen-specific immune responses between children with and without a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> local AE after the fifth DTaP-IPV vaccination. Blood was sampled in 2 groups of 4-year-olds: a case group reporting <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> local swelling and/or erythema up to extensive limb swelling at the injection site (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with individual vaccine antigens. Plasma antigen-specific IgG, IgG subclass and total IgE concentrations and T-cell cytokine [interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-13, IL-17 and IL-10] production by stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were determined by multiplex bead-based fluorescent multiplex immunoassays. In children with AEs, significantly higher total IgE and vaccine antigen-specific IgG and IgG4 responses as well as levels of the T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokine IL-13 were found after pertussis, tetanus and diphtheria stimulation compared with controls. Children with <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> local reactions show higher humoral and cellular immune responses. Acellular vaccines are known to skew toward more Th2 responses. The <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> local AEs may be associated with more Th2 skewing after the fifth DTaP-IPV vaccination, but other biologic factors may also impact the occurrence of these <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> local reactions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ESASP.663E..64L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ESASP.663E..64L"><span>The Fiber Contractility and Cytoskeleton Losses in Space are Less <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> in Mongolian Gerbils</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lipets, E. N.; Ponomareva, E. V.; Ogneva, I. V.; Vikhliantsev, I. M.; Karaduleva, E. V.; Kartashkina, N. L.; Kuznetsov, S. L.; Podlubnaia, Z. A.; Shenkman, B. S.</p> <p>2008-06-01</p> <p>This work was purposed on the comparison of space flight effects on m. soleus and m. tibialis anterior of Mongolian gerbils. The animals have been flown onboard biosatellite Foton-M3 for 12 days. Contractile properties of single skinned muscle fibers were studied. It was revealed that diameter of m. soleus skinned fibers and maximal isometric tension were decreased by 19.7% and 21.8% respectively. The Ca-sensitivity reduction wasn't significant, that was in accordance with absence of changes of titin and nebulin relative content in soleus and minor manifestations in slow-to-fast fiber ratio (9%, p<0.05). There weren't <span class="hlt">observed</span> significant changes of the same parameters in m. tibialis anterior. Ultimately the fiber contractility and cytoskeleton losses in space are less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in Mongolian gerbils than in rats.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li class="active"><span>1</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_1 --> <div id="page_2" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li class="active"><span>2</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="21"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10879402','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10879402"><span>Diseases associated with <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> eosinophilia: a study of 105 dogs in Sweden.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lilliehöök, I; Gunnarsson, L; Zakrisson, G; Tvedten, H</p> <p>2000-06-01</p> <p>Records of 105 dogs with <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> eosinophilia (>2.2 x 10(9) eosinophils/litre) were evaluated in a retrospective study to determine diseases associated with the abnormality in dogs in Sweden. Inflammatory disease in organs with large epithelial surfaces, such as the gut, lungs or skin, was found in 36 per cent of the dogs. A further one-quarter of the 105 cases were placed in the 'miscellaneous' category, which comprised various diseases found at low frequency. The most well defined diagnosis was pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophils in 12 per cent of the dogs. A further 11 per cent had parasitic disease caused by either sarcoptic mange or nasal mite. No atopic dog was found and rottweilers were over-represented in most disease groups. <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> eosinophilia, in many cases transient, seems to be associated with a variety of disorders in dogs. In the present study, rottweilers appeared to be more prone to a high eosinophil response than other breeds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27192222','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27192222"><span>Emergence of representations through repeated training on <span class="hlt">pronouncing</span> novel letter combinations leads to efficient reading.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Takashima, Atsuko; Hulzink, Iris; Wagensveld, Barbara; Verhoeven, Ludo</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>Printed text can be decoded by utilizing <span class="hlt">different</span> processing routes depending on the familiarity of the script. A predominant use of word-level decoding strategies can be expected in the case of a familiar script, and an almost exclusive use of letter-level decoding strategies for unfamiliar scripts. Behavioural studies have revealed that frequently occurring words are read more efficiently, suggesting that these words are read in a more holistic way at the word-level, than infrequent and unfamiliar words. To test whether repeated exposure to specific letter combinations leads to holistic reading, we monitored both behavioural and neural responses during novel script decoding and examined changes related to repeated exposure. We trained a group of Dutch university students to decode pseudowords written in an unfamiliar script, i.e., Korean Hangul characters. We compared behavioural and neural responses to <span class="hlt">pronouncing</span> trained versus untrained two-character pseudowords (equivalent to two-syllable pseudowords). We tested once shortly after the initial training and again after a four days' delay that included another training session. We found that trained pseudowords were <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> faster and more accurately than novel combinations of radicals (equivalent to letters). Imaging data revealed that pronunciation of trained pseudowords engaged the posterior temporo-parietal region, and engagement of this network was predictive of reading efficiency a month later. The results imply that repeated exposure to specific combinations of graphemes can lead to emergence of holistic representations that result in efficient reading. Furthermore, inter-individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> revealed that good learners retained efficiency more than bad learners one month later. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26550802','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26550802"><span>Can I cut the Gordian tnok? The impact of <span class="hlt">pronounceability</span>, actual solvability, and length on intuitive problem assessments of anagrams.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Topolinski, Sascha; Bakhtiari, Giti; Erle, Thorsten M</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>When assessing a problem, many cues can be used to predict solvability and solving effort. Some of these cues, however, can be misleading. The present approach shows that a feature of a problem that is actually related to solving difficulty is used as a cue for solving ease when assessing the problem in the first place. For anagrams, it is an established effect that easy-to-<span class="hlt">pronounce</span> anagrams (e.g., NOGAL) take more time to being solved than hard-to-<span class="hlt">pronounce</span> anagrams (e.g., HNWEI). However, when assessing an anagram in the first place, individuals use the feature of <span class="hlt">pronounceability</span> to predict solving ease, because <span class="hlt">pronounceability</span> is an instantiation of the general mechanism of processing fluency. Participants (total N=536) received short and long anagrams and nonanagrams and judged solvability and solving ease intuitively without actually solving the items. Easy-to-<span class="hlt">pronounce</span> letter strings were more frequently judged as being solvable than hard-to-<span class="hlt">pronounce</span> letters strings (Experiment 1), and were estimated to require less effort (Experiments 2, 4-7) and time to be solved (Experiment 3). This effect was robust for short and long items, anagrams and nonanagrams, and presentation timings from 4 down to 0.5s, and affected novices and experts alike. Spontaneous solutions did not mediate this effect. Participants were sensitive to actual solvability even for long anagrams (6-11 letters long) presented only for 500 ms. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5669362','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5669362"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> species divergence in corticospinal tract reorganization and functional recovery after lateralized spinal cord injury favors primates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Friedli, Lucia; Rosenzweig, Ephron S.; Barraud, Quentin; Schubert, Martin; Dominici, Nadia; Awai, Lea; Nielson, Jessica L.; Musienko, Pavel; Nout-Lomas, Yvette; Zhong, Hui; Zdunowski, Sharon; Roy, Roland R.; Strand, Sarah C.; van den Brand, Rubia; Havton, Leif A.; Beattie, Michael S.; Bresnahan, Jacqueline C.; Bézard, Erwan; Bloch, Jocelyne; Edgerton, V. Reggie; Ferguson, Adam R.; Curt, Armin; Tuszynski, Mark H.; Courtine, Grégoire</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Experimental and clinical studies suggest that primate species exhibit greater recovery after lateralized compared to symmetrical spinal cord injuries. Although this <span class="hlt">observation</span> has major implications for designing clinical trials and translational therapies, advantages in recovery of nonhuman primates over other species has not been shown statistically to date, nor have the associated repair mechanisms been identified. We monitored recovery in more than 400 quadriplegic patients and found that that functional gains increased with the laterality of spinal cord damage. Electrophysiological analyses suggested that corticospinal tract reorganization contributes to the greater recovery after lateralized compared with symmetrical injuries. To investigate underlying mechanisms, we modeled lateralized injuries in rats and monkeys using a lateral hemisection, and compared anatomical and functional outcomes with patients who suffered similar lesions. Standardized assessments revealed that monkeys and humans showed greater recovery of locomotion and hand function than rats. Recovery correlated with the formation of corticospinal detour circuits below the injury, which were extensive in monkeys, but nearly absent in rats. Our results uncover <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> inter-species <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the nature and extent of spinal cord repair mechanisms, likely resulting from fundamental <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the anatomical and functional characteristics of the motor systems in primates versus rodents. Although rodents remain essential for advancing regenerative therapies, the unique response of the primate corticospinal tract after injury re-emphasizes the importance of primate models for designing clinically relevant treatments. PMID:26311729</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9082E..07T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9082E..07T"><span>Possibility of passive THz camera using for a temperature <span class="hlt">difference</span> <span class="hlt">observing</span> of objects placed inside the human body</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Trofimov, Vyacheslav A.; Trofimov, Vladislav V.; Kuchik, Igor E.</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>As it is well-known, application of the passive THz camera for the security problems is very promising way. It allows seeing concealed object without contact with a person and this camera is non-dangerous for a person. We demonstrate new possibility of the passive THz camera using for a temperature <span class="hlt">difference</span> <span class="hlt">observing</span> on the human skin if this <span class="hlt">difference</span> is caused by <span class="hlt">different</span> temperatures inside the body. We discuss some physical experiments, in which a person drinks hot, and warm, and cold water and he eats. After computer processing of images captured by passive THz camera TS4 we may see the <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> temperature trace on skin of the human body. For proof of validity of our statement we make the similar physical experiment using the IR camera. Our investigation allows to increase field of the passive THz camera using for the detection of objects concealed in the human body because the <span class="hlt">difference</span> in temperature between object and parts of human body will be reflected on the human skin. However, modern passive THz cameras have not enough resolution in a temperature to see this <span class="hlt">difference</span>. That is why, we use computer processing to enhance the camera resolution for this application. We consider images produced by THz passive cameras manufactured by Microsemi Corp., and ThruVision Corp.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27870459','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27870459"><span>Sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in nicotine preference.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pogun, Sakire; Yararbas, Gorkem; Nesil, Tanseli; Kanit, Lutfiye</p> <p>2017-01-02</p> <p>Smoking is the major cause of preventable deaths worldwide, and although there is a decline in overall smoking prevalence in developed countries, the decline in women is less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> than in men. Women become dependent faster and experience greater difficulties in quitting. Similar trends have been <span class="hlt">observed</span> in animal models of nicotine/tobacco addiction. Individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in vulnerability to drug abuse are also <span class="hlt">observed</span> in nicotine/tobacco addiction and point to the importance of sex <span class="hlt">differences</span>. This Review, summarizes findings from three experimental approaches used to depict nicotine preference in animal models, intravenous and oral nicotine self-administration and nicotine-induced conditioned place preference. Nicotine preference is considered to be reflected in the animal's motivation to administer the drug (intravenously or orally) or to prefer an environment paired with the presence of the drug (conditioned place preference). These approaches all point to the importance of sex and age of the subjects; the preference of females and adolescents appear to be more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> than that of males and adults, respectively. A closer look at these factors will help us understand the mechanisms that underlie nicotine addiction and develop strategies to cope. Ignoring sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> and reaching conclusions based only on studies using male subjects has resulted in erroneous generalizations in the past. Sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in nicotine preference have been clearly documented, and awareness on this aspect of nicotine dependence will significantly impact our success in translational research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12536818','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12536818"><span>Aqueous synthesis of III-V semiconductor GaP and InP exhibiting <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> quantum confinement.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gao, Shanmin; Lu, Jun; Chen, Nan; Zhao, Yan; Xie, Yi</p> <p>2002-12-21</p> <p>A mild aqueous synthesis route was successfully established to synthesize well crystallized and monodisperse GaP and InP nanocrystals, which were proved to exhibit <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> quantum confinement by room-temperature UV/Vis adsorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGeo...10.5009R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGeo...10.5009R"><span>Atmospheric turbulence triggers <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> diel pattern in karst carbonate geochemistry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Roland, M.; Serrano-Ortiz, P.; Kowalski, A. S.; Goddéris, Y.; Sánchez-Cañete, E. P.; Ciais, P.; Domingo, F.; Cuezva, S.; Sanchez-Moral, S.; Longdoz, B.; Yakir, D.; Van Grieken, R.; Schott, J.; Cardell, C.; Janssens, I. A.</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>CO2 exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere is key to understanding the feedbacks between climate change and the land surface. In regions with carbonaceous parent material, CO2 exchange patterns occur that cannot be explained by biological processes, such as disproportionate outgassing during the daytime or nighttime CO2 uptake during periods when all vegetation is senescent. Neither of these phenomena can be attributed to carbonate weathering reactions, since their CO2 exchange rates are too small. Soil ventilation induced by high atmospheric turbulence is found to explain atypical CO2 exchange between carbonaceous systems and the atmosphere. However, by strongly altering subsurface CO2 concentrations, ventilation can be expected to influence carbonate weathering rates. By imposing ventilation-driven CO2 outgassing in a carbonate weathering model, we show here that carbonate geochemistry is accelerated and does play a surprisingly large role in the <span class="hlt">observed</span> CO2 exchange pattern of a semi-arid ecosystem. We found that by rapidly depleting soil CO2 during the daytime, ventilation disturbs soil carbonate equilibria and therefore strongly magnifies daytime carbonate precipitation and associated CO2 production. At night, ventilation ceases and the depleted CO2 concentrations increase steadily. Dissolution of carbonate is now enhanced, which consumes CO2 and largely compensates for the enhanced daytime carbonate precipitation. This is why only a relatively small effect on global carbonate weathering rates is to be expected. On the short term, however, ventilation has a drastic effect on synoptic carbonate weathering rates, resulting in a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> diel pattern that exacerbates the non-biological behavior of soil-atmosphere CO2 exchanges in dry regions with carbonate soils.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29956934','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29956934"><span>Guest-Induced Switchable Breathing Behavior in a Flexible Metal-Organic Framework with <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Negative Gas Pressure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shi, Yi-Xiang; Li, Wu-Xiang; Zhang, Wen-Hua; Lang, Jian-Ping</p> <p>2018-06-29</p> <p>Flexible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted great interest for their dynamically structural transformability in response to external stimuli. Herein, we report a switchable "breathing" or "gate-opening" behavior associated with the phase transformation between a narrow pore (np) and a large pore (lp) in a flexible pillared-layered MOF, denoted as MOF-1 as, which is also confirmed by SCXRD and PXRD. The desolvated phase (MOF-1 des) features a unique stepwise adsorption isotherm for N 2 coupled with a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> negative gas adsorption pressure. For comparison, however, no appreciable CO 2 adsorption and gate-opening phenomenon with stepwise sorption can be <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Furthermore, the polar micropore walls decorated with thiophene groups in MOF-1 des reveals the selective sorption of toluene over benzene and p-xylene associated with self-structural adjustment in spite of the markedly similar physicochemical properties of these vapor molecules.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22763584','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22763584"><span>A <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> evolutionary shift of the pseudoautosomal region boundary in house mice.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>White, Michael A; Ikeda, Akihiro; Payseur, Bret A</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>The pseudoautosomal region (PAR) is essential for the accurate pairing and segregation of the X and Y chromosomes during meiosis. Despite its functional significance, the PAR shows substantial evolutionary divergence in structure and sequence between mammalian species. An instructive example of PAR evolution is the house mouse Mus musculus domesticus (represented by the C57BL/6J strain), which has the smallest PAR among those that have been mapped. In C57BL/6J, the PAR boundary is located just ~700 kb from the distal end of the X chromosome, whereas the boundary is found at a more proximal position in Mus spretus, a species that diverged from house mice 2-4 million years ago. In this study we used a combination of genetic and physical mapping to document a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> shift in the PAR boundary in a second house mouse subspecies, Mus musculus castaneus (represented by the CAST/EiJ strain), ~430 kb proximal of the M. m. domesticus boundary. We demonstrate molecular evolutionary consequences of this shift, including a marked lineage-specific increase in sequence divergence within Mid1, a gene that resides entirely within the M. m. castaneus PAR but straddles the boundary in other subspecies. Our results extend <span class="hlt">observations</span> of structural divergence in the PAR to closely related subspecies, pointing to major evolutionary changes in this functionally important genomic region over a short time period.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26202822','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26202822"><span>Mood and food at the University of Turku in Finland: nutritional correlates of perceived stress are most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> among overweight students.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>El Ansari, Walid; Suominen, Sakari; Berg-Beckhoff, Gabriele</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>We examined perceived stress and food intake at University of Turku, Finland. This study was conducted as an online survey (1189 students). We computed two composite food intake pattern scores (sweets, cakes and snacks; fruits and vegetables), a dietary guideline adherence index, and the subjective importance of healthy eating. We assessed the correlations between perceived stress, and two food intake pattern scores, dietary guideline adherence index and subjective importance of healthy eating. We tested the associations between stress and the same variables, controlling for potential confounders for the whole sample, by gender, and by Body Mass Index (BMI). Fruits and vegetables intake and dietary guideline adherence were both negatively associated with stress. These negative associations were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in overweight and less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in underweight compared to healthy weight students. Sweets, cookies and snacks consumption were not associated with stress. Stress was associated with lower subjective importance of healthy eating, independent of gender and BMI. Perceived stress might have relationships of <span class="hlt">different</span> magnitudes in overweight vs. normal BMI or underweight persons. BMI could be an effect modifier of the stress-food habits association.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28942644','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28942644"><span>An Endocannabinoid Uptake Inhibitor from Black Pepper Exerts <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Mice.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Reynoso-Moreno, Inés; Najar-Guerrero, Israel; Escareño, Noé; Flores-Soto, Mario Eduardo; Gertsch, Jürg; Viveros-Paredes, Juan Manuel</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Guineensine is a dietary N-isobutylamide widely present in black and long pepper (Piper nigrum and Piper longum) previously shown to inhibit cellular endocannabinoid uptake. Given the role of endocannabinoids in inflammation and pain reduction, here we evaluated guineensine in mouse models of acute and inflammatory pain and endotoxemia. Significant dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects (95.6 ± 3.1% inhibition of inflammatory pain at 2.5 mg/kg ip and 50.0 ± 15.9% inhibition of edema formation at 5 mg/kg ip) and acute analgesia (66.1 ± 28.1% inhibition at 5.0 mg/kg ip) were <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Moreover, guineensine inhibited proinflammatory cytokine production in endotoxemia. Intriguingly, guineensine and LPS independently induced catalepsy, but in combination this effect was abolished. Both hypothermia and analgesia were blocked by the CB1 receptor inverse agonist rimonabant, but the <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> hypolocomotion was CB1 receptor-independent. A subsequent screen of 45 CNS-related receptors, ion channels, and transporters revealed apparent interactions of guineensine with the dopamine transporter DAT, 5HT2A, and sigma receptors, uncovering its prospective polypharmacology. The described potent pharmacological effects of guineensine might relate to the reported anti-inflammatory effects of pepper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10370102','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10370102"><span>Lithium evokes a more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> natriuresis when administered orally than when given intravenously to salt-depleted rats.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mu, J; Johansson, M; Hansson, G C; Lundgren, O</p> <p>1999-07-01</p> <p>The effects on renal sodium excretion of giving lithium chloride (LiCl; 0.75 mmol per kg body mass) by gavage or intravenously were investigated. The experiments were carried out on Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) or spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats in metabolic cages. The rats had been on a low-salt diet for 4 days. Urine excretion of water, sodium and potassium was followed before and for 24 h after giving LiCl. An oral dose of LiCl evoked a more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> renal sodium excretion in either strain of rat as compared to that following intravenous administration, in agreement with previous <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the effects of giving sodium chloride. Choline chloride (1.5 mmol per kg body mass) given by gavage to WKY rats or SHR evoked no change in the renal excretion of sodium. Based on the results of the present study and on <span class="hlt">observations</span> reported in the literature, we propose that the intestinal tract contains a sodium "sensor", which upon activation releases a natriuretic factor to cause renal sodium excretion. The present results indicate that the proposed "sensor" is sensitive to lithium but not chloride ions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED086729.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED086729.pdf"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">Different</span> <span class="hlt">Observational</span> Systems and Time Sequences Upon Non-Participant <span class="hlt">Observers</span>' Behavioral Ratings.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Wodarski, John S.; And Others</p> <p></p> <p>Four <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observational</span> systems and two time sequences were employed to determine the extent to which they would yield <span class="hlt">different</span> incidences of anti-social behavior. Two videotapes, randomly chosen from a pool of 30 tapes, were utilized. These illustrated the behaviors of anti-social children in a natural setting. Six <span class="hlt">observers</span> were reliably…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3519421','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3519421"><span>A <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> evolutionary shift of the pseudoautosomal region boundary in house mice</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>White, Michael A.; Ikeda, Akihiro; Payseur, Bret A.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The pseudoautosomal region (PAR) is essential for the accurate pairing and segregation of the X and Y chromosomes during meiosis. Despite its functional significance, the PAR shows substantial evolutionary divergence in structure and sequence between mammalian species. An instructive example of PAR evolution is the house mouse Mus musculus domesticus (represented by the C57BL/6J strain), which has the smallest PAR among those that have been mapped. In C57BL/6J, the PAR boundary is located just ~700 kb from the distal end of the X chromosome, whereas the boundary is found at a more proximal position in Mus spretus, a species that diverged from house mice 2–4 million years ago. Here, we use a combination of genetic and physical mapping to document a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> shift in the PAR boundary in a second house mouse subspecies, Mus musculus castaneus (represented by the CAST/EiJ strain), ~430 kb proximal of the M. m. domesticus boundary. We demonstrate molecular evolutionary consequences of this shift, including a marked lineage-specific increase in sequence divergence within Mid1, a gene that resides entirely within the M. m. castaneus PAR but straddles the boundary in other subspecies. Our results extend <span class="hlt">observations</span> of structural divergence in the PAR to closely related subspecies, pointing to major evolutionary changes in this functionally important genomic region over a short time period. PMID:22763584</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28887269','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28887269"><span>Which Physicians' Behaviors on Death <span class="hlt">Pronouncement</span> Affect Family-Perceived Physician Compassion? A Randomized, Scripted, Video-Vignette Study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mori, Masanori; Fujimori, Maiko; Hamano, Jun; Naito, Akemi S; Morita, Tatsuya</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Although the death of a loved one is a devastating family event, little is known about which behaviors positively affect families' perceptions on death <span class="hlt">pronouncements</span>. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a compassionate death <span class="hlt">pronouncement</span> on participant-perceived physician compassion, trust in physicians, and emotions. In this randomized, video-vignette study, 92 people (≥50 years) in Tokyo metropolitan area viewed two videos of death <span class="hlt">pronouncements</span> by an on-call physician with or without compassion-enhanced behaviors, including five components: waiting until the families calm themselves down, explaining that the physician has received a sign-out about information of the patient's condition, performing examination respectfully, ascertaining the time of death with a wristwatch (vs. smartphone), and reassuring the families that the patient did not experience pain. Main outcomes were physician compassion score, trust in physician, and emotions. After viewing the video with compassion-enhanced behaviors compared with the video without them, participants assigned significantly lower compassion scores (reflecting higher physician compassion) (mean 26.2 vs. 36.4, F = 33.1, P < 0.001); higher trust in physician (5.10 vs. 3.00, F = 39.7, P < 0.001); and lower scores for anger (2.49 vs. 3.78, F = 18.0, P < 0.001), sadness (3.42 vs. 3.85, F = 11.8, P = 0.001), fear (1.93 vs. 2.55, F = 15.8, P < 0.001), and disgust (2.45 vs. 3.71, F = 19.4, P < 0.001). To convey compassion on death <span class="hlt">pronouncement</span>, we recommend that physicians initiate prompt examination, explain that the physician has received a sign-out, perform examination respectfully, ascertain the time of death with a wristwatch, and reassure the families that the patient did not experience pain. Copyright © 2017 American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17175109','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17175109"><span>Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats display <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> hyperglycemia and longer-lasting cognitive impairments following ischemia induced by cortical compression.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Moreira, T; Cebers, G; Pickering, C; Ostenson, C-G; Efendic, S; Liljequist, S</p> <p>2007-02-23</p> <p>Hyperglycemia has been shown to worsen the outcome of brain ischemia in several animal models but few experimental studies have investigated impairments in cognition induced by ischemic brain lesions in hyperglycemic animals. The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat naturally develops type 2 diabetes characterized by mild hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. We hypothesized that GK rats would display more severe cerebral damage due to hyperglycemia-aggravated brain injury and, accordingly, more severe cognitive impairments. In this study, recovery of motor and cognitive functions of GK and healthy Wistar rats was examined following extradural compression (EC) of the sensorimotor cortex. For this purpose, tests of vestibulomotor function (beam-walking) and combined tests of motor function and learning (locomotor activity from day (D) 1 to D5, operant lever-pressing from D14 to D25) were used. EC consistently reduced cerebral blood flow in both strains. Anesthesia-challenge and EC resulted in <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> hyperglycemia in GK but not in Wistar rats. Lower beam-walking scores, increased locomotor activity, impairments in long-term habituation and learning of operant lever-pressing were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> and <span class="hlt">observed</span> at later time-points in GK rats. Fluoro-Jade, a marker of irreversible neuronal degeneration, revealed consistent degeneration in the ipsilateral cortex, hippocampus and thalamus at 2, 7 and 14 days post-compression. The amount of degeneration in these structures was considerably higher in GK rats. Thus, GK rats exhibited marked hyperglycemia during EC, as well as longer-lasting behavioral deficits and increased neurodegeneration during recovery. The GK rat is thus an attractive model for neuropathologic and cognitive studies after ischemic brain injury in hyperglycemic rats.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApPhL.112r1902Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApPhL.112r1902Y"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> photogating effect in atomically thin WSe2 with a self-limiting surface oxide layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yamamoto, Mahito; Ueno, Keiji; Tsukagoshi, Kazuhito</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The photogating effect is a photocurrent generation mechanism that leads to marked responsivity in two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor-based devices. A key step to promote the photogating effect in a 2D semiconductor is to integrate it with a high density of charge traps. Here, we show that self-limiting surface oxides on atomically thin WSe2 can serve as effective electron traps to facilitate p-type photogating. By examining the gate-bias-induced threshold voltage shift of a p-type transistor based on single-layer WSe2 with surface oxide, the electron trap density and the trap rate of the oxide are determined to be >1012 cm-2 and >1010 cm-2 s-1, respectively. White-light illumination on an oxide-covered 4-layer WSe2 transistor leads to the generation of photocurrent, the magnitude of which increases with the hole mobility. During illumination, the photocurrent evolves on a timescale of seconds, and a portion of the current persists even after illumination. These <span class="hlt">observations</span> indicate that the photogenerated electrons are trapped deeply in the surface oxide and effectively gate the underlying WSe2. Owing to the <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> photogating effect, the responsivity of the oxide-covered WSe2 transistor is <span class="hlt">observed</span> to exceed 3000 A/W at an incident optical power of 1.1 nW, suggesting the effectiveness of surface oxidation in facilitating the photogating effect in 2D semiconductors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title39-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title39-vol1-sec211-3.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title39-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title39-vol1-sec211-3.pdf"><span>39 CFR 211.3 - Executive orders and other executive <span class="hlt">pronouncements</span>; circulars, bulletins, and other issuances of...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">pronouncements</span>; circulars, bulletins, and other issuances of the Office of Management and Budget. 211.3 Section... issuances of the Office of Management and Budget. (a) By virtue of the Postal Reorganization Act, certain... of the Office of Management and Budget or particular provisions thereof, or requirements therein...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28951119','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28951119"><span>Fake news and post-truth <span class="hlt">pronouncements</span> in general and in early human development.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Grech, Victor</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Fake news and post-truth <span class="hlt">pronouncements</span> are increasingly common, and are unfortunately also progressively being applied to the sciences, including the medical sciences. This editorial briefly reviews this unsavoury trend and highlights recent debunking of fake truths in early human development. Science is arguably the last metanarrative with any significant cachet in the postmodern period. We, as scientists, must strive to ensure that our work is transparent and of the highest possible standard so as to continue to uphold science's integrity and probity. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li class="active"><span>2</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_2 --> <div id="page_3" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="41"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Chaos..27k1101C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Chaos..27k1101C"><span>Small-world networks exhibit <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> intermittent synchronization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Choudhary, Anshul; Mitra, Chiranjit; Kohar, Vivek; Sinha, Sudeshna; Kurths, Jürgen</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>We report the phenomenon of temporally intermittently synchronized and desynchronized dynamics in Watts-Strogatz networks of chaotic Rössler oscillators. We consider topologies for which the master stability function (MSF) predicts stable synchronized behaviour, as the rewiring probability (p) is tuned from 0 to 1. MSF essentially utilizes the largest non-zero Lyapunov exponent transversal to the synchronization manifold in making stability considerations, thereby ignoring the other Lyapunov exponents. However, for an N-node networked dynamical system, we <span class="hlt">observe</span> that the <span class="hlt">difference</span> in its Lyapunov spectra (corresponding to the N - 1 directions transversal to the synchronization manifold) is crucial and serves as an indicator of the presence of intermittently synchronized behaviour. In addition to the linear stability-based (MSF) analysis, we further provide global stability estimate in terms of the fraction of state-space volume shared by the intermittently synchronized state, as p is varied from 0 to 1. This fraction becomes appreciably large in the small-world regime, which is surprising, since this limit has been otherwise considered optimal for synchronized dynamics. Finally, we characterize the nature of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> intermittency and its dominance in state-space as network rewiring probability (p) is varied.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19654016','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19654016"><span>The <span class="hlt">observation</span> of manual grasp actions affects the control of speech: a combined behavioral and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gentilucci, Maurizio; Campione, Giovanna Cristina; Dalla Volta, Riccardo; Bernardis, Paolo</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>Does the mirror system affect the control of speech? This issue was addressed in behavioral and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) experiments. In behavioral experiment 1, participants <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> the syllable /da/ while <span class="hlt">observing</span> (1) a hand grasping large and small objects with power and precision grasps, respectively, (2) a foot interacting with large and small objects and (3) <span class="hlt">differently</span> sized objects presented alone. Voice formant 1 was higher when <span class="hlt">observing</span> power as compared to precision grasp, whereas it remained unaffected by <span class="hlt">observation</span> of the <span class="hlt">different</span> types of foot interaction and objects alone. In TMS experiment 2, we stimulated hand motor cortex, while participants <span class="hlt">observed</span> the two types of grasp. Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) of hand muscles active during the two types of grasp were greater when <span class="hlt">observing</span> power than precision grasp. In experiments 3-5, TMS was applied to tongue motor cortex of participants silently <span class="hlt">pronouncing</span> the syllable /da/ and simultaneously <span class="hlt">observing</span> power and precision grasps, pantomimes of the two types of grasps, and <span class="hlt">differently</span> sized objects presented alone. Tongue MEPs were greater when <span class="hlt">observing</span> power than precision grasp either executed or pantomimed. Finally, in TMS experiment 6, the <span class="hlt">observation</span> of foot interaction with large and small objects did not modulate tongue MEPs. We hypothesized that grasp <span class="hlt">observation</span> activated motor commands to the mouth as well as to the hand that were congruent with the hand kinematics implemented in the <span class="hlt">observed</span> type of grasp. The commands to the mouth selectively affected postures of phonation organs and consequently basic features of phonological units.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24570324','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24570324"><span>Sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in color preferences transcend extreme <span class="hlt">differences</span> in culture and ecology.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sorokowski, Piotr; Sorokowska, Agnieszka; Witzel, Christoph</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>At first glance, color preferences might seem to be the most subjective and context-dependent aspects of color cognition. Yet they are not. The present study compares color preferences of women and men from an industrialized and a remote, nonindustrialized culture. In particular, we investigated preferences in <span class="hlt">observers</span> from Poland and from the Yali in Papua, respectively. Not surprisingly, we found that color preferences clearly <span class="hlt">differed</span> between the two communities and also between sexes. However, despite the <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> cultural <span class="hlt">differences</span>, the way in which men and women <span class="hlt">differed</span> from each other was almost the same in both cultures. At the same time, this sexual contrast was not specific to biological components of color vision. Our results reveal a pattern of sexual dimorphism that transcends extreme <span class="hlt">differences</span> in culture and ecology. They point toward strong cross-cultural constraints beyond the biological predispositions of nature and the cultural particularities of nurture.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4871327','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4871327"><span>A Source Area Approach Demonstrates Moderate Predictive Ability but <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Variability of Invasive Species Traits</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Essl, Franz; Dullinger, Stefan</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The search for traits that make alien species invasive has mostly concentrated on comparing successful invaders and <span class="hlt">different</span> comparison groups with respect to average trait values. By contrast, little attention has been paid to trait variability among invaders. Here, we combine an analysis of trait <span class="hlt">differences</span> between invasive and non-invasive species with a comparison of multidimensional trait variability within these two species groups. We collected data on biological and distributional traits for 1402 species of the native, non-woody vascular plant flora of Austria. We then compared the subsets of species recorded and not recorded as invasive aliens anywhere in the world, respectively, first, with respect to the sampled traits using univariate and multiple regression models; and, second, with respect to their multidimensional trait diversity by calculating functional richness and dispersion metrics. Attributes related to competitiveness (strategy type, nitrogen indicator value), habitat use (agricultural and ruderal habitats, occurrence under the montane belt), and propagule pressure (frequency) were most closely associated with invasiveness. However, even the best multiple model, including interactions, only explained a moderate fraction of the <span class="hlt">differences</span> in invasive success. In addition, multidimensional variability in trait space was even larger among invasive than among non-invasive species. This <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> variability suggests that invasive success has a considerable idiosyncratic component and is probably highly context specific. We conclude that basing risk assessment protocols on species trait profiles will probably face hardly reducible uncertainties. PMID:27187616</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27187616','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27187616"><span>A Source Area Approach Demonstrates Moderate Predictive Ability but <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Variability of Invasive Species Traits.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Klonner, Günther; Fischer, Stefan; Essl, Franz; Dullinger, Stefan</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The search for traits that make alien species invasive has mostly concentrated on comparing successful invaders and <span class="hlt">different</span> comparison groups with respect to average trait values. By contrast, little attention has been paid to trait variability among invaders. Here, we combine an analysis of trait <span class="hlt">differences</span> between invasive and non-invasive species with a comparison of multidimensional trait variability within these two species groups. We collected data on biological and distributional traits for 1402 species of the native, non-woody vascular plant flora of Austria. We then compared the subsets of species recorded and not recorded as invasive aliens anywhere in the world, respectively, first, with respect to the sampled traits using univariate and multiple regression models; and, second, with respect to their multidimensional trait diversity by calculating functional richness and dispersion metrics. Attributes related to competitiveness (strategy type, nitrogen indicator value), habitat use (agricultural and ruderal habitats, occurrence under the montane belt), and propagule pressure (frequency) were most closely associated with invasiveness. However, even the best multiple model, including interactions, only explained a moderate fraction of the <span class="hlt">differences</span> in invasive success. In addition, multidimensional variability in trait space was even larger among invasive than among non-invasive species. This <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> variability suggests that invasive success has a considerable idiosyncratic component and is probably highly context specific. We conclude that basing risk assessment protocols on species trait profiles will probably face hardly reducible uncertainties.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880036234&hterms=birch+characteristics&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dbirch%2Bcharacteristics','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880036234&hterms=birch+characteristics&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dbirch%2Bcharacteristics"><span>Photometric <span class="hlt">observations</span> of comet P/Giacobini-Zinner</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schleicher, D. G.; Millis, R. L.; Birch, P. V.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Narrow-band filter photometry of comet P/Giacobini-Zinner was obtained on 15 nights at Lowell Observatory in the interval from June 15 to Nov. 20, 1985. The emission bands of OH, NH, CN, C3, and C2 were isolated, along with continuum points at 3650 A and 4845 A. All <span class="hlt">observed</span> species showed <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> asymmetry about perihelion, with preperihelion abundances being greater by more than a factor of 2 than postperihelion abundances over the heliocentric distance range of 1.0-1.5 AU. The characteristics of the asymmetry were significantly <span class="hlt">different</span> than <span class="hlt">observed</span> in previous apparitions, with the peak production rates occurring in late July/early August. The unusually low C2/CN abundance ratio seen in previous apparitions is confirmed by the present <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Furthermore, the QH data demonstrate that the C2 in Giacobini-Zinner (along with C3 and NH) is depleted when compared to water (the dominant species), rather than CN being unusually over abundant.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014E%26PSL.391..100O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014E%26PSL.391..100O"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> zonation of seismic anisotropy in the Western Hellenic subduction zone and its geodynamic significance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Olive, Jean-Arthur; Pearce, Frederick; Rondenay, Stéphane; Behn, Mark D.</p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>Many subduction zones exhibit significant retrograde motion of their arc and trench. The <span class="hlt">observation</span> of fast shear-wave velocities parallel to the trench in such settings has been inferred to represent trench-parallel mantle flow beneath a retreating slab. Here, we investigate this process by measuring seismic anisotropy in the shallow Aegean mantle. We carry out shear-wave splitting analysis on a dense array of seismometers across the Western Hellenic Subduction Zone, and find a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> zonation of anisotropy at the scale of the subduction zone. Fast SKS splitting directions subparallel to the trench-retreat direction dominate the region nearest to the trench. Fast splitting directions abruptly transition to trench-parallel above the corner of the mantle wedge, and rotate back to trench-normal over the back-arc. We argue that the trench-normal anisotropy near the trench is explained by entrainment of an asthenospheric layer beneath the shallow-dipping portion of the slab. Toward the volcanic arc this signature is overprinted by trench-parallel anisotropy in the mantle wedge, likely caused by a layer of strained serpentine immediately above the slab. Arcward steepening of the slab and horizontal divergence of mantle flow due to rollback may generate an additional component of sub-slab trench-parallel anisotropy in this region. Poloidal flow above the retreating slab is likely the dominant source of back-arc trench-normal anisotropy. We hypothesize that trench-normal anisotropy associated with significant entrainment of the asthenospheric mantle near the trench may be widespread but only <span class="hlt">observable</span> at shallow-dipping subduction zones where stations nearest the trench do not overlie the mantle wedge.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhRvD..84j3519S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhRvD..84j3519S"><span>Figure of merit and <span class="hlt">different</span> combinations of <span class="hlt">observational</span> data sets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Su, Qiping; Tuo, Zhong-Liang; Cai, Rong-Gen</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>To constrain cosmological parameters, one often makes a joint analysis with <span class="hlt">different</span> combinations of <span class="hlt">observational</span> data sets. In this paper we take the figure of merit (FoM) for Dark Energy Task Force fiducial model (Chevallier-Polarski-Linder model) to estimate goodness of <span class="hlt">different</span> combinations of data sets, which include 11 widely used <span class="hlt">observational</span> data sets (type Ia supernovae, <span class="hlt">observational</span> hubble parameter, baryon acoustic oscillation, cosmic microwave background, x-ray cluster baryon mass fraction, and gamma-ray bursts). We analyze <span class="hlt">different</span> combinations and make a comparison for two types of combinations based on two types of basic combinations, which are often adopted in the literature. We find two sets of combinations, which have a strong ability to constrain the dark energy parameters: one has the largest FoM, and the other contains less <span class="hlt">observational</span> data with a relatively large FoM and a simple fitting procedure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.454.2381G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.454.2381G"><span>Biases and systematics in the <span class="hlt">observational</span> derivation of galaxy properties: comparing <span class="hlt">different</span> techniques on synthetic <span class="hlt">observations</span> of simulated galaxies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Guidi, Giovanni; Scannapieco, Cecilia; Walcher, C. Jakob</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>We study the sources of biases and systematics in the derivation of galaxy properties from <span class="hlt">observational</span> studies, focusing on stellar masses, star formation rates, gas and stellar metallicities, stellar ages, magnitudes and colours. We use hydrodynamical cosmological simulations of galaxy formation, for which the real quantities are known, and apply <span class="hlt">observational</span> techniques to derive the <span class="hlt">observables</span>. We also analyse biases that are relevant for a proper comparison between simulations and <span class="hlt">observations</span>. For our study, we post-process the simulation outputs to calculate the galaxies' spectral energy distributions (SEDs) using stellar population synthesis models and also generate the fully consistent far-UV-submillimetre wavelength SEDs with the radiative transfer code SUNRISE. We compared the direct results of simulations with the <span class="hlt">observationally</span> derived quantities obtained in various ways, and found that systematic <span class="hlt">differences</span> in all studied galaxy properties appear, which are caused by: (1) purely <span class="hlt">observational</span> biases, (2) the use of mass-weighted and luminosity-weighted quantities, with preferential sampling of more massive and luminous regions, (3) the <span class="hlt">different</span> ways of constructing the template of models when a fit to the spectra is performed, and (4) variations due to <span class="hlt">different</span> calibrations, most notably for gas metallicities and star formation rates. Our results show that large <span class="hlt">differences</span> can appear depending on the technique used to derive galaxy properties. Understanding these <span class="hlt">differences</span> is of primary importance both for simulators, to allow a better judgement of similarities and <span class="hlt">differences</span> with <span class="hlt">observations</span>, and for <span class="hlt">observers</span>, to allow a proper interpretation of the data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29211486','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29211486"><span>Adsorption on Nanopores of <span class="hlt">Different</span> Cross Sections Made by Electron Beam Nanolithography.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bruschi, Lorenzo; Mistura, Giampaolo; Prasetyo, Luisa; Do, Duong D; Dipalo, Michele; De Angelis, Francesco</p> <p>2018-01-09</p> <p>Adsorption on nanoporous matrices is characterized by a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> hysteresis loop in the adsorption isotherm, when the substrate is loaded and unloaded with adsorbate, the origin of which is a matter of immense debate in the literature. In this work, we report a study of argon adsorption at 85 K on nonconnecting nanopores with one end closed to the surrounding where the effects of <span class="hlt">different</span> pore cross sections fabricated by electron beam lithography (EBL) are investigated. A polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) resist is deposited on the electrodes of a sensitive quartz crystal microbalance without degradation of the resonance quality factor or the long-term and short-term stabilities of the device even at cryogenic temperatures. Four <span class="hlt">different</span> pores' cross sections: circular, square, rectangular, and triangular, are produced from EBL, and the isotherms for these pore shapes exhibit <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> hysteresis loops whose adsorption and desorption branches are nearly vertical and have almost the same slopes. No <span class="hlt">difference</span> is <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the hysteresis loops of the isotherms for the pores with triangular and square cross sections, whereas the hysteresis loop for the pore with circular cross sections is much narrower, suggesting that they are more regular than the other pores. All of these <span class="hlt">observations</span> suggest that the hysteresis behavior resulted mainly from microscopic geometric irregularities present in these porous matrices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1718683','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1718683"><span>Social class <span class="hlt">difference</span> in catch up growth in a national British cohort</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Teranishi, H; Nakagawa, H; Marmot, M</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>AIM—To examine the influence of socioeconomic status on growth pattern in height from age 7 to 23years.
METHODS—Prospective cohort study. A total of 10 200 white singleton born children from the 1958 British birth cohort (National Child Development Study) were analysed.
RESULTS—<span class="hlt">Differences</span> in height by birth weight persisted throughout the follow up period. However, the mean <span class="hlt">differences</span> in height between low birth weight infants (<2500 g) and adequate birth weight infants (⩾2500 g) were less notable in social classes I and II than in the lower social classes. The catching up of growth in height of low birth weight infants was also more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in social classes I and II than in other social classes. That is, the mean height deficits of low birth weight infants were decreased from 2.9 cm at age 7, to 1.6 cm at age 16, and 2.5 cm at age 23; the significant <span class="hlt">difference</span> disappeared after age 16 in social classes I and II. Although such improving tendency was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> among the preterm born infants, a similar growth pattern was <span class="hlt">observed</span> among the term infants. Such improvement was not <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the other social classes.
CONCLUSION—The growth retardation in height by birth weight can be overcome by improved social conditions and proper health care from childhood to adulthood.

 PMID:11207167</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567290','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567290"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> prefronto-temporal cortical thinning in schizophrenia: Neuroanatomical correlate of suicidal behavior?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Besteher, Bianca; Wagner, Gerd; Koch, Kathrin; Schachtzabel, Claudia; Reichenbach, Jürgen R; Schlösser, Ralf; Sauer, Heinrich; Schultz, C Christoph</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Schizophrenia is characterized by increased mortality for which suicidality is the decisive factor. An analysis of cortical thickness and folding to further elucidate neuroanatomical correlates of suicidality in schizophrenia has not yet been performed. We searched for relevant brain regions with such <span class="hlt">differences</span> between patients with suicide-attempts, patients without any suicidal thoughts and healthy controls. 37 schizophrenia patients (14 suicide-attempters and 23 non-suicidal) and 50 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included. Suicidality was documented through clinical interview and chart review. All participants underwent T1-weighted MRI scans. Whole brain node-by-node cortical thickness and folding were estimated (FreeSurfer Software) and compared. Additionally a three group comparison for prefrontal regions-of-interest was performed in SPSS using a multifactorial GLM. Compared with the healthy controls patients showed a typical pattern of cortical thinning in prefronto-temporal regions and altered cortical folding in the right medial temporal cortex. Patients with suicidal behavior compared with non-suicidal patients demonstrated <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> (p<0.05) cortical thinning in the right DLPFC and the superior temporal cortex. Comparing cortical thickness in suicidal patients with non-suicidal patients significant (p<0.05) cortical thinning was additionally found in the right superior and middle temporal, temporopolar and insular cortex. Our findings extend the evidence for neuroanatomical underpinnings of suicidal behaviour in schizophrenia. We identified cortical thinning in a network strongly involved in regulation of impulsivity, emotions and planning of behaviour in suicide attempters, which might lead to neuronal dysregulation in this network and consequently to a higher risk of suicidal behavior. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861386','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861386"><span>[Perception of emotional intonation of noisy speech signal with <span class="hlt">different</span> acoustic parameters by adults of <span class="hlt">different</span> age and gender].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dmitrieva, E S; Gel'man, V Ia</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The listener-distinctive features of recognition of <span class="hlt">different</span> emotional intonations (positive, negative and neutral) of male and female speakers in the presence or absence of background noise were studied in 49 adults aged 20-79 years. In all the listeners noise produced the most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> decrease in recognition accuracy for positive emotional intonation ("joy") as compared to other intonations, whereas it did not influence the recognition accuracy of "anger" in 65-79-year-old listeners. The higher emotion recognition rates of a noisy signal were <span class="hlt">observed</span> for speech emotional intonations expressed by female speakers. Acoustic characteristics of noisy and clear speech signals underlying perception of speech emotional prosody were found for adult listeners of <span class="hlt">different</span> age and gender.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030025717','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030025717"><span>Large 0/12 GMT <span class="hlt">Differences</span> of US Vaisala RS80 <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Atlas, Robert (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Large <span class="hlt">differences</span> been <span class="hlt">observations</span> taken at 0 and 12 GMT have been revealed during routine monitoring of <span class="hlt">observations</span> at the Data Assimilation Office (DAO) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). As a result, an investigation has been conducted to confirm the large <span class="hlt">differences</span> and isolate its source. The data clearly shows that 0/12 GMT <span class="hlt">differences</span> are largely artificial especially over the central US and that the <span class="hlt">differences</span> largely originate in the post processing software at the <span class="hlt">observing</span> stations. In particular, the release time of the rawinsonde balloon may be misspecified to be the synoptic time which would lead to the miscalculation of the bias correction that accounts for solar radiation effects on the thermistor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23226462','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23226462"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> effects of acute endurance exercise on gene expression in resting and exercising human skeletal muscle.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Catoire, Milène; Mensink, Marco; Boekschoten, Mark V; Hangelbroek, Roland; Müller, Michael; Schrauwen, Patrick; Kersten, Sander</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Regular physical activity positively influences whole body energy metabolism and substrate handling in exercising muscle. While it is recognized that the effects of exercise extend beyond exercising muscle, it is unclear to what extent exercise impacts non-exercising muscles. Here we investigated the effects of an acute endurance exercise bouts on gene expression in exercising and non-exercising human muscle. To that end, 12 male subjects aged 44-56 performed one hour of one-legged cycling at 50% W(max). Muscle biopsies were taken from the exercising and non-exercising leg before and immediately after exercise and analyzed by microarray. One-legged cycling raised plasma lactate, free fatty acids, cortisol, noradrenalin, and adrenalin levels. Surprisingly, acute endurance exercise not only caused <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> gene expression changes in exercising muscle but also in non-exercising muscle. In the exercising leg the three most highly induced genes were all part of the NR4A family. Remarkably, many genes induced in non-exercising muscle were PPAR targets or related to PPAR signalling, including PDK4, ANGPTL4 and SLC22A5. Pathway analysis confirmed this finding. In conclusion, our data indicate that acute endurance exercise elicits <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> changes in gene expression in non-exercising muscle, which are likely mediated by changes in circulating factors such as free fatty acids. The study points to a major influence of exercise beyond the contracting muscle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26860908','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26860908"><span>Individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in emotion word processing: A diffusion model analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mueller, Christina J; Kuchinke, Lars</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>The exploratory study investigated individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in implicit processing of emotional words in a lexical decision task. A processing advantage for positive words was <span class="hlt">observed</span>, and <span class="hlt">differences</span> between happy and fear-related words in response times were predicted by individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in specific variables of emotion processing: Whereas more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> goal-directed behavior was related to a specific slowdown in processing of fear-related words, the rate of spontaneous eye blinks (indexing brain dopamine levels) was associated with a processing advantage of happy words. Estimating diffusion model parameters revealed that the drift rate (rate of information accumulation) captures unique variance of processing <span class="hlt">differences</span> between happy and fear-related words, with highest drift rates <span class="hlt">observed</span> for happy words. Overall emotion recognition ability predicted individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in drift rates between happy and fear-related words. The findings emphasize that a significant amount of variance in emotion processing is explained by individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in behavioral data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19579133','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19579133"><span>Out of a digital chrysalis: NIHNMF (<span class="hlt">pronounced</span> nymph--the National Indigenous Health and New Media Forum).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cattoni, Jan; Gamble, Lucinda; Gibson, Julie; Hunter, Ernest; Jones, Anita; Mitchell, Sarah; Pelham, Steven; Smith, Rakana; Travers, Helen</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>In conjunction with the Creating Futures conference, the inaugural meeting of the National Indigenous Health and New Media Forum (NIHNMF--<span class="hlt">pronounced</span> as 'nymph') was held at the Tanks Gallery in Cairns, Queensland, Australia. This paper describes the background to this innovative meeting of media minds. It also explores an emerging vision for addressing Indigenous health disparities through digital inclusion to overcome the 'digital divide' between mainstream and Indigenous Australians that constrains the delivery of appropriate health promotion to this health priority population.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2971681','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2971681"><span>Purine Restriction Induces <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Translational Upregulation of the NT1 Adenosine/Pyrimidine Nucleoside Transporter in Leishmania major</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ortiz, Diana; Valdés, Raquel; Sanchez, Marco A.; Hayenga, Johanna; Elya, Carolyn; Detke, Siegfried; Landfear, Scott M.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Summary Leishmania and other parasitic protozoa are unable to synthesize purines de novo and are reliant upon purine nucleoside and nucleobase transporters to import preformed purines from their hosts. To study the roles of the four purine permeases NT1-NT4 in Leishmania major, null mutants in each transporter gene were prepared and the effect of each gene deletion on purine uptake was monitored. Deletion of the NT3 purine nucleobase transporter gene or both NT3 and the NT2 nucleoside transporter gene resulted in <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> upregulation of adenosine and uridine uptake mediated by the NT1 permease and also induced up to a 200-fold enhancement in the level of the NT1 protein but not mRNA. A similar level of upregulation of NT1 was achieved in wild type promastigotes that were transferred to medium deficient in purines. Pulse labeling and treatment of cells with the translation inhibitor cycloheximide revealed that control of NT1 expression occurs primarily at the level of translation and not protein turnover. These <span class="hlt">observations</span> imply the existence of a translational control mechanism that enhances the ability of Leishmania parasites to import essential purines when they are present at limiting concentrations. PMID:20735779</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20735779','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20735779"><span>Purine restriction induces <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> translational upregulation of the NT1 adenosine/pyrimidine nucleoside transporter in Leishmania major.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ortiz, Diana; Valdés, Raquel; Sanchez, Marco A; Hayenga, Johanna; Elya, Carolyn; Detke, Siegfried; Landfear, Scott M</p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>Leishmania and other parasitic protozoa are unable to synthesize purines de novo and are reliant upon purine nucleoside and nucleobase transporters to import preformed purines from their hosts. To study the roles of the four purine permeases NT1-NT4 in Leishmania major, null mutants in each transporter gene were prepared and the effect of each gene deletion on purine uptake was monitored. Deletion of the NT3 purine nucleobase transporter gene or both NT3 and the NT2 nucleoside transporter gene resulted in <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> upregulation of adenosine and uridine uptake mediated by the NT1 permease and also induced up to a 200-fold enhancement in the level of the NT1 protein but not mRNA. A similar level of upregulation of NT1 was achieved in wild-type promastigotes that were transferred to medium deficient in purines. Pulse labelling and treatment of cells with the translation inhibitor cycloheximide revealed that control of NT1 expression occurs primarily at the level of translation and not protein turnover. These <span class="hlt">observations</span> imply the existence of a translational control mechanism that enhances the ability of Leishmania parasites to import essential purines when they are present at limiting concentrations. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28631074','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28631074"><span>No <span class="hlt">difference</span> in mitochondrial distribution is <span class="hlt">observed</span> in human oocytes after cryopreservation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Stimpfel, Martin; Vrtacnik-Bokal, Eda; Virant-Klun, Irma</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The primary aim of this study was to determine if any <span class="hlt">difference</span> in mitochondrial distribution can be <span class="hlt">observed</span> between fresh and cryopreserved (slow-frozen/thawed and vitrified/warmed) oocytes when oocytes are stained with Mitotracker Red CMXRos and <span class="hlt">observed</span> under a conventional fluorescent microscope. Additionally, the influence of cryopreservation procedure on the viable rates of oocytes at <span class="hlt">different</span> maturation stages was evaluated. The germinal vesicle (GV) and MII oocytes were cryopreserved with slow-freezing and vitrification. After thawing/warming, oocytes were stained using Mitotracker Red CMXRos and <span class="hlt">observed</span> under a conventional fluorescent microscope. Mitotracker staining revealed that in GV oocytes the pattern of mitochondrial distribution appeared as aggregated clusters around the whole oocyte. In mature MII oocytes, three <span class="hlt">different</span> patterns of mitochondrial distribution were <span class="hlt">observed</span>; a smooth pattern around the polar body with aggregated clusters at the opposite side of the polar body, a smooth pattern throughout the whole cell, and aggregated clusters as can be seen in GV oocytes. There were no significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the <span class="hlt">observed</span> patterns between fresh, vitrified/warmed and frozen/thawed oocytes. When comparing the viable rates of oocytes after two <span class="hlt">different</span> cryopreservation procedures, the results showed no significant <span class="hlt">differences</span>, although the trend of viable MII oocytes tends to be higher after vitrification/warming and for viable GV oocytes it tends to be higher after slow-freezing/thawing. Mitotracker Red CMXRos staining of mitochondria in oocytes did not reveal <span class="hlt">differences</span> in mitochondrial distribution between fresh and cryopreserved oocytes at <span class="hlt">different</span> maturity stages. Additionally, no <span class="hlt">difference</span> was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the viable rates of GV and MII oocytes after slow-freezing/thawing and vitrification/warming.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_3 --> <div id="page_4" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="61"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcASn..57..504W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcASn..57..504W"><span>Constraining Cosmological Models with <span class="hlt">Different</span> <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wei, J. J.</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>With the <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), scientists discovered that the Universe is experiencing an accelerated expansion, and then revealed the existence of dark energy in 1998. Since the amazing discovery, cosmology has became a hot topic in the physical research field. Cosmology is a subject that strongly depends on the astronomical <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Therefore, constraining <span class="hlt">different</span> cosmological models with all kinds of <span class="hlt">observations</span> is one of the most important research works in the modern cosmology. The goal of this thesis is to investigate cosmology using the latest <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> include SNe Ia, Type Ic Super Luminous supernovae (SLSN Ic), Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), angular diameter distance of galaxy cluster, strong gravitational lensing, and age measurements of old passive galaxies, etc. In Chapter 1, we briefly review the research background of cosmology, and introduce some cosmological models. Then we summarize the progress on cosmology from all kinds of <span class="hlt">observations</span> in more details. In Chapter 2, we present the results of our studies on the supernova cosmology. The main difficulty with the use of SNe Ia as standard candles is that one must optimize three or four nuisance parameters characterizing SN luminosities simultaneously with the parameters of an expansion model of the Universe. We have confirmed that one should optimize all of the parameters by carrying out the method of maximum likelihood estimation in any situation where the parameters include an unknown intrinsic dispersion. The commonly used method, which estimates the dispersion by requiring the reduced χ^{2} to equal unity, does not take into account all possible variances among the parameters. We carry out such a comparison of the standard ΛCDM cosmology and the R_{h}=ct Universe using the SN Legacy Survey sample of 252 SN events, and show that each model fits its individually reduced data very well. Moreover, it is quite evident that SLSNe Ic may be useful</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3511348','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3511348"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Effects of Acute Endurance Exercise on Gene Expression in Resting and Exercising Human Skeletal Muscle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Catoire, Milène; Mensink, Marco; Boekschoten, Mark V.; Hangelbroek, Roland; Müller, Michael; Schrauwen, Patrick; Kersten, Sander</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Regular physical activity positively influences whole body energy metabolism and substrate handling in exercising muscle. While it is recognized that the effects of exercise extend beyond exercising muscle, it is unclear to what extent exercise impacts non-exercising muscles. Here we investigated the effects of an acute endurance exercise bouts on gene expression in exercising and non-exercising human muscle. To that end, 12 male subjects aged 44–56 performed one hour of one-legged cycling at 50% Wmax. Muscle biopsies were taken from the exercising and non-exercising leg before and immediately after exercise and analyzed by microarray. One-legged cycling raised plasma lactate, free fatty acids, cortisol, noradrenalin, and adrenalin levels. Surprisingly, acute endurance exercise not only caused <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> gene expression changes in exercising muscle but also in non-exercising muscle. In the exercising leg the three most highly induced genes were all part of the NR4A family. Remarkably, many genes induced in non-exercising muscle were PPAR targets or related to PPAR signalling, including PDK4, ANGPTL4 and SLC22A5. Pathway analysis confirmed this finding. In conclusion, our data indicate that acute endurance exercise elicits <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> changes in gene expression in non-exercising muscle, which are likely mediated by changes in circulating factors such as free fatty acids. The study points to a major influence of exercise beyond the contracting muscle. PMID:23226462</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020070658&hterms=GMT&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DGMT','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020070658&hterms=GMT&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DGMT"><span>Large 0/12 GMT <span class="hlt">Differences</span> of US Vaisala RS80 <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Redder, Chris; Atlas, Robert (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The daily <span class="hlt">differences</span> between the temperatures and heights taken at 0 GMT and 12 GMT by Vaisala RS80 rawinsondes have been calculated. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> were obtained during selected months from 1998 - 2002 over North America, Europe and Australia. The daily <span class="hlt">differences</span> are defined by the formula, Delta T = Delta T(sub 0) - 0.5(T(sub -12) - T(sub +12)) where AT is the 0/12 GMT <span class="hlt">difference</span>, T(sub 0) is the 0 GMT <span class="hlt">observation</span> and T(sub -12) and T(sub +12) are the 12 GMT <span class="hlt">observations</span> taken just prior and after the 0 GMT synoptic time. If T(sub +12) is missing then Delta T = T(sub 0) - T(sub -12). A similar expression is used if T(sub -12) is missing. Monthly averages of the increments at each station that launch RS80 rawinsondes are then calculated. The results show positive systematic <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the stratosphere with values as high as 5 K and 150 m at 10 hPa over the central United States. The values remain generally positive and gradually decrease as the levels descend into the upper troposphere but are still significant. In addition, the maximum at each level is just westward of 90 W at the highest levels and just eastward in the troposphere with smaller values along both coasts. In Canada as well as in Europe and Australia the <span class="hlt">differences</span> are much smaller with no systematic patterns similar to those that exist over the contiguous United States. Time-series plots of the temperatures and heights at select stations in the United States show that the <span class="hlt">observed</span> values taken at 0 GMT are consistently higher than those at 12 GMT. Over Canada the <span class="hlt">differences</span> become much less apparent and some cases non-existent. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> were obtained through National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) but were checked with data from other sources to verify that no modifications were made other than those at the stations. Since the data from outside the the United States exhibit no large systematic <span class="hlt">differences</span>, the preliminary conclusion is that the large <span class="hlt">differences</span> are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/46504','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/46504"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in genetic structure despite overall ecological similarity for two Ambystoma salamanders in the same landscape</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Andrew R. Whiteley; Kevin McGarigal; Michael K. Schwartz</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Studies linking genetic structure in amphibian species with ecological characteristics have focused on large <span class="hlt">differences</span> in dispersal capabilities. Here, we test whether two species with similar dispersal potential but subtle <span class="hlt">differences</span> in other ecological characteristics also exhibit strong <span class="hlt">differences</span> in genetic structure in the same landscape. We examined eight...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC51D1187L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC51D1187L"><span>Spatiotemporal Variations in the <span class="hlt">Difference</span> between Satellite-<span class="hlt">observed</span> Land Surface Temperature and Station-based Near-surface Air Temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lian, X.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>There is an increasing demand to integrate land surface temperature (LST) into climate research due to its global coverage, which requires a comprehensive knowledge of its distinctive characteristics compared to near-surface air temperature ( ). Using satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> and in-situ station-based datasets, we conducted a global-scale assessment of the spatial, seasonal, and interannual variations in the <span class="hlt">difference</span> between daytime maximum LST and daytime maximum ( , LST - ) during 2003-2014. Spatially, LST is generally higher than over arid and sparsely vegetated regions in the mid-low latitudes, but LST is lower than in the tropical rainforests due to strong evaporative cooling, and in the high-latitude regions due to snow-induced radiative cooling. Seasonally, is negative in tropical regions throughout the year, while it displays a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> seasonality in both the mid-latitudes and boreal regions. The seasonality in the mid-latitudes is a result of the asynchronous responses of LST and to the seasonal cycle of radiation and vegetation abundance, whereas in the boreal regions, seasonality is mainly caused by the change in snow cover. At an interannual scale, only a small proportion of the land surface displays a statistically significant trend (P <0.05) due to the short time span of current measurements. Our study identified substantial spatial heterogeneity and seasonality in , as well as its determinant environmental drivers, and thus provides a useful reference for monitoring near-surface temperature changes using remote sensing, particularly in remote regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8824750','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8824750"><span>HARBO, a simple computer-aided <span class="hlt">observation</span> method for recording work postures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wiktorin, C; Mortimer, M; Ekenvall, L; Kilbom, A; Hjelm, E W</p> <p>1995-12-01</p> <p>The aim of the study was to present an <span class="hlt">observation</span> method focusing on the positions of the hands relative to the body and to evaluate whether this simple <span class="hlt">observation</span> technique gives a reliable estimate of the total time spent in each of five work postures during one workday. In the first part of the study the interobserver reliability of the <span class="hlt">observation</span> method was tested with eight blue-collar workers. In the second part the <span class="hlt">observed</span> time spent with work above the shoulder level was tested in relation to an upper-arm position analyzer, and <span class="hlt">observed</span> time spent in work below knuckle level was tested in relation to a trunk flexion analyzer, both with 72 blue-collar workers. The interobserver reliability for full-day registrations was high. The intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.99 to 1.00. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> duration of work with hands above shoulder level correlated well with the measured duration of <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> arm elevation (> 75 degrees). The product moment correlation coefficient was 0.97. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> duration of work with hands below knuckle level correlated well with the measured duration of <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> trunk flexion angles (> 40 degrees). The product moment correlation coefficient was 0.98. The present <span class="hlt">observation</span> method, designed to make postural <span class="hlt">observations</span> continuously for several hours, is easy to learn and seems reliable.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4417459','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4417459"><span>The Epidemiology of <span class="hlt">Observed</span> Temperament: Factor Structure and Demographic Group <span class="hlt">Differences</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Willoughby, Michael T.; Stifter, Cynthia A.; Gottfredson, Nisha C.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This study investigated the factor structure of <span class="hlt">observational</span> indicators of children’s temperament that were collected across the first three years of life in the Family Life Project (N = 1205) sample. A four-factor model (activity level, fear, anger, regulation), which corresponded broadly to Rothbart’s distinction between reactivity and regulation, provided an acceptable fit the <span class="hlt">observed</span> data. Tests of measurement invariance demonstrated that a majority of the <span class="hlt">observational</span> indicators exhibited comparable measurement properties for male vs. female, black vs. white, and poor vs. not-poor children, which improved the generalizability of these results. Unadjusted demographic group comparisons revealed small to moderate sized <span class="hlt">differences</span> (Cohen ds = |.23 – .42|) in temperamental reactivity and moderate to large sized <span class="hlt">differences</span> (Cohen ds = −.64 – −.97) in regulation. Collectively, demographic variables explained more of the variation in regulation (R2 = .25) than in reactivity (R2 = .02 – .06). Follow-up analyses demonstrated that race <span class="hlt">differences</span> were substantially diminished in magnitude and better accounted for by poverty. These results help to validate the distinction between temperamental reactivity and regulation using <span class="hlt">observational</span> indicators. PMID:25733489</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28469742','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28469742"><span>Muscle Force-Velocity Relationships <span class="hlt">Observed</span> in Four <span class="hlt">Different</span> Functional Tests.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zivkovic, Milena Z; Djuric, Sasa; Cuk, Ivan; Suzovic, Dejan; Jaric, Slobodan</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>The aims of the present study were to investigate the shape and strength of the force-velocity relationships <span class="hlt">observed</span> in <span class="hlt">different</span> functional movement tests and explore the parameters depicting force, velocity and power producing capacities of the tested muscles. Twelve subjects were tested on maximum performance in vertical jumps, cycling, bench press throws, and bench pulls performed against <span class="hlt">different</span> loads. Thereafter, both the averaged and maximum force and velocity variables recorded from individual trials were used for force-velocity relationship modeling. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> individual force-velocity relationships were exceptionally strong (median correlation coefficients ranged from r = 0.930 to r = 0.995) and approximately linear independently of the test and variable type. Most of the relationship parameters <span class="hlt">observed</span> from the averaged and maximum force and velocity variable types were strongly related in all tests (r = 0.789-0.991), except for those in vertical jumps (r = 0.485-0.930). However, the generalizability of the force-velocity relationship parameters depicting maximum force, velocity and power of the tested muscles across <span class="hlt">different</span> tests was inconsistent and on average moderate. We concluded that the linear force-velocity relationship model based on either maximum or averaged force-velocity data could provide the outcomes depicting force, velocity and power generating capacity of the tested muscles, although such outcomes can only be partially generalized across <span class="hlt">different</span> muscles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5384051','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5384051"><span>Muscle Force-Velocity Relationships <span class="hlt">Observed</span> in Four <span class="hlt">Different</span> Functional Tests</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zivkovic, Milena Z.; Djuric, Sasa; Cuk, Ivan; Suzovic, Dejan; Jaric, Slobodan</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Abstract The aims of the present study were to investigate the shape and strength of the force-velocity relationships <span class="hlt">observed</span> in <span class="hlt">different</span> functional movement tests and explore the parameters depicting force, velocity and power producing capacities of the tested muscles. Twelve subjects were tested on maximum performance in vertical jumps, cycling, bench press throws, and bench pulls performed against <span class="hlt">different</span> loads. Thereafter, both the averaged and maximum force and velocity variables recorded from individual trials were used for force–velocity relationship modeling. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> individual force-velocity relationships were exceptionally strong (median correlation coefficients ranged from r = 0.930 to r = 0.995) and approximately linear independently of the test and variable type. Most of the relationship parameters <span class="hlt">observed</span> from the averaged and maximum force and velocity variable types were strongly related in all tests (r = 0.789-0.991), except for those in vertical jumps (r = 0.485-0.930). However, the generalizability of the force-velocity relationship parameters depicting maximum force, velocity and power of the tested muscles across <span class="hlt">different</span> tests was inconsistent and on average moderate. We concluded that the linear force-velocity relationship model based on either maximum or averaged force-velocity data could provide the outcomes depicting force, velocity and power generating capacity of the tested muscles, although such outcomes can only be partially generalized across <span class="hlt">different</span> muscles. PMID:28469742</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17501464','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17501464"><span>Rheological <span class="hlt">observation</span> of glassy dynamics of dilute polymer solutions near the coil-stretch transition in elongational flows.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sridhar, T; Nguyen, D A; Prabhakar, R; Prakash, J Ravi</p> <p>2007-04-20</p> <p>It has long been conjectured that the macroscopic dynamics of dilute polymer solutions may exhibit a glasslike slowdown caused by ergodicity breaking, in the vicinity of the coil-stretch transition in elongational flows. We report experimental <span class="hlt">observations</span> using a filament stretching rheometer that confirm the existence of such glassy states. It is <span class="hlt">observed</span> that <span class="hlt">different</span> time-dependent elongational strain-rate profiles lead to a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> history dependence and aging effects within a narrow range of strain rates. The results have a direct bearing on the analysis and design of processes employing dilute polymer solutions, such as ink-jet printing, surface coating, and turbulent-drag reduction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23809856','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23809856"><span>Abrupt transition to heightened poliomyelitis epidemicity in England and Wales, 1947-1957, associated with a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> increase in the geographical rate of disease propagation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Smallman-Raynor, M R; Cliff, A D</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>The abrupt transition to heightened poliomyelitis epidemicity in England and Wales, 1947-1957, was associated with a profound change in the spatial dynamics of the disease. Drawing on the complete record of poliomyelitis notifications in England and Wales, we use a robust method of spatial epidemiological analysis (swash-backwash model) to evaluate the geographical rate of disease propagation in successive poliomyelitis seasons, 1940-1964. Comparisons with earlier and later time periods show that the period of heightened poliomyelitis epidemicity corresponded with a sudden and <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> increase in the spatial rate of disease propagation. This change was <span class="hlt">observed</span> for both urban and rural areas and points to an abrupt enhancement in the propensity for the geographical spread of polioviruses. Competing theories of the epidemic emergence of poliomyelitis in England and Wales should be assessed in the light of this evidence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeoRL..43.4850W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeoRL..43.4850W"><span>Ion demagnetization in the magnetopause current layer <span class="hlt">observed</span> by MMS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Shan; Chen, Li-Jen; Hesse, Michael; Gershman, Daniel J.; Dorelli, John; Giles, Barbara; Torbert, Roy B.; Pollock, Craig J.; Lavraud, Benoit; Strangeway, Robert; Ergun, Robert E.; Burch, Jim; Avanov, Levon; Moore, Thomas E.; Saito, Yoshifumi</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>We report ion velocity distribution functions (VDFs) <span class="hlt">observed</span> by Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS) and present evidence for demagnetized ion Speiser motion during magnetopause reconnection. The demagnetization is <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the vicinity of the X line, as well as near the current sheet midplane about tens of ion skin depths (di) away from the X line. Close to the X line before the outflow is built up, the VDFs are elongated, and the elongated part of VDFs rotates from the out-of-plane current direction toward the outflow directions downstream from the X line. Farther downstream, demagnetized ions exhibit a characteristic half-ring structure in the VDFs, as a result of the mixture of ions that have experienced <span class="hlt">different</span> amounts of cyclotron turning around the magnetic field normal to the current sheet. Signatures of acceleration by electric fields are more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the VDFs near the X line than downstream.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170003203&hterms=layer&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dlayer','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170003203&hterms=layer&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dlayer"><span>Ion Demagnetization in the Magnetopause Current Layer <span class="hlt">Observed</span> by MMS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Shan; Chen, Li-Jen; Hesse, Michael; Gershman, Daniel J.; Dorelli, John; Giles, Barbara; Torbert, Roy B.; Pollock, Craig J.; Lavraud, Benoit; Strangeway, Robert; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20170003203'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20170003203_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20170003203_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20170003203_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20170003203_hide"></p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>We report ion velocity distribution functions (VDfs) <span class="hlt">observed</span> by Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS) and present evidence for demagnetized ion Speiser motion during magnetopause reconnection. The demagnetization is <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the vicinity of the X llne, as well as near the current sheet midlplane about tens of ion skin depths (d(sub 1)) away from the X line. Close to the X line before the outflow is built up, the VDFs are elongated, and the elongated part of VDFs rotates from the out-of-plane current direction toward the outflow directions downstream from the X line. Farther downstream, demagnetized ions exhibit a characteristic half-ring structure in the VDFs, as a result of the mixture of ions that have experienced <span class="hlt">different</span> amounts of cyclotron turning around the magnetic field normal to the current sheet. Signatures of acceleration by electric fields are more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the VDFs near the X line than downstream.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/25699','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/25699"><span>Further <span class="hlt">observations</span> on soil freezing in the Pacific Northwest.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Charles E. Hale</p> <p>1951-01-01</p> <p>Frost <span class="hlt">observations</span> during the winter and spring of 1949-1950 indicated that <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> soil freezing conditions existed in the ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, grass and brush types in eastern Oregon and Washington. Accordingly, a study was designed to determine the occurrence and character of frost under these widespread forest and range types. This paper presents a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.464.3331M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.464.3331M"><span>Calibration of Herschel SPIRE FTS <span class="hlt">observations</span> at <span class="hlt">different</span> spectral resolutions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marchili, N.; Hopwood, R.; Fulton, T.; Polehampton, E. T.; Valtchanov, I.; Zaretski, J.; Naylor, D. A.; Griffin, M. J.; Imhof, P.; Lim, T.; Lu, N.; Makiwa, G.; Pearson, C.; Spencer, L.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer on-board the Herschel Space Observatory had two standard spectral resolution modes for science <span class="hlt">observations</span>: high resolution (HR) and low resolution (LR), which could also be performed in sequence (H+LR). A comparison of the HR and LR resolution spectra taken in this sequential mode revealed a systematic discrepancy in the continuum level. Analysing the data at <span class="hlt">different</span> stages during standard pipeline processing demonstrates that the telescope and instrument emission affect HR and H+LR <span class="hlt">observations</span> in a systematically <span class="hlt">different</span> way. The origin of this <span class="hlt">difference</span> is found to lie in the variation of both the telescope and instrument response functions, while it is triggered by fast variation of the instrument temperatures. As it is not possible to trace the evolution of the response functions using housekeeping data from the instrument subsystems, the calibration cannot be corrected analytically. Therefore, an empirical correction for LR spectra has been developed, which removes the systematic noise introduced by the variation of the response functions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3867125','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3867125"><span>Why Size Matters: <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Brain Volume Account for Apparent Sex <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Callosal Anatomy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Luders, Eileen; Toga, Arthur W.; Thompson, Paul M.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Numerous studies have demonstrated a sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum. However, the question remains if sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in brain size, which typically is larger in men than in women, or biological sex per se account for the apparent sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in callosal morphology. Comparing callosal dimensions between men and women matched for overall brain size may clarify the true contribution of biological sex, as any <span class="hlt">observed</span> group <span class="hlt">difference</span> should indicate pure sex effects. We thus examined callosal morphology in 24 male and 24 female brains carefully matched for overall size. In addition, we selected 24 extremely large male brains and 24 extremely small female brains to explore if <span class="hlt">observed</span> sex effects might vary depending on the degree to which male and female groups <span class="hlt">differed</span> in brain size. Using the individual T1-weighted brain images (n=96), we delineated the corpus callosum at midline and applied a well-validated surface-based mesh-modeling approach to compare callosal thickness at 100 equidistant points between groups determined by brain size and sex. The corpus callosum was always thicker in men than in women. However, this callosal sex <span class="hlt">difference</span> was strongly determined by the cerebral sex <span class="hlt">difference</span> overall. That is, the larger the discrepancy in brain size between men and women, the more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> the sex <span class="hlt">difference</span> in callosal thickness, with hardly any callosal <span class="hlt">differences</span> remaining between brain-size matched men and women. Altogether, these findings suggest that individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in brain size account for apparent sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the anatomy of the corpus callosum. PMID:24064068</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22549909','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22549909"><span>Merging high doxorubicin loading with <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> magnetic response and bio-repellent properties in hybrid drug nanocarriers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bakandritsos, Aristides; Papagiannopoulos, Aristeidis; Anagnostou, Eleni N; Avgoustakis, Konstantinos; Zboril, Radek; Pispas, Stergios; Tucek, Jiri; Ryukhtin, Vasyl; Bouropoulos, Nikolaos; Kolokithas-Ntoukas, Argiris; Steriotis, Theodore A; Keiderling, Uwe; Winnefeld, Frank</p> <p>2012-08-06</p> <p>Hybrid magnetic drug nanocarriers are prepared via a self-assembly process of poly(methacrylic acid)-graft-poly(ethyleneglycol methacrylate) (p(MAA-g-EGMA)) on growing iron oxide nanocrystallites. The nanocarriers successfully merge together bio-repellent properties, <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> magnetic response, and high loading capacity for the potent anticancer drug doxorubicin (adriamicin), in a manner not <span class="hlt">observed</span> before in such hybrid colloids. High magnetic responses are accomplished by engineering the size of the magnetic nanocrystallites (∼13.5 nm) following an aqueous single-ferrous precursor route, and through adjustment of the number of cores in each colloidal assembly. Complementing conventional magnetometry, the magnetic response of the nanocarriers is evaluated by magnetophoretic experiments providing insight into their internal organization and on their response to magnetic manipulation. The structural organization of the graft-copolymer, locked on the surface of the nanocrystallites, is further probed by small-angle neutron scattering on single-core colloids. Analysis showed that the MAA segments selectively populate the area around the magnetic nanocrystallites, while the poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted chains are arranged as protrusions, pointing towards the aqueous environment. These nanocarriers are screened at various pHs and in highly salted media by light scattering and electrokinetic measurements. According to the results, their stability is dramatically enhanced, as compared to uncoated nanocrystallites, owing to the presence of the external protective PEG canopy. The nanocarriers are also endowed with bio-repellent properties, as evidenced by stability assays using human blood plasma as the medium. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26257746','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26257746"><span>Functional traits variation explains the distribution of Aextoxicon punctatum (Aextoxicaceae) in <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> moisture gradients within fog-dependent forest fragments.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Salgado-Negret, Beatriz; Canessa, Rafaella; Valladares, Fernando; Armesto, Juan J; Pérez, Fernanda</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Climate change and fragmentation are major threats to world forests. Understanding how functional traits related to drought tolerance change across small-scale, <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> moisture gradients in fragmented forests is important to predict species' responses to these threats. In the case of Aextoxicon punctatum, a dominant canopy tree in fog-dependent rain forest patches in semiarid Chile, we explored how the magnitude, variability and correlation patterns of leaf and xylem vessel traits and hydraulic conductivity varied across soil moisture (SM) gradients established within and among forest patches of <span class="hlt">different</span> size, which are associated with <span class="hlt">differences</span> in tree establishment and mortality patterns. Leaf traits varied across soil-moisture gradients produced by fog interception. Trees growing at drier leeward edges showed higher leaf mass per area, trichome and stomatal density than trees from the wetter core and windward zones. In contrast, xylem vessel traits (vessels diameter and density) did not vary producing loss of hydraulic conductivity at drier leeward edges. We also detected higher levels of phenotypic integration and variability at leeward edges. The ability of A. punctatum to modify leaf traits in response to <span class="hlt">differences</span> in SM availability established over short distances (<500 m) facilitates its persistence in contrasting microhabitats within forest patches. However, xylem anatomy showed limited plasticity, which increases cavitation risk at leeward edges. Greater patch fragmentation, together with fluctuations in irradiance and SM in small patches, could result in higher risk of drought-related tree mortality, with profound impacts on hydrological balances at the ecosystem scale.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23415947','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23415947"><span>Normative shifts of cortical mechanisms of encoding contribute to adult age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in visual-spatial working memory.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Störmer, Viola S; Li, Shu-Chen; Heekeren, Hauke R; Lindenberger, Ulman</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>The capacity of visual-spatial working memory (WM) declines from early to late adulthood. Recent attempts at identifying neural correlates of WM capacity decline have focused on the maintenance phase of WM. Here, we investigate neural mechanisms during the encoding phase as another potential mechanism contributing to adult age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in WM capacity. We used electroencephalography to track neural activity during encoding and maintenance on a millisecond timescale in 35 younger and 35 older adults performing a visual-spatial WM task. As predicted, we <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in ERP indicators of WM encoding: Younger adults showed attentional selection during item encoding (N2pc component), but this selection mechanism was greatly attenuated in older adults. Conversely, older adults showed more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> signs of early perceptual stimulus processing (N1 component) than younger adults. The amplitude modulation of the N1 component predicted WM capacity in older adults, whereas the attentional amplitude modulation of the N2pc component predicted WM capacity in younger adults. Our findings suggest that adult age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in mechanisms of WM encoding contribute to adult age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in limits of visual-spatial WM capacity. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3499277','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3499277"><span>Investigating the molecular basis of local adaptation to thermal stress: population <span class="hlt">differences</span> in gene expression across the transcriptome of the copepod Tigriopus californicus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Background Geographic variation in the thermal environment impacts a broad range of biochemical and physiological processes and can be a major selective force leading to local population adaptation. In the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus, populations along the coast of California show <span class="hlt">differences</span> in thermal tolerance that are consistent with adaptation, i.e., southern populations withstand thermal stresses that are lethal to northern populations. To understand the genetic basis of these physiological <span class="hlt">differences</span>, we use an RNA-seq approach to compare genome-wide patterns of gene expression in two populations known to <span class="hlt">differ</span> in thermal tolerance. Results <span class="hlt">Observed</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in gene expression between the southern (San Diego) and the northern (Santa Cruz) populations included both the number of affected loci as well as the identity of these loci. However, the most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> concerned the amplitude of up-regulation of genes producing heat shock proteins (Hsps) and genes involved in ubiquitination and proteolysis. Among the hsp genes, orthologous pairs show markedly <span class="hlt">different</span> thermal responses as the amplitude of hsp response was greatly elevated in the San Diego population, most notably in members of the hsp70 gene family. There was no evidence of accelerated evolution at the sequence level for hsp genes. Among other sets of genes, cuticle genes were up-regulated in SD but down-regulated in SC, and mitochondrial genes were down-regulated in both populations. Conclusions Marked changes in gene expression were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in response to acute sub-lethal thermal stress in the copepod T. californicus. Although some qualitative <span class="hlt">differences</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> between populations, the most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> involved the magnitude of induction of numerous hsp and ubiquitin genes. These <span class="hlt">differences</span> in gene expression suggest that evolutionary divergence in the regulatory pathway(s) involved in acute temperature stress may offer at least a partial</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED532020.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED532020.pdf"><span>How <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Is Income Inequality around the World--and How Can Education Help Reduce It? Education Indicators in Focus. No. 4</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>OECD Publishing (NJ1), 2012</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>How <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> is income inequality around the world--and how can education help reduce it? This paper reports the following: (1) Across OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries, the average income of the richest 10% of the population was about nine times that of the poorest 10% before the onset of the global economic…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29168001','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29168001"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Photovoltaic Response from Multi-layered MoTe2 Phototransistor with Asymmetric Contact Form.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Junku; Guo, Nan; Xiao, Xiaoyang; Zhang, Kenan; Jia, Yi; Zhou, Shuyun; Wu, Yang; Li, Qunqing; Xiao, Lin</p> <p>2017-11-22</p> <p>In this study, we fabricate air-stable p-type multi-layered MoTe 2 phototransistor using Au as electrodes, which shows <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> photovoltaic response in off-state with asymmetric contact form. By analyzing the spatially resolved photoresponse using scanning photocurrent microscopy, we found that the potential steps are formed in the vicinity of the electrodes/MoTe 2 interface due to the doping of the MoTe 2 by the metal contacts. The potential step dominates the separation of photoexcited electron-hole pairs in short-circuit condition or with small V sd biased. Based on these findings, we infer that the asymmetric contact cross-section between MoTe 2 -source and MoTe 2 -drain electrodes is the reason to form non-zero net current and photovoltaic response. Furthermore, MoTe 2 phototransistor shows a faster response in short-circuit condition than that with higher biased V sd within sub-millisecond, and its spectral range can be extended to the infrared end of 1550 nm.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NRL....12..603L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NRL....12..603L"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Photovoltaic Response from Multi-layered MoTe2 Phototransistor with Asymmetric Contact Form</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Junku; Guo, Nan; Xiao, Xiaoyang; Zhang, Kenan; Jia, Yi; Zhou, Shuyun; Wu, Yang; Li, Qunqing; Xiao, Lin</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>In this study, we fabricate air-stable p-type multi-layered MoTe2 phototransistor using Au as electrodes, which shows <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> photovoltaic response in off-state with asymmetric contact form. By analyzing the spatially resolved photoresponse using scanning photocurrent microscopy, we found that the potential steps are formed in the vicinity of the electrodes/MoTe2 interface due to the doping of the MoTe2 by the metal contacts. The potential step dominates the separation of photoexcited electron-hole pairs in short-circuit condition or with small V sd biased. Based on these findings, we infer that the asymmetric contact cross-section between MoTe2-source and MoTe2-drain electrodes is the reason to form non-zero net current and photovoltaic response. Furthermore, MoTe2 phototransistor shows a faster response in short-circuit condition than that with higher biased V sd within sub-millisecond, and its spectral range can be extended to the infrared end of 1550 nm.