Sample records for observed regional differences

  1. What controls the seasonal cycle of columnar methane observed by GOSAT over different regions in India?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chandra, Naveen; Hayashida, Sachiko; Saeki, Tazu; Patra, Prabir K.

    2017-10-01

    Methane (CH4) is one of the most important short-lived climate forcers for its critical roles in greenhouse warming and air pollution chemistry in the troposphere, and the water vapor budget in the stratosphere. It is estimated that up to about 8 % of global CH4 emissions occur from South Asia, covering less than 1 % of the global land. With the availability of satellite observations from space, variability in CH4 has been captured for most parts of the global land with major emissions, which were otherwise not covered by the surface observation network. The satellite observation of the columnar dry-air mole fractions of methane (XCH4) is an integrated measure of CH4 densities at all altitudes from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. Here, we present an analysis of XCH4 variability over different parts of India and the surrounding cleaner oceanic regions as measured by the Greenhouse gases Observation SATellite (GOSAT) and simulated by an atmospheric chemistry-transport model (ACTM). Distinct seasonal variations of XCH4 have been observed over the northern (north of 15° N) and southern (south of 15° N) parts of India, corresponding to the peak during the southwestern monsoon (July-September) and early autumn (October-December) seasons, respectively. Analysis of the transport, emission, and chemistry contributions to XCH4 using ACTM suggests that a distinct XCH4 seasonal cycle over northern and southern regions of India is governed by both the heterogeneous distributions of surface emissions and a contribution of the partial CH4 column in the upper troposphere. Over most of the northern Indian Gangetic Plain regions, up to 40 % of the peak-to-trough amplitude during the southwestern (SW) monsoon season is attributed to the lower troposphere ( ˜ 1000-600 hPa), and ˜ 40 % to uplifted high-CH4 air masses in the upper troposphere ( ˜ 600-200 hPa). In contrast, the XCH4 seasonal enhancement over semi-arid western India is attributed mainly ( ˜ 70 %) to the

  2. Regional Differences in Tropical Lightning Distributions.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Boccippio, Dennis J.; Goodman, Steven J.; Heckman, Stan

    2000-12-01

    Observations from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Optical Transient Detector (OTD) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)-based Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) are analyzed for variability between land and ocean, various geographic regions, and different (objectively defined) convective `regimes.' The bulk of the order-of-magnitude differences between land and ocean regional flash rates are accounted for by differences in storm spacing (density) and/or frequency of occurrence, rather than differences in storm instantaneous flash rates, which only vary by a factor of 2 on average. Regional variability in cell density and cell flash rates closely tracks differences in 85-GHz microwave brightness temperatures. Monotonic relationships are found with the gross moist stability of the tropical atmosphere, a large-scale `adjusted state' parameter. This result strongly suggests that it will be possible, using TRMM observations, to objectively test numerical or theoretical predictions of how mesoscale convective organization interacts with the larger-scale environment. Further parameters are suggested for a complete objective definition of tropical convective regimes.

  3. Active region upflows. I. Multi-instrument observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vanninathan, K.; Madjarska, M. S.; Galsgaard, K.; Huang, Z.; Doyle, J. G.

    2015-12-01

    responsible for the formation of the upflow region. High cadence Hα observations are used to study the chromosphere at the footpoints of the upflow region. We find no significant jet-like (spicule/rapid blue excursion) activity to account for several hours/days of plasma upflow. The jet-like activity in this region is not continuous and blueward asymmetries are a bare minimum. Using an image enhancement technique for imaging and spectral data, we show that the coronal structures seen in the AIA 193 Å channel are comparable to the EIS Fe xii images, while images in the AIA 171 Å channel reveal additional loops that are a result of contribution from cooler emission to this channel. Conclusions: Our results suggest that at chromospheric heights there are no signatures that support the possible contribution of spicules to active region upflows. We suggest that magnetic flux diffusion is responsible for the formation of the coronal upflows. The existence of two velocity components possibly indicates the presence of two different flows, which are produced by two different physical mechanisms, e.g. magnetic reconnection and pressure-driven jets. Movies associated to Figs. A.1-A.3 are available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org

  4. Regionalizing Africa: Patterns of Precipitation Variability in Observations and Global Climate Models

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Badr, Hamada S.; Dezfuli, Amin K.; Zaitchik, Benjamin F.; Peters-Lidard, Christa D.

    2016-01-01

    Many studies have documented dramatic climatic and environmental changes that have affected Africa over different time scales. These studies often raise questions regarding the spatial extent and regional connectivity of changes inferred from observations and proxies and/or derived from climate models. Objective regionalization offers a tool for addressing these questions. To demonstrate this potential, applications of hierarchical climate regionalizations of Africa using observations and GCM historical simulations and future projections are presented. First, Africa is regionalized based on interannual precipitation variability using Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) data for the period 19812014. A number of data processing techniques and clustering algorithms are tested to ensure a robust definition of climate regions. These regionalization results highlight the seasonal and even month-to-month specificity of regional climate associations across the continent, emphasizing the need to consider time of year as well as research question when defining a coherent region for climate analysis. CHIRPS regions are then compared to those of five GCMs for the historic period, with a focus on boreal summer. Results show that some GCMs capture the climatic coherence of the Sahel and associated teleconnections in a manner that is similar to observations, while other models break the Sahel into uncorrelated subregions or produce a Sahel-like region of variability that is spatially displaced from observations. Finally, shifts in climate regions under projected twenty-first-century climate change for different GCMs and emissions pathways are examined. A projected change is found in the coherence of the Sahel, in which the western and eastern Sahel become distinct regions with different teleconnections. This pattern is most pronounced in high-emissions scenarios.

  5. Enhancing Earth Observation Capacity in the Himalayan Region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shrestha, B. R.

    2012-12-01

    Earth observations bear special significance in the Himalayan Region owing to the fact that routine data collections are often hampered by highly inaccessible terrain and harsh climatic conditions. The ongoing rapid environmental changes have further emphasized its relevance and use for informed decision-making. The International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), with a regional mandate is promoting the use of earth observations in line with the GEOSS societal benefit areas. ICIMOD has a proven track record to utilize earth observations notably in the areas of understanding glaciers and snow dynamics, disaster risk preparedness and emergency response, carbon estimation for community forestry user groups, land cover change assessment, agriculture monitoring and food security analysis among others. This paper presents the challenges and lessons learned as a part of capacity building of ICIMOD to utilize earth observations with the primary objectives to empower its member countries and foster regional cooperation. As a part of capacity building, ICIMOD continues to make its efforts to augment as a regional resource center on earth observation and geospatial applications for sustainable mountain development. Capacity building possesses multitude of challenges in the region: the complex geo-political reality with differentiated capacities of member states, poorer institutional and technical infrastructure; addressing the needs for multiple user and target groups; integration with different thematic disciplines; and high resources intensity and sustainability. A capacity building framework was developed based on detailed needs assessment with a regional approach and strategy to enhance capability of ICIMOD and its network of national partners. A specialized one-week training course and curriculum have been designed for different thematic areas to impart knowledge and skills that include development practitioners, professionals, researchers and

  6. Observational Evidence of Magnetic Reconnection for Brightenings and Transition Region Arcades in IRIS Observations

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zhao, Jie; Li, Hui; Feng, Li

    By using a new method of forced-field extrapolation, we study the emerging flux region AR11850 observed by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph and Solar Dynamical Observatory . Our results suggest that the bright points (BPs) in this emerging region exhibit responses in lines formed from the upper photosphere to the transition region, which have relatively similar morphologies. They have an oscillation of several minutes according to the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly data at 1600 and 1700 Å. The ratio between the BP intensities measured in 1600 and 1700 Å filtergrams reveals that these BPs are heated differently. Our analysis of themore » Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager vector magnetic field and the corresponding topology in AR11850 indicates that the BPs are located at the polarity inversion line and most of them are related to magnetic reconnection or cancelation. The heating of the BPs might be different due to different magnetic topology. We find that the heating due to the magnetic cancelation would be stronger than the case of bald patch reconnection. The plasma density rather than the magnetic field strength could play a dominant role in this process. Based on physical conditions in the lower atmosphere, our forced-field extrapolation shows consistent results between the bright arcades visible in slit-jaw image 1400 Å and the extrapolated field lines that pass through the bald patches. It provides reliable observational evidence for testing the mechanism of magnetic reconnection for the BPs and arcades in the emerging flux region, as proposed in simulation studies.« less

  7. Regional Air Pollutions in Three Different Regions of Asia From a Transcontinental Transport Perspective

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pochanart, P.; Kanaya, Y.; Komazaki, Y.; Liu, Y.; Akimoto, H.

    2007-12-01

    Asia is known as one of the regions with the fastest rate of growing in industrialization and urbanization. As a result, the rapid increases of large-scale air pollution in Asia emerge as a serious concern at both domestic and international levels. Apart from the problems of air quality degradation, emission control, environmental risk, and health effect in a domestic level, evidences from scientific studies indicate that by the long-range transport, Asian air pollution is becoming a global problem. Observations and model studies confirm that air pollution from Asia could be transported to North America or farther. In this work, we investigate the Asian air pollutions, in particular ozone and some other atmospheric components such as carbon monoxide and black carbon, from the ground- based observations in the three different regions, namely 1) background region of Siberia and central Asia, 2) highly anthropogenic region in eastern China, and 3) the rim region of the Asia-Pacific. In a transcontinental transport perspective, these regions are regarded as the inflow region, source region, and outflow region of Asia, respectively. From the results, it is found that the influences from large-scale emission in East Asia are observed clearly in the source region, and to the significant extent in the outflow region. For the inflow region of Asia, our data in Siberia and Kyrgyzstan indicate that air masses in this region are mostly intact from large-scale anthropogenic emission, and remain much of the global background atmospheric pollution characteristic. When the air masses are transported to source region, the air pollutants level increased sharply and frequent episodes of extremely high pollutions have been observed. Our results show good correlation between the residence time of air masses over the source region in eastern China and the observed levels of air pollutants verifying the strong enhancements by anthropogenic emissions from industrialization and

  8. Active Region Moss: Doppler Shifts from Hinode/EIS Observations

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Tripathi, Durgesh; Mason, Helen E.; Klimchuk, James A.

    2012-01-01

    Studying the Doppler shifts and the temperature dependence of Doppler shifts in moss regions can help us understand the heating processes in the core of the active regions. In this paper we have used an active region observation recorded by the Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) onboard Hinode on 12-Dec- 2007 to measure the Doppler shifts in the moss regions. We have distinguished the moss regions from the rest of the active region by defining a low density cut-off as derived by Tripathi et al. (2010). We have carried out a very careful analysis of the EIS wavelength calibration based on the method described in Young, O Dwyer and Mason (2012). For spectral lines having maximum sensitivity between log T = 5.85 and log T = 6.25 K, we find that the velocity distribution peaks at around 0 km/s with an estimated error of 4 km/s. The width of the distribution decreases with temperature. The mean of the distribution shows a blue shift which increases with increasing temperature and the distribution also shows asymmetries towards blue-shift. Comparing these results with observables predicted from different coronal heating models, we find that these results are consistent with both steady and impulsive heating scenarios. Further observational constraints are needed to distinguish between these two heating scenarios.

  9. A study on bulk and skin temperature difference using observations from Atlantic and Pacific Coastal regions of United States

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Alappattu, Denny P.; Wang, Qing; Yamaguchi, Ryan; Lind, Richard; Reynolds, Mike; Christman, Adam

    2017-05-01

    Analysis of bulk-skin sea surface temperature (SST) difference form the west and east coasts of United States is presented using the data collected from three field experiments. These experiments were conducted at offshore Duck, North Carolina and in the Monterey Bay of the California coastal region. Bulk SST measurements were made using conventional thermistors from a depth of one meter below the sea level. Infrared radiometers were used to measure the surface skin SST. Depending on measurement depth and prevailing conditions, the bulk SST can differ from skin SST by few tenths of a degree to O(1°C). Difference between bulk and skin SST arise from cools skin and warm layer effects. Bulk-skin SST difference (ΔSST) estimated from east coast observations varied from -0.46°C to 1.24°C. Here, the bulk SST was higher than skin SST most of the time during the observations. This indicates cool skin effect was the dominant factor determining the ΔSST in the east coast. For wind speeds less than 4 m s-1, we also noticed an increase in ΔSST. Additionally, for low winds (<4 m s-1) ΔSST also varied diurnally with the occurrence of generally higher ΔSST in the nighttime in comparison with daytime. Moreover, increase in downwelling longwave radiation reduced the bulk-skin SST difference. ΔSST calculated from the observation in the Monterey bay varied between 2.3° and -2.3°C. This was higher than the variability ΔSST observed at the east coast. Moreover, ΔSST variability observed at west coast was independent of wind speed.

  10. Millimeter wavelength observations of solar active regions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kundu, M. R.

    1973-01-01

    Polarization properties of active regions at 9 mm are discussed, and the observed degree of polarization is used to obtain an estimate of chromospheric magnetic fields. Also discussed is the polarization structure at 9 mm of an active region that produced a minor flare around 1900 UT on September 28, 1971. Total power observations indicate that new regions develop, or weak regions intensify at millimeter wavelengths as a result of bursts at distant sites. The spectra of the peak flux density of moderately strong bursts observed at 9 mm show a sharp drop toward the shorter millimeter wavelengths. The weak bursts at 3.5 mm are manifest mainly as heating phenomena.

  11. Different Regions, Diverse Classrooms? a Study of Primary Classrooms in China

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McNaught, Carmel; Lok, Beatrice; Yin, Hongbiao; Lee, John Chi-Kin; Song, Huan

    2014-01-01

    Classroom experience is shaped by a number of factors. In this paper, we report a classroom observation study in China, illustrating regional variation in students' classroom learning experiences. Through comparing and contrasting observed classroom practices in three different regions in China (Chongqing, Hong Kong and Shanghai), the paper…

  12. Regional differences in time to pregnancy among fertile women from five Colombian regions with different use of glyphosate.

    PubMed

    Sanin, Luz-Helena; Carrasquilla, Gabriel; Solomon, Keith R; Cole, Donald C; Marshall, E J P

    2009-01-01

    The objective of this study was to test whether there was an association between the use of glyphosate when applied by aerial spray for the eradication of illicit crops (cocaine and poppy) and time to pregnancy (TTP) among fertile women. A retrospective cohort study (with an ecological exposure index) of first pregnancies was undertaken in 2592 fertile Colombian women from 5 regions with different uses of glyphosate. Women were interviewed regarding potential reproductive, lifestyle, and work history predictors of TTP, which was measured in months. Fecundability odds ratios (fOR) were estimated using a discrete time analogue of Cox's proportional hazard model. There were differences in TTP between regions. In the final multivariate model, the main predictor was the region adjusted by irregular relationship with partner, maternal age at first pregnancy, and, marginally, coffee consumption and self-perception of water pollution. Boyaca, a region with traditional crops and. recently, illicit crops without glyphosate eradication spraying (manual eradication), displayed minimal risk and was the reference region. Other regions, including Sierra Nevada (control area, organic agriculture), Putumayo and Narino (illicit crops and intensive eradication spray program), and Valle del Cauca, demonstrated greater risk of longer TTP, with the highest risk for Valle del Cauca (fOR 0.15, 95% CI 0.12, 0.18), a sugar-cane region with a history of use of glyphosate and others chemicals for more than 30 yr. The reduced fecundability in some regions was not associated with the use of glyphosate for eradication spraying. The observed ecological differences remain unexplained and may be produced by varying exposures to environmental factors, history of contraceptive programs in the region, or psychological distress. Future studies examining these or other possible causes are needed.

  13. A Gigantic Jet Observed Over an Mesoscale Convective System in Midlatitude Region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yang, Jing; Sato, Mitsuteru; Liu, Ningyu; Lu, Gaopeng; Wang, Yu; Wang, Zhichao

    2018-01-01

    Gigantic jets (GJs) are mostly observed over summer tropical or tropical-like thunderstorms. This study reports observation of a GJ over a mesoscale convective system (MCS) in the midlatitude region in eastern China. The GJ is observed over a relatively weak radar reflectivity region ahead of the leading line, and the maximum radar echo top along the GJ azimuth was lower than the tropopause in the same region, significantly different from past studies that indicate summer GJs are usually associated with convective surges or overshooting tops. Also different from most of previous observations showing GJ-producing summer thunderstorms only produced GJ type of transient luminous events during their life cycles, two sprites were also captured in a time window of 15 min containing the GJ, indicating that the MCS provides favorable conditions not only for the GJ but also for the sprites. The balloon-borne soundings of the MCS show that there were large wind shears in the middle and upper levels of the thundercloud, which may have played important roles for the GJ production.

  14. Gender and regional differences in perceived job stress across Europe.

    PubMed

    de Smet, P; Sans, S; Dramaix, M; Boulenguez, C; de Backer, G; Ferrario, M; Cesana, G; Houtman, I; Isacsson, S O; Kittel, F; Ostergren, P O; Peres, I; Pelfrene, E; Romon, M; Rosengren, A; Wilhelmsen, L; Kornitzer, M

    2005-10-01

    Over the last 20 years stress at work has been found to be predictive of several conditions such as coronary heart disease, high blood pressure and non-specific sick leave. The Karasek demand/control/strain concept has been the most widely used in prospective epidemiological studies. To describe distribution in Karasek's demand/control (DC) dimensions as well as prevalence of strain in samples from different parts of Europe grouped into three regions (South, Middle, Sweden), adjusting for occupation. To describe gender differences in Karasek's DC dimensions along with strain prevalence and assess the regional stability of those differences in different occupational groups. The Job stress, Absenteeism and Coronary heart disease in Europe (JACE) study, a Concerted Action (Biomed I) of the European Union, is a multicentre prospective cohort epidemiological study: 38,019 subjects at work aged 35-59 years were surveyed at baseline. Standardised techniques were used for occupation coding (International Standardised Classification of Occupations) and for the DC model (Karasek scale): five items for the psychological demand and nine items for the control or decision latitude dimensions, respectively. A total of 34,972 subjects had a complete data set. There were important regional differences in the Karasek scales and in prevalence of strain even after adjustment for occupational class. Mean demand and control were higher in the Swedish centres when compared to two centres in Milano and Barcelona (Southern region) and values observed in four centres (Ghent, Brussels, Lille and Hoofddorp) in Middle Europe were closer to those observed in the Southern cities than to those obtained in the Swedish cities. Clerks (ISCO 4) and, more specifically, office clerks (ISCO 41) exhibited the smallest regional variation. In a multivariate model, the factor 'region' explained a small fraction of total variance. In the two Southern centres as well as in the four Middle European centres

  15. Evaluation of Observation-Fused Regional Air Quality Model Results for Population Air Pollution Exposure Estimation

    PubMed Central

    Chen, Gang; Li, Jingyi; Ying, Qi; Sherman, Seth; Perkins, Neil; Rajeshwari, Sundaram; Mendola, Pauline

    2014-01-01

    In this study, Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was applied to predict ambient gaseous and particulate concentrations during 2001 to 2010 in 15 hospital referral regions (HRRs) using a 36-km horizontal resolution domain. An inverse distance weighting based method was applied to produce exposure estimates based on observation-fused regional pollutant concentration fields using the differences between observations and predictions at grid cells where air quality monitors were located. Although the raw CMAQ model is capable of producing satisfying results for O3 and PM2.5 based on EPA guidelines, using the observation data fusing technique to correct CMAQ predictions leads to significant improvement of model performance for all gaseous and particulate pollutants. Regional average concentrations were calculated using five different methods: 1) inverse distance weighting of observation data alone, 2) raw CMAQ results, 3) observation-fused CMAQ results, 4) population-averaged raw CMAQ results and 5) population-averaged fused CMAQ results. It shows that while O3 (as well as NOx) monitoring networks in the HRR regions are dense enough to provide consistent regional average exposure estimation based on monitoring data alone, PM2.5 observation sites (as well as monitors for CO, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5 components) are usually sparse and the difference between the average concentrations estimated by the inverse distance interpolated observations, raw CMAQ and fused CMAQ results can be significantly different. Population-weighted average should be used to account spatial variation in pollutant concentration and population density. Using raw CMAQ results or observations alone might lead to significant biases in health outcome analyses. PMID:24747248

  16. Cool Transition Region Loops Observed by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Huang, Zhenghua; Xia, Lidong; Li, Bo; Madjarska, Maria S.

    2015-09-01

    We report on the first Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) study of cool transition region loops, a class of loops that has received little attention in the literature. A cluster of such loops was observed on the solar disk in active region NOAA11934, in the Si iv 1402.8 Å spectral raster and 1400 Å slit-jaw images. We divide the loops into three groups and study their dynamics. The first group comprises relatively stable loops, with 382-626 km cross-sections. Observed Doppler velocities are suggestive of siphon flows, gradually changing from -10 km s-1 at one end to 20 km s-1 at the other end of the loops. Nonthermal velocities of 15 ˜ 25 km s-1 were determined. Magnetic cancellation with a rate of 1015 Mx s-1 is found at the blueshifted footpoints. These physical properties suggest that these loops are impulsively heated by magnetic reconnection, and the siphon flows play an important role in the energy redistribution. The second group corresponds to two footpoints rooted in mixed-magnetic-polarity regions, where magnetic cancellation with a rate of 1015 Mx s-1 and explosive-event line profiles with enhanced wings of up to 200 km s-1 were observed. In the third group, interaction between two cool loop systems is observed. Evidence for magnetic reconnection between the two loop systems is reflected in the explosive-event line profiles and magnetic cancellation with a rate of 3× {10}15 Mx s-1 observed in the corresponding area. The IRIS has provided opportunity for in-depth investigations of cool transition region loops. Further numerical experiments are crucial for understanding their physics and their roles in the coronal heating processes.

  17. Impacts of uncertainties in European gridded precipitation observations on regional climate analysis.

    PubMed

    Prein, Andreas F; Gobiet, Andreas

    2017-01-01

    Gridded precipitation data sets are frequently used to evaluate climate models or to remove model output biases. Although precipitation data are error prone due to the high spatio-temporal variability of precipitation and due to considerable measurement errors, relatively few attempts have been made to account for observational uncertainty in model evaluation or in bias correction studies. In this study, we compare three types of European daily data sets featuring two Pan-European data sets and a set that combines eight very high-resolution station-based regional data sets. Furthermore, we investigate seven widely used, larger scale global data sets. Our results demonstrate that the differences between these data sets have the same magnitude as precipitation errors found in regional climate models. Therefore, including observational uncertainties is essential for climate studies, climate model evaluation, and statistical post-processing. Following our results, we suggest the following guidelines for regional precipitation assessments. (1) Include multiple observational data sets from different sources (e.g. station, satellite, reanalysis based) to estimate observational uncertainties. (2) Use data sets with high station densities to minimize the effect of precipitation undersampling (may induce about 60% error in data sparse regions). The information content of a gridded data set is mainly related to its underlying station density and not to its grid spacing. (3) Consider undercatch errors of up to 80% in high latitudes and mountainous regions. (4) Analyses of small-scale features and extremes are especially uncertain in gridded data sets. For higher confidence, use climate-mean and larger scale statistics. In conclusion, neglecting observational uncertainties potentially misguides climate model development and can severely affect the results of climate change impact assessments.

  18. Impacts of uncertainties in European gridded precipitation observations on regional climate analysis

    PubMed Central

    Gobiet, Andreas

    2016-01-01

    ABSTRACT Gridded precipitation data sets are frequently used to evaluate climate models or to remove model output biases. Although precipitation data are error prone due to the high spatio‐temporal variability of precipitation and due to considerable measurement errors, relatively few attempts have been made to account for observational uncertainty in model evaluation or in bias correction studies. In this study, we compare three types of European daily data sets featuring two Pan‐European data sets and a set that combines eight very high‐resolution station‐based regional data sets. Furthermore, we investigate seven widely used, larger scale global data sets. Our results demonstrate that the differences between these data sets have the same magnitude as precipitation errors found in regional climate models. Therefore, including observational uncertainties is essential for climate studies, climate model evaluation, and statistical post‐processing. Following our results, we suggest the following guidelines for regional precipitation assessments. (1) Include multiple observational data sets from different sources (e.g. station, satellite, reanalysis based) to estimate observational uncertainties. (2) Use data sets with high station densities to minimize the effect of precipitation undersampling (may induce about 60% error in data sparse regions). The information content of a gridded data set is mainly related to its underlying station density and not to its grid spacing. (3) Consider undercatch errors of up to 80% in high latitudes and mountainous regions. (4) Analyses of small‐scale features and extremes are especially uncertain in gridded data sets. For higher confidence, use climate‐mean and larger scale statistics. In conclusion, neglecting observational uncertainties potentially misguides climate model development and can severely affect the results of climate change impact assessments. PMID:28111497

  19. Observational uncertainty and regional climate model evaluation: A pan-European perspective

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kotlarski, Sven; Szabó, Péter; Herrera, Sixto; Räty, Olle; Keuler, Klaus; Soares, Pedro M.; Cardoso, Rita M.; Bosshard, Thomas; Pagé, Christian; Boberg, Fredrik; Gutiérrez, José M.; Jaczewski, Adam; Kreienkamp, Frank; Liniger, Mark. A.; Lussana, Cristian; Szepszo, Gabriella

    2017-04-01

    Local and regional climate change assessments based on downscaling methods crucially depend on the existence of accurate and reliable observational reference data. In dynamical downscaling via regional climate models (RCMs) observational data can influence model development itself and, later on, model evaluation, parameter calibration and added value assessment. In empirical-statistical downscaling, observations serve as predictand data and directly influence model calibration with corresponding effects on downscaled climate change projections. Focusing on the evaluation of RCMs, we here analyze the influence of uncertainties in observational reference data on evaluation results in a well-defined performance assessment framework and on a European scale. For this purpose we employ three different gridded observational reference grids, namely (1) the well-established EOBS dataset (2) the recently developed EURO4M-MESAN regional re-analysis, and (3) several national high-resolution and quality-controlled gridded datasets that recently became available. In terms of climate models five reanalysis-driven experiments carried out by five different RCMs within the EURO-CORDEX framework are used. Two variables (temperature and precipitation) and a range of evaluation metrics that reflect different aspects of RCM performance are considered. We furthermore include an illustrative model ranking exercise and relate observational spread to RCM spread. The results obtained indicate a varying influence of observational uncertainty on model evaluation depending on the variable, the season, the region and the specific performance metric considered. Over most parts of the continent, the influence of the choice of the reference dataset for temperature is rather small for seasonal mean values and inter-annual variability. Here, model uncertainty (as measured by the spread between the five RCM simulations considered) is typically much larger than reference data uncertainty. For

  20. Estimation of Regional Carbon Balance from Atmospheric Observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Denning, S.; Uliasz, M.; Skidmore, J.

    2002-12-01

    Variations in the concentration of CO2 and other trace gases in time and space contain information about sources and sinks at regional scales. Several methods have been developed to quantitatively extract this information from atmospheric measurements. Mass-balance techniques depend on the ability to repeatedly sample the same mass of air, which involves careful attention to airmass trajectories. Inverse and adjoint techniques rely on decomposition of the source field into quasi-independent "basis functions" that are propagated through transport models and then used to synthesize optimal linear combinations that best match observations. A recently proposed method for regional flux estimation from continuous measurements at tall towers relies on time-mean vertical gradients, and requires careful trajectory analysis to map the estimates onto regional ecosystems. Each of these techniques is likely to be applied to measurements made during the North American Carbon Program. We have also explored the use of Bayesian synthesis inversion at regional scales, using a Lagrangian particle dispersion model driven by mesoscale transport fields. Influence functions were calculated for each hypothetical observation in a realistic diurnally-varying flow. These influence functions were then treated as basis functions for the purpose of separate inversions for daytime photosynthesis and 24-hour mean ecosystem respiration. Our results highlight the importance of estimating CO2 fluxes through the lateral boundaries of the model. Respiration fluxes were well constrained by one or two hypothetical towers, regardless of inflow fluxes. Time-varying assimilation fluxes were less well constrained, and much more dependent on knowledge of inflow fluxes. The small net difference between respiration and photosynthesis was the most difficult to determine, being extremely sensitive to knowledge of inflow fluxes. Finally, we explored the feasibility of directly incorporating mid-day concentration

  1. Hard X-ray observations of the region from the galactic center to Centaurus

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Guo, D. D.; Webber, W. R.; Damle, S. V.

    1974-01-01

    A balloon flight from Parana, Argentina, was conducted to observe emissions from discrete or extended sources in the southern sky. The sources observed include GX 304-1, Nor X-2, GX 340+0, GX 354-5, a possibly composite source near the galactic center, and the nova-like source (2U1543-47) in the Lupus-Norma region which has been reported previously only in satellite observations. Data concerning the possibility of line emission near 0.5 MeV from different regions of the southern sky are also presented.

  2. Stochastic rainfall synthesis for urban applications using different regionalization methods

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Callau Poduje, A. C.; Leimbach, S.; Haberlandt, U.