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=hemodynamics&id=EJ1084605','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=hemodynamics&id=EJ1084605"><span><span class="hlt">Observing</span> and Understanding Arterial and Venous Circulation <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in a Physiology Laboratory Activity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Altermann, Caroline; Gonçalves, Rithiele; Lara, Marcus Vinícius S.; Neves, Ben-Hur S.; Mello-Carpes, Pâmela B.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of the present article is to describe three simple practical experiments that aim to <span class="hlt">observe</span> and discuss the anatomic and physiological functions and <span class="hlt">differences</span> between arteries and veins as well as the alterations <span class="hlt">observed</span> in skin blood flow in <span class="hlt">different</span> situations. For this activity, students were divided in small groups. In each…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Panic+AND+Attack&pg=2&id=EJ797006','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Panic+AND+Attack&pg=2&id=EJ797006"><span>Sex <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Response to an <span class="hlt">Observational</span> Fear Conditioning Procedure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kelly, Megan M.; Forsyth, John P.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The present study evaluated sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in <span class="hlt">observational</span> fear conditioning using modeled ''mock'' panic attacks as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Fifty-nine carefully prescreened healthy undergraduate participants (30 women) underwent 3 consecutive differential conditioning phases: habituation, acquisition, and extinction. It was expected…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4511825','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4511825"><span>Functional traits variation explains the distribution of Aextoxicon punctatum (Aextoxicaceae) in <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> moisture gradients within fog-dependent forest fragments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Salgado-Negret, Beatriz; Canessa, Rafaella; Valladares, Fernando; Armesto, Juan J.; Pérez, Fernanda</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Climate change and fragmentation are major threats to world forests. Understanding how functional traits related to drought tolerance change across small-scale, <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> moisture gradients in fragmented forests is important to predict species’ responses to these threats. In the case of Aextoxicon punctatum, a dominant canopy tree in fog-dependent rain forest patches in semiarid Chile, we explored how the magnitude, variability and correlation patterns of leaf and xylem vessel traits and hydraulic conductivity varied across soil moisture (SM) gradients established within and among forest patches of <span class="hlt">different</span> size, which are associated with <span class="hlt">differences</span> in tree establishment and mortality patterns. Leaf traits varied across soil-moisture gradients produced by fog interception. Trees growing at drier leeward edges showed higher leaf mass per area, trichome and stomatal density than trees from the wetter core and windward zones. In contrast, xylem vessel traits (vessels diameter and density) did not vary producing loss of hydraulic conductivity at drier leeward edges. We also detected higher levels of phenotypic integration and variability at leeward edges. The ability of A. punctatum to modify leaf traits in response to <span class="hlt">differences</span> in SM availability established over short distances (<500 m) facilitates its persistence in contrasting microhabitats within forest patches. However, xylem anatomy showed limited plasticity, which increases cavitation risk at leeward edges. Greater patch fragmentation, together with fluctuations in irradiance and SM in small patches, could result in higher risk of drought-related tree mortality, with profound impacts on hydrological balances at the ecosystem scale. PMID:26257746</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..122.2254L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRD..122.2254L"><span>Spatiotemporal variations in the <span class="hlt">difference</span> between satellite-<span class="hlt">observed</span> daily maximum land surface temperature and station-based daily maximum near-surface air temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lian, Xu; Zeng, Zhenzhong; Yao, Yitong; Peng, Shushi; Wang, Kaicun; Piao, Shilong</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>There is an increasing demand to integrate land surface temperature (LST) into climate research due to its global coverage, which requires a comprehensive knowledge of its distinctive characteristics compared to near-surface air temperature (Tair). Using satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> and in situ station-based data sets, we conducted a global-scale assessment of the spatial and seasonal variations in the <span class="hlt">difference</span> between daily maximum LST and daily maximum Tair (δT, LST - Tair) during 2003-2014. Spatially, LST is generally higher than Tair over arid and sparsely vegetated regions in the middle-low latitudes, but LST is lower than Tair in tropical rainforests due to strong evaporative cooling, and in the high-latitude regions due to snow-induced radiative cooling. Seasonally, δT is negative in tropical regions throughout the year, while it displays a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> seasonality in both the midlatitudes and boreal regions. The seasonality in the midlatitudes is a result of the asynchronous responses of LST and Tair to the seasonal cycle of radiation and vegetation abundance, whereas in the boreal regions, seasonality is mainly caused by the change in snow cover. Our study identified substantial spatial heterogeneity and seasonality in δT, as well as its determinant environmental drivers, and thus provides a useful reference for monitoring near-surface air temperature changes using remote sensing, particularly in remote regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22581567','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22581567"><span>Seeing the same thing <span class="hlt">differently</span>: mechanisms that contribute to assessor <span class="hlt">differences</span> in directly-<span class="hlt">observed</span> performance assessments.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yeates, Peter; O'Neill, Paul; Mann, Karen; Eva, Kevin</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>Assessors' scores in performance assessments are known to be highly variable. Attempted improvements through training or rating format have achieved minimal gains. The mechanisms that contribute to variability in assessors' scoring remain unclear. This study investigated these mechanisms. We used a qualitative approach to study assessors' judgements whilst they <span class="hlt">observed</span> common simulated videoed performances of junior doctors obtaining clinical histories. Assessors commented concurrently and retrospectively on performances, provided scores and follow-up interviews. Data were analysed using principles of grounded theory. We developed three themes that help to explain how variability arises: Differential Salience-assessors paid attention to (or valued) <span class="hlt">different</span> aspects of the performances to <span class="hlt">different</span> degrees; Criterion Uncertainty-assessors' criteria were <span class="hlt">differently</span> constructed, uncertain, and were influenced by recent exemplars; Information Integration-assessors described the valence of their comments in their own unique narrative terms, usually forming global impressions. Our results (whilst not precluding the operation of established biases) describe mechanisms by which assessors' judgements become meaningfully-<span class="hlt">different</span> or unique. Our results have theoretical relevance to understanding the formative educational messages that performance assessments provide. They give insight relevant to assessor training, assessors' ability to be <span class="hlt">observationally</span> "objective" and to the educational value of narrative comments (in contrast to numerical ratings).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21445938','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21445938"><span>Sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in Hadza eating frequency by food type.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Berbesque, J Colette; Marlowe, Frank W; Crittenden, Alyssa N</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>We investigate sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in frequencies of adults eating in a foraging population-the Hadza of Tanzania. We use eating frequency data from instantaneous scan <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the Hadza, to see to how much sharing of foods taken back to camp compensates for the targeting of <span class="hlt">different</span> foods by each sex while out foraging. Eating in camp <span class="hlt">differs</span> by sex in terms of overall eating frequency, as well as in terms of diet composition (frequencies of eating each food type). We also control for sex-<span class="hlt">differences</span> in time spent in camp and still find sex-<span class="hlt">differences</span> in eating frequencies-women are <span class="hlt">observed</span> eating significantly more frequently than men. There are also sex-<span class="hlt">differences</span> in the eating frequencies of particular food types both with and without controlling for presence in camp. Finally, we use data on acquisition of each food type by sex and find that both sexes are more frequently <span class="hlt">observed</span> eating women's foods in camp than men's foods. At least in the case of the Hadza, we see <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the in-camp diet. Hadza men are eating a higher quality diet than are women, but women are able to eat far more frequently, and spend less time foraging than men. It is not yet clear whether a regular caloric intake of lower quality foods would be more beneficial for maintaining fecundity than a more variable diet consisting of higher quality foods. Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.P51E1177S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.P51E1177S"><span>HST <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Europa's atmospheric UV emission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Saur, J. S.; Feldman, P. D.; Strobel, D. F.; Retherford, K. D.; Roth, L.; McGrath, M. A.; Gerard, J. M.; Grodent, D. C.; Schilling, N.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>The Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope <span class="hlt">observed</span> Europa on June 29, 2008 during five consecutive orbits. Europa was at eastern elongation and crossed the Jovian current sheet during the <span class="hlt">observing</span> interval. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> were performed with ACS/SBC with prism PR130L to separate the two prominent FUV oxygen lines OI 1304 A, OI 1356 A and to discriminate reflected solar light from Europa's surface. After addressing the strong red leak contained in the measurements, we find that Europa's atmospheric emission clearly depends on Europa's position in Jupiter's current sheet. We also see that the atmospheric emissions of Europa's leading side do not show <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> asymmetries with respect to Europa's sub-Jovian and anti-Jovian side. Previous <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the atmospheric emissions, in contrast, found a strong asymmetry on Europa's trailing side [McGrath et al. 2004].</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26650816','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26650816"><span>Cost Analyses in the US and Japan: A Cross-Country Comparative Analysis Applied to the <span class="hlt">PRONOUNCE</span> Trial in Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hess, Lisa M; Rajan, Narayan; Winfree, Katherine; Davey, Peter; Ball, Mark; Knox, Hediyyih; Graham, Christopher</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Health technology assessment is not required for regulatory submission or approval in either the United States (US) or Japan. This study was designed as a cross-country evaluation of cost analyses conducted in the US and Japan based on the <span class="hlt">PRONOUNCE</span> phase III lung cancer trial, which compared pemetrexed plus carboplatin followed by pemetrexed (PemC) versus paclitaxel plus carboplatin plus bevacizumab followed by bevacizumab (PCB). Two cost analyses were conducted in accordance with International Society For Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research good research practice standards. Costs were obtained based on local pricing structures; outcomes were considered equivalent based on the <span class="hlt">PRONOUNCE</span> trial results. Other inputs were included from the trial data (e.g., toxicity rates) or from local practice sources (e.g., toxicity management). The models were compared across key input and transferability factors. Despite <span class="hlt">differences</span> in local input data, both models demonstrated a similar direction, with the cost of PemC being consistently lower than the cost of PCB. The variation in individual input parameters did affect some of the specific categories, such as toxicity, and impacted sensitivity analyses, with the cost differential between comparators being greater in Japan than in the US. When economic models are based on clinical trial data, many inputs and outcomes are held consistent. The alterable inputs were not in and of themselves large enough to significantly impact the results between countries, which were directionally consistent with greater variation seen in sensitivity analyses. The factors that vary across jurisdictions, even when minor, can have an impact on trial-based economic analyses. Eli Lilly and Company.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3105211','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3105211"><span>INDIVIDUAL <span class="hlt">DIFFERENCES</span> IN ORAL NICOTINE INTAKE IN RATS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Nesil, Tanseli; Kanit, Lutfiye; Collins, Allan C; Pogun, Sakire</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>To study individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in nicotine preference and intake, male and female rats were given free access to a choice of oral nicotine (10 or 20 mg/L) or water for 24 hours/day for periods of at least six weeks, starting at adolescence or adulthood. A total of 341 rats, were used in four <span class="hlt">different</span> experiments; weight, nicotine intake and total liquid consumption were recorded weekly. Results show that rats can discriminate nicotine from water, can regulate their intake, and that there are readily detected individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in nicotine preference. Ward analyses indicated that the animals could be divided into minimum, median and maximum preferring subgroups in all experiments. The effect of saccharine on nicotine intake was also evaluated; although the addition of saccharine increased total intake, rats drank unsweetened nicotine solutions and those with higher preferences for nicotine, preferred nicotine over water with or without saccharine added. Nicotine reduced weight gain and the effect was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in females than males. The average nicotine consumption of adolescent rats was higher than adults and nicotine exposure during adolescence reduced nicotine intake in adult rats. About half of the rats which had access to nicotine as adolescents and also as adults had a persistent pattern of consumption; the behavior was very stable in the female minimum preferring groups and a much higher ratio of rats sustained their adolescent behavior as adults. The change in preference was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> when there was an interval between adolescent and adult exposure; female rats showed a more stable behavior than males suggesting a greater role for environmental influences on males. In conclusion, marked individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in oral nicotine intake as measured in a continuous access 2-bottle choice test. Age and sex of the subjects and previous exposure to nicotine are significant factors which affect preference in rats. PMID:21504750</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000105163','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000105163"><span>Time Delays of Blazar Flares <span class="hlt">Observed</span> at <span class="hlt">Different</span> Wavebands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Marscher, Alan P.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Correlated variability at <span class="hlt">different</span> frequencies can probe the structure and physics of the jet of a blazar on size scales much smaller than can be resolved by telescopes and interferometers. I discuss some <span class="hlt">observations</span> of frequency dependent time lags and how these place constraints on models for the nonthermal emission in blazars. The time lags can be either positive (high frequency variations leading those at lower frequencies) or negative, while simultaneous flares are also possible.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22043310','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22043310"><span>Patients' and <span class="hlt">observers</span>' perceptions of involvement <span class="hlt">differ</span>. Validation study on inter-relating measures for shared decision making.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kasper, Jürgen; Heesen, Christoph; Köpke, Sascha; Fulcher, Gary; Geiger, Friedemann</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Patient involvement into medical decisions as conceived in the shared decision making method (SDM) is essential in evidence based medicine. However, it is not conclusively evident how best to define, realize and evaluate involvement to enable patients making informed choices. We aimed at investigating the ability of four measures to indicate patient involvement. While use and reporting of these instruments might imply wide overlap regarding the addressed constructs this assumption seems questionable with respect to the diversity of the perspectives from which the assessments are administered. The study investigated a nested cohort (N = 79) of a randomized trial evaluating a patient decision aid on immunotherapy for multiple sclerosis. Convergent validities were calculated between <span class="hlt">observer</span> ratings of videotaped physician-patient consultations (OPTION) and patients' perceptions of the communication (Shared Decision Making Questionnaire, Control Preference Scale & Decisional Conflict Scale). OPTION reliability was high to excellent. Communication performance was low according to OPTION and high according to the three patient administered measures. No correlations were found between <span class="hlt">observer</span> and patient judges, neither for means nor for single items. Patient report measures showed some moderate correlations. Existing SDM measures do not refer to a single construct. A gold standard is missing to decide whether any of these measures has the potential to indicate patient involvement. <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> heterogeneity of the underpinning constructs implies difficulties regarding the interpretation of existing evidence on the efficacy of SDM. Consideration of communication theory and basic definitions of SDM would recommend an inter-subjective focus of measurement. Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN25267500.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=observational+AND+research+AND+methods&pg=3&id=EJ1138998','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=observational+AND+research+AND+methods&pg=3&id=EJ1138998"><span>Gossiping to the Top: <span class="hlt">Observed</span> <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Popular Adolescents' Gossip</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Wargo Aikins, Julie; Collibee, Charlene; Cunningham, Jessica</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Despite its omnipresence, quantitative research examining both the nature and the function of adolescent gossip has been limited. The present study aimed to address this limitation in the literature by examining the nature and function of adolescent gossip; in particular, it aimed to explore <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> between the gossip of those popular…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27399095','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27399095"><span>Prospective clinical <span class="hlt">observational</span> study evaluating gender-associated <span class="hlt">differences</span> of preoperative pain intensity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tafelski, Sascha; Kerper, Léonie F; Salz, Anna-Lena; Spies, Claudia; Reuter, Eva; Nachtigall, Irit; Schäfer, Michael; Krannich, Alexander; Krampe, Henning</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>Previous studies reported conflicting results concerning <span class="hlt">different</span> pain perceptions of men and women. Recent research found higher pain levels in men after major surgery, contrasted by women after minor procedures. This trial investigates <span class="hlt">differences</span> in self-reported preoperative pain intensity between genders before surgery.Patients were enrolled in 2011 and 2012 presenting for preoperative evaluation at the anesthesiological assessment clinic at Charité University hospital. Out of 5102 patients completing a computer-assisted self-assessment, 3042 surgical patients with any preoperative pain were included into this prospective <span class="hlt">observational</span> clinical study. Preoperative pain intensity (0-100 VAS, visual analog scale) was evaluated integrating psychological cofactors into analysis.Women reported higher preoperative pain intensity than men with median VAS scores of 30 (25th-75th percentiles: 10-52) versus 21 (10-46) (P < 0.001). Adjusted multiple regression analysis showed that female gender remained statistically significantly associated with higher pain intensity (P < 0.001). Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> were consistent across several subgroups especially with varying patterns in elderly. Women scheduled for minor and moderate surgical procedures showed largest <span class="hlt">differences</span> in overall pain compared to men.This large clinical study <span class="hlt">observed</span> significantly higher preoperative pain intensity in female surgical patients. This gender <span class="hlt">difference</span> was larger in the elderly potentially contradicting the current hypothesis of a primary sex-hormone derived effect. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> variability in specific patient subgroups may help to explain heterogeneous findings of previous studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AJ....149...50O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AJ....149...50O"><span><span class="hlt">Difference</span> Image Analysis of Defocused <span class="hlt">Observations</span> With CSTAR</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Oelkers, Ryan J.; Macri, Lucas M.; Wang, Lifan; Ashley, Michael C. B.; Cui, Xiangqun; Feng, Long-Long; Gong, Xuefei; Lawrence, Jon S.; Qiang, Liu; Luong-Van, Daniel; Pennypacker, Carl R.; Yang, Huigen; Yuan, Xiangyan; York, Donald G.; Zhou, Xu; Zhu, Zhenxi</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>The Chinese Small Telescope ARray carried out high-cadence time-series <span class="hlt">observations</span> of 27 square degrees centered on the South Celestial Pole during the Antarctic winter seasons of 2008-2010. Aperture photometry of the 2008 and 2010 i-band images resulted in the discovery of over 200 variable stars. Yearly servicing left the array defocused for the 2009 winter season, during which the system also suffered from intermittent frosting and power failures. Despite these technical issues, nearly 800,000 useful images were obtained using g, r, and clear filters. We developed a combination of <span class="hlt">difference</span> imaging and aperture photometry to compensate for the highly crowded, blended, and defocused frames. We present details of this approach, which may be useful for the analysis of time-series data from other small-aperture telescopes regardless of their image quality. Using this approach, we were able to recover 68 previously known variables and detected variability in 37 additional objects. We also have determined the <span class="hlt">observing</span> statistics for Dome A during the 2009 winter season; we find the extinction due to clouds to be less than 0.1 and 0.4 mag for 40% and 63% of the dark time, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986BAICz..37..324V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986BAICz..37..324V"><span>Estimation of accuracy of earth-rotation parameters in <span class="hlt">different</span> frequency bands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vondrak, J.</p> <p>1986-11-01</p> <p>The accuracies of earth-rotation parameters as determined by five <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observational</span> techniques now available (i.e., optical astrometry /OA/, Doppler tracking of satellites /DTS/, satellite laser ranging /SLR/, very long-base interferometry /VLBI/ and lunar laser ranging /LLR/) are estimated. The <span class="hlt">differences</span> between the individual techniques in all possible combinations, separated by appropriate filters into three frequency bands, were used to estimate the accuracies of the techniques for periods from 0 to 200 days, from 200 to 1000 days and longer than 1000 days. It is shown that for polar motion the most accurate results are obtained with VLBI anad SLR, especially in the short-period region; OA and DTS are less accurate, but with longer periods the <span class="hlt">differences</span> in accuracy are less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span>. The accuracies of UTI-UTC as determined by OA, VLBI and LLR are practically equivalent, the <span class="hlt">differences</span> being less than 40 percent.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231534','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231534"><span>Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in emotion expression in children: a meta-analytic review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chaplin, Tara M; Aldao, Amelia</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>Emotion expression is an important feature of healthy child development that has been found to show gender <span class="hlt">differences</span>. However, there has been no empirical review of the literature on gender and facial, vocal, and behavioral expressions of <span class="hlt">different</span> types of emotions in children. The present study constitutes a comprehensive meta-analytic review of gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> and moderators of <span class="hlt">differences</span> in emotion expression from infancy through adolescence. We analyzed 555 effect sizes from 166 studies with a total of 21,709 participants. Significant but very small gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> were found overall, with girls showing more positive emotions (g = -.08) and internalizing emotions (e.g., sadness, anxiety, sympathy; g = -.10) than boys, and boys showing more externalizing emotions (e.g., anger; g = .09) than girls. Notably, gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> were moderated by age, interpersonal context, and task valence, underscoring the importance of contextual factors in gender <span class="hlt">differences</span>. Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in positive emotions were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> with increasing age, with girls showing more positive emotions than boys in middle childhood (g = -.20) and adolescence (g = -.28). Boys showed more externalizing emotions than girls at toddler/preschool age (g = .17) and middle childhood (g = .13) and fewer externalizing emotions than girls in adolescence (g = -.27). Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> were less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> with parents and were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> with unfamiliar adults (for positive emotions) and with peers/when alone (for externalizing emotions). Our findings of gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in emotion expression in specific contexts have important implications for gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in children's healthy and maladaptive development. 2013 APA, all rights reserved</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3597769','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3597769"><span>Gender <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Emotion Expression in Children: A Meta-Analytic Review</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chaplin, Tara M.; Aldao, Amelia</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Emotion expression is an important feature of healthy child development that has been found to show gender <span class="hlt">differences</span>. However, there has been no empirical review of the literature on gender and facial, vocal, and behavioral expressions of <span class="hlt">different</span> types of emotions in children. The present study constitutes a comprehensive meta-analytic review of gender <span class="hlt">differences</span>, and moderators of <span class="hlt">differences</span>, in emotion expression from infancy through adolescence. We analyzed 555 effect sizes from 166 studies with a total of 21,709 participants. Significant, but very small, gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> were found overall, with girls showing more positive emotions (g = −.08) and internalizing emotions (e.g., sadness, anxiety, sympathy; g = −.10) than boys, and boys showing more externalizing emotions (e.g., anger; g = .09) than girls. Notably, gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> were moderated by age, interpersonal context, and task valence, underscoring the importance of contextual factors in gender <span class="hlt">differences</span>. Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in positive emotions were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> with increasing age, with girls showing more positive emotions than boys in middle childhood (g = −.20) and adolescence (g = −.28). Boys showed more externalizing emotions than girls at toddler/preschool age (g = .17) and middle childhood (g = .13) and fewer externalizing emotions than girls in adolescence (g = −.27). Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> were less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> with parents and were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> with unfamiliar adults (for positive emotions) and with peers/when alone (for externalizing emotions). Our findings of gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in emotion expression in specific contexts have important implications for gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in children’s healthy and maladaptive development. PMID:23231534</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.469.4889E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.469.4889E"><span>Precision of natural satellite ephemerides from <span class="hlt">observations</span> of <span class="hlt">different</span> types</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Emelyanov, N. V.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Currently, various types of <span class="hlt">observations</span> of natural planetary satellites are used to refine their ephemerides. A new type of measurement - determining the instants of apparent satellite encounters - has recently been proposed by Morgado and co-workers. The problem that arises is which type of measurement to choose in order to obtain an ephemeris precision that is as high as possible. The answer can be obtained only by modelling the entire process: <span class="hlt">observations</span>, obtaining the measured values, refining the satellite motion parameters, and generating the ephemeris. The explicit dependence of the ephemeris precision on <span class="hlt">observational</span> accuracy as well as on the type of <span class="hlt">observations</span> is unknown. In this paper, such a dependence is investigated using the Monte Carlo statistical method. The relationship between the ephemeris precision for <span class="hlt">different</span> types of <span class="hlt">observations</span> is then assessed. The possibility of using the instants of apparent satellite encounters to obtain an ephemeris is investigated. A method is proposed that can be used to fit the satellite orbital parameters to this type of measurement. It is shown that, in the absence of systematic scale errors in the CCD frame, the use of the instants of apparent encounters leads to less precise ephemerides. However, in the presence of significant scale errors, which is often the case, this type of measurement becomes effective because the instants of apparent satellite encounters do not depend on scale errors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JAG...148..107D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JAG...148..107D"><span>Shear weakening for <span class="hlt">different</span> lithologies <span class="hlt">observed</span> at <span class="hlt">different</span> saturation stages</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Diethart-Jauk, Elisabeth; Gegenhuber, Nina</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>For this study, samples from <span class="hlt">different</span> lithologies ("Leitha"-limestone, "Dachstein"-limestone, "Haupt"-dolomite, "Bunt"-sandstone, Grey Berea sandstone, granite, quartzite and basalt) were selected. Samples were dried at 70 °C, respectively 105 °C and were saturated with brine. Mass, porosity, permeability, compressional and shear wave velocity were determined from dry and brine saturated samples at laboratory conditions, based on an individual measurement program. Shear modulus was calculated to find out, if shear weakening exists for the dataset. Shear weakening means that shear modulus of dry samples is higher than of saturated samples, but it is assumed that shear modulus is unaffected by saturation. "Dachstein"-limestone and basalt show shear weakening, quartzite samples show both weakening and hardening. Granite samples are affected by temperature, after drying with 105 °C no change can be <span class="hlt">observed</span> anymore. "Bunt"-sandstone samples show a change in the shear modulus in a small extent, although they may contain clay minerals. The other lithologies show no effect. Explanations for carbonate samples can be the complicated pore structure, for basalt it could be that weathering creates clay minerals which are known as causes for a change of the shear modulus. Fluid viscosity can also be an important factor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=strategies+AND+used+AND+perform+AND+interview&pg=2&id=EJ780168','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=strategies+AND+used+AND+perform+AND+interview&pg=2&id=EJ780168"><span>Strategies Used by Cantonese Speakers in <span class="hlt">Pronouncing</span> English Initial Consonant Clusters: Insights into the Interlanguage Phonology of Cantonese ESL Learners in Hong Kong</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Chan, Alice Y. W.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>This article discusses the strategies used by Cantonese ESL learners to cope with their problems in <span class="hlt">pronouncing</span> English initial consonant clusters. A small-scale research study was carried out with six secondary and six university students in Hong Kong, who were asked to perform four speech tasks: the reading of a word list, the description of a…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22484999','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22484999"><span>Transport temperatures <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the commercial transportation of animals.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fiore, Gianluca; Hofherr, Johann; Natale, Fabrizio; Mainetti, Sergio; Ruotolo, Espedito</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Current temperature standards and those proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) were compared with the actual practices of commercial transport in the European Union. Temperature and humidity records recorded for a year on 21 vehicles over 905 journeys were analysed. <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in temperature and humidity recorded by sensors at four <span class="hlt">different</span> positions in the vehicles exceeded 10°C between the highest and lowest temperatures in nearly 7% of cases. The number and position of temperature sensors are important to ensure the correct representation of temperature conditions in the <span class="hlt">different</span> parts of a vehicle. For all journeys and all animal categories, a relatively high percentage of beyond threshold temperatures can be <span class="hlt">observed</span> in relation to the temperature limits of 30°C and 5°C. Most recorded temperature values lie within the accepted tolerance of ±5°C stipulated in European Community Regulation (EC) 1/2005. The temperature thresholds proposed by EFSA would result in a higher percentage of non-compliant conditions which are more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> at the lower threshold, compared to the thresholds laid down in Regulation (EC) 1/2005. With respect to the <span class="hlt">different</span> animal categories, the non-compliant temperature occurrences were more frequent in pigs and sheep, in particular with regard to the thresholds proposed by EFSA.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptCo.416...19B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OptCo.416...19B"><span>Detecting a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> delocalized state in third-harmonic generation phenomenon; a quantum chaos approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Behnia, S.; Ziaei, J.; Khodavirdizadeh, M.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Nonlinear optics (NLO) deserves special attention in new optical devices, making it possible to generate coherent light more efficiently. Among the various NLO phenomena the third-harmonic generation (THG) is at the core of the effective operating mechanism of broadband wavelength conversion, in all-optical devices. Here, we aim to understand how the third-order susceptibility and the electric field may be effectively effect on the localization properties of the light in the THG process when included in a two-mode cavity coherently perturbed by a classical field. We address a stable-unstable transition due to the combination effect of the aforementioned factors. We report a reliable evidence confirming the appearance of chaos in THG under suitable conditions. By tracing the signatures of adjacent-spectral-spacing-ratio (ASSR) distribution and participation ratio, we also find a critical point (ɛc ,κc) =(3 . 1 , 0 . 35) for which a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> delocalized response is seen. This study may have profound findings for practical devices, and ushers in new opportunities for practical exploitation of the electric field and the third-order susceptibility effect in nonlinear optical devices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21116029','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21116029"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> weight gain in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an unfavourable cardiometabolic risk profile.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jansen, H J; Vervoort, G; van der Graaf, M; Tack, C J</p> <p>2010-11-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> weight gain after start of insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may offset beneficial effects conferred by the improvement of glycaemic control. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the cardiometabolic risk profile of a group of type 2 diabetes patients with a marked increase in body weight ('gainers) after the start of insulin treatment and a similar group without any or only minimal weight gain ('non-gainers'). In a cross-sectional study, we compared two predefined groups of patients with T2DM who had been on insulin therapy for a mean of 4.0 years: 'gainers' vs 'non-gainers'. Cardiometabolic risk was assessed by measuring fat content and distribution (physical examination, bioelectrical impedance analysis, dual energy X-ray absorption, and magnetic resonance imaging), liver fat content (magnetic resonance spectroscopy), physical activity levels (Sensewear® armband) and plasma markers. Each subgroup consisted of 14 patients. Gainers had significantly more total body and trunk fat (especially subcutaneous fat) compared with no-gainers. Gainers had similar liver fat content, and slightly higher levels of fat hormones. Furthermore, gainers performed significantly less physical activity. Lastly, gainers had higher total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and alanine aminotransferase levels with similar cholesterol-lowering treatment. Patients with T2DM who show <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> weight gain during insulin therapy have a less favourable cardiometabolic risk profile compared with patients who show no or minimal weight gain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900016505&hterms=koji&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dkoji','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900016505&hterms=koji&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dkoji"><span>Ginga <span class="hlt">observations</span> of dipping low mass X ray binaries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Smale, Alan P.; Mukai, Koji; Williams, O. Rees; Jones, Mark H.; Parmar, Arvind N.; Corbet, Robin H. D.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>Ginga <span class="hlt">observations</span> of several low mass X ray binaries displaying <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> dips of variable depth and duration in their X ray light curves are analyzed. The periodic occultation of the central X ray source by azimuthal accretion disk structure is considered. A series of spectra selected by intensity from the dip data from XB1916-053, are presented. The effects of a rapidly changing column density upon the spectral fitting results are modeled. EXO0748-676 was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in March 1989 for three days. The source was found to be in a bright state with a 1 to 20 keV flux of 8.8 x 10 (exp -10) erg/sqcms. The data include two eclipses, <span class="hlt">observed</span> with high time resolution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1402624','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1402624"><span>Transitional behavior of <span class="hlt">different</span> energy protons based on Van Allen Probes <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Yue, Chao; Bortnik, Jacob; Chen, Lunjin</p> <p></p> <p>Understanding the dynamical behavior of ~1 eV to 50 keV ions and identifying the energies at which the morphologies transit are important in that they involve the relative intensities and distributions of the large-scale electric and magnetic fields, the outflow, and recombination rates. However, there have been only few direct <span class="hlt">observational</span> investigations of the transition in drift behaviors of <span class="hlt">different</span> energy ions before the Van Allen Probes era. In this paper, we statistically analyze ~1 eV to 50 keV hydrogen (H +) differential flux distributions near geomagnetic equator by using Van Allen Probes <span class="hlt">observations</span> to investigate the H + dynamicsmore » under the regulation of large-scale electric and magnetic fields. Our survey clearly indicates three types of H + behaviors within <span class="hlt">different</span> energy ranges, which is consistent with previous theory predictions. Finally, using simple electric and magnetic field models in UBK coordinates, we have further constrained the source regions of <span class="hlt">different</span> energy ions and their drift directions.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1402624-transitional-behavior-different-energy-protons-based-van-allen-probes-observations','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1402624-transitional-behavior-different-energy-protons-based-van-allen-probes-observations"><span>Transitional behavior of <span class="hlt">different</span> energy protons based on Van Allen Probes <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Yue, Chao; Bortnik, Jacob; Chen, Lunjin; ...</p> <p>2016-12-09</p> <p>Understanding the dynamical behavior of ~1 eV to 50 keV ions and identifying the energies at which the morphologies transit are important in that they involve the relative intensities and distributions of the large-scale electric and magnetic fields, the outflow, and recombination rates. However, there have been only few direct <span class="hlt">observational</span> investigations of the transition in drift behaviors of <span class="hlt">different</span> energy ions before the Van Allen Probes era. In this paper, we statistically analyze ~1 eV to 50 keV hydrogen (H +) differential flux distributions near geomagnetic equator by using Van Allen Probes <span class="hlt">observations</span> to investigate the H + dynamicsmore » under the regulation of large-scale electric and magnetic fields. Our survey clearly indicates three types of H + behaviors within <span class="hlt">different</span> energy ranges, which is consistent with previous theory predictions. Finally, using simple electric and magnetic field models in UBK coordinates, we have further constrained the source regions of <span class="hlt">different</span> energy ions and their drift directions.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17305854','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17305854"><span>Local adaptation and <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> genetic differentiation in an extremophile fish, Poecilia mexicana, inhabiting a Mexican cave with toxic hydrogen sulphide.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Plath, M; Hauswaldt, J S; Moll, K; Tobler, M; García De León, F J; Schlupp, I; Tiedemann, R</p> <p>2007-03-01</p> <p>We investigated genetic differentiation and migration patterns in a small livebearing fish, Poecilia mexicana, inhabiting a sulfidic Mexican limestone cave (Cueva del Azufre). We examined fish from three <span class="hlt">different</span> cave chambers, the sulfidic surface creek draining the cave (El Azufre) and a nearby surface creek without the toxic hydrogen sulphide (Arroyo Cristal). Using microsatellite analysis of 10 unlinked loci, we found <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> genetic differentiation among the three major habitats: Arroyo Cristal, El Azufre and the cave. Genetic differentiation was also found within the cave between <span class="hlt">different</span> pools. An estimation of first-generation migrants suggests that (i) migration is unidirectional, out of the cave, and (ii) migration among <span class="hlt">different</span> cave chambers occurs to some extent. We investigated if the pattern of genetic differentiation is also reflected in a morphological trait, eye size. Relatively large eyes were found in surface habitats, small eyes in the anterior cave chambers, and the smallest eyes were detected in the innermost cave chamber (XIII). This pattern shows some congruence with a previously proposed morphocline in eye size. However, our data do not support the proposed mechanism for this morphocline, namely that it would be maintained by migration from both directions into the middle cave chambers. This would have led to an increased variance in eye size in the middle cave chambers, which we did not find. Restricted gene flow between the cave and the surface can be explained by local adaptations to extreme environmental conditions, namely H2S and absence of light. Within the cave system, habitat properties are patchy, and genetic differentiation between cave chambers despite migration could indicate local adaptation at an even smaller scale.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23173717','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23173717"><span>Are mammographic changes in the tumor bed more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> after intraoperative radiotherapy for breast cancer? Subgroup analysis from a randomized trial (TARGIT-A).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Engel, Dorothee; Schnitzer, Andreas; Brade, Joachim; Blank, Elena; Wenz, Frederik; Suetterlin, Marc; Schoenberg, Stefan; Wasser, Klaus</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) with low-energy x-rays is increasingly used in breast-conserving therapy (BCT). Previous non-randomized studies have <span class="hlt">observed</span> mammographic changes in the tumor bed to be more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> after IORT. The purpose of this study was to reassess the postoperative changes in a randomized single-center subgroup of patients from a multicenter trial (TARGIT-A). In this subgroup (n = 48) 27 patients received BCT with IORT, 21 patients had BCT with standard whole-breast radiotherapy serving as controls. Overall 258 postoperative mammograms (median follow-up 4.3 years, range 3-8) were retrospectively evaluated by two radiologists in consensus focusing on changes in the tumor bed. Fat necroses showed to be significantly more frequent (56% versus 24%) and larger (8.7 versus 1.6 sq cm, median) after IORT than those in controls. Scar calcifications were also significantly more frequent after IORT (63% versus 19%). The high incidence of large fat necroses in our study confirms previous study findings. However, the overall higher incidence of calcifications in the tumor bed after IORT represents a new finding, requiring further attention. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24064068','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24064068"><span>Why size matters: <span class="hlt">differences</span> in brain volume account for apparent sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in callosal anatomy: the sexual dimorphism of the corpus callosum.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Luders, Eileen; Toga, Arthur W; Thompson, Paul M</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Numerous studies have demonstrated a sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum. However, the question remains if sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in brain size, which typically is larger in men than in women, or biological sex per se account for the apparent sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in callosal morphology. Comparing callosal dimensions between men and women matched for overall brain size may clarify the true contribution of biological sex, as any <span class="hlt">observed</span> group <span class="hlt">difference</span> should indicate pure sex effects. We thus examined callosal morphology in 24 male and 24 female brains carefully matched for overall size. In addition, we selected 24 extremely large male brains and 24 extremely small female brains to explore if <span class="hlt">observed</span> sex effects might vary depending on the degree to which male and female groups <span class="hlt">differed</span> in brain size. Using the individual T1-weighted brain images (n=96), we delineated the corpus callosum at midline and applied a well-validated surface-based mesh-modeling approach to compare callosal thickness at 100 equidistant points between groups determined by brain size and sex. The corpus callosum was always thicker in men than in women. However, this callosal sex <span class="hlt">difference</span> was strongly determined by the cerebral sex <span class="hlt">difference</span> overall. That is, the larger the discrepancy in brain size between men and women, the more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> the sex <span class="hlt">difference</span> in callosal thickness, with hardly any callosal <span class="hlt">differences</span> remaining between brain-size matched men and women. Altogether, these findings suggest that individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in brain size account for apparent sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the anatomy of the corpus callosum. © 2013.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApPhL.110v2103S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApPhL.110v2103S"><span>Anomalous surface potential behavior <span class="hlt">observed</span> in InN by photoassisted Kelvin probe force microscopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sun, Xiaoxiao; Wei, Jiandong; Wang, Xinqiang; Wang, Ping; Li, Shunfeng; Waag, Andreas; Li, Mo; Zhang, Jian; Ge, Weikun; Shen, Bo</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Lattice-polarity dependence of InN surface photovoltage has been identified by an anomalous surface potential behavior <span class="hlt">observed</span> via photoassisted Kelvin probe force microscopy. Upon above bandgap light illumination in the ambient atmosphere, the surface photovoltage of the In-polar InN shows a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> decrease, while that of the N-polar one keeps almost constant. Those <span class="hlt">different</span> behaviors between N-polar and In-polar surfaces are attributed to a polarity-related surface reactivity, which is found not to be influenced by Mg-doping. These findings provide a simple and non-destructive approach to determine the lattice polarity and allow us to suggest that the In-polar InN, especially that with buried p-type conduction, should be chosen for sensing application.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1714835V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1714835V"><span>Photosynthetic temperature responses of tree species in Rwanda: evidence of <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> negative effects of high temperature in montane rainforest climax species</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vårhammar, Angelica; Wallin, Göran; McLean, Christopher M.; Dusenge, Mirindi Eric; Medlyn, Belinda E.; Hasper, Thomas B.; Nsabimana, Donat; Uddling, Johan</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The sensitivity of photosynthetic metabolism to temperature has been identified as a key uncertainty for projecting the magnitude of the terrestrial feedback on future climate change. While temperature responses of photosynthetic capacities have been comparatively well investigated in temperate species, the responses of tropical tree species remain unexplored. We compared the responses of seedlings of native cold-adapted tropical montane rainforest tree species to exotic warm-adapted plantation species, all growing in an intermediate temperature common garden in Rwanda. Leaf gas exchange responses to CO2 at <span class="hlt">different</span> temperatures (20 - 40 C) were used to assess the temperature responses of biochemical photosynthetic capacities. Analyses revealed a lower optimum temperature for photosynthetic electron transport rates than for Rubisco carboxylation rates, along with lower electron transport optima in the native cold-adapted than in the exotic warm-adapted species. The photosynthetic optimum temperatures were generally exceeded by daytime peak leaf temperatures, in particular in the native montane rainforest climax species. This study thus provides evidence of <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> negative effects of high temperature in tropical trees and indicates high susceptibility of montane rainforest climax species to future global warming. (Reference: New Phytologist, in press)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29251496','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29251496"><span>Electron-Poor Polar Intermetallics: Complex Structures, Novel Clusters, and Intriguing Bonding with <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Electron Delocalization.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lin, Qisheng; Miller, Gordon J</p> <p>2018-01-16</p> <p> complexity can be realized by small amounts of Li replacing Zn atoms in the parent binary compounds CaZn 2 , CaZn 3 , and CaZn 5 ; their phase formation and bonding schemes can be rationalized by Fermi surface-Brillouin zone interactions between nearly free-electron states. "Cation-rich", electron-poor polar intermetallics have emerged using rare earth metals as the electropositive ("cationic") component together metal/metalloid clusters that mimic the backbones of aromatic hydrocarbon molecules, which give evidence of extensive electronic delocalization and multicenter bonding. Thus, we can identify three distinct, valence electron-poor, polar intermetallic systems that have yielded unprecedented phases adopting novel structures containing complex clusters and intriguing bonding characteristics. In this Account, we summarize our recent specific progress in the developments of novel Au-rich BaAl 4 -type related structures, shown in the "gold-rich grid", lithiation-modulated Ca-Li-Zn phases stabilized by <span class="hlt">different</span> bonding characteristics, and rare earth-rich polar intermetallics containing unprecedented hydrocarbon-like planar Co-Ge metal clusters and <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> delocalized multicenter bonding. We will focus mainly on novel structural motifs, bonding analyses, and the role of valence electrons for phase stability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26628667','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26628667"><span><span class="hlt">Observing</span> and understanding arterial and venous circulation <span class="hlt">differences</span> in a physiology laboratory activity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Altermann, Caroline; Gonçalves, Rithiele; Lara, Marcus Vinícius S; Neves, Ben-Hur S; Mello-Carpes, Pâmela B</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The purpose of the present article is to describe three simple practical experiments that aim to <span class="hlt">observe</span> and discuss the anatomic and physiological functions and <span class="hlt">differences</span> between arteries and veins as well as the alterations <span class="hlt">observed</span> in skin blood flow in <span class="hlt">different</span> situations. For this activity, students were divided in small groups. In each group, a volunteer is recruited for each experiment. The experiments only require a sphygmomanometer, rubber bands, and a clock and allow students to develop a hypothesis to explain the <span class="hlt">different</span> responses to the interruption of arterial and venous blood flow. At the end, students prepare a short report, and the results are discussed. This activity allows students to perceive the presence of physiology in their daily lives and helps them to understand the concepts related to the cardiovascular system and hemodynamics. Copyright © 2015 The American Physiological Society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27210290','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27210290"><span>Sex-related <span class="hlt">differences</span> in striatal dopaminergic system after traumatic brain injury.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, Xiupeng; Cao, Shengwu; Chao, Honglu; Liu, Yinlong; Ji, Jing</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>Several studies have demonstrated alterations in the dopamine (DA) system after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Additionally, the existence of significant sex-related <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the dopaminergic system has long been recognized. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether TBI would differentially alter, in female and male mice, the expression and the function of the striatal vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2), an important DA transporter. After controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury, female mice showed significantly lower striatal DA concentrations and K(+)-evoked DA output. By contrast, no significant sex-related <span class="hlt">differences</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the mRNA and protein levels of striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) and VMAT-2 and the methamphetamine (MA)-evoked DA output. These results demonstrated clear sex-related <span class="hlt">differences</span> in striatal VMAT-2 function in response to TBI and suggested that female mice may be more sensitive to the TBI-induced inhibition of the VMAT-2 function, as indicated by the greater degree of deficits <span class="hlt">observed</span> when the VMAT-2 DA-storage function was inhibited by TBI. Moreover, the TBI-induced suppression of locomotion was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> than female mice. Such findings highlight the need for sex-specific considerations when examining <span class="hlt">differences</span> among brain injury conditions. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2055212','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2055212"><span>Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in tobacco use.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Grunberg, N E; Winders, S E; Wewers, M E</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in overall tobacco use clearly exist. In general, men are more likely to use tobacco products than are women. However, this simple generalization, ignoring type of tobacco products, time, and culture, masks many more interesting gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in tobacco use. There are <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in tobacco use of specific tobacco products within some cultures but not others. Yet these <span class="hlt">differences</span> have changed across time, including narrowing and widening of this gender gap, depending on culture and tobacco product. This article addresses these issues and presents possible psychosocial, biological, and psychobiological explanations for these phenomena. In addition, the implications of these <span class="hlt">differences</span> and ways to learn more about these important <span class="hlt">differences</span> are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170002646','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170002646"><span>Regionalizing Africa: Patterns of Precipitation Variability in <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and Global Climate Models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Badr, Hamada S.; Dezfuli, Amin K.; Zaitchik, Benjamin F.; Peters-Lidard, Christa D.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Many studies have documented dramatic climatic and environmental changes that have affected Africa over <span class="hlt">different</span> time scales. These studies often raise questions regarding the spatial extent and regional connectivity of changes inferred from <span class="hlt">observations</span> and proxies and/or derived from climate models. Objective regionalization offers a tool for addressing these questions. To demonstrate this potential, applications of hierarchical climate regionalizations of Africa using <span class="hlt">observations</span> and GCM historical simulations and future projections are presented. First, Africa is regionalized based on interannual precipitation variability using Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) data for the period 19812014. A number of data processing techniques and clustering algorithms are tested to ensure a robust definition of climate regions. These regionalization results highlight the seasonal and even month-to-month specificity of regional climate associations across the continent, emphasizing the need to consider time of year as well as research question when defining a coherent region for climate analysis. CHIRPS regions are then compared to those of five GCMs for the historic period, with a focus on boreal summer. Results show that some GCMs capture the climatic coherence of the Sahel and associated teleconnections in a manner that is similar to <span class="hlt">observations</span>, while other models break the Sahel into uncorrelated subregions or produce a Sahel-like region of variability that is spatially displaced from <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Finally, shifts in climate regions under projected twenty-first-century climate change for <span class="hlt">different</span> GCMs and emissions pathways are examined. A projected change is found in the coherence of the Sahel, in which the western and eastern Sahel become distinct regions with <span class="hlt">different</span> teleconnections. This pattern is most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in high-emissions scenarios.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Culture+AND+gender+AND+Sports&pg=3&id=EJ914208','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Culture+AND+gender+AND+Sports&pg=3&id=EJ914208"><span>Developmental Gender <span class="hlt">Differences</span> for Overhand Throwing in Aboriginal Australian Children</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Thomas, Jerry R.; Alderson, Jacqueline A.; Thomas, Katherine T.; Campbell, Amity C.; Elliott, Bruce C.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>In a review of 46 meta-analyses of gender <span class="hlt">differences</span>, overhand throwing had the largest gender <span class="hlt">difference</span> favoring boys (ES greater than 3.0). Expectations for gender-specific performances may be less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in female Australian Aborigines, because historical accounts state they threw for defense and hunting. Overhand throwing velocities and…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PSSCR...3.1940K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PSSCR...3.1940K"><span>Coupling of phonons with excitons bound to <span class="hlt">different</span> donors and acceptors in hexagonal GaN</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Korona, K. P.; Wysmoek, A.; Kuhl, J.; Kamiska, M.; Baranowski, J. M.; Look, D. C.; Park, S. S.</p> <p>2006-06-01</p> <p>Time-resolved measurements of GaN with <span class="hlt">different</span> donors (oxygen or silicon) and acceptors (zinc or magnesium) showed <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> bound exciton lines and their phonon replicas. The analysis included three phonon modes characteristic for the wurtzite (hexagonal) phase: A1(LO), E1(TO) and E2H. It was shown that relative amplitudes of replicas depended upon the chemical nature of the defects that the bind excitons. The replicas were stronger for acceptor- than for donor-related features. Huang-Rhys factors S = 0.06 +/- 0.02 and S = 0.025 +/- 0.01, were found for the A0X and the D0X LO replicas, respectively. A significant <span class="hlt">difference</span> in phonon coupling to silicon and oxygen donor bound excitons has been <span class="hlt">observed</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.7143P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.7143P"><span><span class="hlt">Observing</span> the ocean with <span class="hlt">different</span> platforms/methods. Advantages, disadvantages and lessons learnt</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Petihakis, George; Potiris, Manolis; Ntoumas, Manolis; Frangoulis, Kostas; Tsiaras, Kostas; Triantafyllou, George; Pollani, Annika</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Methods for <span class="hlt">observing</span>/measuring the ocean, present remarkable diversity. In situ sampling or remote sensing, automated or not measurements with sensing probes, utilize <span class="hlt">different</span> measuring principles, sample <span class="hlt">different</span> parts of the system, are characterized by <span class="hlt">different</span> accuracy/precision and sample over a large range of spatial and temporal scales with variable resolution. Measurements, quite often are dependent on the platform design and the platform interaction with the highly variable ambient environment. To add to the aforementioned issues that render the combination of data from <span class="hlt">different</span> sources challenging from a scientific perspective, there are also a number of technical and data issues. These are important for the good operational status of the platforms, the smooth data flow and the collection of appropriate meta-data. Finally the raw data files need to be processed into a user friendly output format so the operator will be able to identify as early as possible sensor drift and failures. In this work, data from <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observation</span> platforms/sensors is analysed and compared, while mechanisms and processes responsible for <span class="hlt">differences</span> are identified. More detailed, temperature, salinity and chlorophyll data from four fixed <span class="hlt">observing</span> stations, one Ferry Box, satellites and a monthly in situ sampling program, is used. Main results indicate that a) regular calibration according to expected parameter range and well-defined, consistent deployment plan of proven sensors is sufficient for acquiring high quality data in the long term. Better knowledge of site specific response of new instrumentation is required for producing consistent long term data b) duplicate sensors on one platform considerably improve data flow and data quality c) if an area is sampled by multiple platforms, then platform dependent errors can be quantified d) fixed point observatories are efficient tools for assessing regional performance of satellite products. Higher vertical and temporal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSM41E2538B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSM41E2538B"><span>Ring Current Response to <span class="hlt">Different</span> Storm Drivers. Van Allen Probes and Cluster <span class="hlt">Observations</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bingham, S.; Mouikis, C.; Kistler, L. M.; Spence, H. E.; Gkioulidou, M.; Claudepierre, S. G.; Farrugia, C. J.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The ring current responds <span class="hlt">differently</span> to the <span class="hlt">different</span> solar and interplanetary storm drivers such as coronal mass injections, (CME's), co-rotating interaction regions (CIR's), high-speed streamers and other structures. The resulting changes in the ring current particle pressure change the global magnetic field, which affects the transport of the radiation belts. In order to determine the field changes during a storm it is necessary to understand the transport, sources and losses of the particles that contribute to the ring current. The source population of the storm time ring current is the night side plasma sheet. However, it is not clear how these convecting particles affect the storm time ring current pressure development. We use Van Allen Probes and Cluster <span class="hlt">observations</span> together with the Volland-Stern and dipole magnetic field models to determine the contribution in the ring current pressure of the plasma sheet particles convecting from the night side that are on open drift paths, during the storm evolution. We compare storms that are related to <span class="hlt">different</span> interplanetary drivers, CME and CIR, as <span class="hlt">observed</span> at <span class="hlt">different</span> local times.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910028015&hterms=desertification&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Ddesertification','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910028015&hterms=desertification&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Ddesertification"><span>Monitoring arid lands using AVHRR-<span class="hlt">observed</span> visible reflectance and SMMR37-GHz polarization <span class="hlt">difference</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Choudhury, B. J.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Visible reflectance along a transect through the Sahel and Sudan zones of Africa has been derived from <span class="hlt">observations</span> by the AVHRR on the NOAA-7 and NOAA-9 satellites and compared with concurrent <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the 37-GHz polarization <span class="hlt">difference</span> by the SMMR on the Nimbus-7 satellite. The study period was January 1982 to December 1986, which included an unprecedented drought during 1984 over the Sahel zone. While spatial and temporal patterns of these two data sets are found to be highly correlated, there are also quantitative <span class="hlt">differences</span> which need to be understood.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24033245','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24033245"><span>Asian couples in negotiation: a mixed-method <span class="hlt">observational</span> study of cultural variations across five Asian regions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lee, Wai-Yung; Nakamura, Shin-Ichi; Chung, Moon Ja; Chun, Young Ju; Fu, Meng; Liang, Shu-Chuan; Liu, Cui-Lian</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to explore variations in how contemporary couples from five <span class="hlt">different</span> Asian regions negotiate disagreements. Video recordings of 50 couples (10 each from Japan, Korea, Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong) discussing unresolved disagreements provided raw data for quantitative and qualitative analyses. First, teams of coders from each region used a common protocol to make quantitative ratings of content themes and interaction patterns for couples from their own region. An interregional panel of investigators then performed in-depth qualitative reviews for half of these cases, noting cultural <span class="hlt">differences</span> not only in <span class="hlt">observed</span> patterns of couple behavior but also in their own perceptions of these patterns. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed clear regional <span class="hlt">differences</span> on dimensions such as overt negativity, demand-withdraw interaction, and collaboration. The qualitative results also provided a richer, more nuanced view of other (e.g., gender-linked) conflict management patterns that the quantitative analyses did not capture. Inconsistencies between qualitative and quantitative data and between the qualitative <span class="hlt">observations</span> of investigators from <span class="hlt">different</span> regions were most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> for couples from Korea and Japan, whose conflict styles were subtler and less direct than those of couples from the other regions. © FPI, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17832986','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17832986"><span>Ionosphere of venus: first <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the effects of dynamics on the dayside ion composition.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Taylor, H A; Brinton, H C; Bauer, S J; Hartle, R E; Cloutier, P A; Michel, F C; Daniell, R E; Donahue, T M; Maehl, R C</p> <p>1979-02-23</p> <p>Bennett radio-frequency ion mass spectrometers have returned the first in situ measurements of the Venus dayside ion composition, including evidence of <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> structural variability resulting from a dynamic interaction with the solar wind. The ionospheric envelope, dominated above 200 kilometers by O(+), responds dramatically to variations in the solar wind pressure, Which is <span class="hlt">observed</span> to compress the thermal ion distributions from heights as great as 1800 kilometers inward to 280 kilometers. At the thermal ion boundary, or ionopause, the ambient ions are swept away by the solar wind, such that a zone of accelerated suprathermnal plasma is encountered. At higher altitudes, extending outward on some orbits for thousands of kilometers to the bows shock, energetic ion currents are detected, apparently originating from the shocked solar wind plasma. Within the ionosphere, <span class="hlt">observations</span> of pass-to-pass <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the ion scale heights are indicative of the effects of ion convection stimlulated by the solar wind interaction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9229454','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9229454"><span>Adults and children with high imagery show more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> perceptual priming effect.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hatakeyama, T</p> <p>1997-06-01</p> <p>36 children in Grade 5 and 59 university students, all native speakers of Japanese, studied three types of priming stimuli in a mixed list: words written in hiragana (Japanese syllabary used in writing), words written in kanji (Chinese characters also used in writing), and pictures. They were then given a task involving completion of hiragana-word fragments: the task involved studied and nonstudied items. For both children and university students, words in hiragana produced the largest priming effects, that is, the words that had appeared in hiragana in the preceding study phase were generated more often in the test phase of word completion than the other two types of priming stimuli. This confirms that the perceptual priming effect depends much on data-driven processing. For both age groups, words in kanji produced nearly half the priming effects seen for hiragana-words. On the other hand, pictures had no priming effect for children but they had a similar effect to kanji-words for students. The discrepancy between kanji-words and pictures for children suggests that the former force the subject to read the words, which, possibly, activates the hiragana-words, while the latter do not necessarily force labelling the pictures. Among three kinds of imagery tests, the Verbalizer-Visualizer Questionnaire predicted priming scores for children and the Questionnaire upon Mental Imagery did so for students, but the Test of Visual Imagery Control did not predict the scores for either age group. This shows that children reporting habitual use of imagery and adults reporting vivid imagery have more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> perceptual priming effects. We conclude that the imagery ability based on self-judgments reflects real characteristics of the perceptual representation system of Tulving and Schacter (1990).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28159727','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28159727"><span>A p-coumaroyl esterase from Rhizoctonia solani with a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> chlorogenic acid esterase activity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nieter, Annabel; Kelle, Sebastian; Linke, Diana; Berger, Ralf G</p> <p>2017-07-25</p> <p>Extracellular esterase activity was detected in submerged cultures of Rhizoctonia solani grown in the presence of sugar beet pectin or Tween 80. Putative type B feruloyl esterase (FAE) coding sequences found in the genome data of the basidiomycete were heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. Recombinant enzyme production on the 5-L bioreactor scale (Rs pCAE: 3245UL -1 ) exceeded the productivity of the wild type strain by a factor of 800. Based on substrate specificity profiling, the purified recombinant Rs pCAE was classified as a p-coumaroyl esterase (pCAE) with a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> chlorogenic acid esterase side activity. The Rs pCAE was also active on methyl cinnamate, caffeate and ferulate and on feruloylated saccharides. The unprecedented substrate profile of Rs pCAE together with the lack of sequence similarity to known FAEs or pCAEs suggested that the Rs pCAE represents a new type of enzyme. Hydroxycinnamic acids were released from agro-industrial side-streams, such as destarched wheat bran (DSWB), sugar beet pectin (SBP) and coffee pulp (CP). Overnight incubation of coffee pulp with the Rs pCAE resulted in the efficient release of p-coumaric (100%), caffeic (100%) and ferulic acid (85%) indicating possible applications for the valorization of food processing wastes and for the enhanced degradation of lignified biomass. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3497235','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3497235"><span>Long-term <span class="hlt">differences</span> in extinction risk among the seven forms of rarity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Harnik, Paul G.; Simpson, Carl; Payne, Jonathan L.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Rarity is widely used to predict the vulnerability of species to extinction. Species can be rare in markedly <span class="hlt">different</span> ways, but the relative impacts of these <span class="hlt">different</span> forms of rarity on extinction risk are poorly known and cannot be determined through <span class="hlt">observations</span> of species that are not yet extinct. The fossil record provides a valuable archive with which we can directly determine which aspects of rarity lead to the greatest risk. Previous palaeontological analyses confirm that rarity is associated with extinction risk, but the relative contributions of <span class="hlt">different</span> types of rarity to extinction risk remain unknown because their impacts have never been examined simultaneously. Here, we analyse a global database of fossil marine animals spanning the past 500 million years, examining differential extinction with respect to multiple rarity types within each geological stage. We <span class="hlt">observe</span> systematic <span class="hlt">differences</span> in extinction risk over time among marine genera classified according to their rarity. Geographic range played a primary role in determining extinction, and habitat breadth a secondary role, whereas local abundance had little effect. These results suggest that current reductions in geographic range size will lead to <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> increases in long-term extinction risk even if local populations are relatively large at present. PMID:23097507</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23097507','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23097507"><span>Long-term <span class="hlt">differences</span> in extinction risk among the seven forms of rarity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Harnik, Paul G; Simpson, Carl; Payne, Jonathan L</p> <p>2012-12-22</p> <p>Rarity is widely used to predict the vulnerability of species to extinction. Species can be rare in markedly <span class="hlt">different</span> ways, but the relative impacts of these <span class="hlt">different</span> forms of rarity on extinction risk are poorly known and cannot be determined through <span class="hlt">observations</span> of species that are not yet extinct. The fossil record provides a valuable archive with which we can directly determine which aspects of rarity lead to the greatest risk. Previous palaeontological analyses confirm that rarity is associated with extinction risk, but the relative contributions of <span class="hlt">different</span> types of rarity to extinction risk remain unknown because their impacts have never been examined simultaneously. Here, we analyse a global database of fossil marine animals spanning the past 500 million years, examining differential extinction with respect to multiple rarity types within each geological stage. We <span class="hlt">observe</span> systematic <span class="hlt">differences</span> in extinction risk over time among marine genera classified according to their rarity. Geographic range played a primary role in determining extinction, and habitat breadth a secondary role, whereas local abundance had little effect. These results suggest that current reductions in geographic range size will lead to <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> increases in long-term extinction risk even if local populations are relatively large at present.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2640410','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2640410"><span>Behavioral and brain pattern <span class="hlt">differences</span> between acting and <span class="hlt">observing</span> in an auditory task</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Karanasiou, Irene S; Papageorgiou, Charalabos; Tsianaka, Eleni I; Matsopoulos, George K; Ventouras, Errikos M; Uzunoglu, Nikolaos K</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Background Recent research has shown that errors seem to influence the patterns of brain activity. Additionally current notions support the idea that similar brain mechanisms are activated during acting and <span class="hlt">observing</span>. The aim of the present study was to examine the patterns of brain activity of actors and <span class="hlt">observers</span> elicited upon receiving feedback information of the actor's response. Methods The task used in the present research was an auditory identification task that included both acting and <span class="hlt">observing</span> settings, ensuring concurrent ERP measurements of both participants. The performance of the participants was investigated in conditions of varying complexity. ERP data were analyzed with regards to the conditions of acting and <span class="hlt">observing</span> in conjunction to correct and erroneous responses. Results The obtained results showed that the complexity induced by cue dissimilarity between trials was a demodulating factor leading to poorer performance. The electrophysiological results suggest that feedback information results in <span class="hlt">different</span> intensities of the ERP patterns of <span class="hlt">observers</span> and actors depending on whether the actor had made an error or not. The LORETA source localization method yielded significantly larger electrical activity in the supplementary motor area (Brodmann area 6), the posterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann area 31/23) and the parietal lobe (Precuneus/Brodmann area 7/5). Conclusion These findings suggest that feedback information has a <span class="hlt">different</span> effect on the intensities of the ERP patterns of actors and <span class="hlt">observers</span> depending on whether the actor committed an error. Certain neural systems, including medial frontal area, posterior cingulate gyrus and precuneus may mediate these modulating effects. Further research is needed to elucidate in more detail the neuroanatomical and neuropsychological substrates of these systems. PMID:19154586</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656943','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656943"><span>Photosynthetic temperature responses of tree species in Rwanda: evidence of <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> negative effects of high temperature in montane rainforest climax species.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vårhammar, Angelica; Wallin, Göran; McLean, Christopher M; Dusenge, Mirindi Eric; Medlyn, Belinda E; Hasper, Thomas B; Nsabimana, Donat; Uddling, Johan</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>The sensitivity of photosynthetic metabolism to temperature has been identified as a key uncertainty for projecting the magnitude of the terrestrial feedback on future climate change. While temperature responses of photosynthetic capacities have been comparatively well investigated in temperate species, the responses of tropical tree species remain unexplored. We compared the responses of seedlings of native cold-adapted tropical montane rainforest tree species with those of exotic warm-adapted plantation species, all growing in an intermediate temperature common garden in Rwanda. Leaf gas exchange responses to carbon dioxide (CO2 ) at <span class="hlt">different</span> temperatures (20-40°C) were used to assess the temperature responses of biochemical photosynthetic capacities. Analyses revealed a lower optimum temperature for photosynthetic electron transport rates than for Rubisco carboxylation rates, along with lower electron transport optima in the native cold-adapted than in the exotic warm-adapted species. The photosynthetic optimum temperatures were generally exceeded by daytime peak leaf temperatures, in particular in the native montane rainforest climax species. This study thus provides evidence of <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> negative effects of high temperature in tropical trees and indicates high susceptibility of montane rainforest climax species to future global warming. © 2015 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2015 New Phytologist Trust.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17624438','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17624438"><span>Similarities and <span class="hlt">differences</span> in mothers' and <span class="hlt">observers</span>' ratings of infant security on the Attachment Q-Sort.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tarabulsy, George M; Provost, Marc A; Larose, Simon; Moss, Ellen; Lemelin, Jean-Pascal; Moran, Greg; Forbes, Lindsey; Pederson, David R</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>This study examined the similarities and <span class="hlt">differences</span> in maternal and <span class="hlt">observer</span> Attachment Behavior Q-Sort ratings (AQS; Waters, 1995) and their relations to dimensions of the developmental ecology - maternal sensitivity, infant irritability, parental stress and psychosocial risk. Data was gathered from low risk (adult mothers; N=44) and high risk mother-infant dyads (adolescent mothers; N=83) when infants were aged 6, 10 and 15 months old, attachment being assessed at 15 months by both mothers and independent <span class="hlt">observers</span>. A common factor was extracted from both sorts and served to operationalize the similarities between mother and <span class="hlt">observer</span> ratings. Regressions were conducted to extract maternal and <span class="hlt">observer</span> AQS scores that were unrelated to each other to represent the <span class="hlt">difference</span> between the two sorts. Correlation analyses indicated that the common AQS factor was moderately linked to maternal sensitivity and parental stress, and showed a weak association to psychosocial risk and infant irritability. Residual maternal scores showed greater correlations with infant irritability and parental stress than did <span class="hlt">observer</span> residual scores. <span class="hlt">Observer</span> scores showed a greater correlation with psychosocial risk than maternal scores. Results suggest that common AQS variance presents a pattern of associations with ecological variables that is coherent with attachment research. Variance related to irritability, stress and risk appear to drive the <span class="hlt">differences</span> between maternal and <span class="hlt">observer</span> <span class="hlt">observations</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28141635','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28141635"><span><span class="hlt">Observer</span> influences on pain: an experimental series examining same-sex and opposite-sex friends, strangers, and romantic partners.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Edwards, Rhiannon; Eccleston, Christopher; Keogh, Edmund</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Despite the well-documented sex and gender <span class="hlt">differences</span>, little is known about the relative impact of male-female social interactions on pain. Three experiments were conducted to investigate whether the type of interpersonal relationship men and women have with an <span class="hlt">observer</span> affects how they respond to experimental pain. Study 1 recruited friends and strangers, study 2 examined the effects of same- and opposite-sex friends, whereas study 3 investigated the <span class="hlt">differences</span> between opposite-sex friends and opposite-sex romantic partners. One hundred forty-four dyads were recruited (48 in each study). One person from each dyad completed 2 pain tasks, whereas the other person <span class="hlt">observed</span> in silence. Overall, the presence of another person resulted in an increase in pain threshold and tolerance on the cold-pressor task and algometer. The sex status of the dyads also had a role, but only within the friendship groups. In particular, male friends had the most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> effect on men's pain, increasing pain tolerance. We suggest that the presence of an <span class="hlt">observer</span>, their sex, and the nature of the participant-<span class="hlt">observer</span> relationship all influence how pain is reported. Further research should focus on dyadic relationships, and their influence on how men and women report and communicate pain in specific contexts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27163329','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27163329"><span>A discussion of <span class="hlt">differences</span> in preparation, performance and postreflections in participant <span class="hlt">observations</span> within two grounded theory approaches.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Berthelsen, Connie Bøttcher; Lindhardt, Tove; Frederiksen, Kirsten</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>This paper presents a discussion of the <span class="hlt">differences</span> in using participant <span class="hlt">observation</span> as a data collection method by comparing the classic grounded theory methodology of Barney Glaser with the constructivist grounded theory methodology by Kathy Charmaz. Participant <span class="hlt">observations</span> allow nursing researchers to experience activities and interactions directly in situ. However, using participant <span class="hlt">observations</span> as a data collection method can be done in many ways, depending on the chosen grounded theory methodology, and may produce <span class="hlt">different</span> results. This discussion shows that how the <span class="hlt">differences</span> between using participant <span class="hlt">observations</span> in classic and constructivist grounded theory can be considerable and that grounded theory researchers should adhere to the method descriptions of performing participant <span class="hlt">observations</span> according to the selected grounded theory methodology to enhance the quality of research. © 2016 Nordic College of Caring Science.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUSMGC41B..12D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUSMGC41B..12D"><span>A Tree-Ring Temperature Reconstruction from the Wrangell Mountains, Alaska (1593-1992): Evidence for <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Regional Cooling During the Maunder Minimum</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>DArrigo, R.; Davi, N.; Jacoby, G.; Wiles, G.</p> <p>2002-05-01</p> <p>The Maunder Minimum interval (from the mid-1600s-early 1700s) is believed to have been one of the coldest periods of the past thousand years in the Northern Hemisphere. A maximum latewood density temperature reconstruction for the Wrangell Mountains, southern Alaska (1593-1992) provides information on regional temperature change during the Maunder Minimum and other periods of severe cold over the past four centuries. The Wrangell density record, which reflects warm season (July-September) temperatures, shows an overall cooling over the Maunder Minimum period with annual values reaching as low as -1.8oC below the long-term mean. Ring widths, which can integrate annual as well as summer conditions, also show <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> cooling at the Wrangell site during this time, as do Arctic and hemispheric-scale temperature reconstructions based on tree rings and other proxy data. Maximum ages of glacial advance based on kill dates from overrun logs (which reflect cooler temperatures) coincide temporally with the cooling seen in the density and ring width records. In contrast, a recent modeling study indicates that during this period there was cold season (November-April) warming over much of Alaska, but cooling over other northern continental regions, as a result of decreased solar irradiance initiating low Arctic Oscillation index conditions. The influence of other forcings on Alaskan climate, the absence of ocean dynamical feedbacks in the model, and the <span class="hlt">different</span> seasonality represented by the model and the trees may be some of the possible explanations for the <span class="hlt">different</span> model and proxy results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070038265&hterms=warm&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dwarm','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070038265&hterms=warm&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dwarm"><span>Response of Global Lightning Activity <span class="hlt">Observed</span> by the TRMM/LIS During Warm and Cold ENSO Phases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chronis, Themis G.; Cecil, Dan; Goodman, Steven J.; Buechler, Dennis</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>This paper investigates the response of global lightning activity to the transition from the warm (January February March-JFM 1998) to the cold (JFM 1999) ENSO phase. The nine-year global lightning climatology for these months from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) provides the <span class="hlt">observational</span> baseline. Flash rate density is computed on a 5.0x5.0 degree lat/lon grid within the LIS coverage area (between approx.37.5 N and S) for each three month period. The flash rate density anomalies from this climatology are examined for these months in 1998 and 1999. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> lightning anomalies spatially match the documented general circulation features that accompany the warm and cold ENSO events. During the warm ENSO phase the dominant positive lightning anomalies are located mostly over the Western Hemisphere and more specifically over Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and Northern Mid-Atlantic. We further investigate specifically the Northern Mid-Atlantic related anomaly features since these show strong relation to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Furthermore these <span class="hlt">observed</span> anomaly patterns show strong spatial agreement with anomalous upper level (200 mb) cold core cyclonic circulations. Positive sea surface temperature anomalies during the warm ENSO phase also affect the lightning activity, but this is mostly <span class="hlt">observed</span> near coastal environments. Over the open tropical oceans, there is climatologically less lightning and the anomalies are less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span>. Warm ENSO related anomalies over the Eastern Hemisphere are most prominent over the South China coast. The transition to the cold ENSO phase illustrates the detected lightning anomalies to be more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> over East and West Pacific. A comparison of total global lightning between warm and cold ENSO phase reveals no significant <span class="hlt">difference</span>, although prominent regional anomalies are located over mostly oceanic environments. All three tropical "chimneys" (Maritime Continent, Central</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26017384','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26017384"><span>Language <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the brain network for reading in naturalistic story reading and lexical decision.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Xiaojuan; Yang, Jianfeng; Yang, Jie; Mencl, W Einar; Shu, Hua; Zevin, Jason David</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Differences</span> in how writing systems represent language raise important questions about whether there could be a universal functional architecture for reading across languages. In order to study potential language <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the neural networks that support reading skill, we collected fMRI data from readers of alphabetic (English) and morpho-syllabic (Chinese) writing systems during two reading tasks. In one, participants read short stories under conditions that approximate natural reading, and in the other, participants decided whether individual stimuli were real words or not. Prior work comparing these two writing systems has overwhelmingly used meta-linguistic tasks, generally supporting the conclusion that the reading system is organized <span class="hlt">differently</span> for skilled readers of Chinese and English. We <span class="hlt">observed</span> that language <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the reading network were greatly dependent on task. In lexical decision, a pattern consistent with prior research was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in which the Middle Frontal Gyrus (MFG) and right Fusiform Gyrus (rFFG) were more active for Chinese than for English, whereas the posterior temporal sulcus was more active for English than for Chinese. We found a very <span class="hlt">different</span> pattern of language effects in a naturalistic reading paradigm, during which significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> were only <span class="hlt">observed</span> in visual regions not typically considered specific to the reading network, and the middle temporal gyrus, which is thought to be important for direct mapping of orthography to semantics. Indeed, in areas that are often discussed as supporting distinct cognitive or linguistic functions between the two languages, we <span class="hlt">observed</span> interaction. Specifically, language <span class="hlt">differences</span> were most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in MFG and rFFG during the lexical decision task, whereas no language <span class="hlt">differences</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in these areas during silent reading of text for comprehension.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27450997','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27450997"><span>Sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the reduction of arsenic methylation capacity as a function of urinary total and inorganic arsenic in Mexican children.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Torres-Sánchez, Luisa; López-Carrillo, Lizbeth; Rosado, Jorge L; Rodriguez, Valentina M; Vera-Aguilar, Eunice; Kordas, Katarzyna; García-Vargas, Gonzalo G; Cebrian, Mariano E</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Chronic arsenic (As) exposure decreases adult and children's ability to methylate inorganic As (iAs); however, few studies have examined children's sex <span class="hlt">differences</span>. We measured urinary concentrations of iAs, monomethylarsonic (MMA), and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, and calculated the primary (PMI: MMA/iAs) and secondary (SMI: DMA/MMA) methylation capacity indexes in 591 children 6-8 years in Torreón, Mexico. We determined iAs, MMA, and DMA by hydride generation cryotrapping AAS. Lineal regression models estimated associations between methylation capacity and total As (TAs) or iAs. Interactions with sex were tested at p<0.10. Boys had significantly higher TAs levels, (58.4µg/L) than girls (46.2µg/L). We <span class="hlt">observed</span> negative associations between TAs and PMI (β=-0.039; p<0.18) and SMI (β=-0.08; p=0.002) with significant sex <span class="hlt">differences</span>; PMI reduction was significant in boys (β=-0.09; p=0.02) but not in girls (β=0.021; p=0.63), p for interaction=0.06. In contrast, SMI reduction was significantly more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in girls. Furthermore, negative associations PMI (β=-0.19; p<0.001) and SMI (β=-0.35; p<0.001) were a function of urinary iAs levels, independently of TAs; however, the reduction in PMI was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in boys (β=-0.24; p<0.001; girls β=-0.15; p<0.001), p for interaction=0.04. A significant negative association was <span class="hlt">observed</span> between SMI and iAs levels without significant sex <span class="hlt">differences</span>. TAs and iAs associations with metabolite percentages were in good agreement with those <span class="hlt">observed</span> with methylation indexes. Our results suggest that iAs plays an important role in reducing As methylation ability and that significant sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> are present in As metabolism. These <span class="hlt">differences</span> merit further investigation to confirm our findings and their potential implications for arsenic toxicity in children. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED324583.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED324583.pdf"><span>Japanese Sex <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Preferred & <span class="hlt">Observed</span> Divisions of Labor in the Home.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Engel, John W.</p> <p></p> <p>This research describes sex roles and divisions of labor <span class="hlt">observed</span> in families of origin by contemporary Japanese (n=1,000) and contemporary preferences for division or sharing of family tasks. It then compares these preferences to determine whether significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> exist between men and women in contemporary Japan. For their present and…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23497014','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23497014"><span>Comparison of the global gene expression of choroid plexus and meninges and associated vasculature under control conditions and after <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> hyperthermia or amphetamine toxicity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bowyer, John F; Patterson, Tucker A; Saini, Upasana T; Hanig, Joseph P; Thomas, Monzy; Camacho, Luísa; George, Nysia I; Chen, James J</p> <p>2013-03-05</p> <p>The meninges (arachnoid and pial membranes) and associated vasculature (MAV) and choroid plexus are important in maintaining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) generation and flow. MAV vasculature was previously <span class="hlt">observed</span> to be adversely affected by environmentally-induced hyperthermia (EIH) and more so by a neurotoxic amphetamine (AMPH) exposure. Herein, microarray and RT-PCR analysis was used to compare the gene expression profiles between choroid plexus and MAV under control conditions and at 3 hours and 1 day after EIH or AMPH exposure. Since AMPH and EIH are so disruptive to vasculature, genes related to vasculature integrity and function were of interest. Our data shows that, under control conditions, many of the genes with relatively high expression in both the MAV and choroid plexus are also abundant in many epithelial tissues. These genes function in transport of water, ions, and solutes, and likely play a role in CSF regulation. Most genes that help form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and tight junctions were also highly expressed in MAV but not in choroid plexus. In MAV, exposure to EIH and more so to AMPH decreased the expression of BBB-related genes such as Sox18, Ocln, and Cldn5, but they were much less affected in the choroid plexus. There was a correlation between the genes related to reactive oxidative stress and damage that were significantly altered in the MAV and choroid plexus after either EIH or AMPH. However, AMPH (at 3 hr) significantly affected about 5 times as many genes as EIH in the MAV, while in the choroid plexus EIH affected more genes than AMPH. Several unique genes that are not specifically related to vascular damage increased to a much greater extent after AMPH compared to EIH in the MAV (Lbp, Reg3a, Reg3b, Slc15a1, Sct and Fst) and choroid plexus (Bmp4, Dio2 and Lbp). Our study indicates that the disruption of choroid plexus function and damage produced by AMPH and EIH is significant, but the changes may not be as <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> as they are in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DPS....4821408P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DPS....4821408P"><span>Comparing <span class="hlt">different</span> Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) occultation <span class="hlt">observations</span> using modeling of water vapor jets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Portyankina, Ganna; Esposito, Larry W.; Hansen, Candice; Aye, Klaus-Michael</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Motivation: On March 11, 2016 the Cassini UVIS <span class="hlt">observed</span> its 6th star occultation by Enceladus' plume. This <span class="hlt">observation</span> was aimed to determine variability in the total gas flux from the Enceladus' southern polar region. The analysis of the received data suggests that the total gas flux is moderately increased comparing to the average gas flux <span class="hlt">observed</span> by UVIS from 2005 to 2011 [1]. However, UVIS detected variability in individual jets. In particular, Baghdad 1 is more collimated in 2016 than in 2005, meaning its gas escapes at higher velocity.Model and fits: We use 3D DSMC model for water vapor jets to compare <span class="hlt">different</span> UVIS occultation <span class="hlt">observations</span> from 2005 to 2016. The model traces test articles from jets' sources [2] into space and results in coordinates and velocities for a set of test particles. We convert particle positions into the particle number density and integrate along UVIS line of sight (LoS) for each time step of the UVIS <span class="hlt">observation</span> using precise <span class="hlt">observational</span> geometry derived from SPICE [3]. We integrate all jets that are crossed by the LoS and perform constrained least-squares fit of resulting modeled opacities to the <span class="hlt">observed</span> data to solved for relative strengths of jets. The geometry of each occultation is specific, for example, during solar occultation in 2010 UVIS LoS was almost parallel to tiger stripes, which made it possible to distinguish jets venting from <span class="hlt">different</span> tiger stripes. In 2011 Eps Orionis occultation LoS was perpendicular to tiger stripes and thus many of the jets were geometrically overlapping. Solar occultation provided us with the largest inventory of active jets - our model fit detects at least 43 non-zero jet contributions. Stellar occultations generally have lower temporal resolution and <span class="hlt">observe</span> only a sub-set of these jets: 2011 Eps Orionis needs minimum 25 non-zero jets to fit UVIS data. We will discuss <span class="hlt">different</span> occultations and models fits, including the most recent Epsilon Orionis occultation of 2016.[1] Hansen et al</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150015981','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150015981"><span>A Dynamic Approach to Addressing <span class="hlt">Observation</span>-Minus-Forecast Mean <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in a Land Surface Skin Temperature Data Assimilation System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Draper, Clara; Reichle, Rolf; De Lannoy, Gabrielle; Scarino, Benjamin</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>In land data assimilation, bias in the <span class="hlt">observation</span>-minus-forecast (O-F) residuals is typically removed from the <span class="hlt">observations</span> prior to assimilation by rescaling the <span class="hlt">observations</span> to have the same long-term mean (and higher-order moments) as the corresponding model forecasts. Such <span class="hlt">observation</span> rescaling approaches require a long record of <span class="hlt">observed</span> and forecast estimates, and an assumption that the O-F mean <span class="hlt">differences</span> are stationary. A two-stage <span class="hlt">observation</span> bias and state estimation filter is presented, as an alternative to <span class="hlt">observation</span> rescaling that does not require a long data record or assume stationary O-F mean <span class="hlt">differences</span>. The two-stage filter removes dynamic (nonstationary) estimates of the seasonal scale O-F mean <span class="hlt">difference</span> from the assimilated <span class="hlt">observations</span>, allowing the assimilation to correct the model for synoptic-scale errors without adverse effects from <span class="hlt">observation</span> biases. The two-stage filter is demonstrated by assimilating geostationary skin temperature (Tsk) <span class="hlt">observations</span> into the Catchment land surface model. Global maps of the O-F mean <span class="hlt">differences</span> are presented, and the two-stage filter is evaluated for one year over the Americas. The two-stage filter effectively removed the Tsk O-F mean <span class="hlt">differences</span>, for example the GOES-West O-F mean <span class="hlt">difference</span> at 21:00 UTC was reduced from 5.1 K for a bias-blind assimilation to 0.3 K. Compared to independent in situ and remotely sensed Tsk <span class="hlt">observations</span>, the two-stage assimilation reduced the unbiased Root Mean Square <span class="hlt">Difference</span> (ubRMSD) of the modeled Tsk by 10 of the open-loop values.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24705948','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24705948"><span><span class="hlt">Different</span> decay patterns <span class="hlt">observed</span> in a nineteenth-century building (Palma, Spain).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Genestar, Catalina; Pons, Carmen; Cerro, José Carlos; Cerdà, Víctor</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The effects of atmospheric pollutants and climatic conditions were studied in a decayed column in the Seminary of Sant Pere. This nineteenth-century building is situated in the historic centre of Palma (Mallorca, Spain), less than 0.5 km from the sea. Samples were collected from the internal and external part of the crusts formed in the four sides of the column. The samples were analysed by means of thermal analysis, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ion chromatography. Results show significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the four sides of the column. A high degree of carbonate stone sulfation is <span class="hlt">observed</span> in all of the samples analysed. A synergistic effect between atmospheric factors and micropollutants on the deterioration of stone is <span class="hlt">observed</span>. A high uptake of atmospheric particulate matter is found in the external part of the black crusts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28566463','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28566463"><span>Functional connectivity between somatosensory and motor brain areas predicts individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in motor learning by <span class="hlt">observing</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McGregor, Heather R; Gribble, Paul L</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Action <span class="hlt">observation</span> can facilitate the acquisition of novel motor skills; however, there is considerable individual variability in the extent to which <span class="hlt">observation</span> promotes motor learning. Here we tested the hypothesis that individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in brain function or structure can predict subsequent <span class="hlt">observation</span>-related gains in motor learning. Subjects underwent an anatomical MRI scan and resting-state fMRI scans to assess preobservation gray matter volume and preobservation resting-state functional connectivity (FC), respectively. On the following day, subjects <span class="hlt">observed</span> a video of a tutor adapting her reaches to a novel force field. After <span class="hlt">observation</span>, subjects performed reaches in a force field as a behavioral assessment of gains in motor learning resulting from <span class="hlt">observation</span>. We found that individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in resting-state FC, but not gray matter volume, predicted postobservation gains in motor learning. Preobservation resting-state FC between left primary somatosensory cortex and bilateral dorsal premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, and primary somatosensory cortex and left superior parietal lobule was positively correlated with behavioral measures of postobservation motor learning. Sensory-motor resting-state FC can thus predict the extent to which <span class="hlt">observation</span> will promote subsequent motor learning. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in preobservation brain function can predict subsequent <span class="hlt">observation</span>-related gains in motor learning. Preobservation resting-state functional connectivity within a sensory-motor network may be used as a biomarker for the extent to which <span class="hlt">observation</span> promotes motor learning. This kind of information may be useful if <span class="hlt">observation</span> is to be used as a way to boost neuroplasticity and sensory-motor recovery for patients undergoing rehabilitation for diseases that impair movement such as stroke. Copyright © 2017 the American Physiological Society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18828815','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18828815"><span>Spontaneous progression of peri-implantitis at <span class="hlt">different</span> types of implants. An experimental study in dogs. I: clinical and radiographic <span class="hlt">observations</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Albouy, Jean-Pierre; Abrahamsson, Ingemar; Persson, Leif G; Berglundh, Tord</p> <p>2008-10-01</p> <p>The aim of the present study was to analyze tissue reactions to plaque formation following ligature removal at commercially available implants exposed to experimental peri-implantitis. Six Labrador dogs about 1 year old were used. All mandibular premolars and the three anterior premolars in both sides of the maxilla were extracted. After 3 months four implants representing four <span class="hlt">different</span> implant systems with <span class="hlt">different</span> surface characteristics--implant group A (turned), B (TiOblast), C (sandblasted acid-etched; SLA) and D (TiUnite)--were placed in a randomized order in the right side of the mandible. Three months after implant installation experimental peri-implantitis was initiated by placement of ligatures in a submarginal position and plaque accumulation. At week 12, when about 40-50% of the supporting bone was lost, the ligatures were removed. During the subsequent 24-week period plaque accumulation continued. Radiographic and clinical examinations were performed during the 'active breakdown' period (plaque accumulation and ligatures) and the plaque accumulation period after ligature removal. The experiment was terminated at week 36. The bone loss that took place during the 'active breakdown' period varied between 3.5 and 4.6 mm. The additional bone loss that occurred during the plaque accumulation period after ligature removal was 1.84 (A), 1.72 (B), 1.55 (C) and 2.78 mm (D). Spontaneous progression of experimentally induced peri-implantitis occurred at implants with <span class="hlt">different</span> geometry and surface characteristics. Progression was most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> at implants of type D (TiUnite surface).