    2017-12-01

    The proper design and efficient operation of urban drainage systems require long and continuous rainfall series in a high temporal resolution. Unfortunately, these time series are usually available in a few locations and it is therefore suitable to develop a stochastic precipitation model to generate rainfall in locations without observations. The model presented is based on an alternating renewal process and involves an external and an internal structure. The members of these structures are described by probability distributions which are site specific. Different regionalization methods based on site descriptors are presented which are used for estimating the distributions for locations without observations. Regional frequency analysis, multiple linear regressions and a vine-copula method are applied for this purpose. An area located in the north-west of Germany is used to compare the different methods and involves a total of 81 stations with 5 min rainfall records. The site descriptors include information available for the whole region: position, topography and hydrometeorologic characteristics which are estimated from long term observations. The methods are compared directly by cross validation of different rainfall statistics. Given that the model is stochastic the evaluation is performed based on ensembles of many long synthetic time series which are compared with observed ones. The performance is as well indirectly evaluated by setting up a fictional urban hydrological system to test the capability of the different methods regarding flooding and overflow characteristics. The results show a good representation of the seasonal variability and good performance in reproducing the sample statistics of the rainfall characteristics. The copula based method shows to be the most robust of the three methods. Advantages and disadvantages of the different methods are presented and discussed.

  3. Climate Outreach Using Regional Coastal Ocean Observing System Portals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Anderson, D. M.; Hernandez, D. L.; Wakely, A.; Bochenek, R. J.; Bickel, A.

    2015-12-01

    Coastal oceans are dynamic, changing environments affected by processes ranging from seconds to millennia. On the east and west coast of the U.S., regional observing systems have deployed and sustained a remarkable diverse array of observing tools and sensors. Data portals visualize and provide access to real-time sensor networks. Portals have emerged as an interactive tool for educators to help students explore and understand climate. Bringing data portals to outreach events, into classrooms, and onto tablets and smartphones enables educators to address topics and phenomena happening right now. For example at the 2015 Charleston Science Technology Engineering and Math (STEM) Festival, visitors navigated the SECOORA (Southeast Coastal Ocean Observing regional Association) data portal to view the real-time marine meteorological conditions off South Carolina. Map-based entry points provide an intuitive interface for most students, an array of time series and other visualizations depict many of the essential principles of climate science manifest in the coastal zone, and data down-load/ extract options provide access to the data and documentation for further inquiry by advanced users. Beyond the exposition of climate principles, the portal experience reveals remarkable technologies in action and shows how the observing system is enabled by the activity of many different partners.

  4. Chromosphere Active Region Plasma Diagnostics Based On Observations Of Millimeter Radiation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Loukitcheva, M.; Nagnibeda, V.

    1999-10-01

    In this paper we present the results of millimeter radiation calculations for different elements of chromospheric and transition region structures of the quiet Sun and S-component - elements of chromosphere network, sunspot groups and plages. The calculations were done on the basis of standard optical and UV models ( models by Vernazza et al. (1981,VAL), their modifications by Fontenla et al. (1993,FAL)). We also considered the sunspot model by Lites and Skumanich (1982,LS), S-component model by Staude et al.(1984) and modification of VAL and FAL models by Bocchialini and Vial - models NET and CELL. We compare these model calculations with observed characteristics of components of millimeter Solar radiation for the quiet Sun and S-component obtained with the radiotelescope RT-7.5 MGTU (wavelength 3.4 mm) and radioheliograph Nobeyama (wavelength 17.6 mm). From observations we derived spectral characteristics of millimeter sources and active region source structure. The comparison has shown that observed radio data are clearly in dissagrement with all the considered models. Finally, we propose further improvement of chromospheric and transition region models based on optical and UV observations in order to use for modelling information obtained from radio data.

  5. ISO Mid-Infrared Observations of Giant HII Regions in M33

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Skelton, B. P.; Waller, W. H.; Hodge, P. W.; Boulanger, F.; Cornett, R. H.; Fanelli, M. N.; Lequeux, J.; Stecher, T. P.; Viallefond, F.; Hui, Y.

    1999-01-01

    We present Infrared Space Observatory Camera (ISOCAM) Circular Variable Filter scans of three giant HII regions in M33. IC 133, NGC 595, and CC 93 span a wide range of metallicity, luminosity, nebular excitation, and infrared excess; three other emission regions (CC 43, CC 99, and a region to the northeast of the core of NGC 595) are luminous enough in the mid-infrared to be detected in the observed fields. ISOCAM CVF observations provide spatially resolved observations (5'') of 151 wavelengths between 5.1 and 16.5 microns with a spectral resolution R = 35 to 50. We observe atomic emission lines ([Ne II], [Ne III], and [S IV]), several "unidentified infrared bands" (UIBs; 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.3, 12.0, and 12.7 microns), and in some cases a continuum which rises steeply at longer wavelengths. We conclude that the spectra of these three GHRs are well explained by combinations of ionized gas, PAHs, and very small grains in various proportions and with different spatial distributions. Comparisons between observed ratios of the various UIBs with model ratios indicate that the PAHs in all three of the GHRs are dehydrogenated and that the small PAHs have been destroyed in IC 133 but have survived in NGC 595 and CC 93. The [Ne III]/[Ne II] ratios observed in IC 133 and NGC 595 are consistent with their ages of 5 and 4.5 Myr, respectively; the deduced ionization parameter is higher in IC 133, consistent with its more compact region of emission.

  6. Regional Difference of Causative Pollen in Children with Allergic Rhinitis.

    PubMed

    Sung, Myongsoon; Kim, Sung Won; Kim, Jeong Hee; Lim, Dae Hyun

    2017-06-01

    The aim of this study was to investigate role of common pollen in Korean school-aged children with allergic rhinitis (AR) in 5 provinces (Incheon Metropolitan City-Gyeonggi Province, Chungcheongbuk-do, Gwangju Metropolitan City, Busan Metropolitan City, and Jeju Special Self-Governing Province), using a questionnaire and skin prick test, and to assess the differences among the residential regions. Among the enrolled 14,678 total children, 1,641 (22.0%) had AR. The sensitization rate to pollen (38.7%) was the second highest among examined allergens and significant differences were in the sensitization rates to trees, weeds, and grasses among the 5 provinces (P < 0.05). The sensitization to trees (25.2%) was the highest common among the pollen types and significant differences also were observed in the sensitization rates to alder, birch, Japanese cedar, oak, and elm among the 5 provinces. The sensitization rate to weeds (19.9%) was the second highest and significant differences were observed in the sensitization rate to Japanese hop, mugwort, and ragweed among the 5 provinces. The sensitization rate to house dust mite was 86.8%, the highest among examined allergens and that to Dermatophagoides farinae exhibited regional differences (P = 0.003) but not to D. farinae (P = 0.584). The sensitization rate to mold (13.5%) was the highest in Jeju and lowest in Busan, and a statistically significant difference was detected among the 5 provinces. These results support that examined pollen allergens are strongly associated with residential region due to regional causative pollen differences among children with AR within Korea to investigate the main pollen allergens. © 2017 The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences.

  7. OBSERVING CORONAL NANOFLARES IN ACTIVE REGION MOSS

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Testa, Paola; DeLuca, Ed; Golub, Leon

    2013-06-10

    The High-resolution Coronal Imager (Hi-C) has provided Fe XII 193A images of the upper transition region moss at an unprecedented spatial ({approx}0.''3-0.''4) and temporal (5.5 s) resolution. The Hi-C observations show in some moss regions variability on timescales down to {approx}15 s, significantly shorter than the minute-scale variability typically found in previous observations of moss, therefore challenging the conclusion of moss being heated in a mostly steady manner. These rapid variability moss regions are located at the footpoints of bright hot coronal loops observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly in the 94 A channel, and by the Hinode/X-Raymore » Telescope. The configuration of these loops is highly dynamic, and suggestive of slipping reconnection. We interpret these events as signatures of heating events associated with reconnection occurring in the overlying hot coronal loops, i.e., coronal nanoflares. We estimate the order of magnitude of the energy in these events to be of at least a few 10{sup 23} erg, also supporting the nanoflare scenario. These Hi-C observations suggest that future observations at comparable high spatial and temporal resolution, with more extensive temperature coverage, are required to determine the exact characteristics of the heating mechanism(s).« less

  8. Regional differences in the incidence of tuberculosis among patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus.

    PubMed

    Yang, Bo Ram; Kang, Young Ae; Heo, Eun Young; Koo, Bo Kyung; Choi, Nam-Kyong; Hwang, Seung-Sik; Lee, Chang-Hoon

    2018-04-01

    There are regional differences in the burden of tuberculosis (TB). Although these differences might be explained by regional differences in the risk factors of TB, whether such risk factors are actually associated with the regional differences in the TB burden remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the risk factors of and regional differences in TB incidence. A cohort study applying nationwide claims database in Republic of Korea included patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in 2009. The main outcome was the incidence of TB defined based on the diagnostic codes combined with anti-tuberculosis treatment repeated within 90 days. Sixteen regions were categorized into 3 groups according to the age- and sex-standardized TB incidence rates. Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for risk factors was performed to identify the determinants of the regional differences in TB incidence. Among 331 601 participants newly diagnosed with type 2 DM and with no history of previous TB, 1216 TB cases were observed. The regional TB incidence rates ranged between 2.3 and 5.9/1000 patients. Multivariate analyses did not identify any determinants of regional differences in the TB incidence among the various risk factors, including age, sex, health care utilization, co-morbidities, medication and treatment and complications of DM. Similarly, temperature, humidity and latent TB infection rate also did not affect the results. Although substantial regional differences in the TB incidence rate were observed among patients with newly diagnosed DM, no determinants of regional difference were identified among the risk factors. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  9. First OH Airglow Observation of Mesospheric Gravity Waves Over European Russia Region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Qinzeng; Yusupov, Kamil; Akchurin, Adel; Yuan, Wei; Liu, Xiao; Xu, Jiyao

    2018-03-01

    For the first time, we perform a study of mesospheric gravity waves (GWs) for four different seasons of 1 year in the latitudinal band from 45°N to 75°N using an OH all-sky airglow imager over Kazan (55.8°N, 49.2°E), Russia, during the period of August 2015 to July 2016. Our observational study fills a huge airglow imaging observation gap in Europe and Russia region. In total, 125 GW events and 28 ripple events were determined by OH airglow images in 98 clear nights. The observed GWs showed a strong preference of propagation toward northeast in all seasons, which was significantly different from airglow imager observations at other latitudes that the propagation directions were seasonal dependent. The middle atmosphere wind field is used to explain the lack of low phase speed GWs since these GWs were falling into the blocking region due to the filtering effects. Deep tropospheric convections derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis data are determined near Caucasus Mountains region, which suggests that the convections are the dominant source of the GWs in spring, summer, and autumn seasons. This finding extends our knowledge that convection might also be an important source of GWs in the higher latitudes. In winter the generation mechanism of the GWs are considered to be jet stream systems. In addition, the occurrence frequency of ripple is much lower than other stations. This study provides some constraints on the range of GW parameters in GW parameterization in general circulation models in Europe and Russia region.

  10. A Regional Climate Model Evaluation System based on Satellite and other Observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lean, P.; Kim, J.; Waliser, D. E.; Hall, A. D.; Mattmann, C. A.; Granger, S. L.; Case, K.; Goodale, C.; Hart, A.; Zimdars, P.; Guan, B.; Molotch, N. P.; Kaki, S.

    2010-12-01

    Regional climate models are a fundamental tool needed for downscaling global climate simulations and projections, such as those contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects (CMIPs) that form the basis of the IPCC Assessment Reports. The regional modeling process provides the means to accommodate higher resolution and a greater complexity of Earth System processes. Evaluation of both the global and regional climate models against observations is essential to identify model weaknesses and to direct future model development efforts focused on reducing the uncertainty associated with climate projections. However, the lack of reliable observational data and the lack of formal tools are among the serious limitations to addressing these objectives. Recent satellite observations are particularly useful as they provide a wealth of information on many different aspects of the climate system, but due to their large volume and the difficulties associated with accessing and using the data, these datasets have been generally underutilized in model evaluation studies. Recognizing this problem, NASA JPL / UCLA is developing a model evaluation system to help make satellite observations, in conjunction with in-situ, assimilated, and reanalysis datasets, more readily accessible to the modeling community. The system includes a central database to store multiple datasets in a common format and codes for calculating predefined statistical metrics to assess model performance. This allows the time taken to compare model simulations with satellite observations to be reduced from weeks to days. Early results from the use this new model evaluation system for evaluating regional climate simulations over California/western US regions will be presented.

  11. Towards a regional coastal ocean observing system: An initial design for the Southeast Coastal Ocean Observing Regional Association

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Seim, H. E.; Fletcher, M.; Mooers, C. N. K.; Nelson, J. R.; Weisberg, R. H.

    2009-05-01

    A conceptual design for a southeast United States regional coastal ocean observing system (RCOOS) is built upon a partnership between institutions of the region and among elements of the academic, government and private sectors. This design envisions support of a broad range of applications (e.g., marine operations, natural hazards, and ecosystem-based management) through the routine operation of predictive models that utilize the system observations to ensure their validity. A distributed information management system enables information flow, and a centralized information hub serves to aggregate information regionally and distribute it as needed. A variety of observing assets are needed to satisfy model requirements. An initial distribution of assets is proposed that recognizes the physical structure and forcing in the southeast U.S. coastal ocean. In-situ data collection includes moorings, profilers and gliders to provide 3D, time-dependent sampling, HF radar and surface drifters for synoptic sampling of surface currents, and satellite remote sensing of surface ocean properties. Nested model systems are required to properly represent ocean conditions from the outer edge of the EEZ to the watersheds. An effective RCOOS will depend upon a vital "National Backbone" (federally supported) system of in situ and satellite observations, model products, and data management. This dependence highlights the needs for a clear definition of the National Backbone components and a Concept of Operations (CONOPS) that defines the roles, functions and interactions of regional and federal components of the integrated system. A preliminary CONOPS is offered for the Southeast (SE) RCOOS. Thorough system testing is advocated using a combination of application-specific and process-oriented experiments. Estimates of costs and personnel required as initial components of the SE RCOOS are included. Initial thoughts on the Research and Development program required to support the RCOOS are

  12. Simultaneous Solar Maximum Mission and Very Large Array (VLA) observations of solar active regions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lang, K. R.

    1985-01-01

    Simultaneous observations of solar active regions with the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) Satellite and the Very Large Array (VLA) have been obtained and analyzed. Combined results enhance the scientific return for beyond that expeted from using either SMM or VLA alone. A total of two weeks of simultaneous SMM/VLA data were obtained. The multiple wavelength VLA observations were used to determine the temperature and magnetic structure at different heights within coronal loops. These data are compared with simultaneous SMM observations. Several papers on the subject are in progress. They include VLA observations of compact, transient sources in the transition region; simultaneous SMM/VLA observations of the coronal loops in one active region and the evolution of another one; and sampling of the coronal plasma using thermal cyclotron lines (magnetic field - VLA) and soft X ray spectral lines (electron density and electron temperaure-SMM).

  13. Cassini Observations of Saturn's Magnetotail Region: Preliminary Results

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sittler, E. C.; Arridge, C.; Rymer, A.; Coates, A.; Krupp, N.; Blanc, M.; Richardson, J.; Andre, N.; Thomsen, M.; Tokar, R. L.; hide

    2007-01-01

    Using Cassini thermal plasma, hot plasma and magnetic field observations for several intervals between the dawn meridian of Saturn's outer magnetosphere and Saturn's magnetotail region, we investigate the structure of the magnetotail, plasma and magnetic field properties within tail-like current sheet regions and ion flows within the magnetotail regions. We use Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) Ion Mass Spectrometer (IMS), Electron Plasma Spectrometer (ELS) observations, MIMI LEMMS ion and electron observations and Cassini magnetometer data (MAG) to characterize the plasma environment. IMS observations are used to measure plasma flow velocities from which one can infer rotation versus convective flows. IMS composition measurements are used to trace the source of plasma from the inner magnetosphere (protons, H2+ and water group ions) versus an external solar wind source (protons and e +i+on s). A critical parameter for both models is the strength of the convection electric field with respect to the rotational electric field for the large scale magnetosphere. For example, are there significant return flows (i.e., negative radial velocities, VR < 0) and/or plasmoids (V(sub R) > 0) within the magnetotail region? Initial preliminary evidence of such out flows and return flows was presented by Sittler et al. This talk complements the more global analysis by McAndrews et al.

  14. Methane over South Asian region from GOSAT observations and ACTM simulations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chandra, N.; Hayashida, S.; Patra, P. K.; Saeki, T.

    2017-12-01

    Methane (CH4) is one of the most important short-lived climate forcers. About 8% of global CH4 emissions are estimated from South Asia, covering less than 1% of global land. However, large uncertainty prevails in the sectorial CH4 emissions because of the lack of measurements. With the availability of total column methane (XCH4) observations by satellites, variability in XCH4 have been captured for most parts of the global land with major emissions, which were otherwise not covered by the surface observation network. However, direct use of satellite data for estimating emissions by inversion analysis is highly ambiguous, unlike the in-situ measurements near the source region, XCH4 values are controlled by surface emission and CH4 abundances at all altitudes. Therefore, understanding the role of transport along with the emissions on XCH4 is necessary before using the XCH4 data for the inversion analysis. We analyzed XCH4 observed by the GHGs Observation SATellite (GOSAT) and simulations over the South Asia region using the JAMSTEC's atmospheric chemistry-transport model (ACTM). The analysis suggests that distinct XCH4 seasonal cycle over northern and southern regions of India is governed by the both heterogeneous distributions of surface emissions and variability in partial CH4 column in the upper troposphere. Using ACTM simulations, we find that over most part of the northern Indian regions up to 40% of the seasonal peak during the southwest (SW) monsoon is attributed to the lower troposphere ( 1000-600 hPa), while 40% to uplifted high-CH4 air masses in the upper troposphere ( 600-200 hPa). In contrast, XCH4 seasonal enhancement over the semi-arid region, with extremely low CH4 emissions, is attributed mainly ( 70%) to partial XCH4 variability in the upper troposphere. The lower tropospheric region contributes up to 60% in the XCH4 seasonal enhancement over the southern peninsula and oceanic region. These differences arise from the complex atmospheric transport

  15. Observations of the photodissociated HI region that surrounds G213.880-11.837

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rodríguez-Rico, C. A.; Gómez, Y.; Garay, G.; Neria, C.; Rodríguez, L. F.; Escalante, V.; Lizano, S.; Lebrón, M.

    2011-10-01

    New observations of the HI 21 cm line toward the cometary HII region G213.880-11.837 are presented. These observations, carried out with an angular resolution of 15'', reveal that the neutral gas in this region is part of an expanding flow. The analysis of the kinematics of the HI gas suggests that the HI gas is undergoing a champagne flow: based on the difference between the radial velocities of the neutral gas in the tail ( 4km s^{-1}) compared to the velocities of the ambient molecular gas ( 11.5 km s^{-1}) and the asymmetry of the HI emission. Besides this photodissociated region, there is only one other reported following an HI champagne flow (G111.61+0.37).

  16. A Regional Climate Model Evaluation System based on contemporary Satellite and other Observations for Assessing Regional Climate Model Fidelity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Waliser, D. E.; Kim, J.; Mattman, C.; Goodale, C.; Hart, A.; Zimdars, P.; Lean, P.

    2011-12-01

    Evaluation of climate models against observations is an essential part of assessing the impact of climate variations and change on regionally important sectors and improving climate models. Regional climate models (RCMs) are of a particular concern. RCMs provide fine-scale climate needed by the assessment community via downscaling global climate model projections such as those contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) that form one aspect of the quantitative basis of the IPCC Assessment Reports. The lack of reliable fine-resolution observational data and formal tools and metrics has represented a challenge in evaluating RCMs. Recent satellite observations are particularly useful as they provide a wealth of information and constraints on many different processes within the climate system. Due to their large volume and the difficulties associated with accessing and using contemporary observations, however, these datasets have been generally underutilized in model evaluation studies. Recognizing this problem, NASA JPL and UCLA have developed the Regional Climate Model Evaluation System (RCMES) to help make satellite observations, in conjunction with in-situ and reanalysis datasets, more readily accessible to the regional modeling community. The system includes a central database (Regional Climate Model Evaluation Database: RCMED) to store multiple datasets in a common format and codes for calculating and plotting statistical metrics to assess model performance (Regional Climate Model Evaluation Tool: RCMET). This allows the time taken to compare model data with satellite observations to be reduced from weeks to days. RCMES is a component of the recent ExArch project, an international effort for facilitating the archive and access of massive amounts data for users using cloud-based infrastructure, in this case as applied to the study of climate and climate change. This presentation will describe RCMES and demonstrate its utility using examples

  17. Significant Differences in Physicochemical Properties of Human Immunoglobulin Kappa and Lambda CDR3 Regions.

    PubMed

    Townsend, Catherine L; Laffy, Julie M J; Wu, Yu-Chang Bryan; Silva O'Hare, Joselli; Martin, Victoria; Kipling, David; Fraternali, Franca; Dunn-Walters, Deborah K

    2016-01-01

    Antibody variable regions are composed of a heavy and a light chain, and in humans, there are two light chain isotypes: kappa and lambda. Despite their importance in receptor editing, the light chain is often overlooked in the antibody literature, with the focus being on the heavy chain complementarity-determining region (CDR)-H3 region. In this paper, we set out to investigate the physicochemical and structural differences between human kappa and lambda light chain CDR regions. We constructed a dataset containing over 29,000 light chain variable region sequences from IgM-transcribing, newly formed B cells isolated from human bone marrow and peripheral blood. We also used a published human naïve dataset to investigate the CDR-H3 properties of heavy chains paired with kappa and lambda light chains and probed the Protein Data Bank to investigate the structural differences between kappa and lambda antibody CDR regions. We found that kappa and lambda light chains have very different CDR physicochemical and structural properties, whereas the heavy chains with which they are paired do not differ significantly. We also observed that the mean CDR3 N nucleotide addition in the kappa, lambda, and heavy chain gene rearrangements are correlated within donors but can differ between donors. This indicates that terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase may work with differing efficiencies between different people but the same efficiency in the different classes of immunoglobulin chain within one person. We have observed large differences in the physicochemical and structural properties of kappa and lambda light chain CDR regions. This may reflect different roles in the humoral immune response.

  18. Significant Differences in Physicochemical Properties of Human Immunoglobulin Kappa and Lambda CDR3 Regions

    PubMed Central

    Townsend, Catherine L.; Laffy, Julie M. J.; Wu, Yu-Chang Bryan; Silva O’Hare, Joselli; Martin, Victoria; Kipling, David; Fraternali, Franca; Dunn-Walters, Deborah K.

    2016-01-01

    Antibody variable regions are composed of a heavy and a light chain, and in humans, there are two light chain isotypes: kappa and lambda. Despite their importance in receptor editing, the light chain is often overlooked in the antibody literature, with the focus being on the heavy chain complementarity-determining region (CDR)-H3 region. In this paper, we set out to investigate the physicochemical and structural differences between human kappa and lambda light chain CDR regions. We constructed a dataset containing over 29,000 light chain variable region sequences from IgM-transcribing, newly formed B cells isolated from human bone marrow and peripheral blood. We also used a published human naïve dataset to investigate the CDR-H3 properties of heavy chains paired with kappa and lambda light chains and probed the Protein Data Bank to investigate the structural differences between kappa and lambda antibody CDR regions. We found that kappa and lambda light chains have very different CDR physicochemical and structural properties, whereas the heavy chains with which they are paired do not differ significantly. We also observed that the mean CDR3 N nucleotide addition in the kappa, lambda, and heavy chain gene rearrangements are correlated within donors but can differ between donors. This indicates that terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase may work with differing efficiencies between different people but the same efficiency in the different classes of immunoglobulin chain within one person. We have observed large differences in the physicochemical and structural properties of kappa and lambda light chain CDR regions. This may reflect different roles in the humoral immune response. PMID:27729912

  19. Asian couples in negotiation: a mixed-method observational study of cultural variations across five Asian regions.

    PubMed

    Lee, Wai-Yung; Nakamura, Shin-Ichi; Chung, Moon Ja; Chun, Young Ju; Fu, Meng; Liang, Shu-Chuan; Liu, Cui-Lian

    2013-09-01

    The purpose of this study was to explore variations in how contemporary couples from five different Asian regions negotiate disagreements. Video recordings of 50 couples (10 each from Japan, Korea, Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong) discussing unresolved disagreements provided raw data for quantitative and qualitative analyses. First, teams of coders from each region used a common protocol to make quantitative ratings of content themes and interaction patterns for couples from their own region. An interregional panel of investigators then performed in-depth qualitative reviews for half of these cases, noting cultural differences not only in observed patterns of couple behavior but also in their own perceptions of these patterns. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed clear regional differences on dimensions such as overt negativity, demand-withdraw interaction, and collaboration. The qualitative results also provided a richer, more nuanced view of other (e.g., gender-linked) conflict management patterns that the quantitative analyses did not capture. Inconsistencies between qualitative and quantitative data and between the qualitative observations of investigators from different regions were most pronounced for couples from Korea and Japan, whose conflict styles were subtler and less direct than those of couples from the other regions. © FPI, Inc.

  20. Regional differences associated with drinking and driving in Brazil.

    PubMed

    De Boni, Raquel; von Diemen, Lisia; Duarte, Paulina do Carmo Arruda Vieira; Bumaguin, Daniela Benzano; Hilgert, Juliana Balbinot; Bozzetti, Mary Clarisse; Sordi, Anne; Pechansky, Flavio

    2012-10-01

    To evaluate regional differences and similarities associated with drinking and driving (DUI) in the five Brazilian macro-regions. A roadside survey was conducted in the 27 Brazilian state capitals. A total of 3,398 drivers were randomly selected and given a structured interview and a breathalyzer test. To determine the predictors of positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in each region, a MANOVA was performed, and 3 groups were used as follows: 1) North and Northeast, 2) South and Midwest, and 3) Southeast. A Poisson robust regression model was performed to assess the variables associated with positive BAC in each group. Of all surveyed drivers, 2,410 had consumed alcohol in the previous 12 months. Most were male, with a median age of 36. Leisure as the reason for travel was associated with positive BAC in all 3 groups. Low schooling, being older than 30, driving cars or motorcycles and having been given a breathalyzer test at least once in their lives predicted DUI in at least two different groups. Factors , especially low schooling and leisure as a reason for travel, associated with drinking and driving were similar among regions, although certain region-specific features were observed. This information is important for aiming to reduce DUI in the country.

  1. ACTIVE REGION MOSS: DOPPLER SHIFTS FROM HINODE/EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET IMAGING SPECTROMETER OBSERVATIONS

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tripathi, Durgesh; Mason, Helen E.; Klimchuk, James A.

    2012-07-01

    Studying the Doppler shifts and the temperature dependence of Doppler shifts in moss regions can help us understand the heating processes in the core of the active regions. In this paper, we have used an active region observation recorded by the Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on board Hinode on 2007 December 12 to measure the Doppler shifts in the moss regions. We have distinguished the moss regions from the rest of the active region by defining a low-density cutoff as derived by Tripathi et al. in 2010. We have carried out a very careful analysis of the EIS wavelength calibrationmore » based on the method described by Young et al. in 2012. For spectral lines having maximum sensitivity between log T = 5.85 and log T = 6.25 K, we find that the velocity distribution peaks at around 0 km s{sup -1} with an estimated error of 4-5 km s{sup -1}. The width of the distribution decreases with temperature. The mean of the distribution shows a blueshift which increases with increasing temperature and the distribution also shows asymmetries toward blueshift. Comparing these results with observables predicted from different coronal heating models, we find that these results are consistent with both steady and impulsive heating scenarios. However, the fact that there are a significant number of pixels showing velocity amplitudes that exceed the uncertainty of 5 km s{sup -1} is suggestive of impulsive heating. Clearly, further observational constraints are needed to distinguish between these two heating scenarios.« less

  2. South Polar Cryptic Region Revisited: THEMIS Observations

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Titus, T. N.; Kieffer, H. H.; Plaut, J. J.; Christensen, P. R.; Ivanov, A. B.

    2003-01-01

    The early part of the Mars Global Surveyor mission provided good TES coverage of the Mars south polar region. These data allow mapping of the polar cap recession, surface and atmospheric temperatures, and albedo features found within the seasonal cap itself over Ls = 180 - 270 deg. During this period, the seasonal south polar cap retreated continuously and asymmetrically around the geographic pole, similar to the observations of Viking in 1976- 1977 [3]. A prominent albedo feature on the seasonal cap is a region that appears almost as dark as bare ground, yet remains cold. We refer to this region, generally located between latitudes 85 deg. S and 75 deg. S and longitudes 150 deg. W and 310 deg. W, as the Cryptic region.

  3. Neurons derived from different brain regions are inherently different in vitro: a novel multiregional brain-on-a-chip.