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvL.120l0501M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvL.120l0501M"><span>Experimental <span class="hlt">Observation</span> of a Generalized Thouless Pump with a Single Spin</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ma, Wenchao; Zhou, Longwen; Zhang, Qi; Li, Min; Cheng, Chunyang; Geng, Jianpei; Rong, Xing; Shi, Fazhan; Gong, Jiangbin; Du, Jiangfeng</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Adiabatic cyclic modulation of a one-dimensional periodic potential will result in quantized charge transport, which is termed the Thouless pump. In contrast to the original Thouless pump restricted by the topology of the energy band, here we experimentally <span class="hlt">observe</span> a generalized Thouless pump that can be extensively and continuously controlled. The extraordinary features of the new pump originate from interband coherence in nonequilibrium initial states, and this fact indicates that a quantum superposition of <span class="hlt">different</span> eigenstates individually undergoing quantum adiabatic following can also be an important ingredient unavailable in classical physics. The quantum simulation of this generalized Thouless pump in a two-band insulator is achieved by applying delicate control fields to a single spin in diamond. The experimental results demonstrate all principal characteristics of the generalized Thouless pump. Because the pumping in our system is most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> around a band-touching point, this work also suggests an alternative means to detect quantum or topological phase transitions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120012407','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120012407"><span>Comparison of PARASOL <span class="hlt">Observations</span> with Polarized Reflectances Simulated Using <span class="hlt">Different</span> Ice Habit Mixtures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cole, Benjamin H.; Yang, Ping; Baum, Bryan A.; Riedi, Jerome; Labonnote, Laurent C.; Thieuleux, Francois; Platnick, Steven</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Insufficient knowledge of the habit distribution and the degree of surface roughness of ice crystals within ice clouds is a source of uncertainty in the forward light scattering and radiative transfer simulations required in downstream applications involving these clouds. The widely used MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Collection 5 ice microphysical model assumes a mixture of various ice crystal shapes with smooth-facets except aggregates of columns for which a moderately rough condition is assumed. When compared with PARASOL (Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with <span class="hlt">Observations</span> from a Lidar) polarized reflection data, simulations of polarized reflectance using smooth particles show a poor fit to the measurements, whereas very rough-faceted particles provide an improved fit to the polarized reflectance. In this study a new microphysical model based on a mixture of 9 <span class="hlt">different</span> ice crystal habits with severely roughened facets is developed. Simulated polarized reflectance using the new ice habit distribution is calculated using a vector adding-doubling radiative transfer model, and the simulations closely agree with the polarized reflectance <span class="hlt">observed</span> by PARASOL. The new general habit mixture is also tested using a spherical albedo <span class="hlt">differences</span> analysis, and surface roughening is found to improve the consistency of multi-angular <span class="hlt">observations</span>. It is suggested that an ice model incorporating an ensemble of <span class="hlt">different</span> habits with severely roughened surfaces would potentially be an adequate choice for global ice cloud retrievals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21443058-comparative-study-asymmetry-origin-galaxies-different-environments-optical-observations','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21443058-comparative-study-asymmetry-origin-galaxies-different-environments-optical-observations"><span>COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASYMMETRY ORIGIN OF GALAXIES IN <span class="hlt">DIFFERENT</span> ENVIRONMENTS. I. OPTICAL <span class="hlt">OBSERVATIONS</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Plauchu-Frayn, I.; Coziol, R., E-mail: plauchuf@astro.ugto.m, E-mail: rcoziol@astro.ugto.m</p> <p>2010-06-15</p> <p>This paper presents the first of two analyses about the influence of environment on the formation and evolution of galaxies <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the nearby universe. For our study, we used three <span class="hlt">different</span> samples representing <span class="hlt">different</span> density environments: galaxies in Compact Groups (HCGs), Isolated Pairs of Galaxies (KPGs), and Isolated Galaxies (KIGs), which were taken as references. Usingboth characteristic isophotal parameters and evidence of asymmetries in the optical and the near-infrared, we are able to establish <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the characteristics of galaxies with <span class="hlt">different</span> morphologies in <span class="hlt">different</span> environments, allowing us to better understand their <span class="hlt">different</span> formation histories. In this first paper,more » we present the isophotal and asymmetry analyses of a sample of 214 galaxies in <span class="hlt">different</span> environments <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the optical (V and I images). For each galaxy, we have determined <span class="hlt">different</span> characteristic isophotal parameters and V - I color profiles, as a function of semi-major axis, and performed a full asymmetry analysis in residual images using the V filter. Evidence of asymmetry in the optical is almost missing in the KIG sample and significantly more common in the KPG than in the HCG samples. Our isophotal analysis suggests that the stellar populations in the HCG galaxies are older and more dynamically relaxed than in the KPG. The HCG galaxies seem to be at a more advanced stage of interaction than the KPGs. One possible explanation is that these structures formed at <span class="hlt">different</span> epochs: compact groups of galaxies would have formed before close pairs of galaxies, which only began interacting recently. However, similarities in the formation process of galaxies with same morphology suggest CGs and close pairs of galaxies share similar conditions; they are new structures forming relatively late in low-density environments.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25024896','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25024896"><span>Inter-<span class="hlt">observer</span> variability in diagnosing radiological features of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage; a preliminary single centre study comparing <span class="hlt">observers</span> from <span class="hlt">different</span> specialties and levels of training.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Siddiqui, Usman T; Khan, Anjum F; Shamim, Muhammad Shahzad; Hamid, Rana Shoaib; Alam, Muhammad Mehboob; Emaduddin, Muhammad</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>A noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan remains the initial radiological investigation of choice for a patient with suspected aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). This initial scan may be used to derive key information about the underlying aneurysm which may aid in further management. The interpretation, however, is subject to the skill and experience of the interpreting individual. The authors here evaluate the interpretation of such CT scans by <span class="hlt">different</span> individuals at <span class="hlt">different</span> levels of training, and in two <span class="hlt">different</span> specialties (Radiology and Neurosurgery). Initial nonontrast CT scan of 35 patients with aSAH was evaluated independently by four <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observers</span>. The <span class="hlt">observers</span> selected for the study included two from Radiology and two from Neurosurgery at <span class="hlt">different</span> levels of training; a resident currently in mid training and a resident who had recently graduated from training of each specialty. Measured variables included interpreter's suspicion of presence of subarachnoid blood, side of the subarachnoid hemorrhage, location of the aneurysm, the aneurysm's proximity to vessel bifurcation, number of aneurysm(s), contour of aneurysm(s), presence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), infarction, hydrocephalus and midline shift. To determine the inter-<span class="hlt">observer</span> variability (IOV), weighted kappa values were calculated. There was moderate agreement on most of the CT scan findings among all <span class="hlt">observers</span>. Substantial agreement was found amongst all <span class="hlt">observers</span> for hydrocephalus, IVH, and ICH. Lowest agreement rates were seen in the location of aneurysm being supra or infra tentorial. There were, however, some noteworthy exceptions. There was substantial to almost perfect agreement between the radiology graduate and radiology resident on most CT findings. The lowest agreement was found between the neurosurgery graduate and the radiology graduate. Our study suggests that although agreements were seen in the interpretation of some of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACPD...13.8805W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACPD...13.8805W"><span>Large <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the diabatic heat budget of the tropical UTLS in reanalyses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wright, J. S.; Fueglistaler, S.</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>We present the time mean heat budgets of the tropical upper troposphere (UT) and lower stratosphere (LS) as simulated by five reanalysis models: MERRA, ERA-Interim, CFSR, JRA-25/JCDAS, and NCEP/NCAR. The simulated diabatic heat budget in the tropical UTLS <span class="hlt">differs</span> significantly from model to model, with substantial implications for representations of transport and mixing. Large <span class="hlt">differences</span> are apparent both in the net heat budget and in all comparable individual components, including latent heating, heating due to radiative transfer, and heating due to parameterised vertical mixing. We describe and discuss the most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>. Although they may be expected given difficulties in representing moist convection in models, the discrepancies in latent heating are still disturbing. We pay particular attention to discrepancies in radiative heating (which may be surprising given the strength of <span class="hlt">observational</span> constraints on temperature and tropospheric water vapour) and discrepancies in heating due to turbulent mixing (which have received comparatively little attention).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10767762','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10767762"><span>Low-mass ions <span class="hlt">observed</span> in plasma desorption mass spectrometry of high explosives</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hakansson; Coorey; Zubarev; Talrose; Hakansson</p> <p>2000-03-01</p> <p>The low-mass ions <span class="hlt">observed</span> in both positive and negative plasma desorption mass spectrometry (PDMS) of the high explosives HMX, RDX, CL-20, NC, PETN and TNT are reported. Possible identities of the most abundant ions are suggested and their presence or absence in the <span class="hlt">different</span> spectra is related to the properties of the explosives as matrices in PDMS. The detection of abundant NO+ and NO2- ions for HMX, RDX and CL-20, which are efficient matrices, indicates that explosive decomposition takes place in PDMS of these three substances and that a contribution from the corresponding chemical energy release is possible. The <span class="hlt">observation</span> of abundant C2H4N+ and CH2N+ ions, which have high protonation properties, might also explain the higher protein charge states <span class="hlt">observed</span> with these matrices. Also, the <span class="hlt">observation</span> of NO2-, possibly formed by electron scavenging which increases the survival probability of positively charged protein molecular ions, completes the pattern. TNT does not give any of these ions and it is thereby possible to explain why it does not work as a PDMS matrix. For NC and PETN, decomposition does not seem to be as <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> as for HMX, RDX and CL-20, and also no particularly abundant ions with high protonation properties are <span class="hlt">observed</span>. The fact that NC works well as a matrix might be related to other properties of this compound, such as its high adsorption ability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23442018','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23442018"><span>A study of the dynamics of sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in adulthood.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Trofimova, Irina</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Studies of gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> using primarily young individuals show that males, on average, perform better than females in physical activities but worse than females on tests of verbal abilities. There is however a controversy about the existence of these sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in adulthood. Our study used 1271 participants from four cultural backgrounds (Chinese, multi-generation Canadians, Indu-Canadians, and European-Canadians) divided in five age groups. We measured sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the time required for participants to complete a lexical task experiment, and also assessed their verbal tempo and physical endurance using a validated temperament test (Structure of Temperament Questionnaire). We found a significant female advantage in time on the lexical task and on the temperament scale of social-verbal tempo, and a male advantage on the temperament scale of physical endurance. These sex <span class="hlt">differences</span>, however, were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in young age groups (17-24), fading in older groups. This "middle age-middle sex" phenomenon suggests that sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in these two types of abilities <span class="hlt">observed</span> in younger groups might be "a matter of age," and should not be attributed to gender in general. A one-dimensional approach to sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> (common in meta-analytic studies) therefore overlooks a possible interaction of sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> with age.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16383107','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16383107"><span>Comparison of spectrographic records of two syllables <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> from scripts in hiragana and romaji by students with <span class="hlt">different</span> familiarity with English.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ototake, Harumi; Yamada, Jun</p> <p>2005-10-01</p> <p>The same syllables /mu/ and /ra/ written in Japanese hiragana and romaji given on a standard speeded naming task elicited phonetically or acoustically <span class="hlt">different</span> responses in a syllabic hiragana condition and a romaji condition. The participants were two groups of Japanese college students (ns = 15 and 16) with <span class="hlt">different</span> familiarity with English as a second language. The results suggested that the phonetic reality of syllables represented in these scripts can <span class="hlt">differ</span>, depending on the interaction between the kind of script and speakers' orthographic familiarity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25322103','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25322103"><span>Experimental <span class="hlt">observation</span> of <span class="hlt">different</span> soliton types in a net-normal group-dispersion fiber laser.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Feng, Zhongyao; Rong, Qiangzhou; Qiao, Xueguang; Shao, Zhihua; Su, Dan</p> <p>2014-09-20</p> <p><span class="hlt">Different</span> soliton types are <span class="hlt">observed</span> in a net-normal group-dispersion fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization rotation for passive mode locking. The proposed laser can deliver a dispersion-managed soliton, typical dissipation solitons, and a quasi-harmonic mode-locked pulse, a soliton bundle, and especially a dark pulse by only appropriately adjusting the linear cavity phase delay bias using one polarization controller at the fixed pump power. These nonlinear waves show <span class="hlt">different</span> features, including the spectral shapes and time traces. The experimental <span class="hlt">observations</span> show that the five soliton types could exist in the same laser cavity, which implies that integrable systems, dissipative systems, and dark pulse regimes can transfer and be switched in a passively mode-locked laser. Our studies not only verify the numeral simulation of the <span class="hlt">different</span> soliton-types formation in a net-normal group-dispersion operation but also provide insight into Ginzburg-Landau equation systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007epsc.conf..833H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007epsc.conf..833H"><span>Physical properties of dust particles in <span class="hlt">different</span> comets inferred from <span class="hlt">observations</span> and experimental simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hadamcik, E.; Levasseur-Regourd, A. C.</p> <p>2007-08-01</p> <p>1.Introduction Remote <span class="hlt">observations</span> of solar light scattered by cometary dust particles provide information on the dust properties for a large variety of comets, in complement to the exceptional in-situ <span class="hlt">observations</span> (with or without sample returns). The scattered light is partially linearly polarized, with a polarization degree depending on the geometry of <span class="hlt">observations</span> (phase angle ?) and on the physical properties of the particles. <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in polarization have been found in cometary comae, pointing to <span class="hlt">different</span> physical properties of the dust (e.g. sizes of the grains, of the aggregates, structures and porosities, complex refractive indices) [1, 2]. Such <span class="hlt">differences</span>, as well as an <span class="hlt">observed</span> polarimetric wavelength effect, tend to show that large aggregates made of submicron-sized grains could be present in some cometary comae regions [3, 4]. On the opposite, more compact particles seem to be present in other comae regions and/or comets [5, 6]. 2. Results We will present <span class="hlt">observations</span> of <span class="hlt">different</span> comets. The variations of the dust properties in the coma and their evolution will be discussed. The results will be compared to the results obtained by other <span class="hlt">observational</span> techniques. On the images of comet 9P/Tempel 1 (at ?=41°) some hours after Deep Impact, two kinds of dust particles are detected: more compact particles with small velocities and fluffy particles ejected by the impact with larger velocities. On the images of comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3, in the tail direction of fragment B, a disruption is <span class="hlt">observed</span>. The dust coma around fragment C is more symmetric. For both A and B, important dust jets are ejected by the nucleus, which are visible on the intensity images in the solar and antisolar directions, and on the polarization maps. 3. Interpretation and conclusion Numerical (7,8,9) and experimental simulations provide an interpretation of the <span class="hlt">observations</span> in terms of the physical properties of the particles. Experimental simulations have been performed on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28749662','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28749662"><span>Influence of <span class="hlt">Different</span> Fermentation Strategies on the Phenolic Profile of Bilberry Wine (Vaccinium myrtillus L.).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Behrends, Annika; Weber, Fabian</p> <p>2017-08-30</p> <p>Polyphenol rich and especially anthocyanin rich berries like bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and derived products such as wine have enjoyed increasing popularity. During winemaking and aging, the phenolic profile undergoes distinct changes, a phenomenon that has been well investigated in grape wine but not in bilberry wine. The present study determined the influence of <span class="hlt">different</span> fermentation strategies including various pre- and postfermentative heating and cooling concepts on the phenolic profile of bilberry wine. Besides significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in total anthocyanin and tannin concentrations, the <span class="hlt">different</span> fermentation strategies resulted in distinguishable anthocyanin profiles. A very fast aging manifested by a rapid decrease in monomeric anthocyanins of up to 98% during a 12 week storage and a coincident formation of polymeric pigments and pyranoanthocyanins was <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Several well-known processes associated with production and aging of wine were much more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in bilberry wine compared to grape wine.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911596L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911596L"><span>Estimation and correction of <span class="hlt">different</span> flavors of surface <span class="hlt">observation</span> biases in ensemble Kalman filter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lorente-Plazas, Raquel; Hacker, Josua P.; Collins, Nancy; Lee, Jared A.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The impact of assimilating surface <span class="hlt">observations</span> has been shown in several publications, for improving weather prediction inside of the boundary layer as well as the flow aloft. However, the assimilation of surface <span class="hlt">observations</span> is often far from optimal due to the presence of both model and <span class="hlt">observation</span> biases. The sources of these biases can be diverse: an instrumental offset, errors associated to the comparison of point-based <span class="hlt">observations</span> and grid-cell average, etc. To overcome this challenge, a method was developed using the ensemble Kalman filter. The approach consists on representing each <span class="hlt">observation</span> bias as a parameter. These bias parameters are added to the forward operator and they extend the state vector. As opposed to the <span class="hlt">observation</span> bias estimation approaches most common in operational systems (e.g. for satellite radiances), the state vector and parameters are simultaneously updated by applying the Kalman filter equations to the augmented state. The method to estimate and correct the <span class="hlt">observation</span> bias is evaluated using <span class="hlt">observing</span> system simulation experiments (OSSEs) with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. OSSEs are constructed for the conventional <span class="hlt">observation</span> network including radiosondes, aircraft <span class="hlt">observations</span>, atmospheric motion vectors, and surface <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Three <span class="hlt">different</span> kinds of biases are added to 2-meter temperature for synthetic METARs. From the simplest to more sophisticated, imposed biases are: (1) a spatially invariant bias, (2) a spatially varying bias proportional to topographic height <span class="hlt">differences</span> between the model and the <span class="hlt">observations</span>, and (3) bias that is proportional to the temperature. The target region characterized by complex terrain is the western U.S. on a domain with 30-km grid spacing. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> are assimilated every 3 hours using an 80-member ensemble during September 2012. Results demonstrate that the approach is able to estimate and correct the bias when it is spatially invariant (experiment 1). More</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23054331','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23054331"><span>Mouse strain-dependent <span class="hlt">differences</span> in estrogen sensitivity during vaginal candidiasis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mosci, Paolo; Pietrella, Donatella; Ricci, Giovanni; Pandey, Neelam; Monari, Claudia; Pericolini, Eva; Gabrielli, Elena; Perito, Stefano; Bistoni, Francesco; Vecchiarelli, Anna</p> <p>2013-02-01</p> <p>The animal models available for studying the immune response to genital tract infection require induction of a pseudo estrous state, usually achieved by administration of 17-β-estradiol. In our experimental model of vaginal candidiasis, under pseudo estrus, <span class="hlt">different</span> strains of mice were used. We <span class="hlt">observed</span> major <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the clearance of Candida albicans infection among the <span class="hlt">different</span> strains, ascribable to <span class="hlt">differing</span> susceptibility to estradiol treatment. In the early phase of infection CD1, BALB/c, C57BL/6 albino and C57BL/6 mice were colonized to similar levels, while in the late phase of infection, BALB/c mice, which are considered genetically resistant to C. albicans infection, exhibited greater susceptibility to vaginal candidiasis than CD1 and C57BL/6 albino strains of mice. This was because estradiol induced "per se" enlarged and fluid-filled uteri, more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in infected mice and consistently more evident in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice than in CD1 mice. Unlike CD1, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice showed a heavy fungal colonization of the uterus, even though C57BL/6 mice apparently cleared C. albicans from the vagina. The presence of C. albicans in the vagina and uterus was accompanied by a heavy bacterial load. Collectively these <span class="hlt">observations</span> prompted us to carry out a careful analysis of estradiol effects in a mouse model of vaginal infection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM42A..04U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM42A..04U"><span>MMS <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Harmonic Electromagnetic Cyclotron Waves</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Usanova, M.; Ahmadi, N.; Ergun, R.; Trattner, K. J.; Fuselier, S. A.; Torbert, R. B.; Mauk, B.; Le Contel, O.; Giles, B. L.; Russell, C. T.; Burch, J.; Strangeway, R. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Harmonically related electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves with the fundamental frequency near the O+ cyclotron frequency were <span class="hlt">observed</span> by the four MMS spacecraft on May 20, 2016. The wave activity was detected by the spacecraft on their inbound passage through the Earth's morning magnetosphere during generally quiet geomagnetic conditions but enhanced solar wind dynamic pressure. It was also associated with an enhancement of energetic H+ and O+ ions. The waves are seen in both magnetic and electric fields, formed by over ten higher order harmonics, most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the electric field. The wave activity lasted for about an hour with some wave packets giving rise to short-lived structures extending from Hz to kHz range. These <span class="hlt">observations</span> are particularly interesting since they suggest cross-frequency coupling between the lower and higher frequency modes. Further work will focus on examining the nature and role of these waves in the energetic particle dynamics from a theoretical perspective.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25405760','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25405760"><span>Analysing and correcting the <span class="hlt">differences</span> between multi-source and multi-scale spatial remote sensing <span class="hlt">observations</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dong, Yingying; Luo, Ruisen; Feng, Haikuan; Wang, Jihua; Zhao, Jinling; Zhu, Yining; Yang, Guijun</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Differences</span> exist among analysis results of agriculture monitoring and crop production based on remote sensing <span class="hlt">observations</span>, which are obtained at <span class="hlt">different</span> spatial scales from multiple remote sensors in same time period, and processed by same algorithms, models or methods. These <span class="hlt">differences</span> can be mainly quantitatively described from three aspects, i.e. multiple remote sensing <span class="hlt">observations</span>, crop parameters estimation models, and spatial scale effects of surface parameters. Our research proposed a new method to analyse and correct the <span class="hlt">differences</span> between multi-source and multi-scale spatial remote sensing surface reflectance datasets, aiming to provide references for further studies in agricultural application with multiple remotely sensed <span class="hlt">observations</span> from <span class="hlt">different</span> sources. The new method was constructed on the basis of physical and mathematical properties of multi-source and multi-scale reflectance datasets. Theories of statistics were involved to extract statistical characteristics of multiple surface reflectance datasets, and further quantitatively analyse spatial variations of these characteristics at multiple spatial scales. Then, taking the surface reflectance at small spatial scale as the baseline data, theories of Gaussian distribution were selected for multiple surface reflectance datasets correction based on the above obtained physical characteristics and mathematical distribution properties, and their spatial variations. This proposed method was verified by two sets of multiple satellite images, which were obtained in two experimental fields located in Inner Mongolia and Beijing, China with <span class="hlt">different</span> degrees of homogeneity of underlying surfaces. Experimental results indicate that <span class="hlt">differences</span> of surface reflectance datasets at multiple spatial scales could be effectively corrected over non-homogeneous underlying surfaces, which provide database for further multi-source and multi-scale crop growth monitoring and yield prediction, and their corresponding</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4236013','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4236013"><span>Analysing and Correcting the <span class="hlt">Differences</span> between Multi-Source and Multi-Scale Spatial Remote Sensing <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dong, Yingying; Luo, Ruisen; Feng, Haikuan; Wang, Jihua; Zhao, Jinling; Zhu, Yining; Yang, Guijun</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Differences</span> exist among analysis results of agriculture monitoring and crop production based on remote sensing <span class="hlt">observations</span>, which are obtained at <span class="hlt">different</span> spatial scales from multiple remote sensors in same time period, and processed by same algorithms, models or methods. These <span class="hlt">differences</span> can be mainly quantitatively described from three aspects, i.e. multiple remote sensing <span class="hlt">observations</span>, crop parameters estimation models, and spatial scale effects of surface parameters. Our research proposed a new method to analyse and correct the <span class="hlt">differences</span> between multi-source and multi-scale spatial remote sensing surface reflectance datasets, aiming to provide references for further studies in agricultural application with multiple remotely sensed <span class="hlt">observations</span> from <span class="hlt">different</span> sources. The new method was constructed on the basis of physical and mathematical properties of multi-source and multi-scale reflectance datasets. Theories of statistics were involved to extract statistical characteristics of multiple surface reflectance datasets, and further quantitatively analyse spatial variations of these characteristics at multiple spatial scales. Then, taking the surface reflectance at small spatial scale as the baseline data, theories of Gaussian distribution were selected for multiple surface reflectance datasets correction based on the above obtained physical characteristics and mathematical distribution properties, and their spatial variations. This proposed method was verified by two sets of multiple satellite images, which were obtained in two experimental fields located in Inner Mongolia and Beijing, China with <span class="hlt">different</span> degrees of homogeneity of underlying surfaces. Experimental results indicate that <span class="hlt">differences</span> of surface reflectance datasets at multiple spatial scales could be effectively corrected over non-homogeneous underlying surfaces, which provide database for further multi-source and multi-scale crop growth monitoring and yield prediction, and their corresponding</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=patterns+AND+grasp&id=EJ862810','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=patterns+AND+grasp&id=EJ862810"><span>The <span class="hlt">Observation</span> of Manual Grasp Actions Affects the Control of Speech: A Combined Behavioral and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Gentilucci, Maurizio; Campione, Giovanna Cristina; Volta, Riccardo Dalla; Bernardis, Paolo</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Does the mirror system affect the control of speech? This issue was addressed in behavioral and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) experiments. In behavioral experiment 1, participants <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> the syllable /da/ while <span class="hlt">observing</span> (1) a hand grasping large and small objects with power and precision grasps, respectively, (2) a foot interacting…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PrOce..86...72R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PrOce..86...72R"><span>Metabolic physiology of the Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas: Implications for vertical migration in a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> oxygen minimum zone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rosa, Rui; Seibel, Brad A.</p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>The Humboldt (or jumbo) squid, Dosidicus gigas, is an active predator endemic to the Eastern Pacific that undergoes diel vertical migrations into a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> oxygen minimum layer (OML). Here, we investigate the physiological mechanisms that facilitate these migrations and assess the associated costs and benefits. Exposure to hypoxic conditions equivalent to those found in the OML (∼10 μM O 2 at 10 °C) led to a significant reduction in the squid’s routine metabolic rate (RMR), from 8.9 to 1.6 μmol O 2 g -1 h -1 ( p < 0.05), and a concomitant increase in mantle muscle octopine levels (from 0.50 to 5.24 μmol g -1 tissue, p < 0.05). Enhanced glycolitic ATP production accounted for only 7.0% and 2.8% at 10 °C and 20 °C, respectively, of the energy deficit that resulted from the decline in aerobic respiration. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> metabolic suppression presumably extends survival time in the OML by conserving the finite stores of fermentable substrate and avoiding the accumulation of the deleterious anaerobic end products in the tissues. RMR increased significantly with temperature ( p < 0.05), from 8.9 (at 10 °C) to 49.85 μmol O 2 g -1 h -1 (at 25 °C) which yielded a Q10 of 2.0 between 10 and 20 °C and 7.9 between 20 and 25 °C ( p < 0.05). These results suggest that 25 °C, although within the normal surface temperature range in the Gulf of California, is outside this species’ normal temperature range. By following the scattering layer into oxygen-enriched shallow water at night, D. gigas may repay any oxygen debt accumulated during the daytime. The dive to deeper water may minimize exposure to stressful surface temperatures when most prey have migrated to depth during the daytime. The physiological and ecological strategies demonstrated here may have facilitated the recent range expansion of this species into northern waters where expanding hypoxic zones prohibit competing top predators.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..113a2223L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E%26ES..113a2223L"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> and <span class="hlt">difference</span> analysis of carbon fluxes in <span class="hlt">different</span> types of soil in Tianjin coastal zone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Ya-Juan; Wang, Ting-Feng; Mao, Tian-Yu</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Tianjin Coastal Zone is located in the coastal area of the Bohai Sea, belonging to the typical coastal wetland, with high carbon value. Over the past decade the development of great intensity, there are obvious characteristics of artificial influence. This study focuses on <span class="hlt">observing</span> the carbon fluxes of <span class="hlt">different</span> soil types in the coastal area under strong artificial disturbance, summarizing the carbon sink calculation formula according to the soil type, and analyzing the main influencing factors affecting the carbon flux. The results show that there are representative intertidal zones in Tianjin, and the respiration of soil and secondary soil are <span class="hlt">different</span>. The main influencing factors are soil surface temperature or air temperature. Coastal zones with <span class="hlt">different</span> ecosystems can basically establish the relationship between temperature and soil carbon flux. (R2 = 0.5990), the relationship between artificial backfill is Q = 0.2061 - 0.2129T - 0.0391T2 (R2 = 0.7469), and the artificial soil is restored by artificial soil and the herbaceous greening is carried out., The relationship is Q = -0.1019 + 0.0327T‧ (R2 = 0.6621), T-soil temperature, T’-air temperature. At the same temperature, soil carbon fluxes in shoal wetlands are generally stronger than artificial backfill, showing more carbon source emissions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27289339','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27289339"><span>Extrinsic skin ageing in German, Chinese and Japanese women manifests <span class="hlt">differently</span> in all three groups depending on ethnic background, age and anatomical site.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vierkötter, Andrea; Hüls, Anke; Yamamoto, Ai; Stolz, Sabine; Krämer, Ursula; Matsui, Mary S; Morita, Akimichi; Wang, Sijia; Li, Zhiwen; Jin, Li; Krutmann, Jean; Schikowski, Tamara</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>It has been suggested that extrinsic skin ageing manifests <span class="hlt">differently</span> in Caucasians versus East Asians. In particular, from previous studies it was concluded that Caucasians are more prone to develop wrinkles, whereas pigment spot formation is the hallmark of extrinsic skin ageing in East Asians. However, these assumptions are based on a very limited number of studies which did not include <span class="hlt">different</span> East Asian populations. We here compare the manifestation of extrinsic skin ageing signs in German, Japanese and Chinese women by specifically elucidating the age and anatomical site dependence of any potential ethnic <span class="hlt">difference</span>. In the present study, we assessed skin ageing in N=902 German, N=165 Japanese and N=1260 Chinese women ranging from 30 to 90 years by means of SCINEXA™. Linear regression analysis was used to test for ethnic <span class="hlt">differences</span> and their age and site dependence adjusted for educational level, sun exposure, smoking and sun protection behaviours. Pigment spots and wrinkles on the face were present among all three ethnic groups and <span class="hlt">differences</span> were influenced by age and anatomical sites independently of further influencing factors. Pigment spots on the forehead were most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> over the whole age range in Chinese and German women and least developed in Japanese. Pigment spots on cheeks were a typical extrinsic skin an ageing sign in the two East Asian populations in all age groups. However, in older German women they reach the same level as <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the two East Asian populations. In contrast, pigment spots on arms and hands were significantly more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in German women ≥45years of age. Wrinkles were not exclusively a skin an ageing sign of German women, but were also very <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in Chinese women on forehead, between the eyebrows and in the crow's feet area. These results corroborate the previous notion that the occurrence of pigments spots and wrinkles is <span class="hlt">different</span> between Caucasians and East Asians. In addition, this study shows</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27179997','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27179997"><span>Variation in the composition of corals, fishes, sponges, echinoderms, ascidians, molluscs, foraminifera and macroalgae across a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in-to-offshore environmental gradient in the Jakarta Bay-Thousand Islands coral reef complex.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cleary, D F R; Polónia, A R M; Renema, W; Hoeksema, B W; Rachello-Dolmen, P G; Moolenbeek, R G; Budiyanto, A; Yahmantoro; Tuti, Y; Giyanto; Draisma, S G A; Prud'homme van Reine, W F; Hariyanto, R; Gittenberger, A; Rikoh, M S; de Voogd, N J</p> <p>2016-09-30</p> <p>Substrate cover, water quality parameters and assemblages of corals, fishes, sponges, echinoderms, ascidians, molluscs, benthic foraminifera and macroalgae were sampled across a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> environmental gradient in the Jakarta Bay-Thousand Islands reef complex. Inshore sites mainly consisted of sand, rubble and turf algae with elevated temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and chlorophyll concentrations and depauperate assemblages of all taxa. Live coral cover was very low inshore and mainly consisted of sparse massive coral heads and a few encrusting species. Faunal assemblages were more speciose and compositionally distinct mid- and offshore compared to inshore. There were, however, small-scale <span class="hlt">differences</span> among taxa. Certain midshore sites, for example, housed assemblages resembling those typical of the inshore environment but this <span class="hlt">differed</span> depending on the taxon. Substrate, water quality and spatial variables together explained from 31% (molluscs) to 72% (foraminifera) of the variation in composition. In general, satellite-derived parameters outperformed locally measured parameters. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22113335-experimental-observation-left-polarized-wave-absorption-near-electron-cyclotron-resonance-frequency-helicon-antenna-produced-plasma','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22113335-experimental-observation-left-polarized-wave-absorption-near-electron-cyclotron-resonance-frequency-helicon-antenna-produced-plasma"><span>Experimental <span class="hlt">observation</span> of left polarized wave absorption near electron cyclotron resonance frequency in helicon antenna produced plasma</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Barada, Kshitish K.; Chattopadhyay, P. K.; Ghosh, J.</p> <p>2013-01-15</p> <p>Asymmetry in density peaks on either side of an m = +1 half helical antenna is <span class="hlt">observed</span> both in terms of peak position and its magnitude with respect to magnetic field variation in a linear helicon plasma device [Barada et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 063501 (2012)]. The plasma is produced by powering the m = +1 half helical antenna with a 2.5 kW, 13.56 MHz radio frequency source. During low magnetic field (B < 100 G) operation, plasma density peaks are <span class="hlt">observed</span> at critical magnetic fields on either side of the antenna. However, the density peaks occurred at differentmore » critical magnetic fields on both sides of antenna. Depending upon the direction of the magnetic field, in the m = +1 propagation side, the main density peak has been <span class="hlt">observed</span> around 30 G of magnetic field. On this side, the density peak around 5 G corresponding to electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) is not very <span class="hlt">pronounced</span>, whereas in the m = -1 propagation side, very <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> ECR peak has been <span class="hlt">observed</span> around 5 G. Another prominent density peak around 12 G has also been <span class="hlt">observed</span> in m = -1 side. However, no peak has been <span class="hlt">observed</span> around 30 G on this m = -1 side. This asymmetry in the results on both sides is explained on the basis of polarization reversal of left hand polarized waves to right hand polarized waves and vice versa in a bounded plasma system. The density peaking phenomena are likely to be caused by obliquely propagating helicon waves at the resonance cone boundary.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26396650','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26396650"><span><span class="hlt">Different</span> patterns of puberty effect in neural oscillation to negative stimuli: sex <span class="hlt">differences</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yuan, Jiajin; Ju, Enxia; Yang, Jiemin; Chen, Xuhai; Li, Hong</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The present study investigated the impact of puberty on sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in neural sensitivity to negative stimuli. Event-related oscillation technique was used. Because girls are more vulnerable to affective disturbances than boys during adolescence, it was hypothesized that puberty exerts <span class="hlt">different</span> influences on neural sensitivity to negative stimuli in boys and girls. EEGs were recorded for highly negative (HN), mildly negative (MN) and neutral pictures, when boys and girls distinct in pubertal status performed a non-emotional distracting task. No emotion effect and its interaction with sex and puberty were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in response latencies. However, puberty influenced the gamma-band oscillation effect for negative stimuli <span class="hlt">differently</span> for boys and girls: Pre-pubertal boys showed a significant emotion effect for HN stimuli, whose size was decreased in pubertal boys. By contrast, there was a significant emotion effect for HN stimuli in pubertal girls but not in pre-pubertal girls. On the other hand, the size of the emotion effect for HN stimuli was similar for pre-pubertal boys and girls; while this effect was significantly more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in pubertal girls compared to pubertal boys. Additionally, the size of the emotion effect in gamma oscillations decreased as a function of pubertal development during both HN and MN stimulation in boys. For girls, the emotion effect in gamma oscillations increased with pubertal development during HN stimulation. Thus, puberty is associated with reduced neural sensitivity in boys but increased sensitivity in girls, in reaction to negative stimuli. The implications of these results for the psychopathology during adolescence were discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRC..109.8012C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRC..109.8012C"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of banding in first-year Arctic sea ice</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cole, David M.; Eicken, Hajo; Frey, Karoline; Shapiro, Lewis H.</p> <p>2004-08-01</p> <p>Horizontal banding features, alternating dark and bright horizontal bands apparent in ice cores and stratigraphic cross sections have long been <span class="hlt">observed</span> in first-year sea ice and are frequently associated with bands of high and low brine or gas porosity. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> on the land-fast ice near Barrow, Alaska, in recent years have revealed particularly striking banding patterns and prompted a study of their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. The banding patterns are quantified from photographs of full-depth sections of the ice, and examples are presented from the Chukchi Sea and Elson Lagoon. Statistics on band spacing are presented, and the growth records for three seasons are employed to estimate their time of formation. These data provide insight into the periodicity of the underlying phenomena. Micrographs are used to examine the microstructural variations associated with various banding features and to quantify the geometry of the constituent brine inclusions associated with high- and low-porosity bands. The micrography revealed that the area fraction of brine inclusions varied by a factor of nearly 3 through the more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> high- and low-porosity bands. Vertical micrographs obtained shortly after the materials' removal from the ice sheet showed that significantly larger inclusions form abruptly at the start of the high-porosity bands and frequently terminate abruptly at the end of the band. Crystallographic <span class="hlt">observations</span> indicated that the high-porosity bands supported the nucleation and growth of crystals having substantially <span class="hlt">different</span> orientations from the very well aligned columnar structure that characterized the bulk of the sheet.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Posttest+AND+controlled+AND+group&pg=6&id=EJ1113843','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Posttest+AND+controlled+AND+group&pg=6&id=EJ1113843"><span>Measurement Error Correction Formula for Cluster-Level Group <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Cluster Randomized and <span class="hlt">Observational</span> Studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cho, Sun-Joo; Preacher, Kristopher J.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Multilevel modeling (MLM) is frequently used to detect cluster-level group <span class="hlt">differences</span> in cluster randomized trial and <span class="hlt">observational</span> studies. Group <span class="hlt">differences</span> on the outcomes (posttest scores) are detected by controlling for the covariate (pretest scores) as a proxy variable for unobserved factors that predict future attributes. The pretest and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4727913','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4727913"><span>A Puzzle Unsolved: Failure to <span class="hlt">Observe</span> <span class="hlt">Different</span> Effects of God and Religion Primes on Intergroup Attitudes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ramsay, Jonathan E.; Tong, Eddie M. W.; Pang, Joyce S.; Chowdhury, Avijit</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Religious priming has been found to have both positive and negative consequences, and recent research suggests that the activation of God-related and community-related religious cognitions may cause outgroup prosociality and outgroup derogation respectively. The present research sought to examine whether reminders of God and religion have <span class="hlt">different</span> effects on attitudes towards ingroup and outgroup members. Over two studies, little evidence was found for <span class="hlt">different</span> effects of these two types of religious primes. In study 1, individuals primed with the words “religion”, “God” and a neutral control word evaluated both ingroup and outgroup members similarly, although a marginal tendency towards more negative evaluations of outgroup members by females exposed to religion primes was <span class="hlt">observed</span>. In study 2, no significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in attitudes towards an outgroup member were <span class="hlt">observed</span> between the God, religion, and neutral priming conditions. Furthermore, the gender effect <span class="hlt">observed</span> in study 1 did not replicate in this second study. Possible explanations for these null effects are discussed. PMID:26812526</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26812526','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26812526"><span>A Puzzle Unsolved: Failure to <span class="hlt">Observe</span> <span class="hlt">Different</span> Effects of God and Religion Primes on Intergroup Attitudes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ramsay, Jonathan E; Tong, Eddie M W; Pang, Joyce S; Chowdhury, Avijit</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Religious priming has been found to have both positive and negative consequences, and recent research suggests that the activation of God-related and community-related religious cognitions may cause outgroup prosociality and outgroup derogation respectively. The present research sought to examine whether reminders of God and religion have <span class="hlt">different</span> effects on attitudes towards ingroup and outgroup members. Over two studies, little evidence was found for <span class="hlt">different</span> effects of these two types of religious primes. In study 1, individuals primed with the words "religion", "God" and a neutral control word evaluated both ingroup and outgroup members similarly, although a marginal tendency towards more negative evaluations of outgroup members by females exposed to religion primes was <span class="hlt">observed</span>. In study 2, no significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in attitudes towards an outgroup member were <span class="hlt">observed</span> between the God, religion, and neutral priming conditions. Furthermore, the gender effect <span class="hlt">observed</span> in study 1 did not replicate in this second study. Possible explanations for these null effects are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6329455','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6329455"><span>Metabolic rate in <span class="hlt">different</span> rat brain areas during seizures induced by a specific delta opiate receptor agonist.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Haffmans, J; De Kloet, R; Dzoljic, M R</p> <p>1984-06-04</p> <p>The glucose utilization during specific delta opiate agonist-induced epileptiform phenomena, determined by the [14C]2-deoxyglucose technique (2-DG), was examined in various rat brain areas at <span class="hlt">different</span> time intervals. The peak in EEG spiking response and the most intensive 2-DG uptake occurred 5 min after intraventricular (i.v.t.) administration of the delta opiate receptor agonist. The most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> 2-DG uptake at this time interval can be <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the subiculum, including the CA1 hippocampal area, frontal cortex and central amygdala. A general decrease of glucose consumption, compared to control values, is <span class="hlt">observed</span> after 10 min, in all regions, with exception of the subiculum. Since functional activity and 2-DG uptake are correlated, we suggest that the subiculum and/or CA1 area, are probably the brain regions most involved in the enkephalin-induced epileptic phenomena.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9037E..0MP','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9037E..0MP"><span>Comparing <span class="hlt">observer</span> models and feature selection methods for a task-based statistical assessment of digital breast tomsynthesis in reconstruction space</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Park, Subok; Zhang, George Z.; Zeng, Rongping; Myers, Kyle J.</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>A task-based assessment of image quality1 for digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) can be done in either the projected or reconstructed data space. As the choice of <span class="hlt">observer</span> models and feature selection methods can vary depending on the type of task and data statistics, we previously investigated the performance of two channelized- Hotelling <span class="hlt">observer</span> models in conjunction with 2D Laguerre-Gauss (LG) and two implementations of partial least squares (PLS) channels along with that of the Hotelling <span class="hlt">observer</span> in binary detection tasks involving DBT projections.2, 3 The <span class="hlt">difference</span> in these <span class="hlt">observers</span> lies in how the spatial correlation in DBT angular projections is incorporated in the <span class="hlt">observer</span>'s strategy to perform the given task. In the current work, we extend our method to the reconstructed data space of DBT. We investigate how various model <span class="hlt">observers</span> including the aforementioned compare for performing the binary detection of a spherical signal embedded in structured breast phantoms with the use of DBT slices reconstructed via filtered back projection. We explore how well the model <span class="hlt">observers</span> incorporate the spatial correlation between <span class="hlt">different</span> numbers of reconstructed DBT slices while varying the number of projections. For this, relatively small and large scan angles (24° and 96°) are used for comparison. Our results indicate that 1) given a particular scan angle, the number of projections needed to achieve the best performance for each <span class="hlt">observer</span> is similar across all <span class="hlt">observer</span>/channel combinations, i.e., Np = 25 for scan angle 96° and Np = 13 for scan angle 24°, and 2) given these sufficient numbers of projections, the number of slices for each <span class="hlt">observer</span> to achieve the best performance <span class="hlt">differs</span> depending on the channel/<span class="hlt">observer</span> types, which is more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the narrow scan angle case.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2777470','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2777470"><span>Metabolic evidence of vitamin B-12 deficiency, including high homocysteine and methylmalonic acid and low holotranscobalamin, is more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in older adults with elevated plasma folate123</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Miller, Joshua W; Garrod, Marjorie G; Allen, Lindsay H; Haan, Mary N</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Background: An analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey indicated that in older adults exposed to folic acid fortification, the combination of low serum vitamin B-12 and elevated folate is associated with higher concentrations of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid and higher odds ratios for cognitive impairment and anemia than the combination of low vitamin B-12 and nonelevated folate. These findings await confirmation in other populations. Objective: The purpose was to compare metabolic indicators of vitamin B-12 status, cognitive function, and depressive symptoms among elderly Latinos with elevated and nonelevated plasma folate. Design: Cross-sectional data were analyzed for 1535 subjects (age: ≥60 y) from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. Subjects were divided into 4 groups on the basis of plasma vitamin B-12 (< or ≥148 pmol/L) and folate (≤ or >45.3 nmol/L). Homocysteine, methylmalonic acid, holotranscobalamin, ratio of holotranscobalamin to vitamin B-12, Modified Mini-Mental State Examination, delayed recall, and depressive symptom scores were compared between the groups. Results: Individuals with low vitamin B-12 and elevated folate (n = 22) had the highest concentrations of homocysteine and methylmalonic acid and the lowest concentration of holotranscobalamin and ratio of holotranscobalamin to vitamin B-12 when compared with all other groups (P ≤ 0.003). No <span class="hlt">differences</span> in Modified Mini-Mental State Examination, delayed recall, and depressive symptom scores were <span class="hlt">observed</span> between the low vitamin B-12 and elevated-folate group compared with other groups. Conclusions: Low vitamin B-12 is associated with more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> metabolic evidence of vitamin B-12 deficiency when folate is elevated than when folate is not elevated. These data should be considered when assessing the potential costs, risks, and benefits of folic acid and vitamin B-12 fortification programs. PMID:19726595</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8408D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8408D"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">different</span> drivers on ion fluxes at Mars. MARS EXPRESS and MAVEN <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dubinin, Eduard; Fraenz, Markus; McFadden, James; Halekas, Jasper; Epavier, Frank; Connerney, Jack; Brain, David; Jakosky, Bruce; Andrews, David; Barabash, Stas</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Recent <span class="hlt">observations</span> by Mars Express and MAVEN spacecraft have shown that the Martian atmosphere/ionosphere is exposed to the impact of solar wind which results in losses of volatiles from Mars. This erosion is an important factor for the evolution of the Martian atmosphere and its water inventory. To estimate the escape forced by the solar wind during the early Solar System conditions we need to know how the ionosphere of Mars and escape fluxes depend on variations in the strength of the external drivers, in particularly, of solar wind and solar EUV flux. We present multi-instrument <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the influence of the solar wind and solar irradiance on the Martian ionosphere and escape fluxes. We use data obtained by the ASPERA-3 and MARSIS experiments on Mars Express and by the STATIC, SWIA, MAG and EUV monitor on MAVEN. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> by Mars Express supplemented by the EUV monitoring at Earth orbit and translated to Mars orbit provide us information about this dependence over more than 10 years whereas the measurements made by MAVEN provide us for the first time the opportunity to study these processes with simultaneous monitoring of the solar wind and ionospheric variations, planetary ion fluxes and solar irradiance. It will be shown that that fluxes of planetary ions through <span class="hlt">different</span> escape channels (trans-terminator fluxes, ion plume, plasma sheet) respond <span class="hlt">differently</span> on the variations of the <span class="hlt">different</span> drivers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.tmp.1266S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PApGe.tmp.1266S"><span>Wind-Induced Air-Flow Patterns in an Urban Setting: <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and Numerical Modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sattar, Ahmed M. A.; Elhakeem, Mohamed; Gerges, Bishoy N.; Gharabaghi, Bahram; Gultepe, Ismail</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>City planning can have a significant effect on wind flow velocity patterns and thus natural ventilation. Buildings with <span class="hlt">different</span> heights are roughness elements that can affect the near- and far-field wind flow velocity. This paper aims at investigating the impact of an increase in building height on the nearby velocity fields. A prototype urban setting of buildings with two <span class="hlt">different</span> heights (25 and 62.5 cm) is built up and placed in a wind tunnel. Wind flow velocity around the buildings is mapped at <span class="hlt">different</span> heights. Wind tunnel measurements are used to validate a 3D-numerical Reynolds averaged Naviers-Stokes model. The validated model is further used to calculate the wind flow velocity patterns for cases with <span class="hlt">different</span> building heights. It was found that increasing the height of some buildings in an urban setting can lead to the formation of large horseshoe vortices and eddies around building corners. A separation area is formed at the leeward side of the building, and the recirculation of air behind the building leads to the formation of slow rotation vortices. The opposite effect is <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the wake (cavity) region of the buildings, where both the cavity length and width are significantly reduced, and this resulted in a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> increase in the wind flow velocity. A significant increase in the wind flow velocity in the wake region of tall buildings with a value of up to 30% is <span class="hlt">observed</span>. The spatially averaged velocities around short buildings also increased by 25% compared to those around buildings with <span class="hlt">different</span> heights. The increase in the height of some buildings is found to have a positive effect on the wind ventilation at the pedestrian level.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5855085','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5855085"><span>Experimental Study of Multispectral Characteristics of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle at <span class="hlt">Different</span> <span class="hlt">Observation</span> Angles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zheng, Haijing; Bai, Tingzhu; Wang, Quanxi; Cao, Fengmei; Shao, Long; Sun, Zhaotian</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>This study investigates multispectral characteristics of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) at <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observation</span> angles by experiment. The UAV and its engine are tested on the ground in the cruise state. Spectral radiation intensities at <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observation</span> angles are obtained in the infrared band of 0.9–15 μm by a spectral radiometer. Meanwhile, infrared images are captured separately by long-wavelength infrared (LWIR), mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR), and short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) cameras. Additionally, orientation maps of the radiation area and radiance are obtained. The results suggest that the spectral radiation intensity of the UAV is determined by its exhaust plume and that the main infrared emission bands occur at 2.7 μm and 4.3 μm. At <span class="hlt">observation</span> angles in the range of 0°–90°, the radiation area of the UAV in MWIR band is greatest; however, at angles greater than 90°, the radiation area in the SWIR band is greatest. In addition, the radiance of the UAV at an angle of 0° is strongest. These conclusions can guide IR stealth technique development for UAVs. PMID:29389880</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3602116','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3602116"><span>Comparison of the global gene expression of choroid plexus and meninges and associated vasculature under control conditions and after <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> hyperthermia or amphetamine toxicity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p> may not be as <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> as they are in the MAV, particularly for AMPH. Expression profiles in the MAV and choroid plexus <span class="hlt">differed</span> to some extent and <span class="hlt">differences</span> were not restricted to vascular related genes. PMID:23497014</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.5851D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.5851D"><span>Full 2D <span class="hlt">observation</span> of water surface elevation from SWOT under <span class="hlt">different</span> flow conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Domeneghetti, Alessio; Schumann, Guy; Rui, Wei; Durand, Michael; Pavelsky, Tamlin</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission is a joint project of NASA, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France), the Canadian Space Agency, and the Space Agency of the UK that will provide a first global, high-resolution <span class="hlt">observation</span> of ocean and terrestrial water surface heights. Characterized by an <span class="hlt">observation</span> swath of 120 km and an orbit repeat interval of about 21 days, SWOT will provide unprecedented bi-dimensional <span class="hlt">observations</span> of rivers wider than 50-100 m. Despite many research activities that have investigated potential uses of remotely sensed data from SWOT, potentials and limitations of the spatial <span class="hlt">observations</span> provided by the satellite mission for flood modeling still remain poorly understood and investigated. In this study we present a first analysis of the spatial <span class="hlt">observation</span> of water surface elevation that is expected from SWOT for a 140 km reach of the middle-lower portion of the Po River, in Northern Italy. The river stretch is characterized by a main channel varying from 200-500 m in width and a floodplain that can be as wide as 5 km and that is delimited by a system of major embankments. The reconstruction of the hydraulic behavior of the Po River is performed by means of a quasi-2d model built with detailed topographic and bathymetric information (LiDAR, 2 m resolution), while the simulation of the spatial <span class="hlt">observation</span> sensed by SWOT is performed with a SWOT simulator that mimics the satellite sensor characteristics. Referring to water surface elevations associated with <span class="hlt">different</span> flow conditions (maximum, minimum and average flow reproduced by means of the quasi-2d numerical model) this work provides a first characterization of the spatial <span class="hlt">observations</span> provided by SWOT and highlights the strengths and limitations of the expected products. By referring to a real river reach the analysis provides a credible example of the type of spatial <span class="hlt">observations</span> that will be available after launch of SWOT and offers a first</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/5221907','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/5221907"><span>Avian species <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the intestinal absorption of xenobiotics (PCB, dieldrin, Hg2+)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Serafin, J.A.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>1. Intestinal absorption of a polychlorinated biphenyl, dieldrin, and mercury (from HgCl2) was measured in adult Northern bobwhites, Eastern screech owls, American kestrels, black-crowned night-herons and mallards in vivo by an in situ luminal perfusion technique.2. Bobwhites, screech owls and kestrels absorbed much more of each xenobiotic than black-crowned night-herons and mallards.3. Mallards absorbed less dieldrin and mercury than black-crowned night-herons.4. Mercury absorption by kestrels was more than twice that in screech owls and eight times that <span class="hlt">observed</span> in mallards.5. <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in xenobiotic absorption rates between bobwhites, screech owls and kestrels on the one hand, and black-crowned night-herons and mallards on the other, raise the possibility that absorptive ability may be associated with the phylogenetic classification of birds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7263E..0IP','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009SPIE.7263E..0IP"><span>Spatial frequency characteristics at image decision-point locations for <span class="hlt">observers</span> with <span class="hlt">different</span> radiological backgrounds in lung nodule detection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pietrzyk, Mariusz W.; Manning, David J.; Dix, Alan; Donovan, Tim</p> <p>2009-02-01</p> <p>Aim: The goal of the study is to determine the spatial frequency characteristics at locations in the image of overt and covert <span class="hlt">observers</span>' decisions and find out if there are any similarities in <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observers</span>' groups: the same radiological experience group or the same accuracy scored level. Background: The radiological task is described as a visual searching decision making procedure involving visual perception and cognitive processing. Humans perceive the world through a number of spatial frequency channels, each sensitive to visual information carried by <span class="hlt">different</span> spatial frequency ranges and orientations. Recent studies have shown that particular physical properties of local and global image-based elements are correlated with the performance and the level of experience of human <span class="hlt">observers</span> in breast cancer and lung nodule detections. Neurological findings in visual perception were an inspiration for wavelet applications in vision research because the methodology tries to mimic the brain processing algorithms. Methods: The wavelet approach to the set of postero-anterior chest radiographs analysis has been used to characterize perceptual preferences <span class="hlt">observers</span> with <span class="hlt">different</span> levels of experience in the radiological task. Psychophysical methodology has been applied to track eye movements over the image, where particular ROIs related to the <span class="hlt">observers</span>' fixation clusters has been analysed in the spaces frame by Daubechies functions. Results: Significance <span class="hlt">differences</span> have been found between the spatial frequency characteristics at the location of <span class="hlt">different</span> decisions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.G11A0621D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.G11A0621D"><span>Combining the <span class="hlt">Observations</span> from <span class="hlt">Different</span> GNSS (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dach, R.; Lutz, S.; Schaer, S.; Bock, H.; Jäggi, A.; Meindl, M.; Ostini, L.; Thaller, D.; Steinbach, A.; Beutler, G.; Steigenberger, P.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p> corrections. The procedure to derive the satellite and receiver clock corrections is under the transition from the currently operational GPS-only to the multi-GNSS mode including GPS and GLONASS. When CODE started with its multi-GNSS processing more than 6 years ago the network density and the number of active GLONASS satellites was very limited. Nowadays this situation has changed, which brings us into the position to review the strategy to combine the measurements from <span class="hlt">different</span> GNSS in the data analysis. The presentation will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the highest (only one constant inter-system bias) and lowest (a minimum number of common parameters) possible correlation between the <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the individual GNSS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20860744-symmetry-carrier-envelope-phase-difference-effects-strong-field-few-cycle-ionization-atoms-molecules','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20860744-symmetry-carrier-envelope-phase-difference-effects-strong-field-few-cycle-ionization-atoms-molecules"><span>Symmetry of Carrier-Envelope Phase <span class="hlt">Difference</span> Effects in Strong-Field, Few-Cycle Ionization of Atoms and Molecules</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Martiny, Christian Per Juul; Madsen, Lars Bojer</p> <p>2006-09-01</p> <p>In few-cycle pulses, the exact value of the carrier-envelope phase <span class="hlt">difference</span> (CEPD) has a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> influence on the ionization dynamics of atoms and molecules. We show that, for atoms in circularly polarized light, a change in the CEPD is mapped uniquely to an overall rotation of the system, and results for arbitrary CEPD are obtained by rotation of the results from a single calculation with fixed CEPD. For molecules, this is true only for linear molecules aligned parallel with the propagation direction of the field. The effects of CEPD are classified as geometric or nongeometric. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> are exemplified bymore » strong-field calculations on hydrogen.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5115683','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5115683"><span>Sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the course of schizophrenia across diverse regions of the world</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Novick, Diego; Montgomery, William; Treuer, Tamas; Moneta, Maria Victoria; Haro, Josep Maria</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>This study explores sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the outcomes of patients with schizophrenia (clinical/functional remission and recovery) across diverse regions of the world (Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and North Africa and the Middle East). Data (n=16,380 for this post hoc analysis) were taken from the World-Schizophrenia Health Outcomes Study. In most regions, females had a later age at first service contact for schizophrenia, a lower level of overall/negative symptom severity, lower rates of alcohol/substance abuse and paid employment, and higher percentages of having a spouse/partner and independent living. Overall, females had slightly higher rates of clinical remission (58.0% vs 51.8%), functional remission (22.8% vs 16.0%), and recovery (16.5% vs 16.0%) at 36 months (P<0.001 for all). This pattern was consistently <span class="hlt">observed</span> in Southern Europe and Northern Europe even after controlling for baseline sex <span class="hlt">differences</span>, but not in other regions. In Central and Eastern Europe, rates of clinical remission were higher in females at 36 months, but those of functional remission and recovery were similar between males and females. The opposite was <span class="hlt">observed</span> for Latin America. In East Asia, sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> were rarely <span class="hlt">observed</span> for these outcomes. Finally, in North Africa and the Middle East, sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in these outcomes were <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> only in regression analyses. These regional variations shed light on the importance of psychosocial and cultural factors and their effects on sex in the prognosis of schizophrenia. PMID:27881918</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3954585','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3954585"><span>A <span class="hlt">Different</span> View on the Checkerboard? Alterations in Early and Late Visually Evoked EEG Potentials in Asperger <span class="hlt">Observers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kornmeier, Juergen; Wörner, Rike; Riedel, Andreas; Bach, Michael; Tebartz van Elst, Ludger</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Background Asperger Autism is a lifelong psychiatric condition with highly circumscribed interests and routines, problems in social cognition, verbal and nonverbal communication, and also perceptual abnormalities with sensory hypersensitivity. To objectify both lower-level visual and cognitive alterations we looked for <span class="hlt">differences</span> in visual event-related potentials (EEG) between Asperger <span class="hlt">observers</span> and matched controls while they <span class="hlt">observed</span> simple checkerboard stimuli. Methods In a balanced oddball paradigm checkerboards of two checksizes (0.6° and 1.2°) were presented with <span class="hlt">different</span> frequencies. Participants counted the occurrence times of the rare fine or rare coarse checkerboards in <span class="hlt">different</span> experimental conditions. We focused on early visual ERP <span class="hlt">differences</span> as a function of checkerboard size and the classical P3b ERP component as an indicator of cognitive processing. Results We found an early (100–200 ms after stimulus onset) occipital ERP effect of checkerboard size (dominant spatial frequency). This effect was weaker in the Asperger than in the control <span class="hlt">observers</span>. Further a typical parietal/central oddball-P3b occurred at 500 ms with the rare checkerboards. The P3b showed a right-hemispheric lateralization, which was more prominent in Asperger than in control <span class="hlt">observers</span>. Discussion The <span class="hlt">difference</span> in the early occipital ERP effect between the two groups may be a physiological marker of <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the processing of small visual details in Asperger <span class="hlt">observers</span> compared to normal controls. The stronger lateralization of the P3b in Asperger <span class="hlt">observers</span> may indicate a stronger involvement of the right-hemispheric network of bottom-up attention. The lateralization of the P3b signal might be a compensatory consequence of the compromised early checksize effect. Higher-level analytical information processing units may need to compensate for difficulties in low-level signal analysis. PMID:24632708</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24632708','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24632708"><span>A <span class="hlt">different</span> view on the checkerboard? Alterations in early and late visually evoked EEG potentials in Asperger <span class="hlt">observers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kornmeier, Juergen; Wörner, Rike; Riedel, Andreas; Bach, Michael; Tebartz van Elst, Ludger</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Asperger Autism is a lifelong psychiatric condition with highly circumscribed interests and routines, problems in social cognition, verbal and nonverbal communication, and also perceptual abnormalities with sensory hypersensitivity. To objectify both lower-level visual and cognitive alterations we looked for <span class="hlt">differences</span> in visual event-related potentials (EEG) between Asperger <span class="hlt">observers</span> and matched controls while they <span class="hlt">observed</span> simple checkerboard stimuli. In a balanced oddball paradigm checkerboards of two checksizes (0.6° and 1.2°) were presented with <span class="hlt">different</span> frequencies. Participants counted the occurrence times of the rare fine or rare coarse checkerboards in <span class="hlt">different</span> experimental conditions. We focused on early visual ERP <span class="hlt">differences</span> as a function of checkerboard size and the classical P3b ERP component as an indicator of cognitive processing. We found an early (100-200 ms after stimulus onset) occipital ERP effect of checkerboard size (dominant spatial frequency). This effect was weaker in the Asperger than in the control <span class="hlt">observers</span>. Further a typical parietal/central oddball-P3b occurred at 500 ms with the rare checkerboards. The P3b showed a right-hemispheric lateralization, which was more prominent in Asperger than in control <span class="hlt">observers</span>. The <span class="hlt">difference</span> in the early occipital ERP effect between the two groups may be a physiological marker of <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the processing of small visual details in Asperger <span class="hlt">observers</span> compared to normal controls. The stronger lateralization of the P3b in Asperger <span class="hlt">observers</span> may indicate a stronger involvement of the right-hemispheric network of bottom-up attention. The lateralization of the P3b signal might be a compensatory consequence of the compromised early checksize effect. Higher-level analytical information processing units may need to compensate for difficulties in low-level signal analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AGUFM.A32A0107R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AGUFM.A32A0107R"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> on the Exchange of Oxygenated Compounds and Isoprenoids Between Tropical Tree Species and the Atmosphere During <span class="hlt">Different</span> Seasons and Developmental Stages</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rottenberger, S.; Kleiss, B.; Kuhn, U.; Ciccioli, P.; Kesselmeier, J.</p> <p>2003-12-01</p> <p>The terrestrial vegetation is the dominant source (>80%) for atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on a global scale. These trace gases (i) influence the production or atmospheric lifetimes of air pollutants and greenhouse gases such as ozone, carbon monoxide, and methane, (ii) are involved in aerosol particle growth and production and (iii) contribute to the carbon budget of plants and ecosystems. Seasonal events may have significant impact on the exchange of VOCs between vegetation and the atmosphere. We report about the contrasting behaviour of tropical floodplain species in comparison to terra firma trees and the <span class="hlt">differences</span> of emission quality and quantity of tree species during the wet and dry season in Amazonia. VOC emission changes in terms of quality (for example isoprenoid composition) or quantity (emission factors) and should be considered for an accurate estimation of the annual VOC release from tropical vegetation. Furthermore results from measurements on a deciduous Amazonian tree species demonstrate <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> variations in the VOC exchange pattern depending on the developmental stage of the leaves.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=female+AND+business&pg=7&id=EJ1089646','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=female+AND+business&pg=7&id=EJ1089646"><span>Multiple Integrated Examinations: An <span class="hlt">Observational</span> Study of <span class="hlt">Different</span> Academic Curricula Based on a Business Administration Assessment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Ardolino, Piermatteo; Noventa, Stefano; Formicuzzi, Maddalena; Cubico, Serena; Favretto, Giuseppe</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>An <span class="hlt">observational</span> study has been carried out to analyse <span class="hlt">differences</span> in performance between students of <span class="hlt">different</span> undergraduate curricula in the same written business administration examination, focusing particularly on possible effects of "integrated" or "multi-modular" examinations, a recently widespread format in Italian…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4204867','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4204867"><span>Learning to <span class="hlt">Pronounce</span> First Words in Three Languages: An Investigation of Caregiver and Infant Behavior Using a Computational Model of an Infant</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Howard, Ian S.; Messum, Piers</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Words are made up of speech sounds. Almost all accounts of child speech development assume that children learn the pronunciation of first language (L1) speech sounds by imitation, most claiming that the child performs some kind of auditory matching to the elements of ambient speech. However, there is evidence to support an alternative account and we investigate the non-imitative child behavior and well-attested caregiver behavior that this account posits using Elija, a computational model of an infant. Through unsupervised active learning, Elija began by discovering motor patterns, which produced sounds. In separate interaction experiments, native speakers of English, French and German then played the role of his caregiver. In their first interactions with Elija, they were allowed to respond to his sounds if they felt this was natural. We analyzed the interactions through phonemic transcriptions of the caregivers' utterances and found that they interpreted his output within the framework of their native languages. Their form of response was almost always a reformulation of Elija's utterance into well-formed sounds of L1. Elija retained those motor patterns to which a caregiver responded and formed associations between his motor pattern and the response it provoked. Thus in a second phase of interaction, he was able to parse input utterances in terms of the caregiver responses he had heard previously, and respond using his associated motor patterns. This capacity enabled the caregivers to teach Elija to <span class="hlt">pronounce</span> some simple words in their native languages, by his serial imitation of the words' component speech sounds. Overall, our results demonstrate that the natural responses and behaviors of human subjects to infant-like vocalizations can take a computational model from a biologically plausible initial state through to word pronunciation. This provides support for an alternative to current auditory matching hypotheses for how children learn to <span class="hlt">pronounce</span>. PMID</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23573022','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23573022"><span>Temperature response of photosynthesis in <span class="hlt">different</span> drug and fiber varieties of Cannabis sativa L.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chandra, Suman; Lata, Hemant; Khan, Ikhlas A; Elsohly, Mahmoud A</p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>The temperature response on gas and water vapour exchange characteristics of three medicinal drug type (HP Mexican, MX and W1) and four industrial fiber type (Felinq 34, Kompolty, Zolo 11 and Zolo 15) varieties of Cannabis sativa, originally from <span class="hlt">different</span> agro-climatic zones worldwide, were studied. Among the drug type varieties, optimum temperature for photosynthesis (Topt) was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the range of 30-35 °C in high potency Mexican HPM whereas, it was in the range of 25-30 °C in W1. A comparatively lower value (25 °C) for Topt was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in MX. Among fiber type varieties, Topt was around 30 °C in Zolo 11 and Zolo 15 whereas, it was near 25 °C in Felinq 34 and Kompolty. Varieties having higher maximum photosynthesis (PN max) had higher chlorophyll content as compared to those having lower PN max. <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in water use efficiency (WUE) were also <span class="hlt">observed</span> within and among the drug and fiber type plants. However, <span class="hlt">differences</span> became less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> at higher temperatures. Both stomatal and mesophyll components seem to be responsible for the temperature dependence of photosynthesis (PN) in this species, however, their magnitude varied with the variety. In general, a two fold increase in dark respiration with increase in temperature (from 20 °C to 40 °C) was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in all the varieties. However, a greater increase was associated with the variety having higher rate of photosynthesis, indicating a strong association between photosynthetic and respiratory rates. The results provide a valuable indication regarding variations in temperature dependence of PN in <span class="hlt">different</span> varieties of Cannabis sativa L.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24845190','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24845190"><span>Cortisol increase in empathic stress is modulated by emotional closeness and <span class="hlt">observation</span> modality.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Engert, Veronika; Plessow, Franziska; Miller, Robert; Kirschbaum, Clemens; Singer, Tania</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>Stress disorders are among the most commonly occurring of all mental disorders. In this context, the question arises whether the stress inevitably unfolding around us has the potential to "contaminate" and compromise us. In the current multi-center study, we investigate the existence of such empathic stress (defined as a full-blown physiological stress response that arises solely by <span class="hlt">observing</span> a target undergo a stressful situation), and whether empathic stress permeates to the core of the stress system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Additionally, we investigate whether empathic stress responses may be modulated by the familiarity between <span class="hlt">observer</span> and target (partners vs. strangers), the modality of <span class="hlt">observation</span> (real-life vs. virtual) and <span class="hlt">observer</span> sex (female vs. male). Participants were tested in dyads, paired with a loved one or a stranger of the opposite sex. While the target of the dyad (n=151) was exposed to a psychosocial stressor, the <span class="hlt">observer</span> (n=211) watched through a one-way mirror or via live video transmission. Overall, 26% of the <span class="hlt">observers</span> displayed physiologically significant cortisol increases. This empathic stress was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in intimate <span class="hlt">observer</span>-target dyads (40%) and during the real-life representation of the stressor (30%). Empathic stress was further modulated by interindividual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in empathy measures. Despite the higher prevalence of empathic stress in the partner and real-life <span class="hlt">observation</span> conditions, significant cortisol responses also emerged in strangers (10%) and the virtual <span class="hlt">observation</span> modality (24%). The occurrence of empathic stress down to the level of HPA-axis activation, in some cases even in total strangers and when only virtually witnessing another's distress, may have important implications for the development of stress-related diseases. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGeod..91..613J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGeod..91..613J"><span>Positive and negative ionospheric responses to the March 2015 geomagnetic storm from BDS <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jin, Shuanggen; Jin, Rui; Kutoglu, H.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The most intense geomagnetic storm in solar cycle 24 occurred on March 17, 2015, and the detailed ionospheric storm morphologies are difficultly obtained from traditional <span class="hlt">observations</span>. In this paper, the Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) <span class="hlt">observations</span> of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) are for the first time used to investigate the ionospheric responses to the geomagnetic storm. Using BDS GEO and GIMs TEC series, negative and positive responses to the March 2015 storm are found at local and global scales. During the main phase, positive ionospheric storm is the main response to the geomagnetic storm, while in the recovery phase, negative phases are <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> at all latitudes. Maximum amplitudes of negative and positive phases appear in the afternoon and post-dusk sectors during both main and recovery phases. Furthermore, dual-peak positive phases in main phase and repeated negative phase during the recovery are found from BDS GEO <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The geomagnetic latitudes corresponding to the maximum disturbances during the main and recovery phases show large <span class="hlt">differences</span>, but they are quasi-symmetrical between southern and northern hemispheres. No clear zonal propagation of traveling ionospheric disturbances is detected in the GNSS TEC disturbances at high and low latitudes. The thermospheric composition variations could be the dominant source of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> ionospheric storm effect from GUVI [O]/[N2] ratio data as well as storm-time electric fields. Our study demonstrates that the BDS (especially the GEO) <span class="hlt">observations</span> are an important data source to <span class="hlt">observe</span> ionospheric responses to the geomagnetic storm.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...49..843X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ClDy...49..843X"><span>Evaluation of tropical Pacific <span class="hlt">observing</span> systems using NCEP and GFDL ocean data assimilation systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xue, Yan; Wen, Caihong; Yang, Xiaosong; Behringer, David; Kumar, Arun; Vecchi, Gabriel; Rosati, Anthony; Gudgel, Rich</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The TAO/TRITON array is the cornerstone of the tropical Pacific and ENSO <span class="hlt">observing</span> system. Motivated by the recent rapid decline of the TAO/TRITON array, the potential utility of TAO/TRITON was assessed for ENSO monitoring and prediction. The analysis focused on the period when <span class="hlt">observations</span> from Argo floats were also available. We coordinated <span class="hlt">observing</span> system experiments (OSEs) using the global ocean data assimilation system (GODAS) from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the ensemble coupled data assimilation (ECDA) from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory for the period 2004-2011. Four OSE simulations were conducted with inclusion of <span class="hlt">different</span> subsets of in situ profiles: all profiles (XBT, moorings, Argo), all except the moorings, all except the Argo and no profiles. For evaluation of the OSE simulations, we examined the mean bias, standard deviation <span class="hlt">difference</span>, root-mean-square <span class="hlt">difference</span> (RMSD) and anomaly correlation against <span class="hlt">observations</span> and objective analyses. Without assimilation of in situ <span class="hlt">observations</span>, both GODAS and ECDA had large mean biases and RMSD in all variables. Assimilation of all in situ data significantly reduced mean biases and RMSD in all variables except zonal current at the equator. For GODAS, the mooring data is critical in constraining temperature in the eastern and northwestern tropical Pacific, while for ECDA both the mooring and Argo data is needed in constraining temperature in the western tropical Pacific. The Argo data is critical in constraining temperature in off-equatorial regions for both GODAS and ECDA. For constraining salinity, sea surface height and surface current analysis, the influence of Argo data was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span>. In addition, the salinity data from the TRITON buoys played an important role in constraining salinity in the western Pacific. GODAS was more sensitive to withholding Argo data in off-equatorial regions than ECDA because it relied on local <span class="hlt">observations</span> to correct model biases and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A52E..06R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A52E..06R"><span><span class="hlt">Observed</span> fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rahmstorf, S.; Caesar, L.; Feulner, G.; Robinson, A.; Saba, V. S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The overturning circulation of the Atlantic Ocean (AMOC) has a major impact on climate, yet its evolution over the past hundred years or so is poorly known for lack of direct measurements. We use a high-resolution global climate model to derive a characteristic spatial and seasonal fingerprint of AMOC changes and compare this to the <span class="hlt">observed</span> linear temperature trend since 1870. Both the model and <span class="hlt">observations</span> show a remarkably similar pattern of a cooling in the subpolar gyre region (most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> for the November to May season) and a warming in the Gulf Stream region which in their combination can only be explained by a reduction in the AMOC. We explain the mechanisms that link the pattern to an AMOC slowdown, and use an ensemble of CMIP5 simulations to calibrate the <span class="hlt">observed</span> decline. This suggests a weakening of the AMOC by 3 Sv ( 16%) since the mid-20th Century. Its recent evolution is consistent with direct measurements in the RAPID project and reaches record low values in recent years.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25962546','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25962546"><span>Ethnic <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Nonverbal Pain Behaviors <span class="hlt">Observed</span> in Older Adults with Dementia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ford, Brianne; Snow, A Lynn; Herr, Keela; Tripp-Reimer, Toni</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>Research supports using nonverbal pain behaviors to identify pain in persons with dementia. It is unknown whether variations exist among ethnic groups in the expression of nonverbal pain behaviors in this special population. The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine ethnic <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the presentation and intensity of nonverbal pain behaviors among African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic older adults with dementia when screened for pain by certified nursing assistants. Six certified nursing assistants were trained to review and score 28 video recordings of subjects with dementia for nonverbal pain behaviors using the Non-Communicative Patient's Pain Assessment Instrument. Chi-square was used to examine <span class="hlt">differences</span> among ethnic groups with regard to the display of nonverbal pain behaviors, and ANOVA was used to evaluate <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the intensity of overall pain across ethnic groups. Of the 168 assessments, pain words (28%), pain noises (29.8%), and pain faces (28%) were <span class="hlt">observed</span> most often as indicators of pain. Rubbing, bracing, and restlessness were rarely noted. Chi-square analysis revealed ethnic <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the expression of pain words (χ(2) = 19.167, p < .001). No significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> were noted across ethnic groups with regards to overall pain intensity. These findings are the first to examine ethnic <span class="hlt">differences</span> in nonverbal pain behaviors for older adults with dementia. However, future work should examine assessment tendencies of providers in a larger, more diverse sample. Copyright © 2015 American Society for Pain Management Nursing. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5072074','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5072074"><span>Evaluation of Xerostomia in <span class="hlt">Different</span> Psychological Disorders: An <span class="hlt">Observational</span> Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chandrappa, Pramod Redder; Patil, Snehal; Roodmal, Seema Yadav; Kumarswamy, Akshay; Chappi, Mounesh Kumar</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Introduction Psychiatric diseases like anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorders are increasing at an alarming rate. These diseases can affect the quantity and quality of saliva leading to multiple oral diseases. Although many researchers have evaluated xerostomia in general population, its prevalence is not been assessed in patients suffering from <span class="hlt">different</span> psychological disorders. Aim To investigate the prevalence of xerostomia and to assess the correlation between xerostomia and dryness of lip and mucosa in <span class="hlt">different</span> psychological disorders. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional <span class="hlt">observational</span> study was conducted over a period of six months in Department of Psychiatry and Department of Oral Medicine. Patients with anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, as diagnosed by an experienced psychiatrist, were given a questionnaire to evaluate the xerostomia. Patients with symptoms of xerostomia were subjected to oral examination by a skilled oral diagnostician to check for dryness of lips and mucosa. One hundred patients from each group of psychiatric diseases were included in the study using a consecutive sampling technique. An equal number of healthy individuals reporting to oral medicine department for routine oral screening were included as control group after initial psychiatric evaluation. Results In this study statistically significant increase in the xerostomia in psychiatric patients was recorded when compared to the control group (p<0.01). Xerostomia was significantly higher in anxiety patients (51%) followed by depression (47%), bipolar disorder (41%), schizophrenia (39%) and control group (27%). The majority of the psychiatric patients had ‘moderate’ to ‘severe’ xerostomia whereas the control group had ‘mild’ xerostomia. Xerostomia was significantly higher in younger age group (18–49 years) than in older age group and females patients had higher xerostomia than male patients. Psychiatric patients had</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1213983-feasibility-observing-small-differences-friction-mean-effective-pressure-between-different-lubricating-oil-formations-using-small-single-cylinder-motored-engine-rig','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1213983-feasibility-observing-small-differences-friction-mean-effective-pressure-between-different-lubricating-oil-formations-using-small-single-cylinder-motored-engine-rig"><span>Feasibility of <span class="hlt">observing</span> small <span class="hlt">differences</span> in friction mean effective pressure between <span class="hlt">different</span> lubricating oil formations using small, single-cylinder motored engine rig</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Rohr, William F.; Nguyen, Ke; Bunting, Bruce G.; ...</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>Here, the feasibility of using a motored single-cylinder 517 cc diesel engine to <span class="hlt">observe</span> small frictional <span class="hlt">differences</span> between oil formulations is investigated. Friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) is measured and compared for an SAE 10W-30 and an SAE 5W-20 oil in three stages of production: base oil, commercial oil without a friction and wear reducing additive, and fully formulated commercial oil. In addition, a commercial SAE 5W-30 engine oil is investigated. Friction mean effective pressure is plotted versus oil dynamic viscosity to compare the lubricant FMEP at a given viscosity. Linear regressions and average friction mean effective pressure are usedmore » as a secondary means of comparing FMEP for the various oil formulations. <span class="hlt">Differences</span> between the oils are <span class="hlt">observed</span> with the base oil having higher friction at a given viscosity but a lower average FMEP due to the temperature distribution of the test and lower viscosities reached by the base oil. The commercial oil is shown to have both a higher FMEP at a given viscosity and a higher average FMEP than the commercial oil without a friction and wear reducing additive. The increase in friction for the oil without a friction and wear reduction additive indicates that the operational regime of the engine may be out of the bounds of the optimal regime for the additive or that the additive is more optimized for wear reduction. Results show that it is feasible to <span class="hlt">observe</span> small <span class="hlt">differences</span> in FMEP between lubricating oil formulations using a small, single-cylinder motored engine.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1213983','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1213983"><span>Feasibility of <span class="hlt">observing</span> small <span class="hlt">differences</span> in friction mean effective pressure between <span class="hlt">different</span> lubricating oil formations using small, single-cylinder motored engine rig</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Rohr, William F.; Nguyen, Ke; Bunting, Bruce G.</p> <p></p> <p>Here, the feasibility of using a motored single-cylinder 517 cc diesel engine to <span class="hlt">observe</span> small frictional <span class="hlt">differences</span> between oil formulations is investigated. Friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) is measured and compared for an SAE 10W-30 and an SAE 5W-20 oil in three stages of production: base oil, commercial oil without a friction and wear reducing additive, and fully formulated commercial oil. In addition, a commercial SAE 5W-30 engine oil is investigated. Friction mean effective pressure is plotted versus oil dynamic viscosity to compare the lubricant FMEP at a given viscosity. Linear regressions and average friction mean effective pressure are usedmore » as a secondary means of comparing FMEP for the various oil formulations. <span class="hlt">Differences</span> between the oils are <span class="hlt">observed</span> with the base oil having higher friction at a given viscosity but a lower average FMEP due to the temperature distribution of the test and lower viscosities reached by the base oil. The commercial oil is shown to have both a higher FMEP at a given viscosity and a higher average FMEP than the commercial oil without a friction and wear reducing additive. The increase in friction for the oil without a friction and wear reduction additive indicates that the operational regime of the engine may be out of the bounds of the optimal regime for the additive or that the additive is more optimized for wear reduction. Results show that it is feasible to <span class="hlt">observe</span> small <span class="hlt">differences</span> in FMEP between lubricating oil formulations using a small, single-cylinder motored engine.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA474361','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA474361"><span>Understanding Recent Variability in the Arctic Sea Ice Cover -- Synthesis of Model Results and <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2007-09-01</p> <p>ARCTIC SEA ICE RESEARCH The effects of global warming on the Arctic Ocean finally gained the American public’s full attention in early 2007 with the...Arctic (Brass, 2002). The <span class="hlt">observed</span> global warming trend is most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the higher latitudes due to an effect known as the snow/ice-albedo...due to increased melting thus exposing greater areas of lower albedo land and open water areas. The effect of global warming will result in a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12000778','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12000778"><span>Costs and cost-effectiveness of <span class="hlt">different</span> DOT strategies for the treatment of tuberculosis in Pakistan. Directly <span class="hlt">Observed</span> Treatment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Khan, M A; Walley, J D; Witter, S N; Imran, A; Safdar, N</p> <p>2002-06-01</p> <p>An economic study was conducted alongside a clinical trial at three sites in Pakistan to establish the costs and effectiveness of <span class="hlt">different</span> strategies for implementing directly <span class="hlt">observed</span> treatment (DOT) for tuberculosis. Patients were randomly allocated to one of three arms: DOTS with direct <span class="hlt">observation</span> by health workers (at health centres or by community health workers); DOTS with direct <span class="hlt">observation</span> by family members; and DOTS without direct <span class="hlt">observation</span>. The clinical trial found no statistically significant <span class="hlt">difference</span> in cure rate for the <span class="hlt">different</span> arms. The economic study collected data on the full range of health service costs and patient costs of the <span class="hlt">different</span> treatment arms. Data were also disaggregated by gender, rural and urban patients, by treatment site and by economic categories, to investigate the costs of the <span class="hlt">different</span> strategies, their cost-effectiveness and the impact that they might have on patient compliance with treatment. The study found that direct <span class="hlt">observation</span> by health centre-based health workers was the least cost-effective of the strategies tested (US dollars 310 per case cured). This is an interesting result, as this is the model recommended by the World Health Organization and International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Attending health centres daily during the first 2 months generated high patient costs (direct and in terms of time lost), yet cure rates for this group fell below those of the non-<span class="hlt">observed</span> group (58%, compared with 62%). One factor suggested by this study is that the high costs of attending may be deterring patients, and in particular, economically active patients who have most to lose from the time taken by direct <span class="hlt">observation</span>. Without stronger evidence of benefits, it is hard to justify the costs to health services and patients that this type of direct <span class="hlt">observation</span> imposes. The self-administered group came out as most cost-effective (164 dollars per case cured). The community health worker sub-group achieved the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998DPS....30.0603S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998DPS....30.0603S"><span>The Dust Cycle <span class="hlt">Observed</span> by Pathfinder</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Smith, P. H.; Lemmon, M. T.; Tomasko, M. G.</p> <p>1998-09-01</p> <p>The Imager for Mars Pathfinder <span class="hlt">observed</span> the Sun through special filters nearly every sol throughout the 83 sol mission; a total of 1733 images of the Sun have been obtained. Optical depths at four wavelengths (450, 670, 883, and 989 nm) steadily increased from 0.4 to 0.6 during the mission (Ls 145-185). Comparing <span class="hlt">observations</span> taken in the morning to those from the afternoon shows a general variability with the morning haze being somewhat thicker by 0.1 optical depths. Typically, the trend is more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the blue wavelength band; we interpret this to be the influence of a high level haze of water ice crystals that forms in the early morning and evaporates during the day. Small, Rayleigh scattering crystals explains the spectral signature that we measure. It may be that this upper haze layer is associated with the small, ice crystals seen by Mariner 9, the Viking orbiters, and the Phobos orbiter. UV images taken by HST show strong limb brightening that can be explained by this high level ice. Calculations of the haze lifetimes given the sedimentation rates measured from the Rover's solar panels and the magnetic targets, suggest that the haze should completely deposit onto the surface within 120 days. A primary mechanism for replenishing the haze may be the dust devils that were <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the sol 11 gallery pan.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ASPC..478..145S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ASPC..478..145S"><span><span class="hlt">Differences</span> of the Solar Magnetic Activity Signature in Velocity and Intensity Helioseismic <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Salabert, D.; García, R. A.; Jiménez, A.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The high-quality, full-disk helioseismic <span class="hlt">observations</span> continuously collected by the spectrophotometer GOLF and the three photometers VIRGO/SPMs onboard the SoHO spacecraft for 17 years now (since April 11, 1996, apart from the SoHO “vacations”) are absolutely unique for the study of the interior of the Sun and its variability with magnetic activity. Here, we look at the <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the low-degree oscillation p-mode frequencies between radial velocity and intensity measurements taking into account all the known features of the p-mode profiles (e.g., the opposite peak asymmetry), and of the power spectrum (e.g., the presence of the higher degrees ℓ = 4 and 5 in the signal). We show that the intensity frequencies are higher than the velocity frequencies during the solar cycle with a clear temporal dependence. The response between the individual angular degrees is also <span class="hlt">different</span>. Time delays are <span class="hlt">observed</span> between the temporal variations in GOLF and VIRGO frequencies. Such analysis is important in order to put new constraints and to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the temporal variations of the oscillation frequencies with the solar magnetic activity as well as their height dependences in the solar atmosphere. It is also important for the study of the stellar magnetic activity using asteroseismic data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.4880C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.4880C"><span>Global long-term ozone trends derived from <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> and modelled data sets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Coldewey-Egbers, M.; Loyola, D.; Zimmer, W.; van Roozendael, M.; Lerot, C.; Dameris, M.; Garny, H.; Braesicke, P.; Koukouli, M.; Balis, D.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>The long-term behaviour of stratospheric ozone amounts during the past three decades is investigated on a global scale using <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> and modelled data sets. Three European satellite sensors GOME/ERS-2, SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT, and GOME-2/METOP are combined and a merged global monthly mean total ozone product has been prepared using an inter-satellite calibration approach. The data set covers the 16-years period from June 1995 to June 2011 and it exhibits an excellent long-term stability, which is required for such trend studies. A multiple linear least-squares regression algorithm using <span class="hlt">different</span> explanatory variables is applied to the time series and statistically significant positive trends are detected in the northern mid latitudes and subtropics. Global trends are also estimated using a second satellite-based Merged Ozone Data set (MOD) provided by NASA. For few selected geographical regions ozone trends are additionally calculated using well-maintained measurements of individual Dobson/Brewer ground-based instruments. A reasonable agreement in the spatial patterns of the trends is found amongst the European satellite, the NASA satellite, and the ground-based <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Furthermore, two long-term simulations obtained with the Chemistry-Climate Models E39C-A provided by German Aerospace Center and UMUKCA-UCAM provided by University of Cambridge are analysed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930007142','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930007142"><span>The 19 mm data recorders similarities and <span class="hlt">differences</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Atkinson, Steve</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Confusion over the use of non-video 19 mm data recorders is becoming more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> as we enter the world of high performance computing. This paper addresses the following: the <span class="hlt">differences</span> between ID-1, ID-2, MIL-STD-2179 and DD-2; what the proper machine is for various applications; how the machine can be integrated into an environment; and any misconceptions there might be about 19 mm tape recorders. DD-2 and 19 mm instrumentation recorders have missions for which each is well designed. While the <span class="hlt">differences</span> may appear subtle, understanding the <span class="hlt">difference</span> between the two is the key to picking the right recorder for a particular application.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27453613','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27453613"><span>Female disability disadvantage: a global perspective on sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in physical function and disability.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wheaton, Felicia V; Crimmins, Eileen M</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>The objectives were to determine whether women always fare more poorly in terms of physical function and disability across countries that vary widely in terms of their level of development, epidemiologic context and level of gender equality. Sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in self-reported and objective measures of disability and physical function were compared among older adults aged 55-85 in the United States of America, Taiwan, Korea, Mexico, China, Indonesia and among the Tsimane of Bolivia using population-based studies collected between 2001 and 2011. Data were analysed using logistic and ordinary least-squares regression. Confidence intervals were examined to see whether the effect of being female <span class="hlt">differed</span> significantly between countries. In all countries, women had consistently worse physical functioning (both self-reported and objectively measured). Women also tended to report more difficulty with activities of daily living (ADL), although <span class="hlt">differences</span> were not always significant. In general, sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> across measures were less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in China. In Korea, women had significantly lower grip strength, but sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in ADL difficulty were non-significant or even reversed. Education and marital status helped explain sex <span class="hlt">differences</span>. Overall, there was striking similarity in the magnitude and direction of sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> across countries despite considerable <span class="hlt">differences</span> in context, although modest variations in the effect of sex were <span class="hlt">observed</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70026346','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70026346"><span>Variability of the seasonally integrated normalized <span class="hlt">difference</span> vegetation index across the north slope of Alaska in the 1990s</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Stow, D.; Daeschner, Scott; Hope, A.; Douglas, David C.; Petersen, A.; Myneni, Ranga B.; Zhou, L.; Oechel, W.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>The interannual variability and trend of above-ground photosynthetic activity of Arctic tundra vegetation in the 1990s is examined for the north slope region of Alaska, based on the seasonally integrated normalized <span class="hlt">difference</span> vegetation index (SINDVI) derived from local area coverage (LAC) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. Smaller SINDVI values occurred during the three years (1992-1994) following the volcanic eruption of Mt Pinatubo. Even after implementing corrections for this stratospheric aerosol effect and adjusting for changes in radiometric calibration coefficients, an apparent increasing trend of SINDVI in the 1990s is evident for the entire north slope. The most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> increase was <span class="hlt">observed</span> for the foothills physiographical province.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5792869','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5792869"><span>Exploring the <span class="hlt">difference</span> in xerogels and organogels through in situ <span class="hlt">observation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Li, Zhiming; Wang, Haitao; Li, Min; Ozaki, Yukihiro; Wei, Jue</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Solvent–gelator interactions play a key role in mediating organogel formation and ultimately determine the physico-chemical properties of the organogels and xerogels. The ethanol organogels of 1,4-bis[(3,4,5-trihexyloxy phenyl)hydrazide]phenylene (TC6) were investigated in situ by FT-IR, Raman and fluorescence spectra, and XRD, and it was confirmed that the intermolecular interaction and aggregation structure of TC6 ethanol organogels were quite <span class="hlt">different</span> from those of xerogels. Simultaneously, unprecedented phase transition from organogel to suspension upon heating was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in ethanol organogel, and the suspension phase exhibited lytropic liquid crystalline behaviour with a rectangular columnar structure. This study may open the possibility to design new gelators with a new dimension of versatility. PMID:29410792</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.A41E0074B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.A41E0074B"><span>Understanding <span class="hlt">observed</span> and simulated historical temperature trends in California</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bonfils, C. J.; Duffy, P. B.; Santer, B. D.; Lobell, D. B.; Wigley, T. M.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>In our study, we attempt 1) to improve our understanding of <span class="hlt">observed</span> historical temperature trends and their underlying causes in the context of regional detection of climate change and 2) to identify possible neglected forcings and errors in the model response to imposed forcings at the origin of inconsistencies between models and <span class="hlt">observations</span>. From eight <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observational</span> datasets, we estimate California-average temperature trends over 1950- 1999 and compare them to trends from a suite of IPCC control simulations of natural internal climate variability. We find that the substantial night-time warming occurring from January to September is inconsistent with model-based estimates of natural internal climate variability, and thus requires one or more external forcing agents to be explained. In contrast, we find that a significant day-time warming occurs only from January to March. Our confidence in these findings is increased because there is no evidence that the models systematically underestimate noise on interannual and decadal timescales. However, we also find that IPCC simulations of the 20th century that include combined anthropogenic and natural forcings are not able to reproduce such a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> seasonality of the trends. Our first hypothesis is that the warming of Californian winters over the second half of the twentieth century is associated with changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation that are likely to be human-induced. This circulation change is underestimated in the historical simulations, which may explain why the simulated warming of Californian winters is too weak. We also hypothesize that the lack of a detectable <span class="hlt">observed</span> increase in summertime maximum temperature arises from a cooling associated with large-scale irrigation. This cooling may have, until now, counteracted the warming induced by increasing greenhouse gases and urbanization effects. Omitting to include this forcing in the simulations can result in overestimating the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.2182S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.2182S"><span>Characteristics and Limitations of Submerged GPS L1 <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Steiner, Ladina; Geiger, Alain</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Extensive amount of water stored in snow covers has a high impact on flood development during snow melting periods. Early assessment of these parameters in mountain environments enhance early-warning and thus prevention of major impacts. Sub-snow GNSS techniques are lately suggested to determine liquid water content, snow water equivalent or considered for avalanche rescue. This technique is affordable, flexible, and provides accurate and continuous <span class="hlt">observations</span> independent on weather conditions. However, the characteristics of GNSS <span class="hlt">observations</span> for applications within a snow-pack still need to be further investigated. The magnitude of the main interaction processes involved for the GPS wavelength propagating through <span class="hlt">different</span> layers of snow, ice or water is theoretically examined. Liquid water exerts the largest influence on GPS signal propagation through a snow-pack. Therefore, we focus on determining the characteristics of GNSS <span class="hlt">observables</span> under water. An experiment was set-up to investigate the characteristics and limitations of submerged GPS <span class="hlt">observations</span> using a pool, a level control by communicating pipes, a geodetic and a low-cost GPS antenna, and a water level sensor. The GPS antennas were placed into the water. The water level was increased daily by a step of two millimeters up to thirty millimeters above the antenna. Based on this experiment, the signal penetration depth, satellite availability, the attenuation of signal strength and the quality of solutions are analyzed. Our experimental results show an agreement with the theoretically derived attenuation parameter and signal penetration depth. The assumption of water as the limiting parameter for GPS <span class="hlt">observations</span> within a snow-pack can be confirmed. Higher wetness in a snow-pack leads to less transmission, higher refraction, higher attenuation and thus a decreased penetration depth as well as a reduced quality of the solutions. In consequence, GPS applications within a snow-pack are heavily impacted by</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3681150','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3681150"><span>Assessment of Evapotranspiration and Soil Moisture Content Across <span class="hlt">Different</span> Scales of <span class="hlt">Observation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Verstraeten, Willem W.; Veroustraete, Frank; Feyen, Jan</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The proper assessment of evapotranspiration and soil moisture content are fundamental in food security research, land management, pollution detection, nutrient flows, (wild-) fire detection, (desert) locust, carbon balance as well as hydrological modelling; etc. This paper takes an extensive, though not exhaustive sample of international scientific literature to discuss <span class="hlt">different</span> approaches to estimate land surface and ecosystem related evapotranspiration and soil moisture content. This review presents: (i)a summary of the generally accepted cohesion theory of plant water uptake and transport including a shortlist of meteorological and plant factors influencing plant transpiration;(ii)a summary on evapotranspiration assessment at <span class="hlt">different</span> scales of <span class="hlt">observation</span> (sap-flow, porometer, lysimeter, field and catchment water balance, Bowen ratio, scintillometer, eddy correlation, Penman-Monteith and related approaches);(iii)a summary on data assimilation schemes conceived to estimate evapotranspiration using optical and thermal remote sensing; and(iv)for soil moisture content, a summary on soil moisture retrieval techniques at <span class="hlt">different</span> spatial and temporal scales is presented. Concluding remarks on the best available approaches to assess evapotranspiration and soil moisture content with and emphasis on remote sensing data assimilation, are provided. PMID:27879697</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123..768M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123..768M"><span>Interminimum foF1 <span class="hlt">Differences</span> and Their Physical Interpretation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mikhailov, A. V.; Perrone, L.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Interminimum changes of June noontime monthly median <fi>f</fi><fi>o</fi><fi>F</fi>1 were analyzed for European and Japanese ionosonde stations over the period of five (Moscow six) solar cycles. The magnitude of these changes is <span class="hlt">different</span> at <span class="hlt">different</span> stations and depends on the solar minima considered. In particular, both European and Japanese stations manifest a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> <fi>f</fi><fi>o</fi><fi>F</fi>1 change between 1996/1997 and 2008/2009 solar minima, the latter being the deepest one. For the first time, the total EUV solar flux with <fi>λ</fi> ≤ 1,050 Å has been retrieved for the 1946-2015 period using <span class="hlt">observed</span> June monthly median <fi>f</fi><fi>o</fi><fi>F</fi>1. The deep solar minimum in 2008/2009 was the lowest one among the last six solar cycles comparing the retrieved EUV. The change from 1996/1997 to 2008/2009 in the retrieved EUV is 2.0%, and this is much less than the <span class="hlt">difference</span> of 10-12% being discussed in the literature. A 10% interminimum change in the total EUV flux results in neutral temperature and gas density, which are larger in 2008 than in 1996, and this contradicts the satellite drag neutral gas density <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The mechanism of <fi>f</fi><fi>o</fi><fi>F</fi>1 interminimum changes is based on an interplay between molecular (NO+ and O2+) and O+ ions. The main contribution (>72%) to the interminimum <fi>N</fi><fi>m</fi><fi>F</fi>1 change provides [M+] ions via the total ion production rate variation, the rest is provided via O+ ions. The absence (or inversed) <span class="hlt">difference</span> in <fi>f</fi><fi>o</fi><fi>F</fi>1 between 1996 and 2008 minima implies that neutral temperature and density are larger in 2008 than in 1996, and this contradicts the satellite drag <span class="hlt">observations</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26419841','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26419841"><span>Differential Effects of HRAS Mutation on LTP-Like Activity Induced by <span class="hlt">Different</span> Protocols of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dileone, Michele; Ranieri, Federico; Florio, Lucia; Capone, Fioravante; Musumeci, Gabriella; Leoni, Chiara; Mordillo-Mateos, Laura; Tartaglia, Marco; Zampino, Giuseppe; Di Lazzaro, Vincenzo</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Costello syndrome (CS) is a rare congenital disorder due to a G12S amino acid substitution in HRAS protoncogene. Previous studies have shown that Paired Associative Stimulation (PAS), a repetitive brain stimulation protocol inducing motor cortex plasticity by coupling peripheral nerve stimulation with brain stimulation, leads to an extremely <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> motor cortex excitability increase in CS patients. Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation (iTBS) represents a protocol able to induce motor cortex plasticity by trains of stimuli at 50 Hz. In healthy subjects PAS and iTBS produce similar after-effects in motor cortex excitability. Experimental models showed that HRAS-dependent signalling pathways <span class="hlt">differently</span> affect LTP induced by <span class="hlt">different</span> patterns of repetitive synaptic stimulation. We aimed to compare iTBS-induced after-effects on motor cortex excitability with those produced by PAS in CS patients and to <span class="hlt">observe</span> whether HRAS mutation differentially affects two <span class="hlt">different</span> forms of neuromodulation protocols. We evaluated in vivo after-effects induced by PAS and iTBS applied over the right motor cortex in 4 CS patients and in 21 healthy age-matched controls. Our findings confirmed HRAS-dependent extremely <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> PAS-induced after-effects and showed for the first time that iTBS induces no change in MEP amplitude in CS patients whereas both protocols lead to an increase of about 50% in controls. CS patients are characterized by an impairment of iTBS-related LTP-like phenomena besides enhanced PAS-induced after-effects, suggesting that HRAS-dependent signalling pathways have a differential influence on PAS- and iTBS-induced plasticity in humans. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102051','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102051"><span>Position-related <span class="hlt">differences</span> in selected morphological body characteristics of top-level handball players.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sibila, Marko; Pori, Primoz</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>We aimed to establish the main morphological characteristics of Slovenian junior and senior national handball team players. Morphological characteristics for various player subgroups (goalkeepers, wings, back players and pivots) were also determined so as to establish whether they had distinct profiles. The subjects were 78 handball players who were members of the Slovenian junior and senior national team in the period from 2000 to 2007. A standardised anthropometric protocol was used to assess the subjects' morphological characteristics. The measurements included 23 <span class="hlt">different</span> anthropometric measures. Data were processed with the SPSS computer programme. First, basic statistical characteristics of anthropometric measures were obtained for all subjects together and then for each group separately. Somatotypes were determined using Heath-Carter's method. Endomorphic, mesomorphic and ectomorphic components were calculated by computer on the basis of formulas. In order to determine <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the body composition and anthropometric data of the subjects playing in <span class="hlt">different</span> positions, a one-way analysis of variance was employed. The results show that on average the wings <span class="hlt">differ</span> the most from the other player groups in terms of their morphological body characteristics. The values of their body height, body mass and the quantity of subcutaneous fat are statistically significantly lower than those of players in the other groups. Goalkeepers are relatively tall, with high values of body mass and low values of transuersal measures. Their skin folds are the most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> among all groups on average and their share of subcutaneous fat in total body mass is the highest. Consequently, their endomorphic component of the somatotype is <span class="hlt">pronounced</span>. Pivots and back players are becoming increasingly similar in terms of their morphological body characteristics. Pivots maintain greater robustness, have a higher quantity of muscle mass as well as more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> transversal measures</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10097024','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10097024"><span>Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in opinions and practices with regard to a "healthy diet".</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fagerli, R A; Wandel, M</p> <p>1999-04-01</p> <p>Socio-cultural theories about gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> with regard to food and health constitute the point of departure for this paper, which is based on data from two representative surveys in the Norwegian population. Both were carried out in the autumn of 1994; the first with 1050, the second with 13 200 respondents above 15 years of age. The surveys included questions on: (1) opinions on food and health related issues; (2) self reported dietary changes during the last 3 years prior to the study; (3) frequency of consumption of selected foods. Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> are analysed and related to various socio-economic variables. Such <span class="hlt">differences</span>, although not as <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> as expected, were found for most of the aspects studied. The responses from women were less related to socio-economic variables than those of men, both concerning opinions on what constitutes a healthy diet, and frequency of consumption of some foods (vegetables, fruits and dairy products). Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> between than within socio-economic groups. In line with theories about women's higher health consciousness, women in general reported dietary changes corresponding to the dietary recommendations, and may also have learned more about health than men through their choice of information sources. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011FrMS....5..358L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011FrMS....5..358L"><span>Various fates of neuronal progenitor cells <span class="hlt">observed</span> on several <span class="hlt">different</span> chemical functional groups</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Xi; Wang, Ying; He, Jin; Wang, Xiu-Mei; Cui, Fu-Zhai; Xu, Quan-Yuan</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Neuronal progenitor cells cultured on gold-coated glass surfaces modified by <span class="hlt">different</span> chemical functional groups, including hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2), bromo (-Br), mercapto (-SH), - Phenyl and methyl (-CH3), were studied here to investigate the influence of surface chemistry on the cells' adhesion, morphology, proliferation and functional gene expression. Focal adhesion staining indicated in the initial culture stage cells exhibited morphological changes in response to <span class="hlt">different</span> chemical functional groups. Cells cultured on -NH2 grafted surface displayed focal adhesion plaque and flattened morphology and had the largest contact area. However, their counter parts on -CH3 grafted surface displayed no focal adhesion and rounded morphology and had the smallest contact area. After 6 days culture, the proliferation trend was as follows: -NH2 > -SH> -COOH> - Phenyl > - Br > -OH> -CH3. To determine the neural functional properties of the cells affected by surface chemistry, the expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67), nerve growth factor (NGF) and brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were characterized. An increase of GAD67 expression was <span class="hlt">observed</span> on -NH2, -COOH and -SH grafted surfaces, while no increase in NGF and BDNF expression was <span class="hlt">observed</span> on any chemical surfaces. These results highlight the importance of surface chemistry in the fate determination of neuronal progenitor cells, and suggest that surface chemistry must be considered in the design of biomaterials for neural tissue engineering.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IzAOP..53..724D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IzAOP..53..724D"><span>On the Diurnal Periodicity of Representative Earthquakes in Greece: Comparison of Data from <span class="hlt">Different</span> <span class="hlt">Observation</span> Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Desherevskii, A. V.; Sidorin, A. Ya.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Due to the initiation of the Hellenic Unified Seismic Network (HUSN) in late 2007, the quality of <span class="hlt">observation</span> significantly improved by 2011. For example, the representative magnitude level considerably has decreased and the number of annually recorded events has increased. The new <span class="hlt">observational</span> system highly expanded the possibilities for studying regularities in seismicity. In view of this, the authors revisited their studies of the diurnal periodicity of representative earthquakes in Greece that was revealed earlier in the earthquake catalog before 2011. We use 18 samples of earthquakes of <span class="hlt">different</span> magnitudes taken from the catalog of Greek earthquakes from 2011 to June 2016 to derive a series of the number of earthquakes for each of them and calculate its average diurnal course. To increase the reliability of the results, we compared the data for two regions. With a high degree of statistical significance, we have obtained that no diurnal periodicity can be found for strongly representative earthquakes. This finding <span class="hlt">differs</span> from the estimates obtained earlier from an analysis of the catalog of earthquakes at the same area for 1995-2004 and 2005-2010, i.e., before the initiation of the Hellenic Unified Seismic Network. The new results are consistent with the hypothesis of noise discrimination (<span class="hlt">observational</span> selection) explaining the cause of the diurnal variation of earthquakes with <span class="hlt">different</span> sensitivity of the seismic network in daytime and nighttime periods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930005853','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930005853"><span>The 19 mm date recorders: Similarities and <span class="hlt">differences</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Atkinson, Steve</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Confusion over the use of non-video 19 mm data recorders is becoming more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the world of high performance computing. The following issues are addressed: (1) the <span class="hlt">difference</span> between ID-1, ID-2, MIL-STD-2179, and DD-2; (2) the proper machine for the necessary application; and (3) integrating the machine into an existing environment. Also, an attempt is made to clear up any misconceptions there might be about 19 mm tape recorders.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800060062&hterms=infinite+sea&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DThe%2Binfinite%2Bsea','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800060062&hterms=infinite+sea&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DThe%2Binfinite%2Bsea"><span>Microwave radiometric aircraft <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the Fabry-Perot interference fringes of an ice-water system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Harrington, R. F.; Swift, C. T.; Fedors, J. C.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Airborne stepped-frequency microwave radiometer (SFMR) <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the Fabry-Perot interference fringes of ice-water systems are discussed. The microwave emissivity at normal incidence of a smooth layered dielectric medium over a semi-infinite dielectric medium is examined for the case of ice over water as a function of ice thickness and attenuation coefficient, and the presence of quarter-wavelength oscillations in emissivity as the ice thickness and frequency are varied is pointed out. Experimental <span class="hlt">observations</span> of <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> quarter-wavelength oscillations in radiometric brightness temperature due to the Fabry-Perot interference fringes over smooth sea ice and lake ice varying in roughness as the radiometer frequencies were scanned are then presented.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3220692','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3220692"><span>Do Patterns of Bacterial Diversity along Salinity Gradients <span class="hlt">Differ</span> from Those <span class="hlt">Observed</span> for Macroorganisms?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhang, Yong; Shen, Ji; van der Gast, Christopher; Hahn, Martin W.; Wu, Qinglong</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>It is widely accepted that biodiversity is lower in more extreme environments. In this study, we sought to determine whether this trend, well documented for macroorganisms, also holds at the microbial level for bacteria. We used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) with phylum-specific primers to quantify the taxon richness (i.e., the DGGE band numbers) of the bacterioplankton communities of 32 pristine Tibetan lakes that represent a broad salinity range (freshwater to hypersaline). For the lakes investigated, salinity was found to be the environmental variable with the strongest influence on the bacterial community composition. We found that the bacterial taxon richness in freshwater habitats increased with increasing salinity up to a value of 1‰. In saline systems (systems with >1‰ salinity), the expected decrease of taxon richness along a gradient of further increasing salinity was not <span class="hlt">observed</span>. These patterns were consistently <span class="hlt">observed</span> for two sets of samples taken in two <span class="hlt">different</span> years. A comparison of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries revealed that the bacterial community of the lake with the highest salinity was characterized by a higher recent accelerated diversification than the community of a freshwater lake, whereas the phylogenetic diversity in the hypersaline lake was lower than that in the freshwater lake. These results suggest that <span class="hlt">different</span> evolutionary forces may act on bacterial populations in freshwater and hypersaline lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, potentially resulting in <span class="hlt">different</span> community structures and diversity patterns. PMID:22125616</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23695334','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23695334"><span>Analysis of multidimensional <span class="hlt">difference</span>-of-Gaussians filters in terms of directly <span class="hlt">observable</span> parameters.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cope, Davis; Blakeslee, Barbara; McCourt, Mark E</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">difference</span>-of-Gaussians (DOG) filter is a widely used model for the receptive field of neurons in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and is a potential model in general for responses modulated by an excitatory center with an inhibitory surrounding region. A DOG filter is defined by three standard parameters: the center and surround sigmas (which define the variance of the radially symmetric Gaussians) and the balance (which defines the linear combination of the two Gaussians). These parameters are not directly <span class="hlt">observable</span> and are typically determined by nonlinear parameter estimation methods applied to the frequency response function. DOG filters show both low-pass (optimal response at zero frequency) and bandpass (optimal response at a nonzero frequency) behavior. This paper reformulates the DOG filter in terms of a directly <span class="hlt">observable</span> parameter, the zero-crossing radius, and two new (but not directly <span class="hlt">observable</span>) parameters. In the two-dimensional parameter space, the exact region corresponding to bandpass behavior is determined. A detailed description of the frequency response characteristics of the DOG filter is obtained. It is also found that the directly <span class="hlt">observable</span> optimal frequency and optimal gain (the ratio of the response at optimal frequency to the response at zero frequency) provide an alternate coordinate system for the bandpass region. Altogether, the DOG filter and its three standard implicit parameters can be determined by three directly <span class="hlt">observable</span> values. The two-dimensional bandpass region is a potential tool for the analysis of populations of DOG filters (for example, populations of neurons in the retina or LGN), because the clustering of points in this parameter space may indicate an underlying organizational principle. This paper concentrates on circular Gaussians, but the results generalize to multidimensional radially symmetric Gaussians and are given as an appendix.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16768578','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16768578"><span>How do health and biological age influence chronological age and sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in cognitive aging: moderating, mediating, or both?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wahlin, Ake; MacDonald, Stuart W S; deFrias, Cindy M; Nilsson, Lars-Göran; Dixon, Roger A</p> <p>2006-06-01</p> <p>Much research on cognitive competence in normal older adults has documented age and sex <span class="hlt">differences</span>. The authors used new cross-sectional data from the Victoria Longitudinal Study (VLS) (n=386; age 61 to 95 years) to examine how health and biological age influence age and sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in cognitive aging. The authors found evidence for both moderating and mediating influences. Age <span class="hlt">differences</span> were moderated by health status, such that the negative effects of age were most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> among participants of relatively better health. Sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> were moderated by health and were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> among participants reporting comparatively poorer health. Although health mediated a notable amount of age-related cognitive variation, BioAge mediated considerably more variance, even after statistical control for <span class="hlt">differences</span> in health. A complex pattern emerged for the mediation of sex <span class="hlt">differences</span>: Although BioAge accounted for sex-related variation in cognitive performance, health operated to suppress these <span class="hlt">differences</span>. Overall, both health and BioAge predicted cognitive variation independently of chronological age. Copyright (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140011680','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140011680"><span><span class="hlt">Observed</span> Properties of Giant Cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hathaway, David H.; Upton, Lisa; Colegrove, Owen</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The existence of Giant Cells has been suggested by both theory and <span class="hlt">observation</span> for over 45 years. We have tracked the motions of supergranules in SDO/HMI Doppler velocity data and find larger (Giant Cell) flows that persist for months. The flows in these cells are clockwise around centers of divergence in the north and counter-clockwise in the south. Equatorward flows are correlated with prograde flows - giving the transport of angular momentum toward the equator that is needed to maintain the Sun's rapid equatorial rotation. The cells are most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> at mid- and high-latitudes where they exhibit the rotation rates representative of those latitudes. These are clearly large, long-lived, cellular features, with the dynamical characteristics expected from the effects of the Sun's rotation, but the shapes of the cells are not well represented in numerical models. While the Giant Cell flow velocities are small (<10 m/s), their long lifetimes should nonetheless substantially impact the transport of magnetic flux in the Sun's near surface layers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080032454&hterms=zero+one&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dzero%2Bone','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080032454&hterms=zero+one&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dzero%2Bone"><span>Joint XMM-Newton, Chandra, and RXTE <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Cyg X-1 at Phase Zero</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pottschmidt, Katja</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>We present first results of simultaneous <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the high mass X-ray binary Cyg X-1 for 50 ks with XMM-Newton, Chandra-HETGS and RXTE in 2008 April. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> are centered on phase 0 of the 5.6 d orbit when <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> dips in the X-ray emission from the black hole are known to occur. The dips are due to highly variable absorption in the accretion stream from the O-star companion to the black hole. Compared to previous high resolution spectroscopy studies of the dip and non-dip emission with Chandra, the addition of XMM-Newton data allows for a better determination of the continuum, especially through the broad iron line region (with RXTE constraining the greater than 10 keV continuum).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21279634','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21279634"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> learning versus physical practice leads to <span class="hlt">different</span> consolidation outcomes in a movement timing task.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Trempe, Maxime; Sabourin, Maxime; Rohbanfard, Hassan; Proteau, Luc</p> <p>2011-03-01</p> <p>Motor learning is a process that extends beyond training sessions. Specifically, physical practice triggers a series of physiological changes in the CNS that are regrouped under the term "consolidation" (Stickgold and Walker 2007). These changes can result in between-session improvement or performance stabilization (Walker 2005). In a series of three experiments, we tested whether consolidation also occurs following <span class="hlt">observation</span>. In Experiment 1, participants <span class="hlt">observed</span> an expert model perform a sequence of arm movements. Although we found evidence of <span class="hlt">observation</span> learning, no significant <span class="hlt">difference</span> was revealed between participants asked to reproduce the <span class="hlt">observed</span> sequence either 5 min or 24 h later (no between-session improvement). In Experiment 2, two groups of participants <span class="hlt">observed</span> an expert model perform two distinct movement sequences (A and B) either 10 min or 8 h apart; participants then physically performed both sequences after a 24-h break. Participants in the 8-h group performed Sequence B less accurately compared to participants in the 5-min group, suggesting that the memory representation of the first sequence had been stabilized and that it interfered with the learning of the second sequence. Finally, in Experiment 3, the initial <span class="hlt">observation</span> phase was replaced by a physical practice phase. In contrast with the results of Experiment 2, participants in the 8-h group performed Sequence B significantly more accurately compared to participants in the 5-min group. Together, our results suggest that the memory representation of a skill learned through <span class="hlt">observation</span> undergoes consolidation. However, consolidation of an <span class="hlt">observed</span> motor skill leads to distinct behavioural outcomes in comparison with physical practice.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.B41E0238K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.B41E0238K"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Drying and Rewetting on Redox Dynamics and C-Turnover in a Northern Temperate fen</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Knorr, K.; Oosterwoud, M.; Blodau, C.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>Covering about 450 million ha of the earth's surface and storing substantial amounts of carbon, peatlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle. In the context of climate change and greenhouse gases, peatlands have gained increasing attention. According to future climate scenarios for temperate regions, higher temperatures and an increasing frequency of extreme weather events causing more frequent drying/rewetting cycles may be expected. However, the effects on carbon turnover in peatlands are not well known. To evaluate the effect of <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> drying/rewetting, three intact cores (60 cm diam., 60 cm depth) from a northern temperate fen were incubated in a climate chamber (15°C; 12h/12h day/night cycle) for 9 months. The plants of one core had been removed, while they were kept on the other two cores (grasses and sedges, few mosses). The water table of all cores was adjusted and kept at 10 cm below surface (70 days, artificial precipitation). Subsequently, two cores were dried out (with and without vegetation) by stopping precipitation, while the third core (with vegetation) was kept at high water table as a control. Within 50 days, the water table dropped ~45 cm. Thereafter, we rewetted (>30 mm d-1) till the water table was back up at 10 cm within 2 days. <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> drying and rewetting had a substantial effect on internal C-turnover and electron acceptor pools. Profiles in CO2/CO32- followed closely the water table rise and drop (2-5 mmol L-1 below, 1-2 mmol L-1 above the water table), whereas methanogenesis lagged behind. While the electron acceptor pool (NO3-, Fe(III), SO42-) was renewed in the upper profile during drying out, there was still some methane detectable above the water table in the main root zone of the vegetated core, indicating anoxic micro-environments. After the rapid rewetting, thermodynamically preferred electron acceptors were consumed first. In the upper layers sulfate was present (>100 mmol L-1) for about 50-70 days before</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JEE....68...99A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JEE....68...99A"><span>Analysis of sensorless control of brushless DC motor using unknown input <span class="hlt">observer</span> with <span class="hlt">different</span> gains</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Astik, Mitesh B.; Bhatt, Praghnesh; Bhalja, Bhavesh R.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>A sensorless control scheme based on an unknown input <span class="hlt">observer</span> is presented in this paper in which back EMF of the Brushless DC Motor (BLDC) is continuously estimated from available line voltages and currents. During negative rotation of motor, actual and estimated speed fail to track the reference speed and if the corrective action is not taken by the <span class="hlt">observer</span>, the motor goes into saturation. To overcome this problem, the speed estimation algorithm has been implemented in this paper to control the dynamic behavior of the motor during negative rotation. The Ackermans method was used to calculate the gains of an unknown input <span class="hlt">observer</span> which is based on the appropriate choice of the eigenvalues in advance. The criteria to choose eigenvalue is to obtain a balance between faster convergence rate and the least noise level. Simulations have been carried out for <span class="hlt">different</span> disturbances such as step changes in motor reference speed and load torque. The comparative simulation results clearly depict that the disturbance effects in actual and estimated responses minimizes as <span class="hlt">observer</span> gain setting increases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10186E..0MA','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10186E..0MA"><span>A study on bulk and skin temperature <span class="hlt">difference</span> using <span class="hlt">observations</span> from Atlantic and Pacific Coastal regions of United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alappattu, Denny P.; Wang, Qing; Yamaguchi, Ryan; Lind, Richard; Reynolds, Mike; Christman, Adam</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Analysis of bulk-skin sea surface temperature (SST) <span class="hlt">difference</span> form the west and east coasts of United States is presented using the data collected from three field experiments. These experiments were conducted at offshore Duck, North Carolina and in the Monterey Bay of the California coastal region. Bulk SST measurements were made using conventional thermistors from a depth of one meter below the sea level. Infrared radiometers were used to measure the surface skin SST. Depending on measurement depth and prevailing conditions, the bulk SST can <span class="hlt">differ</span> from skin SST by few tenths of a degree to O(1°C). <span class="hlt">Difference</span> between bulk and skin SST arise from cools skin and warm layer effects. Bulk-skin SST <span class="hlt">difference</span> (ΔSST) estimated from east coast <span class="hlt">observations</span> varied from -0.46°C to 1.24°C. Here, the bulk SST was higher than skin SST most of the time during the <span class="hlt">observations</span>. This indicates cool skin effect was the dominant factor determining the ΔSST in the east coast. For wind speeds less than 4 m s-1, we also noticed an increase in ΔSST. Additionally, for low winds (<4 m s-1) ΔSST also varied diurnally with the occurrence of generally higher ΔSST in the nighttime in comparison with daytime. Moreover, increase in downwelling longwave radiation reduced the bulk-skin SST <span class="hlt">difference</span>. ΔSST calculated from the <span class="hlt">observation</span> in the Monterey bay varied between 2.3° and -2.3°C. This was higher than the variability ΔSST <span class="hlt">observed</span> at the east coast. Moreover, ΔSST variability <span class="hlt">observed</span> at west coast was independent of wind speed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ArtSa..49..211D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ArtSa..49..211D"><span>Analyzing the Impact of <span class="hlt">Different</span> Pcv Calibration Models on Height Determination Using Gps/Glonass <span class="hlt">Observations</span> from Asg-Eupos Network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dawidowicz, Karol</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The integration of GPS with GLONASS is very important in satellite-based positioning because it can clearly improve reliability and availability. However, unlike GPS, GLONASS satellites transmit signals at <span class="hlt">different</span> frequencies. This results in significant difficulties in modeling and ambiguity resolution for integrated GNSS positioning. There are also some difficulties related to the antenna Phase Center Variations (PCV) problem because, as is well known, the PCV is dependent on the received signal frequency dependent. Thus, processing simultaneous <span class="hlt">observations</span> from <span class="hlt">different</span> positioning systems, e.g. GPS and GLONASS, we can expect complications resulting from the <span class="hlt">different</span> structure of signals and <span class="hlt">differences</span> in satellite constellations. The ASG-EUPOS multifunctional system for precise satellite positioning is a part of the EUPOS project involving countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The number of its users is increasing rapidly. Currently 31 of 101 reference stations are equipped with GPS/GLONASS receivers and the number is still increasing. The aim of this paper is to study the height solution <span class="hlt">differences</span> caused by using <span class="hlt">different</span> PCV calibration models in integrated GPS/GLONASS <span class="hlt">observation</span> processing. Studies were conducted based on the datasets from the ASG-EUPOS network. Since the study was intended to evaluate the impact on height determination from the users' point of view, a so-called "commercial" software was chosen for post-processing. The analysis was done in a baseline mode: 3 days of GNSS data collected with three <span class="hlt">different</span> receivers and antennas were used. For the purposes of research the daily <span class="hlt">observations</span> were divided into <span class="hlt">different</span> sessions with a session length of one hour. The results show that switching between relative and absolute PCV models may cause an obvious effect on height determination. This issue is particularly important when mixed GPS/GLONASS <span class="hlt">observations</span> are post-processed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27879697','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27879697"><span>Assessment of Evapotranspiration and Soil Moisture Content Across <span class="hlt">Different</span> Scales of <span class="hlt">Observation</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Verstraeten, Willem W; Veroustraete, Frank; Feyen, Jan</p> <p>2008-01-09</p> <p>The proper assessment of evapotranspiration and soil moisture content arefundamental in food security research, land management, pollution detection, nutrient flows,(wild-) fire detection, (desert) locust, carbon balance as well as hydrological modelling; etc.This paper takes an extensive, though not exhaustive sample of international scientificliterature to discuss <span class="hlt">different</span> approaches to estimate land surface and ecosystem relatedevapotranspiration and soil moisture content. This review presents:(i) a summary of the generally accepted cohesion theory of plant water uptake andtransport including a shortlist of meteorological and plant factors influencing planttranspiration;(ii) a summary on evapotranspiration assessment at <span class="hlt">different</span> scales of <span class="hlt">observation</span> (sapflow,porometer, lysimeter, field and catchment water balance, Bowen ratio,scintillometer, eddy correlation, Penman-Monteith and related approaches);(iii) a summary on data assimilation schemes conceived to estimate evapotranspirationusing optical and thermal remote sensing; and(iv) for soil moisture content, a summary on soil moisture retrieval techniques atdifferent spatial and temporal scales is presented.Concluding remarks on the best available approaches to assess evapotranspiration and soilmoisture content with and emphasis on remote sensing data assimilation, are provided.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PhST....8...63J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PhST....8...63J"><span>A comparison between the <span class="hlt">observed</span> and predicted Fe II spectrum in <span class="hlt">different</span> plasmas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Johansson, S.</p> <p></p> <p>This paper gives a survey of the spectral distribution of emission lines of Fe II, predicted from a single atomic model. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> between the recorded and the predicted spectrum are discussed in terms of deficiencies of the model and interactions within the emitting plasma. A number of illustrative examples of unexpected features with applications to astrophysics are given. Selective population, due to charge transfer and resonant photo excitation, is elucidated. The future need of more laboratory data for Fe II as regards energy levels and line classification is also discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24848931','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24848931"><span>Urban-rural <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the gene expression profiles of Ghanaian children.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Amoah, A S; Obeng, B B; May, L; Kruize, Y C; Larbi, I A; Kabesch, M; Wilson, M D; Hartgers, F C; Boakye, D A; Yazdanbakhsh, M</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Recent studies indicate that urbanization is having a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> effect on disease patterns in developing countries. To understand the immunological basis of this, we examined mRNA expression in whole blood of genes involved in immune activation and regulation in 151 children aged 5-13 years attending rural, urban low socioeconomic status (SES) and urban high-SES schools in Ghana. Samples were also collected to detect helminth and malaria infections. Marked <span class="hlt">differences</span> in gene expression were <span class="hlt">observed</span> between the rural and urban areas as well as within the urban area. The expression of both interleukin (IL)-10 and programmed cell death protein 1 increased significantly across the schools from urban high SES to urban low SES to rural (P-trend <0.001). Although IL-10 gene expression was significantly elevated in the rural compared with the urban schools (P<0.001), this was not associated with parasitic infection. Significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their signaling genes were seen between the two urban schools. Genetic <span class="hlt">differences</span> could not fully account for the gene expression profiles in the <span class="hlt">different</span> groups as shown by analysis of IL-10, TLR-2 and TLR-4 gene polymorphisms. Immune gene expression patterns are strongly influenced by environmental determinants and may underlie the effects of urbanization seen on health outcomes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AcSpe.143...26E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AcSpe.143...26E"><span>Nanosecond laser-metal ablation at <span class="hlt">different</span> ambient conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Elsied, Ahmed M.; Dieffenbach, Payson C.; Diwakar, Prasoon K.; Hassanein, Ahmed</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Ablation of metals under <span class="hlt">different</span> ambient conditions and laser fluences, was investigated through series of experiments. A 1064 nm, 6 ns Nd:YAG laser was used to ablate 1 mm thick metal targets with laser energy ranging from 2 mJ to 300 mJ. The experiments were designed to study the effect of material properties, laser fluence, ambient gas, and ambient pressure on laser-metal ablation. The first experiment was conducted under vacuum to study the effect of laser fluence and material properties on metal ablation, using a wide range of laser fluences (2 J/cm2 up to 300 J/cm2) and two <span class="hlt">different</span> targets, Al and W. The second experiment was conducted at atmospheric pressure using two <span class="hlt">different</span> ambient gases air and argon, to understand the effect of ambient gas on laser-metal ablation process. The third experiment was conducted at two <span class="hlt">different</span> pressures (10 Torr and 760 Torr) using the same ambient gas to investigate the effect of ambient pressure on laser-metal ablation. To compare the <span class="hlt">different</span> ablation processes, the amount of mass ablated, ablation depth, crater profile and melt formation were measured using White Light Profilometer (WLP). The experimental results show that at low laser fluence: the ablated mass, ablation depth, and height of molten layer follow a logarithmic function of the incident laser fluence. While, at high laser fluence they follow a linear function. This dependence on laser fluence was found to be independent on ambient conditions and irradiated material. The effect of ambient pressure was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> than the effect of ambient gas type. Plasma shielding effect was found to be very <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the presence of ambient gas and led to significant reduction in the total mass ablation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.1346W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.1346W"><span>Low degree Earth's gravity coefficients determined from <span class="hlt">different</span> space geodetic <span class="hlt">observations</span> and climate models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wińska, Małgorzata; Nastula, Jolanta</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Large scale mass redistribution and its transport within the Earth system causes changes in the Earth's rotation in space, gravity field and Earth's ellipsoid shape. These changes are <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the ΔC21, ΔS21, and ΔC20 spherical harmonics gravity coefficients, which are proportional to the mass load-induced Earth rotational excitations. In this study, linear trend, decadal, inter-annual, and seasonal variations of low degree spherical harmonics coefficients of Earth's gravity field, determined from <span class="hlt">different</span> space geodetic techniques, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), satellite laser ranging (SLR), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Earth rotation, and climate models, are examined. In this way, the contribution of each measurement technique to interpreting the low degree surface mass density of the Earth is shown. Especially, we evaluate an usefulness of several climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) to determine the low degree Earth's gravity coefficients using GRACE satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span>. To do that, Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) changes from several CMIP5 climate models are determined and then these simulated data are compared with the GRACE <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Spherical harmonics ΔC21, ΔS21, and ΔC20 changes are calculated as the sum of atmosphere and ocean mass effect (GAC values) taken from GRACE and a land surface hydrological estimate from the selected CMIP5 climate models. Low degree Stokes coefficients of the surface mass density determined from GRACE, SLR, GNSS, Earth rotation measurements and climate models are compared to each other in order to assess their consistency. The comparison is done by using <span class="hlt">different</span> types of statistical and signal processing methods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PEPI..261..187K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PEPI..261..187K"><span>On <span class="hlt">observation</span> of local strong heterogeneity in the Earth's inner core below southeastern Asia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krasnoshchekov, D. N.; Kaazik, P. B.; Ovtchinnikov, V. M.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The dimensions and nature of multi-scale structural heterogeneities in the Earth's inner core (IC) provide important constraints on its mineralogy and formation history. Teleseismic body waves with turn points close to the inner core boundary (ICB) provide a unique tool for imaging the fine structure of the upper IC. In this study, we invoke differential travel times and amplitudes of PKPBC and PKPDF waveforms <span class="hlt">observed</span> in crossing polar and equatorial paths to provide more constraints on the heterogeneity previously located in the quasi-eastern hemisphere of the IC (Kaazik et al., 2015; Krasnoshchekov et al., 2016). A more refined analysis of quasi-polar PKPBC/PKPDF amplitude ratios measured within the heterogeneity indicates that seismic attenuation is both frequency and depth dependent, and its relatively low Q-factor at 1 Hz of approximately 118 tends to grow with depth. Outside the heterogeneity, no <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> polar-equatorial <span class="hlt">differences</span> are <span class="hlt">observed</span>; the estimated Q factor is about twice as large and not directionally dependent. We also analyse new differential travel times of rays that enable sampling of the anomaly at greater depths. The analysis exhibits the polar - equatorial contrasts <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the heterogeneity terminate at approximately 520 km below the ICB, which we interpret to be its bottom. The earlier interpretation of the heterogeneity in terms of strong anisotropic volume amidst the almost isotropic eastern hemisphere of the IC can be retained, and the lower bound of anisotropy strength within the anomaly is determined to be 2%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/marine/marob.htm','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/marine/marob.htm"><span>MAROB Voluntary Marine <span class="hlt">Observation</span> Program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>several ways: 1. By sending in YOTREPs (<span class="hlt">pronounced</span> Yacht Reps) <em>using</em> Pangolin's YOTREP Offshore Reporter Pangolin Software. For documentation on sending YOTREPS/MAROBs <em>using</em> YOTREP Offshore Reporter CLICK HERE 2 . By sending in YOTREPs via WinLink 2000 Global Radio Network, or Sailmail <em>using</em> their AIRMAIL software</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SMat...14.2032G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SMat...14.2032G"><span>Numerical-experimental <span class="hlt">observation</span> of shape bistability of red blood cells flowing in a microchannel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Guckenberger, Achim; Kihm, Alexander; John, Thomas; Wagner, Christian; Gekle, Stephan</p> <p></p> <p>Red blood cells flowing through capillaries assume a wide variety of <span class="hlt">different</span> shapes owing to their high deformability. Predicting the realized shapes is a complex field as they are determined by the intricate interplay between the flow conditions and the membrane mechanics. In this work we construct the shape phase diagram of a single red blood cell with a physiological viscosity ratio flowing in a microchannel. We use both experimental in-vitro measurements as well as 3D numerical simulations to complement the respective other one. Numerically, we have easy control over the initial starting configuration and natural access to the full 3D shape. With this information we obtain the phase diagram as a function of initial position, starting shape and cell velocity. Experimentally, we measure the occurrence frequency of the <span class="hlt">different</span> shapes as a function of the cell velocity to construct the experimental diagram which is in good agreement with the numerical <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Two <span class="hlt">different</span> major shapes are found, namely croissants and slippers. Notably, both shapes show coexistence at low (<1 mm/s) and high velocities (>3 mm/s) while in-between only croissants are stable. This <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> bistability indicates that RBC shapes are not only determined by system parameters such as flow velocity or channel size, but also strongly depend on the initial conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E1398N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016cosp...41E1398N"><span>TEC Longitude <span class="hlt">Difference</span> Using GIMS and the IRI Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Natali, Maria Paula; Meza, Amalia Margarita; Mendoza, Gastón</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>The main geomagnetic field declination has a global distribution with positive and negative values showing maximum east-west <span class="hlt">differences</span> over North America and Oceania and minimum <span class="hlt">differences</span> over America and Asia. Several authors study one or more of these regions using TEC data derived from GNSS <span class="hlt">observations</span> to describe variations in TEC. They reported a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> longitudinal variation respect to zero magnetic declination. One of the important factors that cause the longitude <span class="hlt">difference</span> at mid-latitude is a combined effect of the longitude variations of magnetic declination and the variations of the zonal thermospheric winds with local time. We propose to study this effect using Global Ionospheric Maps (GIMs) and the respective TEC values generated from the International Reference Ionospheric (IRI) model, during a solar cycle, applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Our works is focused over <span class="hlt">different</span> local times and regions at mid-latitude. PCA involves a mathematical procedure that transforms a number of correlated variables into a number of uncorrelated variables using the data itself. The spatial structure of the ionosphere variability and its temporal evolution, together are called modes, and there are ordered according to their percentage of the variability of data from highest to lowest. In this analysis the first mode has more than the 90 % of the variability, representing the nominal behavior of the ionosphere, and the second and third modes are the more important for our analysis, because they show the strong longitudinal variation in the <span class="hlt">different</span> regions using either GIMs or the IRI model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25172723','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25172723"><span>Oxidative stability of n-3-enriched chicken patties under <span class="hlt">different</span> package-atmosphere conditions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Penko, Ana; Polak, Tomaž; Lušnic Polak, Mateja; Požrl, Tomaž; Kakovič, Damir; Žlender, Božidar; Demšar, Lea</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>The oxidation processes were studied in chicken patties, enriched with n-3 fatty acids, after 8days of storage at 4°C, under <span class="hlt">different</span> aerobic conditions, and following heat treatment. Significant effects were seen on lipid and cholesterol oxidation and the sensory qualities for whole flaxseed addition in the chicken feed (i.e., n-3 fatty acid enrichment), and for the <span class="hlt">different</span> package-atmosphere conditions. For the raw chicken patties, n-3 enrichment increased the colour L(∗) values while, after the heat treatment, there were higher thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs), and the rancidity was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span>. In comparison with the low O2 (<0.5%) package-atmosphere condition, O2 enrichment (80%) increased the instrumentally measured colour values, TBARs, total and individual COPs, and the rancidity became <span class="hlt">pronounced</span>. The most suitable package-atmosphere condition of these raw n-3-enriched chicken patties is a very low O2 atmosphere, with or without an O2 scavenger. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020034471&hterms=albert+einstein&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dalbert%2Beinstein','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020034471&hterms=albert+einstein&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dalbert%2Beinstein"><span>Chandra ACIS <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Jovian X-Ray Emission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Garmire, Gordon; Elsner, Ronald; Feigelson, Eric; Ford, Peter; Gladstone, G. Randall; Hurley, Kevin; Metzger, Albert; Waite, J. Hunter, Jr.; Whitaker, Ann F. (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>On November 25 and 26, 1999, the Chandra X-ray spacecraft conducted a set of four 19,000 sec <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Jupiter. The ACIS-S instrument configuration was used for its good low energy efficiency and spatial resolution. An anomalous response was obtained which was subsequently attributed to strong jovian infrared radiation penetrating the detector and piling up spurious events across the entire X-ray range. However, the pre-<span class="hlt">observation</span> establishment of an offsetting bias field has allowed the recovery of data from that portion of Jupiter's disc which remained within the elevated portion of the bias field during the <span class="hlt">observation</span>. This ranges from fewer than 3000 sec to the entire <span class="hlt">observing</span> time for about 10% of the planet. Auroral emission is seen near both poles in each <span class="hlt">observation</span>. The northern aurora ia overall more intense than the southern, consistent with prior Einstein and ROSAT Observatory results. The southern aurora shows more modulation with Jupiter's rotation than the northern. Spatial resolution has been improved by at least a factor of two over prior measurements but convincing evidence of structure has not been seen. Lower latitude emission, first <span class="hlt">observed</span> by ROSAT, is confirmed with flux levels averaging more than a factor of five below peak auroral values. <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> variation in the <span class="hlt">observed</span> emission has occurred over the <span class="hlt">observing</span> period. The spectral response extends from 0.24 keV, below which noise dominates, to about 1.2 keV. For all four <span class="hlt">observations</span> the spectrum is clearly enhanced between 0.45 and 0.85 keV. This is apparently unequivocal evidence that Jupiter's X-ray emission is the result of oxygen and perhaps sulfur ions precipitating into the planet's atmosphere, where they undergo charge exchange interactions. The identification of specific transitions lines in the spectrum is among the ongoing efforts. A bremsstrahlung component has not yet been identified.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.C41B0524P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.C41B0524P"><span><span class="hlt">Observing</span> Recent Changes in the Large-Scale Arctic Energy Budget</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Porter, D. F.; Serreze, M.; Cassano, J.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>Changes in the large-scale energy budget of the Arctic are examined using a variety of next-generation reanalysis and <span class="hlt">observational</span> data. An effort is made to construct a best-guess of the current arctic energy budget using a variety of atmospheric data. For the period of 2000-2005, monthly means from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) data represents the current most-reliable top of atmosphere radiation budget. The remaining components of the energy budget system in the arctic polar cap (defined as 70 degrees North latitude circle), comprising of the vertically-integrated storage and horizontal transports of energy, and net heat transfers between the atmosphere and the subsurface column, are diagnosed using the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis Project (JRA-25) and the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis (NRA). The as then record-setting minimum sea-ice extent during the 2005 melt season is used as a marker of recent changes occurring in the arctic climate system. However, changes in each reanalysis <span class="hlt">differs</span> than the satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span>. In one example, when compared to the 2000-2005 climatology, CERES shows a shift in the peak TOA radiation from July to June in 2005, a change that is absent in the reanalyses and directly attributable to the early and <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> albedo reduction. An earlier peak in TOA radiation can strongly modulate the flux energy convergence from lower latitudes through circulation changes. Here, the energy budget framework provides a simplified view of the pathway through which changes of key component parings occur.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.C11B..03G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFM.C11B..03G"><span><span class="hlt">Observed</span> <span class="hlt">Differences</span> between North American Snow Extent and Snow Depth Variability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ge, Y.; Gong, G.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>Snow extent and snow depth are two related characteristics of a snowpack, but they need not be mutually consistent. <span class="hlt">Differences</span> between these two variables at local scales are readily apparent. However at larger scales which interact with atmospheric circulation and climate, snow extent is typically the variable used, while snow depth is often assumed to be minor and/or mutually consistent compared to snow extent, though this is rarely verified. In this study, a new regional/continental-scale gridded dataset derived from field <span class="hlt">observations</span> is utilized to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between snow extent and snow depth over North America. Various statistical methods are applied to assess the mutual consistency of monthly snow depth vs. snow extent, including correlations, composites and principal components. Results indicate that snow depth variations are significant in their own rights, and that depth and extent anomalies are largely unrelated, especially over broad high latitude regions north of the snowline. In the vicinity of the snowline, where precipitation and ablation can affect both snow extent and snow depth, the two variables vary concurrently, especially in autumn and spring. It is also found that deeper winter snow translates into larger snow-covered area in the subsequent spring/summer season, which suggests a possible influence of winter snow depth on summer climate. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> lack of mutual consistency at continental/regional scales suggests that snowpack depth variations may be of sufficiently large magnitude, spatial scope and temporal duration to influence regional-hemispheric climate, in a manner unrelated to the more extensively studied snow extent variations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8358L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8358L"><span>Assimilation of Sentinel-1 and SMAP <span class="hlt">observations</span> to improve GEOS-5 soil moisture</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lievens, Hans; Reichle, Rolf; Wagner, Wolfgang; De Lannoy, Gabrielle; Liu, Qing; Verhoest, Niko</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The SMAP (Soil Moisture Active and Passive) mission carries an L-band radiometer that provides brightness temperature <span class="hlt">observations</span> at a nominal resolution of 40 km. These radiance <span class="hlt">observations</span> are routinely assimilated into GEOS-5 (Goddard Earth <span class="hlt">Observing</span> System version 5) to generate the SMAP Level 4 Soil Moisture product. The use of C-band radar backscatter <span class="hlt">observations</span> from Sentinel-1 has the potential to add value to the radiance assimilation by increasing the level of spatial detail. The specifications of Sentinel-1 are appealing, particularly its high spatial resolution (5 by 20 m in interferometric wide swath mode) and frequent revisit time (potentially every 3 days for the Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B constellation). However, the shorter wavelength of Sentinel-1 <span class="hlt">observations</span> implies less sensitivity to soil moisture. This study investigates the value of Sentinel-1 data for hydrologic simulations by assimilating the radar <span class="hlt">observations</span> into GEOS-5, either separately from or simultaneously with SMAP radiometer <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The assimilation can be performed if either or both Sentinel-1 or SMAP <span class="hlt">observations</span> are available, and is thus not restricted to synchronised overpasses. To facilitate the assimilation of the radar <span class="hlt">observations</span>, GEOS-5 is coupled to the water cloud model, simulating the radar backscatter as <span class="hlt">observed</span> by Sentinel-1. The innovations, i.e. <span class="hlt">differences</span> between <span class="hlt">observations</span> and simulations, are converted into increments to the model soil moisture state through an Ensemble Kalman Filter. The model runs are performed at 9-km spatial and 3-hourly temporal resolution, over the period from May 2015 to October 2016. The impact of the assimilation on surface and root-zone soil moisture simulations is assessed using in situ measurements from SMAP core validation sites and sparse networks. The assimilation of Sentinel-1 backscatter is found to consistently improve surface and root-zone soil moisture, relative to the open loop (no assimilation). However</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009oeec.book..127D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009oeec.book..127D"><span>Reservoirs for Comets: Compositional <span class="hlt">Differences</span> Based on Infrared <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Disanti, Michael A.; Mumma, Michael J.</p> <p></p> <p>Tracing measured compositions of comets to their origins continues to be of keen interest to cometary scientists and to dynamical modelers of Solar System formation and evolution. This requires building a taxonomy of comets from both present-day dynamical reservoirs: the Kuiper Belt (hereafter KB), sampled through <span class="hlt">observation</span> of ecliptic comets (primarily Jupiter Family comets, or JFCs), and the Oort cloud (OC), represented <span class="hlt">observationally</span> by the long-period comets and by Halley Family comets (HFCs). Because of their short orbital periods, JFCs are subjected to more frequent exposure to solar radiation compared with OC comets. The recent apparitions of the JFCs 9P/Tempel 1 and 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 permitted detailed <span class="hlt">observations</span> of material issuing from below their surfaces—these comets added significantly to the compositional database on this dynamical class, which is under-represented in studies of cometary parent volatiles. This chapter reviews the latest techniques developed for analysis of high-resolution spectral <span class="hlt">observations</span> from ˜2-5 μm, and compares measured abundances of native ices among comets. While no clear compositional delineation can be drawn along dynamical lines, interesting comparisons can be made. The sub-surface composition of comet 9P, as revealed by the Deep Impact ejecta, was similar to the majority of OC comets studied. Meanwhile, 73P was depleted in all native ices except HCN, similar to the disintegrated OC comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR). These results suggest that 73P may have formed in the inner giant planets' region while 9P formed farther out or, alternatively, that both JFCs formed farther from the Sun but with 73P forming later in time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSRv..138..127D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSRv..138..127D"><span>Reservoirs for Comets: Compositional <span class="hlt">Differences</span> Based on Infrared <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Disanti, Michael A.; Mumma, Michael J.</p> <p>2008-07-01</p> <p>Tracing measured compositions of comets to their origins continues to be of keen interest to cometary scientists and to dynamical modelers of Solar System formation and evolution. This requires building a taxonomy of comets from both present-day dynamical reservoirs: the Kuiper Belt (hereafter KB), sampled through <span class="hlt">observation</span> of ecliptic comets (primarily Jupiter Family comets, or JFCs), and the Oort cloud (OC), represented <span class="hlt">observationally</span> by the long-period comets and by Halley Family comets (HFCs). Because of their short orbital periods, JFCs are subjected to more frequent exposure to solar radiation compared with OC comets. The recent apparitions of the JFCs 9P/Tempel 1 and 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 permitted detailed <span class="hlt">observations</span> of material issuing from below their surfaces—these comets added significantly to the compositional database on this dynamical class, which is under-represented in studies of cometary parent volatiles. This chapter reviews the latest techniques developed for analysis of high-resolution spectral <span class="hlt">observations</span> from ˜2 5 μm, and compares measured abundances of native ices among comets. While no clear compositional delineation can be drawn along dynamical lines, interesting comparisons can be made. The sub-surface composition of comet 9P, as revealed by the Deep Impact ejecta, was similar to the majority of OC comets studied. Meanwhile, 73P was depleted in all native ices except HCN, similar to the disintegrated OC comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR). These results suggest that 73P may have formed in the inner giant planets’ region while 9P formed farther out or, alternatively, that both JFCs formed farther from the Sun but with 73P forming later in time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1077199.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1077199.pdf"><span>Gender <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Children's Math Self-Concept in the First Years of Elementary School</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Lindberg, Sven; Linkersdörfer, Janosch; Ehm, Jan-Henning; Hasselhorn, Marcus; Lonnemann, Jan</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>In the course of elementary school, children start to develop an academic self-concept reflecting their motivation, thoughts, and feelings about a specific domain. For the domain of mathematics, gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> can emerge which are characterized by a less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> math self-concept for girls. However, studies are rather sparse regarding the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ITEIS.131..182N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ITEIS.131..182N"><span>A Study on Feature of Eye Tracking in <span class="hlt">Difference</span> of Skill Level during <span class="hlt">Observational</span> Learning of Movement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nuruki, Atsuo; Shimozono, Tomoyuki; Kawabata, Takuro; Yamada, Masafumi; Yunokuchi, Kazutomo; Maruyama, Atsuo</p> <p></p> <p>Recently, it often said that it is one of the means that the <span class="hlt">observational</span> learning promotes the acquisition of sports and athletic skills. We think that the inexperienced person can efficiently acquire athletic skills by using the <span class="hlt">observational</span> method of the expert as an index of the <span class="hlt">observational</span> method in the <span class="hlt">observational</span> learning. Then, in the present study, the expert and inexperienced person's glance characteristic were compared, and it was examined whether the <span class="hlt">observational</span> method of the expert was able to be used as an index of the <span class="hlt">observational</span> method of the inexperienced person. The glance characteristics are a glance transition, glance total moved distance, the gazing duration, moreover glance moved distance and radial velocity between each gaze points. Additionally, we investigated whether there was a change in physical performance before and after the <span class="hlt">observational</span> learning, and two <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observational</span> learning groups (the expert's <span class="hlt">observational</span> method group, the free <span class="hlt">observation</span> group). In result, it was clarified that the expert concentrated, <span class="hlt">observed</span> a constant part of the movement, and the inexperienced person was <span class="hlt">observing</span> the entire movement. Moreover, the result that glance total moved distance was shorter than the inexperienced person, and expert's gazing duration was longer than the inexperienced person. It was clarified that the expert was efficiently emphatically <span class="hlt">observing</span> the point of the movement from these results. In addition, the inexperienced persons have advanced physical performance through the <span class="hlt">observational</span> learning. Then the expert's <span class="hlt">observational</span> method group advanced physical performance better than the free <span class="hlt">observation</span> group. Therefore we suggested that the <span class="hlt">observational</span> method of the expert be able to be used as an index of the method of <span class="hlt">observing</span> the inexperienced person.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AMT....11.1971R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AMT....11.1971R"><span>Intercomparison of middle-atmospheric wind in <span class="hlt">observations</span> and models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rüfenacht, Rolf; Baumgarten, Gerd; Hildebrand, Jens; Schranz, Franziska; Matthias, Vivien; Stober, Gunter; Lübken, Franz-Josef; Kämpfer, Niklaus</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Wind profile information throughout the entire upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere (USLM) is important for the understanding of atmospheric dynamics but became available only recently, thanks to developments in remote sensing techniques and modelling approaches. However, as wind measurements from these altitudes are rare, such products have generally not yet been validated with (other) <span class="hlt">observations</span>. This paper presents the first long-term intercomparison of wind <span class="hlt">observations</span> in the USLM by co-located microwave radiometer and lidar instruments at Andenes, Norway (69.3° N, 16.0° E). Good correspondence has been found at all altitudes for both horizontal wind components for nighttime as well as daylight conditions. Biases are mostly within the random errors and do not exceed 5-10 m s-1, which is less than 10 % of the typically encountered wind speeds. Moreover, comparisons of the <span class="hlt">observations</span> with the major reanalyses and models covering this altitude range are shown, in particular with the recently released ERA5, ECMWF's first reanalysis to cover the whole USLM region. The agreement between models and <span class="hlt">observations</span> is very good in general, but temporally limited occurrences of <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> discrepancies (up to 40 m s-1) exist. In the article's Appendix the possibility of obtaining nighttime wind information about the mesopause region by means of microwave radiometry is investigated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4525201','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4525201"><span>Evolution of dosage compensation under sexual selection <span class="hlt">differs</span> between X and Z chromosomes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Mullon, Charles; Wright, Alison E.; Reuter, Max; Pomiankowski, Andrew; Mank, Judith E.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Complete sex chromosome dosage compensation has more often been <span class="hlt">observed</span> in XY than ZW species. In this study, using a population genetic model and the chicken transcriptome, we assess whether sexual conflict can account for this <span class="hlt">difference</span>. Sexual conflict over expression is inevitable when mutation effects are correlated across the sexes, as compensatory mutations in the heterogametic sex lead to hyperexpression in the homogametic sex. Coupled with stronger selection and greater reproductive variance in males, this results in slower and less complete evolution of Z compared with X dosage compensation. Using expression variance as a measure of selection strength, we find that, as predicted by the model, dosage compensation in the chicken is most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in genes that are under strong selection biased towards females. Our study explains the pattern of weak dosage compensation in ZW systems, and suggests that sexual selection plays a major role in shaping sex chromosome dosage compensation. PMID:26212613</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoRL..42..459B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoRL..42..459B"><span>Ocean glider <span class="hlt">observations</span> of iceberg-enhanced biological production in the northwestern Weddell Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Biddle, Louise C.; Kaiser, Jan; Heywood, Karen J.; Thompson, Andrew F.; Jenkins, Adrian</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Icebergs affect local biological production around Antarctica. We used an ocean glider to <span class="hlt">observe</span> the effects of a large iceberg that was advected by the Antarctic Slope Current along the continental slope in the northwestern Weddell Sea in early 2012. The high-resolution glider data reveal a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> effect of the iceberg on ocean properties, with oxygen concentrations of (13 ± 4) μmol kg-1 higher than levels in surrounding waters, which are most likely due to positive net community production. This response was confined to three areas of water in the direct vicinity of the iceberg track, each no larger than 2 km2. Our findings suggest that icebergs have an impact on Antarctic production presumably through local micronutrient injections, on a scale smaller than typical satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> of biological production in the Southern Ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120010372','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120010372"><span>Evaluation of Detector-to-Detector and Mirror Side <span class="hlt">Differences</span> for Terra MODIS Reflective Solar Bands Using Simultaneous MISR <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wu, Aisheng; Xiong, Xiaoxiong; Angal, A.; Barnes, W.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is one of the five Earth-<span class="hlt">observing</span> instruments on-board the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth-<span class="hlt">Observing</span> System(EOS) Terra spacecraft, launched in December 1999. It has 36 spectral bands with wavelengths ranging from 0.41 to 14.4 mm and collects data at three nadir spatial resolutions: 0.25 km for 2 bands with 40 detectors each, 0.5 km for 5 bands with 20 detectors each and 1 km for the remaining 29 bands with 10 detectors each. MODIS bands are located on four separate focal plane assemblies (FPAs) according to their spectral wavelengths and aligned in the cross-track direction. Detectors of each spectral band are aligned in the along-track direction. MODIS makes <span class="hlt">observations</span> using a two-sided paddle-wheel scan mirror. Its on-board calibrators (OBCs) for the reflective solar bands (RSBs) include a solar diffuser (SD), a solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM) and a spectral-radiometric calibration assembly (SRCA). Calibration is performed for each band, detector, sub-sample (for sub-kilometer resolution bands) and mirror side. In this study, a ratio approach is applied to MODIS <span class="hlt">observed</span> Earth scene reflectances to track the detector-to-detector and mirror side <span class="hlt">differences</span>. Simultaneous <span class="hlt">observed</span> reflectances from the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), also onboard the Terra spacecraft, are used with MODIS <span class="hlt">observed</span> reflectances in this ratio approach for four closely matched spectral bands. Results show that the detector-to-detector <span class="hlt">difference</span> between two adjacent detectors within each spectral band is typically less than 0.2% and, depending on the wavelengths, the maximum <span class="hlt">difference</span> among all detectors varies from 0.5% to 0.8%. The mirror side <span class="hlt">differences</span> are found to be very small for all bands except for band 3 at 0.44 mm. This is the band with the shortest wavelength among the selected matching bands, showing a time-dependent increase for the mirror side <span class="hlt">difference</span>. This</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=sex+AND+marriage&pg=2&id=EJ679154','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=sex+AND+marriage&pg=2&id=EJ679154"><span><span class="hlt">Different</span> Rights, <span class="hlt">Different</span> Perspectives: <span class="hlt">Observations</span> on the Same-Sex Marriage Debate.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Howard, J. Paul R.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>The Ontario and British Columbia courts of appeal have held that the restriction of marriage to heterosexuals is unconstitutional. Opposing views in same-sex marriage litigation arise from <span class="hlt">different</span> definitions of "marriage." Proposed federal legislation would legalize same-sex marriage but not resolve the larger, underlying issue of how…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29741735','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29741735"><span>Widespread epigenomic, transcriptomic and proteomic <span class="hlt">differences</span> between hip osteophytic and articular chondrocytes in osteoarthritis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Steinberg, Julia; Brooks, Roger A; Southam, Lorraine; Bhatnagar, Sahir; Roumeliotis, Theodoros I; Hatzikotoulas, Konstantinos; Zengini, Eleni; Wilkinson, J Mark; Choudhary, Jyoti S; McCaskie, Andrew W; Zeggini, Eleftheria</p> <p>2018-05-08</p> <p>To identify molecular <span class="hlt">differences</span> between chondrocytes from osteophytic and articular cartilage tissue from OA patients. We investigated genes and pathways by combining genome-wide DNA methylation, RNA sequencing and quantitative proteomics in isolated primary chondrocytes from the cartilaginous layer of osteophytes and matched areas of low- and high-grade articular cartilage across nine patients with OA undergoing hip replacement surgery. Chondrocytes from osteophytic cartilage showed widespread <span class="hlt">differences</span> to low-grade articular cartilage chondrocytes. These <span class="hlt">differences</span> were similar to, but more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> than, <span class="hlt">differences</span> between chondrocytes from osteophytic and high-grade articular cartilage, and more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> than <span class="hlt">differences</span> between high- and low-grade articular cartilage. We identified 56 genes with significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> between osteophytic chondrocytes and low-grade articular cartilage chondrocytes on all three omics levels. Several of these genes have known roles in OA, including ALDH1A2 and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, which have functional genetic variants associated with OA from genome-wide association studies. An integrative gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that <span class="hlt">differences</span> between osteophytic and low-grade articular cartilage chondrocytes are associated with extracellular matrix organization, skeletal system development, platelet aggregation and regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. We present a first comprehensive view of the molecular landscape of chondrocytes from osteophytic cartilage as compared with articular cartilage chondrocytes from the same joints in OA. We found robust changes at genes relevant to chondrocyte function, providing insight into biological processes involved in osteophyte development and thus OA progression.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8396990','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8396990"><span>Effects of diets with <span class="hlt">different</span> content in protein and fiber on embryotoxicity induced by experimental diabetes in rats.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Giavini, E; Airoldi, L; Broccia, M L; Roversi, G D; Prati, M</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Three groups of streptozotocin-diabetic rats were maintained during pregnancy on three hyperproteic diets with <span class="hlt">different</span> protein contents. These <span class="hlt">differences</span> were compensated by an equal quantity of fiber (group 1: protein 55.0%, fiber 4.5%; group 2: 45.0%, 14.0%; group 3: 35.0%, 24.0%). Three groups of nondiabetic pregnant rats were fed with the same diets and served as control. The <span class="hlt">differences</span> of the daily protein intake among the diabetic groups were less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> than those expected on the basis of the diet composition, and the embryopathic effects (reduced fetal weight, increased in malformation and resorption rate) were not statistically <span class="hlt">different</span> among the three groups of diabetic animals. The frequency of congenital malformations was higher than that <span class="hlt">observed</span> in a previous experiment in diabetic rats maintained on a standard diet, but much lower than that <span class="hlt">observed</span> in animals fed on a purified, fiber-poor, normoproteic diet. When the caloric intake of the diabetic rats in the <span class="hlt">different</span> groups was determined it was found to be similar for all of them and also similar to the caloric intake of the rats given a standard nonteratogenic diet (in previous experiments), while the rats maintained on a normoproteic, teratogenic diet increased their caloric intake. These results seem to indicate that the diet composition greatly influences the intake of food and calories of pregnant diabetic rats and this may play a role in modulating the embryopathic effect of diabetes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18270614','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18270614"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> non-Arrhenius behaviour of hydrogen-abstractions from toluene and derivatives by phthalimide-N-oxyl radicals: a theoretical study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hermans, Ive; Jacobs, Pierre; Peeters, Jozef</p> <p>2008-02-28</p> <p>Abstraction of hydrogen atoms by pthalimide-N-oxyl radicals is an important step in the N-hydroxyphthalimide catalyzed autoxidation of hydrocarbons. In this contribution, the temperature dependency of this reaction is evaluated by a detailed transition state theory based kinetic analysis for the case of toluene. Tunneling was found to play a very important role, enhancing the rate constant by a factor of 20 at room temperature. As a result, tunneling, in combination with the existence of two distinct rotamers of the transition state, causes a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> temperature dependency of the pre-exponential frequency factor, and, as a consequence, marked curvature of the Arrhenius plot. This explains why earlier experimental studies over a limited temperature range around 300 K found formal Arrhenius activation energies and pre-factors that are 4 kcal mol(-1) and three orders of magnitude smaller than the actual energy barrier and the corresponding frequency factor, respectively. Also as a consequence of tunneling, substitution of a deuterium atom for a hydrogen atom causes a large decrease in the rate constant, in agreement with the measured kinetic isotope effects. The present theoretical analysis, complementary to the experimental rate coefficient data, allows for a reliable prediction of the rate coefficient at higher temperatures, relevant for actual autoxidation processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11200983','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11200983"><span>Body fluid regulation in micro-gravity <span class="hlt">differs</span> from that on Earth: an overview.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Drummer, C; Gerzer, R; Baisch, F; Heer, M</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Similar to the response to central hypervolemic conditions on Earth, the shift of blood volume from the legs to the upper part of the body in astronauts entering micro-gravity should, in accordance with the Henry-Gauer mechanism, mediate diuresis and natriuresis. However, fluid balance and kidney function experiments during various space missions resulted in the surprising <span class="hlt">observation</span> that the responses qualitatively <span class="hlt">differ</span> from those <span class="hlt">observed</span> during simulations of hypervolemia on Earth. There is some evidence that the attenuated responses of the kidney while entering weightlessness, and also later during space flight, may be caused by augmented fluid distribution to extravascular compartments compared to conditions on Earth. A functional decoupling of the kidney may also contribute to the <span class="hlt">observation</span> that renal responses during exposure to micro-gravity are consistently weaker than those during simulation experiments before space flight. Deficits in body mass after landing have always been interpreted as an indication of absolute fluid loss early during space missions. However, recent data suggest that body mass changes during space flight are rather the consequences of hypocaloric nutrition and can be overcome by improved nutrition schemes. Finally, sodium-retaining humoral systems are activated during space flight and may contribute to a new steady-state of metabolic balances with a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> increase in body sodium compared to respective conditions on Earth. A revision of the classical "micro-gravity fluid shift" scheme is required.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28732497','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28732497"><span>Mental health <span class="hlt">differences</span> between German gay and bisexual men and population-based controls.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sattler, Frank A; Franke, Gabriele H; Christiansen, Hanna</p> <p>2017-07-21</p> <p>International studies have revealed that gay and bisexual men present more mental health problems than the general male population. Furthermore, there is evidence that minority stress predicts mental health problems in gay and bisexual men. The aim of the present study is to provide initial data on mental health <span class="hlt">differences</span> in Germany and to analyze the effect of minority stress. Mental health data on n = 1903 German gay and bisexual men and n = 958 men from a population-based sample were assessed using a shortened version of the SCL-90-S. The mental health of the two samples was compared. Furthermore, a linear regression was conducted for the gay and bisexual sample: mental health was used as the criterion and minority stressors as predictors. As compared to our population sample, gay and bisexual men demonstrated more mental health problems with a moderate effect size. In the regression, minority stress predicted mental health problems in the gay and bisexual sample. We <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> mental health <span class="hlt">differences</span> between gay and bisexual men versus the population sample. These <span class="hlt">differences</span> could be at least partly due to the minority stress gay and bisexual men face. Research should focus on how to reduce and cope with minority stress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA21A2498B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA21A2498B"><span>GNSS Derived Ionospheric TEC <span class="hlt">Observed</span> Through <span class="hlt">Different</span> TEC Calibration Techniques in the Brazilian Sector</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Becker-Guedes, F.; Carmo, C. S.; Camargo, P. O.; Monico, J. F. G.; Nicoli Candido, C. M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is becoming a reliable tool for use in air navigation systems. Its use as the main technology for determination of airplanes positioning has various economic and logistic benefits but it depends strongly on the ionospheric layer influences. The Brazilian sector ionosphere, mainly over the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA), presents remarkable errors in the GNSS signal as compared to North America and Europe. In order to study the total electron content latitudinal variation of the Brazilian ionosphere we used a pair of GNSS receivers on the ground, one located in the equatorial region (Sao Luis) and other in the southern crest of the EIA (Cachoeira Paulista), to collect the GNSS <span class="hlt">observables</span> and calculate the vertical TEC using <span class="hlt">different</span> methods that has proven to work well to describe the ionospheric behavior in the North America and in Europe. We compared this results with a modified Nagoya TEC calculation method used by the EMBRACE (Estudo e Monitoramento BRAsileiro do Clima Espacial - Brazilian Study and Monitoring of Space Weather) program. This work intends to follow the performance of <span class="hlt">different</span> TEC tuning methods to evaluate the spurious effects of the ionospheric EIA gradients in the TEC determination under typical conditions of the low-latitudes ionosphere in the Brazilian sector. The calculated TEC under <span class="hlt">different</span> solar cycle conditions, geomagnetic activity, and seasonal variations show deviations in the performance of each method and stress the importance of well adjust the GNSS <span class="hlt">observations</span> to local conditions in order to optimize the TEC evaluation. This study contributes to a better understanding of local GNSS signal errors in the global intent of offering conditions to improve the accuracy, integrity, availability, and continuity requirements for the use of GNSS for air navigation in South America.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=trout&id=EJ976409','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=trout&id=EJ976409"><span>Individual <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in the Acquisition of a Complex L2 Phonology: A Training Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Hanulikova, Adriana; Dediu, Dan; Fang, Zhou; Basnakova, Jana; Huettig, Falk</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Many learners of a foreign language (L2) struggle to correctly <span class="hlt">pronounce</span> newly learned speech sounds, yet many others achieve this with apparent ease. Here we explored how a training study of learning complex consonant clusters at the very onset of L2 acquisition can inform us about L2 learning in general and individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in particular.…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25147579','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25147579"><span>Neurophysiological tools to investigate consumer's gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> during the <span class="hlt">observation</span> of TV commercials.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vecchiato, Giovanni; Maglione, Anton Giulio; Cherubino, Patrizia; Wasikowska, Barbara; Wawrzyniak, Agata; Latuszynska, Anna; Latuszynska, Malgorzata; Nermend, Kesra; Graziani, Ilenia; Leucci, Maria Rita; Trettel, Arianna; Babiloni, Fabio</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Neuromarketing is a multidisciplinary field of research whose aim is to investigate the consumers' reaction to advertisements from a neuroscientific perspective. In particular, the neuroscience field is thought to be able to reveal information about consumer preferences which are unobtainable through conventional methods, including submitting questionnaires to large samples of consumers or performing psychological personal or group interviews. In this scenario, we performed an experiment in order to investigate cognitive and emotional changes of cerebral activity evaluated by neurophysiologic indices during the <span class="hlt">observation</span> of TV commercials. In particular, we recorded the electroencephalographic (EEG), galvanic skin response (GSR), and heart rate (HR) in a group of 28 healthy subjects during the <span class="hlt">observation</span> of a series of TV advertisements that have been grouped by commercial categories. Comparisons of cerebral indices have been performed to highlight gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> between commercial categories and scenes of interest of two specific commercials. Findings show how EEG methodologies, along with the measurements of autonomic variables, could be used to obtain hidden information to marketers not obtainable otherwise. Most importantly, it was suggested how these tools could help to analyse the perception of TV advertisements and differentiate their production according to the consumer's gender.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4134790','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4134790"><span>Neurophysiological Tools to Investigate Consumer's Gender <span class="hlt">Differences</span> during the <span class="hlt">Observation</span> of TV Commercials</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Maglione, Anton Giulio; Wasikowska, Barbara; Wawrzyniak, Agata; Graziani, Ilenia; Trettel, Arianna</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Neuromarketing is a multidisciplinary field of research whose aim is to investigate the consumers' reaction to advertisements from a neuroscientific perspective. In particular, the neuroscience field is thought to be able to reveal information about consumer preferences which are unobtainable through conventional methods, including submitting questionnaires to large samples of consumers or performing psychological personal or group interviews. In this scenario, we performed an experiment in order to investigate cognitive and emotional changes of cerebral activity evaluated by neurophysiologic indices during the <span class="hlt">observation</span> of TV commercials. In particular, we recorded the electroencephalographic (EEG), galvanic skin response (GSR), and heart rate (HR) in a group of 28 healthy subjects during the <span class="hlt">observation</span> of a series of TV advertisements that have been grouped by commercial categories. Comparisons of cerebral indices have been performed to highlight gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> between commercial categories and scenes of interest of two specific commercials. Findings show how EEG methodologies, along with the measurements of autonomic variables, could be used to obtain hidden information to marketers not obtainable otherwise. Most importantly, it was suggested how these tools could help to analyse the perception of TV advertisements and differentiate their production according to the consumer's gender. PMID:25147579</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010026438','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010026438"><span>TRMM <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Polarization <span class="hlt">Difference</span> in 85 GHz: Information About Hydrometeors and Rain Rate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Prabhakara, C.; Iacovazzi, R., Jr.; Yoo, J.-M.; Einaudi, Franco (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Observations</span> made by the Precipitation Radar (PR) and the Microwave Imager (TMI) radiometer on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite help us to show the significance of the 85 GHz polarization <span class="hlt">difference</span>, PD85, measured by TMI. Rain type, convective or stratiform, deduced from the PR allows us to infer that PD85 is generally positive in stratiform rain clouds, while PD85 can be markedly negative in deep convective rain clouds. Furthermore, PD85 increases in a gross manner as stratiform rain rate increases. On the contrary, in a crude fashion PD85 decreases as convective rain rate increases. From the <span class="hlt">observations</span> of TMI and PR, we find that PD85 is a weak indicator of rain rate. Utilizing information from existing polarimetric radar studies, we infer that negative values of PD85 are likely associated with vertically-oriented small oblate or wet hail that are found in deep convective updrafts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27906499','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27906499"><span>Individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in human brain development.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brown, Timothy T</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>This article discusses recent scientific advances in the study of individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in human brain development. Focusing on structural neuroimaging measures of brain morphology and tissue properties, two kinds of variability are related and explored: <span class="hlt">differences</span> across individuals of the same age and <span class="hlt">differences</span> across age as a result of development. A recent multidimensional modeling study is explained, which was able to use brain measures to predict an individual's chronological age within about one year on average, in children, adolescents, and young adults between 3 and 20 years old. These findings reveal great regularity in the sequence of the aggregate brain state across <span class="hlt">different</span> ages and phases of development, despite the <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> people show on any single brain measure at any given age. Future research is suggested, incorporating additional measures of brain activity and function. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1389. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1389 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. © 2016 The Authors. WIREs Cognitive Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282522','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282522"><span>Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the association between socioeconomic status and subclinical atherosclerosis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Grimaud, Olivier; Lapostolle, Annabelle; Berr, Claudine; Helmer, Catherine; Dufouil, Carole; Kihal, Wahida; Alpérovitch, Annick; Chauvin, Pierre</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>This study explored the pattern of associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and atherosclerosis progression (as indicated by carotid intima media thickness, CIMT) across gender. Cross-sectional analysis of a sample of 5474 older persons (mean age 73 years) recruited between 1999 and 2001 in the 3C study (France). We fitted linear regression models including neighborhood SES, individual SES and cardiovascular risk factors. CIMT was on average 24 µm higher in men (95% CI: 17 to 31). Neighborhood SES was inversely associated with CIMT in women only (highest versus lowest tertiles: -12.2 µm, 95%CI -22 to -2.4). This association persisted when individual SES and risk factors were accounted for. High individual education was associated with lower CIMT in men (-21.4 µm 95%CI -37.5 to -5.3) whereas high professional status was linked to lower CIMT among women (-15.7 µm 95%CI: -29.2 to -2.2). Adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors resulted in a slightly more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> reduction of the individual SES-CIMT association <span class="hlt">observed</span> in men than in women. In this sample, neighborhood and individual SES displayed <span class="hlt">different</span> patterns of associations with subclinical atherosclerosis across gender. This suggests that the causal pathways leading to SES variations in atherosclerosis may <span class="hlt">differ</span> among men and women.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED507815.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED507815.pdf"><span>The Effects of <span class="hlt">Different</span> Types of Anchor Tests on <span class="hlt">Observed</span> Score Equating. Research Report. ETS RR-09-41</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Liu, Jinghua; Sinharay, Sandip; Holland, Paul W.; Feigenbaum, Miriam; Curley, Edward</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>This study explores the use of a <span class="hlt">different</span> type of anchor, a "midi anchor", that has a smaller spread of item difficulties than the tests to be equated, and then contrasts its use with the use of a "mini anchor". The impact of <span class="hlt">different</span> anchors on <span class="hlt">observed</span> score equating were evaluated and compared with respect to systematic…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990ECSS...30..201T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990ECSS...30..201T"><span>Interpopulation <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the salt tolerance of two Cladophora species</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thomas, D. N.; Collins, J. C.; Russell, G.</p> <p>1990-02-01</p> <p>The effects of changes in external salinity upon Baltic and U.K. populations of Cladophora rupestris (L) Kütz and C. glomerata (L) Kütz have been studied. Rates of net photosynthesis after salinity treatment (0-102‰) were used as a measure of salinity tolerance. There were very <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the salt tolerance of the two C. glomerata populations, whereas Baltic and U.K. C. rupestris <span class="hlt">differed</span> significantly only in responses to extreme hyposaline treatment. The effect of salinity on the thallus content of K + and Na + was measured. There were significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the ratios of these ions in populations of both species. The populations also <span class="hlt">differed</span> significantly in the dimensions of their cells and cellular volume.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392461','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29392461"><span>Phenotypic <span class="hlt">differences</span> of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in China and Germany.