    PubMed

    Dauth, Stephanie; Maoz, Ben M; Sheehy, Sean P; Hemphill, Matthew A; Murty, Tara; Macedonia, Mary Kate; Greer, Angie M; Budnik, Bogdan; Parker, Kevin Kit

    2017-03-01

    Brain in vitro models are critically important to developing our understanding of basic nervous system cellular physiology, potential neurotoxic effects of chemicals, and specific cellular mechanisms of many disease states. In this study, we sought to address key shortcomings of current brain in vitro models: the scarcity of comparative data for cells originating from distinct brain regions and the lack of multiregional brain in vitro models. We demonstrated that rat neurons from different brain regions exhibit unique profiles regarding their cell composition, protein expression, metabolism, and electrical activity in vitro. In vivo, the brain is unique in its structural and functional organization, and the interactions and communication between different brain areas are essential components of proper brain function. This fact and the observation that neurons from different areas of the brain exhibit unique behaviors in vitro underline the importance of establishing multiregional brain in vitro models. Therefore, we here developed a multiregional brain-on-a-chip and observed a reduction of overall firing activity, as well as altered amounts of astrocytes and specific neuronal cell types compared with separately cultured neurons. Furthermore, this multiregional model was used to study the effects of phencyclidine, a drug known to induce schizophrenia-like symptoms in vivo, on individual brain areas separately while monitoring downstream effects on interconnected regions. Overall, this work provides a comparison of cells from different brain regions in vitro and introduces a multiregional brain-on-a-chip that enables the development of unique disease models incorporating essential in vivo features. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Due to the scarcity of comparative data for cells from different brain regions in vitro, we demonstrated that neurons isolated from distinct brain areas exhibit unique behaviors in vitro. Moreover, in vivo proper brain function is dependent on the

  4. Neurons derived from different brain regions are inherently different in vitro: a novel multiregional brain-on-a-chip

    PubMed Central

    Dauth, Stephanie; Maoz, Ben M.; Sheehy, Sean P.; Hemphill, Matthew A.; Murty, Tara; Macedonia, Mary Kate; Greer, Angie M.; Budnik, Bogdan

    2017-01-01

    Brain in vitro models are critically important to developing our understanding of basic nervous system cellular physiology, potential neurotoxic effects of chemicals, and specific cellular mechanisms of many disease states. In this study, we sought to address key shortcomings of current brain in vitro models: the scarcity of comparative data for cells originating from distinct brain regions and the lack of multiregional brain in vitro models. We demonstrated that rat neurons from different brain regions exhibit unique profiles regarding their cell composition, protein expression, metabolism, and electrical activity in vitro. In vivo, the brain is unique in its structural and functional organization, and the interactions and communication between different brain areas are essential components of proper brain function. This fact and the observation that neurons from different areas of the brain exhibit unique behaviors in vitro underline the importance of establishing multiregional brain in vitro models. Therefore, we here developed a multiregional brain-on-a-chip and observed a reduction of overall firing activity, as well as altered amounts of astrocytes and specific neuronal cell types compared with separately cultured neurons. Furthermore, this multiregional model was used to study the effects of phencyclidine, a drug known to induce schizophrenia-like symptoms in vivo, on individual brain areas separately while monitoring downstream effects on interconnected regions. Overall, this work provides a comparison of cells from different brain regions in vitro and introduces a multiregional brain-on-a-chip that enables the development of unique disease models incorporating essential in vivo features. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Due to the scarcity of comparative data for cells from different brain regions in vitro, we demonstrated that neurons isolated from distinct brain areas exhibit unique behaviors in vitro. Moreover, in vivo proper brain function is dependent on the

  5. CGRO-Comptel observations of the Centaurus A region

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Steinle, H.; Bennett, K.; Bloemen, H.; Collmar, W.; Diehl, R.; Hermsen, W.; Lichti, G; Mcconnell, M.; Morris, D.; Much, R.

    1995-01-01

    The sky region containing the active radio-galaxy Centaurus A has repeatedly been observed with the (COMPTEL) instrument onboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO). The nine observation periods during the CGRO phases I and II in which Cen A was in the field of view of COMPTEL are spread over 18 months in the years 1991 to 1993. The energy range 0.75 to 30 MeV is covered. Clear evidence for a source with emission up to several MeV is seen from a region coinciding with the position of Cen A. The spectra change significantly over approximately 6 months between the two observation phases. A possible source confusion with the nearby gamma-ray source MS1312.1-4221 is discussed.

  6. Evaluating Observation Influence on Regional Water Budgets in Reanalyses

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bosilovich, Michael G.; Chern, Jiun-Dar; Mocko, David; Robertson, Franklin R.; daSilva, Arlindo M.

    2014-01-01

    The assimilation of observations in reanalyses incurs the potential for the physical terms of budgets to be balanced by a term relating the fit of the observations relative to a forecast first guess analysis. This may indicate a limitation in the physical processes of the background model, or perhaps inconsistencies in the observing system and its assimilation. In the MERRA reanalysis, an area of long term moisture flux divergence over land has been identified over the Central United States. Here, we evaluate the water vapor budget in this region, taking advantage of two unique features of the MERRA diagnostic output; 1) a closed water budget that includes the analysis increment and 2) a gridded diagnostic output data set of the assimilated observations and their innovations (e.g. forecast departures). In the Central United States, an anomaly occurs where the analysis adds water to the region, while precipitation decreases and moisture flux divergence increases. This is related more to a change in the observing system than to a deficiency in the model physical processes. MERRAs Gridded Innovations and Observations (GIO) data narrow the observations that influence this feature to the ATOVS and Aqua satellites during the 06Z and 18Z analysis cycles. Observing system experiments further narrow the instruments that affect the anomalous feature to AMSUA (mainly window channels) and AIRS. This effort also shows the complexities of the observing system, and the reactions of the regional water budgets in reanalyses to the assimilated observations.

  7. Age-and Brain Region-Specific Differences in Mitochondrial ...

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    Mitochondria are central regulators of energy homeostasis and play a pivotal role in mechanisms of cellular senescence. The objective of the present study was to evaluate mitochondrial bio­-energetic parameters in five brain regions [brainstem (BS), frontal cortex (FC), cerebellum (CER), striatum (STR), hippocampus (HIP)] of four diverse age groups [1 Month (young), 4 Month (adult), 12 Month (middle-aged), 24 Month (old age)] to understand age-related differences in selected brain regions and their contribution to age-related chemical sensitivity. Mitochondrial bioenergetics parameters and enzyme activity were measured under identical conditions across multiple age groups and brain regions in Brown Norway rats (n = 5). The results indicate age- and brain region-specific patterns in mitochondrial functional endpoints. For example, an age-specific decline in ATP synthesis (State 111 respiration) was observed in BS and HIP. Similarly, the maximal respiratory capacities (State V1 and V2) showed age-specific declines in all brain regions examined (young > adult > middle-aged > old age). Amongst all regions, HIP had the greatest change in mitochondrial bioenergetics, showing declines in the 4, 12 and 24 Month age groups. Activities of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) and electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I, II, and IV enzymes were also age- and brain-region specific. In general changes associated with age were more pronounced, with

  8. On observed aridity changes over the semiarid regions of India in a warming climate

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ramarao, M. V. S.; Sanjay, J.; Krishnan, R.; Mujumdar, M.; Bazaz, Amir; Revi, Aromar

    2018-05-01

    In this study, a quantitative assessment of observed aridity variations over the semiarid regions of India is performed for the period 1951-2005 using a dimensionless ratio of annual precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (PET), estimated from five different observed gridded precipitation data sets. The climatological values and changes of this aridity index are found to be sensitive to the choice of the precipitation observations. An assessment of P/PET estimated using the ensemble mean precipitation shows an increase in aridity over several semiarid regions of India, despite the sensitivity of P/PET variations across individual precipitation data sets. Our results indicate that precipitation variations over the semiarid regions of India are outpacing the changes in potential evapotranspiration and, thereby, influencing aridity changes in a significant manner. Our results further reveal a 10% expansion in the area of the semiarid regions during recent decades relative to previous decades, thus highlighting the need for better adaptation strategies and mitigation planning for the semiarid regions in India. The sensitivity of aridity index to multiple PET data sets can be an additional source of uncertainty and will be addressed in a future study.

  9. Regional variations in the observed morphology and activity of martian linear gullies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Morales, Kimberly Marie; Diniega, Serina; Austria, Mia; Ochoa, Vincent; HiRISE Science and Instrument Team

    2017-10-01

    The formation mechanism for martian linear gullies has been much debated, because they have been suggested as possible evidence of liquid water on Mars. This class of dune gullies is defined by long (up to 2 km), narrow channels that are relatively uniform in width, and range in sinuosity index. Unlike other gullies on Earth and Mars that end in depositional aprons, linear gullies end in circular depressions referred to as terminal pits. This particular morphological difference, along with the difficulty of identifying a source of water to form these features, has led to several ‘dry’ hypotheses. Recent observations on the morphology, distribution, and present-day activity of linear gullies suggests that they could be formed by subliming blocks of seasonal CO2 ice (“dry ice”) sliding downslope on dune faces. In our study, we aimed to further constrain the possible mechanism(s) responsible for the formation of linear gullies by using HiRISE images to collect morphological data and track seasonal activity within three regions in the southern hemisphere-Hellespontus (~45°S, 40°E), Aonia Terra (~50°S, 290°E), and Jeans (~70°S, 155°E) over the last four Mars years. General similarities in these observations were reflective of the proposed formation process (sliding CO2 blocks) while differences were correlated with regional environmental conditions related to the latitude or general geologic setting. This presentation describes the observed regional differences in linear gully morphology and activity, and investigates how environmental factors such as surface properties and local levels of frost may explain these variations while still supporting the proposed model. Determining the formation mechanism that forms these martian features can improve our understanding of both the climatic and geological processes that shape the Martian surface.

  10. Cool transition region loops observed by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Huang, Z.; Xia, L.; Li, B.; Madjarska, M. S.

    2015-12-01

    An important class of loops in the solar atmosphere, cool transition region loops, have received little attention mainly due to instrumental limitations. We analyze a cluster of these loops in the on-disk active region NOAA 11934 recorded in a Si IV 1402.8 Å spectral raster and 1400Å slit-jaw (SJ) images taken by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph. We divide these loops into three groups and study their dynamics, evolution and interaction.The first group comprises geometrically relatively stable loops, which are finely scaled with 382~626 km cross-sections. Siphon flows in these loops are suggested by the Doppler velocities gradually changing from -10 km/s (blue-shifts) in one end to 20 km/s (red-shifts) in the other. Nonthermal velocities from 15 to 25 km/s were determined. The obtained physical properties suggest that these loops are impulsively heated by magnetic reconnection occurring at the blue-shifted footpoints where magnetic cancellation with a rate of 1015 Mx/s is found. The released magnetic energy is redistributed by the siphon flows. The second group corresponds to two active footpoints rooted in mixed-magnetic-polarity regions. Magnetic reconnection in both footpoints is suggested by explosive-event line profiles with enhanced wings up to 200 km/s and magnetic cancellation with a rate of ~1015 Mx/s. In the third group, an interaction between two cool loop systems is observed. Mixed-magnetic polarities are seen in their conjunction area where explosive-event line profiles and magnetic cancellation with a rate of 3×1015 Mx/s are found. This is a clear indication that magnetic reconnection occurs between these two loop systems. Our observations suggest that the cool transition region loops are heated impulsively most likely by sequences of magnetic reconnection events.

  11. Sex differences in the course of schizophrenia across diverse regions of the world

    PubMed Central

    Novick, Diego; Montgomery, William; Treuer, Tamas; Moneta, Maria Victoria; Haro, Josep Maria

    2016-01-01

    This study explores sex differences in the outcomes of patients with schizophrenia (clinical/functional remission and recovery) across diverse regions of the world (Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and North Africa and the Middle East). Data (n=16,380 for this post hoc analysis) were taken from the World-Schizophrenia Health Outcomes Study. In most regions, females had a later age at first service contact for schizophrenia, a lower level of overall/negative symptom severity, lower rates of alcohol/substance abuse and paid employment, and higher percentages of having a spouse/partner and independent living. Overall, females had slightly higher rates of clinical remission (58.0% vs 51.8%), functional remission (22.8% vs 16.0%), and recovery (16.5% vs 16.0%) at 36 months (P<0.001 for all). This pattern was consistently observed in Southern Europe and Northern Europe even after controlling for baseline sex differences, but not in other regions. In Central and Eastern Europe, rates of clinical remission were higher in females at 36 months, but those of functional remission and recovery were similar between males and females. The opposite was observed for Latin America. In East Asia, sex differences were rarely observed for these outcomes. Finally, in North Africa and the Middle East, sex differences in these outcomes were pronounced only in regression analyses. These regional variations shed light on the importance of psychosocial and cultural factors and their effects on sex in the prognosis of schizophrenia. PMID:27881918

  12. Regional Geoid Modeling Compared to Ocean Surface Observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Roman, D. R.; Saleh, J.; Wang, Y. M.

    2007-05-01

    Aerogravity over a limited coastal region of the northern Gulf of Mexico enhanced and rectified the local gravity field signal. In turn, these data improved the derived geoid height model based on comparison with dynamic ocean topography (DOT) and tide gage information at eleven stations. Additionally, lidar observations were analyzed along nearly 50 profiles to estimate the reliability of these models into the offshore region. The overall comparison shows dm-level agreement between the various geoid and DOT models and ocean surface observations. An approximate 30 cm bias must still be explained; however, the results of this study point to the potential for further cooperative studies between oceanographers and geodesists.

  13. NANOOS, the Northwest Association of Networked Ocean Observing Systems: a regional Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) for the Pacific Northwest US

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Newton, J.; Martin, D.; Kosro, M.

    2012-12-01

    from the need for sustained funding at a level that complements the rigors of maintaining a coastal ocean observing system. This continues to be a severe issue, where functional leeway is minimal. To date, NANOOS has met this challenge because of the significant leveraging of the system. While such integration has led to successes from bringing together different programs and capacities, there is need to harden the robustness of the system. Examples of NANOOS products within our regional priorities include 1. Maritime Operations: provision of surface currents and modeled conditions; 2. Regional Fisheries: maps of sea surface temperatures optimized for tuna fishers; 3. Ecosystem Assessment: real-time measurements of variables for ocean acidification, hypoxia, and other water quality indicators; 4. Coastal Hazards: an application for tsunami evacuation routes; and Climate: climatologies for selected time-series.

  14. Linking source region and ocean wave parameters with the observed primary microseismic noise

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Juretzek, C.; Hadziioannou, C.

    2017-12-01

    In previous studies, the contribution of Love waves to the primary microseismic noise field was found to be comparable to those of Rayleigh waves. However, so far only few studies analysed both wave types present in this microseismic noise band, which is known to be generated in shallow water and the theoretical understanding has mainly evolved for Rayleigh waves only. Here, we study the relevance of different source region parameters on the observed primary microseismic noise levels of Love and Rayleigh waves simultaneously. By means of beamforming and correlation of seismic noise amplitudes with ocean wave heights in the period band between 12 and 15 s, we analysed how source areas of both wave types compare with each other around Europe. The generation effectivity in different source regions was compared to ocean wave heights, peak ocean gravity wave propagation direction and bathymetry. Observed Love wave noise amplitudes correlate comparably well with near coastal ocean wave parameters as Rayleigh waves. Some coastal regions serve as especially effective sources for one or the other wave type. These coincide not only with locations of high wave heights but also with complex bathymetry. Further, Rayleigh and Love wave noise amplitudes seem to depend equally on the local ocean wave heights, which is an indication for a coupled variation with swell height during the generation of both wave types. However, the wave-type ratio varies directionally. This observation likely hints towards a spatially varying importance of different source mechanisms or structural influences. Further, the wave-type ratio is modulated depending on peak ocean wave propagation directions which could indicate a variation of different source mechanism strengths but also hints towards an imprint of an effective source radiation pattern. This emphasizes that the inclusion of both wave types may provide more constraints for the understanding of acting generation mechanisms.

  15. Biases and systematics in the observational derivation of galaxy properties: comparing different techniques on synthetic observations of simulated galaxies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Guidi, Giovanni; Scannapieco, Cecilia; Walcher, C. Jakob

    2015-12-01

    We study the sources of biases and systematics in the derivation of galaxy properties from observational studies, focusing on stellar masses, star formation rates, gas and stellar metallicities, stellar ages, magnitudes and colours. We use hydrodynamical cosmological simulations of galaxy formation, for which the real quantities are known, and apply observational techniques to derive the observables. We also analyse biases that are relevant for a proper comparison between simulations and observations. For our study, we post-process the simulation outputs to calculate the galaxies' spectral energy distributions (SEDs) using stellar population synthesis models and also generate the fully consistent far-UV-submillimetre wavelength SEDs with the radiative transfer code SUNRISE. We compared the direct results of simulations with the observationally derived quantities obtained in various ways, and found that systematic differences in all studied galaxy properties appear, which are caused by: (1) purely observational biases, (2) the use of mass-weighted and luminosity-weighted quantities, with preferential sampling of more massive and luminous regions, (3) the different ways of constructing the template of models when a fit to the spectra is performed, and (4) variations due to different calibrations, most notably for gas metallicities and star formation rates. Our results show that large differences can appear depending on the technique used to derive galaxy properties. Understanding these differences is of primary importance both for simulators, to allow a better judgement of similarities and differences with observations, and for observers, to allow a proper interpretation of the data.

  16. TRMM-observed summer warm rain over the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean: Characteristics and regional differences

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Qin, Fang; Fu, Yunfei

    2016-06-01

    Based on the merged measurements from the TRMM Precipitation Radar and Visible and Infrared Scanner, refined characteristics (intensity, frequency, vertical structure, and diurnal variation) and regional differences of the warm rain over the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean (40ffiS-40ffiN, 120ffiE-70ffiW) in boreal summer are investigated for the period 1998-2012. The results reveal that three warm rain types (phased, pure, and mixed) exist over these regions. The phased warm rain, which occurs during the developing or declining stage of precipitation weather systems, is located over the central to western Intertropical Convergence Zone, South Pacific Convergence Zone, and Northwest Pacific. Its occurrence frequency peaks at midnight and minimizes during daytime with a 5.5-km maximum echo top. The frequency of this warm rain type is about 2.2%, and it contributes to 40% of the regional total rainfall. The pure warm rain is characterized by typical stable precipitation with an echo top lower than 4 km, and mostly occurs in Southeast Pacific. Although its frequency is less than 1.3%, this type of warm rain accounts for 95% of the regional total rainfall. Its occurrence peaks before dawn and it usually disappears in the afternoon. For the mixed warm rain, some may develop into deep convective precipitation, while most are similar to those of the pure type. The mixed warm rain is mainly located over the ocean east of Hawaii. Its frequency is 1.2%, but this type of warm rain could contribute to 80% of the regional total rainfall. The results also uncover that the mixed and pure types occur over the regions where SST ranges from 295 to 299 K, accompanied by relatively strong downdrafts at 500 hPa. Both the mixed and pure warm rains happen in a more unstable atmosphere, compared with the phased warm rain.

  17. Observational and Numerical Diagnostics of Galaxy Cluster Outer Regions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Eckert, D.; Vazza, F.; Ettori, S.; Molendi, S.; Nagai, D.; Lau, E.; Roncarelli, M.; Rossetti, M.; Snowden, S. L.; Gastaldello, F.

    2011-01-01

    Aims. We present the analysis of a local (z = 0.04 - 0.2) sample of 31 galaxy clusters with the aim of measuring the density of the X-ray emitting gas in cluster outskirts. We compare our results with numerical simulations to set constraints on the azimuthal symmetry and gas clumping in the outer regions of galaxy clusters. Methods. We exploit the large field-of-view and low instrumental background of ROSAT/PSPC to trace the density of the intracluster gas out to the virial radius. We perform a stacking of the density profiles to detect a signal beyond r(sub 200) and measure the typical density and scatter in cluster outskirts. We also compute the azimuthal scatter of the profiles with respect to the mean value to look for deviations from spherical symmetry. Finally, we compare our average density and scatter profiles with the results of numerical simulations. Results. As opposed to several recent results, we observe a steepening of the density profiles beyond approximately 0.3r(sub 500). Comparing our density profiles with simulations, we find that non-radiative runs predict too steep density profiles, whereas runs including additional physics and/or gas clumping are in better agreement with the observed gas distribution. We note a systematic difference between cool-core and non-cool core clusters beyond approximately 0.3r(sub 200), which we explain by a different distribution of the gas in the two classes. Beyond approximately r(sub 500), galaxy clusters deviate significantly from spherical symmetry, with only little differences between relaxed and disturbed systems. We find good agreement between the observed and predicted scatter profiles, but only when the 1% densest clumps are filtered out in the simulations. Conclusions. The general trend of steepening density around the virial radius indicates that the shallow density profiles found in several recent works were probably obtained along particular directions (e.g., filaments) and are not representative of the

  18. Regional health inequalities: changes observed in Brazil from 2000-2016.

    PubMed

    Albuquerque, Mariana Vercesi de; Viana, Ana Luiza d'Ávila; Lima, Luciana Dias de; Ferreira, Maria Paula; Fusaro, Edgard Rodrigues; Iozzi, Fabíola Lana

    2017-04-01

    Advances in reducing poverty and inequalities in the 2000s had a paradoxical effect in Brazil. This article examines how socioeconomic transformations, and the complexity of health services, are expressed in the regions established for planning purposes and the inter-governmental management of the Brazilian Unified Health System. An effort was made to identify and explain differences in the compositions of the 438 existing health regions and their spatial distribution by comparing situations observed in 2016 with those in 2000. Factor analysis and grouping techniques were used to construct a typology in the two years of the series, which was based on a diverse set of secondary data sources. It was found that there was an evolution in terms of income levels and service provision within the health regions, with a significant improvement in the socioeconomic conditions of the population. These results suggest that there was a positive impact from the combination of strategies related to social, economic and regional policies for the promotion of development, which generated more widespread well-being within the affected areas. However, limitations remain regarding the policies implemented for the universalization of the health system.

  19. "Really Really Different Different": Rurality, Regional Schools and Refugees

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Colvin, Neroli

    2017-01-01

    This article explores the dynamics of difference-making in a regional Australian town. Despite Australia's high levels of cultural diversity, many rural and regional areas remain predominantly "white" spaces, presided over by people of Anglo-Celtic ancestry but with small populations of indigenous Australians. Over the past decade,…

  20. Regional Observation of Seismic Activity in Baekdu Mountain

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kim, Geunyoung; Che, Il-Young; Shin, Jin-Soo; Chi, Heon-Cheol

    2015-04-01

    Seismic unrest in Baekdu Mountain area between North Korea and Northeast China region has called attention to geological research community in Northeast Asia due to her historical and cultural importance. Seismic bulletin shows level of seismic activity in the area is higher than that of Jilin Province of Northeast China. Local volcanic observation shows a symptom of magmatic unrest in period between 2002 and 2006. Regional seismic data have been used to analyze seismic activity of the area. The seismic activity could be differentiated from other seismic phenomena in the region by the analysis.

  1. Constraints on active region coronal heating properties from observations and modeling of chromospheric, transition region, and coronal emission

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Testa, P.; Polito, V.; De Pontieu, B.; Carlsson, M.; Reale, F.; Allred, J. C.; Hansteen, V. H.

    2017-12-01

    We investigate coronal heating properties in active region cores in non-flaring conditions, using high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution chromospheric/transition region/coronal observations coupled with detailed modeling. We will focus, in particular, on observations with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), joint with observations with Hinode (XRT and EIS) and SDO/AIA. We will discuss how these observations and models (1D HD and 3D MHD, with the RADYN and Bifrost codes) provide useful diagnostics of the coronal heating processes and mechanisms of energy transport.

  2. Relative importance of different surface regions for thermal comfort in humans.

    PubMed

    Nakamura, Mayumi; Yoda, Tamae; Crawshaw, Larry I; Kasuga, Momoko; Uchida, Yuki; Tokizawa, Ken; Nagashima, Kei; Kanosue, Kazuyuki

    2013-01-01

    In a previous study, we investigated the contribution of the surface of the face, chest, abdomen, and thigh to thermal comfort by applying local temperature stimulation during whole-body exposure to mild heat or cold. In hot conditions, humans prefer a cool face, and in cold they prefer a warm abdomen. In this study, we extended investigation of regional differences in thermal comfort to the neck, hand, soles, abdomen (Experiment 1), the upper and lower back, upper arm, and abdomen (Experiment 2). The methodology was similar to that used in the previous study. To compare the results of each experiment, we utilized the abdomen as the reference area in these experiments. Thermal comfort feelings were not particularly strong for the limbs and extremities, in spite of the fact that changes in skin temperature induced by local temperature stimulation of the limbs and extremities were always larger than changes that were induced in the more proximal body parts. For the trunk areas, a significant difference in thermal comfort was not observed among the abdomen, and upper and lower back. An exception involved local cooling during whole-body mild cold exposure, wherein the most dominant preference was for a warmer temperature of the abdomen. As for the neck and abdomen, clear differences were observed during local cooling, while no significant difference was observed during local warming. We combined the results for the current and the previous study, and characterized regional differences in thermal comfort and thermal preference for the whole-body surface.

  3. Timing and regional patterns of snowmelt on Antarctic sea ice from passive microwave satellite observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Arndt, Stefanie; Willmes, Sascha; Dierking, Wolfgang; Nicolaus, Marcel

    2016-04-01

    The better understanding of temporal variability and regional distribution of surface melt on Antarctic sea ice is crucial for the understanding of atmosphere-ocean interactions and the determination of mass and energy budgets of sea ice. Since large regions of Antarctic sea ice are covered with snow during most of the year, observed inter-annual and regional variations of surface melt mainly represents melt processes in the snow. It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms that drive snowmelt, both at different times of the year and in different regions around Antarctica. In this study we combine two approaches for observing both surface and volume snowmelt by means of passive microwave satellite data. The former is achieved by measuring diurnal differences of the brightness temperature TB at 37 GHz, the latter by analyzing the ratio TB(19GHz)/TB(37GHz). Moreover, we use both melt onset proxies to divide the Antarctic sea ice cover into characteristic surface melt patterns from 1988/89 to 2014/15. Our results indicate four characteristic melt types. On average, 43% of the ice-covered ocean shows diurnal freeze-thaw cycles in the surface snow layer, resulting in temporary melt (Type A), less than 1% shows continuous snowmelt throughout the snowpack, resulting in strong melt over a period of several days (Type B), 19% shows Type A and B taking place consecutively (Type C), and for 37% no melt is observed at all (Type D). Continuous melt is primarily observed in the outflow of the Weddell Gyre and in the northern Ross Sea, usually 20 days after the onset of temporary melt. Considering the entire data set, snowmelt processes and onset do not show significant temporal trends. Instead, areas of increasing (decreasing) sea-ice extent have longer (shorter) periods of continuous snowmelt.

  4. FLARE FOOTPOINT REGIONS AND A SURGE OBSERVED BY HINODE/EIS, RHESSI, AND SDO/AIA

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Doschek, G. A.; Warren, H. P.; Dennis, B. R.

    2015-11-01

    The Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on the Hinode spacecraft observed flare footpoint regions coincident with a surge for an M3.7 flare observed on 2011 September 25 at N12 E33 in active region 11302. The flare was observed in spectral lines of O vi, Fe x, Fe xii, Fe xiv, Fe xv, Fe xvi, Fe xvii, Fe xxiii, and Fe xxiv. The EIS observations were made coincident with hard X-ray bursts observed by RHESSI. Overlays of the RHESSI images on the EIS raster images at different wavelengths show a spatial coincidence of features in the RHESSI images with the EIS upflowmore » and downflow regions, as well as loop-top or near-loop-top regions. A complex array of phenomena were observed, including multiple evaporation regions and the surge, which was also observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly telescopes. The slit of the EIS spectrometer covered several flare footpoint regions from which evaporative upflows in Fe xxiii and Fe xxiv lines were observed with Doppler speeds greater than 500 km s{sup −1}. For ions such as Fe xv both evaporative outflows (∼200 km s{sup −1}) and downflows (∼30–50 km s{sup −1}) were observed. Nonthermal motions from 120 to 300 km s{sup −1} were measured in flare lines. In the surge, Doppler speeds are found from about 0 to over 250 km s{sup −1} in lines from ions such as Fe xiv. The nonthermal motions could be due to multiple sources slightly Doppler-shifted from each other or turbulence in the evaporating plasma. We estimate the energetics of the hard X-ray burst and obtain a total flare energy in accelerated electrons of ≥7 × 10{sup 28} erg. This is a lower limit because only an upper limit can be determined for the low-energy cutoff to the electron spectrum. We find that detailed modeling of this event would require a multithreaded model owing to its complexity.« less

  5. Submillimeter-wave Observations of Complex Organic Molecules in Southern Massive Star Forming Regions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kamegai, Kazuhisa; Sakai, Takeshi; Sakai, Nami; Hirota, Tomoya; Yamamoto, Satoshi

    2013-03-01

    Submillimeter-wave observations of complex organic molecules toward southern massive star forming regions were carried out with ASTE 10m telescope. Methyl formate (HCOOCH3) and dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) were detected in some molecular cloud cores with young protostars. Differences in chemical composition among neighboring cores were also found.

  6. Two Solar Tornadoes Observed with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yang, Zihao; Tian, Hui; Peter, Hardi; Su, Yang; Samanta, Tanmoy; Zhang, Jingwen; Chen, Yajie

    2018-01-01

    The barbs or legs of some prominences show an apparent motion of rotation, which are often termed solar tornadoes. It is under debate whether the apparent motion is a real rotating motion, or caused by oscillations or counter-streaming flows. We present analysis results from spectroscopic observations of two tornadoes by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph. Each tornado was observed for more than 2.5 hr. Doppler velocities are derived through a single Gaussian fit to the Mg II k 2796 Å and Si IV 1393 Å line profiles. We find coherent and stable redshifts and blueshifts adjacent to each other across the tornado axes, which appears to favor the interpretation of these tornadoes as rotating cool plasmas with temperatures of 104 K–105 K. This interpretation is further supported by simultaneous observations of the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory, which reveal periodic motions of dark structures in the tornadoes. Our results demonstrate that spectroscopic observations can provide key information to disentangle different physical processes in solar prominences.

  7. Physics of the Solar Active Regions from Radio Observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gelfreikh, G. B.