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rosenbohm, Angela; Liu, Mingsheng; Nagel, Gabriele; Peter, Raphael S; Cui, Bo; Li, Xiaoguang; Kassubek, Jan; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Lulé, Dorothée; Cui, Liying; Ludolph, Albert C</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The aim of this study is to explore phenotypical <span class="hlt">differences</span> of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) between two cohorts from Germany and China. Registry-based studies of ALS were conducted in South-West Germany from 2010 to 2014 and an ALS clinic in Beijing from 2013 to 2016, respectively. Demographic and clinical features of 663 German and 276 Chinese ALS patients were collected and compared. Mean age-at-onset was higher in German than in Chinese ALS patients [66.6 years (95% CI 65.7, 67.5) vs. 53.2 years (95% CI 52.0, 54.5)]. Age distribution of ALS patients peaked around 70-74 years in Germany and 50-54 years in China. Bulbar onset was more prevalent among German than among Chinese patients (35.9 vs. 22.8%). Diagnostic delay was higher in the Chinese than in the German study sample (12 vs. 5 months). Cognitive deficits were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the Chinese cohort. Both cohorts <span class="hlt">differed</span> in smoking habits, prevalence of diabetes and in body mass index (BMI). The apparent discrepancies between German and Chinese ALS patients (age at onset, gender distribution, bulbar forms, cognitive dysfunction, risk factors) reveal a quite <span class="hlt">different</span> clinical phenotype in China, maybe due to socioeconomic status, environmental factors or genetic background. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in phenotype need to be pursued by further epidemiological studies on environmental and genetic risk factors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29038469','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29038469"><span>Spatial distribution of citizen science casuistic <span class="hlt">observations</span> for <span class="hlt">different</span> taxonomic groups.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tiago, Patrícia; Ceia-Hasse, Ana; Marques, Tiago A; Capinha, César; Pereira, Henrique M</p> <p>2017-10-16</p> <p>Opportunistic citizen science databases are becoming an important way of gathering information on species distributions. These data are temporally and spatially dispersed and could have limitations regarding biases in the distribution of the <span class="hlt">observations</span> in space and/or time. In this work, we test the influence of landscape variables in the distribution of citizen science <span class="hlt">observations</span> for eight taxonomic groups. We use data collected through a Portuguese citizen science database (biodiversity4all.org). We use a zero-inflated negative binomial regression to model the distribution of <span class="hlt">observations</span> as a function of a set of variables representing the landscape features plausibly influencing the spatial distribution of the records. Results suggest that the density of paths is the most important variable, having a statistically significant positive relationship with number of <span class="hlt">observations</span> for seven of the eight taxa considered. Wetland coverage was also identified as having a significant, positive relationship, for birds, amphibians and reptiles, and mammals. Our results highlight that the distribution of species <span class="hlt">observations</span>, in citizen science projects, is spatially biased. Higher frequency of <span class="hlt">observations</span> is driven largely by accessibility and by the presence of water bodies. We conclude that efforts are required to increase the spatial evenness of sampling effort from volunteers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25d2307B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhPl...25d2307B"><span>Bifurcations in the theory of current transfer to cathodes of DC discharges and <span class="hlt">observations</span> of transitions between <span class="hlt">different</span> modes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bieniek, M. S.; Santos, D. F. N.; Almeida, P. G. C.; Benilov, M. S.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>General scenarios of transitions between <span class="hlt">different</span> spot patterns on electrodes of DC gas discharges and their relation to bifurcations of steady-state solutions are analyzed. In the case of cathodes of arc discharges, it is shown that any transition between <span class="hlt">different</span> modes of current transfer is related to a bifurcation of steady-state solutions. In particular, transitions between diffuse and spot modes on axially symmetric cathodes, frequently <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the experiment, represent an indication of the presence of pitchfork or fold bifurcations of steady-state solutions. Experimental <span class="hlt">observations</span> of transitions on cathodes of DC glow microdischarges are analyzed and those potentially related to bifurcations of steady-state solutions are identified. The relevant bifurcations are investigated numerically and the computed patterns are found to conform to those <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the course of the corresponding transitions in the experiment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120002030','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120002030"><span>Analysis of Co-Located MODIS and CALIPSO <span class="hlt">Observations</span> Near Clouds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Varnai, Tamas; Marshak, Alexander</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this paper is to help researchers combine data from <span class="hlt">different</span> satellites and thus gain new insights into two critical yet poorly understood aspects of anthropogenic climate change, aerosol-cloud interactions and aerosol radiative effects, For this, the paper explores whether cloud information from the Aqua satellite's MODIS instrument can help characterize systematic aerosol changes near clouds by refining earlier perceptions of these changes that were based on the CALIPSO satellite's CALIOP instrument. Similar to a radar but using visible and ncar-infrared light, CALIOP sends out laser pulses and provides aerosol and cloud information along a single line that tracks the satellite orbit by measuring the reflection of its pulses. In contrast, MODIS takes images of reflected sunlight and emitted infrared radiation at several wavelengths, and covers wide areas around the satellite track. This paper analyzes a year-long global dataset covering all ice-free oceans, and finds that MODIS can greatly help the interpretation of CALIOP <span class="hlt">observations</span>, especially by detecting clouds that lie outside the line <span class="hlt">observed</span> by CALlPSO. The paper also finds that complications such as <span class="hlt">differences</span> in view direction or clouds drifting in the 72 seconds that elapse between MODIS and CALIOP <span class="hlt">observations</span> have only a minor impact. The study also finds that MODIS data helps refine but does not qualitatively alter perceptions of the systematic aerosol changes that were detected in earlier studies using only CALIOP data. It then proposes a statistical approach to account for clouds lying outside the CALIOP track even when MODIS cannot as reliably detect low clouds, for example at night or over ice. Finally, the paper finds that, because of variations in cloud amount and type, the typical distance to clouds in maritime clear areas varies with season and location. The overall median distance to clouds in maritime clear areas around 4-5 km. The fact that half of all clear areas is</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUSMSA33A..05R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUSMSA33A..05R"><span>Hemispheric <span class="hlt">differences</span> in PMC altitudes <span class="hlt">observed</span> by the AIM satellite for the 2007/2008 seasons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Russell, J. M.; Bailey, S. M.; Gordley, L. L.; Hervig, M. E.; Stevens, M. H.; Thomas, G. E.; Rong, P.</p> <p>2008-05-01</p> <p>The Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) mission was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California at 1:26:03 PDT on April 25, 2007 becoming the first satellite mission dedicated to the study of noctilucent clouds. A Pegasus XL rocket launched the satellite into a near perfect 600 km sun synchronous circular orbit providing an ideal injection for conducting AIM science studies. This paper focuses on hemispheric <span class="hlt">differences</span> in polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) altitudes <span class="hlt">observed</span> by the Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment (SOFIE) for the 2007 northern hemisphere season and the 2007/2008 southern hemisphere season. Results show PMC peak altitude <span class="hlt">differences</span> of 1 km to 3 km depending on time in the season which is larger than previous ground-based and satellite results (~1 km). SOFIE data show that altitude <span class="hlt">differences</span> are dependent on time within the season and that the <span class="hlt">differences</span> are correlated with mesopause height. Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) temperature data measured from the TIMED satellite over the 2003 to 2007 period show that hemispheric <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the summer mesopause height were unusually large for part of the 2007 PMC season, consistent with the 3 km height <span class="hlt">difference</span> in PMCs during that time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750017287','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750017287"><span>Coordinated analysis of data. [all sky photography <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the ATS 5 satellite of auroras</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mende, S. B.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>All Sky Cameras (ASCA) <span class="hlt">observations</span> were made at the field line conjugate of the ATS-5 Satellite. The field of view of these cameras covered the region of the magnetosphere from L=5 to L=ll at the approximate longitude of the ATS field line conjugate. Definite statements are made concerning the correlation of the auroras <span class="hlt">observed</span> by the ASCA's and the magnetospheric trapped fluxes. No auroras are <span class="hlt">observed</span> at the field line conjugate, on quiet days when the hot plasma does not penetrate into the magnetosphere far enough to reach the ATS-5 orbit. On more disturbed days, when the ATS-5 enters the plasma sheet containing plasma clouds, an equatorward motion of the lowest latitude auroral arc is <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Significant qualitative correlation between the ASCA data and the trapped fluxes is <span class="hlt">observed</span> when a local plasma injection event occurs near ATS-5. The clearest signature of the injection event is magnetic and is most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> as a recovery of a negative bay at the ATS-5 magnetometer. The most significant correlations are <span class="hlt">observed</span> with the intensification of the diffuse uniform glow which intensifies during the injection event.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PMB....63i5014E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PMB....63i5014E"><span>Lesion detectability in 2D-mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis using <span class="hlt">different</span> targets and <span class="hlt">observers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Elangovan, Premkumar; Mackenzie, Alistair; Dance, David R.; Young, Kenneth C.; Wells, Kevin</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>This work investigates the detection performance of specialist and non-specialist <span class="hlt">observers</span> for <span class="hlt">different</span> targets in 2D-mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) using the OPTIMAM virtual clinical trials (VCT) Toolbox and a 4-alternative forced choice (4AFC) assessment paradigm. Using 2D-mammography and DBT images of virtual breast phantoms, we compare the detection limits of simple uniform spherical targets and irregular solid masses. Target diameters of 4 mm and 6 mm have been chosen to represent target sizes close to the minimum detectable size found in breast screening, across a range of controlled contrast levels. The images were viewed by a set of specialist <span class="hlt">observers</span> (five medical physicists and six experienced clinical readers) and five non-specialists. Combined results from both <span class="hlt">observer</span> groups indicate that DBT has a significantly lower detectable threshold contrast than 2D-mammography for small masses (4 mm: 2.1% [DBT] versus 6.9% [2D]; 6 mm: 0.7% [DBT] versus 3.9% [2D]) and spheres (4 mm: 2.9% [DBT] versus 5.3% [2D]; 6 mm: 0.3% [DBT] versus 2.2% [2D]) (p  <  0.0001). Both <span class="hlt">observer</span> groups found spheres significantly easier to detect than irregular solid masses for both sizes and modalities (p  <  0.0001) (except 4 mm DBT). The detection performances of specialist and non-specialist <span class="hlt">observers</span> were generally found to be comparable, where each group marginally outperformed the other in particular detection tasks. Within the specialist group, the clinical readers performed better than the medical physicists with irregular masses (p  <  0.0001). The results indicate that using spherical targets in such studies may produce over-optimistic detection thresholds compared to more complex masses, and that the superiority of DBT for detecting masses over 2D-mammography has been quantified. The results also suggest specialist <span class="hlt">observers</span> may be supplemented by non-specialist <span class="hlt">observers</span> (with training) in some types of 4AFC studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371571','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371571"><span>Weight preoccupation as a function of <span class="hlt">observed</span> physical attractiveness: ethnic <span class="hlt">differences</span> among normal-weight adolescent females.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Colabianchi, Natalie; Ievers-Landis, Carolyn E; Borawski, Elaine A</p> <p>2006-09-01</p> <p>To examine the association between <span class="hlt">observer</span> ratings of physical attractiveness and weight preoccupation for female adolescents, and to explore any ethnic <span class="hlt">differences</span> between Caucasian, African-American, and Hispanic females. Normal-weight female adolescents who had participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in-home Wave II survey were included (n = 4,324). Physical attractiveness ratings were made in vivo by interviewers. Using logistic regression models stratified by ethnicity, the associations between <span class="hlt">observer</span>-rated attractiveness and weight preoccupation were examined after controlling for demographics, measured body mass index (BMI) and psychosocial factors. Caucasian female adolescents perceived as being more attractive reported significantly greater weight preoccupation compared with those rated as being less attractive. <span class="hlt">Observed</span> attractiveness did not relate to weight preoccupation among African-American or Hispanic youth when controlling for other factors. For Caucasian female adolescents, being perceived by others as more attractive may be a risk factor for disordered eating.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JAP...105j4105B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JAP...105j4105B"><span>Degradation of lead-zirconate-titanate ceramics under <span class="hlt">different</span> dc loads</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Balke, Nina; Granzow, Torsten; Rödel, Jürgen</p> <p>2009-05-01</p> <p>During poling and application in actuators, piezoelectric ceramics like lead-zirconate-titanate are exposed to static or cyclically varying electric fields, often leading to <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> changes in the electromechanical properties. These fatigue phenomena depend on time, peak electric load, and temperature. Although this process impacts the performance of many actuator materials, its physical understanding remains elusive. This paper proposes a set of key experiments to systematically investigate the changes in the ferroelectric hysteresis, field-dependent relative permittivity, and piezoelectric coefficient after submitting the material to dc loads of varying amplitude and duration. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> effects are explained based on a model of domain stabilization due to charge accumulation at domain boundaries.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990ECSS...31..651U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990ECSS...31..651U"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> and analysis of a stratification-destratification event in a tropical estuary</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Uncles, R. J.; Ong, J. E.; Gong, W. K.</p> <p>1990-11-01</p> <p>A data set comprising 31 continuous tidal cycles was collected in the Sungai Merbok Estuary, Malaysia, in June 1987 as part of an ecological study of nutrient fluxes from a tropical mangrove estuary. Currents, salinity and salinity stratification at a deep-channel (15 m) station near the mouth of the Merbok Estuary showed a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> spring-neap variability. The slow currents and weak vertical mixing at neap tides favoured the formation of a stratified water column and generated a neap-spring cycle of water column stabilization and destabilization. A strong stratification event occurred during the period of <span class="hlt">observations</span>. This was partly driven by a modest freshwater spate which coincided with neap tides. An eddy viscosity-diffusivity model of the stratification, which assumed a constant, longitudinal salinity gradient, demonstrated a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> stratification-destratification cycle due to neap-spring variations in vertical mixing. Larger and more realistic stratification was modelled when the estimated, time-varying longitudinal salinity gradient was incorporated. This gradient maximized in response to the peak in freshwater runoff. The measured and modelled density-driven circulations showed qualitative similarities and were of the order of 10 cm s -1 at neap tides. The circulation was weaker during spring tides. The tidally-filtered salt transport due to vertical shear was directed up-estuary and was an order of magnitude smaller during spring tides. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to mangrove system oceanography.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26857762','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26857762"><span><span class="hlt">Difference</span> in postprandial GLP-1 response despite similar glucose kinetics after consumption of wheat breads with <span class="hlt">different</span> particle size in healthy men.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Eelderink, Coby; Noort, Martijn W J; Sozer, Nesli; Koehorst, Martijn; Holst, Jens J; Deacon, Carolyn F; Rehfeld, Jens F; Poutanen, Kaisa; Vonk, Roel J; Oudhuis, Lizette; Priebe, Marion G</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Underlying mechanisms of the beneficial health effects of low glycemic index starchy foods are not fully elucidated yet. We varied the wheat particle size to obtain fiber-rich breads with a high and low glycemic response and investigated the <span class="hlt">differences</span> in postprandial glucose kinetics and metabolic response after their consumption. Ten healthy male volunteers participated in a randomized, crossover study, consuming 13 C-enriched breads with <span class="hlt">different</span> structures; a control bread (CB) made from wheat flour combined with wheat bran, and a kernel bread (KB) where 85 % of flour was substituted with broken wheat kernels. The structure of the breads was characterized extensively. The use of stable isotopes enabled calculation of glucose kinetics: rate of appearance of exogenous glucose, endogenous glucose production, and glucose clearance rate. Additionally, postprandial plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, incretins, cholecystokinin, and bile acids were analyzed. Despite the attempt to obtain a bread with a low glycemic response by replacing flour by broken kernels, the glycemic response and glucose kinetics were quite similar after consumption of CB and KB. Interestingly, the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) response was much lower after KB compared to CB (iAUC, P < 0.005). A clear postprandial increase in plasma conjugated bile acids was <span class="hlt">observed</span> after both meals. Substitution of 85 % wheat flour by broken kernels in bread did not result in a <span class="hlt">difference</span> in glucose response and kinetics, but in a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> <span class="hlt">difference</span> in GLP-1 response. Thus, changing the processing conditions of wheat for baking bread can influence the metabolic response beyond glycemia and may therefore influence health.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9820904','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9820904"><span>Prenatal development of the normal human vertebral corpora in <span class="hlt">different</span> segments of the spine.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nolting, D; Hansen, B F; Keeling, J; Kjaer, I</p> <p>1998-11-01</p> <p>Vertebral columns from 13 normal human fetuses (10-24 weeks of gestation) that had aborted spontaneously were investigated as part of the legal autopsy procedure. The investigation included spinal cord analysis. To analyze the formation of the normal human vertebral corpora along the spine, including the early location and disappearance of the notochord. Reference material on the development of the normal human vertebral corpora is needed for interpretation of published <span class="hlt">observations</span> on prenatal malformations in the spine, which include <span class="hlt">observations</span> of various types of malformation (anencephaly, spina bifida) and various genotypes (trisomy 18, 21 and 13, as well as triploidy). The vertebral columns were studied by using radiography (Faxitron X-ray apparatus, Faxitron Model 43,855, Hewlett Packard) in lateral, frontal, and axial views and histology (decalcification, followed by toluidine blue and alcian blue staining) in and axial view. Immunohistochemical marking with Keratin Wide Spectrum also was done. Notochordal tissue (positive on marking with Keratin Wide Spectrum [DAKO, Denmark]) was located anterior to the cartilaginous body center in the youngest fetuses. The process of disintegration of the notochord and the morphology of the osseous vertebral corpora in the lumbosacral, thoracic, and cervical segments are described. Marked <span class="hlt">differences</span> appeared in axial views, which were verified on horizontal histologic sections. Also, the increase in size was <span class="hlt">different</span> in the <span class="hlt">different</span> segments, being most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the thoracic and upper lumbar bodies. The lower thoracic bodies were the first to ossify. The morphologic changes <span class="hlt">observed</span> by radiography were verified histologically. In this study, normal prenatal standards were established for the early development of the vertebral column. These standards can be used in the future--for evaluation of pathologic deviations in the human vertebral column in the second trimester.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28412511','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28412511"><span><span class="hlt">Difference</span> in neural response to social exclusion <span class="hlt">observation</span> and subsequent altruism between adolescents and adults.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tousignant, Béatrice; Eugène, Fanny; Sirois, Katia; Jackson, Philip L</p> <p>2017-04-13</p> <p>Empathy and prosocial behaviors toward peers promote successful social development and creation of significant long-term relationships, but surprisingly little is known about the maturation of these skills during the period of adolescence. As the majority of studies have used questionnaires or pain <span class="hlt">observation</span> paradigms, it remains unknown whether the empathic response of adolescents <span class="hlt">differs</span> from that of adults in a paradigm that is closer to everyday life. In the current study, fMRI was used to examine the neural correlates of social exclusion <span class="hlt">observation</span> and subsequent prosocial behavior in 20 adolescents (aged 12-17 years) and 20 adults (aged 22-30 years) while playing a ball-tossing game with what they believed to be real individuals. <span class="hlt">Observing</span> someone being excluded compared to <span class="hlt">observing</span> equal inclusion of all players elicited a significantly higher activation of the IFG (pars triangularis) in adults compared to adolescents. When given the opportunity to directly help the excluded player during the game, adolescents showed significantly less prosocial behavior than adults, which was underpinned by a significantly lower activity in the right temporoparietal junction, medial/dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and fusiform face area. These findings might indicate that adolescents have a lower propensity to take the victim's perspective and share his or her distress when witnessing social exclusion, which leads to a lower altruistic motivation to help. The factors that could generate what can be interpreted as a downward modulation of empathy during adolescence are discussed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AMTD....7.7053S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AMTD....7.7053S"><span>Comparison of continuous in-situ CO2 <span class="hlt">observations</span> at Jungfraujoch using two <span class="hlt">different</span> measurement techniques</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schibig, M. F.; Steinbacher, M.; Buchmann, B.; van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T.; van der Laan, S.; Ranjan, S.; Leuenberger, M. C.</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>Since 2004, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is measured at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch by the division of Climate and Environmental Physics at the University of Bern (KUP) using a nondispersive infrared gas analyzer (NDIR) in combination with a paramagnetic O2 analyzer. In January 2010, CO2 measurements based on cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) as part of the Swiss National Air Pollution Monitoring Network have been added by the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa). To ensure a smooth transition - a prerequisite when merging two datasets e.g. for trend determinations - the two measurement systems run in parallel for several years. Such a long-term intercomparison also allows identifying potential offsets between the two datasets and getting information about the compatibility of the two systems on <span class="hlt">different</span> time scales. A good agreement of the seasonality as well as for the short-term variations was <span class="hlt">observed</span> and to a lesser extent for trend calculations mainly due to the short common period. However, the comparison revealed some issues related to the stability of the calibration gases of the KUP system and their assigned CO2 mole fraction. It was possible to adapt an improved calibration strategy based on standard gas determinations, which lead to better agreement between the two data sets. By excluding periods with technical problems and bad calibration gas cylinders, the average hourly <span class="hlt">difference</span> (CRDS - NDIR) of the two systems is -0.03 ppm ± 0.25 ppm. Although the <span class="hlt">difference</span> of the two datasets is in line with the compatibility goal of ±0.1 ppm of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the standard deviation is still too high. A significant part of this uncertainty originates from the necessity to switch the KUP system frequently (every 12 min) for 6 min from ambient air to a working gas in order to correct short-term variations of the O2 measurement system. Allowing additionally for signal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AMT.....8...57S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AMT.....8...57S"><span>Comparison of continuous in situ CO2 <span class="hlt">observations</span> at Jungfraujoch using two <span class="hlt">different</span> measurement techniques</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schibig, M. F.; Steinbacher, M.; Buchmann, B.; van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T.; van der Laan, S.; Ranjan, S.; Leuenberger, M. C.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Since 2004, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is being measured at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch by the division of Climate and Environmental Physics at the University of Bern (KUP) using a nondispersive infrared gas analyzer (NDIR) in combination with a paramagnetic O2 analyzer. In January 2010, CO2 measurements based on cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) as part of the Swiss National Air Pollution Monitoring Network were added by the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa). To ensure a smooth transition - a prerequisite when merging two data sets, e.g., for trend determinations - the two measurement systems run in parallel for several years. Such a long-term intercomparison also allows the identification of potential offsets between the two data sets and the collection of information about the compatibility of the two systems on <span class="hlt">different</span> time scales. A good agreement of the seasonality, short-term variations and, to a lesser extent mainly due to the short common period, trend calculations is <span class="hlt">observed</span>. However, the comparison reveals some issues related to the stability of the calibration gases of the KUP system and their assigned CO2 mole fraction. It is possible to adapt an improved calibration strategy based on standard gas determinations, which leads to better agreement between the two data sets. By excluding periods with technical problems and bad calibration gas cylinders, the average hourly <span class="hlt">difference</span> (CRDS - NDIR) of the two systems is -0.03 ppm ± 0.25 ppm. Although the <span class="hlt">difference</span> of the two data sets is in line with the compatibility goal of ±0.1 ppm of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the standard deviation is still too high. A significant part of this uncertainty originates from the necessity to switch the KUP system frequently (every 12 min) for 6 min from ambient air to a working gas in order to correct short-term variations of the O2 measurement system. Allowing additional time for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27617625','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27617625"><span>Similar Running Economy With <span class="hlt">Different</span> Running Patterns Along the Aerial-Terrestrial Continuum.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lussiana, Thibault; Gindre, Cyrille; Hébert-Losier, Kim; Sagawa, Yoshimasa; Gimenez, Philippe; Mourot, Laurent</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>No unique or ideal running pattern is the most economical for all runners. Classifying the global running patterns of individuals into 2 categories (aerial and terrestrial) using the Volodalen method could permit a better understanding of the relationship between running economy (RE) and biomechanics. The main purpose was to compare the RE of aerial and terrestrial runners. Two coaches classified 58 runners into aerial (n = 29) or terrestrial (n = 29) running patterns on the basis of visual <span class="hlt">observations</span>. RE, muscle activity, kinematics, and spatiotemporal parameters of both groups were measured during a 5-min run at 12 km/h on a treadmill. Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2 max) and peak treadmill speed (PTS) were assessed during an incremental running test. No <span class="hlt">differences</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> between aerial and terrestrial patterns for RE, V̇O 2 max, and PTS. However, at 12 km/h, aerial runners exhibited earlier gastrocnemius lateralis activation in preparation for contact, less dorsiflexion at ground contact, higher coactivation indexes, and greater leg stiffness during stance phase than terrestrial runners. Terrestrial runners had more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> semitendinosus activation at the start and end of the running cycle, shorter flight time, greater leg compression, and a more rear-foot strike. <span class="hlt">Different</span> running patterns were associated with similar RE. Aerial runners appear to rely more on elastic energy utilization with a rapid eccentric-concentric coupling time, whereas terrestrial runners appear to propel the body more forward rather than upward to limit work against gravity. Excluding runners with a mixed running pattern from analyses did not affect study interpretation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSA31B4097M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSA31B4097M"><span>Comparison with the horizontal phase velocity distribution of gravity waves <span class="hlt">observed</span> airglow imaging data of <span class="hlt">different</span> sampling periods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Matsuda, T. S.; Nakamura, T.; Ejiri, M. K.; Tsutsumi, M.; Shiokawa, K.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs), which are generated in the lower atmosphere, transport significant amount of energy and momentum into the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Among many parameters to characterize AGWs, horizontal phase velocity is very important to discuss the vertical propagation. Airglow imaging is a useful technique for investigating the horizontal structures of AGWs around mesopause. There are many airglow imagers operated all over the world, and a large amount of data which could improve our understanding of AGWs propagation direction and source distribution in the MLT region. We have developed a new statistical analysis method for obtaining the power spectrum in the horizontal phase velocity domain (phase velocity spectrum), from airglow image data, so as to deal with huge amounts of imaging data obtained on <span class="hlt">different</span> years and at various <span class="hlt">observation</span> sites, without bias caused by <span class="hlt">different</span> event extraction criteria for the <span class="hlt">observer</span>. From a series of images projected onto the geographic coordinates, 3-D Fourier transform is applied and 3-D power spectrum in horizontal wavenumber and frequency domain is obtained. Then, it is converted into phase velocity and frequency domain. Finally, the spectrum is integrated along the frequency for the range of interest and 2-D spectrum in horizontal phase velocity is calculated. This method was applied to the data obtained at Syowa Station (69ºS, 40ºE), Antarctica, in 2011 and compared with a conventional event analysis in which the phase fronts were traced manually in order to estimate horizontal propagation characteristics. This comparison shows that our new method is adequate to deriving the horizontal phase velocity characteristics of AGWs <span class="hlt">observed</span> by airglow imaging technique. Airglow imaging <span class="hlt">observation</span> has been operated with various sampling intervals. We also presents how the images with <span class="hlt">different</span> sample interval should be treated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991BOBeo.144....5B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991BOBeo.144....5B"><span>Geomagnetic field <span class="hlt">observations</span> in the Kopaonik thrust region, Yugoslavia.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bicskei, T.; Popeskov, M.</p> <p>1991-09-01</p> <p>In the absence of continuous registrations of the geomagnetic field variations in the surveyed region, the nearest permanent observatory records had to be used in the data reduction procedure. The proposed method estimates the <span class="hlt">differences</span> between the hourly mean values at the particular measuring site, which are not actually known, and at the observatory on the basis of a series of instantaneous total field intensity values measured simultaneously at these two places. The application of this method to the geomagnetic field data from the wider area of the Kopaonik thrust region has revealed local field changes which show connection with <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> seismic activity that has been going on in this region since it was affected by the M = 6.0 earthquake on May 18, 1980.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840047130&hterms=Tidal+waves&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DTidal%2Bwaves','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840047130&hterms=Tidal+waves&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DTidal%2Bwaves"><span>Internal waves in the Gulf of California - <span class="hlt">Observations</span> from a spaceborne radar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fu, L.-L.; Holt, B.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> signatures of internal waves were detected repeatedly in the Gulf of California by the Seasat synthetic aperture radar (SAR). A series of nine images with exactly repeating ground coverage was used to study the temporal variability of the internal wave field in the area. It was found that the number of <span class="hlt">observed</span> wave groups was highly correlated with the strength of the local tides: the maximum number occurred during spring tides and the minimum number occurred during neap tides, indicating that the internal waves were tidally forced. Most of the wave activity was found to the north of 28 deg N where the tides were the strongest in the Gulf. The application of a simple, nonlinear internal wave model to the <span class="hlt">observations</span> indicated that the peak-to-peak amplitude of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> waves was about 50 m with an uncertainty of a factor of 2. The estimated upper bound for the rate of the loss of tidal energy to internal waves was about 5 x 10 to the 15th erg/s, representing only 10 percent of the rate of the dissipation of the dominant M2 tide in the Gulf.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=arab+AND+sex&pg=7&id=EJ512958','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=arab+AND+sex&pg=7&id=EJ512958"><span>Gender and Ethnic-Group <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Causal Attributions for Success and Failure in Mathematics and Language Examinations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Birenbaum, Menucha; Kraemer, Roberta</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Examines gender and ethnic <span class="hlt">differences</span> among Jewish and Arab high school students in Israel with respect to their causal attributions for success and failure in mathematics and language examinations. Results from 333 ninth graders show larger effects of ethnicity than of gender, with effects more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in success than in failure attributions.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27020019','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27020019"><span>TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSES REVEAL DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS BETWEEN THE LIFE-CYCLE STAGES OF EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (HAPTOPHYTA) AND REFLECT SPECIALIZATION TO <span class="hlt">DIFFERENT</span> ECOLOGICAL NICHES(1).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rokitta, Sebastian D; de Nooijer, Lennart J; Trimborn, Scarlett; de Vargas, Colomban; Rost, Björn; John, Uwe</p> <p>2011-08-01</p> <p>Coccolithophores, especially the abundant, cosmopolitan species Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) W. W. Hay et H. P. Mohler, are one of the main driving forces of the oceanic carbonate pump and contribute significantly to global carbon cycling, due to their ability to calcify. A recent study indicates that termination of diploid blooms by viral infection induces life-cycle transition, and speculation has arisen about the role of the haploid, noncalcifying stage in coccolithophore ecology. To explore gene expression patterns in both life-cycle stages, haploid and diploid cells of E. huxleyi (RCC 1217 and RCC 1216) were acclimated to limiting and saturating photon flux densities. Transcriptome analyses were performed to assess differential genomic expression related to <span class="hlt">different</span> ploidy levels and acclimation light intensities. Analyses indicated that life-cycle stages exhibit <span class="hlt">different</span> properties of regulating genome expression (e.g., <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> gene activation and gene silencing in the diploid stage), proteome maintenance (e.g., increased turnover of proteins in the haploid stage), as well as metabolic processing (e.g., <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> primary metabolism and motility in the haploid stage and calcification in the diploid stage). Furthermore, higher abundances of transcripts related to endocytotic and digestive machinery were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the diploid stage. A qualitative feeding experiment indicated that both life-cycle stages are capable of particle uptake (0.5 μm diameter) in late-stationary growth phase. Results showed that the two life-cycle stages represent functionally distinct entities that are evolutionarily shaped to thrive in the environment they typically inhabit. © 2011 Phycological Society of America.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000085879','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000085879"><span>Cooperation and Coordination Between Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning Agents in Continuous State Partially <span class="hlt">Observable</span> Markov Decision Processes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Berenji, Hamid R.; Vengerov, David</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Successful operations of future multi-agent intelligent systems require efficient cooperation schemes between agents sharing learning experiences. We consider a pseudo-realistic world in which one or more opportunities appear and disappear in random locations. Agents use fuzzy reinforcement learning to learn which opportunities are most worthy of pursuing based on their promise rewards, expected lifetimes, path lengths and expected path costs. We show that this world is partially <span class="hlt">observable</span> because the history of an agent influences the distribution of its future states. We consider a cooperation mechanism in which agents share experience by using and-updating one joint behavior policy. We also implement a coordination mechanism for allocating opportunities to <span class="hlt">different</span> agents in the same world. Our results demonstrate that K cooperative agents each learning in a separate world over N time steps outperform K independent agents each learning in a separate world over K*N time steps, with this result becoming more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> as the degree of partial <span class="hlt">observability</span> in the environment increases. We also show that cooperation between agents learning in the same world decreases performance with respect to independent agents. Since cooperation reduces diversity between agents, we conclude that diversity is a key parameter in the trade off between maximizing utility from cooperation when diversity is low and maximizing utility from competitive coordination when diversity is high.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11519935','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11519935"><span>Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in personality traits across cultures: robust and surprising findings.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Costa, Paul T; Terracciano, Antonio; McCrae, Robert R</p> <p>2001-08-01</p> <p>Secondary analyses of Revised NEO Personality Inventory data from 26 cultures (N = 23,031) suggest that gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> are small relative to individual variation within genders; <span class="hlt">differences</span> are replicated across cultures for both college-age and adult samples, and <span class="hlt">differences</span> are broadly consistent with gender stereotypes: Women reported themselves to be higher in Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Warmth, and Openness to Feelings, whereas men were higher in Assertiveness and Openness to Ideas. Contrary to predictions from evolutionary theory, the magnitude of gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> varied across cultures. Contrary to predictions from the social role model, gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> were most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in European and American cultures in which traditional sex roles are minimized. Possible explanations for this surprising finding are discussed, including the attribution of masculine and feminine behaviors to roles rather than traits in traditional cultures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5731733','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5731733"><span>A <span class="hlt">different</span> view on the Necker cube—<span class="hlt">Differences</span> in multistable perception dynamics between Asperger and non-Asperger <span class="hlt">observers</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wörner, Rike</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Background During <span class="hlt">observation</span> of the Necker cube perception becomes unstable and alternates repeatedly between a from-above-perspective (“fap”) and a from-below-perspective (“fbp”) interpretation. Both interpretations are physically equally plausible, however, <span class="hlt">observers</span> usually show an a priori top-down bias in favor of the fap interpretation. Patients with Autism spectrum disorder are known to show an altered pattern of perception with a focus on sensory details. In the present study we tested whether this altered perceptual processing affects their reversal dynamics and reduces the perceptual bias during Necker cube <span class="hlt">observation</span>. Methods 19 participants with Asperger syndrome and 16 healthy controls <span class="hlt">observed</span> a Necker cube stimulus continuously for 5 minutes and indicated perceptual reversals by key press. We compared reversal rates (number of reversals per minute) and the distributions of dwell times for the two interpretations between <span class="hlt">observer</span> groups. Results Asperger participants showed less perceptual reversal than controls. Six Asperger participants did not perceive any reversal at all, whereas all <span class="hlt">observers</span> from the control group perceived at least five reversals within the five minutes <span class="hlt">observation</span> time. Further, control participants showed the typical perceptual bias with significant longer median dwell times for the fap compared to the fbp interpretation. No such perceptual bias was found in the Asperger group. Discussion The perceptual system weights the incomplete and ambiguous sensory input with memorized concepts in order to construct stable and reliable percepts. In the case of the Necker cube stimulus, two perceptual interpretations are equally compatible with the sensory information and internal fluctuations may cause perceptual alternations between them—with a slightly larger probability value for the fap interpretation (perceptual bias). Smaller reversal rates in Asperger <span class="hlt">observers</span> may result from the dominance of bottom-up sensory input</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29244813','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29244813"><span>A <span class="hlt">different</span> view on the Necker cube-<span class="hlt">Differences</span> in multistable perception dynamics between Asperger and non-Asperger <span class="hlt">observers</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kornmeier, Jürgen; Wörner, Rike; Riedel, Andreas; Tebartz van Elst, Ludger</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>During <span class="hlt">observation</span> of the Necker cube perception becomes unstable and alternates repeatedly between a from-above-perspective ("fap") and a from-below-perspective ("fbp") interpretation. Both interpretations are physically equally plausible, however, <span class="hlt">observers</span> usually show an a priori top-down bias in favor of the fap interpretation. Patients with Autism spectrum disorder are known to show an altered pattern of perception with a focus on sensory details. In the present study we tested whether this altered perceptual processing affects their reversal dynamics and reduces the perceptual bias during Necker cube <span class="hlt">observation</span>. 19 participants with Asperger syndrome and 16 healthy controls <span class="hlt">observed</span> a Necker cube stimulus continuously for 5 minutes and indicated perceptual reversals by key press. We compared reversal rates (number of reversals per minute) and the distributions of dwell times for the two interpretations between <span class="hlt">observer</span> groups. Asperger participants showed less perceptual reversal than controls. Six Asperger participants did not perceive any reversal at all, whereas all <span class="hlt">observers</span> from the control group perceived at least five reversals within the five minutes <span class="hlt">observation</span> time. Further, control participants showed the typical perceptual bias with significant longer median dwell times for the fap compared to the fbp interpretation. No such perceptual bias was found in the Asperger group. The perceptual system weights the incomplete and ambiguous sensory input with memorized concepts in order to construct stable and reliable percepts. In the case of the Necker cube stimulus, two perceptual interpretations are equally compatible with the sensory information and internal fluctuations may cause perceptual alternations between them-with a slightly larger probability value for the fap interpretation (perceptual bias). Smaller reversal rates in Asperger <span class="hlt">observers</span> may result from the dominance of bottom-up sensory input over endogenous top-down factors. The latter may</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25446969','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25446969"><span>Processing of action- but not stimulus-related prediction errors <span class="hlt">differs</span> between active and <span class="hlt">observational</span> feedback learning.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kobza, Stefan; Bellebaum, Christian</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Learning of stimulus-response-outcome associations is driven by outcome prediction errors (PEs). Previous studies have shown larger PE-dependent activity in the striatum for learning from own as compared to <span class="hlt">observed</span> actions and the following outcomes despite comparable learning rates. We hypothesised that this finding relates primarily to a stronger integration of action and outcome information in active learners. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated brain activations related to action-dependent PEs, reflecting the deviation between action values and obtained outcomes, and action-independent PEs, reflecting the deviation between subjective values of response-preceding cues and obtained outcomes. To this end, 16 active and 15 <span class="hlt">observational</span> learners engaged in a probabilistic learning card-guessing paradigm. On each trial, active learners saw one out of five cues and pressed either a left or right response button to receive feedback (monetary win or loss). Each <span class="hlt">observational</span> learner <span class="hlt">observed</span> exactly those cues, responses and outcomes of one active learner. Learning performance was assessed in active test trials without feedback and did not <span class="hlt">differ</span> between groups. For both types of PEs, activations were found in the globus pallidus, putamen, cerebellum, and insula in active learners. However, only for action-dependent PEs, activations in these structures and the anterior cingulate were increased in active relative to <span class="hlt">observational</span> learners. Thus, PE-related activity in the reward system is not generally enhanced in active relative to <span class="hlt">observational</span> learning but only for action-dependent PEs. For the cerebellum, additional activations were found across groups for cue-related uncertainty, thereby emphasising the cerebellum's role in stimulus-outcome learning. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24587269','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24587269"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> fixation, strong population differentiation and complex population history in the Canary Islands blue tit subspecies complex.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hansson, Bengt; Ljungqvist, Marcus; Illera, Juan-Carlos; Kvist, Laura</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Evolutionary molecular studies of island radiations may lead to insights in the role of vicariance, founder events, population size and drift in the processes of population differentiation. We evaluate the degree of population genetic differentiation and fixation of the Canary Islands blue tit subspecies complex using microsatellite markers and aim to get insights in the population history using coalescence based methods. The Canary Island populations were strongly genetically differentiated and had reduced diversity with <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> fixation including many private alleles. In population structure models, the relationship between the central island populations (La Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria) and El Hierro was difficult to disentangle whereas the two European populations showed consistent clustering, the two eastern islands (Fuerteventura and Lanzarote) and Morocco weak clustering, and La Palma a consistent unique lineage. Coalescence based models suggested that the European mainland forms an outgroup to the Afrocanarian population, a split between the western island group (La Palma and El Hierro) and the central island group, and recent splits between the three central islands, and between the two eastern islands and Morocco, respectively. It is clear that strong genetic drift and low level of concurrent gene flow among populations have shaped complex allelic patterns of fixation and skewed frequencies over the archipelago. However, understanding the population history remains challenging; in particular, the pattern of extreme divergence with low genetic diversity and yet unique genetic material in the Canary Island system requires an explanation. A potential scenario is population contractions of a historically large and genetically variable Afrocanarian population, with vicariance and drift following in the wake. The suggestion from sequence-based analyses of a Pleistocene extinction of a substantial part of North Africa and a Pleistocene/Holocene eastward</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3937385','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3937385"><span><span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Fixation, Strong Population Differentiation and Complex Population History in the Canary Islands Blue Tit Subspecies Complex</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hansson, Bengt; Ljungqvist, Marcus; Illera, Juan-Carlos; Kvist, Laura</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Evolutionary molecular studies of island radiations may lead to insights in the role of vicariance, founder events, population size and drift in the processes of population differentiation. We evaluate the degree of population genetic differentiation and fixation of the Canary Islands blue tit subspecies complex using microsatellite markers and aim to get insights in the population history using coalescence based methods. The Canary Island populations were strongly genetically differentiated and had reduced diversity with <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> fixation including many private alleles. In population structure models, the relationship between the central island populations (La Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria) and El Hierro was difficult to disentangle whereas the two European populations showed consistent clustering, the two eastern islands (Fuerteventura and Lanzarote) and Morocco weak clustering, and La Palma a consistent unique lineage. Coalescence based models suggested that the European mainland forms an outgroup to the Afrocanarian population, a split between the western island group (La Palma and El Hierro) and the central island group, and recent splits between the three central islands, and between the two eastern islands and Morocco, respectively. It is clear that strong genetic drift and low level of concurrent gene flow among populations have shaped complex allelic patterns of fixation and skewed frequencies over the archipelago. However, understanding the population history remains challenging; in particular, the pattern of extreme divergence with low genetic diversity and yet unique genetic material in the Canary Island system requires an explanation. A potential scenario is population contractions of a historically large and genetically variable Afrocanarian population, with vicariance and drift following in the wake. The suggestion from sequence-based analyses of a Pleistocene extinction of a substantial part of North Africa and a Pleistocene/Holocene eastward</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7326840','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7326840"><span>Delayed echolalia in autism: some <span class="hlt">observations</span> on <span class="hlt">differences</span> within the term.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dyer, C; Hadden, A J</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>Attention has recently focused on the need to build up a corpus of case <span class="hlt">observations</span> relating to the function of delayed echolalia in various handicapping conditions but especially in early childhood autism. This present article offers six functional categories as an aid to clear reporting of <span class="hlt">observation</span> and, thus clarification of this little-understood facet of deviant language development.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.8951S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.8951S"><span>Global synthesis of long-term cloud condensation nuclei <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schmale, Julia; Henning, Silvia; Stratmann, Frank; Henzing, Bas; Schlag, Patrick; Aalto, Pasi; Keskinen, Helmi; Sellegri, Karine; Ovadnevaite, Jurgita; Krüger, Mira; Jefferson, Anne; Whitehead, James; Carslaw, Ken; Yum, Seong Soo; Kristensson, Adam; Baltensperger, Urs; Gysel, Martin</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are aerosol particles with the ability to activate into droplets at a given super saturation and therefore influence the microphysical and optical properties of clouds. To predict cloud radiative properties understanding the spatial and temporal variability of CCN concentrations in <span class="hlt">different</span> environments is important. However, currently, the effects of atmospheric particles on changes in cloud radiative forcing are still the largest contribution of uncertainty in climate forcing prediction (IPCC, 2013). Numerous intensive field campaigns have already explored detailed characteristics of CCN in many locations around the world. However, these rather short-term <span class="hlt">observations</span> can generally not address seasonal or inter-annual variations and a comparison between campaign sites is difficult due to the higher influence of specific environmental circumstances on short-term measurements results. Here, we present results of more long-term CCN and aerosol number concentrations as well as size distribution data covering at least one full year between 2006 and 2014. The 12 locations include ACTRIS stations (http://www.actris.net/) in Europe, and further sites in North America, Brazil and Korea. The sites are located in <span class="hlt">different</span> environments allowing for temporal and spatial characterization of CCN variability in <span class="hlt">different</span> atmospheric regimes. Those include marine, remote-continental, boreal forest, rain forest, Arctic and monsoon-influenced environments, as well as boundary layer and free tropospheric conditions. The aerosol populations and their activation behavior show significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> across the stations. While peak concentrations of CCN are <span class="hlt">observed</span> in summer at the high altitude sites, in the Arctic the highest concentrations occur during the Haze period in spring. The rural-marine and rural-continental sites exhibit similar CCN concentration characteristics with a relatively flat annual cycle. At some stations, e.g. in the boreal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980016165','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980016165"><span>Surface-Based <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Contrail Occurrence Over the US, Apr. 1993 to Apr. 1994</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Minnis, Patrick; Ayers, J. Kirk; Weaver, Steven P.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>Surface <span class="hlt">observers</span> stationed at 19 U.S. Air Force Bases and Army Air Stations recorded the daytime occurrence of contrails and cloud fraction on an hourly basis for the period April 1993 through April 1994. Each <span class="hlt">observation</span> uses one of four main categories to report contrails as unobserved, non-persistent, persistent, and indeterminate. Additional classification includes the co-occurrence of cirrus with each report. The data cover much of the continental U.S. including locations near major commercial air routes. The mean annual frequency of occurrence in unobstructed viewing conditions is 13 percent for these sites. Contrail occurrence varied substantially with location and season. Most contrails occurred during the winter months and least during the summer with a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> minimum during July. Although nocturnal <span class="hlt">observations</span> are not available, it appears that the contrails have a diurnal variation that peaks during mid morning over most areas. Contrails were most often <span class="hlt">observed</span> in areas near major commercial air corridors and least often over areas far removed from the heaviest air traffic. A significant correlation exists between mean contrail frequency and aircraft fuel usage above 7 km suggesting predictive potential for assessing future contrail effects on climate.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...713.1376F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...713.1376F"><span>Damping of Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in Partially Ionized Gas and the <span class="hlt">Observed</span> <span class="hlt">Difference</span> of Velocities of Neutrals and Ions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Falceta-Gonçalves, D.; Lazarian, A.; Houde, M.</p> <p>2010-04-01</p> <p>Theoretical and <span class="hlt">observational</span> studies on the turbulence of the interstellar medium developed fast in the past decades. The theory of supersonic magnetized turbulence, as well as the understanding of the projection effects of <span class="hlt">observed</span> quantities, is still in progress. In this work, we explore the characterization of the turbulent cascade and its damping from <span class="hlt">observational</span> spectral line profiles. We address the <span class="hlt">difference</span> of ion and neutral velocities by clarifying the nature of the turbulence damping in the partially ionized. We provide theoretical arguments in favor of the explanation of the larger Doppler broadening of lines arising from neutral species compared to ions as arising from the turbulence damping of ions at larger scales. Also, we compute a number of MHD numerical simulations for <span class="hlt">different</span> turbulent regimes and explicit turbulent damping, and compare both the three-dimensional distributions of velocity and the synthetic line profile distributions. From the numerical simulations, we place constraints on the precision with which one can measure the three-dimensional dispersion depending on the turbulence sonic Mach number. We show that no universal correspondence between the three-dimensional velocity dispersions measured in the turbulent volume and minima of the two-dimensional velocity dispersions available through <span class="hlt">observations</span> exist. For instance, for subsonic turbulence the correspondence is poor at scales much smaller than the turbulence injection scale, while for supersonic turbulence the correspondence is poor for the scales comparable with the injection scale. We provide a physical explanation of the existence of such a two-dimensional to three-dimensional correspondence and discuss the uncertainties in evaluating the damping scale of ions that can be obtained from <span class="hlt">observations</span>. However, we show that the statistics of velocity dispersion from <span class="hlt">observed</span> line profiles can provide the spectral index and the energy transfer rate of turbulence. Also</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25581005','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25581005"><span>Evaluating gender similarities and <span class="hlt">differences</span> using metasynthesis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zell, Ethan; Krizan, Zlatan; Teeter, Sabrina R</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Despite the common lay assumption that males and females are profoundly <span class="hlt">different</span>, Hyde (2005) used data from 46 meta-analyses to demonstrate that males and females are highly similar. Nonetheless, the gender similarities hypothesis has remained controversial. Since Hyde's provocative report, there has been an explosion of meta-analytic interest in psychological gender <span class="hlt">differences</span>. We utilized this enormous collection of 106 meta-analyses and 386 individual meta-analytic effects to reevaluate the gender similarities hypothesis. Furthermore, we employed a novel data-analytic approach called metasynthesis (Zell & Krizan, 2014) to estimate the average <span class="hlt">difference</span> between males and females and to explore moderators of gender <span class="hlt">differences</span>. The average, absolute <span class="hlt">difference</span> between males and females across domains was relatively small (d = 0.21, SD = 0.14), with the majority of effects being either small (46%) or very small (39%). Magnitude of <span class="hlt">differences</span> fluctuated somewhat as a function of the psychological domain (e.g., cognitive variables, social and personality variables, well-being), but remained largely constant across age, culture, and generations. These findings provide compelling support for the gender similarities hypothesis, but also underscore conditions under which gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> are most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span>. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24348229','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24348229"><span>Amino acid changes in disease-associated variants <span class="hlt">differ</span> radically from variants <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the 1000 genomes project dataset.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>de Beer, Tjaart A P; Laskowski, Roman A; Parks, Sarah L; Sipos, Botond; Goldman, Nick; Thornton, Janet M</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The 1000 Genomes Project data provides a natural background dataset for amino acid germline mutations in humans. Since the direction of mutation is known, the amino acid exchange matrix generated from the <span class="hlt">observed</span> nucleotide variants is asymmetric and the mutabilities of the <span class="hlt">different</span> amino acids are very <span class="hlt">different</span>. These <span class="hlt">differences</span> predominantly reflect preferences for nucleotide mutations in the DNA (especially the high mutation rate of the CpG dinucleotide, which makes arginine mutability very much higher than other amino acids) rather than selection imposed by protein structure constraints, although there is evidence for the latter as well. The variants occur predominantly on the surface of proteins (82%), with a slight preference for sites which are more exposed and less well conserved than random. Mutations to functional residues occur about half as often as expected by chance. The disease-associated amino acid variant distributions in OMIM are radically <span class="hlt">different</span> from those expected on the basis of the 1000 Genomes dataset. The disease-associated variants preferentially occur in more conserved sites, compared to 1000 Genomes mutations. Many of the amino acid exchange profiles appear to exhibit an anti-correlation, with common exchanges in one dataset being rare in the other. Disease-associated variants exhibit more extreme <span class="hlt">differences</span> in amino acid size and hydrophobicity. More modelling of the mutational processes at the nucleotide level is needed, but these <span class="hlt">observations</span> should contribute to an improved prediction of the effects of specific variants in humans.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.6315K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.6315K"><span>Analysis of the interplanetary magnetic field <span class="hlt">observations</span> at <span class="hlt">different</span> heliocentric distances</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Khabarova, Olga</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Multi-spacecraft measurements of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) from 0.29 AU to 5 AU along the ecliptic plane have demonstrated systematic deviations of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> IMF strength from the values predicted on the basis of the Parker-like radial extension models (Khabarova, Obridko, 2012). In particular, it was found that the radial IMF component |Br| decreases with a heliocentric distance r with a slope of -5/3 (instead of r-2 expansion law). The current investigation of multi-point <span class="hlt">observations</span> continues the analysis of the IMF (and, especially, Br) large-scale behaviour, including its latitudinal distribution. Additionally, examples of the mismatches between the expected IMF characteristics and <span class="hlt">observations</span> at smaller scales are discussed. It is shown that the <span class="hlt">observed</span> effects may be explained by not complete IMF freezing-in to the solar wind plasma. This research was supported by the Russian Fund of Basic Researches' grants Nos.11-02-00259-a, and 12-02-10008-K. Khabarova Olga, and Obridko Vladimir, Puzzles of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field in the Inner Heliosphere, 2012, Astrophysical Journal, 761, 2, 82, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/761/2/82, http://arxiv.org/pdf/1204.6672v2.pdf</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918609P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1918609P"><span>Long-term <span class="hlt">observations</span> of cloud condensation nuclei in the Amazon rain forest</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pöhlker, Mira L.; Pöhlker, Christopher; Ditas, Florian; Klimach, Thomas; Hrabe de Angelis, Isabella; Brito, Joel; Carbone, Samara; Cheng, Yafang; Martin, Scot T.; Moran-Zuloaga, Daniel; Rose, Diana; Saturno, Jorge; Su, Hang; Thalman, Ryan; Walter, David; Wang, Jian; Barbosa, Henrique; Artaxo, Paulo; Andreae, Meinrat O.; Pöschl, Ulrich</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Size-resolved long-term measurements of atmospheric aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations and hygroscopicity were conducted at the remote Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) in the central Amazon Basin over a full seasonal cycle (Mar 2014 - Feb 2015). The measurements provide a climatology of CCN properties characteristic of a remote central Amazonian rain forest site [1,2]. The CCN measurements were continuously cycled through 10 levels of supersaturation (S = 0.11 to 1.10 %) and span the aerosol particle size range from 20 to 245 nm. The particle hygroscopicity exhibits a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> size dependence with lower values for the Aitken mode (κAit = 0.14 ± 0.03), higher values for the accumulation mode (κAcc = 0.22 ± 0.05), and an overall mean value of κmean = 0.17 ± 0.06, consistent with high fractions of organic aerosol. The hygroscopicity parameter, κ, exhibits remarkably little temporal variability: no <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> diurnal cycles, only weak seasonal trends, and few short-term variations during long-range transport events. In contrast, the CCN number concentrations exhibit a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> seasonal cycle, tracking the pollution-related seasonality in total aerosol concentration. We find that the variability in the CCN concentrations in the central Amazon is mostly driven by aerosol particle number concentration and size distribution, while variations in aerosol hygroscopicity and chemical composition matter only during a few episodes. For modelling purposes, we compare <span class="hlt">different</span> approaches of predicting CCN number concentration and present a novel parameterization, which allows accurate CCN predictions based on a small set of input data. In addition, we analyzed the CCN short-term variability in relation to air mass changes as well as aerosol emission and transformation processes. The CCN short term variability is presented for selected case studies, which analyze particularly interesting and characteristic events/conditions in the Amazon</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26524237','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26524237"><span>Age <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in the Complexity of Emotion Perception.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Seungyoun; Geren, Jennifer L; Knight, Bob G</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The current study examined age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the number of emotion components used in the judgment of emotion from facial expressions. Fifty-eight younger and 58 older adults were compared on the complexity of perception of emotion from standardized facial expressions that were either clear or ambiguous exemplars of emotion. Using an intra-individual factor analytic approach, results showed that older adults used more emotion components in perceiving emotion in faces than younger adults. Both age groups reported greater emotional complexity for the clear and prototypical emotional stimuli. Age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in emotional complexity were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> for the ambiguous expressions compared with the clear expressions. These findings demonstrate that older adults showed increased elaboration of emotion, particularly when emotion cues were subtle and provide support for greater emotion differentiation in older adulthood.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16671606','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16671606"><span>Geographical and political predictors of emotion in the sounds of favorite baby names.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Whissell, Cynthia</p> <p>2006-02-01</p> <p>The top 5 favorite boys' and girls' names from each state of the USA in 2000 and 2003 were analyzed in terms of the emotional associations of their component sounds and sound <span class="hlt">pronounceability</span>. These were significantly and variously correlated with a historical factor (year), geographic factors (compass directions), and a political factor (percentage of the popular vote cast for President Bush in 2004). The expected stereotypical sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span>: girls' names were longer, more pleasant, less active, and easier to <span class="hlt">pronounce</span> (p < .01). It was possible to predict emotional associations and <span class="hlt">pronounceability</span> (R2 = .27-.48, p < .01) on the basis of historical, geographical, and political variables.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACP....13.9565W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACP....13.9565W"><span>Large <span class="hlt">differences</span> in reanalyses of diabatic heating in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wright, J. S.; Fueglistaler, S.</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>We present the time mean heat budgets of the tropical upper troposphere (UT) and lower stratosphere (LS) as simulated by five reanalysis models: the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), European Reanalysis (ERA-Interim), Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), Japanese 25-yr Reanalysis and Japan Meteorological Agency Climate Data Assimilation System (JRA-25/JCDAS), and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis 1. The simulated diabatic heat budget in the tropical UTLS <span class="hlt">differs</span> significantly from model to model, with substantial implications for representations of transport and mixing. Large <span class="hlt">differences</span> are apparent both in the net heat budget and in all comparable individual components, including latent heating, heating due to radiative transfer, and heating due to parameterised vertical mixing. We describe and discuss the most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>. Discrepancies in latent heating reflect continuing difficulties in representing moist convection in models. Although these discrepancies may be expected, their magnitude is still disturbing. We pay particular attention to discrepancies in radiative heating (which may be surprising given the strength of <span class="hlt">observational</span> constraints on temperature and tropospheric water vapour) and discrepancies in heating due to turbulent mixing (which have received comparatively little attention). The largest <span class="hlt">differences</span> in radiative heating in the tropical UTLS are attributable to <span class="hlt">differences</span> in cloud radiative heating, but important systematic <span class="hlt">differences</span> are present even in the absence of clouds. Local maxima in heating and cooling due to parameterised turbulent mixing occur in the vicinity of the tropical tropopause.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ISPAr42.3..857L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ISPAr42.3..857L"><span>Retrieval of Aerosol Phase Function and Polarized Phase Function from Polarization of Skylight for <span class="hlt">Different</span> <span class="hlt">Observation</span> Geometries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, L.; Qie, L. L.; Xu, H.; Li, Z. Q.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The phase function and polarized phase function are important optical parameters, which describe scattering properties of atmospheric aerosol particles. Polarization of skylight induced by the scattering processes is sensitive to the scattering properties of aerosols. The Stokes parameters I, Q, U and the polarized radiance Lp of skylight measured by the CIMEL dual-polar sun-sky radiometer CE318- DP can be use to retrieve the phase function and polarized phase function, respectively. Two <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observation</span> geometries (i.e., the principal plane and almucantar) are preformed by the CE318-DP to detect skylight polarization. Polarization of skylight depends on the illumination and <span class="hlt">observation</span> geometries. For the same solar zenith angle, retrievals of the phase function and the polarized phase function are still affected by the <span class="hlt">observation</span> geometry. The performance of the retrieval algorithm for the principal plane and almucantar <span class="hlt">observation</span> geometries was assessed by the numerical experiments at two typical high and low sun's positions (i.e. solar zenith angles are equal to 45° and 65°). Comparing the results for the principal plane and almucantar geometries, it is recommended to utilize the principal plane <span class="hlt">observations</span> to retrieve the phase function when the solar zenith angle is small. The Stokes parameter U and the polarized radiance Lp from the almucantar <span class="hlt">observations</span> are suggested to retrieve the polarized phase function, especially for short wavelength channels (e.g., 440 and 500 nm).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhLA..382..503A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhLA..382..503A"><span>Evolution of the characteristics of Parametric X-ray Radiation from textured polycrystals under <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observation</span> angles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alekseev, V. I.; Eliseyev, A. N.; Irribarra, E.; Kishin, I. A.; Klyuev, A. S.; Kubankin, A. S.; Nazhmudinov, R. M.; Zhukova, P. N.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The Parametric X-Ray radiation (PXR) spectra and yield dependencies on the orientation angle are measured during the interaction of 7 MeV electrons with a tungsten textured polycrystalline foil for <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observation</span> angles. The effects of PXR spectral density increase and PXR yield orientation dependence broadening in the backward direction is shown experimentally for the first time. The experimental results are compared with PXR kinematical theories for both mosaic crystals and polycrystals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.9489S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..16.9489S"><span>From South to North: flowering phenological responses at <span class="hlt">different</span> geographical latitudes in 12 European countries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Szabó, Barbara; Lehoczky, Annamária; Filzmoser, Peter; Templ, Matthias; Szentkirályi, Ferenc; Pongrácz, Rita; Ortner, Thomas; Mert, Can; Czúcz, Bálint</p> <p>2014-05-01</p> <p>Phenological sensitivity of plants strongly depends on regional climate variability, moreover it is also influenced by large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. Plants in <span class="hlt">different</span> environmental conditions (determined by geographical latitude and longitude, altitude, continentality) may show diverse responses to climate change. The first results of an international cooperation aiming at the analysis of plant phenological data along a latitudinal gradient over 12 European countries (Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland) are presented. The spatio-temporal changes in the flowering onset dates of common lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.) during the period of 1970-2000 were analysed. To characterise the environmental conditions driving the phenological responses, climatic variables (atmospheric pressure, air temperature, precipitation) obtained from a gridded <span class="hlt">observational</span> dataset (E-OBS 9.0) and time series of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index were used. Preliminary results for this particular species found a gradual advance of mean flowering onsets along latitudes from 40° N to 65° N, at the rate of -0.12 to -0.32 day/year. Significant zonal <span class="hlt">differences</span> were found in these rates, which can be explained by the sensitivity of flowering to climatic conditions while moving from Mediterranen to boreal regions of Europe. Thus our results were coherent with most <span class="hlt">observations</span> in the literature, that higher latitudes can exhibit more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> responses, particularly in case of spring phenological events.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C51A0953Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C51A0953Y"><span>Comparing elevation and freeboard from IceBridge and four <span class="hlt">different</span> CryoSat-2 retrackers for coincident sea ice <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yi, D.; Kurtz, N. T.; Harbeck, J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The airborne IceBridge and spaceborne Cryosat-2 missions <span class="hlt">observe</span> polar sea ice at <span class="hlt">different</span> altitudes with <span class="hlt">different</span> footprint sizes and often at <span class="hlt">different</span> time and locations. Many studies use <span class="hlt">different</span> retrackers to derive Cryosat-2 surface elevation, which we find causes large <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the elevation and freeboard comparisons of IceBridge and Cryosat-2. In this study, we compare sea ice surface elevation and freeboard using 8 coincident CryoSat-2, ATM, and LVIS <span class="hlt">observations</span> with IceBridge airplanes under flying the Cryosat-2 ground tracks. We apply identical ellipsoid, geoid model, tide model, and atmospheric correction to CryoSat-2 and IceBridge data to reduce elevation bias due to their <span class="hlt">differences</span>. IceBridge's ATM and LVIS elevation and freeboard and Snow Radar snow depth are averaged at each CryoSat-2 footprint for comparison. The four <span class="hlt">different</span> Cryosat-2 retrackers (ESA, GSFC, AWI, and JPL) show distinct <span class="hlt">differences</span> in mean elevation up to 0.35 meters over leads and over floes, which suggests that systematic elevation bias exists between the retrackers. The mean IceBridge elevation over leads is within the mean elevation distribution of the four Cryosat-2 retrackers. The mean IceBridge elevation over floes is above the mean elevation distribution of the four Cryosat-2 retrackers. After removing the snow depth from IceBridge elevation, over floe, the mean elevation of IceBridge is within the mean elevation distribution of the four Cryosat-2 retrackers. By identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the retrackers, this study provides a mechanism to improve freeboard retrievals from existing methods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27743081','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27743081"><span>How does lower leg alignment <span class="hlt">differ</span> between soccer players, other athletes, and non-athletic controls?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Colyn, William; Agricola, Rintje; Arnout, Nele; Verhaar, Jan A N; Bellemans, Johan</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>The influence of type and intensity of sports during growth on knee alignment was investigated. The second aim was to ascertain whether the distal femur or proximal tibia contribute most to knee alignment. Also, the influence of field position and leg dominancy on knee alignment in soccer players was audited. Standardized full-leg standing digital radiographs were obtained from 100 males and 100 females on which 8 <span class="hlt">different</span> alignment parameters were measured. Participants were questioned on their sports activities during <span class="hlt">different</span> stages of growth. Sports activities were graded according to the Tegner score. The mean (±SD) hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in high-activity male athletes (-2.8° ± 2.4°) than in low-activity male athletes (-0.9° ± 1.9°). No <span class="hlt">differences</span> in HKA were <span class="hlt">observed</span> between <span class="hlt">different</span> activity levels in females. Males who practiced soccer between 10-12 years and 15-17 years had, in turn, a lower HKA than athletes practicing other high-activity sports in these age categories (mean <span class="hlt">difference</span> ≥1.2°, p ≤ 0.046). The most contributing factor for the varus alignment in male soccer players was a lower medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA). High-activity sports participation during youth is associated with varus alignment at the end of growth in males. The most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> bowlegs were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in male soccer players, and this was primarily determined by the proximal tibia. Adjustments in loads applied to the knees during skeletal growth in males might prevent the development of varus alignment and associated pathology, but further studies are required. Diagnostic study, Level III.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26067877','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26067877"><span>Fundamental <span class="hlt">differences</span> between glassy dynamics in two and three dimensions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Flenner, Elijah; Szamel, Grzegorz</p> <p>2015-06-12</p> <p>The two-dimensional freezing transition is very <span class="hlt">different</span> from its three-dimensional counterpart. In contrast, the glass transition is usually assumed to have similar characteristics in two and three dimensions. Using computer simulations, here we show that glassy dynamics in supercooled two- and three-dimensional fluids are fundamentally <span class="hlt">different</span>. Specifically, transient localization of particles on approaching the glass transition is absent in two dimensions, whereas it is very <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in three dimensions. Moreover, the temperature dependence of the relaxation time of orientational correlations is decoupled from that of the translational relaxation time in two dimensions but not in three dimensions. Last, the relationships between the characteristic size of dynamically heterogeneous regions and the relaxation time are very <span class="hlt">different</span> in two and three dimensions. These results strongly suggest that the glass transition in two dimensions is <span class="hlt">different</span> than in three dimensions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4490572','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4490572"><span>Fundamental <span class="hlt">differences</span> between glassy dynamics in two and three dimensions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Flenner, Elijah; Szamel, Grzegorz</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The two-dimensional freezing transition is very <span class="hlt">different</span> from its three-dimensional counterpart. In contrast, the glass transition is usually assumed to have similar characteristics in two and three dimensions. Using computer simulations, here we show that glassy dynamics in supercooled two- and three-dimensional fluids are fundamentally <span class="hlt">different</span>. Specifically, transient localization of particles on approaching the glass transition is absent in two dimensions, whereas it is very <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in three dimensions. Moreover, the temperature dependence of the relaxation time of orientational correlations is decoupled from that of the translational relaxation time in two dimensions but not in three dimensions. Last, the relationships between the characteristic size of dynamically heterogeneous regions and the relaxation time are very <span class="hlt">different</span> in two and three dimensions. These results strongly suggest that the glass transition in two dimensions is <span class="hlt">different</span> than in three dimensions. PMID:26067877</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.4538G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.4538G"><span><span class="hlt">Observational</span> and Dynamical Wave Climatologies. VOS vs Satellite Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grigorieva, Victoria; Badulin, Sergei; Chernyshova, Anna</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The understanding physics of wind-driven waves is crucially important for fundamental science and practical applications. This is why experimental efforts are targeted at both getting reliable information on sea state and elaborating effective tools of the sea wave forecasting. The global Visual Wave <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and satellite data from the GLOBWAVE project of the European Space Agency are analyzed in the context of these two viewpoints. Within the first "<span class="hlt">observational</span>" aspect we re-analyze conventional climatologies of all basic wave parameters for the last decades [5]. An alternative "dynamical" climatology is introduced as a tool of prediction of dynamical features of sea waves on global scales. The features of wave dynamics are studied in terms of one-parametric dependencies of wave heights on wave periods following the theoretical concept of self-similar wind-driven seas [3, 1, 4] and recently proposed approach to analysis of Voluntary <span class="hlt">Observing</span> Ship (VOS) data [2]. Traditional "<span class="hlt">observational</span>" climatologies based on VOS and satellite data collections demonstrate extremely consistent pictures for significant wave heights and dominant periods. On the other hand, collocated satellite and VOS data show significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in wave heights, wind speeds and, especially, in wave periods. Uncertainties of visual wave <span class="hlt">observations</span> can explain these <span class="hlt">differences</span> only partially. We see the key reason of this inconsistency in the methods of satellite data processing which are based on formal application of data interpolation methods rather than on up-to-date physics of wind-driven waves. The problem is considered within the alternative climatology approach where dynamical criteria of wave height-to-period linkage are used for retrieving wave periods and constructing physically consistent dynamical climatology. The key dynamical parameter - exponent R of one-parametric dependence Hs ~ TR shows dramatically less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> latitudinal dependence as compared to <span class="hlt">observed</span> Hs</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013HydJ...21.1539R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013HydJ...21.1539R"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">different</span> transport <span class="hlt">observations</span> on inverse modeling results: case study of a long-term groundwater tracer test monitored at high resolution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rasa, Ehsan; Foglia, Laura; Mackay, Douglas M.; Scow, Kate M.</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Conservative tracer experiments can provide information useful for characterizing various subsurface transport properties. This study examines the effectiveness of three <span class="hlt">different</span> types of transport <span class="hlt">observations</span> for sensitivity analysis and parameter estimation of a three-dimensional site-specific groundwater flow and transport model: conservative tracer breakthrough curves (BTCs), first temporal moments of BTCs ( m 1), and tracer cumulative mass discharge ( M d) through control planes combined with hydraulic head <span class="hlt">observations</span> ( h). High-resolution data obtained from a 410-day controlled field experiment at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California (USA), have been used. In this experiment, bromide was injected to create two adjacent plumes monitored at six <span class="hlt">different</span> transects (perpendicular to groundwater flow) with a total of 162 monitoring wells. A total of 133 <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observations</span> of transient hydraulic head, 1,158 of BTC concentration, 23 of first moment, and 36 of mass discharge were used for sensitivity analysis and parameter estimation of nine flow and transport parameters. The importance of each group of transport <span class="hlt">observations</span> in estimating these parameters was evaluated using sensitivity analysis, and five out of nine parameters were calibrated against these data. Results showed the advantages of using temporal moment of conservative tracer BTCs and mass discharge as <span class="hlt">observations</span> for inverse modeling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=gossip&pg=3&id=EJ786453','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=gossip&pg=3&id=EJ786453"><span>Perceptions of Friendship Quality and <span class="hlt">Observed</span> Behaviors with Friends: How Do Sociometrically Rejected, Average, and Popular Girls <span class="hlt">Differ</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Lansford, Jennifer E.; Putallaz, Martha; Grimes, Christina L.; Schiro-Osman, Kimberlea A.; Kupersmidt, Janis B.; Coie, John D.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>This study examined associations between sociometric status and friendship quality using <span class="hlt">observational</span> and questionnaire data from 139 fourth-grade girls and their friends. Multivariate analyses of covariance (controlling for ethnicity and socioeconomic status) showed that rejected girls and their friends did not <span class="hlt">differ</span> in their reported…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70041833','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70041833"><span>Histological <span class="hlt">observations</span> in the Hawaiian reef coral, Porites compressa, affected by Porites bleaching with tissue loss</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Sudek, M.; Work, Thierry M.; Aeby, G.S.; Davy, S.K.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The scleractinian finger coral Porites compressa is affected by the coral disease Porites bleaching with tissue loss (PBTL). This disease initially manifests as bleaching of the coenenchyme (tissue between polyps) while the polyps remain brown with eventual tissue loss and subsequent algal overgrowth of the bare skeleton. Histopathological investigation showed a loss of symbiont and melanin-containing granular cells which was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the coenenchyme than the polyps. Cell counts confirmed a 65% reduction in symbiont density. Tissue loss was due to tissue fragmentation and necrosis in affected areas. In addition, a reduction in putative bacterial aggregate densities was found in diseased samples but no potential pathogens were <span class="hlt">observed</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930032135&hterms=koji&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dkoji','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930032135&hterms=koji&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dkoji"><span>Ginga <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the dipping low-mass X-ray binaries XB 1916-053 and EXO 1748-676</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Smale, Alan P.; Mukai, Koji; Williams, O. R.; Jones, Mark H.; Corbet, Robin H. D.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Ginga <span class="hlt">observations</span> of XB 1916-053 and EXO 0748-676, low-mass X-ray binaries with <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> dips of variable depth and duration in their X-ray light curves, are reported. Periodicity studies of XB-1916-053 show results consistent with those from previous Ginga <span class="hlt">observations</span>, specifically, that the derived X-ray period is shorter than the optical period by about 1 percent. This problem is discussed, and a more refined model for the system is described. Three bursts were detected during the <span class="hlt">observation</span> of XB 1916-053, the second of which occurred during a dip. Spectral analysis suggests that the second burst caused an almost instantaneous ionization of the absorbing medium in the line of sight. This material then returned to its equilibrium state on the same time scale as the burst decay. Loose limits are placed upon the possible clumpiness of the material responsible for the accretion disk structure in XB 1916-053 and EXO 0748-676.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24399925','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24399925"><span>Of goals and habits: age-related and individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in goal-directed decision-making.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Eppinger, Ben; Walter, Maik; Heekeren, Hauke R; Li, Shu-Chen</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>In this study we investigated age-related and individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in habitual (model-free) and goal-directed (model-based) decision-making. Specifically, we were interested in three questions. First, does age affect the balance between model-based and model-free decision mechanisms? Second, are these age-related changes due to age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in working memory (WM) capacity? Third, can model-based behavior be affected by manipulating the distinctiveness of the reward value of choice options? To answer these questions we used a two-stage Markov decision task in in combination with computational modeling to dissociate model-based and model-free decision mechanisms. To affect model-based behavior in this task we manipulated the distinctiveness of reward probabilities of choice options. The results show age-related deficits in model-based decision-making, which are particularly <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> if unexpected reward indicates the need for a shift in decision strategy. In this situation younger adults explore the task structure, whereas older adults show perseverative behavior. Consistent with previous findings, these results indicate that older adults have deficits in the representation and updating of expected reward value. We also <span class="hlt">observed</span> substantial individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in model-based behavior. In younger adults high WM capacity is associated with greater model-based behavior and this effect is further elevated when reward probabilities are more distinct. However, in older adults we found no effect of WM capacity. Moreover, age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in model-based behavior remained statistically significant, even after controlling for WM capacity. Thus, factors other than decline in WM, such as deficits in the in the integration of expected reward value into strategic decisions may contribute to the <span class="hlt">observed</span> impairments in model-based behavior in older adults.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3871973','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3871973"><span>Of goals and habits: age-related and individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in goal-directed decision-making</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Eppinger, Ben; Walter, Maik; Heekeren, Hauke R.; Li, Shu-Chen</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>In this study we investigated age-related and individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in habitual (model-free) and goal-directed (model-based) decision-making. Specifically, we were interested in three questions. First, does age affect the balance between model-based and model-free decision mechanisms? Second, are these age-related changes due to age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in working memory (WM) capacity? Third, can model-based behavior be affected by manipulating the distinctiveness of the reward value of choice options? To answer these questions we used a two-stage Markov decision task in in combination with computational modeling to dissociate model-based and model-free decision mechanisms. To affect model-based behavior in this task we manipulated the distinctiveness of reward probabilities of choice options. The results show age-related deficits in model-based decision-making, which are particularly <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> if unexpected reward indicates the need for a shift in decision strategy. In this situation younger adults explore the task structure, whereas older adults show perseverative behavior. Consistent with previous findings, these results indicate that older adults have deficits in the representation and updating of expected reward value. We also <span class="hlt">observed</span> substantial individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in model-based behavior. In younger adults high WM capacity is associated with greater model-based behavior and this effect is further elevated when reward probabilities are more distinct. However, in older adults we found no effect of WM capacity. Moreover, age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in model-based behavior remained statistically significant, even after controlling for WM capacity. Thus, factors other than decline in WM, such as deficits in the in the integration of expected reward value into strategic decisions may contribute to the <span class="hlt">observed</span> impairments in model-based behavior in older adults. PMID:24399925</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24021834','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24021834"><span>Reversible entrapment of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid on <span class="hlt">different</span> chromatographic supports.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gabor, Boštjan; Černigoj, Urh; Barut, Miloš; Štrancar, Aleš</p> <p>2013-10-11</p> <p>HPLC based analytical assay is a powerful technique that can be used to efficiently monitor plasmid DNA (pDNA) purity and quantity throughout the entire purification process. Anion exchange monolithic and non-porous particle based stationary phases were used to study the recovery of the <span class="hlt">different</span> pDNA isoforms from the analytical column. Three <span class="hlt">differently</span> sized pDNA molecules of 3.0kbp, 5.2kbp and 14.0kbp were used. Plasmid DNA was injected onto columns under the binding conditions and the separation of the isoforms took place by increasing the ionic strength of the elution buffer. While there was no substantial decrease of the recovered supercoiled and linear isoforms of the pDNA with the increase of the plasmid size and with the increase of the flow rate (recoveries in all cases larger than 75%), a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> decrease of the oc isoform recovery was <span class="hlt">observed</span>. The entrapment of the oc pDNA isoform occurred under non-binding conditions as well. The partial oc isoform elution from the column could be achieved by decreasing the flow rate of the elution mobile phase. The results suggested a reversible entrapment of the oc isoform in the restrictions within the pores of the monolithic material as well as within the intra-particle space of the non-porous particles. This phenomenon was <span class="hlt">observed</span> on both types of the stationary phase morphologies and could only be connected to the size of a void space through which the pDNA needs to migrate. A prediction of reversible pDNA entrapment was successfully estimated with the calculation of Peclet numbers, Pe, which defines the ratio between a convective and diffusive mass transport. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMAE12A..05K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMAE12A..05K"><span>Lightning Mapping <span class="hlt">Observations</span> During DC3 in Northern Colorado</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krehbiel, P. R.; Rison, W.; Thomas, R. J.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Experiment (DC3) was conducted in three regions covered by Lightning Mapping Arrays (LMAs): Oklahoma and west Texas, northern Alabama, and northern Colorado. In this and a companion presentation, we discuss results obtained from the newly-deployed North Colorado LMA. The CO LMA revealed a surprising variety of lightning-inferred electrical structures, ranging from classic tripolar, normal polarity storms to several variations of anomalously electrified systems. Storms were often characterized by a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> lack or deficit of cloud-to-ground discharges (negative or positive), both in relative and absolute terms compared to the large amount of intracloud activity revealed by the LMA. Anomalous electrification was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in small, localized storms as well as in large, deeply convective and severe storms. Another surprising <span class="hlt">observation</span> was the frequent occurrence of embedded convection in the downwind anvil/outflow region of large storm systems. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of discharges in low flash rate situations over or near the network are sufficiently detailed to enable branching algorithms to estimate total channel lengths for modeling NOx production. However, this will not be possible in large or distant storm systems where the lightning was essentially continuous and structurally complex, or spatially noisy. Rather, a simple empirical metric for characterizing the lightning activity can be developed based on the number of located VHF radiation sources, weighted for example by the peak source power, source altitude, and temporal duration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=rocket&pg=7&id=EJ830119','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=rocket&pg=7&id=EJ830119"><span>The Spelling of Vowels Is Influenced by Australian and British English Dialect <span class="hlt">Differences</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kemp, Nenagh</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Two experiments examined the influence of dialect on the spelling of vowel sounds. British and Australian children (6 to 8 years) and university students wrote words whose unstressed vowel sound is spelled i or e and <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> /I/ or /schwa/. Participants often (mis)spelled these vowel sounds as they <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> them. When vowels were pronounced…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28258836','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28258836"><span>Boys vs. girls: Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the neural development of trust and reciprocity depend on social context.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lemmers-Jansen, Imke L J; Krabbendam, Lydia; Veltman, Dick J; Fett, Anne-Kathrin J</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Trust and cooperation increase from adolescence to adulthood, but studies on gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in this development are rare. We investigated gender and age-related <span class="hlt">differences</span> in trust and reciprocity and associated neural mechanisms in 43 individuals (16-27 years, 22 male). Participants played two multi-round trust games with a cooperative and an unfair partner. Males showed more basic trust towards unknown others than females. Both genders increased trust during cooperative interactions, with no <span class="hlt">differences</span> in average trust. Age was unrelated to trust during cooperation. During unfair interactions males decreased their trust more with age than females. ROI analysis showed age-related increases in activation in the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during cooperative investments, and increased age-related caudate activation during both cooperative and unfair repayments. Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in brain activation were only <span class="hlt">observed</span> during cooperative repayments, with males activating the TPJ more than females, and females activating the caudate more. The findings suggest relatively mature processes of trust and reciprocity in the investigated age range. Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> only occur in unfair contexts, becoming more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> with age. Largely similar neural activation in males and females and few age effects suggest that similar, mature cognitive strategies are employed. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=311751&showcriteria=2&fed_org_id=111&timstype=journal&datebeginpublishedpresented=10/22/2011&dateendpublishedpresented=10/22/2016&sortby=pubdateyear','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=311751&showcriteria=2&fed_org_id=111&timstype=journal&datebeginpublishedpresented=10/22/2011&dateendpublishedpresented=10/22/2016&sortby=pubdateyear"><span>Age-and Brain Region-Specific <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Mitochondrial ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Mitochondria are central regulators of energy homeostasis and play a pivotal role in mechanisms of cellular senescence. The objective of the present study was to evaluate mitochondrial bio­-energetic parameters in five brain regions [brainstem (BS), frontal cortex (FC), cerebellum (CER), striatum (STR), hippocampus (HIP)] of four diverse age groups [1 Month (young), 4 Month (adult), 12 Month (middle-aged), 24 Month (old age)] to understand age-related <span class="hlt">differences</span> in selected brain regions and their contribution to age-related chemical sensitivity. Mitochondrial bioenergetics parameters and enzyme activity were measured under identical conditions across multiple age groups and brain regions in Brown Norway rats (n = 5). The results indicate age- and brain region-specific patterns in mitochondrial functional endpoints. For example, an age-specific decline in ATP synthesis (State 111 respiration) was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in BS and HIP. Similarly, the maximal respiratory capacities (State V1 and V2) showed age-specific declines in all brain regions examined (young > adult > middle-aged > old age). Amongst all regions, HIP had the greatest change in mitochondrial bioenergetics, showing declines in the 4, 12 and 24 Month age groups. Activities of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) and electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I, II, and IV enzymes were also age- and brain-region specific. In general changes associated with age were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span>, with</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28823697','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28823697"><span>Endoscopic <span class="hlt">observation</span> of <span class="hlt">different</span> repair patterns in human traumatic tympanic membrane perforations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Huang, Peng; Zhang, Shujun; Gong, Xinhong; Wang, Xuesong; Lou, Zi-Han</p> <p>2017-08-03</p> <p>In the last decade, there has been an increasing use of biomaterial patches in the regeneration of traumatic tympanic membrane perforations. The major advantages of biomaterial patches are to provisionally restore the physiological function of the middle ear, thereby immediately improving ear symptoms, and act as a scaffold for epithelium migration. However, whether there are additional biological effects on eardrum regeneration is unclear for biological material patching in the clinic. This study evaluated the healing response for <span class="hlt">different</span> repair patterns in human traumatic tympanic membrane perforations by endoscopic <span class="hlt">observation</span>. In total, 114 patients with traumatic tympanic membrane perforations were allocated sequentially to two groups: the spontaneous healing group (n=57) and Gelfoam patch-treated group (n=57). The closure rate, closure time, and rate of otorrhea were compared between the groups at 3 months. Ultimately, 107 patients were analyzed in the two groups (52 patients in the spontaneous healing group vs. 55 patients in the Gelfoam patch-treated group). The overall closure rate at the end of the 3 month follow-up period was 90.4% in the spontaneous healing group and 94.5% in the Gelfoam patch-treated group; the <span class="hlt">difference</span> was not statistically significant (p>0.05). However, the total average closure time was significantly <span class="hlt">different</span> between the two groups (26.8±9.1 days in the spontaneous healing group vs. 14.7±9.1 days in the Gelfoam patch-treated group, p<0.01). In addition, the closure rate was not significantly <span class="hlt">different</span> between the spontaneous healing group and Gelfoam patch-treated group regardless of the perforation size. The closure time in the Gelfoam patch-treated group was significantly shorter than that in the spontaneous healing group regardless of the perforation size (small perforations: 7.1±1.6 days vs. 12.6±3.9, medium-sized perforations: 13.3±2.2 days vs. 21.8±4.2 days, and large perforations: 21.2±4.7 days vs. 38.4±5.7 days</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2719643','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2719643"><span>Interactions between cauliflower and Rhizoctonia anastomosis groups with <span class="hlt">different</span> levels of aggressiveness</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Pannecoucque, Joke; Höfte, Monica</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Background The soil borne fungus Rhizoctonia is one of the most important plant pathogenic fungi, with a wide host range and worldwide distribution. In cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), several anastomosis groups (AGs) including both multinucleate R. solani and binucleate Rhizoctonia species have been identified showing <span class="hlt">different</span> levels of aggressiveness. The infection and colonization process of Rhizoctonia during pathogenic interactions is well described. In contrast, insights into processes during interactions with weak aggressive or non-pathogenic isolates are limited. In this study the interaction of cauliflower with seven R. solani AGs and one binucleate Rhizoctonia AG <span class="hlt">differing</span> in aggressiveness, was compared. Using microscopic and histopathological techniques, the early steps of the infection process, the colonization process and several host responses were studied. Results For aggressive Rhizoctonia AGs (R. solani AG 1-1B, AG 1-1C, AG 2-1, AG 2-2 IIIb and AG 4 HGII), a higher developmental rate was detected for several steps of the infection process, including directed growth along anticlinal cell walls and formation of T-shaped branches, infection cushion formation and stomatal penetration. Weak or non-aggressive AGs (R. solani AG 5, AG 3 and binucleate Rhizoctonia AG K) required more time, notwithstanding all AGs were able to penetrate cauliflower hypocotyls. Histopathological <span class="hlt">observations</span> indicated that Rhizoctonia AGs provoked differential host responses and pectin degradation. We demonstrated the <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> deposition of phenolic compounds and callose against weak and non-aggressive AGs which resulted in a delay or complete block of the host colonization. Degradation of pectic compounds was <span class="hlt">observed</span> for all pathogenic AGs, except for AG 2-2 IIIb. Ranking the AGs based on infection rate, level of induced host responses and pectin degradation revealed a strong correlation with the disease severity caused by the AGs. Conclusion The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29855043','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29855043"><span>Dimorphism throughout the European eel's life cycle: are ontogenetic changes in head shape related to dietary <span class="hlt">differences</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>De Meyer, J; Goethals, T; Van Wassenbergh, S; Augustijns, T; Habraken, J; Hellemans, J; Vandewiele, V; Dhaene, J; Bouillart, M; Adriaens, D</p> <p>2018-05-31</p> <p>A well-known link exists between an organism's ecology and morphology. In the European eel, a dimorphic head has been linked to <span class="hlt">differences</span> in feeding ecology, with broad-headed eels consuming harder prey items than narrow-headed ones. Consequently, we hypothesized that broad-heads should exhibit a cranial musculoskeletal system that increases bite force and facilitates the consumption of harder prey. Using 3D-reconstructions and a bite model, we tested this hypothesis in two life stages: the sub-adult yellow eel stage and its predecessor, the elver eel stage. This allowed us to test whether broad- and narrow-headed phenotypes show similar trait <span class="hlt">differences</span> in both life stages and whether the dimorphism becomes more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> during ontogeny. We show that broad-headed eels in both stages have larger jaw muscles and a taller coronoid, which are associated with higher bite forces. This increased bite force together with the elongated upper and lower jaws in broad-headed eels can also improve grip during spinning behavior, which is used to manipulate hard prey. Head shape variation in European eel is therefore associated with musculoskeletal variation that can be linked to feeding ecology. However, although <span class="hlt">differences</span> in muscle volume become more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> during ontogeny, this was not the case for skeletal features. © 2018 Anatomical Society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2955586','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2955586"><span>Sex-<span class="hlt">different</span> hepaticglycogen content and glucose output in rats</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Background Genes involved in hepatic metabolism have a sex-<span class="hlt">different</span> expression in rodents. To test whether male and female rat livers <span class="hlt">differ</span> regarding lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, whole-genome transcript profiles were generated and these were complemented by measurements of hepatic lipid and glycogen content, fatty acid (FA) oxidation rates and hepatic glucose output (HGO). The latter was determined in perfusates from in situ perfusion of male and female rat livers. These perfusates were also analysed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to identify putative sex-<span class="hlt">differences</span> in other liver-derived metabolites. Effects of insulin were monitored by analysis of Akt-phosphorylation, gene expression and HGO after s.c. insulin injections. Results Out of approximately 3 500 gene products being detected in liver, 11% were significantly higher in females, and 11% were higher in males. Many transcripts for the production of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol and VLDL particles were female-predominant, whereas genes for FA oxidation, gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis were male-predominant. Sex-<span class="hlt">differences</span> in mRNA levels related to metabolism were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> during mild starvation (12 h fasting), as compared to the postabsorptive state (4 h fasting). No sex-<span class="hlt">differences</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> regarding hepatic TG content, FA oxidation rates or blood levels of ketone bodies or glucose. However, males had higher hepatic glycogen content and higher HGO, as well as higher ratios of insulin to glucagon levels. Based on NMR spectroscopy, liver-derived lactate was also higher in males. HGO was inhibited by insulin in parallel with increased phosphorylation of Akt, without any sex-<span class="hlt">differences</span> in insulin sensitivity. However, the degree of Thr172-phosphorylated AMP kinase (AMPK) was higher in females, indicating a higher degree of AMPK-dependent actions. Conclusions Taken together, males had higher ratios of insulin to glucagon levels, higher levels of glycogen, lower</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17563185','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17563185"><span>Memories of social interactions: age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in emotional intensity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Charles, Susan Turk; Piazza, Jennifer R</p> <p>2007-06-01</p> <p>The current study examined age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the intensity of emotions experienced during social interactions. Because emotions are felt most intensely in situations central to motivational goals, age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in emotional intensity may exist in social situations that meet the goals for one age group more than the other. Guided by theories of emotional intensity and socioemotional selectivity, it was hypothesized that social partner type would elicit <span class="hlt">different</span> affective responses by age. Younger (n = 71) and older (n = 71) adults recalled experiences of positive and negative emotions with new friends, established friends, and family members from the prior week. Compared with younger adults, older adults reported lower intensity positive emotions with new friends, similarly intense positive emotions with established friends, and higher intensity positive emotions with family members. Older adults reported lower intensity negative emotions for all social partners than did younger adults, but this <span class="hlt">difference</span> was most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> for interactions with new friends. ((c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Nanos...8.1338L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Nanos...8.1338L"><span>Solubility studies of inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticle photoresists with <span class="hlt">different</span> surface functional groups</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Li; Chakrabarty, Souvik; Jiang, Jing; Zhang, Ben; Ober, Christopher; Giannelis, Emmanuel P.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The solubility behavior of Hf and Zr based hybrid nanoparticles with <span class="hlt">different</span> surface ligands in <span class="hlt">different</span> concentrations of photoacid generator as potential EUV photoresists was investigated in detail. The nanoparticles regardless of core or ligand chemistry have a hydrodynamic diameter of 2-3 nm and a very narrow size distribution in organic solvents. The Hansen solubility parameters for nanoparticles functionalized with IBA and 2MBA have the highest contribution from the dispersion interaction than those with tDMA and MAA, which show more polar character. The nanoparticles functionalized with unsaturated surface ligands showed more apparent solubility changes after exposure to DUV than those with saturated ones. The solubility <span class="hlt">differences</span> after exposure are more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> for films containing a higher amount of photoacid generator. The work reported here provides material selection criteria and processing strategies for the design of high performance EUV photoresists.The solubility behavior of Hf and Zr based hybrid nanoparticles with <span class="hlt">different</span> surface ligands in <span class="hlt">different</span> concentrations of photoacid generator as potential EUV photoresists was investigated in detail. The nanoparticles regardless of core or ligand chemistry have a hydrodynamic diameter of 2-3 nm and a very narrow size distribution in organic solvents. The Hansen solubility parameters for nanoparticles functionalized with IBA and 2MBA have the highest contribution from the dispersion interaction than those with tDMA and MAA, which show more polar character. The nanoparticles functionalized with unsaturated surface ligands showed more apparent solubility changes after exposure to DUV than those with saturated ones. The solubility <span class="hlt">differences</span> after exposure are more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> for films containing a higher amount of photoacid generator. The work reported here provides material selection criteria and processing strategies for the design of high performance EUV photoresists. Electronic supplementary</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28226363','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28226363"><span>Coagulation Profile in Patients with <span class="hlt">Different</span> Etiologies for Cushing Syndrome: A Prospective <span class="hlt">Observational</span> Study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tirosh, Amit; Lodish, Maya; Lyssikatos, Charalampos; Belyavskaya, Elena; Feelders, Richard A; Stratakis, Constantine A</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Previous studies reported a higher prevalence of venous-thromboembolic events among patients with Cushing disease (CD) compared to those with ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome (CS) from adrenal sources. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the coagulation profile of patients with CS from <span class="hlt">different</span> etiologies. A prospective <span class="hlt">observational</span> study was conducted at a clinical research center. The study included adult patients admitted for evaluation of suspected CS (n=85), that were divided into 3 groups: CD (n=22), ACTH-independent CS from an adrenal tumor/hyperplasia (adrenal CS, n=21), and a control group consisting of subjects with negative screening for CS (rule-out CS, n=42). Coagulation profiles were drawn before and 8.5±4.3 months after surgery (trans-sphenoidal or adrenalectomy, n=18), and included fibrinogen, Factor VIII (FVIII), von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), antithrombin III (ATIII), Protein C (PC), Protein S (PS), α2-antiplasmin (α2AP), and aPTT measurements. Patients with CD had higher baseline mean cortisol levels, ATIII activity and vWF:Ag levels compared with adrenal CS. <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in ATIII activity and vWF:Ag levels remained even after controlling for BMI, and ATIII after also controlling for 24-h urinary free cortisol collections. Our study showed for the first time the <span class="hlt">differences</span> in coagulation profiles between various etiologies of CS. We assume that the higher cortisol burden among CD patients may explain the <span class="hlt">differences</span> found in the coagulation profile as well as the higher risk for VTE compared with primary adrenal CS patients. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23405070','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23405070"><span>Vascular and inflammatory high fat meal responses in young healthy men; a discriminative role of IL-8 <span class="hlt">observed</span> in a randomized trial.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Esser, Diederik; Oosterink, Els; op 't Roodt, Jos; Henry, Ronald M A; Stehouwer, Coen D A; Müller, Michael; Afman, Lydia A</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>High fat meal challenges are known to induce postprandial low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. This assumption is largely based on studies performed in older populations or in populations with a progressed disease state and an appropriate control meal is often lacking. Young healthy individuals might be more resilient to such challenges. We therefore aimed to characterize the vascular and inflammatory response after a high fat meal in young healthy individuals. In a double-blind randomized cross-over intervention study, we used a comprehensive phenotyping approach to determine the vascular and inflammatory response after consumption of a high fat shake and after an average breakfast shake in 20 young healthy subjects. Both interventions were performed three times. Many features of the vascular postprandial response, such as FMD, arterial stiffness and micro-vascular skin blood flow were not <span class="hlt">different</span> between shakes. High fat/high energy shake consumption was associated with a more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> increase in blood pressure, heart rate, plasma concentrations of IL-8 and PBMCs gene expression of IL-8 and CD54 (ICAM-1), whereas plasma concentrations of sVCAM1 were decreased compared to an average breakfast. Whereas no <span class="hlt">difference</span> in postprandial response were <span class="hlt">observed</span> on classical markers of endothelial function, we did <span class="hlt">observe</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> between consumption of a HF/HE and an average breakfast meal on blood pressure and IL-8 in young healthy volunteers. IL-8 might play an important role in dealing with high fat challenges and might be an early marker for endothelial stress, a stage preceding endothelial dysfunction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.tmp.1422R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.tmp.1422R"><span>Science from a glimpse: Hubble SNAPshot <span class="hlt">observations</span> of massive galaxy clusters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Repp, A.; Ebeling, H.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Hubble Space Telescope SNAPshot surveys of 86 X-ray selected galaxy clusters at 0.3 < z < 0.5 from the MACS sample have proven invaluable for the exploration of a wide range of astronomical research topics. We here present an overview of the four MACS SNAPshot surveys conducted from Cycle 14 to Cycle 20 as part of a long-term effort aimed at identifying exceptional cluster targets for in-depth follow up by the extragalactic community. We also release redshifts and X-ray luminosities of all clusters <span class="hlt">observed</span> as part of this initiative. To illustrate the power of SNAPshot <span class="hlt">observations</span> of MACS clusters, we explore several aspects of galaxy evolution illuminated by the images obtained for these programmes. We confirm the high lensing efficiency of X-ray selected clusters at z > 0.3. Examining the evolution of the slope of the cluster red sequence, we <span class="hlt">observe</span> at best a slight decrease with redshift, indicating minimal age contribution since z ˜ 1. Congruent to previous studies' findings, we note that the two BCGs which are significantly bluer (≥5σ) than their clusters' red sequences reside in relaxed clusters and exhibit <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> internal structure. Thanks to our targets' high X-ray luminosity, the subset of our sample <span class="hlt">observed</span> with Chandra adds valuable leverage to the X-ray luminosity-optical richness relation, which, albeit with substantial scatter, is now clearly established from groups to extremely massive clusters of galaxies. We conclude that SNAPshot <span class="hlt">observations</span> of MACS clusters stand to continue to play a vital pathfinder role for astrophysical investigations across the entire electromagnetic spectrum.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24113287','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24113287"><span>Screening of the chemical reactivity of three <span class="hlt">different</span> graphite sources using the formation of reductively alkylated graphene as a model reaction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Knirsch, Kathrin C; Englert, Jan M; Dotzer, Christoph; Hauke, Frank; Hirsch, Andreas</p> <p>2013-11-28</p> <p>Reductive alkylation of three graphite starting materials G(flake), G(powder), and G(spherical) reveals <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the obtained covalently functionalized graphene with respect to the degree of functionalization, exfoliation efficiency and product homogeneity, as demonstrated by statistical Raman microscopy (SRM), TGA/MS, IR-spectroscopy and solubility behavior.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRA..120.5805F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRA..120.5805F"><span>Interhemispheric <span class="hlt">differences</span> in ionospheric convection: Cluster EDI <span class="hlt">observations</span> revisited</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Förster, M.; Haaland, S.</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>The interaction between the interplanetary magnetic field and the geomagnetic field sets up a large-scale circulation in the magnetosphere. This circulation is also reflected in the magnetically connected ionosphere. In this paper, we present a study of ionospheric convection based on Cluster Electron Drift Instrument (EDI) satellite measurements covering both hemispheres and obtained over a full solar cycle. The results from this study show that average flow patterns and polar cap potentials for a given orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field can be very <span class="hlt">different</span> in the two hemispheres. In particular during southward directed interplanetary magnetic field conditions, and thus enhanced energy input from the solar wind, the measurements show that the southern polar cap has a higher cross polar cap potential. There are persistent north-south asymmetries, which cannot easily be explained by the influence of external drivers. These persistent asymmetries are primarily a result of the significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the strength and configuration of the geomagnetic field between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Since the ionosphere is magnetically connected to the magnetosphere, this <span class="hlt">difference</span> will also be reflected in the magnetosphere in the form of <span class="hlt">different</span> feedback from the two hemispheres. Consequently, local ionospheric conditions and the geomagnetic field configuration are important for north-south asymmetries in large regions of geospace.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24556241','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24556241"><span>Does neonatal pain management in intensive care units <span class="hlt">differ</span> between night and day? An <span class="hlt">observational</span> study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Guedj, Romain; Danan, Claude; Daoud, Patrick; Zupan, Véronique; Renolleau, Sylvain; Zana, Elodie; Aizenfisz, Sophie; Lapillonne, Alexandre; de Saint Blanquat, Laure; Granier, Michèle; Durand, Philippe; Castela, Florence; Coursol, Anne; Hubert, Philippe; Cimerman, Patricia; Anand, K J S; Khoshnood, Babak; Carbajal, Ricardo</p> <p>2014-02-20</p> <p>To determine whether analgesic use for painful procedures performed in neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) <span class="hlt">differs</span> during nights and days and during each of the 6 h period of the day. Conducted as part of the prospective <span class="hlt">observational</span> Epidemiology of Painful Procedures in Neonates study which was designed to collect in real time and around-the-clock bedside data on all painful or stressful procedures. 13 NICUs and paediatric intensive care units in the Paris Region, France. All 430 neonates admitted to the participating units during a 6-week period between September 2005 and January 2006. During the first 14 days of admission, data were collected on all painful procedures and analgesic therapy. The five most frequent procedures representing 38 012 of all 42 413 (90%) painful procedures were analysed. <span class="hlt">Observational</span> study. We compared the use of specific analgesic for procedures performed during each of the 6 h period of a day: morning (7:00 to 12:59), afternoon, early night and late night and during daytime (morning+afternoon) and night-time (early night+late night). 7724 of 38 012 (20.3%) painful procedures were carried out with a specific analgesic treatment. For morning, afternoon, early night and late night, respectively, the use of analgesic was 25.8%, 18.9%, 18.3% and 18%. The relative reduction of analgesia was 18.3%, p<0.01, between daytime and night-time and 28.8%, p<0.001, between morning and the rest of the day. Parental presence, nurses on 8 h shifts and written protocols for analgesia were associated with a decrease in this <span class="hlt">difference</span>. The substantial <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the use of analgesics around-the-clock may be questioned on quality of care grounds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3931991','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3931991"><span>Does neonatal pain management in intensive care units <span class="hlt">differ</span> between night and day? An <span class="hlt">observational</span> study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Guedj, Romain; Danan, Claude; Daoud, Patrick; Zupan, Véronique; Renolleau, Sylvain; Zana, Elodie; Aizenfisz, Sophie; Lapillonne, Alexandre; de Saint Blanquat, Laure; Granier, Michèle; Durand, Philippe; Castela, Florence; Coursol, Anne; Hubert, Philippe; Cimerman, Patricia; Anand, K J S; Khoshnood, Babak; Carbajal, Ricardo</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Objective To determine whether analgesic use for painful procedures performed in neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) <span class="hlt">differs</span> during nights and days and during each of the 6 h period of the day. Design Conducted as part of the prospective <span class="hlt">observational</span> Epidemiology of Painful Procedures in Neonates study which was designed to collect in real time and around-the-clock bedside data on all painful or stressful procedures. Setting 13 NICUs and paediatric intensive care units in the Paris Region, France. Participants All 430 neonates admitted to the participating units during a 6-week period between September 2005 and January 2006. Data collection During the first 14 days of admission, data were collected on all painful procedures and analgesic therapy. The five most frequent procedures representing 38 012 of all 42 413 (90%) painful procedures were analysed. Intervention <span class="hlt">Observational</span> study. Main outcome assessment We compared the use of specific analgesic for procedures performed during each of the 6 h period of a day: morning (7:00 to 12:59), afternoon, early night and late night and during daytime (morning+afternoon) and night-time (early night+late night). Results 7724 of 38 012 (20.3%) painful procedures were carried out with a specific analgesic treatment. For morning, afternoon, early night and late night, respectively, the use of analgesic was 25.8%, 18.9%, 18.3% and 18%. The relative reduction of analgesia was 18.3%, p<0.01, between daytime and night-time and 28.8%, p<0.001, between morning and the rest of the day. Parental presence, nurses on 8 h shifts and written protocols for analgesia were associated with a decrease in this <span class="hlt">difference</span>. Conclusions The substantial <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the use of analgesics around-the-clock may be questioned on quality of care grounds. PMID:24556241</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25445238','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25445238"><span><span class="hlt">Differences</span> in graph theory functional connectivity in left and right temporal lobe epilepsy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chiang, Sharon; Stern, John M; Engel, Jerome; Levin, Harvey S; Haneef, Zulfi</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>To investigate lateralized <span class="hlt">differences</span> in limbic system functional connectivity between left and right temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) using graph theory. Interictal resting state fMRI was performed in 14 left TLE patients, 11 right TLE patients, and 12 controls. Graph theory analysis of 10 bilateral limbic regions of interest was conducted. Changes in edgewise functional connectivity, network topology, and regional topology were quantified, and then left and right TLE were compared. Limbic edgewise functional connectivity was predominantly reduced in both left and right TLE. More regional connections were reduced in right TLE, most prominently involving reduced interhemispheric connectivity between the bilateral insula and bilateral hippocampi. A smaller number of limbic connections were increased in TLE, more so in left than in right TLE. Topologically, the most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> change was a reduction in average network betweenness centrality and concurrent increase in left hippocampal betweenness centrality in right TLE. In contrast, left TLE exhibited a weak trend toward increased right hippocampal betweenness centrality, with no change in average network betweenness centrality. Limbic functional connectivity is predominantly reduced in both left and right TLE, with more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> reductions in right TLE. In contrast, left TLE exhibits both edgewise and topological changes that suggest a tendency toward reorganization. Network changes in TLE and lateralized <span class="hlt">differences</span> thereof may have important diagnostic and prognostic implications. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16356028','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16356028"><span>Postcollision interaction in noble gas clusters: <span class="hlt">observation</span> of <span class="hlt">differences</span> in surface and bulk line shapes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lindblad, A; Fink, R F; Bergersen, H; Lundwall, M; Rander, T; Feifel, R; Ohrwall, G; Tchaplyguine, M; Hergenhahn, U; Svensson, S; Björneholm, O</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>The surface and bulk components of the x-ray photoelectron spectra of free noble gas clusters are shown to display <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the influence of postcollision interaction between the photoelectron and the Auger electron on the spectral line shape; the bulk component is <span class="hlt">observed</span> to be less affected than the surface and atomic parts of the spectra. A model for postcollision interaction in nonmetallic solids and clusters is also provided which takes the polarization screening into account. Core-level photoelectron spectra of Ar, Kr, and Xe have been recorded to verify the dependence of the postcollision interaction effect on the polarizability of the sample.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22048289','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22048289"><span>Generalization of color-<span class="hlt">difference</span> formulas for any illuminant and any <span class="hlt">observer</span> by assuming perfect color constancy in a color-vision model based on the OSA-UCS system.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Oleari, Claudio; Melgosa, Manuel; Huertas, Rafael</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>The most widely used color-<span class="hlt">difference</span> formulas are based on color-<span class="hlt">difference</span> data obtained under D65 illumination or similar and for a 10° visual field; i.e., these formulas hold true for the CIE 1964 <span class="hlt">observer</span> adapted to D65 illuminant. This work considers the psychometric color-vision model based on the Optical Society of America-Uniform Color Scales (OSA-UCS) system previously published by the first author [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 21, 677 (2004); Color Res. Appl. 30, 31 (2005)] with the additional hypothesis that complete illuminant adaptation with perfect color constancy exists in the visual evaluation of color <span class="hlt">differences</span>. In this way a computational procedure is defined for color conversion between <span class="hlt">different</span> illuminant adaptations, which is an alternative to the current chromatic adaptation transforms. This color conversion allows the passage between <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observers</span>, e.g., CIE 1964 and CIE 1931. An application of this color conversion is here made in the color-<span class="hlt">difference</span> evaluation for any <span class="hlt">observer</span> and in any illuminant adaptation: these transformations convert tristimulus values related to any <span class="hlt">observer</span> and illuminant adaptation to those related to the <span class="hlt">observer</span> and illuminant adaptation of the definition of the color-<span class="hlt">difference</span> formulas, i.e., to the CIE 1964 <span class="hlt">observer</span> adapted to the D65 illuminant, and then the known color-<span class="hlt">difference</span> formulas can be applied. The adaptations to the illuminants A, C, F11, D50, Planckian and daylight at any color temperature and for CIE 1931 and CIE 1964 <span class="hlt">observers</span> are considered as examples, and all the corresponding transformations are given for practical use.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdSpR..61.2531K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdSpR..61.2531K"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of a 27-day solar signature in noctilucent cloud altitude</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Köhnke, Merlin C.; von Savigny, Christian; Robert, Charles E.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Previous studies have identified solar 27-day signatures in several parameters in the Mesosphere/Lower thermosphere region, including temperature and Noctilucent cloud (NLC) occurrence frequency. In this study we report on a solar 27-day signature in NLC altitude with peak-to-peak variations of about 400 m. We use SCIAMACHY limb-scatter <span class="hlt">observations</span> from 2002 to 2012 to detect NLCs. The superposed epoch analysis method is applied to extract solar 27-day signatures. A 27-day signature in NLC altitude can be identified in both hemispheres in the SCIAMACHY dataset, but the signature is more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the northern hemisphere. The solar signature in NLC altitude is found to be in phase with solar activity and temperature for latitudes ≳ 70 ° N. We provide a qualitative explanation for the positive correlation between solar activity and NLC altitude based on published model simulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25530456','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25530456"><span><span class="hlt">Observational</span> study of <span class="hlt">differences</span> in head position for high notes in famous classical and non-classical male singers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Amarante Andrade, Pedro; Švec, Jan G</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Differences</span> in classical and non-classical singing are due primarily to aesthetic style requirements. The head position can affect the sound quality. This study aimed at comparing the head position for famous classical and non-classical male singers performing high notes. Images of 39 Western classical and 34 non-classical male singers during live performances were obtained from YouTube. Ten raters evaluated the frontal rotational head position (depression versus elevation) and transverse head position (retraction versus protraction) visually using a visual analogue scale. The results showed a significant <span class="hlt">difference</span> for frontal rotational head position. Most non-classical singers in the sample elevated their heads for high notes while the classical singers were <span class="hlt">observed</span> to keep it around the neutral position. This <span class="hlt">difference</span> may be attributed to <span class="hlt">different</span> singing techniques and phonatory system adjustments utilized by each group.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780033310&hterms=hypnosis&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dhypnosis','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780033310&hterms=hypnosis&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dhypnosis"><span><span class="hlt">Observed</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in learning ability of heart rate self-regulation as a function of hypnotic susceptibility</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cowings, P. S.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>Three groups of eight male and female subjects (aged 20-27 yr) categorized by low and high hypnotic susceptibility were taught to control their heart rates by means of an appropriate autogenic therapy/biofeedback technique. The experimental groups were trained by autogenic therapy and biofeedback, while the control group received only biofeedback. Significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> are <span class="hlt">observed</span> in all psychological test scores between subjects of high and low hypnotic susceptibility. The results confirm that (1) there are qualitative and quantitative <span class="hlt">differences</span> between the performance of individuals with high and low hypnotic susceptibility; (2) interindividual-variability tests yield data relevant to individual performance in visceral learning tasks; (3) the combined autogenic therapy/biofeedback/verbal feedback technique is suitable for conditioning large stable autonomic responses in humans; and (4) this kind of conditioning is effective in eliminating or alleviating physiological reactions to some environmental stressors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17849077','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17849077"><span><span class="hlt">Differences</span> in cortisol response affect the distinction of <span class="hlt">observed</span> reactive and proactive aggression in children with aggressive behaviour disorders.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kempes, M; de Vries, H; Matthys, W; van Engeland, H; van Hooff, J</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Various researchers distinguished two categories of aggressive behaviour, namely reactive and proactive aggression. Reactive aggression is an aggressive response to a perceived threat or provocation, whereas proactive aggression is behaviour that anticipates a reward. In the present study, including both a sample of disruptive behaviour disordered (DBD) and normal control (NC) children, we <span class="hlt">observed</span> reactive and proactive aggressive behaviour during an experimental dyadic play session. DBD children showed more <span class="hlt">observed</span> reactive and proactive aggression. Subsequently, we investigated whether the <span class="hlt">observed</span> measures correlated with parent-rated measures of reactive and proactive aggression in. We distinguished in both NC and DBD children a subgroup showing a rise in cortisol level, i.e. responders, and a subgroup who did not show a rise in cortisol, i.e. non-responders. Results suggest that <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the cortisol response affects the correspondence between <span class="hlt">observed</span> and parent-rated reactive and proactive aggression since only DBD non-responders showed the expected correlations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Agreement&pg=6&id=EJ1175504','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Agreement&pg=6&id=EJ1175504"><span>Exploring <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Measurement and Reporting of Classroom <span class="hlt">Observation</span> Inter-Rater Reliability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Wilhelm, Anne Garrison; Gillespie Rouse, Amy; Jones, Francesca</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Although inter-rater reliability is an important aspect of using <span class="hlt">observational</span> instruments, it has received little theoretical attention. In this article, we offer some guidance for practitioners and consumers of classroom <span class="hlt">observations</span> so that they can make decisions about inter-rater reliability, both for study design and in the reporting of data…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JChPh.147a3938K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JChPh.147a3938K"><span>Real-time <span class="hlt">observation</span> of multi-mode vibronic coherence in pentafluoropyridine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kus, J. A.; Hüter, O.; Temps, F.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The ultrafast dynamics of pentafluoropyridine in the 1 1B2 (ππ*) electronic state excited at λpump = 255 nm is investigated by femtosecond time-resolved time-of-flight mass spectrometry and photoelectron imaging spectroscopy. A <span class="hlt">pronounced</span>, long-lived, and complex periodic modulation of the transient ion yield signal with contributions by four distinct frequency components, 72 cm-1, 144 cm-1, 251 cm-1, and 281 cm-1, is <span class="hlt">observed</span> for up to 9 ps. The recorded photoelectron images display a spectral band from the excited 1 1B2 (ππ*) state only in the oscillation maxima; the signal is strongly reduced in the oscillation minima. Supported by electronic structure calculations at the RI-SCS-CC2 and XMCQDPT2 levels of theory, the oscillating components of the signal are identified as frequencies of b1 symmetry coupling modes in a vibronic coherence of the 1 1B2 (ππ*) and 1 1A2 (πσ*) electronic states. The optical excitation initiates regular and periodic wavepacket motion along those out-of-plane modes. In the distorted molecular structure, the initially excited state acquires substantial πσ* character that modulates the transition dipole moment for ionization and results in the <span class="hlt">observed</span> oscillations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19083496','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19083496"><span>Few <span class="hlt">differences</span> in diet and health behaviors and perceptions were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in adult urban Native American Indians by tribal association, gender, and age grouping.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Carter, Tina L; Morse, Kristin L; Giraud, David W; Driskell, Judy A</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>Diet and health behaviors and perceptions of adult urban Native American Indians in a large Midwestern city were evaluated for <span class="hlt">differences</span> by tribal association, gender, and age grouping. The hypothesis was that human behavior is influenced by tribal association, gender, and age grouping in the subject population. The subjects included 33 men and 32 women, with 26 being Sioux; 22 Omaha; and 17 a combination of other tribes. The descriptive survey included two interviewer-administered 24-hour recalls. The majority of subjects were overweight or obese. Significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> (P< .05) were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in vitamin A and calcium intakes by tribal association. Men reported consuming significantly more (P< .05) kilocalories, vitamin C, and sodium. Over half the subjects consumed more than the recommended 20% to 35% kcal from fat, >or=10% kcal from saturated fat, and >or=300 mg cholesterol/d. Less than Estimated Average Requirements for vitamin A, vitamin C, and iron were consumed by 31%, 59%, and 6%, respectively; 79% consumed less than Adequate Intakes for calcium. Ninety-two percent consumed more than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for sodium. Few <span class="hlt">differences</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the kilocalorie, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and sodium intakes of these Native American Indians by tribal association, gender, or age grouping. Significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in percentages consuming alcohol were <span class="hlt">observed</span> by gender (P< .05) and by age grouping (P< .01). A significant <span class="hlt">difference</span> (P< .01) was <span class="hlt">observed</span> by gender regarding the subjects' perceptions of their being alcoholics. Overall, few <span class="hlt">differences</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in diet and health behaviors and perceptions of adult urban Native American Indians by tribal association, gender, and age grouping.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19610680','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19610680"><span>Retrospective <span class="hlt">observational</span> assessment of statin adherence among subjects patronizing <span class="hlt">different</span> types of community pharmacies in Canada.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Evans, Charity D; Eurich, Dean T; Lamb, Darcy A; Taylor, Jeffrey G; Jorgenson, Derek J; Semchuk, William M; Mansell, Kerry D; Blackburn, David F</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Community pharmacies vary widely in terms of ownership structures, location, and dispensing policies. It is unknown if an association exists between the type of community pharmacy and the degree of medication adherence exhibited by patrons-patients. To describe adherence to statin therapy among subjects patronizing <span class="hlt">different</span> types of community pharmacy categories (department- mass merchandise, chain-franchise, and independent-banner) in Saskatchewan, Canada, between 2000 and 2005. Study data were obtained from the Saskatchewan Drug Plan and Extended Benefits database, which is maintained by the government of Saskatchewan, Canada. The study included all subjects who (a) filled a statin prescription within selected community pharmacies between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2005; (b) had no record of statin prescriptions during the year prior to the first statin prescription, according to the records of the Saskatchewan Drug Plan and Extended Benefits; and (c) demonstrated active utilization in the drug plan database for at least 1 year after the first statin prescription. The proxy criterion for activity was any dispensing record for statin or nonstatin medications at least 1 year following the index claim. Statin adherence level was estimated as tablets per day, defined as the total number of tablets dispensed divided by the total number of days of <span class="hlt">observation</span>. Each subject's <span class="hlt">observation</span> period began on the index date and ended on the earlier of (a) 30 days after the last recorded fill for any type of prescription medication (statin or nonstatin), or (b) December 31, 2005. The primary end point was the proportion of subjects within each pharmacy category who maintained an adherence level of 80% or greater during their individual <span class="hlt">observation</span> period. Additional adherence calculations were performed for each of 3 time periods, beginning on the index date and ending on days 365, 729, and 1094 (i.e., 1, 2, and 3 years). Patients were included in the analysis for each</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A41G2373C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A41G2373C"><span>Impact of Radiatively Interactive Dust Aerosols on Dust Transport and Mobilization in the NASA Goddard Earth <span class="hlt">Observing</span> System (GEOS-5) Earth Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Colarco, P. R.; Rocha Lima, A.; Darmenov, A.; Bloecker, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Mineral dust aerosols scatter and absorb solar and infrared radiation, impacting the energy budget of the Earth system which in turns feeds back on the dynamical processes responsible for mobilization of dust in the first place. In previous work with radiatively interactive aerosols in the NASA Goddard Earth <span class="hlt">Observing</span> System global model (GEOS-5) we found a positive feedback between dust absorption and emissions. Emissions were the largest for the highest shortwave absorption considered, which additionally produced simulated dust transport in the best agreement with <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The positive feedback found was in contrast to other modeling studies which instead found a negative feedback, where the impact of dust absorption was to stabilize the surface levels of the atmosphere and so reduce wind speeds. A key <span class="hlt">difference</span> between our model and other models was that in GEOS-5 we simulated generally larger dust particles, with correspondingly larger infrared absorption that led to a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> <span class="hlt">difference</span> in the diurnal cycle of dust emissions versus simulations where these long wave effects were not considered. In this paper we seek to resolve discrepancies between our previous simulations and those of other modeling groups. We revisit the question of dust radiative feedback on emissions with a recent version of the GEOS-5 system running at a higher spatial resolution and including updates to the parameterizations for dust mobilization, initial dust particle size distribution, loss processes, and radiative transfer, and identify key uncertainties that remain based on dust optical property assumptions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27563181','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27563181"><span>The effectiveness of eucalyptus oil, orange oil, and xylene in dissolving <span class="hlt">different</span> endodontic sealers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yadav, Hemant Kumar; Yadav, Rakesh Kumar; Chandra, Anil; Thakkar, Rahul Rameshbhai</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the dissolution effectiveness of eucalyptus oil, orange oil, xylene, and distilled water on three <span class="hlt">different</span> endodontic sealers. About 240 samples of root canal sealers (eighty for each sealer) were prepared and divided into four groups of 20 each for immersion in <span class="hlt">different</span> organic solvents. Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups (n = 10) for 2 and 10 min of immersion time. The mean percentage of weight loss was determined for each sealer in each solvent at both time periods. Data were statistically analyzed by two factor analysis of variance and significance of mean <span class="hlt">difference</span> was obtained by Tukey's post hoc test (P < 0.05). The lowest level of solubility was <span class="hlt">observed</span> for Adseal followed by Apexit Plus and Endomethasone N at both time periods in all solvents. Apexit Plus showed no significant (P > 0.05) <span class="hlt">difference</span> in its dissolution in all the organic solvents except distilled water at both the time periods. The solubility profile of Endomethasone N and Adseal did not <span class="hlt">differ</span> significantly among eucalyptus oil, orange oil, and xylene at 2 min and between eucalyptus oil and orange oil at 10 min. However, at 10 min, Endomethasone N and Adseal showed a more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> solubility in xylene as compared to both eucalyptus oil and orange oil. In general, xylene was the most effective in dissolving root canal sealers than other organic solvents. Essential oils (eucalyptus oil and orange oil) were found similar in their ability to dissolve Apexit Plus and Endomethasone N.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21983182','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21983182"><span>Imitation and <span class="hlt">observational</span> learning of hand actions: prefrontal involvement and connectivity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Higuchi, S; Holle, H; Roberts, N; Eickhoff, S B; Vogt, S</p> <p>2012-01-16</p> <p>The first aim of this event-related fMRI study was to identify the neural circuits involved in imitation learning. We used a rapid imitation task where participants directly imitated pictures of guitar chords. The results provide clear evidence for the involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as well as the fronto-parietal mirror circuit (FPMC) during action imitation when the requirements for working memory are low. Connectivity analyses further indicated a robust connectivity between left prefrontal cortex and the components of the FPMC bilaterally. We conclude that a mechanism of automatic perception-action matching alone is insufficient to account for imitation learning. Rather, the motor representation of an <span class="hlt">observed</span>, complex action, as provided by the FPMC, only serves as the 'raw material' for higher-order supervisory and monitoring operations associated with the prefrontal cortex. The second aim of this study was to assess whether these neural circuits are also recruited during <span class="hlt">observational</span> practice (OP, without motor execution), or only during physical practice (PP). Whereas prefrontal cortex was not consistently activated in action <span class="hlt">observation</span> across all participants, prefrontal activation intensities did predict the behavioural practice effects, thus indicating a crucial role of prefrontal cortex also in OP. In addition, whilst OP and PP produced similar activation intensities in the FPMC when assessed during action <span class="hlt">observation</span>, during imitative execution, the practice-related activation decreases were significantly more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> for PP than for OP. This dissociation indicates a lack of execution-related resources in <span class="hlt">observationally</span> practised actions. More specifically, we found neural efficiency effects in the right motor cingulate-basal ganglia circuit and the FPMC that were only <span class="hlt">observed</span> after PP but not after OP. Finally, we confirmed that practice generally induced activation decreases in the FPMC during both action <span class="hlt">observation</span> and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29674949','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29674949"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">Different</span> Movement Speed Modes on Human Action <span class="hlt">Observation</span>: An EEG Study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Luo, Tian-Jian; Lv, Jitu; Chao, Fei; Zhou, Changle</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Action <span class="hlt">observation</span> (AO) generates event-related desynchronization (ERD) suppressions in the human brain by activating partial regions of the human mirror neuron system (hMNS). The activation of the hMNS response to AO remains controversial for several reasons. Therefore, this study investigated the activation of the hMNS response to a speed factor of AO by controlling the movement speed modes of a humanoid robot's arm movements. Since hMNS activation is reflected by ERD suppressions, electroencephalography (EEG) with BCI analysis methods for ERD suppressions were used as the recording and analysis modalities. Six healthy individuals were asked to participate in experiments comprising five <span class="hlt">different</span> conditions. Four incremental-speed AO tasks and a motor imagery (MI) task involving imaging of the same movement were presented to the individuals. Occipital and sensorimotor regions were selected for BCI analyses. The experimental results showed that hMNS activation was higher in the occipital region but more robust in the sensorimotor region. Since the attended information impacts the activations of the hMNS during AO, the pattern of hMNS activations first rises and subsequently falls to a stable level during incremental-speed modes of AO. The discipline curves suggested that a moderate speed within a decent inter-stimulus interval (ISI) range produced the highest hMNS activations. Since a brain computer/machine interface (BCI) builds a path-way between human and computer/mahcine, the discipline curves will help to construct BCIs made by patterns of action <span class="hlt">observation</span> (AO-BCI). Furthermore, a new method for constructing non-invasive brain machine brain interfaces (BMBIs) with moderate AO-BCI and motor imagery BCI (MI-BCI) was inspired by this paper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22824001','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22824001"><span>Histological <span class="hlt">observations</span> in the Hawaiian reef coral, Porites compressa, affected by Porites bleaching with tissue loss.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sudek, M; Work, T M; Aeby, G S; Davy, S K</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>The scleractinian finger coral Porites compressa is affected by the coral disease Porites bleaching with tissue loss (PBTL). This disease initially manifests as bleaching of the coenenchyme (tissue between polyps) while the polyps remain brown with eventual tissue loss and subsequent algal overgrowth of the bare skeleton. Histopathological investigation showed a loss of symbiont and melanin-containing granular cells which was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the coenenchyme than the polyps. Cell counts confirmed a 65% reduction in symbiont density. Tissue loss was due to tissue fragmentation and necrosis in affected areas. In addition, a reduction in putative bacterial aggregate densities was found in diseased samples but no potential pathogens were <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.C41C0658P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.C41C0658P"><span><span class="hlt">Differences</span> between the MEMLS and the multiple-layer HUT model and their comparisons with in-situ snowpack <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pan, J.; Durand, M. T.; Sandells, M. J.; Lemmetyinen, J.; Kim, E. J.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Application of passive microwave (PM) brightness temperature for snow water equivalent retrieval requires deep understanding of snow emission models, not only for their performance to reproduce in-situ PM <span class="hlt">observations</span>, but also for their theoretical <span class="hlt">differences</span> to approximate radiative transfer theory. In this paper, <span class="hlt">differences</span> between the multiple-layer HUT (or TKK) model and the Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpacks (MEMLS) were listed, and the two models were compared with snow ground-based PM <span class="hlt">observations</span> at Streamboat Springs, Colorado, USA; Churchill, Canada; and Sodankyla, Finland. The two models were chosen for their multiple-layer schemes are close to actual layer-by-layer snow measurements. Both the two models are semi-empirical models; whereas the HUT model uses the mean snow grain size, MEMLS uses the correlation length to relate the snow microstructure with the scattering coefficients. The two parameters are related according to previous studies. The Specific Surface Area (SSA) was measured at three test sites to derive the correlation length, while the mean snow grain sizes was available at Stream Springs and Sodankyla. It was shown that with <span class="hlt">different</span> apparent forms of radiative transfer equations, the <span class="hlt">different</span> parts of the two models have one-to-one correspondence however, and intermediate parameters are comparable. Regarding the multiple-layer structure of the models, it was found that the HUT model considers the internal reflectivity of each snow layer to be zero. The two-flux radiative transfer equations of the two models were compared, and the correspondence of the semi-empirical parameter q in the HUT model was found in the MEMLS. The effect of consideration of transverse radiation scattered into the direction under consideration via the six-flux approximation in MEMLS is compared. Based on model comparisons, we analyzed the <span class="hlt">differences</span> of TB predictions at the three test sites.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120013673','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120013673"><span>Statistically Optimized Inversion Algorithm for Enhanced Retrieval of Aerosol Properties from Spectral Multi-Angle Polarimetric Satellite <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dubovik, O; Herman, M.; Holdak, A.; Lapyonok, T.; Taure, D.; Deuze, J. L.; Ducos, F.; Sinyuk, A.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The proposed development is an attempt to enhance aerosol retrieval by emphasizing statistical optimization in inversion of advanced satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span>. This optimization concept improves retrieval accuracy relying on the knowledge of measurement error distribution. Efficient application of such optimization requires <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> data redundancy (excess of the measurements number over number of unknowns) that is not common in satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The POLDER imager on board the PARASOL microsatellite registers spectral polarimetric characteristics of the reflected atmospheric radiation at up to 16 viewing directions over each <span class="hlt">observed</span> pixel. The completeness of such <span class="hlt">observations</span> is notably higher than for most currently operating passive satellite aerosol sensors. This provides an opportunity for profound utilization of statistical optimization principles in satellite data inversion. The proposed retrieval scheme is designed as statistically optimized multi-variable fitting of all available angular <span class="hlt">observations</span> obtained by the POLDER sensor in the window spectral channels where absorption by gas is minimal. The total number of such <span class="hlt">observations</span> by PARASOL always exceeds a hundred over each pixel and the statistical optimization concept promises to be efficient even if the algorithm retrieves several tens of aerosol parameters. Based on this idea, the proposed algorithm uses a large number of unknowns and is aimed at retrieval of extended set of parameters affecting measured radiation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5817946','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5817946"><span>Two closely related species <span class="hlt">differ</span> in their regional genetic differentiation despite admixing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fischer, Markus; Oja, Tatjana</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Abstract Regional genetic differentiation within species is often addressed in evolutionary ecology and conservation biology. Here, we address regional differentiation in two closely related hybridizing taxa, the perennial sedges Carex flava and C. viridula and their hybrid C. × subviridula in 37 populations in the north and centre of their distribution range in Europe (Estonia, Lowland (<1000 m a.s.l.) and Highland Switzerland) using 10 putative microsatellite loci. We ask whether regional differentiation was larger in the less common taxon C. viridula or whether, possibly due to hybridization, it was similar between taxa. Our results showed similar, low to moderate genetic diversity for the three studied taxa. In total, we found 12 regional species-specific alleles. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), STRUCTURE and multidimensional scaling analysis showed regional structure in genetic variation, where intraspecific differentiation between regions was lower for C. flava (AMOVA: 6.84 %) than for C. viridula (20.77 %) or C. × subviridula (18.27 %) populations. Hybrids <span class="hlt">differed</span> from the parental taxa in the two regions where they occurred, i.e. in Estonia and Lowland Switzerland. We conclude that C. flava and C. viridula clearly <span class="hlt">differ</span> from each other genetically, that there is <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> regional differentiation and that, despite hybridization, this regional differentiation is more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the less common taxon, C. viridula. We encourage future studies on hybridizing taxa to work with plant populations from more than one region. PMID:29479408</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29596881','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29596881"><span>NMR structures in <span class="hlt">different</span> membrane environments of three ocellatin peptides isolated from Leptodactylus labyrinthicus.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gomes, Karla A G G; Dos Santos, Daniel M; Santos, Virgílio M; Piló-Veloso, Dorila; Mundim, Higor M; Rodrigues, Leticia V; Lião, Luciano M; Verly, Rodrigo M; de Lima, Maria Elena; Resende, Jarbas M</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The peptides ocellatin-LB1, -LB2 and -F1 have previously been isolated from anurans of the Leptodactylus genus and the sequences are identical from residue 1-22, which correspond to ocellatin-LB1 sequence (GVVDILKGAAKDIAGHLASKVM-NH 2 ), whereas ocellatin-LB2 carries an extra N and ocellatin-F1 extra NKL residues at their C-termini. These peptides showed <span class="hlt">different</span> spectra of activities and biophysical investigations indicated a direct correlation between membrane-disruptive properties and antimicrobial activities, i.e. ocellatin-F1 > ocellatin-LB1 > ocellatin-LB2. To better characterize their membrane interactions, we report here the detailed three-dimensional NMR structures of these peptides in TFE-d 2 :H 2 O (60:40) and in the presence of zwitterionic DPC-d 38 and anionic SDS-d 25 micellar solutions. Although the three peptides showed significant helical contents in the three mimetic environments, structural <span class="hlt">differences</span> were noticed. When the structures of the three peptides in the presence of DPC-d 38 micelles are compared to each other, a more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> curvature is <span class="hlt">observed</span> for ocellatin-F1 and the bent helix, with the concave face composed mostly of hydrophobic residues, is consistent with the micellar curvature and the amphipathic nature of the molecule. Interestingly, an almost linear helical segment was <span class="hlt">observed</span> for ocellatin-F1 in the presence of SDS-d 25 micelles and the conformational <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the two micellar environments are possibly related to the presence of the extra Lys residue near the peptide C-terminus, which increases the affinity of ocellatin-F1 to anionic membranes in comparison with ocellatin-LB1 and -LB2, as proved by isothermal titration calorimetry. To our knowledge, this work reports for the first time the three-dimensional structures of ocellatin peptides. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4103485','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4103485"><span>Comparing methods for measuring peak look duration: Are individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> on screen-based tasks also found in more ecologically valid contexts?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wass, Sam V.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Convergent research points to the importance of studying the ontogenesis of sustained attention during the early years of life, but little research hitherto has compared and contrasted <span class="hlt">different</span> techniques available for measuring sustained attention. Here, we compare methods that have been used to assess one parameter of sustained attention, namely infants’ peak look duration to novel stimuli. Our focus was to assess whether individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in peak look duration are stable across <span class="hlt">different</span> measurement techniques. In a single cohort of 42 typically developing 11-month-old infants we assessed peak look duration using six <span class="hlt">different</span> measurement paradigms (four screen-based, two naturalistic). Zero-order correlations suggested that individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in peak look duration were stable across all four screen-based paradigms, but no correlations were found between peak look durations <span class="hlt">observed</span> on the screen-based and the naturalistic paradigms. A factor analysis conducted on the dependent variable of peak look duration identified two factors. All four screen-based tasks loaded onto the first factor, but the two naturalistic tasks did not relate, and mapped onto a <span class="hlt">different</span> factor. Our results question how individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> on screen-based tasks manifest in more ecologically valid contexts. PMID:24905901</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1511149N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..1511149N"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of flow processes in the vadose zone using ERT on <span class="hlt">different</span> space and time scales: results, obstacles, and suggestions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Noell, Ursula; Ganz, Christina; Lamparter, Axel; Duijnisveld, Wilhelmus; Bachmann, Jörg</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) <span class="hlt">observes</span> the flow processes in the vadose zone indirectly. ERT has been used to estimate water flow in <span class="hlt">different</span> soil types and under <span class="hlt">different</span> flow conditions using active experiments or monitoring the natural process in many cases. Our experiments in sand and loess soil connected ERT with local soil probing using TDR devices and tensiometers in order to proof the reliability of the ERT inversion results in terms of infiltration velocity. Additionally, a colour tracer was used and sections through the infiltration zones were excavated in order to compare the shape of the dye -stained infiltration zone with the results of the ERT inversion. The data revealed the complicated infiltration pattern with a higher transport velocity in sand and a <span class="hlt">different</span> shape than expected by classical soil hydraulic models. These results indicate the need for independent <span class="hlt">observations</span> in order to correctly assess the water storage in the vadose zone with its hydrological consequences, the groundwater recharge and the contamination risk caused by rapid movement of water. ERT can be used for this purpose on <span class="hlt">different</span> spatial- and time scales but for reliable results various obstacles need to be dealt with. Firstly, the ambiguity of the resistivity because soil resistivity depends on both, soil water content and electrical soil/water conductivity. This obstacle is less severe when the infiltration velocity is investigated, because then only the first onset of resistivity change is interpreted as the water arrival time. Our results show that the arrival of the water front as well as the final infiltration depth can be reliably detected. In contrast, this obstacle is very severe when the amount of water stored is <span class="hlt">observed</span> using conductive tracer. The problem is not critical during a passive experiment when the natural rain fall and the waters fate through the vadose zone is monitored. The second obstacle is the limited resolution of ERT which</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4949075','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4949075"><span>Youth with Type 1 Diabetes Have Worse Strain and Less <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> Sex <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Early Echocardiographic Markers of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Compared to Their Normoglycemic Peers: A RESistance to InSulin in Type 1 ANd Type 2 diabetes (RESISTANT) Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Bjornstad, Petter; Truong, Uyen; Pyle, Laura; Dorosz, Jennifer L.; Cree-Green, Melanie; Baumgartner, Amy; Coe, Gregory; Regensteiner, Judith G.; Reusch, Jane E.B.; Nadeau, Kristen J.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Objective Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a major cause of morbidity, but limited data are available on early cardiac abnormalities in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We investigated <span class="hlt">differences</span> in myocardial strain in adolescents with and without T1D. We hypothesized that adolescents with T1D would have worse strain than their normoglycemic peers, which boys would have worse strain than girls, and that strain would correlate with glycemic control and adipokines. Methods We performed fasting laboratory measures and echocardiograms with speckle tracking to evaluate traditional echocardiographic measures in addition to longitudinal (LS) and circumferential (CS) strain, and in adolescents (15±2 years) with (19 boys; 22 girls) and without (16 boys; 32 girls) type 1 diabetes. Results Compared to controls, adolescents with type 1 diabetes had significantly lower CS (−20.9 vs. −22.7%, p=0.02), but not LS (p=0.83). Boys with T1D had significantly lower LS than girls with T1D (−17.5 vs. −19.7%, p=0.047), adjusted for Tanner stage. The significant sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> in indexed left ventricular mass, left end-diastolic volume, diastolic septal and posterior wall thickness in our controls were lacking in adolescents with T1D. Conclusions Our <span class="hlt">observations</span> suggest that youth with T1D have worse myocardial strain than normoglycemic peers. In addition, the relatively favorable cardiac profile <span class="hlt">observed</span> in girls vs. boys in the control group, was attenuated in T1D. These early cardiovascular changes in youth with T1D are concerning and warrant longitudinal and mechanistic studies. PMID:27133451</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910001519','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910001519"><span>Coaligned <span class="hlt">observations</span> of solar magnetic fields at <span class="hlt">different</span> heights: MSFC Center director's discretionary fund final report (Project No. 88-10)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hagyard, M. J.; West, E. A.; Gary, G. A.; Smith, J. E.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>The objective was to develop the capability for and coaligned <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the structure and evolution of the Sun's magnetic field at two <span class="hlt">different</span> heights in the solar atmosphere: the photosphere, which is the lowest region <span class="hlt">observable</span> with optical telescopes; and the chromosphere, which lies just above the photosphere and is the region where the magnetic field dominates the gas motion so that a well-ordered structure governed by the field is <span class="hlt">observed</span>. By obtaining this three-dimensional picture of the solar magnetic field, a better understanding can be developed of the magnetic forces that produce and control the dynamic, high-energy phenomena occurring in the solar atmosphere that can affect the entire heliosphere, including the terrestrial environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26530245','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26530245"><span>The interplay between feedback-related negativity and individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in altruistic punishment: An EEG study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mothes, Hendrik; Enge, Sören; Strobel, Alexander</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>To date, the interplay betwexen neurophysiological and individual <span class="hlt">difference</span> factors in altruistic punishment has been little understood. To examine this issue, 45 individuals participated in a Dictator Game with punishment option while the feedback-related negativity (FRN) was derived from the electroencephalogram (EEG). Unlike previous EEG studies on the Dictator Game, we introduced a third party condition to study the effect of fairness norm violations in addition to employing a first person perspective. For the first time, we also examined the role of individual <span class="hlt">differences</span>, specifically fairness concerns, positive/negative affectivity, and altruism/empathy as well as recipients' financial situation during altruistic punishment. The main results show that FRN amplitudes were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> for unfair than for fair assignments in both the first person and third party perspectives. These findings suggest that FRN amplitudes are sensitive to fairness norm violations and play a crucial role in the recipients' evaluation of dictator assignments. With respect to individual <span class="hlt">difference</span> factors, recipients' current financial situation affected the FRN fairness effect in the first person perspective, indicating that when being directly affected by the assignments, more affluent participants experienced stronger violations of expectations in altruistic punishment decisions. Regarding individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in trait empathy, in the third party condition FRN amplitudes were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> for those who scored lower in empathy. This may suggest empathy as another motive in third party punishment. Independent of the perspective taken, higher positive affect was associated with more punishment behavior, suggesting that positive emotions may play an important role in restoring violated fairness norms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BoLMe.166..113M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BoLMe.166..113M"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Lake-Breeze Events During the Toronto 2015 Pan-American Games</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mariani, Zen; Dehghan, Armin; Joe, Paul; Sills, David</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Enhanced meteorological <span class="hlt">observations</span> were made during the 2015 Pan and Parapan American Games in Toronto in order to measure the vertical and horizontal structure of lake-breeze events. Two scanning Doppler lidars (one fixed and one mobile), a C-band radar, and a network including 53 surface meteorological stations (mesonet) provided pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind speed and direction measurements over Lake Ontario and urban areas. These <span class="hlt">observations</span> captured the full evolution (prior, during, and after) of 27 lake-breeze events (73% of <span class="hlt">observation</span> days) in order to characterize the convective and dynamic processes driving lake breezes at the local scale and mesoscale. The dominant signal of a passing lake-breeze front (LBF) was an increase in dew-point temperature of 2.3 ± 0.3°C, coinciding with a 180° shift in wind direction and a decrease in air temperature of 2.1 ± 0.2°C. Doppler lidar <span class="hlt">observations</span> over the lake detected lake breezes 1 hour (on average) before detection by radar and mesonet. On days with the synoptic flow in the offshore direction, the lidars <span class="hlt">observed</span> wedge-shaped LBFs with shallow depths, which inhibited the radar's ability to detect the lake breeze. The LBF's ground speed and inland penetration distance were found to be well-correlated (r = 0.78), with larger inland penetration distances occurring on days with non-opposing (non-offshore) synoptic flow. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> enhanced vertical motion ({>} 1 m s^{-1}) at the LBF, <span class="hlt">observed</span> by the lidar on 54% of lake-breeze days, was greater (at times {>} 2.5 m s^{-1}) than that <span class="hlt">observed</span> in previous studies and longer-lasting over the lake than over land. The weaker and less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> lake-breeze structure over land is illustrated in two case studies highlighting the lifetime of the lake-breeze circulation and the impact of propagation distance on lake-breeze intensity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10457E..0TJ','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10457E..0TJ"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of the dispersion of wedge waves propagating along cylinder wedge with <span class="hlt">different</span> truncations by laser ultrasound technique</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jia, Jing; Zhang, Yu; Han, Qingbang; Jing, Xueping</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The research focuses on study the influence of truncations on the dispersion of wedge waves propagating along cylinder wedge with <span class="hlt">different</span> truncations by using the laser ultrasound technique. The wedge waveguide models with <span class="hlt">different</span> truncations were built by using finite element method (FEM). The dispersion curves were obtained by using 2D Fourier transformation method. Multiple mode wedge waves were <span class="hlt">observed</span>, which was well agreed with the results estimated from Lagasse's empirical formula. We established cylinder wedge with radius of 3mm, 20° and 60°angle, with 0μm, 5μm, 10μm, 20μm, 30μm, 40μm, and 50μm truncations, respectively. It was found that non-ideal wedge tip caused abnormal dispersion of the mode of cylinder wedge, the modes of 20° cylinder wedge presents the characteristics of guide waves which propagating along hollow cylinder as the truncation increasing. Meanwhile, the modes of 60° cylinder wedge with truncations appears the characteristics of guide waves propagating along hollow cylinder, and its mode are <span class="hlt">observed</span> clearly. The study can be used to evaluate and detect wedge structure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....1712633C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....1712633C"><span>What controls the seasonal cycle of columnar methane <span class="hlt">observed</span> by GOSAT over <span class="hlt">different</span> regions in India?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chandra, Naveen; Hayashida, Sachiko; Saeki, Tazu; Patra, Prabir K.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Methane (CH4) is one of the most important short-lived climate forcers for its critical roles in greenhouse warming and air pollution chemistry in the troposphere, and the water vapor budget in the stratosphere. It is estimated that up to about 8 % of global CH4 emissions occur from South Asia, covering less than 1 % of the global land. With the availability of satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> from space, variability in CH4 has been captured for most parts of the global land with major emissions, which were otherwise not covered by the surface <span class="hlt">observation</span> network. The satellite <span class="hlt">observation</span> of the columnar dry-air mole fractions of methane (XCH4) is an integrated measure of CH4 densities at all altitudes from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. Here, we present an analysis of XCH4 variability over <span class="hlt">different</span> parts of India and the surrounding cleaner oceanic regions as measured by the Greenhouse gases <span class="hlt">Observation</span> SATellite (GOSAT) and simulated by an atmospheric chemistry-transport model (ACTM). Distinct seasonal variations of XCH4 have been <span class="hlt">observed</span> over the northern (north of 15° N) and southern (south of 15° N) parts of India, corresponding to the peak during the southwestern monsoon (July-September) and early autumn (October-December) seasons, respectively. Analysis of the transport, emission, and chemistry contributions to XCH4 using ACTM suggests that a distinct XCH4 seasonal cycle over northern and southern regions of India is governed by both the heterogeneous distributions of surface emissions and a contribution of the partial CH4 column in the upper troposphere. Over most of the northern Indian Gangetic Plain regions, up to 40 % of the peak-to-trough amplitude during the southwestern (SW) monsoon season is attributed to the lower troposphere ( ˜ 1000-600 hPa), and ˜ 40 % to uplifted high-CH4 air masses in the upper troposphere ( ˜ 600-200 hPa). In contrast, the XCH4 seasonal enhancement over semi-arid western India is attributed mainly ( ˜ 70 %) to the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5740957','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5740957"><span>The first <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Ischnochiton (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) movement behaviour, with comparison between habitats <span class="hlt">differing</span> in complexity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Most species of Ischnochiton are habitat specialists and are almost always found underneath unstable marine hard-substrata such as boulders. The difficulty of experimenting on these chitons without causing disturbance means little is known about their ecology despite their importance as a group that often contributes greatly to coastal species diversity. In the present study we measured among-boulder distributional patterns of Ischnochiton smaragdinus, and used time-lapse photography to quantify movement behaviours within <span class="hlt">different</span> habitat types (pebble substrata and rock-platform). In intertidal rock-pools in South Australia, I. smaragdinus were significantly overdispersed among boulders, as most boulders had few individuals but a small proportion harboured large populations. I. smaragdinus individuals emerge from underneath boulders during nocturnal low-tides and move amongst the inter-boulder matrix (pebbles or rock-platform). Seventy-two percent of chitons in the pebble matrix did not move from one pebble to another within the periods of <span class="hlt">observation</span> (55–130 min) but a small proportion moved across as many as five pebbles per hour, indicating a capacity for adults to migrate among disconnected habitat patches. Chitons moved faster and movement paths were less tortuous across rock-platform compared to pebble substrata, which included more discontinuities among substratum patches. Overall, we show that patterns of distribution at the boulder-scale, such as the <span class="hlt">observed</span> overdispersion, must be set largely by active dispersal of adults across the substratum, and that <span class="hlt">differing</span> substratum-types may affect the degree of adult dispersal for this and possibly other under-boulder chiton species. PMID:29302396</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29713104','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29713104"><span>Efficacy and Tolerability of Two <span class="hlt">Different</span> Kinds of Titration of Paroxetine Hydrocloride Solution: an <span class="hlt">Observational</span> Study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ielmini, Marta; Poloni, Nicola; Caselli, Ivano; Bianchi, Lucia; Diurni, Marcello; Vender, Simone; Callegari, Camilla</p> <p>2018-03-13</p> <p>Depressive disorders are expected to be the second highest cause of morbidity in the world until few years. Moreover, patients with depression frequently show many side effects and low compliance to therapy. To find a more tolerated and more efficacy therapy is a growing need. This <span class="hlt">observational</span> study investigates the efficacy, safety and tolerability of paroxetine hydrochloride comparing slow versus standard titration in a population affected by Depressive Disoders (according to DSM 5). 186 outpatients were assessed throught the following scales: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) for depression and World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Bref for the perceived quality of life (WHOQOL BREF). Treatment-emerged Adverse Events (TEAEs) were recorded throught self-reports. Statystical analysys was performed by GraphPad Prism Version 5.1. The efficacy of paroxetine was confirmed in both titrations by the number of clinical remitters (HDRS ≤ 7 at 12 weeks for 53% of the standard titration group and 58% of the slow titration group), without <span class="hlt">differences</span>. About safety and tolerability there were more frequent TEAEs among the standard titration group (p < 0.01). Comparing WHOQOL BREF between the two groups at the recruitment and at the twelth week emerged a statistically significant <span class="hlt">difference</span> (p = 0.003), with highest scores reached in slow titration group. Although the short <span class="hlt">observation</span> period is an evident limit, this study is consistent to the literature about the efficacy of both titrations of paroxetine to improve depression and shows promising results about the increased tolerability of paroxetine slow titration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7865V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.7865V"><span>Critical Analysis of <span class="hlt">Different</span> Methods to Retrieve Atmosphere Humidity Profiles from GNSS Radio Occultation <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vespe, Francesco; Benedetto, Catia</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The huge amount of GPS Radio Occultation (RO) <span class="hlt">observations</span> currently available thanks to space mission like COSMIC, CHAMP, GRACE, TERRASAR-X etc., have greatly encouraged the research of new algorithms suitable to extract humidity, temperature and pressure profiles of the atmosphere in a more and more precise way. For what concern the humidity profiles in these last years two <span class="hlt">different</span> approaches have been widely proved and applied: the "Simple" and the 1DVAR methods. The Simple methods essentially determine dry refractivity profiles from temperature analysis profiles and hydrostatic equation. Then the dry refractivity is subtracted from RO refractivity to achieve the wet component. Finally from the wet refractivity is achieved humidity. The 1DVAR approach combines RO <span class="hlt">observations</span> with profiles given by the background models with both the terms weighted with the inverse of covariance matrix. The advantage of "Simple" methods is that they are not affected by bias due to the background models. We have proposed in the past the BPV approach to retrieve humidity. Our approach can be classified among the "Simple" methods. The BPV approach works with dry atmospheric CIRA-Q models which depend on latitude, DoY and height. The dry CIRA-Q refractivity profile is selected estimating the involved parameters in a non linear least square fashion achieved by fitting RO <span class="hlt">observed</span> bending angles through the stratosphere. The BPV as well as all the other "Simple" methods, has as drawback the unphysical occurrence of negative "humidity". Thus we propose to apply a modulated weighting of the fit residuals just to minimize the effects of this inconvenient. After a proper tuning of the approach, we plan to present the results of the validation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27284224','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27284224"><span>Subjective and objective <span class="hlt">observation</span> of skin graft recovery on Indonesian local cat with <span class="hlt">different</span> periods of transplantation time.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Erwin; Gunanti; Handharyani, Ekowati; Noviana, Deni</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>The success of a skin graft in a cat is highly dependent on the granulation formed by the base of recipient bed. Granulation by the base of recipient bed will form after several days after injury. This research aimed to <span class="hlt">observe</span> subjective and objective profile of skin graft recovery on forelimb of cats with <span class="hlt">different</span> periods of donor skin placement. Nine male Indonesian local cats aged 1-2 years old, weighing 3-4 kg were divided into three groups. The first surgery for creating defect wound of 2 cm×2 cm in size was performed in the whole group. The wound was left for several days with the respective interval for each group, respectively: Group I (for 2 days), Group II (for 4 days), and Group III (for 6 days). In the whole group, the second surgery was done by the harvesting skin of thoracic area which then applied on recipient bed of respective groups. The donor skin on Group II was accepted faster compared to Group I and Group III. The donor skin did not show color <span class="hlt">differences</span> compared to surrounding skin, painless, bright red in bleeding test had faster both hair growth and drug absorption. Test toward the size of donor skin and the effect of drugs did not show a significant <span class="hlt">difference</span> between each group. The <span class="hlt">observe</span> subjective and objective profile of skin graft recovery on forelimb of cats on Group II were accepted faster compared to Group I and III.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25470323','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25470323"><span>Keeping it in the family: the self-rated health of lone mothers in <span class="hlt">different</span> European welfare regimes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Van de Velde, Sarah; Bambra, Clare; Van der Bracht, Koen; Eikemo, Terje Andreas; Bracke, Piet</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>This study examines whether health inequalities exist between lone and cohabiting mothers across Europe, and how these may <span class="hlt">differ</span> by welfare regime. Data from the European Social Survey were used to compare self-rated general health, limiting long-standing illness and depressive feelings by means of a multi-level logistic regression. The 27 countries included in the analyses are classified into six welfare regimes (Anglo-Saxon, Bismarckian, Southern, Nordic, Central East Europe (CEE) (new EU) and CEE (non-EU). Lone motherhood is defined as mothers not cohabiting with a partner, regardless of their legal marital status. The results indicate that lone mothers are more at risk of poor health than cohabiting mothers. This is most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the Anglo-Saxon regime for self-rated general health and limiting long-standing illness, while for depressive feelings it is most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the Bismarckian welfare regime. While the risk <span class="hlt">difference</span> is smallest in the CEE regimes, both lone and cohabiting mothers also reported the highest levels of poor health compared with the other regimes. The results also show that a vulnerable socioeconomic position is associated with ill-health in lone mothers and that welfare regimes <span class="hlt">differ</span> in the degree to which they moderate this association. © 2014 The Authors. Sociology of Health & Illness © 2014 Foundation for the Sociology of Health & Illness/John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3815992','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3815992"><span>Sex <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in the Development of Brain Mechanisms for Processing Biological Motion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Anderson, L.C.; Bolling, D.Z.; Schelinski, S.; Coffman, M.C.; Pelphrey, K.A.; Kaiser, M.D.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Disorders related to social functioning including autism and schizophrenia <span class="hlt">differ</span> drastically in incidence and severity between males and females. Little is known about the neural systems underlying these sex-linked <span class="hlt">differences</span> in risk and resiliency. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a task involving the visual perception of point-light displays of coherent and scrambled biological motion, we discovered sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the development of neural systems for basic social perception. In adults, we identified enhanced activity during coherent biological motion perception in females relative to males in a network of brain regions previously implicated in social perception including amygdala, medial temporal gyrus, and temporal pole. These sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> were less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in our sample of school-age youth. We hypothesize that the robust neural circuitry supporting social perception in females, which diverges from males beginning in childhood, may underlie sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in disorders related to social processing. PMID:23876243</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282694','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282694"><span>Racial <span class="hlt">differences</span> in mortality among patients with acute ischemic stroke: an <span class="hlt">observational</span> study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xian, Ying; Holloway, Robert G; Noyes, Katia; Shah, Manish N; Friedman, Bruce</p> <p>2011-02-01</p> <p>Black patients are commonly believed to have higher stroke mortality. However, several recent studies have reported better survival in black patients with stroke. To examine racial <span class="hlt">differences</span> in stroke mortality and explore potential reasons for these <span class="hlt">differences</span>. <span class="hlt">Observational</span> cohort study. 164 hospitals in New York. 5319 black and 18 340 white patients aged 18 years or older who were hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke between January 2005 and December 2006. Influence of race on mortality, examined by using propensity score analysis. Secondary outcomes were selected aspects of end-of-life treatment, use of tissue plasminogen activator, hospital spending, and length of stay. Patients were followed for mortality for 1 year after admission. Overall in-hospital mortality was lower for black patients than for white patients (5.0% vs. 7.4%; P < 0.001), as was all-cause mortality at 30 days (6.1% vs. 11.4%; P < 0.001) and 1 year (16.5% vs. 24.4%; P < 0.001). After propensity score adjustment, black race was independently associated with lower in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.61 to 0.98]) and all-cause mortality up to 1 year (OR, 0.86 [CI, 0.77 to 0.96]). The adjusted hazard ratio was 0.87 (CI, 0.79 to 0.96). After adjustment for the probability of dying in the hospital, black patients with stroke were more likely to receive life-sustaining interventions (OR, 1.22 [CI, 1.09 to 1.38]) but less likely to be discharged to hospice (OR, 0.25 [CI, 0.14 to 0.46]). The study used hospital administrative data that lacked a stroke severity measure. The study design precluded determination of causality. Among patients with acute ischemic stroke, black patients had lower mortality than white patients. This could be the result of <span class="hlt">differences</span> in receipt of life-sustaining interventions and end-of-life care.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4959831','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4959831"><span>Racial/Ethnic <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Insomnia Trajectories Among U.S. Older Adults</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kaufmann, Christopher N.; Mojtabai, Ramin; Hock, Rebecca S.; Thorpe, Roland J.; Canham, Sarah L.; Chen, Lian-Yu; Wennberg, Alexandra M. V.; Chen-Edinboro, Lenis P.; Spira, Adam P.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>OBJECTIVES Insomnia is reported to be more prevalent in minority racial/ethnic groups. Little is known, however, about racial/ethnic <span class="hlt">differences</span> in changes in insomnia severity over time, particularly among older adults. We examined racial/ethnic <span class="hlt">differences</span> in trajectories of insomnia severity among middle-aged and older adults. DESIGN Data were drawn from five waves of the Health and Retirement Study (2002–2010), a nationally representative longitudinal biennial survey of adults aged >50. SETTING Population-based. PARTICIPANTS 22,252 participants from non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and other racial/ethnic groups. INTERVENTION N/A MEASUREMENTS Participants reported the severity of four insomnia symptoms; summed scores ranged from 4 (no insomnia) to 12 (severe insomnia). We assessed change in insomnia across the five waves as a function of race/ethnicity. RESULTS Across all participants, insomnia severity scores increased 0.19 points (95% CI=0.14, 0.24; t=7.52; design df=56; p<0.001) over time after adjustment for gender, race/ethnicity, education, and baseline age. After adjusting for the number of accumulated health conditions and BMI, this trend decreased substantially and even changed direction (B=−0.24; 95% CI=−0.29, −0.19; t=−9.22; design df=56; p<0.001). The increasing trajectory was significantly more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic whites, even after adjustment for number of accumulated health conditions, BMI, and number of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Although insomnia severity increases with age—largely due to the accumulation of health conditions—this trend appears more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> among Hispanic older adults than in non-Hispanic whites. Further research is needed to determine the reasons for a <span class="hlt">different</span> insomnia trajectory among Hispanics. PMID:27212222</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70124274','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70124274"><span>County-level analysis of the impact of temperature and population increases on California wildfire data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Baltar, M.; Keeley, Jon E.; Schoenberg, F.P.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The extent to which the apparent increase in wildfire incidence and burn area in California from 1990 to 2006 is affected by population and temperature increases is examined. Using generalized linear models with random effects, we focus on the estimated impacts of increases in mean daily temperatures and populations in <span class="hlt">different</span> counties on wildfire in those counties, after essentially controlling for the overall <span class="hlt">differences</span> between counties in their overall mean temperatures and populations. We find that temperature increase appears to have a significant positive impact on both total burn area and number of <span class="hlt">observed</span> wildfires. Population growth appears to have a much less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> impact on total burn area than do annual temperature increases, and population growth appears to be negatively correlated with the total number of <span class="hlt">observed</span> wildfires. These effects are especially <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the winter season and in Southern California counties.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CNSNS..56..115M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CNSNS..56..115M"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">different</span> dispersal patterns on the presence-absence of multiple species</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mohd, Mohd Hafiz; Murray, Rua; Plank, Michael J.; Godsoe, William</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Predicting which species will be present (or absent) across a geographical region remains one of the key problems in ecology. Numerous studies have suggested several ecological factors that can determine species presence-absence: environmental factors (i.e. abiotic environments), interactions among species (i.e. biotic interactions) and dispersal process. While various ecological factors have been considered, less attention has been given to the problem of understanding how <span class="hlt">different</span> dispersal patterns, in interaction with other factors, shape community assembly in the presence of priority effects (i.e. where relative initial abundances determine the long-term presence-absence of each species). By employing both local and non-local dispersal models, we investigate the consequences of <span class="hlt">different</span> dispersal patterns on the occurrence of priority effects and coexistence in multi-species communities. In the case of non-local, but short-range dispersal, we <span class="hlt">observe</span> agreement with the predictions of local models for weak and medium dispersal strength, but disagreement for relatively strong dispersal levels. Our analysis shows the existence of a threshold value in dispersal strength (i.e. saddle-node bifurcation) above which priority effects disappear. These results also reveal a co-dimension 2 point, corresponding to a degenerate transcritical bifurcation: at this point, the transcritical bifurcation changes from subcritical to supercritical with corresponding creation of a saddle-node bifurcation curve. We <span class="hlt">observe</span> further contrasting effects of non-local dispersal as dispersal distance changes: while very long-range dispersal can lead to species extinctions, intermediate-range dispersal can permit more outcomes with multi-species coexistence than short-range dispersal (or purely local dispersal). Overall, our results show that priority effects are more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the non-local dispersal models than in the local dispersal models. Taken together, our findings highlight</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5276848','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5276848"><span>ERP Subsequent Memory Effects <span class="hlt">Differ</span> between Inter-Item and Unitization Encoding Tasks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kamp, Siri-Maria; Bader, Regine; Mecklinger, Axel</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The “subsequent memory paradigm” is an analysis tool to identify brain activity elicited during episodic encoding that is associated with successful subsequent retrieval. Two commonly <span class="hlt">observed</span> event-related potential “subsequent memory effects” (SMEs) are the parietal SME in the P300 time window and the frontal slow wave SME, but to date a clear characterization of the circumstances under which each SME is <span class="hlt">observed</span> is missing. To test the hypothesis that the parietal SME occurs when aspects of an experience are unitized into a single item representation, while inter-item associative encoding is reflected in the frontal slow wave effect, participants were assigned to one of two conditions that emphasized one of the encoding types under otherwise matched study phases of a recognition memory experiment. Word pairs were presented either in the context of a definition that allowed to combine the word pairs into a new concept (unitization or item encoding) or together with a sentence frame (inter-item encoding). Performance on the recognition test did not <span class="hlt">differ</span> between the groups. The parietal SME was only found in the definition group, supporting the idea that this SME occurs when the components of an association are integrated in a unitized item representation. An early prefrontal negativity also exhibited an SME only in this group, suggesting that the formation of novel units occurs through interactions of multiple brain areas. The frontal slow wave SME was <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in both groups and may thus reflect processes generally involved in encoding of associations. Our results provide evidence for a partial dissociation of the eliciting conditions of the two types of SMEs and therefore provide a tool for future studies to characterize the <span class="hlt">different</span> types of episodic encoding. PMID:28194105</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28194105','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28194105"><span>ERP Subsequent Memory Effects <span class="hlt">Differ</span> between Inter-Item and Unitization Encoding Tasks.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kamp, Siri-Maria; Bader, Regine; Mecklinger, Axel</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The "subsequent memory paradigm" is an analysis tool to identify brain activity elicited during episodic encoding that is associated with successful subsequent retrieval. Two commonly <span class="hlt">observed</span> event-related potential "subsequent memory effects" (SMEs) are the parietal SME in the P300 time window and the frontal slow wave SME, but to date a clear characterization of the circumstances under which each SME is <span class="hlt">observed</span> is missing. To test the hypothesis that the parietal SME occurs when aspects of an experience are unitized into a single item representation, while inter-item associative encoding is reflected in the frontal slow wave effect, participants were assigned to one of two conditions that emphasized one of the encoding types under otherwise matched study phases of a recognition memory experiment. Word pairs were presented either in the context of a definition that allowed to combine the word pairs into a new concept (unitization or item encoding) or together with a sentence frame (inter-item encoding). Performance on the recognition test did not <span class="hlt">differ</span> between the groups. The parietal SME was only found in the definition group, supporting the idea that this SME occurs when the components of an association are integrated in a unitized item representation. An early prefrontal negativity also exhibited an SME only in this group, suggesting that the formation of novel units occurs through interactions of multiple brain areas. The frontal slow wave SME was <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in both groups and may thus reflect processes generally involved in encoding of associations. Our results provide evidence for a partial dissociation of the eliciting conditions of the two types of SMEs and therefore provide a tool for future studies to characterize the <span class="hlt">different</span> types of episodic encoding.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014sf2a.conf..187K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014sf2a.conf..187K"><span>LIDT-DD: A new hybrid model to understand debris discs <span class="hlt">observations</span> - The case of massive collisions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kral, Q.; Thébault, P.; Augereau, J.-C.; Boccaletti, A.; Charnoz, S.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>LIDT-DD is a new hybrid model coupling the collisional and dynamical evolution in debris discs in a self-consistent way. It has been developed in a way that allows to treat a large number of <span class="hlt">different</span> astrophysical cases where collisions and dynamics have an important role. This interplay was often totally neglected in previous studies whereas, even for the simplest configurations, the real physics of debris discs imposes strong constraints and interactions between dynamics and collisions. After presenting the LIDT-DD model, we will describe the evolution of violent stochastic collisional events with this model. These massive impacts have been invoked as a possible explanation for some debris discs displaying <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> azimuthal asymmetries or having a luminosity excess exceeding that expected for systems at collisional steady-state. So far, no thorough modelling of the consequences of such stochastic events has been carried out, mainly because of the extreme numerical challenge of coupling the dynamical and collisional evolution of the released dust. We follow the collisional and dynamical evolution of dust released after the breakup of a Ceres-sized body at 6 AU from its central star. We investigate the duration, magnitude and spatial structure of the signature left by such a violent event, as well as its <span class="hlt">observational</span> detectability. We use the GRaTer package to estimate the system's luminosity at <span class="hlt">different</span> wavelengths and derive synthetic images for the SPHERE/VLT and MIRI/JWST instruments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990NuPhA.510..713C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990NuPhA.510..713C"><span>A complete measurement of spin-<span class="hlt">observables</span> for intermediate-energy inclusive quasielastic polarized proton scattering from 12C</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chan, C.; Drake, T. E.; Abegg, R.; Frekers, D.; Häusser, O.; Hicks, K.; Hutcheon, D. A.; Lee, L.; Miller, C. A.; Schubank, R.; Yen, S.</p> <p>1990-04-01</p> <p>The complete set of Wolfenstein parameters, the polarization, the asymmetry of scattering and the unpolarized double-differential cross section are presented for inclusive quasielastic proton scattering from 12C at a central momentum transfer of q = 1.9 fm -1 and incident energies of 290 and 420 MeV. The spin <span class="hlt">observables</span> D0, Dx, Dy and Dz as well as the longitudinal-to-transverse ratio of spin-flip probabilities are extracted from the data. Across the quasielastic continuum, the experimental data is compared to the variations expected from a single-scattering Fermi-gas approximation using the free NN amplitudes. Medium effects are evident in the <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> quenching of the polarization parameter relative to the free value.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009DPS....41.2605B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009DPS....41.2605B"><span>LROC Stereo <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Beyer, Ross A.; Archinal, B.; Li, R.; Mattson, S.; Moratto, Z.; McEwen, A.; Oberst, J.; Robinson, M.</p> <p>2009-09-01</p> <p>The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) will obtain two types of multiple overlapping coverage to derive terrain models of the lunar surface. LROC has two Narrow Angle Cameras (NACs), working jointly to provide a wider (in the cross-track direction) field of view, as well as a Wide Angle Camera (WAC). LRO's orbit precesses, and the same target can be viewed at <span class="hlt">different</span> solar azimuth and incidence angles providing the opportunity to acquire `photometric stereo' in addition to traditional `geometric stereo' data. Geometric stereo refers to images acquired by LROC with two <span class="hlt">observations</span> at <span class="hlt">different</span> times. They must have <span class="hlt">different</span> emission angles to provide a stereo convergence angle such that the resultant images have enough parallax for a reasonable stereo solution. The lighting at the target must not be radically <span class="hlt">different</span>. If shadows move substantially between <span class="hlt">observations</span>, it is very difficult to correlate the images. The majority of NAC geometric stereo will be acquired with one nadir and one off-pointed image (20 degree roll). Alternatively, pairs can be obtained with two spacecraft rolls (one to the left and one to the right) providing a stereo convergence angle up to 40 degrees. Overlapping WAC images from adjacent orbits can be used to generate topography of near-global coverage at kilometer-scale effective spatial resolution. Photometric stereo refers to multiple-look <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the same target under <span class="hlt">different</span> lighting conditions. LROC will acquire at least three (ideally five) <span class="hlt">observations</span> of a target. These <span class="hlt">observations</span> should have near identical emission angles, but with varying solar azimuth and incidence angles. These types of images can be processed via various methods to derive single pixel resolution topography and surface albedo. The LROC team will produce some topographic models, but stereo data collection is focused on acquiring the highest quality data so that such models can be generated later.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24905901','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24905901"><span>Comparing methods for measuring peak look duration: are individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> on screen-based tasks also found in more ecologically valid contexts?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wass, Sam V</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>Convergent research points to the importance of studying the ontogenesis of sustained attention during the early years of life, but little research hitherto has compared and contrasted <span class="hlt">different</span> techniques available for measuring sustained attention. Here, we compare methods that have been used to assess one parameter of sustained attention, namely infants' peak look duration to novel stimuli. Our focus was to assess whether individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in peak look duration are stable across <span class="hlt">different</span> measurement techniques. In a single cohort of 42 typically developing 11-month-old infants we assessed peak look duration using six <span class="hlt">different</span> measurement paradigms (four screen-based, two naturalistic). Zero-order correlations suggested that individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in peak look duration were stable across all four screen-based paradigms, but no correlations were found between peak look durations <span class="hlt">observed</span> on the screen-based and the naturalistic paradigms. A factor analysis conducted on the dependent variable of peak look duration identified two factors. All four screen-based tasks loaded onto the first factor, but the two naturalistic tasks did not relate, and mapped onto a <span class="hlt">different</span> factor. Our results question how individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> on screen-based tasks manifest in more ecologically valid contexts. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26653985','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26653985"><span>In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity investigations of <span class="hlt">differently</span> sized amorphous SiO2 nanomaterials.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Maser, Elena; Schulz, Markus; Sauer, Ursula G; Wiemann, Martin; Ma-Hock, Lan; Wohlleben, Wendel; Hartwig, Andrea; Landsiedel, Robert</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>In vitro and in vivo genotoxic effects of <span class="hlt">differently</span> sized amorphous SiO2 nanomaterials were investigated. In the alkaline Comet assay (with V79 cells), non-cytotoxic concentrations of 300 and 100-300μg/mL 15nm-SiO2 and 55nm-SiO2, respectively, relevant (at least 2-fold relative to the negative control) DNA damage. In the Alkaline unwinding assay (with V79 cells), only 15nm-SiO2 significantly increased DNA strand breaks (and only at 100μg/mL), whereas neither nanomaterial (up to 300μg/mL) increased Fpg (Formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase)-sensitive sites reflecting oxidative DNA base modifications. In the Comet assay using rat precision-cut lung slices, 15nm-SiO2 and 55nm-SiO2 induced significant DNA damage at ≥100μg/mL. In the Alkaline unwinding assay (with A549 cells), 30nm-SiO2 and 55nm-SiO2 (with larger primary particle size (PPS)) induced significant increases in DNA strand breaks at ≥50μg/mL, whereas 9nm-SiO2 and 15nm-SiO2 (with smaller PPS) induced significant DNA damage at higher concentrations. These two amorphous SiO2 also increased Fpg-sensitive sites (significant at 100μg/mL). In vivo, within 3 days after single intratracheal instillation of 360μg, neither 15nm-SiO2 nor 55nm-SiO2 caused genotoxic effects in the rat lung or in the bone marrow. However, pulmonary inflammation was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in both test groups with findings being more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> upon treatment with 15nm-SiO2 than with 55nm-SiO2. Taken together, the study shows that colloidal amorphous SiO2 with <span class="hlt">different</span> particle sizes may induce genotoxic effects in lung cells in vitro at comparatively high concentrations. However, the same materials elicited no genotoxic effects in the rat lung even though <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> pulmonary inflammation evolved. This may be explained by the fact that a considerably lower dose reached the target cells in vivo than in vitro. Additionally, the <span class="hlt">different</span> time points of investigation may provide more time for DNA damage repair after instillation. Copyright </p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26358053','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26358053"><span>Sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in chronometric mental rotation with human bodies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Voyer, Daniel; Jansen, Petra</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>The present experiment investigated sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> across stimulus types in a chronometric mental rotation task. The working hypothesis was that human bodies as stimuli would reduce the magnitude of sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> compared to cubes as stimuli, from the embodied cognition perspective. One hundred and twenty participants, 60 men and 60 women solved chronometric mental rotation items with Shepard-Metzler cube figures, head-cubes, and human bodies, all designed so that they were similar in shape. Two figures of a given stimulus type were presented on the screen and participants had to judge if both items were mirrored or non-mirrored. Results showed better mental rotation performance with human bodies than with other types of stimuli for both sexes, although the effect of stimulus type was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in men than in women. Furthermore, regardless of stimulus type, men were more accurate than women. Altogether, the results suggest that sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> are not reduced when human bodies are used as stimuli in a chronometric task. Implications for accounts of sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in mental rotations are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910044784&hterms=hierarchy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dhierarchy','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910044784&hterms=hierarchy&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dhierarchy"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of cloud cluster hierarchies over the tropical western Pacific</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lau, K. M.; Nakazawa, T.; Sui, C. H.