    1999-12-01

    umbra. 2. Magnetography of the solar active regions presenting the weak magnetic fields (with the sensitivity of several G) reflecting longitude component of the magnetic field in chromosphere and corona and solar faculae structure. The method is based on an analysis of the weak polarization (of the order of 1% or less). 3. An analysis of the structure, temperature, and density of arches seen above neutral magnetic field lines (seen in most ARs with spots and without ones). 4. Study of temporal and spatial behavior of inversion of the sign of the circular polarization with the result of magnetography of the solar corona. 5. An analysis of the solar activity at high heliographic latitudes, observed mostly as polar faculae (increased brightness structures having counterparts in optical white light observations). In modern study of the solar activity analysis of the activity of polar zones are of principal importance. Nobeyama probably presents the most reliable way to study this. The above points present not exactly completed results but rather the directions for future studies. These should use full time coverage of observations at different phases of the solar activity and combination of observations with other radio, optical, EUV and X-ray observations whenever possible.

  8. ON THE ACTIVE REGION BRIGHT GRAINS OBSERVED IN THE TRANSITION REGION IMAGING CHANNELS OF IRIS

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Skogsrud, H.; Voort, L. Rouppe van der; Pontieu, B. De

    The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) provides spectroscopy and narrow band slit-jaw (SJI) imaging of the solar chromosphere and transition region at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions. Combined with high-resolution context spectral imaging of the photosphere and chromosphere as provided by the Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope (SST), we can now effectively trace dynamic phenomena through large parts of the solar atmosphere in both space and time. IRIS SJI 1400 images from active regions, which primarily sample the transition region with the Si iv 1394 and 1403 Å lines, reveal ubiquitous bright “grains” which are short-lived (two to five minute)more » bright roundish small patches of sizes 0.″5–1.″7 that generally move limbward with velocities up to about 30 km s{sup −1}. In this paper, we show that many bright grains are the result of chromospheric shocks impacting the transition region. These shocks are associated with dynamic fibrils (DFs), most commonly observed in Hα. We find that the grains show the strongest emission in the ascending phase of the DF, that the emission is strongest toward the top of the DF, and that the grains correspond to a blueshift and broadening of the Si iv lines. We note that the SJI 1400 grains can also be observed in the SJI 1330 channel which is dominated by C ii lines. Our observations show that a significant part of the active region transition region dynamics is driven from the chromosphere below rather than from coronal activity above. We conclude that the shocks that drive DFs also play an important role in the heating of the upper chromosphere and lower transition region.« less

  9. Observed and Projected Precipitation Changes over the Nine US Climate Regions

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Chylek, Petr; Dubey, Manvendra; Hengartner, Nicholas

    Here, we analyze the past (1900–2015) temperature and precipitation changes in nine separate US climate regions. We find that the temperature increased in a statistically significant (95% confidence level equivalent to alpha level of 0.05) manner in all of these regions. However, the variability in the observed precipitation was much more complex. In the eastern US (east of Rocky Mountains), the precipitation increased in all five climate regions and the increase was statistically significant in three of them. In contract, in the western US, the precipitation increased in two regions and decreased in two with no statistical significance in anymore » region. The CMIP5 climate models (an ensemble mean) were not able to capture properly either the large precipitation differences between the eastern and the western US, or the changes of precipitation between 1900 and 2015 in eastern US. The statistical regression model explains the differences between the eastern and western US precipitation as results of different significant predictors. The anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosol (GHGA) are the major forcing of the precipitation in the eastern part of US, while the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) has the major influence on precipitation in the western part of the US. This analysis suggests that the precipitation over the eastern US increased at an approximate rate of 6.7%/K, in agreement with the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, while the precipitation of the western US was approximately constant, independent of the temperature. Future precipitation over the western part of the US will depend on the behavior of the PDO, and how it (PDO) may be affected by future warming. Low hydrological sensitivity (percent increase of precipitation per one K of warming) projected by the CMIP5 models for the eastern US suggests either an underestimate of future precipitation or an overestimate of future warming.« less

  10. Observed and Projected Precipitation Changes over the Nine US Climate Regions

    DOE PAGES

    Chylek, Petr; Dubey, Manvendra; Hengartner, Nicholas; ...

    2017-10-25

    Here, we analyze the past (1900–2015) temperature and precipitation changes in nine separate US climate regions. We find that the temperature increased in a statistically significant (95% confidence level equivalent to alpha level of 0.05) manner in all of these regions. However, the variability in the observed precipitation was much more complex. In the eastern US (east of Rocky Mountains), the precipitation increased in all five climate regions and the increase was statistically significant in three of them. In contract, in the western US, the precipitation increased in two regions and decreased in two with no statistical significance in anymore » region. The CMIP5 climate models (an ensemble mean) were not able to capture properly either the large precipitation differences between the eastern and the western US, or the changes of precipitation between 1900 and 2015 in eastern US. The statistical regression model explains the differences between the eastern and western US precipitation as results of different significant predictors. The anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosol (GHGA) are the major forcing of the precipitation in the eastern part of US, while the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) has the major influence on precipitation in the western part of the US. This analysis suggests that the precipitation over the eastern US increased at an approximate rate of 6.7%/K, in agreement with the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, while the precipitation of the western US was approximately constant, independent of the temperature. Future precipitation over the western part of the US will depend on the behavior of the PDO, and how it (PDO) may be affected by future warming. Low hydrological sensitivity (percent increase of precipitation per one K of warming) projected by the CMIP5 models for the eastern US suggests either an underestimate of future precipitation or an overestimate of future warming.« less

  11. HEROES Observations of a Quiescent Active Region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shih, A. Y.; Christe, S.; Gaskin, J.; Wilson-Hodge, C.

    2014-12-01

    Hard X-ray (HXR) observations of solar flares reveal the signatures of energetic electrons, and HXR images with high dynamic range and high sensitivity can distinguish between where electrons are accelerated and where they stop. Even in the non-flaring corona, high-sensitivity HXR measurements may be able to detect the presence of electron acceleration. The High Energy Replicated Optics to Explore the Sun (HEROES) balloon mission added the capability of solar observations to an existing astrophysics balloon payload, HERO, which used grazing-incidence optics for direct HXR imaging. HEROES measures HXR emission from ~20 to ~75 keV with an angular resolution of 33" HPD. HEROES launched on 2013 September 21 from Fort Sumner, New Mexico, and had a successful one-day flight. We present the detailed analysis of the 7-hour observation of AR 11850, which sets new upper limits on the HXR emission from a quiescent active region, with corresponding constraints on the numbers of tens of keV energetic electrons present. Using the imaging capability of HEROES, HXR upper limits are also obtained for the quiet Sun surrounding the active region. We also discuss what can be achieved with new and improved HXR instrumentation on balloons.

  12. DEFPOS H α observations of H II regions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Aksaker, N.; Sahan, M.; Yegingil, I.; Emrahoglu, N.

    2011-12-01

    We present H α emission line measurements of northern bright H II regions selected from the Sharpless (1959) catalog near the Galactic plane ( b ⩽ ± 6°). A total of 10 H II regions were observed with DEFPOS (Dual Etalon Fabry-Perot Optical Spectrometer) system at the f/48 Coude focus of 150 cm RTT150 telescope located at TUBITAK National Observatory (TUG) in Antalya/Turkey. The intensities, the local standard of rest (LSR) velocities ( VLSR), and the linewidths (Full Width Half Maximum: FWHM) of the H α emission line from our observations were in the range of 84 to 745 Rayleigh ( R [one Rayleigh ( R) is 10 6/4 π photons cm -2 sr -1 s -1 = 2.4110 -7 erg cm -2 sr -1 s -1 at H α and corresponds to an emission measure (EM=∫ne2dl) of 2.3 pc cm -6 for a gas temperature of 8000 K, where ne is the averaged electron density within an emitting region in the interstellar medium; dl is distance element to the source region ( Haffner et al., 2003; Reynolds et al., 2005), 3 to -43 km s -1 and 30 to 73 km s -1, respectively. The LSR velocities and the linewidths from the data were obtained and compared with early results. We found that our results are in close agreement with them. Moreover, associated stars of some of the H II regions were updated by analyzing their location, velocities, and brightness.

  13. DIFFRACTION, REFRACTION, AND REFLECTION OF AN EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET WAVE OBSERVED DURING ITS INTERACTIONS WITH REMOTE ACTIVE REGIONS

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Shen Yuandeng; Liu Yu; Zhao Ruijuan

    2013-08-20

    We present observations of the diffraction, refraction, and reflection of a global extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) wave propagating in the solar corona. These intriguing phenomena are observed when the wave interacts with two remote active regions, and together they exhibit properties of an EUV wave. When the wave approached AR11465, it became weaker and finally disappeared in the active region, but a few minutes later a new wavefront appeared behind the active region, and it was not concentric with the incoming wave. In addition, a reflected wave was also simultaneously observed on the wave incoming side. When the wave approached AR11459, itmore » transmitted through the active region directly and without reflection. The formation of the new wavefront and the transmission could be explained with diffraction and refraction effects, respectively. We propose that the different behaviors observed during the interactions may be caused by different speed gradients at the boundaries of the two active regions. We find that the EUV wave formed ahead of a group of expanding loops a few minutes after the start of the loops' expansion, which represents the initiation of the associated coronal mass ejection (CME). Based on these results, we conclude that the EUV wave should be a nonlinear magnetosonic wave or shock driven by the associated CME, which propagated faster than the ambient fast mode speed and gradually slowed down to an ordinary linear wave. Our observations support the hybrid model that includes both fast wave and slow non-wave components.« less

  14. Far-infrared observations of the evolved H II region M16

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mcbreen, B.; Fazio, G. G.; Jaffe, D. T.

    1982-01-01

    The results of far infrared (FIR) observations of the larger H II region M16, associated with the young open star cluster NGC 6611, are discussed. Three FIR sources detected on an extended ridge of FIR emission within the scanned region are described. The observations confirm that M16 is an H II region in a late stage of evolution. The H II region has expanded and is now extremely density bounded, consisting of an extended region of ionized gas and a series of ionization fronts located at the surrounding molecular cloud boundaries nearest to the exciting OB star cluster. The FIR radiation arises from heated dust at these boundaries.

  15. Regional Climate Model sesitivity to different parameterizations schemes with WRF over Spain

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    García-Valdecasas Ojeda, Matilde; Raquel Gámiz-Fortis, Sonia; Hidalgo-Muñoz, Jose Manuel; Argüeso, Daniel; Castro-Díez, Yolanda; Jesús Esteban-Parra, María

    2015-04-01

    The ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate the regional climate depends on the selection of an adequate combination of parameterization schemes. This study assesses WRF sensitivity to different parameterizations using six different runs that combined three cumulus, two microphysics and three surface/planetary boundary layer schemes in a topographically complex region such as Spain, for the period 1995-1996. Each of the simulations spanned a period of two years, and were carried out at a spatial resolution of 0.088° over a domain encompassing the Iberian Peninsula and nested in the coarser EURO-CORDEX domain (0.44° resolution). The experiments were driven by Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data. In addition, two different spectral nudging configurations were also analysed. The simulated precipitation and maximum and minimum temperatures from WRF were compared with Spain02 version 4 observational gridded datasets. The comparison was performed at different time scales with the purpose of evaluating the model capability to capture mean values and high-order statistics. ERA-Interim data was also compared with observations to determine the improvement obtained using dynamical downscaling with respect to the driving data. For this purpose, several parameters were analysed by directly comparing grid-points. On the other hand, the observational gridded data were grouped using a multistep regionalization to facilitate the comparison in term of monthly annual cycle and the percentiles of daily values analysed. The results confirm that no configuration performs best, but some combinations that produce better results could be chosen. Concerning temperatures, WRF provides an improvement over ERA-Interim. Overall, model outputs reduce the biases and the RMSE for monthly-mean maximum and minimum temperatures and are higher correlated with observations than ERA-Interim. The analysis shows that the Yonsei University planetary boundary layer

  16. TIME DEPENDENT NONEQUILIBRIUM IONIZATION OF TRANSITION REGION LINES OBSERVED WITH IRIS

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Martínez-Sykora, Juan; Pontieu, Bart De; Hansteen, Viggo H.

    The properties of nonstatistical equilibrium ionization of silicon and oxygen ions are analyzed in this work. We focus on five solar targets (quiet Sun; coronal hole; plage; quiescent active region, AR; and flaring AR) as observed with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS). IRIS is best suited for this work owing to the high cadence (up to 0.5 s), high spatial resolution (up to 0.″32), and high signal-to-noise ratios for O iv λ1401 and Si iv λ1402. We find that the observed intensity ratio between lines of three times ionized silicon and oxygen ions depends on their total intensity and that this correlationmore » varies depending on the region observed (quiet Sun, coronal holes, plage, or active regions) and on the specific observational objects present (spicules, dynamic loops, jets, microflares, or umbra). In order to interpret the observations, we compare them with synthetic profiles taken from 2D self-consistent radiative MHD simulations of the solar atmosphere, where the statistical equilibrium or nonequilibrium treatment of silicon and oxygen is applied. These synthetic observations show vaguely similar correlations to those in the observations, i.e., between the intensity ratios and their intensities, but only in the nonequilibrium case do we find that (some of) the observations can be reproduced. We conclude that these lines are formed out of statistical equilibrium. We use our time-dependent nonequilibrium ionization simulations to describe the physical mechanisms behind these observed properties.« less

  17. Regional Differences in Attitudes toward Corporal Punishment.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Flynn, Clifton P.

    1994-01-01

    Used data from 1988 General Social Survey for 978 adults to analyze regional differences in attitudes toward corporal punishment. Results revealed that most respondents in each of four regions favored spanking children; support varied among regions. After controlling for sociodemographic variables, northeast respondents had significantly less…

  18. Differences in attenuation among the stable continental regions

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Bakun, W.H.; McGarr, A.

    2002-01-01

    There are systematic differences in the attenuation of damaging earthquake ground motions between different stable continental regions (SCRs). Seismic intensity and weak-motion data show that the attenuation in seismic waves for eastern North America (ENA) is less than for India, Africa, Australia, and northwest Europe. If ENA ground-motion attenuation relations are used in seismic hazard models for other SCRs, as is commonly done, then the estimated ground motions and resulting hazard may be too large. If an attenuation model that averages observations from ENA and the other SCRs is used to estimate the magnitudes of large historical earthquakes in ENA, as is the case for recent estimates of M for the 1811-1812 New Madrid, Missouri and the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina events, then the magnitude estimates for these events will be too large, as will be the resulting hazard.