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>The structure and propagation of tropical-cloud clusters are investigated during two contrasting periods over the tropical western Pacific in order to determine possible similarities or <span class="hlt">differences</span> and to compare with previous studies. Three fundamental periodicities are found in tropical convection in the region: 1 day, 2-3 days, and 10-15 days. It is noted that the 10-15-day time scale is closely related to the intraseasonal oscillations propagating from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific. Large convective complexes, supercloud clusters (SSC) are found to organize in this time scale. The SCC is made up from several cloud clusters generated at 2-3-day intervals. The diurnal variation is found to be most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> over the maritime continent, and the amplitude of the diurnal cycle is shown to be modulated by the 2-3-day and 10-15-day oscillations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ACP....12.7465B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ACP....12.7465B"><span>Emissions of mercury in southern Africa derived from long-term <span class="hlt">observations</span> at Cape Point, South Africa</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brunke, E.-G.; Ebinghaus, R.; Kock, H. H.; Labuschagne, C.; Slemr, F.</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>Mercury emissions in South Africa have so far been estimated only by a bottom-up approach from activities and emission factors for <span class="hlt">different</span> processes. In this paper we derive GEM/CO (GEM being gaseous elemental mercury, Hg0), GEM/CO2, GEM/CH4, CO/CO2, CH4/CO2, and CH4/CO emission ratios from plumes <span class="hlt">observed</span> during long-term monitoring of these species at Cape Point between March 2007 and December 2009. The average <span class="hlt">observed</span> GEM/CO, GEM/CO2, GEM/CH4, CO/CO2, CH4/CO2, and CH4/CO emission ratios were 2.40 ± 2.65 pg m-3 ppb-1 (n = 47), 62.7 ± 80.2 pg m-3 ppm-1 (n = 44), 3.61 ± 4.66 pg m-3 ppb-1 (n = 46), 35.6 ± 25.4 ppb ppm-1 (n = 52), 20.2 ± 15.5 ppb ppm-1 (n = 48), and 0.876 ± 1.106 ppb ppb-1 (n = 42), respectively. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> CO/CO2, CH4/CO2, and CH4/CO emission ratios agree within the combined uncertainties of the <span class="hlt">observations</span> and emissions with the ratios calculated from EDGAR (version 4.2) CO2, CO, and CH4 inventories for South Africa and southern Africa (South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique) in 2007 and 2008 (inventories for 2009 are not available yet). Total elemental mercury emission of 13.1, 15.2, and 16.1 t Hg yr-1 are estimated independently using the GEM/CO, GEM/CO2, and GEM/CH4 emission ratios and the annual mean CO, CO2, and CH4 emissions, respectively, of South Africa in 2007 and 2008. The average of these independent estimates of 14.8 t GEM yr-1 is much less than the total emission of 257 t Hg yr-1 shown by older inventories which are now considered to be wrong. Considering the uncertainties of our emission estimate, of the emission inventories, and the fact that emission of GEM represents 50-78 % of all mercury emissions, our estimate is comparable to the currently cited GEM emissions in 2004 and somewhat smaller than emissions in 2006. A further increase of mercury emissions due to increasing electricity consumption will lead to a more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> <span class="hlt">difference</span>. A quantitative assessment of the <span class="hlt">difference</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.2084L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.2084L"><span>Computed and <span class="hlt">observed</span> turbulent heat fluxes during an extreme Bora event in the Adriatic using atmosphere-ocean coupling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ličer, Matjaž; Smerkol, Peter; Fettich, Anja; Ravdas, Michalis; Papapostolou, Alexandros; Mantziafou, Anneta; Strajnar, Benedikt; Cedilnik, Jure; Jeromel, Maja; Jerman, Jure; Petan, Sašo; Benetazzo, Alvise; Carniel, Sandro; Malačič, Vlado; Sofianos, Sarantis</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>We have studied the performances of (a) a two-way coupled atmosphere-ocean modeling system and (b) one-way coupled ocean model (forced by the atmosphere model), as compared to the available in situ measurements during and after a strong Adriatic Bora wind event in February 2012, which led to extreme air-sea interactions. The simulations span the period between January and March 2012. The models used were ALADIN (4.4 km resolution) on the atmosphere side and Adriatic setup of POM (1°/30 × 1°/30 angular resolution) on the ocean side. The atmosphere-ocean coupling was implemented using the OASIS3-MCT model coupling toolkit. Two-way coupling ocean feedback to the atmosphere is limited to sea surface temperature. We have compared modeled atmosphere-ocean fluxes (computed using modified Louis scheme) and sea temperatures from both setups to platform and CTD measurements of fluxes (computed using COARE scheme) and temperatures from three <span class="hlt">observational</span> platforms (Vida, Paloma, Acqua Alta) in the Northern Adriatic. We show that turbulent fluxes from both setups <span class="hlt">differ</span> up to 20% during the Bora but not significantly before and after the event. The impact of the coupling on the ocean is significant while the impact on the atmosphere is less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span>. When compared to <span class="hlt">observations</span>, two way coupling ocean temperatures exhibit a four times lower RMSE than those from one-way coupled system. Two-way coupling improves sensible heat fluxes at all stations but does not improve latent heat loss.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26490459','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26490459"><span>Acute and chronic nociceptive phases <span class="hlt">observed</span> in a rat hind paw ischemia/reperfusion model depend on <span class="hlt">different</span> mechanisms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Klafke, J Z; da Silva, M A; Rossato, M F; de Prá, S Dal Toé; Rigo, F K; Walker, C I B; Bochi, G V; Moresco, R N; Ferreira, J; Trevisan, G</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1) may be evoked by ischemia/reperfusion, eliciting acute and chronic pain that is difficult to treat. Despite this, the underlying mechanism of CRPS1 has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the goal of this study is to evaluate the involvement of inflammation, oxidative stress, and the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel, a chemosensor of inflammation and oxidative substances, in an animal model of chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP). Male Wistar rats were subjected to 3 h hind paw ischemia/reperfusion (CPIP model). <span class="hlt">Different</span> parameters of nociception, inflammation, ischemia, and oxidative stress were evaluated at 1 (acute) and 14 (chronic) days after CPIP. The effect of a TRPA1 antagonist and the TRPA1 immunoreactivity were also <span class="hlt">observed</span> after CPIP. In the CPIP acute phase, we <span class="hlt">observed</span> mechanical and cold allodynia; increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (hind paw), ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) (serum), protein carbonyl (hind paw and spinal cord), lactate (serum), and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE, hind paw and spinal cord); and higher myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activities (hind paw). In the CPIP chronic phase, we detected mechanical and cold allodynia and increased levels of IMA (serum), protein carbonyl (hind paw and spinal cord), and 4-HNE (hind paw and spinal cord). TRPA1 antagonism reduced mechanical and cold allodynia 1 and 14 days after CPIP, but no change in TRPA1 immunoreactivity was <span class="hlt">observed</span>. <span class="hlt">Different</span> mechanisms underlie acute (inflammation and oxidative stress) and chronic (oxidative stress) phases of CPIP. TRPA1 activation may be relevant for CRPS1/CPIP-induced acute and chronic pain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1334521-observations-strong-ion-ion-correlations-dense-plasmas','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1334521-observations-strong-ion-ion-correlations-dense-plasmas"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of strong ion-ion correlations in dense plasmas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Ma, T.; Fletcher, L.; Pak, A.; ...</p> <p>2014-04-24</p> <p>Using simultaneous spectrally, angularly, and temporally resolved x-ray scattering, we measure the <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> ion-ion correlation peak in a strongly coupled plasma. Laser-driven shock-compressed aluminum at ~3× solid density is probed with high-energy photons at 17.9 keV created by molybdenum He-α emission in a laser-driven plasma source. The measured elastic scattering feature shows a well-<span class="hlt">pronounced</span> correlation peak at a wave vector of k=4Å –1. The magnitude of this correlation peak cannot be described by standard plasma theories employing a linear screened Coulomb potential. Advanced models, including a strong short-range repulsion due to the inner structure of the aluminum ions are howevermore » in good agreement with the scattering data. These studies have demonstrated a new highly accurate diagnostic technique to directly measure the state of compression and the ion-ion correlations. Furthermore, we have since applied this new method in single-shot wave-number resolved S(k) measurements to characterize the physical properties of dense plasmas.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A23C3246A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A23C3246A"><span>Assessing the Impact of <span class="hlt">Different</span> Measurement Time Intervals on <span class="hlt">Observed</span> Long-Term Wind Speed Trends</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Azorin-Molina, C.; Vicente-Serrano, S. M.; McVicar, T.; Jerez, S.; Revuelto, J.; López Moreno, J. I.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>During the last two decades climate studies have reported a tendency toward a decline in measured near-surface wind speed in some regions of Europe, North America, Asia and Australia. This weakening in <span class="hlt">observed</span> wind speed has been recently termed "global stilling", showing a worldwide average trend of -0.140 m s-1 dec-1 during last 50-years. The precise cause of the "global stilling" remains largely uncertain and has been hypothetically attributed to several factors, mainly related to: (i) an increasing surface roughness (i.e. forest growth, land use changes, and urbanization); (ii) a slowdown in large-scale atmospheric circulation; (iii) instrumental drifts and technological improvements, maintenance, and shifts in measurements sites and calibration issues; (iv) sunlight dimming due to air pollution; and (v) astronomical changes. This study proposed a novel investigation aimed at analyzing how <span class="hlt">different</span> measurement time intervals used to calculate a wind speed series can affect the sign and magnitude of long-term wind speed trends. For instance, National Weather Services across the globe estimate daily average wind speed using <span class="hlt">different</span> time intervals and formulae that may affect the trend results. Firstly, we carried out a comprehensive review of wind studies reporting the sign and magnitude of wind speed trend and the sampling intervals used. Secondly, we analyzed near-surface wind speed trends recorded at 59 land-based stations across Spain comparing monthly mean wind speed series obtained from: (a) daily mean wind speed data averaged from standard 10-min mean <span class="hlt">observations</span> at 0000, 0700, 1300 and 1800 UTC; and (b) average wind speed of 24 hourly measurements (i.e., wind run measurements) from 0000 to 2400 UTC. Thirdly and finally, we quantified the impact of anemometer drift (i.e. bearing malfunction) by presenting preliminary results (1-year of paired measurements) from a comparison of one new anemometer sensor against one malfunctioned anenometer sensor due</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21099159','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21099159"><span>Ultrastructural <span class="hlt">observation</span> of the acid-base resistant zone of all-in-one adhesives using three <span class="hlt">different</span> acid-base challenges.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tsujimoto, Miho; Nikaido, Toru; Inoue, Go; Sadr, Alireza; Tagami, Junji</p> <p>2010-11-01</p> <p>The aim of this study was to analyze the ultrastructure of the dentin-adhesive interface using two all-in-one adhesive systems (Clearfil Tri-S Bond, TB; Tokuyama Bond Force, BF) after <span class="hlt">different</span> acid-base challenges. Three solutions were used as acidic solutions for the acid-base challenges: a demineralizing solution (DS), a phosphoric acid solution (PA), and a hydrochloric acid solution (HCl). After the acid-base challenges, the bonded interfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Thickness of the acid-base resistant zone (ABRZ) created in PA and HCl was thinner than in DS for both adhesive systems. For BF adhesive, an eroded area was <span class="hlt">observed</span> beneath the ABRZ after immersion in PA and HCl, but not in DS. Conversely for TB adhesive, the eroded area was <span class="hlt">observed</span> only after immersion in PA. In conclusion, although the ABRZ was <span class="hlt">observed</span> for both all-in-one adhesive systems, its morphological features were influenced by the ingredients of both the adhesive material and acidic solution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27989018','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27989018"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">different</span> lubricant eye gels on tear film thickness as measured with ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wozniak, Piotr A; Schmidl, Doreen; Bata, Ahmed M; Fondi, Klemens; Witkowska, Katarzyna J; Aranha Dos Santos, Valentin; Baar, Carina; Room, Kim I; Nepp, Johannes; Baumgartner, Isabella; Popa-Cherecheanu, Alina; Garhöfer, Gerhard; Werkmeister, René M; Schmetterer, Leopold</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>To compare the effect of a single drop of <span class="hlt">different</span> lubricant eye gels on tear film thickness (TFT) as measured with ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT) in patients with mild-to-moderate dry eye disease (DED). The study followed a randomized, single-masked, <span class="hlt">observer</span>-blinded parallel group design. Patients received a single dose of either unpreserved trehalose 3% + hyaluronic acid 0.15% (TH), hyaluronic acid 0.2% (HA) or polyethylene glycol 0.4% + propylene glycol 0.3% (PP) eye drops. In total, 60 patients were included and TFT was measured using a custom-built UHR-OCT system. The mean TFT at baseline was 3.5 ± 0.7 μm. There was a significant <span class="hlt">difference</span> in the time-course of TFT between the three groups (p = 0.001 between groups). Ten minutes after instillation, TFT increased by 155.8 ± 86.6%, 65.7 ± 71.5% and 33.4 ± 19.6% in the PP, TH and HA group, respectively (p < 0.001 between groups). Thirty minutes after instillation, the effect of all three <span class="hlt">different</span> agents on TFT was comparable. Sixty and 120 min after administration, a significant increase in TFT was only seen for the TH group, but not for the other products (60 min: p < 0.021 between groups; 120 min: p < 0.037 between groups). In conclusion, we <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in TFT after administration of the lubricant gels. Ten minutes after instillation, a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> increase in TFT was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in all groups. As compared to the other products, the combination of trehalose 3% + hyaluronic acid 0.15% offers a significantly longer increase in TFT indicating for a longer residence time. © 2016 Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28443392','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28443392"><span>Sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the pro-inflammatory cytokine response to endotoxin unfold in vivo but not ex vivo in healthy humans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wegner, Alexander; Benson, Sven; Rebernik, Laura; Spreitzer, Ingo; Jäger, Marcus; Schedlowski, Manfred; Elsenbruch, Sigrid; Engler, Harald</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Clinical data indicate that inflammatory responses <span class="hlt">differ</span> across sexes, but the mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, we assessed in vivo and ex vivo cytokine responses to bacterial endotoxin in healthy men and women to elucidate the role of systemic and cellular factors underlying sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in inflammatory responses. Participants received an i.v. injection of low-dose endotoxin (0.4 ng/kg body mass), and plasma TNF-α and IL-6 responses were analyzed over a period of 6 h. In parallel, ex vivo cytokine production was measured in endotoxin-stimulated blood samples obtained immediately before in vivo endotoxin administration. As glucocorticoids (GCs) play an important role in the negative feedback regulation of the inflammatory response, we additionally analyzed plasma cortisol concentrations and ex vivo GC sensitivity of cytokine production. Results revealed greater in vivo pro-inflammatory responses in women compared with men, with significantly higher increases in plasma TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations. In addition, the endotoxin-induced rise in plasma cortisol was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in women. In contrast, no sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in ex vivo cytokine production and GC sensitivity were <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Together, these findings demonstrate major <span class="hlt">differences</span> in in vivo and ex vivo responses to endotoxin and underscore the importance of systemic factors underlying sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the inflammatory response.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110022533','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110022533"><span><span class="hlt">Observed</span> Recent Trends in Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Over Major Ocean Basins</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lau, K. M.; Zhou, Y. P.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>In this study, we use Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) rainfall data together with historical storm track records to examine the trend of tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall in major ocean basins during recent decades (1980-2007). We find that accumulated total rainfall along storm tracks for all tropical cyclones shows a weak positive trend over the whole tropics. However, total rainfall associated with weak storms, and intense storms (Category 4-5) both show significant positive trends, while total rainfall associated with intermediate storms (Category1-3) show a significant negative trend. Storm intensity defined as total rain produced per unit storm also shows increasing trend for all storm types. Basin-wide, from the first half (1980-1993) to the second half (1994-2007) of the data period, the North Atlantic shows the <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> increase in TC number and TC rainfall while the Northeast Pacific shows a significant decrease in all storm types. Except for the Northeast Pacific, all other major basins (North Atlantic, Northwest Pacific, Southern Oceans, and Northern Indian Ocean) show a significant increase in total number and rainfall amount in Category 4-5 storms. Overall, trends in TC rainfall in <span class="hlt">different</span> ocean basins are consistent with long-term changes in the ambient large-scale environment, including SST, vertical wind shear, sea level pressure, mid-tropospheric humidity, and Maximum Potential Intensity (MPI). Notably the <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> positive (negative) trend of TC rainfall in the North Atlantic (Northeast Pacific) appears to be related to the most (least) rapid increase in SST and MPI, and the largest decrease (increase) in vertical wind shear in the region, relative to other ocean basins.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29773405','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29773405"><span>Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in knee morphology and the prospects for implant design in total knee replacement.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Asseln, Malte; Hänisch, Christoph; Schick, Fabian; Radermacher, Klaus</p> <p>2018-05-14</p> <p>Morphological <span class="hlt">differences</span> between female and male knees have been reported in the literature, which led to the development of so-called gender-specific implants. However, detailed morphological descriptions covering the entire joint are rare and little is known regarding whether gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> are real sexual dimorphisms or can be explained by overall <span class="hlt">differences</span> in size. We comprehensively analysed knee morphology using 33 features of the femur and 21 features of the tibia to quantify knee shape. The landmark recognition and feature extraction based on three-dimensional surface data were fully automatically applied to 412 pathological (248 female and 164 male) knees undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Subsequently, an exploratory statistical analysis was performed and linear correlation analysis was used to investigate normalization factors and gender-specific <span class="hlt">differences</span>. Statistically significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> between genders were <span class="hlt">observed</span>. These were <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> for distance measurements and negligible for angular (relative) measurements. Female knees were significantly narrower at the same depth compared to male knees. The correlation analysis showed that linear correlations were higher for distance measurements defined in the same direction. After normalizing the distance features according to overall dimensions in the direction of their definition, gender-specific <span class="hlt">differences</span> disappeared or were smaller than the related confidence intervals. Implants should not be linearly scaled according to one dimension. Instead, features in medial/lateral and anterior/posterior directions should be normalized separately (non-isotropic scaling). However, large inter-individual variations of the features remain after normalization, suggesting that patient-specific design solutions are required for an improved implant design, regardless of gender. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23876243','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23876243"><span>Sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the development of brain mechanisms for processing biological motion.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Anderson, L C; Bolling, D Z; Schelinski, S; Coffman, M C; Pelphrey, K A; Kaiser, M D</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Disorders related to social functioning including autism and schizophrenia <span class="hlt">differ</span> drastically in incidence and severity between males and females. Little is known about the neural systems underlying these sex-linked <span class="hlt">differences</span> in risk and resiliency. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a task involving the visual perception of point-light displays of coherent and scrambled biological motion, we discovered sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the development of neural systems for basic social perception. In adults, we identified enhanced activity during coherent biological motion perception in females relative to males in a network of brain regions previously implicated in social perception including amygdala, medial temporal gyrus, and temporal pole. These sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> were less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in our sample of school-age youth. We hypothesize that the robust neural circuitry supporting social perception in females, which diverges from males beginning in childhood, may underlie sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in disorders related to social processing. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SPIE.6118..160H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SPIE.6118..160H"><span>Femtosecond buildup of phonon-plasmon coupling in photoexcited InP <span class="hlt">observed</span> by ultrabroadband THz probing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huber, Rupert; Kübler, Carl; Tübel, Stefan; Leitenstorfer, Alfred</p> <p>2006-02-01</p> <p>We study the ultrafast transition of a pure longitudinal optical phonon resonance to a coupled phonon-plasmon system. Following 10-fs photoexcitation of intrinsic indium phosphide, ultrabroadband THz opto-electronics monitors the buildup of coherent beats of the emerging hybrid modes directly in the time domain with sub-cycle resolution. Mutual repulsion and redistribution of the oscillator strength of the interacting phonons and plasmons are seen to emerge on a delayed femtosecond time scale. Both branches of the mixed modes are monitored for various excitation densities N. We <span class="hlt">observe</span> a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> anticrossing of the coupled resonances as a function of N. The characteristic formation time for phonon-plasmon coupling exhibits density dependence. The time is approximately set by one oscillation cycle of the upper branch of the mixed modes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.S51D0621O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.S51D0621O"><span>Double-<span class="hlt">Difference</span> Global Adjoint Tomography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Orsvuran, R.; Bozdag, E.; Lei, W.; Tromp, J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The adjoint method allows us to incorporate full waveform simulations in inverse problems. Misfit functions play an important role in extracting the relevant information from seismic waveforms. In this study, our goal is to apply the Double-<span class="hlt">Difference</span> (DD) methodology proposed by Yuan et al. (2016) to global adjoint tomography. Dense seismic networks, such as USArray, lead to higher-resolution seismic images underneath continents. However, the imbalanced distribution of stations and sources poses challenges in global ray coverage. We adapt double-<span class="hlt">difference</span> multitaper measurements to global adjoint tomography. We normalize each DD measurement by its number of pairs, and if a measurement has no pair, as may frequently happen for data recorded at oceanic stations, classical multitaper measurements are used. As a result, the differential measurements and pair-wise weighting strategy help balance uneven global kernel coverage. Our initial experiments with minor- and major-arc surface waves show promising results, revealing more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> structure near dense networks while reducing the prominence of paths towards cluster of stations. We have started using this new measurement in global adjoint inversions, addressing azimuthal anisotropy in upper mantle. Meanwhile, we are working on combining the double-<span class="hlt">difference</span> approach with instantaneous phase measurements to emphasize contributions of scattered waves in global inversions and extending it to body waves. We will present our results and discuss challenges and future directions in the context of global tomographic inversions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3684748','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3684748"><span>Spatiotemporal SNP analysis reveals <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> biocomplexity at the northern range margin of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Therkildsen, Nina Overgaard; Hemmer-Hansen, Jakob; Hedeholm, Rasmus Berg; Wisz, Mary S; Pampoulie, Christophe; Meldrup, Dorte; Bonanomi, Sara; Retzel, Anja; Olsen, Steffen Malskær; Nielsen, Einar Eg</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Accurate prediction of species distribution shifts in the face of climate change requires a sound understanding of population diversity and local adaptations. Previous modeling has suggested that global warming will lead to increased abundance of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the ocean around Greenland, but the dynamics of earlier abundance fluctuations are not well understood. We applied a retrospective spatiotemporal population genomics approach to examine the temporal stability of cod population structure in this region and to search for signatures of divergent selection over a 78-year period spanning major demographic changes. Analyzing >900 gene-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms in 847 individuals, we identified four genetically distinct groups that exhibited varying spatial distributions with considerable overlap and mixture. The genetic composition had remained stable over decades at some spawning grounds, whereas complete population replacement was evident at others. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of elevated differentiation in certain genomic regions are consistent with adaptive divergence between the groups, indicating that they may respond <span class="hlt">differently</span> to environmental variation. Significantly increased temporal changes at a subset of loci also suggest that adaptation may be ongoing. These findings illustrate the power of spatiotemporal population genomics for revealing biocomplexity in both space and time and for informing future fisheries management and conservation efforts. PMID:23789034</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23789034','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23789034"><span>Spatiotemporal SNP analysis reveals <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> biocomplexity at the northern range margin of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Therkildsen, Nina Overgaard; Hemmer-Hansen, Jakob; Hedeholm, Rasmus Berg; Wisz, Mary S; Pampoulie, Christophe; Meldrup, Dorte; Bonanomi, Sara; Retzel, Anja; Olsen, Steffen Malskær; Nielsen, Einar Eg</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>Accurate prediction of species distribution shifts in the face of climate change requires a sound understanding of population diversity and local adaptations. Previous modeling has suggested that global warming will lead to increased abundance of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the ocean around Greenland, but the dynamics of earlier abundance fluctuations are not well understood. We applied a retrospective spatiotemporal population genomics approach to examine the temporal stability of cod population structure in this region and to search for signatures of divergent selection over a 78-year period spanning major demographic changes. Analyzing >900 gene-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms in 847 individuals, we identified four genetically distinct groups that exhibited varying spatial distributions with considerable overlap and mixture. The genetic composition had remained stable over decades at some spawning grounds, whereas complete population replacement was evident at others. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of elevated differentiation in certain genomic regions are consistent with adaptive divergence between the groups, indicating that they may respond <span class="hlt">differently</span> to environmental variation. Significantly increased temporal changes at a subset of loci also suggest that adaptation may be ongoing. These findings illustrate the power of spatiotemporal population genomics for revealing biocomplexity in both space and time and for informing future fisheries management and conservation efforts.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008xmm..pres...37.','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008xmm..pres...37."><span>Encounter of a <span class="hlt">different</span> kind: Rosetta <span class="hlt">observes</span> asteroid at close quarters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>2008-09-01</p> <p> is not Rosetta's first look at Steins. Over two years ago, in March 2006, the Osiris camera onboard Rosetta <span class="hlt">observed</span> the brightness variations of this rotating asteroid from a distance of 159 million kilometres (a little over the distance between Earth and the Sun), and was able to determine that the tiny asteroid spins around its axis in about six hours. Together with the two navigation cameras onboard, Osiris was again pointed towards Steins on 4 August and continued to <span class="hlt">observe</span> the asteroid until 4 September, in order to assist Rosetta's navigation by optical means - a first in the history of ESA spacecraft operations. A few days before the flyby, most of the Rosetta orbiter instruments, as well as the Philae lander magnetometer, were switched on to collect science data on the asteroid, with ever-increasing accuracy as the spacecraft closed in on it. Rosetta's powerful instruments have initially been focusing on the asteroid's orbital motion, rotation, shape and density. As the distance has diminished, the investigation has broadened to take in the <span class="hlt">observation</span> of surface properties and features, and the analysis of the chemical and mineralogical composition of the terrains, as well as their relative ages and the effects of the solar wind on the surface. At its closest approach, Rosetta flew by Steins at a relative speed of 8.6 km/s. To keep the small asteroid in the field of view of its instruments, the spacecraft had to perform a rapid and highly demanding rotation manoeuvre, which had been successfully rehearsed in March this year. A preliminary analysis of the first data from the flyby was presented to the press at ESOC at 12:00 CEST today. To Steins and beyond "Steins might be small, but we're making big science here", said Dr David Southwood, ESA's Director of Science and Robotic Exploration. "The better we learn to know the <span class="hlt">different</span> kinds of asteroids, the better we will understand our origins in the past. Moreover, when such Solar System wanderers escape</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12947029','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12947029"><span>Fiber-type <span class="hlt">differences</span> in muscle mitochondrial profiles.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Leary, S C; Lyons, C N; Rosenberger, A G; Ballantyne, J S; Stillman, J; Moyes, C D</p> <p>2003-10-01</p> <p>Although striated muscles <span class="hlt">differ</span> in mitochondrial content, the extent of fiber-type specific mitochondrial specializations is not well known. To address this issue, we compared mitochondrial structural and functional properties in red muscle (RM), white muscle (WM), and cardiac muscle of rainbow trout. Overall preservation of the basic relationships between oxidative phosphorylation complexes among fiber types was confirmed by kinetic analyses, immunoblotting of native holoproteins, and spectroscopic measurements of cytochrome content. Fiber-type <span class="hlt">differences</span> in mitochondrial properties were apparent when parameters were expressed per milligram mitochondrial protein. However, the <span class="hlt">differences</span> diminished when expressed relative to cytochrome oxidase (COX), possibly a more meaningful denominator than mitochondrial protein. Expressed relative to COX, there were no <span class="hlt">differences</span> in oxidative phosphorylation enzyme activities, pyruvate-based respiratory rates, H2O2 production, or state 4 proton leak respiration. These data suggest most mitochondrial qualitative properties are conserved across fiber types. However, there remained modest <span class="hlt">differences</span> ( approximately 50%) in stoichiometries of selected enzymes of the Krebs cycle, beta-oxidation, and antioxidant enzymes. There were clear <span class="hlt">differences</span> in membrane fluidity (RM > cardiac, WM) and proton conductance (H+/min/mV/U COX: WM > RM > cardiac). The <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in mitochondrial content between fiber types could be attributed to a combination of <span class="hlt">differences</span> in myonuclear domain and modest effects on the expression of nuclear- and mitochondrially encoded respiratory genes. Collectively, these studies suggest constitutive pathways that transcend fiber types are primarily responsible for determining most quantitative and qualitative properties of mitochondria.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8831295','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8831295"><span>Parental investment theory and gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the evolution of inhibition mechanisms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bjorklund, D F; Kipp, K</p> <p>1996-09-01</p> <p>Based on the tenets of parental investment theory, the authors postulate that there was greater pressure to inhibit potentially maladaptive emotional, social, and sexual responses on prehistoric women than men in some contexts, resulting in enhanced inhibitory abilities in women in some domains. They reviewed studies whose researchers examined gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> on social, behavioral, and cognitive tasks involving inhibition and found gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> favoring female humans most consistent for social tasks (e.g., control of emotions), somewhat less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> for behavioral tasks (e.g., delay of gratification), and weak and inconsistent for cognitive tasks (e.g., conceptual tempo). This pattern was interrupted as being consistent with the position that gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in inhibition are relatively domain specific in nature, with women demonstrating greater abilities on tasks related to reproduction and childrearing, which is consistent with parental investment theory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26378006','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26378006"><span>Reducing the motor response in haptic parallel matching eliminates the typically <span class="hlt">observed</span> gender <span class="hlt">difference</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>van Mier, Hanneke I</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>When making two bars haptically parallel to each other, large deviations have been <span class="hlt">observed</span>, most likely caused by the bias of a hand-centered egocentric reference frame. A consistent finding is that women show significantly larger deviations than men when performing this task. It has been suggested that this <span class="hlt">difference</span> might be due to the fact that women are more egocentrically oriented than men or are less efficient in overcoming the egocentric bias of the hand. If this is indeed the case, reducing the bias of the egocentric reference frame should eliminate the above-mentioned gender <span class="hlt">difference</span>. This was investigated in the current study. Sixty participants (30 men, 30 women) were instructed to haptically match (task HP) the orientation of a test bar with the dominant hand to the orientation of a reference bar that was perceived with the non-dominant hand. In a haptic visual task (task HV), in which only the reference bar and exploring hand were out of view, no motor response was required, but participants had to "match" the perceived orientation by verbally naming the parallel orientation that was read out on a test protractor. Both females and males performed better in the HV task than in the HP task. Significant gender effects were only found in the haptic parallelity task (HP), corroborating the idea that women perform at the same level as men when the egocentric bias of the hand is reduced.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28799447','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28799447"><span>A higher volume of fibrotic tissue on virtual histology prior to coronary stent implantation predisposes to more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> neointima proliferation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Haine, Steven; Wouters, Kristien; Miljoen, Hielko; Vandendriessche, Tom; Claeys, Marc; Bosmans, Johan; Vrints, Christiaan</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Since neointima smooth muscle cells (SMC) mainly originate from the vessel wall, we investigated whether atherosclerotic plaque composition influences subsequent in-stent neointima proliferation and restenosis. We performed intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) with virtual histology in 98 patients prior to elective bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation in de novo coronary artery lesions. Virtual histology variables pre-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were related to in-stent neointima proliferation six months after implantation assessed as late luminal loss of 0.88 mm (interquartile range (IQR) 0.37-1.23 mm) on angiography and as maximal percentage area stenosis of 42% (IQR 33-59%) and percentage volume intima hyperplasia of 27% (IQR 20-36%) on IVUS. A ridge-trace based multiple linear regression model was constructed to account for multicollinearity of the virtual histology variables and was corrected for implanted stent length (18 mm, IQR 15-23 mm), stent diameter (3.0 mm, IQR 2.75-3.5 mm) and lesion volume (146 mm³, IQR 80-201 mm³) prior to PCI. Fibrous tissue volume prior to PCI (49 mm³, IQR 30-77 mm³) was significantly and independently related to late luminal loss (p = .038), maximal percentage area stenosis (p = .041) and percentage volume intima hyperplasia (p = .004). Neither absolute nor relative amounts of fibrofatty, calcified or necrotic core tissue appeared related to any of the restenosis parameters. Subgroup analysis after exclusion of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients yielded similar results. Lesions with more voluminous fibrotic tissue pre-PCI show more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in-stent neointima proliferation, even after correction for lesion plaque volume.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRC..118.3146N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRC..118.3146N"><span>Satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> of turbidity in the Dead Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nehorai, R.; Lensky, I. M.; Hochman, L.; Gertman, I.; Brenner, S.; Muskin, A.; Lensky, N. G.</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>A methodology to attain daily variability of turbidity in the Dead Sea by means of remote sensing was developed. 250 m/pixel moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance data were used to characterize the seasonal cycle of turbidity and plume spreading generated by flood events in the lake. Fifteen minutes interval images from meteosat second generation 1.6 km/pixel high-resolution visible (HRV) channel were used to monitor daily variations of turbidity. The HRV reflectance was normalized throughout the day to correct for the changing geometry and then calibrated against available MODIS surface reflectance. Finally, hourly averaged reflectance maps are presented for summer and winter. The results show that turbidity is concentrated along the silty shores of the lake and the southern embayments, with a gradual decrease of turbidity values from the shoreline toward the center of the lake. This pattern is most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> following the nighttime hours of intense winds. A few hours after winds calm the concentric turbidity pattern fades. In situ and remote sensing <span class="hlt">observations</span> show a clear relation between wind intensity, wave amplitude and water turbidity. In summer and winter similar concentric turbidity patterns are <span class="hlt">observed</span> but with a much narrower structure in winter. A simple Lagrangain trajectory model suggests that the combined effects of horizontal transport and vertical mixing of suspended particles leads to more effective mixing in winter. The dynamics of suspended matter contributions from winter desert floods are also presented in terms of hourly turbidity maps showing the spreading of the plumes and their decay.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25088913','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25088913"><span>Event-related potentials reveal task-dependence and inter-individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in negation processing during silent listening and explicit truth-value evaluation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Herbert, C; Kissler, J</p> <p>2014-09-26</p> <p>In sentences such as dogs cannot fly/bark, evaluation of the truth-value of the sentence is assumed to appear after the negation has been integrated into the sentence structure. Moreover negation processing and truth-value processing are considered effortful processes, whereas processing of the semantic relatedness of the words within sentences is thought to occur automatically. In the present study, modulation of event-related brain potentials (N400 and late positive potential, LPP) was investigated during an implicit task (silent listening) and active truth-value evaluation to test these theoretical assumptions and determine if truth-value evaluation will be modulated by the way participants processed the negated information implicitly prior to truth-value verification. Participants first listened to negated sentences and then evaluated these sentences for their truth-value in an active evaluation task. During passive listening, the LPP was generally more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> for targets in false negative (FN) than true negative (TN) sentences, indicating enhanced attention allocation to semantically-related but false targets. N400 modulation by truth-value (FN>TN) was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in 11 out of 24 participants. However, during active evaluation, processing of semantically-unrelated but true targets (TN) elicited larger N400 and LPP amplitudes as well as a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> frontal negativity. This pattern was particularly prominent in those 11 individuals, whose N400 modulation during silent listening indicated that they were more sensitive to violations of the truth-value than to semantic priming effects. The results provide evidence for implicit truth-value processing during silent listening of negated sentences and for task dependence related to inter-individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in implicit negation processing. Copyright © 2014 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3937403','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3937403"><span>Impact of <span class="hlt">Different</span> Creatinine Measurement Methods on Liver Transplant Allocation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kaiser, Thorsten; Kinny-Köster, Benedict; Bartels, Michael; Parthaune, Tanja; Schmidt, Michael; Thiery, Joachim</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Introduction The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score is used in many countries to prioritize organ allocation for the majority of patients who require orthotopic liver transplantation. This score is calculated based on the following laboratory parameters: creatinine, bilirubin and the international normalized ratio (INR). Consequently, high measurement accuracy is essential for equitable and fair organ allocation. For serum creatinine measurements, the Jaffé method and enzymatic detection are well-established routine diagnostic tests. Methods A total of 1,013 samples from 445 patients on the waiting list or in evaluation for liver transplantation were measured using both creatinine methods from November 2012 to September 2013 at the university hospital Leipzig, Germany. The measurements were performed in parallel according to the manufacturer’s instructions after the samples arrived at the institute of laboratory medicine. Patients who had required renal replacement therapy twice in the previous week were excluded from analyses. Results Despite the good correlation between the results of both creatinine quantification methods, relevant <span class="hlt">differences</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span>, which led to <span class="hlt">different</span> MELD scores. The Jaffé measurement led to greater MELD score in 163/1,013 (16.1%) samples with <span class="hlt">differences</span> of up to 4 points in one patient, whereas <span class="hlt">differences</span> of up to 2 points were identified in 15/1,013 (1.5%) samples using the enzymatic assay. Overall, 50/152 (32.9%) patients with MELD scores >20 had higher scores when the Jaffé method was used. Discussion Using the Jaffé method to measure creatinine levels in samples from patients who require liver transplantation may lead to a systematic preference in organ allocation. In this study, the <span class="hlt">differences</span> were particularly <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in samples with MELD scores >20, which has clinical relevance in the context of urgency of transplantation. These data suggest that official recommendations are needed to determine which</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUSM.S24A..04K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUSM.S24A..04K"><span><span class="hlt">Difference</span> of Horizontal-to-Vertical (H/V) Spectral Ratios of Microtremors and Earthquake Motions: Theory and <span class="hlt">Observation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kawase, H.; Nagashima, F.; Matsushima, S.; Sanchez-Sesma, F. J.</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios (HVRs) of microtremors have been traditionally interpreted theoretically as representing the Rayleigh wave ellipticity or just utilized a convenient tool to extract predominant periods of ground. However, based on the diffuse field theory (Sánchez-Sesma et al., 2011) the microtremor H/V spectral ratios (MHVRs) correspond to the square root of the ratio of the imaginary part of horizontal displacement for a horizontally applied unit harmonic load and the imaginary part of vertical displacement for a vertically applied unit load. The same diffuse field concept leads us to derive a simple formula for earthquake HVRs (EHVRs), that is, the ratio of the horizontal motion on the surface for a vertical incidence of S wave divided by the vertical motion on the surface for a vertical incidence of P wave with a fixed coefficient (Kawase et al., 2011). The <span class="hlt">difference</span> for EHVRs comes from the fact that primary contribution of earthquake motions would be of plane body waves. Traditionally EHVRs are interpreted as the responses of inclined SV wave incidence only for their S wave portions. Without these compact theoretical solutions, EHVRs and MHVRs are either considered to be very similar/equivalent, or totally <span class="hlt">different</span> in the previous studies. With these theoretical solutions we need to re-focus our attention on the <span class="hlt">difference</span> of HVRs. Thus we have compared here HVRs at several dozens of strong motion stations in Japan. When we compared <span class="hlt">observed</span> HVRs we found that EHVRs tend to be higher in general than the MHVRs, especially around their peaks. As previously reported, their general shapes share the common features. Especially their fundamental peak and trough frequencies show quite a good match to each other. However, peaks in EHVRs in the higher frequency range would not show up in MHVRs. When we calculated theoretical HVRs separately at these target sites, their basic characteristics correspond to these <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>. At this</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.8265T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.8265T"><span>Assessing the capability of <span class="hlt">different</span> satellite <span class="hlt">observing</span> configurations to resolve the distribution of methane emissions at kilometer scales</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Turner, Alexander J.; Jacob, Daniel J.; Benmergui, Joshua; Brandman, Jeremy; White, Laurent; Randles, Cynthia A.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Anthropogenic methane emissions originate from a large number of fine-scale and often transient point sources. Satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> of atmospheric methane columns are an attractive approach for monitoring these emissions but have limitations from instrument precision, pixel resolution, and measurement frequency. Dense <span class="hlt">observations</span> will soon be available in both low-Earth and geostationary orbits, but the extent to which they can provide fine-scale information on methane sources has yet to be explored. Here we present an <span class="hlt">observation</span> system simulation experiment (OSSE) to assess the capabilities of <span class="hlt">different</span> satellite <span class="hlt">observing</span> system configurations. We conduct a 1-week WRF-STILT simulation to generate methane column footprints at 1.3 × 1.3 km2 spatial resolution and hourly temporal resolution over a 290 × 235 km2 domain in the Barnett Shale, a major oil and gas field in Texas with a large number of point sources. We sub-sample these footprints to match the <span class="hlt">observing</span> characteristics of the recently launched TROPOMI instrument (7 × 7 km2 pixels, 11 ppb precision, daily frequency), the planned GeoCARB instrument (2.7 × 3.0 km2 pixels, 4 ppb precision, nominal twice-daily frequency), and other proposed <span class="hlt">observing</span> configurations. The information content of the various <span class="hlt">observing</span> systems is evaluated using the Fisher information matrix and its eigenvalues. We find that a week of TROPOMI <span class="hlt">observations</span> should provide information on temporally invariant emissions at ˜ 30 km spatial resolution. GeoCARB should provide information available on temporally invariant emissions ˜ 2-7 km spatial resolution depending on sampling frequency (hourly to daily). Improvements to the instrument precision yield greater increases in information content than improved sampling frequency. A precision better than 6 ppb is critical for GeoCARB to achieve fine resolution of emissions. Transient emissions would be missed with either TROPOMI or GeoCARB. An aspirational high</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A13I..06S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A13I..06S"><span>Spectral Variability of Oil Slicks under <span class="hlt">Different</span> <span class="hlt">Observing</span> Conditions: Examples from Satellite and Airborne Measurement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sun, S.; Hu, C.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Optical remote sensing is one of the most commonly used techniques in detecting oil in the surface ocean. This is because that oil has <span class="hlt">different</span> optical properties from the surrounding oil-free water and oil can also modulate surface waves, thus providing a spatial contrast to facilitate delineating the oil-water boundary. Estimating oil volume or thickness from the delineated oil footprint, on the other hand, is much more difficult and currently represents a major challenge in remote sensing of oil spills. Several studies have attempted to associate reflectance spectra (magnitude and spectral shape) with oil thickness from experiments under controlled conditions, where such established relationships were used to quantify oil thickness. However, it is unclear whether or how these experiment derived relationships could be used in the real environment. Here, oil pixel spectra were extracted from several satellite sensors including Landsat, MERIS, MODIS and MISR together with airborne sensor AVIRIS that captured during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. Same day imagery of these sensors were co-registered to compare spectra <span class="hlt">difference</span> of oil under <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observing</span> conditions. Combining those resulted spectra with laboratory-measured oil spectra in previous study, oil's diverse spectral magnitudes and shapes were presented. Besides oil thickness, we concluded several other potential factors that may contribute significantly to the spectral response of oil slicks in the marine environment, which include sun glint strength, oil emulsification state, optical properties of oil covered water and remote sensing imagery's spatial resolution as well. And future perspectives for more accurate estimation of oil thickness are proposed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150010108','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150010108"><span>Plasma Distribution in Mercury's Magnetosphere Derived from MESSENGER Magnetometer and Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Korth, Haje; Anderson, Brian J.; Gershman, Daniel J.; Raines, Jim M.; Slavin, James A.; Zurbuchen, Thomas H.; Solomon, Sean C.; McNutt, Ralph L.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>We assess the statistical spatial distribution of plasma in Mercury's magnetosphere from <span class="hlt">observations</span> of magnetic pressure deficits and plasma characteristics by the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft. The statistical distributions of proton flux and pressure were derived from 10months of Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer (FIPS) <span class="hlt">observations</span> obtained during the orbital phase of the MESSENGER mission. The Magnetometer-derived pressure distributions compare favorably with those deduced from the FIPS <span class="hlt">observations</span> at locations where depressions in the magnetic field associated with the presence of enhanced plasma pressures are discernible in the Magnetometer data. The magnitudes of the magnetic pressure deficit and the plasma pressure agree on average, although the two measures of plasma pressure may deviate for individual events by as much as a factor of approximately 3. The FIPS distributions provide better statistics in regions where the plasma is more tenuous and reveal an enhanced plasma population near the magnetopause flanks resulting from direct entry of magnetosheath plasma into the low-latitude boundary layer of the magnetosphere. The plasma <span class="hlt">observations</span> also exhibit a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> north-south asymmetry on the nightside, with markedly lower fluxes at low altitudes in the northern hemisphere than at higher altitudes in the south on the same field line. This asymmetry is consistent with particle loss to the southern hemisphere surface during bounce motion in Mercury's offset dipole magnetic field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6286E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6286E"><span>Turbulence Heating <span class="hlt">ObserveR</span> - THOR: mission overview and payload summary</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Escoubet, C.-Philippe; Voirin, Thomas; Wielders, Arno; Vaivads, Andris; Retino, Alessandro; Khotyaintsev, Yuri; Soucek, Jan; Valentini, Francesco; Chen, Chris; Fazakerley, Andrew; Lavraud, Benoit; Marcucci, Federica; Narita, Yasuhito; Vainio, Rami; Romstedt, Jens; Boudin, Nathalie; Junge, Axel; Osuna, Pedro; Walsh, Andrew</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The Turbulence Heating <span class="hlt">ObserveR</span> (THOR) mission was selected as one of the three candidates, following the Call for Medium Class Missions M4 by the European Space Agency, with a launch planned in 2026. THOR is the first mission ever flown in space dedicated to plasma turbulence. THOR will lead to an understanding of the basic plasma heating and particle energization processes, of their effect on <span class="hlt">different</span> plasma species and of their relative importance in <span class="hlt">different</span> turbulent regimes. The THOR mission features one single spinning spacecraft, with the spin axis pointing toward the Sun, and 10 state-of-the-art scientific instruments, measuring electromagnetic fields and waves and electrons and ions at the highest spatial and temporal resolution ever achieved. THOR focuses on particular regions: pristine solar wind, Earth's bow shock and interplanetary shocks, and compressed solar wind regions downstream of shocks, that will be <span class="hlt">observed</span> with three <span class="hlt">different</span> orbits of 6 x 15 RE, 6 x 25 RE and 6 x 45 RE. These regions are selected because of their <span class="hlt">differing</span> turbulent fluctuation characteristics, and reflect similar astrophysical environments. The THOR mission, the conceptual design of the spacecraft and a summary of the payload will be presented. Furthermore, driving requirements and their implications for the spacecraft like Electromagnetic Compatibility and cleanliness will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4178329','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4178329"><span><span class="hlt">Differences</span> in vaginal microbiome in African American women versus women of European ancestry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fettweis, Jennifer M.; Brooks, J. Paul; Serrano, Myrna G.; Sheth, Nihar U.; Girerd, Philippe H.; Edwards, David J.; Strauss, Jerome F.; Jefferson, Kimberly K.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Women of European ancestry are more likely to harbour a Lactobacillus-dominated microbiome, whereas African American women are more likely to exhibit a diverse microbial profile. African American women are also twice as likely to be diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis and are twice as likely to experience preterm birth. The objective of this study was to further characterize and contrast the vaginal microbial profiles in African American versus European ancestry women. Through the Vaginal Human Microbiome Project at Virginia Commonwealth University, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis was used to compare the microbiomes of vaginal samples from 1268 African American women and 416 women of European ancestry. The results confirmed significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the vaginal microbiomes of the two groups and identified several taxa relevant to these <span class="hlt">differences</span>. Major community types were dominated by Gardnerella vaginalis and the uncultivated bacterial vaginosis-associated bacterium-1 (BVAB1) that were common among African Americans. Moreover, the prevalence of multiple bacterial taxa that are associated with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and preterm birth, including Mycoplasma, Gardnerella, Prevotella and Sneathia, <span class="hlt">differed</span> between the two ethnic groups. We investigated the contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including pregnancy, body mass index, diet, smoking and alcohol use, number of sexual partners, and household income, to vaginal community composition. Ethnicity, pregnancy and alcohol use correlated significantly with the relative abundance of bacterial vaginosis-associated species. Trends between microbial profiles and smoking and number of sexual partners were <span class="hlt">observed</span>; however, these associations were not statistically significant. These results support and extend previous findings that there are significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the vaginal microbiome related to ethnicity and demonstrate that these <span class="hlt">differences</span> are <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> even in healthy women</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A51I..03B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A51I..03B"><span>Overview of the Ozone Water-Land Environmental Transition Study: Summary of <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and Initial Results</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Berkoff, T.; Sullivan, J.; Pippin, M. R.; Gronoff, G.; Knepp, T. N.; Twigg, L.; Schroeder, J.; Carrion, W.; Farris, B.; Kowalewski, M. G.; Nino, L.; Gargulinski, E.; Rodio, L.; Sanchez, P.; Desorae Davis, A. A.; Janz, S. J.; Judd, L.; Pusede, S.; Wolfe, G. M.; Stauffer, R. M.; Munyan, J.; Flynn, J.; Moore, B.; Dreessen, J.; Salkovitz, D.; Stumpf, K.; King, B.; Hanisco, T. F.; Brandt, J.; Blake, D. R.; Abuhassan, N.; Cede, A.; Tzortziou, M.; Demoz, B.; Tsay, S. C.; Swap, R.; Holben, B. N.; Szykman, J.; McGee, T. J.; Neilan, J.; Allen, D.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The monitoring of ozone (O3) in the troposphere is of <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> interest due to its known toxicity and health hazard as a photo-chemically generated pollutant. One of the major difficulties for the air quality modeling, forecasting and satellite communities is the validation of O3 levels in sharp transition regions, as well as near-surface vertical gradients. Land-water gradients of O3 near coastal regions can be large due to <span class="hlt">differences</span> in surface deposition, boundary layer height, and cloud coverage. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> in horizontal and vertical directions over the Chesapeake Bay are needed to better understand O3 formation and redistribution within regional recirculation patterns. The O3 Water-Land Environmental Transition Study (OWLETS) was a field campaign conducted in the summer 2017 in the VA Tidewater region to better characterize O3 across the coastal boundary. To obtain over-water measurements, the NASA Langley Ozone Lidar as well as supplemental measurements from other sensors (e.g. Pandora, AERONET) were deployed on the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel (CBBT) 7-8 miles offshore. These <span class="hlt">observations</span> were complimented by NASA Goddard's Tropospheric Ozone Lidar along with ground-based measurements over-land at the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) in Hampton, VA. On measurement days, time-synchronized data were collected, including launches of ozonesondes from CBBT and LaRC sites that provided additional O3, wind, and temperature vertical distribution <span class="hlt">differences</span> between land and water. These measurements were complimented with: in-situ O3 sensors on two mobile cars, a micro-pulse lidar at Hampton University, an in-situ O3 sensor on a small UAV-drone, and Virginia DEQ air-quality sites. Two aircraft and a research vessel also contributed to OWLETS at various points during the campaign: the NASA UC-12B with the GeoTASO passive remote sensor, the NASA C-23 with an in-situ chemistry analysis suite, and a SERC research vessel with both remote and in-situ sensors. This</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120013461','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120013461"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Carbon Isotopic Fractionation in Interstellar Formaldehyde</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wirstrom, E. S.; Charnley, S. B.; Geppert, W. D.; Persson, C. M.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Primitive Solar System materials (e.g. chondrites. IDPs, the Stardust sample) show large variations in isotopic composition of the major volatiles (H, C, N, and O ) even within samples, witnessing to various degrees of processing in the protosolar nebula. For ex ample. the very <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> D enhancements <span class="hlt">observed</span> in IDPs [I] . are only generated in the cold. dense component of the interstellar medium (ISM), or protoplanetary disks, through ion-molecule reactions in the presence of interstellar dust. If this isotopic anomaly has an interstellar origin, this leaves open the possibility for preservation of other isotopic signatures throughout the form ation of the Solar System. The most common form of carbon in the ISM is CO molecules, and there are two potential sources of C-13 fractionation in this reservoir: low temperature chemistry and selective photodissociation. While gas-phase chemistry in cold interstellar clouds preferentially incorporates C-13 into CO [2], the effect of self-shielding in the presence of UV radiation instead leads to a relative enhancement of the more abundant isotopologue, 12CO. Solar System organic material exhibit rather small fluctuations in delta C-13 as compared to delta N-15 and delta D [3][1], the reason for which is still unclear. However, the fact that both C-13 depleted and enhanced material exists could indicate an interstellar origin where the two fractionation processes have both played a part. Formaldehyde (H2CO) is <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the gas-phase in a wide range of interstellar environments, as well as in cometary comae. It is proposed as an important reactant in the formation of more complex organic molecules in the heated environments around young stars, and formaldehyde polymers have been suggested as the common origin of chondritic insoluable organic matter (IOM) and cometary refractory organic solids [4]. The relatively high gas-phase abundance of H2CO <span class="hlt">observed</span> in molecular clouds (10(exp- 9) - 10(exp- 8) relative to H2) makes</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27077244','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27077244"><span>How do <span class="hlt">different</span> definitions of night shift affect the exposure assessment of night work?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Garde, Anne Helene; Hansen, Johnni; Kolstad, Henrik A; Larsen, Ann Dyreborg; Hansen, Åse Marie</p> <p></p> <p>The aim is to show how <span class="hlt">different</span> definitions affect the proportion of shifts classified as night shifts. The Danish Working Hour Database was used to calculate number of night shifts according to eight definitions. More than 98% of the total night shifts were night shifts by use of both the reference definition (at least 3 h of work between 24:00 and 05:00) and definitions using a period during the night. The overlap with definitions based on starting and ending time was less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> (64-71 %). The proportion of classified night shifts <span class="hlt">differs</span> little when night shifts are based on definitions including a period during the night. Studies based on other definitions may be less comparable.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29616535','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29616535"><span>Late onset rheumatoid arthritis an <span class="hlt">observational</span> study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rexhepi, Sylejman; Rexhepi, Mjellma; Sahatçiu-Meka, Vjollca; Rexhepi, Blerta; Bahtiri, Elton; Mahmutaj, Vigan</p> <p></p> <p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may have an onset at older age. The onset of the disease at the age of 60 and over is called late-onset rheumatoid arthritis (LORA). The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical, laboratory, radiological, and treatment characteristics of patients with LORA compared to those with early-onset RA (EaORA), provided that all the patients had an approximately equal duration of the disease. This is an <span class="hlt">observational</span> single-center study, which involved 120 patients with an established diagnosis of RA, of which 60 patients had LORA, and 60 patients EaORA. The disease activity, measured by the Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28-ESR), was significantly higher in the LORA group compared to the EaORA group (p<0.05). Significantly more patients with LORA had involvement of the shoulders (LORA vs. EaORA, 30% vs. 15%; p <0.05) and knees (LORA vs. EaORA, 46.7% vs. 16.7%; p <0.05). Radiological erosive changes were significantly more frequent in the LORA group in comparison with EaORA (p <0.05). There was no <span class="hlt">difference</span> between the groups regarding rheumatoid factor (RF) positivity (p>0.05), while the number of patients positive for anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) was signifi cantly greater in the EaORA group (p<0.05). The values of C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were significantly higher in the LORA than in the EaORA group. Hemoglobin levels were lower in the LORA group (11.96±1.64 g/dL) than in the EaORA group (12.18±1.56 g/dL). The most used disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) were methotrexate and sulfasalazine, while biological drugs were not used. In conclusion, based on the results of our study, LORA has some features that distinguish it from EaORA, such as higher disease activity, more frequent involvement of large joints, and more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> structural damage. This should be taken in account in clinical practice, especially regarding treatment choices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JASTP.164..172A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JASTP.164..172A"><span>Unusual lightning electric field waveforms <span class="hlt">observed</span> in Kathmandu, Nepal, and Uppsala, Sweden</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Adhikari, Pitri Bhakta; Sharma, Shriram; Baral, Kedarnath; Rakov, Vladimir A.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Unusual lightning events have been <span class="hlt">observed</span> in Uppsala, Sweden, and Kathmandu, Nepal, using essentially the same electric field measuring system developed at Uppsala University. They occurred in the storms that also generated ;normal; lightning events. The unusual events recorded in Uppsala occurred on one thunderstorm day. Similar events were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in Kathmandu on multiple thunderstorm days. The unusual events were analyzed in this study assuming them to be positive ground flashes (+CGs), although we cannot rule out the possibility that some or most of them were actually cloud discharges (ICs). The unusual events were each characterized by a relatively slow, negative (atmospheric electricity sign convention) electric field waveform preceded by a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> opposite-polarity pulse whose duration was some tens of microseconds. To the best of our knowledge, such unusual events have not been reported in the literature. The average amplitudes of the opposite-polarity pulses with respect to those of the following main waveform were found to be about 33% in Uppsala (N = 31) and about 38% in Kathmandu (N = 327). The average durations of the main waveform and the preceding opposite-polarity pulse in Uppsala were 8.24 ms and 57.1 μs, respectively, and their counterparts in Kathmandu were 421 μs and 39.7 μs. Electric field waveforms characteristic of negative ground flashes (-CGs) were also <span class="hlt">observed</span>, and none of them exhibited an opposite-polarity pulse prior to the main waveform. Possible origins of the unusual field waveforms are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910038931&hterms=SME&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DSME','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910038931&hterms=SME&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3DSME"><span>Satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> of polar mesospheric clouds by the solar backscattered ultraviolet spectral radiometer - Evidence of a solar cycle dependence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Thomas, Gary E.; Mcpeters, Richard D.; Jensen, Eric J.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Results are presented on eight years of satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) by the SBUV spectral radiometer, showing that PMCs occur in the summertime polar cap regions of both hemispheres and that they exhibit year-to-year variability. It was also found that the increase in the PMC occurrence frequency was inversely correlated with solar activity. Two kinds of hemispherical asymmetries could be identified: (1) PMCs in the Northern Hemisphere were significantly brighter than in the Southern Hemisphere, in accordance with previous results derived from SME data; and (2) the solar cycle response in the south is more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> than in the north. The paper also describes the cloud detection algorithm.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AAS...22320906B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AAS...22320906B"><span>Hubble Space Telescope: The Real ‘First Light’ <span class="hlt">Observation</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Benedict, G. F.; McArthur, B.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>To prove that a telescope will meet the design specifications laid down years previously, that it will eventually produce the science envisioned by those designers, they make a ‘first light’ <span class="hlt">observation</span>, assess it, and <span class="hlt">pronounce</span> “Here is our new telescope! It works!” That <span class="hlt">observation</span> is often made with an instrument on the telescope that goes on to make many scientifically productive discoveries. The official Hubble Space Telescope (HST) first light image was secured by the Wide Field Planetary Camera on 5/20/1990, certainly a productive science instrument. The HST Fine Guidance Sensors (FGS), white-light interferometers, have an essential role to play in any scientific <span class="hlt">observation</span> made with HST. They stabilize HST by locking onto guide stars. The Fine Guidance Sensors (FGS) have on their own produced useful and exciting astrometric scientific results ranging from parallaxes of Galactic Cepheids useful for the cosmic distance scale (Benedict et al. 2007, AJ, 133, 1810) to a demonstration of the degree of coplanarity in an exoplanetary system (McArthur et al. 2010, ApJ, 715, 1203). Hence, we argue that an FGS made the actual first light <span class="hlt">observation</span> shortly after midnight on 1 May 1990 by successfully locking onto the V=12.97 star GSC 02666-01602. That FGS <span class="hlt">observation</span> demonstrated light passing through the HST entire optical system and HST tracking. With a little (well, actually quite a lot of) tweaking, scientific results would surely flood forth. However, on May Day 1990 locking success was oddly sporadic. We had a few weeks more to enjoy our blissful ignorance of flapping solar panels and a mis-figured primary mirror, both of which contributed that night to our true first light <span class="hlt">observation</span> problems. The events of that night and subsequent successful FGS astrometry are thanks to contributions over the years from L. Abramowicz-Reed, A. Bradley*, R. Duncombe, O. Franz, L. Fredrick, P. Hemenway, W. Jefferys, E. Nelan*, P. Shelus, D. Story*, W. van Altena, L</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRD..12011024P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRD..12011024P"><span>Variation of atmospheric CO, δ13C, and δ18O at high northern latitude during 2004-2009: <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and model simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Park, Keyhong; Wang, Zhihui; Emmons, Louisa K.; Mak, John E.</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>Atmospheric CO mixing ratios and stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ18O) were measured at a high northern latitude site (Westman Islands, Iceland) from January 2004 to March 2010 in order to investigate recent multiyear trends of the sources of atmospheric carbon monoxide in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere. During this period, we <span class="hlt">observed</span> a decrease of about 2% per year in CO mixing ratios with little significant interannual variability. The seasonal cycles for δ13C and δ18O in CO are similar to that in the CO mixing ratio, and there is a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> interannual variation in their seasonal extremes occurring in summer and fall, which is driven by changes in the relative contribution of <span class="hlt">different</span> sources. Some of the sources of CO are anthropogenic in character (e.g., fossil fuel and biofuel combustion and agricultural waste burning), and some are primarily natural (e.g., oxidation atmospheric methane and other hydrocarbons and wildfires), and distinction among the various major sources can, more or less, be distinguished by the stable isotopic composition of CO. We compare our <span class="hlt">observations</span> with simulations from a 3-D global chemical transport model (MOZART-4, Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 4). Our results indicate the <span class="hlt">observed</span> trend of anthropogenic CO emissions is mostly responsible for the <span class="hlt">observed</span> variation in δ13C and δ18O of CO during 2004-2009. Especially, the δ18O enriched sources such as fossil fuel and biofuel sources are controlling the variation. The modeling results indicate decreasing trends in the fossil fuel and biofuel source contributions at Iceland of -0.61 ± 0.26 ppbv/yr and -0.38 ± 0.10 ppbv/yr, respectively, during the <span class="hlt">observation</span> period.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25416917','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25416917"><span>Gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the long-term effects of a nutritional intervention program promoting the Mediterranean diet: changes in dietary intakes, eating behaviors, anthropometric and metabolic variables.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Leblanc, Vicky; Bégin, Catherine; Hudon, Anne-Marie; Royer, Marie-Michelle; Corneau, Louise; Dodin, Sylvie; Lemieux, Simone</p> <p>2014-11-22</p> <p>Long-term adherence to principles of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) following a nutritional intervention promoting the Mediterranean food pattern in Canadian men and women is not known. Moreover, gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in dietary and metabolic profile in such an intervention context has never been addressed. Objective was to determine gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in long-term effects of a 12-week nutritional intervention program promoting the adoption of the MedDiet and based on the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) on dietary intakes, eating behaviors, anthropometric and metabolic variables, in men and women presenting cardiovascular risk factors. Sixty-four men and 59 premenopausal women were recruited. The 12-week nutritional program used a motivational interviewing approach and included individual and group sessions. A food frequency questionnaire was administered to evaluate dietary intakes from which a Mediterranean score (Medscore) was derived and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire allowed assessment of eating behaviors. Measurements were performed at baseline and after the 12-week nutritional intervention, and then at 3 and 6-month post intervention. No gender <span class="hlt">difference</span> was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in changes in the Medscore during the nutritional intervention and follow-up. However, the Medscore returned towards baseline values during follow-up in men and women (P < 0.0001). Men reported larger decreases in red and processed meat and larger increases in whole fruit intakes than women (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively). Men showed a greater decrease in habitual susceptibility to disinhibition than women (P = 0.03). A gender by time interaction was found for waist circumference, i.e. men had lower waist circumference at the end of the intervention as well as at follow-up than at baseline while women's waist circumference decreased in response to the intervention only (P = 0.05). As for metabolic variables, changes <span class="hlt">observed</span> in total-cholesterol (C) to HDL-C ratio, triglyceride</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25283856','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25283856"><span><span class="hlt">Different</span> outcomes of infection of chickens and ducks with a duck-origin H9N2 influenza A virus.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, J; Li, C C; Diao, Y X; Sun, X Y; Hao, D M; Liu, X; Ge, P P</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>As the major aquatic and terrestrial hosts for avian influenza viruses (AIVs), ducks and chickens play a critical role in the evolution and spread of the H9N2 virus. However, the outcomes of infection of ducks and chickens with the H9N2 virus are not sufficiently documented. In this study, we compared the outcomes of infection of chickens and Peking ducks with a duck-origin H9N2 virus. The results showed that this virus caused more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> clinical signs and histological lesions in chickens. As for the virus shedding, chickens shed more virus in the trachea and less virus in the cloaca in levels of interferon (IFN) γ were found in the trachea of ducks compared with chickens, while comparison with ducks. As for cytokines, namely IFNs and interleukins (IL), higher higher levels of IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6 were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the ileum of chickens compared with ducks. Eventually, serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titers were higher in chickens than in ducks. Taken together, ducks and chickens use <span class="hlt">different</span> strategies in response to the H9N2 virus infection in tissues representing main replication sites of low-pathogenic AIVs. Given the <span class="hlt">different</span> outcomes of the H9N2 virus infection in ducks and chickens, <span class="hlt">different</span> measures should be taken in vaccination and treatment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29922265','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29922265"><span>Induction by Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens of <span class="hlt">Different</span> Pathways for Growth in D-mannitol or L-arabinose Leading to <span class="hlt">Pronounced</span> <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in CO2 Fixation, O2 Consumption, and Lateral-Flagellum Production.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cogo, Carolina; Pérez-Giménez, Julieta; Rajeswari, Chandrasekar B; Luna, María F; Lodeiro, Aníbal R</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens , a soybean N 2 -fixing symbiont, constitutes the basic input in one of the most prominent inoculant industries worldwide. This bacterium may be cultured with D-mannitol or L-arabinose as carbon-plus-energy source (C-source) with similar specific growth rates, but with higher biomass production with D-mannitol. To better understand the bacterium's carbon metabolism, we analyzed, by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (MS), the whole set of proteins obtained from cells grown on each C-source. Among 3,334 proteins identified, 266 were overproduced in D-mannitol and 237 in L-arabinose, but among these, only 22% from D-mannitol cultures and 35% from L-arabinose cultures were annotated with well defined functions. In the D-mannitol-differential pool we found 19 enzymes of the pentose-phosphate and Calvin-Benson-Bassham pathways and accordingly <span class="hlt">observed</span> increased extracellular-polysaccharide production by D-mannitol grown bacteria in a CO 2 -enriched atmosphere. Moreover, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis was increased, suggesting a surplus of reducing power. In contrast, the L-arabinose-differential pool contained 11 enzymes of the L-2-keto-3-deoxyarabonate pathway, 4 enzymes for the synthesis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide from aspartate, with those cultures having a threefold higher O 2 -consumption rate than the D-mannitol cultures. The stoichiometric balances deduced from the modeled pathways, however, resulted in similar O 2 consumptions and ATP productions per C-mole of substrate. These results suggested higher maintenance-energy demands in L-arabinose, which energy may be used partly for flagella-driven motility. Since B. diazoefficiens produces the lateral-flagella system in only L-arabinose, we calculated the O 2 -consumption rates of a lafR ::Km mutant devoid of lateral flagella cultured in L-arabinose or D-mannitol. Contrary to that of the wild-type, the O 2 -consumption rate of this mutant was similar on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29227002','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29227002"><span>Cerebral sex dimorphism and sexual orientation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Manzouri, Amirhossein; Savic, Ivanka</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The neurobiology of sexual orientation is frequently discussed in terms of cerebral sex dimorphism (defining both functional and structural sex <span class="hlt">differences</span>). Yet, the information about possible cerebral <span class="hlt">differences</span> between sex-matched homo and heterosexual persons is limited, particularly among women. In this multimodal MRI study, we addressed these issues by investigating possible cerebral <span class="hlt">differences</span> between homo and heterosexual persons, and by asking whether there is any sex <span class="hlt">difference</span> in this aspect. Measurements of cortical thickness (Cth), subcortical volumes, and functional and structural resting-state connections among 40 heterosexual males (HeM) and 40 heterosexual females (HeF) were compared with those of 30 homosexual males (HoM) and 30 homosexual females (HoF). Congruent with previous reports, sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> were detected in heterosexual controls with regard to fractional anisotropy (FA), Cth, and several subcortical volumes. Homosexual groups did not display any sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in FA values. Furthermore, their functional connectivity was significantly less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the mesial prefrontal and precuneus regions. In these two particular regions, HoM also displayed thicker cerebral cortex than other groups, whereas HoF did not <span class="hlt">differ</span> from HeF. In addition, in HoM the parietal Cth showed "sex-reversed" values, not <span class="hlt">observed</span> in HoF. Homosexual orientation seems associated with a less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> sexual differentiation of white matter tracts and a less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> functional connectivity of the self-referential networks compared to heterosexual orientation. Analyses of Cth suggest that male and female homosexuality are not simple analogues of each other and that <span class="hlt">differences</span> from heterosexual controls are more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in HoM. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED527217.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED527217.pdf"><span>Evaluating the Effects of <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Group Abilities on the Tucker and the Levine <span class="hlt">Observed</span>-Score Methods for Common-Item Nonequivalent Groups Equating. ACT Research Report Series 2010-1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Chen, Hanwei; Cui, Zhongmin; Zhu, Rongchun; Gao, Xiaohong</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The most critical feature of a common-item nonequivalent groups equating design is that the average score <span class="hlt">difference</span> between the new and old groups can be accurately decomposed into a group ability <span class="hlt">difference</span> and a form difficulty <span class="hlt">difference</span>. Two widely used <span class="hlt">observed</span>-score linear equating methods, the Tucker and the Levine <span class="hlt">observed</span>-score methods,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.A41C0111Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.A41C0111Y"><span>Interactions between deep convective clouds and aerosols as <span class="hlt">observed</span> by satellites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yuan, T.; Li, Z. I.; Remer, L.; Martins, V.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>Major uncertainties regarding interactions between deep convective clouds (DCC) exist due partly to <span class="hlt">observational</span> difficulty and partly to the entanglement among remotely sensed properties of aerosols and clouds and entanglement between meteorology and possible aerosol signals. In this study we adopt a novel, physically sound relationship between cloud crystal effective radius(CER) and brightness temperature (BT) and utilize ample sampling opportunity provided by MODIS instrument. We reveal aerosol impacts on DCCs by analyzing an ensemble data. Through a conceptual model we demonstrate how aerosol may affect DCC properties. We outline a few scenarios where aerosol signals are best separated and <span class="hlt">pronounced</span>. Based on our results, anthropogenic pollutions and smokes are shown to effectively decrease CER and to elevate glaciation level of DCCs. On the other hand, dust particles from local sources have the opposite effects, namely, increasing cloud ice particle size and enhancing glaciation by acting possibly as giant CCN or IN. Implications of these effects for aerosols are discussed along with feedbacks of these effects to dynamics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24639663','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24639663"><span>Emotional experience in the mornings and the evenings: consideration of age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in specific emotions by time of day.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>English, Tammy; Carstensen, Laura L</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Considerable evidence points to age-related improvements in emotional well-being with age. In order to gain a more nuanced understanding of the nature of these apparent shifts in experience, we examined age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in a range of emotional states in the mornings and evenings in a sample of 135 community-residing participants across 10 consecutive days. Participants ranged in age from 22 to 93 years. Each participant completed a diary in the morning and again in the evening every day for the study period. During each of the assessments, participants reported the degree to which they experienced emotions sampled from all four quadrants of the affective circumplex. Overall, participants felt less positive and more negative in the evenings than in the mornings. As expected, older adults reported a relatively more positive emotional experience than younger adults at both times of day. Importantly, however, age effects varied based on emotion type and time of day. Older adults reported experiencing more positive emotion than relatively younger adults across a range of <span class="hlt">different</span> positive states (although age <span class="hlt">differences</span> emerged most consistently for low arousal positive states). Age-related reductions in negative experience were <span class="hlt">observed</span> only for reports of low arousal negative emotions. There were no age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in anger, anxiety, or sadness. For some emotions, age <span class="hlt">differences</span> were stronger in the mornings (e.g., relaxed) whereas for other emotions age <span class="hlt">differences</span> were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the evenings (e.g., enthusiastic). Findings are discussed in the context of adulthood changes in motivation and emotional experience.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20056320','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20056320"><span>Effect of dissolved ozone or ferric ions on photodegradation of thiacloprid in presence of <span class="hlt">different</span> TiO2 catalysts.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cernigoj, Urh; Stangar, Urska Lavrencic; Jirkovský, Jaromír</p> <p>2010-05-15</p> <p>Combining TiO(2) photocatalysis with inorganic oxidants (such as O(3) and H(2)O(2)) or transition metal ions (Fe(3+), Cu(2+) and Ag(+)) often leads to a synergic effect. Electron transfer between TiO(2) and the oxidant is usually involved. Accordingly, the degree of synergy could be influenced by TiO(2) surface area. With this in mind, the disappearance of thiacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, was studied applying various photochemical AOPs and <span class="hlt">different</span> TiO(2) photocatalysts. In photocatalytic ozonation experiments, synergic effect of three <span class="hlt">different</span> TiO(2) photocatalysts was quantified. Higher surface area resulted in a more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> synergic effect but an increasing amount of TiO(2) did not influence the degree of the synergy. This supports the theory that the synergy is a consequence of adsorption of ozone on the TiO(2) surface. No synergy was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in photocatalytic degradation of thiacloprid in the presence of dissolved iron(III) species performed under varied experimental conditions (concentration, age of iron(III) solution, <span class="hlt">different</span> TiO(2) films, usage of TiO(2) slurries). This goes against the literature for <span class="hlt">different</span> organic compounds (i.e., monuron). It indicates <span class="hlt">different</span> roles of iron(III) in the photodegradation of <span class="hlt">different</span> organic molecules. Moreover, TiO(2) surface area did not affect photodegradation efficiency in iron(III)-based experiments which could confirm absence of electron transfer between TiO(2) photocatalyst and iron(III). Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3944144','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3944144"><span>Emotional experience in the mornings and the evenings: consideration of age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in specific emotions by time of day</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>English, Tammy; Carstensen, Laura L.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Considerable evidence points to age-related improvements in emotional well-being with age. In order to gain a more nuanced understanding of the nature of these apparent shifts in experience, we examined age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in a range of emotional states in the mornings and evenings in a sample of 135 community-residing participants across 10 consecutive days. Participants ranged in age from 22 to 93 years. Each participant completed a diary in the morning and again in the evening every day for the study period. During each of the assessments, participants reported the degree to which they experienced emotions sampled from all four quadrants of the affective circumplex. Overall, participants felt less positive and more negative in the evenings than in the mornings. As expected, older adults reported a relatively more positive emotional experience than younger adults at both times of day. Importantly, however, age effects varied based on emotion type and time of day. Older adults reported experiencing more positive emotion than relatively younger adults across a range of <span class="hlt">different</span> positive states (although age <span class="hlt">differences</span> emerged most consistently for low arousal positive states). Age-related reductions in negative experience were <span class="hlt">observed</span> only for reports of low arousal negative emotions. There were no age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in anger, anxiety, or sadness. For some emotions, age <span class="hlt">differences</span> were stronger in the mornings (e.g., relaxed) whereas for other emotions age <span class="hlt">differences</span> were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the evenings (e.g., enthusiastic). Findings are discussed in the context of adulthood changes in motivation and emotional experience. PMID:24639663</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3955983','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3955983"><span>Consciousness: a neural capacity for objectivity, especially <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in humans</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Dijker, Anton J. M.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Consciousness tends to be viewed either as subjective experience of sensations and feelings, or as perception and internal representation of objects. This paper argues that neither view sufficiently acknowledges that consciousness may refer to the brain’s most adaptive property: its capacity to produce states of objectivity. It is proposed that this capacity relies on multiple sensorimotor networks for internally representing objects and their properties in terms of expectancies, as well as on motivational and motor mechanisms involved in exploration, play, and care for vulnerable living and non-living objects. States of objectivity are associated with a very special phenomenal aspect; the experience that subjective aspects are absent and one is “just looking” at the world as it really is and can be. However, these states are normally closely preceded and followed by (and tend to be combined or fused with) sensations and feelings which are caused by activation of sensory and motivational mechanisms. A capacity for objectivity may have evolved in <span class="hlt">different</span> species and can be conceived as a common basis for other elusive psychological properties such as intelligence, conscience, and esthetic experience; all three linked to crucial behaviors in human evolution such as tool making, cooperation, and art. The brain’s pervasive tendency to objectify may be responsible for wrongly equating consciousness with feelings and wrongly opposing it to well-learned or habitual (“unconscious”) patterns of perception and behavior. PMID:24672506</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28392743','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28392743"><span>Stability of plasma electrolytes in Barricor and PST II tubes under <span class="hlt">different</span> storage conditions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Balbás, Luis Alfredo Bautista; Amaro, Marta Segovia; Rioja, Rubén Gómez; Martín, María José Alcaide; Soto, Antonio Buńo</p> <p>2017-02-15</p> <p>Sample stability can be influenced by many <span class="hlt">different</span> factors; evaporation and leakage from residual cells are the most relevant factors for electrolytes. During the analytical phase, samples are usually kept uncapped at room temperature. Once samples are processed, they are usually stored sealed and refrigerated. Long turnaround time and the possibility of "add-on test" need consideration for electrolyte stability. The aim of our study is to examine short-term electrolyte stability in this two-common laboratory working conditions in two <span class="hlt">different</span> lithium heparin plasma tubes (Barricor and PST II, Becton Dickinson). In 39 plasma samples from voluntary subjects we measured sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ) and chloride (Cl - ) at 6 time points since centrifugation (0h, 3h, 6h, 9h, 12h and 15h). Maximum allowable bias (clinically significant change) was based in SEQC (Sociedad Espańola de Química Clínica) recommendations; 1% for Cl - , 0.6% for Na + and 4% for K + . In open room temperature tubes, clinically significant changes appeared in Na + and Cl - after 3 hours and in K + after 9 hours in both types of tubes. In refrigerated sealed tubes, all the analytes were clinically stable up to 12 hours in both kinds of plasma tubes. We <span class="hlt">observed</span> a statistically significant progressive increase in K + levels, which was less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in Barricor tubes. Stability of electrolytes is compromised after 3 hours in open tubes and after 12 hours in sealed tubes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017LRSP...14....2B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017LRSP...14....2B"><span>Flare <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Benz, Arnold O.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Solar flares are <span class="hlt">observed</span> at all wavelengths from decameter radio waves to gamma-rays beyond 1 GeV. This review focuses on recent <span class="hlt">observations</span> in EUV, soft and hard X-rays, white light, and radio waves. Space missions such as RHESSI, Yohkoh, TRACE, SOHO, and more recently Hinode and SDO have enlarged widely the <span class="hlt">observational</span> base. They have revealed a number of surprises: Coronal sources appear before the hard X-ray emission in chromospheric footpoints, major flare acceleration sites appear to be independent of coronal mass ejections, electrons, and ions may be accelerated at <span class="hlt">different</span> sites, there are at least 3 <span class="hlt">different</span> magnetic topologies, and basic characteristics vary from small to large flares. Recent progress also includes improved insights into the flare energy partition, on the location(s) of energy release, tests of energy release scenarios and particle acceleration. The interplay of <span class="hlt">observations</span> with theory is important to deduce the geometry and to disentangle the various processes involved. There is increasing evidence supporting magnetic reconnection as the basic cause. While this process has become generally accepted as the trigger, it is still controversial how it converts a considerable fraction of the energy into non-thermal particles. Flare-like processes may be responsible for large-scale restructuring of the magnetic field in the corona as well as for its heating. Large flares influence interplanetary space and substantially affect the Earth's ionosphere. Flare scenarios have slowly converged over the past decades, but every new <span class="hlt">observation</span> still reveals major unexpected results, demonstrating that solar flares, after 150 years since their discovery, remain a complex problem of astrophysics including major unsolved questions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26045003','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26045003"><span>The performance of five <span class="hlt">different</span> dried blood spot cards for the analysis of six immunosuppressants.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Koster, Remco A; Botma, Rixt; Greijdanus, Ben; Uges, Donald R A; Kosterink, Jos G W; Touw, Daan J; Alffenaar, Jan-Willem C</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The relation between hematocrit, substance concentration, extraction recovery and spot formation of tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus, ascomycin, temsirolimus and cyclosporin A was investigated for Whatman 31 ET CHR, Whatman FTA DMPK-C, Whatman 903, Perkin Elmer 226 and Agilent Bond Elut DMS DBS cards. We found that all DBS cards showed the same hematocrit and concentration-dependent recovery patterns for sirolimus, everolimus and temsirolimus. At high concentrations, the total hematocrit effects were much more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> than at low concentrations for tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus, ascomycin and temsirolimus. The tested card types showed <span class="hlt">differences</span> in performance, especially at extreme concentrations and hematocrit values. It may be useful to investigate the performance of <span class="hlt">different</span> types of DBS cards prior to analytical method validation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4309951','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4309951"><span>Adolescents with current major depressive disorder show dissimilar patterns of age-related <span class="hlt">differences</span> in ACC and thalamus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hagan, Cindy C.; Graham, Julia M.E.; Tait, Roger; Widmer, Barry; van Nieuwenhuizen, Adrienne O.; Ooi, Cinly; Whitaker, Kirstie J.; Simas, Tiago; Bullmore, Edward T.; Lennox, Belinda R.; Sahakian, Barbara J.; Goodyer, Ian M.; Suckling, John</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Objective There is little understanding of the neural system abnormalities subserving adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD). In a cross-sectional study we compare currently unipolar depressed with healthy adolescents to determine if group <span class="hlt">differences</span> in grey matter volume (GMV) were influenced by age and illness severity. Method Structural neuroimaging was performed on 109 adolescents with current MDD and 36 healthy controls, matched for age, gender, and handedness. GMV <span class="hlt">differences</span> were examined within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and across the whole-brain. The effects of age and self-reported depressive symptoms were also examined in regions showing significant main or interaction effects. Results Whole-brain voxel based morphometry revealed no significant group <span class="hlt">differences</span>. At the whole-brain level, both groups showed a main effect of age on GMV, although this effect was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in controls. Significant group-by-age interactions were noted: A significant regional group-by-age interaction was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the ACC. GMV in the ACC showed patterns of age-related <span class="hlt">differences</span> that were dissimilar between adolescents with MDD and healthy controls. GMV in the thalamus showed an opposite pattern of age-related <span class="hlt">differences</span> in adolescent patients compared to healthy controls. In patients, GMV in the thalamus, but not the ACC, was inversely related with self-reported depressive symptoms. Conclusions The depressed adolescent brain shows dissimilar age-related and symptom-sensitive patterns of GMV <span class="hlt">differences</span> compared with controls. The thalamus and ACC may comprise neural markers for detecting these effects in youth. Further investigations therefore need to take both age and level of current symptoms into account when disaggregating antecedent neural vulnerabilities for MDD from the effects of MDD on the developing brain. PMID:25685707</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25685707','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25685707"><span>Adolescents with current major depressive disorder show dissimilar patterns of age-related <span class="hlt">differences</span> in ACC and thalamus.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hagan, Cindy C; Graham, Julia M E; Tait, Roger; Widmer, Barry; van Nieuwenhuizen, Adrienne O; Ooi, Cinly; Whitaker, Kirstie J; Simas, Tiago; Bullmore, Edward T; Lennox, Belinda R; Sahakian, Barbara J; Goodyer, Ian M; Suckling, John</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>There is little understanding of the neural system abnormalities subserving adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD). In a cross-sectional study we compare currently unipolar depressed with healthy adolescents to determine if group <span class="hlt">differences</span> in grey matter volume (GMV) were influenced by age and illness severity. Structural neuroimaging was performed on 109 adolescents with current MDD and 36 healthy controls, matched for age, gender, and handedness. GMV <span class="hlt">differences</span> were examined within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and across the whole-brain. The effects of age and self-reported depressive symptoms were also examined in regions showing significant main or interaction effects. Whole-brain voxel based morphometry revealed no significant group <span class="hlt">differences</span>. At the whole-brain level, both groups showed a main effect of age on GMV, although this effect was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in controls. Significant group-by-age interactions were noted: A significant regional group-by-age interaction was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the ACC. GMV in the ACC showed patterns of age-related <span class="hlt">differences</span> that were dissimilar between adolescents with MDD and healthy controls. GMV in the thalamus showed an opposite pattern of age-related <span class="hlt">differences</span> in adolescent patients compared to healthy controls. In patients, GMV in the thalamus, but not the ACC, was inversely related with self-reported depressive symptoms. The depressed adolescent brain shows dissimilar age-related and symptom-sensitive patterns of GMV <span class="hlt">differences</span> compared with controls. The thalamus and ACC may comprise neural markers for detecting these effects in youth. Further investigations therefore need to take both age and level of current symptoms into account when disaggregating antecedent neural vulnerabilities for MDD from the effects of MDD on the developing brain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26898059','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26898059"><span>Position-Related <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Selected Morphological Body Characteristics of Top-Level Female Handball Players.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bon, Marta; Pori, Primoz; Sibila, Marko</p> <p>2015-09-01</p> <p>The study aimed to establish the main morphological characteristics of Slovenian junior and senior female national handball team players. Morphological characteristics of various player subgroups (goalkeepers, wings, back players and pivots) were also determined so as to establish whether they had distinct profiles. The subjects were 87 handball players who were members of the Slovenian junior and senior female national teams in the period from 2003 to 2009. A standardised anthropometric protocol was used to assess the subjects' morphological characteristics. The measurements included 23 <span class="hlt">different</span> anthropometric measures. First, basic statistical characteristics of anthropometric measures were obtained for all subjects together and then for each group separately. Somatotypes were determined using Heath-Carter's method. Endomorphic, mesomorphic and ectomorphic components were calculated by computer on the basis of formulas. In order to determine <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the body composition and anthropometric data of the subjects playing in <span class="hlt">different</span> positions, a one-way analysis of variance was employed. The results show that, on average, the wings <span class="hlt">differed</span> the most from the other player groups in terms of their morphological body characteristics. The wings <span class="hlt">differed</span> most prominently from the other player groups in terms of their morphological body parameters as they were significantly smaller and had a statistically significantly lower body mass than the other groups. In terms of transversal measures of the skeleton and the circumferences, the wings significantly <span class="hlt">differed</span> mainly from the pivots and goalkeepers and less from the backs. The goalkeepers were the tallest, with high values of body mass and low values of transversal measures compared to P. Their skin folds were the most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> among all the groups on average and their share of subcutaneous fat in total body mass was the highest. Consequently, their endomorphic component of the somatotype was <span class="hlt">pronounced</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4934391','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4934391"><span><span class="hlt">Differences</span> in mycorrhizal communities between Epipactis palustris, E. helleborine and its presumed sister species E. neerlandica</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jacquemyn, Hans; Waud, Michael; Lievens, Bart; Brys, Rein</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Background and Aims In orchid species that have populations occurring in strongly contrasting habitats, mycorrhizal divergence and other habitat-specific adaptations may lead to the formation of reproductively isolated taxa and ultimately to species formation. However, little is known about the mycorrhizal communities associated with recently diverged sister taxa that occupy <span class="hlt">different</span> habitats. Methods In this study, 454 amplicon pyrosequencing was used to investigate mycorrhizal communities associating with Epipactis helleborine in its typical forest habitat and with its presumed sister species E. neerlandica that almost exclusively occurs in coastal dune habitats. Samples of the phylogenetically more distant E. palustris, which co-occurred with E. neerlandica, were also included to investigate the role of habitat-specific conditions on mycorrhizal communities. Results A total of 105 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of putative orchid mycorrhizal fungi were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the three studied species. The majority of these fungi were endophytic fungi of Helotiales and ectomycorrhizal fungi belonging to Thelephoraceae, Sebacinaceae and Inocybaceae. In addition, a large number of other ectomycorrhizal taxa were detected, including Cortinarius, Cenococcum, Tuber, Geopora, Wilcoxina, Meliniomyces, Hebeloma, Tricholoma, Russula and Peziza. Mycorrhizal communities <span class="hlt">differed</span> significantly between the three species, but <span class="hlt">differences</span> were most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> between the forest species (E. helleborine) and the two dune slack species (E. neerlandica and E. palustris). Conclusion The results clearly showed that recently diverged orchid species that occupy <span class="hlt">different</span> habitats were characterized by significantly <span class="hlt">different</span> mycorrhizal communities and call for more detailed experiments that aim at elucidating the contribution of habitat-specific adaptations in general and mycorrhizal divergence in particular to the process of speciation in orchids. PMID:26946528</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22252830','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22252830"><span>Prospective <span class="hlt">observational</span> study comparing three <span class="hlt">different</span> treatment regimes in patients with Clostridium difficile infection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wenisch, Judith M; Schmid, Daniela; Kuo, Hung-Wei; Allerberger, Franz; Michl, Verena; Tesik, Philip; Tucek, Gerhard; Laferl, Hermann; Wenisch, Christoph</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>In a hospital-based, prospective cohort study, the effects of the three standard treatment regimens for mild Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), oral (p.o.) metronidazole at 500 mg three times/day, intravenous (i.v.) metronidazole at 500 mg three times/day, and oral (p.o.) vancomycin at 250 mg four times/day, were compared with respect to the risk of occurrence of complications, sequelae, and all-cause death within 30 days after the date of starting treatment. <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in the incidence of these outcomes were tested by χ² or Fisher's exact tests. A Poisson regression model was performed to control for possible confounding effects of sex, age, and severity of comorbidity categorized according to the Charlson comorbidity index. The highest mortality was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the metronidazole i.v. group, with a mortality rate 38.1% (16/42) compared to mortality rates of 7.4% (9/121) in the metronidazole p.o. group and 9.5% (4/42) in the vancomycin p.o. group (P < 0.001). After adjustment for possible effects of sex, age (> 65 years), and severity of comorbidity, the relative risk of a 30-day fatal outcome for patients receiving metronidazole i.v. was 4.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.92 to 10; P < 0.0001) compared to patients treated with metronidazole p.o. and 4.0 (95% CI = 1.31 to 5.0; P < 0.015) compared to patients treated with vancomycin p.o. There were no significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the risk of complications between the three treatment groups. This study generates the hypothesis that treatment with i.v. metronidazole is inferior to the oral alternatives metronidazole and vancomycin.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3318337','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3318337"><span>Prospective <span class="hlt">Observational</span> Study Comparing Three <span class="hlt">Different</span> Treatment Regimes in Patients with Clostridium difficile Infection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wenisch, Judith M.; Schmid, Daniela; Kuo, Hung-Wei; Allerberger, Franz; Michl, Verena; Tesik, Philip; Tucek, Gerhard; Laferl, Hermann</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>In a hospital-based, prospective cohort study, the effects of the three standard treatment regimens for mild Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), oral (p.o.) metronidazole at 500 mg three times/day, intravenous (i.v.) metronidazole at 500 mg three times/day, and oral (p.o.) vancomycin at 250 mg four times/day, were compared with respect to the risk of occurrence of complications, sequelae, and all-cause death within 30 days after the date of starting treatment. <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in the incidence of these outcomes were tested by χ2 or Fisher's exact tests. A Poisson regression model was performed to control for possible confounding effects of sex, age, and severity of comorbidity categorized according to the Charlson comorbidity index. The highest mortality was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the metronidazole i.v. group, with a mortality rate 38.1% (16/42) compared to mortality rates of 7.4% (9/121) in the metronidazole p.o. group and 9.5% (4/42) in the vancomycin p.o. group (P < 0.001). After adjustment for possible effects of sex, age (>65 years), and severity of comorbidity, the relative risk of a 30-day fatal outcome for patients receiving metronidazole i.v. was 4.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.92 to 10; P < 0.0001) compared to patients treated with metronidazole p.o. and 4.0 (95% CI = 1.31 to 5.0; P < 0.015) compared to patients treated with vancomycin p.o. There were no significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the risk of complications between the three treatment groups. This study generates the hypothesis that treatment with i.v. metronidazole is inferior to the oral alternatives metronidazole and vancomycin. PMID:22252830</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23587224','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23587224"><span>The Biological <span class="hlt">Observation</span> Matrix (BIOM) format or: how I learned to stop worrying and love the ome-ome.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McDonald, Daniel; Clemente, Jose C; Kuczynski, Justin; Rideout, Jai Ram; Stombaugh, Jesse; Wendel, Doug; Wilke, Andreas; Huse, Susan; Hufnagle, John; Meyer, Folker; Knight, Rob; Caporaso, J Gregory</p> <p>2012-07-12</p> <p>We present the Biological <span class="hlt">Observation</span> Matrix (BIOM, <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> "biome") format: a JSON-based file format for representing arbitrary <span class="hlt">observation</span> by sample contingency tables with associated sample and <span class="hlt">observation</span> metadata. As the number of categories of comparative omics data types (collectively, the "ome-ome") grows rapidly, a general format to represent and archive this data will facilitate the interoperability of existing bioinformatics tools and future meta-analyses. The BIOM file format is supported by an independent open-source software project (the biom-format project), which initially contains Python objects that support the use and manipulation of BIOM data in Python programs, and is intended to be an open development effort where developers can submit implementations of these objects in other programming languages. The BIOM file format and the biom-format project are steps toward reducing the "bioinformatics bottleneck" that is currently being experienced in diverse areas of biological sciences, and will help us move toward the next phase of comparative omics where basic science is translated into clinical and environmental applications. The BIOM file format is currently recognized as an Earth Microbiome Project Standard, and as a Candidate Standard by the Genomic Standards Consortium.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=overprotection&id=EJ957896','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=overprotection&id=EJ957896"><span>Associations of Mother's and Father's Parenting Practices with Children's <span class="hlt">Observed</span> Social Reticence in a Competitive Situation: A Monozygotic Twin <span class="hlt">Difference</span> Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Guimond, Fanny-Alexandra; Brendgen, Mara; Forget-Dubois, Nadine; Dionne, Ginette; Vitaro, Frank; Tremblay, Richard E.; Boivin, Michel</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>This study used the monozygotic (MZ) twin <span class="hlt">difference</span> method to examine whether the unique environmental effects of maternal and paternal overprotection and hostility at the age of 30 months predict twins' <span class="hlt">observed</span> social reticence in a competitive situation in kindergarten, while controlling for the effect of family-wide influences, including…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Day%2c+J&pg=6&id=EJ909563','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Day%2c+J&pg=6&id=EJ909563"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of Classroom Social Communication: Do Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Spend Their Time <span class="hlt">Differently</span> than Their Typically Developing Peers?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Olswang, Lesley B.; Svensson, Liselotte; Astley, Susan</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Purpose: In this research, the authors examined how social communication profiles during classroom activities <span class="hlt">differed</span> between children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and typically developing pair-matched peers. Method: Twelve pairs of children were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in their classrooms 20 min a day for 4 days across 2 weeks. Coders…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070017492&hterms=austin+journal&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Daustin%2Bjournal','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070017492&hterms=austin+journal&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Daustin%2Bjournal"><span>Comparison of Recent Modeled and <span class="hlt">Observed</span> Trends in Total Column Ozone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Andersen, S. B.; Weatherhead, E. C.; Stevermer, A.; Austin, J.; Bruehl, C.; Fleming, E. L.; deGrandpre, J.; Grewe, V.; Isaksen, I.; Pitari, G.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20070017492'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20070017492_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20070017492_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20070017492_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20070017492_hide"></p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>We present a comparison of trends in total column ozone from 10 two-dimensional and 4 three-dimensional models and solar backscatter ultraviolet-2 (SBUV/2) satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the period 1979-2003. Trends for the past (1979-2000), the recent 7 years (1996-2003), and the future (2000-2050) are compared. We have analyzed the data using both simple linear trends and linear trends derived with a hockey stick method including a turnaround point in 1996. If the last 7 years, 1996-2003, are analyzed in isolation, the SBUV/2 <span class="hlt">observations</span> show no increase in ozone, and most of the models predict continued depletion, although at a lesser rate. In sharp contrast to this, the recent data show positive trends for the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres if the hockey stick method with a turnaround point in 1996 is employed for the models and <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The analysis shows that the <span class="hlt">observed</span> positive trends in both hemispheres in the recent 7-year period are much larger than what is predicted by the models. The trends derived with the hockey stick method are very dependent on the values just before the turnaround point. The analysis of the recent data therefore depends greatly on these years being representative of the overall trend. Most models underestimate the past trends at middle and high latitudes. This is particularly <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the Northern Hemisphere. Quantitatively, there is much disagreement among the models concerning future trends. However, the models agree that future trends are expected to be positive and less than half the magnitude of the past downward trends. Examination of the model projections shows that there is virtually no correlation between the past and future trends from the individual models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRD..111.2303A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRD..111.2303A"><span>Comparison of recent modeled and <span class="hlt">observed</span> trends in total column ozone</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Andersen, S. B.; Weatherhead, E. C.; Stevermer, A.; Austin, J.; Brühl, C.; Fleming, E. L.; de Grandpré, J.; Grewe, V.; Isaksen, I.; Pitari, G.; Portmann, R. W.; Rognerud, B.; Rosenfield, J. E.; Smyshlyaev, S.; Nagashima, T.; Velders, G. J. M.; Weisenstein, D. K.; Xia, J.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>We present a comparison of trends in total column ozone from 10 two-dimensional and 4 three-dimensional models and solar backscatter ultraviolet-2 (SBUV/2) satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the period 1979-2003. Trends for the past (1979-2000), the recent 7 years (1996-2003), and the future (2000-2050) are compared. We have analyzed the data using both simple linear trends and linear trends derived with a hockey stick method including a turnaround point in 1996. If the last 7 years, 1996-2003, are analyzed in isolation, the SBUV/2 <span class="hlt">observations</span> show no increase in ozone, and most of the models predict continued depletion, although at a lesser rate. In sharp contrast to this, the recent data show positive trends for the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres if the hockey stick method with a turnaround point in 1996 is employed for the models and <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The analysis shows that the <span class="hlt">observed</span> positive trends in both hemispheres in the recent 7-year period are much larger than what is predicted by the models. The trends derived with the hockey stick method are very dependent on the values just before the turnaround point. The analysis of the recent data therefore depends greatly on these years being representative of the overall trend. Most models underestimate the past trends at middle and high latitudes. This is particularly <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the Northern Hemisphere. Quantitatively, there is much disagreement among the models concerning future trends. However, the models agree that future trends are expected to be positive and less than half the magnitude of the past downward trends. Examination of the model projections shows that there is virtually no correlation between the past and future trends from the individual models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25707243','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25707243"><span>[Influence of deuterium depleted water on freeze-dried tissue isotopic composition and morphofunctional body performance in rats of <span class="hlt">different</span> generations].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dzhimak, S S; Baryshev, M G; Basov, A A; Timakov, A A</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The influence of deuterium depleted water on the body of <span class="hlt">different</span> rats generations was investigated in physiological conditions. As a result of this study it was established that the most significant and rapid reduction in D/H equilibrium was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in plasma (by 36.2%), and lyophilized kidney tissues (by 15.8%). Less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> deuterium decrease was characteristic of liver tissue (9.3%) and heart (8.5%). Stabilization of the isotopic exchange reaction rate was fixed in the blood and tissues of rats, starting from the second generation. At the same time when deuterium depleted water (40 ppm) was used in dietary intake, the change in morphological and functional parameters in laboratory animals associated with the processes of adaptation to the effects of substress isotopic D/H gradient was also noted. The study shows that modification of:only drinking water intake regime can't significantly change the deuterium content in tissues of metabolically active organs, because of the concurrent deuterium receipt in food substances of plant and animal origin.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10132E..56E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10132E..56E"><span>Using non-specialist <span class="hlt">observers</span> in 4AFC human <span class="hlt">observer</span> studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Elangovan, Premkumar; Mackenzie, Alistair; Dance, David R.; Young, Kenneth C.; Wells, Kevin</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Virtual clinical trials (VCTs) are an emergent approach for rapid evaluation and comparison of various breast imaging technologies and techniques using computer-based modeling tools. Increasingly 4AFC (Four alternative forced choice) virtual clinical trials are used to compare detection performances of <span class="hlt">different</span> breast imaging modalities. Most prior studies have used physicists and/or radiologists and physicists interchangeably. However, large scale use of statistically significant 4AFC <span class="hlt">observer</span> studies is challenged by the individual time commitment and cost of such <span class="hlt">observers</span>, often drawn from a limited local pool of specialists. This work aims to investigate whether non-specialist <span class="hlt">observers</span> can be used to supplement such studies. A team of five specialist <span class="hlt">observers</span> (medical physicists) and five non-specialists participated in a 4AFC study containing simulated 2D-mammography and DBT (digital breast tomosynthesis) images, produced using the OPTIMAM toolbox for VCTs. The images contained 4mm irregular solid masses and 4mm spherical targets at a range of contrast levels embedded in a realistic breast phantom background. There was no statistically significant <span class="hlt">difference</span> between the detection performance of medical physicists and non-specialists (p>0.05). However, non-specialists took longer to complete the study than their physicist counterparts, which was statistically significant (p<0.05). Overall, the results from both <span class="hlt">observer</span> groups indicate that DBT has a lower detectable threshold contrast than 2D-mammography for both masses and spheres, and both groups found spheres easier to detect than irregular solid masses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28450206','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28450206"><span>Development of a discriminative biphasic in vitro dissolution test and correlation with in vivo pharmacokinetic studies for <span class="hlt">differently</span> formulated racecadotril granules.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Deng, Jia; Staufenbiel, Sven; Hao, Shilei; Wang, Bochu; Dashevskiy, Andriy; Bodmeier, Roland</p> <p>2017-06-10</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to discriminate the release behavior from three <span class="hlt">differently</span> formulated racecadotril (BCS II) granules and to establish an in vitro-in vivo correlation. Three granule formulations of the lipophilic drug were prepared with equivalent composition but prepared with <span class="hlt">different</span> manufacturing processes (dry granulation, wet granulation with or without binder). In vitro release of the three granules was investigated using a biphasic dissolution system (phosphate buffer pH6.8 and octanol) and compared to the conventional single phase USP II dissolution test performed under sink and non-sink conditions. In vivo studies with each granule formulation were performed in rats. Interestingly, the granule formulations exhibited <span class="hlt">pronouncedly</span> <span class="hlt">different</span> behavior in the <span class="hlt">different</span> dissolution systems depending on <span class="hlt">different</span> wetting and dissolution conditions. Single phase USP II dissolution tests lacked discrimination. In contrast, remarkable discrimination between the granule formulations was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the octanol phase of biphasic dissolution system with a rank order of release from granules prepared by wet granulation with binder>wet granulation without binder>dry granulation. This release order correlated well with the wettability of these granules. An excellent correlation was also established between in vitro release in the octanol phase of the biphasic test and in vivo data (R 2 =0.999). Compared to conventional dissolution methods, the biphasic method provides great potential to discriminate between only minor formulation and process changes within the same dosage form for poorly soluble drugs. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29876381','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29876381"><span>Data on photovoltaic system using <span class="hlt">different</span> perturb and <span class="hlt">observe</span> methods under fast multi-changing solar irradiances.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Peng, Lele; Zheng, Shubin; Xu, Wei; Xin, Li</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>This article presents the data on photovoltaic (PV) system used <span class="hlt">different</span> perturb and <span class="hlt">observe</span> (P&O) methods under fast multi-changing solar irradiances. The mathematical modeling of the PV system and tangent error P&O method was discussed in our previous study entitled "A novel tangent error maximum power point tracking algorithm for photovoltaic system under fast multi-changing solar irradiances" by Peng et al. (2018) [1]. The data provided in this paper can be used directly without having to spend weeks to simulate the output performance. In addition, it is easy to apply the results for comparison with other algorithms (Kollimalla et al., 2014; Belkaid et al., 2016; Chenchen et al., 2015; Jubaer and Zainal, 2015) [2,3,4,5], and develop a new method for practical application.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19019109','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19019109"><span>Injection-salting and cold-smoking of farmed atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) at <span class="hlt">different</span> stages of Rigor Mortis: effect on physical properties.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Akse, L; Birkeland, S; Tobiassen, T; Joensen, S; Larsen, R</p> <p>2008-10-01</p> <p>Processing of fish is generally conducted postrigor, but prerigor processing is associated with some potential advantages. The aim of this study was to study how 5 processing regimes of cold-smoked cod and salmon conducted at <span class="hlt">different</span> stages of rigor influenced yield, fillet shrinkage, and gaping. Farmed cod and salmon was filleted, salted by brine injection of 25% NaCl, and smoked for 2 h at <span class="hlt">different</span> stages of rigor. Filleting and salting prerigor resulted in increased fillet shrinkage and less increase in weight during brine injection, which in turn was correlated to the salt content of the fillet. These effects were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in cod fillets when compared to salmon. Early processing reduced fillet gaping and fillets were evaluated as having a firmer texture. In a follow-up trial with cod, shrinkage and weight gain during injection was studied as an effect of processing time postmortem. No changes in weight gain were <span class="hlt">observed</span> for fillets salted the first 24 h postmortem; however, by delaying the processing 12 h postmortem, the high and rapid shrinking of cod fillets during brine injection was halved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345568','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345568"><span>Mental rotation does not account for sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in left-right confusion.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ocklenburg, Sebastian; Hirnstein, Marco; Ohmann, Hanno Andreas; Hausmann, Markus</p> <p>2011-06-01</p> <p>Several studies have demonstrated that women believe they are more prone to left-right confusion (LRC) than men. However, while some studies report that there is also a sex <span class="hlt">difference</span> in LRC tasks favouring men, others report that men and women perform equally well. Recently, it was suggested that sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> only emerge in LRC tasks when they involve mental rotation. That is, sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> that are reported for some LRC tasks are strongly affected by the well-documented male advantage in mental rotation. To test this assumption, 91 participants were investigated on two LRC tasks: The Left-Right Commands Task and the Bergen Left-Right Discrimination Test. Additionally, participants were asked to complete an LRC self-rating questionnaire. To rule out the possibility that sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in LRC are confounded by sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in mental rotation, male and female participants were matched for mental rotation performance, resulting in a sample of 46 matched participants. These matched participants showed robust sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in favour of men in all LRC measurements. This suggests that <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in LRC are a genuine phenomenon that exists independently of sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in mental rotation. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920068867&hterms=tyrosine&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dtyrosine','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920068867&hterms=tyrosine&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dtyrosine"><span><span class="hlt">Differences</span> in glycogen, lipids, and enzymes in livers from rats flown on Cosmos 2044</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Merrill, Alfred H., Jr.; Wang, Elaine; Laroque, Regina; Mullins, Richard E.; Morgan, Edward T.; Hargrove, James L.; Bonkovsky, Herbert L.; Popova, Irina A.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Livers from rats flown aboard Cosmos 2044 were analyzed for protein, carbohydrate (glycogen), and lipids as well as the activities of a number of key enzymes involved in metabolism of these compounds and xenobiotics. The major <span class="hlt">differences</span> between the flight group and the synchronous control were elevations in microsomal protein, liver glycogen content, tyrosine aminotransferase, and tryptophan oxygenase and reductions in sphingolipids and the rate-limiting enzyme of heme biosynthesis delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase. These results provide further evidence that spaceflight has <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> and diverse effects on liver function; however, some of the results with samples from Cosmos 2044 <span class="hlt">differed</span> notably from those from previous spaceflights. This may be due to conditions of spaceflight and/or the postflight recovery period for Cosmos 2044.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApPhA.123..730M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApPhA.123..730M"><span>A vacancy-modulated self-selective resistive switching memory with <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> nonlinear behavior</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ma, Haili; Feng, Jie; Gao, Tian; Zhu, Xi</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>In this study, we report a self-selective (nonlinear) resistive switching memory cell, with high on-state half-bias nonlinearity of 650, sub-μA operating current, and high On/Off ratios above 100×. Regarding the cell structure, a thermal oxidized HfO x layer in combination with a sputtered Ta2O5 layer was configured as an active stack, with Pt and Hf as top and bottom electrodes, respectively. The Ta2O5 acts as a selective layer as well as a series resistor, which could make the resistive switching happened in HfO x layer. Through the analysis of the physicochemical properties and electrical conduction mechanisms at each state, a vacancy-modulated resistance switching model was proposed to explain the switching behavior. The conductivity of HfO x layer was changed by polarity-dependent drift of the oxygen vacancy ( V o), resulting in an electron hopping distance change during switching. With the help of Ta2O5 selective layer, high nonlinearity <span class="hlt">observed</span> in low resistance state. The proposed material stack shows a promising prospect to act as a self-selective cell for 3D vertical RRAM application.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.S41E..01A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.S41E..01A"><span>Discriminating <span class="hlt">different</span> type waves from pressure and ground motion <span class="hlt">observation</span> in the seafloor by DONET cabled <span class="hlt">observation</span> network.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Araki, E.; Kawaguchi, K.; Kaneda, Y.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>We developed and deployed seafloor cabled observatory called "Dense Ocean-floor Network for Earthquake and Tsunamis (DONET)" in the Nankai Trough, south of Japan. The main purpose of the DONET network is to <span class="hlt">observe</span> large earthquake such as Tonankai earthquake in the deployed seafloor and associate Tsunamis in real-time to help disaster mitigation, and as well to monitor inter-seismic crustal activities such as micro earthquakes, very low frequency earthquakes, and slower crustal deformation. In each DONET seafloor observatory, high-sensitive broadband set of instruments for seismic and seafloor pressure monitoring, consisted from Guralp CMG3T broadband seismometer, Metrozet TSA100S accelerometer, Paroscientific 8B7000-2 pressure gauge, a deep-sea differential pressure gauge, a hydrophone, and a seawater thermometer, are installed. The density of seafloor observatories are 20 observatories distributed in 15-30 km interval which is optimized for monitoring of events in the plate boundary beneath the network. DONET may be regarded as a large-scale, high sensitive high density seismic array for monitoring teleseismic events in the Philippine Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The DONET seafloor observatories are situated in wide range of seafloor depth between 1800m and 4500m, from the seafloor basin about 50 km off Japanese Island through the slope of accerecionary prism to the deep trench axis 150 km off the coast, that may also regarded as a vertical array in the 4.5km thick ocean. This variation of depths helps identify T-phases from the array record. In data analysis, it is necessary to identify propagation mode of each <span class="hlt">observed</span> wave which may often be mixed together. In our design of DONET <span class="hlt">observation</span> system, we took care to help identification of seismic phase by obtaining both ground motion and seafloor pressure in the same location. This is simply achieved by combining seafloor pressure gauges and seismometer in a single observatory package, but care was taken to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21219058','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21219058"><span>Sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in impulsivity: a meta-analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cross, Catharine P; Copping, Lee T; Campbell, Anne</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Men are overrepresented in socially problematic behaviors, such as aggression and criminal behavior, which have been linked to impulsivity. Our review of impulsivity is organized around the tripartite theoretical distinction between reward hypersensitivity, punishment hyposensitivity, and inadequate effortful control. Drawing on evolutionary, criminological, developmental, and personality theories, we predicted that sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> would be most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in risky activities with men demonstrating greater sensation seeking, greater reward sensitivity, and lower punishment sensitivity. We predicted a small female advantage in effortful control. We analyzed 741 effect sizes from 277 studies, including psychometric and behavioral measures. Women were consistently more punishment sensitive (d = -0.33), but men did not show greater reward sensitivity (d = 0.01). Men showed significantly higher sensation seeking on questionnaire measures (d = 0.41) and on a behavioral risk-taking task (d = 0.36). Questionnaire measures of deficits in effortful control showed a very modest effect size in the male direction (d = 0.08). Sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> were not found on delay discounting or executive function tasks. The results indicate a stronger sex <span class="hlt">difference</span> in motivational rather than effortful or executive forms of behavior control. Specifically, they support evolutionary and biological theories of risk taking predicated on sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in punishment sensitivity. A clearer understanding of sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in impulsivity depends upon recognizing important distinctions between sensation seeking and impulsivity, between executive and effortful forms of control, and between impulsivity as a deficit and as a trait.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JDSO....8..223M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JDSO....8..223M"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of STF 2686 from Haleakala</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McGaughey, Stephen A.; Genet, Russell M.</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>The visual double star STF 2686 was <span class="hlt">observed</span> with a small telescope from the summit of Haleakala in Hawaii. Although our visually-estimated separation of 26.6 arc seconds was in close agreement with 19 past <span class="hlt">observations</span> spread over 186 years, our position angle estimate of 277 degrees <span class="hlt">differed</span> from the average of past <span class="hlt">observations</span> by 1.5 degrees, a sizeable 2.4 sigma standard deviation <span class="hlt">difference</span>. We concluded that in future <span class="hlt">observations</span> from Haleakala with this telescope our precision could be improved by making multiple <span class="hlt">observations</span> and by incorporating a Barlow in the optical path. Our position angle accuracy might be improved by rotating the astrometric eyepiece 180 degrees between each <span class="hlt">observation</span> to avoid initial positioning bias.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28157575','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28157575"><span><span class="hlt">Observing</span> prioritization effects on cognition and gait: The effect of increased cognitive load on cognitively healthy older adults' dual-task performance.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Maclean, Linda M; Brown, Laura J E; Khadra, H; Astell, Arlene J</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Previous studies exploring the effects of attention-prioritization on cognitively healthy older adults' gait and cognitive dual task (DT) performance have shown DT cost in gait outcomes but inconsistent effects on cognitive performance, which may reflect task difficulty (the cognitive load). This study aimed to identify whether changing the cognitive load during a walking and counting DT improved the challenge/sensitivity of the cognitive task to <span class="hlt">observe</span> prioritization effects on concurrent gait and cognitive performance outcomes. Seventy-two cognitively healthy older adults (Mean=73years) walked 15m, counted backwards in 3s and 7s as single tasks (ST), and concurrently walked and counted backwards as DTs. Attention-prioritization was examined in Prioritizing Walking (PW) and Prioritizing Counting (PC) DT conditions. Dual-task performance costs (DTC) were calculated for number of correct cognitive responses (CCR) in the counting tasks, and step-time variability and velocity in the gait task. All DT conditions showed a benefit (DTB) for cognitive outcomes with trade-off cost to gait. In the Serial 3s task, the cognitive DTBs increased in PC over the PW condition (p<0.05), with a greater cost to walking velocity (p<0.05). DT effects were more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the Serial 7s with a lower cognitive DTB when PC than when PW, (p<0.05) with no trade-off increase in cost to gait outcomes (p<0.05). The findings suggest that increased cognitive load during a gait and cognitive DT produces more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> gait measures of attention-prioritization in cognitively healthy older adults. A cognitive load effect was also <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the cognitive outcomes, with unexpected results. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=catalyst&pg=5&id=EJ849950','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=catalyst&pg=5&id=EJ849950"><span>Multiple Comparisons of <span class="hlt">Observation</span> Means--Are the Means Significantly <span class="hlt">Different</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Fahidy, T. Z.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Several currently popular methods of ascertaining which treatment (population) means are <span class="hlt">different</span>, via random samples obtained under each treatment, are briefly described and illustrated by evaluating catalyst performance in a chemical reactor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22130770-keck-ii-observations-hemispherical-differences-sub-sub-europa','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22130770-keck-ii-observations-hemispherical-differences-sub-sub-europa"><span>KECK II <span class="hlt">OBSERVATIONS</span> OF HEMISPHERICAL <span class="hlt">DIFFERENCES</span> IN H{sub 2}O{sub 2} ON EUROPA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hand, K. P.; Brown, M. E., E-mail: khand@jpl.nasa.gov</p> <p></p> <p>We present results from Keck II <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Europa over four consecutive nights using the near-infrared spectrograph. Spectra were collected in the 3.14-4.0 {mu}m range, enabling detection and monitoring of the 3.5 {mu}m feature due to hydrogen peroxide. Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer results first revealed hydrogen peroxide on Europa in the anti-Jovian region of the leading hemisphere at a percent by number abundance of 0.13% {+-} 0.07% relative to water. We find comparable results for the two nights over which we <span class="hlt">observed</span> the leading hemisphere. Significantly, we <span class="hlt">observed</span> a small amount of hydrogen peroxide ({approx}0.04%) during <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Europa's anti-Jovianmore » and sub-Jovian hemispheres. Almost no hydrogen peroxide was detected during <span class="hlt">observations</span> of just the trailing hemisphere. We conclude that the Galileo <span class="hlt">observations</span> likely represent the maximum hydrogen peroxide concentration, the exception potentially being the cold water ice regions of the poles, which are not readily <span class="hlt">observable</span> from the ground. Our mapping of the peroxide abundance across Europa requires revisions to previous estimates for Europa's global surface abundance of oxidants and leads to a reduction in the total oxidant delivery expected for the subsurface ocean if an exchange of surface material with the ocean occurs.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25365725','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25365725"><span>Comparing <span class="hlt">observed</span> and predicted mortality among ICUs using <span class="hlt">different</span> prognostic systems: why do performance assessments <span class="hlt">differ</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kramer, Andrew A; Higgins, Thomas L; Zimmerman, Jack E</p> <p>2015-02-01</p> <p>To compare ICU performance using standardized mortality ratios generated by the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IVa and a National Quality Forum-endorsed methodology and examine potential reasons for model-based standardized mortality ratio <span class="hlt">differences</span>. Retrospective analysis of day 1 hospital mortality predictions at the ICU level using Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IVa and National Quality Forum models on the same patient cohort. Forty-seven ICUs at 36 U.S. hospitals from January 2008 to May 2013. Eighty-nine thousand three hundred fifty-three consecutive unselected ICU admissions. None. We assessed standardized mortality ratios for each ICU using data for patients eligible for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IVa and National Quality Forum predictions in order to compare unit-level model performance, <span class="hlt">differences</span> in ICU rankings, and how case-mix adjustment might explain standardized mortality ratio <span class="hlt">differences</span>. Hospital mortality was 11.5%. Overall standardized mortality ratio was 0.89 using Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IVa and 1.07 using National Quality Forum, the latter having a widely dispersed and multimodal standardized mortality ratio distribution. Model exclusion criteria eliminated mortality predictions for 10.6% of patients for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IVa and 27.9% for National Quality Forum. The two models agreed on the significance and direction of standardized mortality ratio only 45% of the time. Four ICUs had standardized mortality ratios significantly less than 1.0 using Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IVa, but significantly greater than 1.0 using National Quality Forum. Two ICUs had standardized mortality ratios exceeding 1.75 using National Quality Forum, but nonsignificant performance using Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IVa. Stratification by patient and institutional characteristics indicated that units caring for more</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AN....337.1070Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AN....337.1070Z"><span>Multi-spectral <span class="hlt">observations</span> of flares</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zuccarello, F.</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Observations</span> show that during solar flares radiation can be emitted across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, spanning from gamma rays to radio waves. These emissions, related to the conversion of magnetic energy into other forms of energy (kinetic, thermal, waves) through magnetic reconnection, are due to <span class="hlt">different</span> physical processes that can occur in <span class="hlt">different</span> layers of the Sun. This means that flare <span class="hlt">observations</span> need to be carried out using instruments operating in <span class="hlt">different</span> wave-bands in order to achieve a complete scenario of the processes going on. Taking into account that most of the radiative energy is emitted at optical and UV wavelengths, <span class="hlt">observations</span> carried out from space, need to be complemented by <span class="hlt">observations</span> carried out from ground-based telescopes. Nowadays, the possibility to carry on high temporal, spatial and spectral resolution from ground-based telescopes in coordinated campaigns with space-borne instruments (like, i.e., IRIS and HINODE) gives the opportunity to investigate the details of the flare emission at <span class="hlt">different</span> wavelengths and can provide useful hints to understand these phenomena and compare <span class="hlt">observations</span> with models. However, it is undoubted that sometimes the pointing to the flaring region is not an easy task, due to the necessity to provide the target coordinates to satellites with some hours in advance. Some problems arising from this issue will be discussed. Moreover, new projects related to flare catalogues and archives will be presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70031664','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70031664"><span>Growth rate <span class="hlt">differences</span> between resident native brook trout and non-native brown trout</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Carlson, S.M.; Hendry, A.P.; Letcher, B.H.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Between species and across season variation in growth was examined by tagging and recapturing individual brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta across seasons in a small stream (West Brook, Massachusetts, U.S.A.). Detailed information on body size and growth are presented to (1) test whether the two species <span class="hlt">differed</span> in growth within seasons and (2) characterize the seasonal growth patterns for two age classes of each species. Growth <span class="hlt">differed</span> between species in nearly half of the season- and age-specific comparisons. When growth <span class="hlt">differed</span>, non-native brown trout grew faster than native brook trout in all but one comparison. Moreover, species <span class="hlt">differences</span> were most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> when overall growth was high during the spring and early summer. These growth <span class="hlt">differences</span> resulted in size asymmetries that were sustained over the duration of the study. A literature survey also indicated that non-native salmonids typically grow faster than native salmonids when the two occur in sympatry. Taken together, these results suggest that <span class="hlt">differences</span> in growth are not uncommon for coexisting native and non-native salmonids. ?? 2007 The Authors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22317059','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22317059"><span>Cost-efficient <span class="hlt">observation</span> of working postures from video recordings--more videos, more <span class="hlt">observers</span> or more views per <span class="hlt">observer</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mathiassen, Svend Erik; Liv, Per; Wahlström, Jens</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>In ergonomics, assessing the working postures of an individual by <span class="hlt">observation</span> is a very common practice. The present study investigated whether monetary resources devoted to an <span class="hlt">observational</span> study should preferably be invested in collecting many video recordings of the work, or in having several <span class="hlt">observers</span> estimate postures from available videos multiple times. On the basis of a data set of <span class="hlt">observed</span> working postures among hairdressers, necessary information in terms of posture variability, <span class="hlt">observer</span> variability, and costs for recording and <span class="hlt">observing</span> videos was entered into equations providing the total cost of data collection and the precision (informative value) of the resulting estimates of two variables: percentages time with the arm elevated <15 degrees and >90 degrees. In all 160 data collection strategies, <span class="hlt">differing</span> with respect to the number of video recordings and the number of repeated <span class="hlt">observations</span> of each recording, were simulated and compared for cost and precision. For both posture variables, the most cost-efficient strategy for a given budget was to engage 4 <span class="hlt">observers</span> to look at available video recordings, rather than to have one <span class="hlt">observer</span> look at more recordings. Since the latter strategy is the more common in ergonomics practice, we recommend reconsidering standard practice in <span class="hlt">observational</span> posture assessment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22044258','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22044258"><span>The impact of choice on retributive reactions: how <span class="hlt">observers</span>' autonomy concerns shape responses to criminal offenders.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>van Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Kerpershoek, Emiel F P</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>The present research examined the psychological origins of retributive reactions, which are defined as independent <span class="hlt">observers</span>' anger-based emotions, demonized perceptions, and punishment intentions in response to criminal offenders. Based on the idea that society's justice system has an autonomy-protective function, we reason that chronic autonomy interacts with situational autonomy cues (i.e., opportunities to make choices) to predict retributive reactions to criminal offenders. More specifically, we hypothesized that choice opportunities in an unrelated decision-making context would prompt people to display stronger retributive reactions to offenders than no-choice opportunities, and that these effects of choice would be particularly <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> among people who chronically experience deprivation of autonomy needs. Results from two experiments supported this hypothesis. It is concluded that retributive reactions to criminal offenders originate from a desire to regulate basic autonomy needs. © 2011 The British Psychological Society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19100961','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19100961"><span>Dynamic foot function and morphology in elite rugby league athletes of <span class="hlt">different</span> ethnicity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gurney, Jason K; Kersting, Uwe G; Rosenbaum, Dieter</p> <p>2009-05-01</p> <p>It has long been assumed that foot function and morphology <span class="hlt">differ</span> between ethnicities. However, quantitative research proving or disproving this relationship is sparse. As a starting point, the objective of this study was to investigate the plantar loading characteristics and foot geometry of athletes from three ethnicities, being Caucasian, Maori and Pacific Islanders. Four plantar pressure parameters were compared in 28 male elite rugby league players using an EMED-AT plantar pressure distribution platform [Novel GmbH, Munich, Germany] and the five-step method. Foot geometry measures were also taken, including arch index, coefficient of spreading, hallux angle and sub-arch angle. Five trials were collected per foot at a self-selected speed. It was found that Caucasian and Maori subjects had a relatively wider forefoot than the Pacific Island subjects; however the Pacific Islanders' foot was found to be wider than both these ethnicities in absolute terms. While Caucasian subjects loaded the toes to a much greater extent than the Maori and Pacific Island subjects, the latter demonstrated a greater loading of the mid and forefoot regions. Pacific Island subjects revealed a significantly more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> hallux valgus angle as compared to the Caucasian and Maori subjects. The results of this study may be relevant for/should be taken into consideration in footwear design issues, where allowances need to be made during the design process for anatomical <span class="hlt">differences</span> between ethnicities. However these <span class="hlt">observations</span> cannot be generalised to whole ethnic populations, and further research is required on non-athletes to build on the current research findings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6421D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6421D"><span>Effect of <span class="hlt">differently</span> pelletized digestate on the plant growth of spring wheat</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dietrich, Nils; Knoop, Christine; Raab, Thomas</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>In Germany, biowaste is used in more than 100 biogas plants and has increasing potential as a fermentation substrate. To optimise waste cycle management organic digestates should be redistributed and innovative products for soil amendment of agricultural areas could be developed. The BMBF-funded VeNGA project seeks to find answers on how to improve the properties of soil amendments produced from fermentation residues. Here, we report findings from our study that focuses on plant growth and soil development. Within a three-month rhizotron experiment, the influence of <span class="hlt">differently</span> prepared fermentation residues on the root development of summer wheat was investigated. The four variants of the prepared digestate (rolled pellet, pressed pellet, shredded, loose) were tested under constant conditions in the greenhouse on two soils with <span class="hlt">different</span> textures (sandy and loamy-sand). All fermentation residues originated from the same batch and were composted before the preparation to ensure adequate hygienisation. Depending on preparation type and soil substrate significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in root growth and root development have been <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Plant growth was most intense in the rhizotron experiment with the loose digestate, indicating high nutrient availability due to the large surface area of the organic matter. Plant growth in the substrate with the rolled and pressed pellets was less <span class="hlt">pronounced</span>, indicating a more persistent stability of the pellets. In rhizotrons applied with rolled and pressed pellets root growth into the mineral fabric was significantly lower in sandy substrate than in the loamy-sand. However, in the sandy substrate root growth within the rolled pellets was more intense than in the substrate with the pressed pellets. Obviously, the <span class="hlt">different</span> production techniques of the pellets seem to have an influence on the rooting of the pellets and facilitate the long term stability of soil organic carbon. Furthermore, the comparison of the two <span class="hlt">different</span> textures</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1915974B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1915974B"><span>An Investigation on the Use of <span class="hlt">Different</span> Centroiding Algorithms and Star Catalogs in Astro-Geodetic <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Basoglu, Burak; Halicioglu, Kerem; Albayrak, Muge; Ulug, Rasit; Tevfik Ozludemir, M.; Deniz, Rasim</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>In the last decade, the importance of high-precise geoid determination at local or national level has been pointed out by Turkish National Geodesy Commission. The Commission has also put objective of modernization of national height system of Turkey to the agenda. Meanwhile several projects have been realized in recent years. In Istanbul city, a GNSS/Levelling geoid was defined in 2005 for the metropolitan area of the city with an accuracy of ±3.5cm. In order to achieve a better accuracy in this area, "Local Geoid Determination with Integration of GNSS/Levelling and Astro-Geodetic Data" project has been conducted in Istanbul Technical University and Bogazici University KOERI since January 2016. The project is funded by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. With the scope of the project, modernization studies of Digital Zenith Camera System are being carried on in terms of hardware components and software development. Accentuated subjects are the star catalogues, and centroiding algorithm used to identify the stars on the zenithal star field. During the test <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Digital Zenith Camera System performed between 2013-2016, final results were calculated using the PSF method for star centroiding, and the second USNO CCD Astrograph Catalogue (UCAC2) for the reference star positions. This study aims to investigate the position accuracy of the star images by comparing <span class="hlt">different</span> centroiding algorithms and available star catalogs used in astro-geodetic <span class="hlt">observations</span> conducted with the digital zenith camera system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.S51B0597W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.S51B0597W"><span><span class="hlt">Observed</span> seismic and infrasonic signals around the Hakone volcano -Discussion based on a finite-<span class="hlt">difference</span> calculation-</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wakamatu, S.; Kawakata, H.; Hirano, S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Observation</span> and analysis of infrasonic waves are important for volcanology because they could be associated with mechanisms of volcanic tremors and earthquakes (Sakai et al., 2000). Around the Hakone volcano area, Japan, infrasonic waves had been <span class="hlt">observed</span> many times in 2015 (Yukutake et al., 2016, JpGU). In the area, seismometers have been installed more than microphones, so that analysis of seismograms may also contribute to understanding some characteristics of the infrasonic waves. In this study, we focused on the infrasonic waves on July 1, 2015, at the area and discussed their propagation. We analyzed the vertical component of seven seismograms and two infrasound records; instruments for these data have been installed within 5 km from the vent emerged in the June 2015 eruption(HSRI, 2015). We summarized distances of the <span class="hlt">observation</span> points from the vent and appearance of the signals in the seismograms and the microphone records in Table 1. We confirmed that, when the OWD microphone(Fig1) <span class="hlt">observed</span> the infrasonic waves, seismometers of the OWD and the KIN surface seismic stations(Fig1) recorded pulse-like signals repeatedly while the other five buried seismometers did not. At the same time, the NNT microphone(Fig1) recorded no more than unclear signals despite the shorter distance to the vent than that of the KIN station. We found that the appearance of pulse-like signals at the KIN seismic station usually 10-11 seconds delay after the appearance at the OWD seismic station. The distance between these two stations is 3.5km, so that the signals in seismograms could represent propagation of the infrasonic waves rather than the seismic waves. If so, however, the infrasound propagation could be influenced by the topography of the area because the signals are unclear in the NNT microphone record.To validate the above interpretation, we simulated the diffraction of the infrasonic waves due to the topography. We executed a 3-D finite-<span class="hlt">difference</span> calculation by</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3129581','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3129581"><span>Human and great ape red blood cells <span class="hlt">differ</span> in plasmalogen levels and composition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Background Plasmalogens are ether phospholipids required for normal mammalian developmental, physiological, and cognitive functions. They have been proposed to act as membrane antioxidants and reservoirs of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as influence intracellular signaling and membrane dynamics. Plasmalogens are particularly enriched in cells and tissues of the human nervous, immune, and cardiovascular systems. Humans with severely reduced plasmalogen levels have reduced life spans, abnormal neurological development, skeletal dysplasia, impaired respiration, and cataracts. Plasmalogen deficiency is also found in the brain tissue of individuals with Alzheimer disease. Results In a human and great ape cohort, we measured the red blood cell (RBC) levels of the most abundant types of plasmalogens. Total RBC plasmalogen levels were lower in humans than bonobos, chimpanzees, and gorillas, but higher than orangutans. There were especially <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> cross-species <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the levels of plasmalogens with a C16:0 moiety at the sn-1 position. Humans on Western or vegan diets had comparable total RBC plasmalogen levels, but the latter group showed moderately higher levels of plasmalogens with a C18:1 moiety at the sn-1 position. We did not find robust sex-specific <span class="hlt">differences</span> in human or chimpanzee RBC plasmalogen levels or composition. Furthermore, human and great ape skin fibroblasts showed only modest <span class="hlt">differences</span> in peroxisomal plasmalogen biosynthetic activity. Human and chimpanzee microarray data indicated that genes involved in plasmalogen biosynthesis show cross-species differential expression in multiple tissues. Conclusion We propose that the <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in human and great ape RBC plasmalogens are primarily caused by their rates of biosynthesis and/or turnover. Gene expression data raise the possibility that other human and great ape cells and tissues <span class="hlt">differ</span> in plasmalogen levels. Based on the phenotypes of humans and rodents with plasmalogen</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22308923-experimental-observation-standing-wave-effect-low-pressure-very-high-frequency-capacitive-discharges','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22308923-experimental-observation-standing-wave-effect-low-pressure-very-high-frequency-capacitive-discharges"><span>Experimental <span class="hlt">observation</span> of standing wave effect in low-pressure very-high-frequency capacitive discharges</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Liu, Yong-Xin; Gao, Fei; Liu, Jia</p> <p>2014-07-28</p> <p>Radial uniformity measurements of plasma density were carried out by using a floating double probe in a cylindrical (21 cm in electrode diameter) capacitive discharge reactor driven over a wide range of frequencies (27–220 MHz). At low rf power, a multiple-node structure of standing wave effect was <span class="hlt">observed</span> at 130 MHz. The secondary density peak caused by the standing wave effect became <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> and shifts toward the axis as the driving frequency further to increase, indicative of a much more shortened standing-wave wavelength. With increasing rf power, the secondary density peak shift toward the radial edge, namely, the standing-wave wavelength was increased,more » in good qualitative agreement with the previous theory and simulation results. At higher pressures and high frequencies, the rf power was primarily deposited at the periphery of the electrode, due to the fact that the waves were strongly damped as they propagated from the discharge edge into the center.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886533','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886533"><span>Artificial light at night affects sleep behaviour <span class="hlt">differently</span> in two closely related songbird species.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sun, Jiachen; Raap, Thomas; Pinxten, Rianne; Eens, Marcel</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Artificial light at night (ALAN) or light pollution is an increasing and worldwide problem. There is growing concern that because of the disruption of natural light cycles, ALAN may pose serious risks for wildlife. While ALAN has been shown to affect many aspects of animal behaviour and physiology, few studies have experimentally studied whether individuals of <span class="hlt">different</span> species in the wild respond <span class="hlt">differently</span> to ALAN. Here, we investigated the effect of ALAN on sleep behaviour in two closely related songbird species inhabiting the same study area and roosting/breeding in similar nest boxes. We experimentally exposed free-living great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) to artificial light inside their nest boxes and <span class="hlt">observed</span> changes in their sleep behaviour compared to the previous night when the nest boxes were dark. In line with previous studies, sleep behaviour of both species did not <span class="hlt">differ</span> under dark conditions. ALAN disrupted sleep in both great and blue tits. However, compared to blue tits, great tits showed more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> effects and more aspects of sleep were affected. Light exposed great tits entered the nest boxes and fell asleep later, woke up and exited the nest boxes earlier, and the total sleep amount and sleep percentage were reduced. By contrast, these changes in sleep behaviour were not found in light exposed blue tits. Our field experiment, using exactly the same light manipulation in both species, provides direct evidence that two closely related species respond <span class="hlt">differently</span> to ALAN, while their sleep behaviour under dark conditions was similar. Our research suggests that findings for one species cannot necessarily be generalised to other species, even closely-related species. Furthermore, species-specific effects could have implications for community dynamics. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070016601&hterms=time+zone&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dtime%2Bzone','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070016601&hterms=time+zone&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dtime%2Bzone"><span>Variations in the Sea Ice Edge and the Marginal Ice Zone on <span class="hlt">Different</span> Spatial Scales as <span class="hlt">Observed</span> from <span class="hlt">Different</span> Satellite Sensor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Markus, Thorsten; Henrichs, John</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The Marginal sea Ice Zone (MIZ) and the sea ice edge are the most dynamic areas of the sea ice cover. Knowledge of the sea ice edge location is vital for routing shipping in the polar regions. The ice edge is the location of recurrent plankton blooms, and is the habitat for a number of animals, including several which are under severe ecological threat. Polar lows are known to preferentially form along the sea ice edge because of induced atmospheric baroclinicity, and the ice edge is also the location of both vertical and horizontal ocean currents driven by thermal and salinity gradients. Finally, sea ice is both a driver and indicator of climate change and monitoring the position of the ice edge accurately over long time periods enables assessment of the impact of global and regional warming near the poles. Several sensors are currently in orbit that can monitor the sea ice edge. These sensors, though, have <span class="hlt">different</span> spatial resolutions, <span class="hlt">different</span> limitations, and <span class="hlt">different</span> repeat frequencies. Satellite passive microwave sensors can monitor the ice edge on a daily or even twice-daily basis, albeit with low spatial resolution - 25 km for the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) or 12.5 km for the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E). Although special methods exist that allow the detection of the sea ice edge at a quarter of that nominal resolution (PSSM). Visible and infrared data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provide daily coverage at 1 km and 250 m, respectively, but the surface <span class="hlt">observations</span> me limited to cloud-free periods. The Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) has a resolution of 15 to 30 m but is limited to cloud-free periods as well, and does not provide daily coverage. Imagery from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instruments has resolutions of tens of meters to 100 m, and can be used to distinguish open water and sea ice on the basis of surface</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16625284','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16625284"><span>Seminal characteristics and sexual behavior in men of <span class="hlt">different</span> age groups: is there an aging effect?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zavos, Panayiotis M; Kaskar, Khalied; Correa, Juan R; Sikka, Suresh C</p> <p>2006-05-01</p> <p>To assess the seminal characteristics as well as the sexual behavior of men of various age groups to establish the presence of an aging effect on those characteristics. Semen samples were collected from men (n = 792) undergoing in vitro fertilization or intrauterine insemination in cases of female factor infertility only. Samples were collected using a seminal collection device at intercourse and evaluated manually according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Men were divided into four groups according to their ages: (i) 20-30, (ii) 31-40, (iii) 41-50 and (iv) 51-60 years, and their seminal characteristics and responses to a sexual behavior questionnaire were compared. The data showed statistically significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the seminal characteristics tested, most notably in the sperm concentration, motility, grade of motility, hypo-osmotic swelling and normal sperm morphology. Furthermore, the decline in normal sperm morphology with age was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> when using strict criteria rather than WHO standards. There were also <span class="hlt">differences</span> in total sperm count, total motile sperm and total functional sperm fraction (assessed by both WHO and strict criteria). Significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> were also <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the sexual behavior patterns in older men in terms of the number of years they have been trying to conceive, sexual frequency and sexual satisfaction. The data clearly illustrate an aging effect on semen characteristics and sexual behavior in men as they age. It is suggested that the aging effect be taken into consideration when proposing normal standard values for semen characteristics in routine semen analysis as outlined by WHO standards.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA017676','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA017676"><span>A Random Word Generator for <span class="hlt">Pronounceable</span> Passwords</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1975-11-01</p> <p>Box 208 Bedford, MA 01730 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA ft WORK UNIT NUMBERS Project No. 522N 11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME...the unit-pair " rt " will have bits specifying that the pair may not begin a syllable and that a vowel must precede this pair if it is entirely...uk 00 011 vz 01 011 pd 01 010- rs 00 000 swh- i-OO 000 ul 00 011 vch 01 000 pe 00 010- rt 00 000 squ- -01 000 um 00 011 vgh 01 011 pf 01 000 ru 00</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994AAS...185.0906T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994AAS...185.0906T"><span><span class="hlt">Observing</span> with HST V: Improvements to the Scheduling of HST Parallel <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Taylor, D. K.; Vanorsow, D.; Lucks, M.; Henry, R.; Ratnatunga, K.; Patterson, A.</p> <p>1994-12-01</p> <p>Recent improvements to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) ground system have significantly increased the frequency of pure parallel <span class="hlt">observations</span>, i.e. the simultaneous use of multiple HST instruments by <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observers</span>. Opportunities for parallel <span class="hlt">observations</span> are limited by a variety of timing, hardware, and scientific constraints. Formerly, such opportunities were heuristically predicted prior to the construction of the primary schedule (or calendar), and lack of complete information resulted in high rates of scheduling failures and missed opportunities. In the current process the search for parallel opportunities is delayed until the primary schedule is complete, at which point new software tools are employed to identify places where parallel <span class="hlt">observations</span> are supported. The result has been a considerable increase in parallel throughput. A new technique, known as ``parallel crafting,'' is currently under development to streamline further the parallel scheduling process. This radically new method will replace the standard exposure logsheet with a set of abstract rules from which <span class="hlt">observation</span> parameters will be constructed ``on the fly'' to best match the constraints of the parallel opportunity. Currently, parallel <span class="hlt">observers</span> must specify a huge (and highly redundant) set of exposure types in order to cover all possible types of parallel opportunities. Crafting rules permit the <span class="hlt">observer</span> to express timing, filter, and splitting preferences in a far more succinct manner. The issue of coordinated parallel <span class="hlt">observations</span> (same PI using <span class="hlt">different</span> instruments simultaneously), long a troublesome aspect of the ground system, is also being addressed. For Cycle 5, the Phase II Proposal Instructions now have an exposure-level PAR WITH special requirement. While only the primary's alignment will be scheduled on the calendar, new commanding will provide for parallel exposures with both instruments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27534065','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27534065"><span>[Tissue-specific Changes in the Polymorphism of Simple Repeats in DNA of the Offspring of <span class="hlt">Different</span> Sex Born from Irradiated Male or Female Mice].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lomaeva, M G; Fomenko, L A; Vasil'eva, G V; Bezlepkin, V G</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Evidence is presented indicating the <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the polymorphism of microsatellite (MCS) repeats in DNA of somatic tissues in the offspring of BALB/c mice of <span class="hlt">different</span> sex born from preconceptionally irradiated males or females. Brother-sister groups of the offspring born by non-irradiated parental pairs were compared with the offspring obtained after the irradiation of one parent in the same pairs. The number of MCS repeats in DNA of somatic tissues of the offspring from irradiated males or females was compared by a polymerase chain reaction using an arbitrary primer. It was found that changes in the polymorphism of the number of MCS repeats in the offspring from the males irradiated at a dose of 2 Gy was insignificant as compared with the offspring from control animals. In the offspring born by the females irradiated at a dose of 2 Gy (which does not impair the reproductive capacity), a statistically significant increase in the polymorphism was <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Changes in the polymorphism were <span class="hlt">different</span> in the offspring of <span class="hlt">different</span> sex. A higher level of polymorphism was revealed in the female offspring born from the females of the F0 generation after their irradiation at a dose of 2 Gy. The increase in the polymorphism of the number of MCS repeats in DNA was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in postmitotic tissues compared with proliferating tissues.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4668105','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4668105"><span>Impact of specific training and competition on myocardial structure and function in <span class="hlt">different</span> age ranges of male handball players</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Agrebi, Brahim; Tkatchuk, Vladimir; Hlila, Nawel; Mouelhi, Emna; Belhani, Ali</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Handball activity involves cardiac changes and demands a mixture of both eccentric and concentric remodeling within the heart. This study seeks to explore heart performance and cardiac remodeling likely to define cardiac parameters which influence specific performance in male handball players across <span class="hlt">different</span> age ranges. Forty three players, with a regular training and competitive background in handball separated into three groups aged on average 11.78±0.41 for youth players aka “schools”, “elite juniors” 15.99±0.81 and “elite adults” 24.46±2.63 years, underwent echocardiography and ECG examinations. Incremental ergocycle and specific field (SFT) tests have also been conducted. With age and regular training and competition, myocardial remodeling in <span class="hlt">different</span> age ranges exhibit significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in dilatation’s parameters between “schools” and “juniors” players, such as the end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and the end-systolic diameter of the left ventricle (LVESD), the root of aorta (Ao) and left atrial (LA), while significant increase is <span class="hlt">observed</span> between “juniors” and “adults” players in the interventricular septum (IVS), the posterior wall thicknesses (PWT) and LV mass index. ECG changes are also noted but NS <span class="hlt">differences</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in studied parameters. For incremental maximal test, players demonstrate a significant increase in duration and total work between “schools” and “juniors” and, in total work only, between “juniors” and “seniors”. The SFT shows improvement in performance which ranged between 26.17±1.83 sec to 31.23±2.34 sec respectively from “seniors” to “schools”. The cross-sectional approach used to compare groups with prior hypothesis that there would be <span class="hlt">differences</span> in exercise performance and cardiac parameters depending on duration of prior handball practice, leads to point out the early cardiac remodeling within the heart as adaptive change. Prevalence of cardiac chamber dilation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630561','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630561"><span>Impact of specific training and competition on myocardial structure and function in <span class="hlt">different</span> age ranges of male handball players.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Agrebi, Brahim; Tkatchuk, Vladimir; Hlila, Nawel; Mouelhi, Emna; Belhani, Ali</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Handball activity involves cardiac changes and demands a mixture of both eccentric and concentric remodeling within the heart. This study seeks to explore heart performance and cardiac remodeling likely to define cardiac parameters which influence specific performance in male handball players across <span class="hlt">different</span> age ranges. Forty three players, with a regular training and competitive background in handball separated into three groups aged on average 11.78 ± 0.41 for youth players aka "schools", "elite juniors" 15.99 ± 0.81 and "elite adults" 24.46 ± 2.63 years, underwent echocardiography and ECG examinations. Incremental ergocycle and specific field (SFT) tests have also been conducted. With age and regular training and competition, myocardial remodeling in <span class="hlt">different</span> age ranges exhibit significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in dilatation's parameters between "schools" and "juniors" players, such as the end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and the end-systolic diameter of the left ventricle (LVESD), the root of aorta (Ao) and left atrial (LA), while significant increase is <span class="hlt">observed</span> between "juniors" and "adults" players in the interventricular septum (IVS), the posterior wall thicknesses (PWT) and LV mass index. ECG changes are also noted but NS <span class="hlt">differences</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in studied parameters. For incremental maximal test, players demonstrate a significant increase in duration and total work between "schools" and "juniors" and, in total work only, between "juniors" and "seniors". The SFT shows improvement in performance which ranged between 26.17 ± 1.83 sec to 31.23 ± 2.34 sec respectively from "seniors" to "schools". The cross-sectional approach used to compare groups with prior hypothesis that there would be <span class="hlt">differences</span> in exercise performance and cardiac parameters depending on duration of prior handball practice, leads to point out the early cardiac remodeling within the heart as adaptive change. Prevalence of cardiac chamber dilation with less hypertrophy remodeling was found</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22528285','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22528285"><span>Modifications of the 1H NMR metabolite profile of processed mullet (Mugil cephalus) roes under <span class="hlt">different</span> storage conditions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Scano, Paola; Rosa, Antonella; Locci, Emanuela; Manzo, Giorgia; Dessì, M Assunta</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>(1)H NMR spectroscopy was employed to study the modifications over time of the water-soluble low molecular weight metabolites extracted from samples of salted and dried mullet (Mugil cephalus) roes (mullet bottarga) stored at <span class="hlt">different</span> conditions. Samples of grated mullet bottarga were stored for 7 months at -20 °C, at 3 °C, and at room temperature in the presence and in the absence of light and then timely extracted and analyzed by NMR. Principal component multivariate data analysis applied to the spectral data indicated that samples stored at -20 °C maintained similar features over time whereas, along PC1, samples stored at room temperature in the presence and in the absence of light showed, over time, marked metabolite modifications. The comparative analysis of the integrated areas of the selected regions of the (1)H NMR spectra indicated that the major compositional changes due to storage conditions were (i) the increase of the derivatives of the breakdown of phosphatidylcholine (choline, phosphorylcholine, and glycerol), (ii) the breakdown of nucleosides, (iii) the decrease of methionine, tryptophan, and tyrosine, and (iv) the cyclization of creatine. These changes were <span class="hlt">observed</span> at <span class="hlt">different</span> storage conditions, with more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> trends in the samples stored at room temperature. The role of metabolites in food aging is discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8973285','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8973285"><span>High-speed imaging of vocal fold vibrations and larynx movements within vocalizations of <span class="hlt">different</span> vowels.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Maurer, D; Hess, M; Gross, M</p> <p>1996-12-01</p> <p>Theoretic investigations of the "source-filter" model have indicated a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> acoustic interaction of glottal source and vocal tract. Empirical investigations of formant pattern variations apart from changes in vowel identity have demonstrated a direct relationship between the fundamental frequency and the patterns. As a consequence of both findings, independence of phonation and articulation may be limited in the speech process. Within the present study, possible interdependence of phonation and phoneme was investigated: vocal fold vibrations and larynx position for vocalizations of <span class="hlt">different</span> vowels in a healthy man and woman were examined by high-speed light-intensified digital imaging. We found 1) <span class="hlt">different</span> movements of the vocal folds for vocalizations of <span class="hlt">different</span> vowel identities within one speaker and at similar fundamental frequency, and 2) constant larynx position within vocalization of one vowel identity, but <span class="hlt">different</span> positions for vocalizations of <span class="hlt">different</span> vowel identities. A possible relationship between the vocal fold vibrations and the phoneme is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70168403','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70168403"><span>Tidal and seasonal variations in calving flux <span class="hlt">observed</span> with passive seismology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Bartholomaus, T.C.; Larsen, Christopher F.; West, Michael E.; O'Neel, Shad; Pettit, Erin C.; Truffer, Martin</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The seismic signatures of calving events, i.e., calving icequakes, offer an opportunity to examine calving variability with greater precision than is available with other methods. Here using <span class="hlt">observations</span> from Yahtse Glacier, Alaska, we describe methods to detect, locate, and characterize calving icequakes. We combine these icequake records with a coincident, manually generated record of <span class="hlt">observed</span> calving events to develop and validate a statistical model through which we can infer iceberg sizes from the properties of calving icequakes. We find that the icequake duration is the single most significant predictor of an iceberg's size. We then apply this model to 18 months of seismic recordings and find elevated iceberg calving flux during the summer and fall and a <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> lull in calving during midwinter. Calving flux is sensitive to semidiurnal tidal stage. Large calving events are tens of percent more likely during falling and low tides than during rising and high tides, consistent with a view that deeper water has a stabilizing influence on glacier termini. Multiple factors affect the occurrence of mechanical fractures that ultimately lead to iceberg calving. At Yahtse Glacier, seismology allows us to demonstrate that variations in the rate of submarine melt are a dominant control on iceberg calving rates at seasonal timescales. On hourly to daily timescales, tidal modulation of the normal stress against the glacier terminus reveals the nonlinear glacier response to changes in the near-terminus stress field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmEn.167..323H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AtmEn.167..323H"><span>Global budget of tropospheric ozone: Evaluating recent model advances with satellite (OMI), aircraft (IAGOS), and ozonesonde <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hu, Lu; Jacob, Daniel J.; Liu, Xiong; Zhang, Yi; Zhang, Lin; Kim, Patrick S.; Sulprizio, Melissa P.; Yantosca, Robert M.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The global budget of tropospheric ozone is governed by a complicated ensemble of coupled chemical and dynamical processes. Simulation of tropospheric ozone has been a major focus of the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM) over the past 20 years, and many developments over the years have affected the model representation of the ozone budget. Here we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the standard version of GEOS-Chem (v10-01) with ozone <span class="hlt">observations</span> from ozonesondes, the OMI satellite instrument, and MOZAIC-IAGOS commercial aircraft for 2012-2013. Global validation of the OMI 700-400 hPa data with ozonesondes shows that OMI maintained persistent high quality and no significant drift over the 2006-2013 period. GEOS-Chem shows no significant seasonal or latitudinal bias relative to OMI and strong correlations in all seasons on the 2° × 2.5° horizontal scale (r = 0.88-0.95), improving on previous model versions. The most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> model bias revealed by ozonesondes and MOZAIC-IAGOS is at high northern latitudes in winter-spring where the model is 10-20 ppbv too low. This appears to be due to insufficient stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE). Model updates to lightning NOx, Asian anthropogenic emissions, bromine chemistry, isoprene chemistry, and meteorological fields over the past decade have overall led to gradual increase in the simulated global tropospheric ozone burden and more active ozone production and loss. From simulations with <span class="hlt">different</span> versions of GEOS meteorological fields we find that tropospheric ozone in GEOS-Chem v10-01 has a global production rate of 4960-5530 Tg a-1, lifetime of 20.9-24.2 days, burden of 345-357 Tg, and STE of 325-492 Tg a-1. Change in the intensity of tropical deep convection between these <span class="hlt">different</span> meteorological fields is a major factor driving <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the ozone budget.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4038364','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4038364"><span>Impacts of hot and cold spells <span class="hlt">differ</span> for acute and chronic ischaemic heart diseases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Background Many studies have reported associations between temperature extremes and cardiovascular mortality but little has been understood about <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the effects on acute and chronic diseases. The present study examines hot and cold spell effects on ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality in the Czech Republic during 1994–2009, with emphasis upon <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the effects on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and chronic IHD. Methods We use analogous definitions for hot and cold spells based on quantiles of daily average temperature anomalies, thus allowing for comparison of results for summer hot spells and winter cold spells. Daily mortality data were standardised to account for the long-term trend and the seasonal and weekly cycles. Periods when the data were affected by epidemics of influenza and other acute respiratory infections were removed from the analysis. Results Both hot and cold spells were associated with excess IHD mortality. For hot spells, chronic IHD was responsible for most IHD excess deaths in both male and female populations, and the impacts were much more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the 65+ years age group. The excess mortality from AMI was much lower compared to chronic IHD mortality during hot spells. For cold spells, by contrast, the relative excess IHD mortality was most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the younger age group (0–64 years), and we found <span class="hlt">different</span> pattern for chronic IHD and AMI, with larger effects on AMI. Conclusions The findings show that while excess deaths due to IHD during hot spells are mainly of persons with chronic diseases whose health had already been compromised, cardiovascular changes induced by cold stress may result in deaths from acute coronary events rather than chronic IHD, and this effect is important also in the younger population. This suggests that the most vulnerable population groups as well as the most affected cardiovascular diseases <span class="hlt">differ</span> between hot and cold spells, which needs to be taken into account when</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27477636','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27477636"><span>Esophageal dysfunction in <span class="hlt">different</span> stages of Parkinson's disease.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Suttrup, I; Suttrup, J; Suntrup-Krueger, S; Siemer, M-L; Bauer, J; Hamacher, C; Oelenberg, S; Domagk, D; Dziewas, R; Warnecke, T</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Dysphagia is a clinically relevant symptom in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) leading to <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> reduction in quality of life and other severe complications. Parkinson's disease-related dysphagia may affect the oral and pharyngeal, as well as the esophageal phase of swallowing. To examine the nature and extend of esophageal dysphagia in <span class="hlt">different</span> stages of PD and their relation to oropharyngeal dysfunction, we examined 65 PD patients (mean age 66.3±9.7 years, mean disease duration 7.9±5.8 years, mean Hoehn & Yahr [H&Y] stage 2.89±0.91) and divided into three groups (early [H&Y I+II; n=21], intermediate [H&Y III; n=25], and advanced stadium [H&Y IV+V; n=19]), using esophageal high-resolution manometry (HRM) to detect esophageal motor disorders. Oropharyngeal impairment was assessed using fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Major esophageal motor disorders were detected in nearly one third of the PD patients. Minor impairment of the esophageal body was present in 95% of participants and throughout all disease stages with pathological findings especially in peristalsis and intrabolus pressure (IBP). The IBP was found to significantly increase in the advanced stadium. Although dysfunction of the upper and lower esophageal sphincters was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in individual patients, alterations in these esophageal segments revealed no statistical significance compared with normative data. No clear association was found between the occurrence of oropharyngeal dysphagia and esophageal impairment. Esophageal body impairment in PD is a frequent phenomenon during all disease stages, which possibly reflects α-synucleinopathy in the enteric nervous system. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.A32A..07V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.A32A..07V"><span>Perspectives of Future Satellite <span class="hlt">Observations</span> for Studying Aerosol-Cloud Interactions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vane, D. G.; Stephens, G. L.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>There are many studies that examine the effects of aerosol on clouds and the consequence of these effects for climate. Much of the focus of these interactions revolve around two types of indirect effects. Using the A- Train as a resource for studying these interactions as a way of defining the requirements for future new missions, we find that the sensitivity of the cloud albedo, as <span class="hlt">observed</span> by CERES, to aerosol varies according to these various conditions and does not simply correlate with decreased particle size as is typically assumed. It is clear that these effects require more in-depth information about cloud water path, and the occurrence and amount of precipitation and the environmental conditions in which the interactions take place. Information about the motions in clouds, the depths of clouds and more resolved microphysical details on cloud and drizzle are essential to study these effects. Perhaps more important than indirect effects on cloud albedo are the possible effects of aerosol on precipitation. There is much speculation about such influences and the A-Train <span class="hlt">observations</span> are beginning to reveal much insight on such effects. These <span class="hlt">observations</span> appear to suggest that the effects on shallow clouds is to delay precipitation production and reduce rainfall as has been speculated. The effects of aerosol on the precipitation falling from deep convection is less clear and more difficult to <span class="hlt">observe</span>, although many model studies consistently suggest that the effects might be even more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> than on shallow convection through, among other mechanisms, the invigoration of storms via freezing of elevated water contents in updrafts. Such studies are now clearly pointing to the need to define the water contents and microphysics of hydrometeors in convective updrafts. This talk draws on these results as a way of framing the definition of the cloud-aerosol and precipitation component of the ACE mission of the decadal survey. This mission represents the follow</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=marston+AND+paul&id=ED241497','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=marston+AND+paul&id=ED241497"><span>Measuring Attitudes That Bias Teacher <span class="hlt">Observation</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Marston, Paul T.; Clements, Richard O.</p> <p></p> <p>It was hypothesized that individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in <span class="hlt">observer</span> attitudes might affect the way <span class="hlt">observers</span> code teacher behavior. A questionnaire assessing educational attitudes was given to 22 subjects who were trained on 3 classroom <span class="hlt">observation</span> systems: the Flanders Interaction Analysis, the Classroom <span class="hlt">Observation</span> Scales, and the Classroom Observation…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1434951-ratios-dijet-production-cross-sections-function-absolute-difference-rapidity-between-jets-protonproton-collisions-sqrt-mathrm-tev','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1434951-ratios-dijet-production-cross-sections-function-absolute-difference-rapidity-between-jets-protonproton-collisions-sqrt-mathrm-tev"><span>Ratios of dijet production cross sections as a function of the absolute <span class="hlt">difference</span> in rapidity between jets in proton–proton collisions at $$\\sqrt{s} = 7\\ \\mathrm{TeV}$$</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Chatrchyan, S.; Khachatryan, V.; Sirunyan, A. M.; ...</p> <p>2012-11-16</p> <p>A study of dijet production in proton-proton collisions was performed at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV for jets with pt > 35 GeV and abs(y) < 4.7 using data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2010. Events with at least one pair of jets are denoted as 'inclusive'. Events with exactly one pair of jets are called 'exclusive'. The ratio of the cross section of all pairwise combinations of jets to the exclusive dijet cross section as a function of the rapidity <span class="hlt">difference</span> between jets abs(Delta(y)) is measured for the first time up to abs(Delta(y)) = 9.2. Themore » ratio of the cross section for the pair consisting of the most forward and the most backward jet from the inclusive sample to the exclusive dijet cross section is also presented. The predictions of the Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA6 and PYTHIA8 agree with the measurements. In both ratios the HERWIG++ generator exhibits a more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> rise versus abs(Delta(y)) than <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the data. The BFKL-motivated generators CASCADE and HEJ+ARIADNE predict for these ratios a significantly stronger rise than <span class="hlt">observed</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1434951','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1434951"><span>Ratios of dijet production cross sections as a function of the absolute <span class="hlt">difference</span> in rapidity between jets in proton–proton collisions at $$\\sqrt{s} = 7\\ \\mathrm{TeV}$$</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Chatrchyan, S.; Khachatryan, V.; Sirunyan, A. M.</p> <p></p> <p>A study of dijet production in proton-proton collisions was performed at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV for jets with pt > 35 GeV and abs(y) < 4.7 using data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2010. Events with at least one pair of jets are denoted as 'inclusive'. Events with exactly one pair of jets are called 'exclusive'. The ratio of the cross section of all pairwise combinations of jets to the exclusive dijet cross section as a function of the rapidity <span class="hlt">difference</span> between jets abs(Delta(y)) is measured for the first time up to abs(Delta(y)) = 9.2. Themore » ratio of the cross section for the pair consisting of the most forward and the most backward jet from the inclusive sample to the exclusive dijet cross section is also presented. The predictions of the Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA6 and PYTHIA8 agree with the measurements. In both ratios the HERWIG++ generator exhibits a more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> rise versus abs(Delta(y)) than <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the data. The BFKL-motivated generators CASCADE and HEJ+ARIADNE predict for these ratios a significantly stronger rise than <span class="hlt">observed</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/146513-crop-uptake-extractability-cadmium-soils-naturally-high-metals-different-ph-levels','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/146513-crop-uptake-extractability-cadmium-soils-naturally-high-metals-different-ph-levels"><span>Crop uptake and extractability of cadmium in soils naturally high in metals at <span class="hlt">different</span> pH levels</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Singh, B.R.; Almas, A.; Narwal, R.P.</p> <p>1995-12-01</p> <p>A greenhouse experiment was conducted for three years to study the effect of <span class="hlt">different</span> pH levels on metal concentrations in plants and the cadmium (Cd) extractability by DTPA and NH{sub 4}NO{sub 3}. The soils used were an alum shale (clay loam) and a moraine (loam), which were adjusted to pH levels of 5.5, 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5. Wheat (Triticum aestivum), carrot (Daucus carota L.), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were grown as test crops. Crop yields were not consistently affected at increasing soil pH levels. The concentration of Cd in plant species decreased with increasing soil pH in both soils andmore » in all three years. Significant concentration <span class="hlt">differences</span> between soil pH levels were only seen in wheat and carrot crops. Increasing soil pH also decreased the nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) concentrations in plants in the first year crop but the copper (Cu) concentration was not consistently affected by soil pH. The effect of pH was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in the moraine then the alum shale soil. The DTPA-and NH{sub 4}NO{sub 3}-extractable Cd was decreased with the increasing soil pH and the pH effect was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> with NH{sub 4}NO{sub 3} extractable Cd. Both extractants were found equally effective in relation to the Cd concentration in plants in this study. 33 refs., 2 figs., 7 tabs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29186291','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29186291"><span>Sex <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in the Behavioral Desensitization of Water Intake <span class="hlt">Observed</span> After Repeated Central Injections of Angiotensin II.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Santollo, Jessica; Volcko, K Linnea; Daniels, Derek</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Previous in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate that the angiotensin type 1 receptor rapidly desensitizes after exposure to angiotensin II (AngII). Behaviorally, this likely underlies the reduced drinking <span class="hlt">observed</span> after acute repeated central injections of AngII. To date, this phenomenon has been studied exclusively in male subjects. Because there are sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the dipsogenic potency of AngII, we hypothesized that sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> also exist in desensitization caused by AngII. As expected, when male rats were pretreated with AngII, they drank less water after a test injection of AngII than did rats pretreated with vehicle. Intact cycling female rats, however, drank similar amounts of water after AngII regardless of the pretreatment. To probe the mechanism underlying this sex <span class="hlt">difference</span>, we tested the role of gonadal hormones in adult and developing rats. Gonadectomy in adults did not produce a male-like propensity for desensitization of water intake in female rats, nor did it produce a female-like response in male rats. To test if neonatal brain masculinization generated a male-like responsiveness, female pups were treated at birth with vehicle, testosterone propionate (TP), or dihydrotestosterone (DHT). When tested as adults, TP-treated female rats showed a male-like desensitization after repeated AngII that was not found in vehicle- or DHT-treated rats. Together, these data reveal a striking sex <span class="hlt">difference</span> in the behavioral response to elevated AngII that is mediated by organizational effects of gonadal hormones and provide an example of one of the many ways that sex influences the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Copyright © 2018 Endocrine Society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26773736','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26773736"><span>Esthetic Evaluation of Anterior Single-Tooth Implants with <span class="hlt">Different</span> Abutment Designs-Patients' Satisfaction Compared to Dentists' <span class="hlt">Observations</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Patil, Ratnadeep; Gresnigt, Marco M M; Mahesh, Kavita; Dilbaghi, Anjali; Cune, Marco S</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>To correlate patients' satisfaction and dentists' <span class="hlt">observations</span> regarding two abutment designs used for single crowns in the esthetic zone: a divergent one (control) and a curved one (experimental), with special emphasis on muco-gingival esthetics. Twenty-six patients with nonadjacent missing teeth in the esthetic zone were enrolled in a randomized clinical trial (within-subject comparison). Two implants placed in each were restored using abutments of <span class="hlt">different</span> geometry. Patients' appreciation was assessed on a visual analog scale (VAS) by recording answers to three questions, and dentists' appreciation was determined by means of the Pink Esthetic Score (PES) at T0 (crown cementation, baseline) and at T12 (1 year post-cementation). ANOVA with post hoc analysis was used to identify <span class="hlt">differences</span> between groups and at <span class="hlt">different</span> moments in time. Pearson correlations were calculated between all variables, both at T0 and at T12. No statistically significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> were found at any time between the control and experimental abutment design, either for the PES or for the VAS score. PES slightly improved after 1 year, as did the VAS rating related to functioning with the implant-crown compared to the natural teeth. All PES and VAS scores demonstrated highly significant correlation. Both patient satisfaction and professional appreciation of muco-gingival conditions after single implant treatment in the esthetic zone were high; however, the curved, experimental abutment design performed no better than the conventional, divergent type. Curved abutment design does not significantly impact crown or gingival esthetics as assessed by PES and VAS scored by dentists and patients, respectively. © 2016 by the American College of Prosthodontists.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28509384','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28509384"><span>Individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in personality change across the adult life span.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Schwaba, Ted; Bleidorn, Wiebke</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>A precise and comprehensive description of personality continuity and change across the life span is the bedrock upon which theories of personality development are built. Little research has quantified the degree to which individuals deviate from mean-level developmental trends. In this study, we addressed this gap by examining individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in personality trait change across the life span. Data came from a nationally representative sample of 9,636 Dutch participants who provided Big Five self-reports at five assessment waves across 7 years. We divided our sample into 14 age groups (ages 16-84 at initial measurement) and estimated latent growth curve models to describe individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in personality change across the study period for each trait and age group. Across the adult life span, individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in personality change were small but significant until old age. For Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, and Agreeableness, individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in change were most <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in emerging adulthood and decreased throughout midlife and old age. For Emotional Stability, individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in change were relatively consistent across the life span. These results inform theories of life span development and provide future directions for research on the causes and conditions of personality change. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=african+AND+child&id=EJ953808','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=african+AND+child&id=EJ953808"><span><span class="hlt">Observed</span> Gender <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in African American Mother-Child Relationships and Child Behavior</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Mandara, Jelani; Murray, Carolyn B.; Telesford, James M.; Varner, Fatima A.; Richman, Scott B.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>African American mother-child dyads (N = 99) were <span class="hlt">observed</span> interacting on a collaborative puzzle exercise. Raters blind to the purpose of the study rated the dyads on several mother and child behaviors. Mothers of daughters were rated as more empathetic, encouraging, warm, and accepting and less negative than mothers of sons. Male children were…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017InAgr..31..203L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017InAgr..31..203L"><span>Changes in reflectance anisotropy of wheat crop during <span class="hlt">different</span> phenophases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lunagaria, Manoj M.; Patel, Haridas R.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The canopy structure of wheat changes significantly with growth stages and leads to changes in reflectance anisotropy. Bidirectional reflectance distribution function characterises the reflectance anisotropy of the targets, which can be approximated. Spectrodirectional reflectance measurements on wheat crop were acquired using a field goniometer system. The bidirectional reflectance spectra were acquired at 54 view angles to cover the hemispheric span up to 60° view zenith. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> were made during early growth stages till maturity of the crop. The anisotropy was not constant for all wavelengths and anisotropic factors clearly revealed spectral dependence, which was more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> in near principal plane. In near infrared, wheat canopy expressed less reflectance anisotropy because of higher multiple scattering. The broad hotspot signature was noticeable in reflectance of canopy whenever view and solar angles were close. Distinct changes in bidirectional reflectance distribution function were <span class="hlt">observed</span> during booting to flowering stages as the canopy achieves more uniformity, height and head emergence. The function clearly reveals bowl shape during heading to early milking growth stages of the crop. Late growth stages show less prominent gap and shadow effects. Anisotropy index revealed that wheat exhibits changes in reflectance anisotropy with phenological development and with spectral bands.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014IAUS..310..154M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014IAUS..310..154M"><span>Comparison of <span class="hlt">different</span> methods to compute a preliminary orbit of Space Debris using radar <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ma, Hélène; Gronchi, Giovanni F.</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>We advertise a new method of preliminary orbit determination for space debris using radar <span class="hlt">observations</span>, which we call Infang †. We can perform a linkage of two sets of four <span class="hlt">observations</span> collected at close times. The context is characterized by the accuracy of the range ρ, whereas the right ascension α and the declination δ are much more inaccurate due to <span class="hlt">observational</span> errors. This method can correct α, δ, assuming the exact knowledge of the range ρ. Considering no perturbations from the J 2 effect, but including errors in the <span class="hlt">observations</span>, we can compare the new method, the classical method of Gibbs, and the more recent Keplerian integrals method. The development of Infang is still on-going and will be further improved and tested.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090023544','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090023544"><span>Multi-Layer Arctic Mixed-Phase Clouds Simulated by a Cloud-Resolving Model: Comparison with ARM <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and Sensitivity Experiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Luo, Yali; Xu, Kuan-Man; Morrison, Hugh; McFarquhar, Greg M.; Wang, Zhien; Zhang, Gong</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>A cloud-resolving model (CRM) is used to simulate the multiple-layer mixed-phase stratiform (MPS) clouds that occurred during a three-and-a-half day subperiod of the Department of Energy-Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program s Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE). The CRM is implemented with an advanced two-moment microphysics scheme, a state-of-the-art radiative transfer scheme, and a complicated third-order turbulence closure. Concurrent meteorological, aerosol, and ice nucleus measurements are used to initialize the CRM. The CRM is prescribed by time-varying large-scale advective tendencies of temperature and moisture and surface turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat. The CRM reproduces the occurrences of the single- and double-layer MPS clouds as revealed by the M-PACE <span class="hlt">observations</span>. However, the simulated first cloud layer is lower and the second cloud layer thicker compared to <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The magnitude of the simulated liquid water path agrees with that <span class="hlt">observed</span>, but its temporal variation is more <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> than that <span class="hlt">observed</span>. As in an earlier study of single-layer cloud, the CRM also captures the major characteristics in the vertical distributions and temporal variations of liquid water content (LWC), total ice water content (IWC), droplet number concentration and ice crystal number concentration (nis) as suggested by the aircraft <span class="hlt">observations</span>. However, the simulated mean values <span class="hlt">differ</span> significantly from the <span class="hlt">observed</span>. The magnitude of nis is especially underestimated by one order of magnitude. Sensitivity experiments suggest that the lower cloud layer is closely related to the surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat; the upper cloud layer is probably initialized by the large-scale advective cooling/moistening and maintained through the strong longwave (LW) radiative cooling near the cloud top which enhances the dynamical circulation; artificially turning off all ice-phase microphysical processes results in an increase in LWP by a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995OptL...20..608R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995OptL...20..608R"><span>Polarization-<span class="hlt">difference</span> imaging: a biologically inspired technique for <span class="hlt">observation</span> through scattering media</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rowe, M. P.; Pugh, E. N., Jr.; Tyo, J. S.; Engheta, N.</p> <p>1995-03-01</p> <p>Many animals have visual systems that exploit the polarization of light, and some of these systems are thought to compute <span class="hlt">difference</span> signals in parallel from arrays of photoreceptors optimally tuned to orthogonal polarizations. We hypothesize that such polarization-<span class="hlt">difference</span> systems can improve the visibility of objects in scattering media by serving as common-mode rejection amplifiers that reduce the effects of background scattering and amplify the signal from targets whose polarization-<span class="hlt">difference</span> magnitude is distinct from the background. We present experimental results obtained with a target in a highly scattering medium, demonstrating that a manmade polarization-<span class="hlt">difference</span> system can render readily visible surface features invisible to conventional imaging.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25603129','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25603129"><span>Molecular structure and <span class="hlt">pronounced</span> conformational flexibility of doxorubicin in free and conjugated state within a drug-peptide compound.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tsoneva, Yana; Jonker, Hendrik R A; Wagner, Manfred; Tadjer, Alia; Lelle, Marco; Peneva, Kalina; Ivanova, Anela</p> <p>2015-02-19</p> <p>The search for targeted drug delivery systems requires the design of drug-carrier complexes, which could both reach the malignant cells and preserve the therapeutic substance activity. A promising strategy aimed at enhancing the uptake and reducing the systemic toxicity is to bind covalently the drug to a cell-penetrating peptide. To understand the structure-activity relationship in such preparations, the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin was investigated by unrestrained molecular dynamics simulations, supported by NMR, which yielded its molecular geometry in aqueous environment. Furthermore, the structure and dynamics of a conjugate of the drug with a cell-penetrating peptide was obtained from molecular dynamics simulations in aqueous solution. The geometries of the unbound compounds were characterized at <span class="hlt">different</span> temperatures, as well as the extent to which they change after covalent binding and whether/how they influence each other in the drug-peptide conjugate. The main structural fragments that affect the conformational ensemble of every molecule were found. The results show that the transitions between <span class="hlt">different</span> substructures of the three compounds require a modest amount of energy. At increased temperature, either more conformations become populated as a result of the thermal fluctuations or the relative shares of the various conformers equalize at the nanosecond scale. These frequent structural interconversions suggest expressed conformational freedom of the molecules. Conjugation into the drug-peptide compound partially immobilizes the molecules of the parent compounds. Nevertheless, flexibility still exists, as well as an effective intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding that stabilizes the structures. We <span class="hlt">observe</span> compact packing of the drug within the peptide that is also based on stacking interactions. All this outlines the drug-peptide conjugate as a prospective building block of a more complex drug-carrier system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AdSpR..54..818C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AdSpR..54..818C"><span>An analysis on combined GPS/COMPASS data quality and its effect on single point positioning accuracy under <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observing</span> conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cai, Changsheng; Gao, Yang; Pan, Lin; Dai, Wujiao</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>With the rapid development of the COMPASS system, it is currently capable of providing regional navigation services. In order to test its data quality and performance for single point positioning (SPP), experiments have been conducted under <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observing</span> conditions including open sky, under trees, nearby a glass wall, nearby a large area of water, under high-voltage lines and under a signal transmitting tower. To assess the COMPASS data quality, the code multipath, cycle slip occurrence rate and data availability were analyzed and compared to GPS data. The datasets obtained from the experiments have also been utilized to perform combined GPS/COMPASS SPP on an epoch-by-epoch basis using unsmoothed single-frequency code <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The investigation on the regional navigation performance aims at low-accuracy applications and all tests are made in Changsha, China, using the “SOUTH S82-C” GPS/COMPASS receivers. The results show that adding COMPASS <span class="hlt">observations</span> can significantly improve the positioning accuracy of single-frequency GPS-only SPP in environments with limited satellite visibility. Since the COMPASS system is still in an initial operational stage, all results are obtained based on a fairly limited amount of data.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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