  19. Regional HLA Differences in Poland and Their Effect on Stem Cell Donor Registry Planning

    PubMed Central

    Schmidt, Alexander H.; Solloch, Ute V.; Pingel, Julia; Sauter, Jürgen; Böhme, Irina; Cereb, Nezih; Dubicka, Kinga; Schumacher, Stephan; Wachowiak, Jacek; Ehninger, Gerhard

    2013-01-01

    Regional HLA frequency differences are of potential relevance for the optimization of stem cell donor recruitment. We analyzed a very large sample (n = 123,749) of registered Polish stem cell donors. Donor figures by 1-digit postal code regions ranged from n = 5,243 (region 9) to n = 19,661 (region 8). Simulations based on region-specific haplotype frequencies showed that donor recruitment in regions 0, 2, 3 and 4 (mainly located in the south-eastern part of Poland) resulted in an above-average increase of matching probabilities for Polish patients. Regions 1, 7, 8, 9 (mainly located in the northern part of Poland) showed an opposite behavior. However, HLA frequency differences between regions were generally small. A strong indication for regionally focused donor recruitment efforts can, therefore, not be derived from our analyses. Results of haplotype frequency estimations showed sample size effects even for sizes between n≈5,000 and n≈20,000. This observation deserves further attention as most published haplotype frequency estimations are based on much smaller samples. PMID:24069237

  20. Earth observation for regional scale environmental and natural resources management

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bernknopf, R.; Brookshire, D.; Faulkner, S.; Chivoiu, B.; Bridge, B.; Broadbent, C.

    2013-12-01

    Earth observations (EO) provide critical information to natural resource assessment. Three examples are presented: conserving potable groundwater in intense agricultural regions, maximizing ecosystem service benefits at regional scales from afforestation investment and management, and enabling integrated natural and behavioral sciences for resource management and policy analysis. In each of these cases EO of different resolutions are used in different ways to help in the classification, characterization, and availability of natural resources and ecosystem services. To inform decisions, each example includes a spatiotemporal economic model to optimize the net societal benefits of resource development and exploitation. 1) EO is used for monitoring land use in intensively cultivated agricultural regions. Archival imagery is coupled to a hydrogeological process model to evaluate the tradeoff between agrochemical use and retention of potable groundwater. EO is used to couple individual producers and regional resource managers using information from markets and natural systems to aid in the objective of maximizing agricultural production and maintaining groundwater quality. The contribution of EO is input to a nitrate loading and transport model to estimate the cumulative impact on groundwater at specified distances from specific sites (wells) for 35 Iowa counties and two aquifers. 2) Land use/land cover (LULC) derived from EO is used to compare biological carbon sequestration alternatives and their provisioning of ecosystem services. EO is used to target land attributes that are more or less desirable for enhancing ecosystem services in two parishes in Louisiana. Ecological production functions are coupled with value data to maximize the expected return on investment in carbon sequestration and other ancillary ecosystem services while minimizing the risk. 3) Environmental and natural resources management decisions employ probabilistic estimates of yet-to-find or yet

  1. Brain regions involved in observing and trying to interpret dog behaviour.

    PubMed

    Desmet, Charlotte; van der Wiel, Alko; Brass, Marcel

    2017-01-01

    Humans and dogs have interacted for millennia. As a result, humans (and especially dog owners) sometimes try to interpret dog behaviour. While there is extensive research on the brain regions that are involved in mentalizing about other peoples' behaviour, surprisingly little is known of whether we use these same brain regions to mentalize about animal behaviour. In this fMRI study we investigate whether brain regions involved in mentalizing about human behaviour are also engaged when observing dog behaviour. Here we show that these brain regions are more engaged when observing dog behaviour that is difficult to interpret compared to dog behaviour that is easy to interpret. Interestingly, these results were not only obtained when participants were instructed to infer reasons for the behaviour but also when they passively viewed the behaviour, indicating that these brain regions are activated by spontaneous mentalizing processes.

  2. Regional frequency analysis of observed sub-daily rainfall maxima over eastern China

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sun, Hemin; Wang, Guojie; Li, Xiucang; Chen, Jing; Su, Buda; Jiang, Tong

    2017-02-01

    Based on hourly rainfall observational data from 442 stations during 1960-2014, a regional frequency analysis of the annual maxima (AM) sub-daily rainfall series (1-, 2-, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-h rainfall, using a moving window approach) for eastern China was conducted. Eastern China was divided into 13 homogeneous regions: Northeast (NE1, NE2), Central (C), Central North (CN1, CN2), Central East (CE1, CE2, CE3), Southeast (SE1, SE2, SE3, SE4), and Southwest (SW). The generalized extreme value performed best for the AM series in regions NE, C, CN2, CE1, CE2, SE2, and SW, and the generalized logistic distribution was appropriate in the other regions. Maximum return levels were in the SE4 region, with value ranges of 80-270 mm (1-h to 24-h rainfall) and 108-390 mm (1-h to 24-h rainfall) for 20- and 100 yr, respectively. Minimum return levels were in the CN1 and NE1 regions, with values of 37-104 mm and 53-140 mm for 20 and 100 yr, respectively. Comparing return levels using the optimal and commonly used Pearson-III distribution, the mean return-level differences in eastern China for 1-24-h rainfall varied from -3-4 mm to -23-11 mm (-10%-10%) for 20-yr events, reaching -6-26 mm (-10%-30%) and -10-133 mm (-10%-90%) for 100-yr events. In view of the large differences in estimated return levels, more attention should be given to frequency analysis of sub-daily rainfall over China, for improved water management and disaster reduction.

  3. Long-Term Observation of Small and Medium-Scale Gravity Waves over the Brazilian Equatorial Region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Essien, Patrick; Buriti, Ricardo; Wrasse, Cristiano M.; Medeiros, Amauri; Paulino, Igo; Takahashi, Hisao; Campos, Jose Andre

    2016-07-01

    This paper reports the long term observations of small and medium-scale gravity waves over Brazilian equatorial region. Coordinated optical and radio measurements were made from OLAP at Sao Joao do Cariri (7.400S, 36.500W) to investigate the occurrences and properties and to characterize the regional mesospheric gravity wave field. All-sky imager measurements were made from the site. for almost 11 consecutive years (September 2000 to November 2010). Most of the waves propagated were characterized as small-scale gravity. The characteristics of the two waves events agreed well with previous gravity wave studies from Brazil and other sites. However, significant differences in the wave propagation headings indicate dissimilar source regions. The observed medium-scale gravity wave events constitute an important new dataset to study their mesospheric properties at equatorial latitudes. These data exhibited similar propagation headings to the short period events, suggesting they originated from the same source regions. It was also observed that some of the medium-scale were capable of propagating into the lower thermosphere where they may have acted directly as seeds for the Rayleigh-Taylor instability development. The wave events were primarily generated by meteorological processes since there was no correlation between the evolution of the wave events and solar cycle F10.7.

  4. Soft X-ray observation of the Rho Ophiuchus dark cloud region

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Apparao, K. M. V.; Hayakawa, S.; Hearn, D. R.

    1979-01-01

    Soft X-rays (0.1-0.8 keV) from the region including the Rho Oph dark cloud were observed with the SAS-3 low-energy X-ray telescope. No X-ray absorption by the cloud was observed. This indicates that the diffuse component of soft X-rays in this region is mostly from the foreground of the Rho Oph cloud which is located at a distance of 160-200 pc.

  5. Insights from Synthetic Star-forming Regions. I. Reliable Mock Observations from SPH Simulations

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Koepferl, Christine M.; Robitaille, Thomas P.; Biscani, Francesco

    Through synthetic observations of a hydrodynamical simulation of an evolving star-forming region, we assess how the choice of observational techniques affects the measurements of properties that trace star formation. Testing and calibrating observational measurements requires synthetic observations that are as realistic as possible. In this part of the series (Paper I), we explore different techniques for mapping the distributions of densities and temperatures from the particle-based simulations onto a Voronoi mesh suitable for radiative transfer and consequently explore their accuracy. We further test different ways to set up the radiative transfer in order to produce realistic synthetic observations. We give amore » detailed description of all methods and ultimately recommend techniques. We have found that the flux around 20 μ m is strongly overestimated when blindly coupling the dust radiative transfer temperature with the hydrodynamical gas temperature. We find that when instead assuming a constant background dust temperature in addition to the radiative transfer heating, the recovered flux is consistent with actual observations. We present around 5800 realistic synthetic observations for Spitzer and Herschel bands, at different evolutionary time-steps, distances, and orientations. In the upcoming papers of this series (Papers II, III, and IV), we will test and calibrate measurements of the star formation rate, gas mass, and the star formation efficiency using our realistic synthetic observations.« less

  6. Brain regions involved in observing and trying to interpret dog behaviour

    PubMed Central

    Desmet, Charlotte; van der Wiel, Alko; Brass, Marcel

    2017-01-01

    Humans and dogs have interacted for millennia. As a result, humans (and especially dog owners) sometimes try to interpret dog behaviour. While there is extensive research on the brain regions that are involved in mentalizing about other peoples’ behaviour, surprisingly little is known of whether we use these same brain regions to mentalize about animal behaviour. In this fMRI study we investigate whether brain regions involved in mentalizing about human behaviour are also engaged when observing dog behaviour. Here we show that these brain regions are more engaged when observing dog behaviour that is difficult to interpret compared to dog behaviour that is easy to interpret. Interestingly, these results were not only obtained when participants were instructed to infer reasons for the behaviour but also when they passively viewed the behaviour, indicating that these brain regions are activated by spontaneous mentalizing processes. PMID:28931030

  7. The effect of using different regions of interest on local and mean skin temperature.

    PubMed

    Maniar, Nirav; Bach, Aaron J E; Stewart, Ian B; Costello, Joseph T

    2015-01-01

    The dynamic nature of tissue temperature and the subcutaneous properties, such as blood flow, fatness, and metabolic rate, leads to variation in local skin temperature. Therefore, we investigated the effects of using multiple regions of interest when calculating weighted mean skin temperature from four local sites. Twenty-six healthy males completed a single trial in a thermonetural laboratory (mean ± SD): 24.0 (1.2)°C; 56 (8%) relative humidity; <0.1 m/s air speed). Mean skin temperature was calculated from four local sites (neck, scapula, hand and shin) in accordance with International Standards using digital infrared thermography. A 50 mm × 50 mm, defined by strips of aluminium tape, created six unique regions of interest, top left quadrant, top right quadrant, bottom left quadrant, bottom right quadrant, centre quadrant and the entire region of interest, at each of the local sites. The largest potential error in weighted mean skin temperature was calculated using a combination of a) the coolest and b) the warmest regions of interest at each of the local sites. Significant differences between the six regions interest were observed at the neck (P<0.01), scapula (P<0.001) and shin (P<0.05); but not at the hand (P = 0.482). The largest difference (± SEM) at each site was as follows: neck 0.2 (0.1)°C; scapula 0.2 (0.0)°C; shin 0.1 (0.0)°C and hand 0.1 (0.1)°C. The largest potential error (mean ± SD) in weighted mean skin temperature was 0.4 (0.1)°C (P<0.001) and the associated 95% limits of agreement for these differences was 0.2-0.5 °C. Although we observed differences in local and mean skin temperature based on the region of interest employed, these differences were minimal and are not considered physiologically meaningful. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. Observations of Global and Regional Ionospheric Irregularities and Scintillation Using GNSS Tracking Networks

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Pi, Xiaoqing; Mannucci, Anthony J.; Valant-Spaight, Bonnie; Bar-Sever, Yoaz; Romans, Larry J.; Skone, Susan; Sparks, Lawrence; Hall, G. Martin

    2013-01-01

    The rate of TEC index (ROTI) is a measurement that characterizes ionospheric irregularities. It can be obtained from standard GNSS dual-frequency phase data collected using a geodetic type of GNSS receiver. By processing GPS data from ground-based networks of International GNSS Service and Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS), ROTI maps have been produced to observe global and regional scintillation activities. A major mid-latitude scintillation event in the contiguous United States is reported here that was captured in ROTI maps produced using CORS GPS data collected during a space weather storm. The analyses conducted in this work and previously by another group indicate that ROTI is a good occurrence indicator of both amplitude and phase scintillations of GPS L-band signals, even though the magnitudes of ROTI, S4, and sigma(sub phi) can be different. For example, our analysis indicates that prominent ROTI and the L1 phase scintillation (sigma(sub phi)) are well correlated temporally in the polar region while L1 amplitude scintillation rarely occurs. The differences are partially attributed to physics processes in different latitude regions, such as high-speed plasma convection in the polar region that can suppress the amplitude scintillation. An analysis of the impact of ionospheric scintillation on precise positioning, which requires use of dual-frequency phase data, is also conducted. The results indicate that significant (more than an order of magnitude) positioning errors can occur under phase scintillation conditions.

  9. Can Regional Climate Modeling Capture the Observed Changes in Spatial Organization of Extreme Storms at Higher Temperatures?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, J.; Wasko, C.; Johnson, F.; Evans, J. P.; Sharma, A.

    2018-05-01

    The spatial extent and organization of extreme storm events has important practical implications for flood forecasting. Recently, conflicting evidence has been found on the observed changes of storm spatial extent with increasing temperatures. To further investigate this question, a regional climate model assessment is presented for the Greater Sydney region, in Australia. Two regional climate models were considered: the first a convection-resolving simulation at 2-km resolution, the second a resolution of 10 km with three different convection parameterizations. Both the 2- and the 10-km resolutions that used the Betts-Miller-Janjic convective scheme simulate decreasing storm spatial extent with increasing temperatures for 1-hr duration precipitation events, consistent with the observation-based study in Australia. However, other observed relationships of extreme rainfall with increasing temperature were not well represented by the models. Improved methods for considering storm organization are required to better understand potential future changes.

  10. Regional differences in job satisfaction for mainland Chinese nurses.

    PubMed

    Tao, Hong; Zhang, Aihua; Hu, Jingchao; Zhang, Yaqing

    2012-01-01

    Although there is an abundance of research on nurses' job satisfaction, there is a paucity of publications on the regional differences that impact on nurses' job satisfaction. To compare the differences between northern and southern hospitals in Mainland China with respect to nurses' job satisfaction. A cross-sectional survey design was selected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t test, chi-square test, correlation, and linear regression. Nurses in northern hospitals were older, had higher educational levels yet received lower pay in comparison with their counterparts in the southern region. Despite these salary differences, those in the north consistently rated their job satisfaction greater in all areas except professional opportunities. Regional differences were related to nurses' job satisfaction. Potential contributing factors included philosophical, cultural, and economic differences between the 2 regions. The noteworthy regional differences that potentially related to nurse' job satisfaction should be investigated in future studies. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  11. Analysis of multidimensional difference-of-Gaussians filters in terms of directly observable parameters.

    PubMed

    Cope, Davis; Blakeslee, Barbara; McCourt, Mark E

    2013-05-01

    The difference-of-Gaussians (DOG) filter is a widely used model for the receptive field of neurons in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and is a potential model in general for responses modulated by an excitatory center with an inhibitory surrounding region. A DOG filter is defined by three standard parameters: the center and surround sigmas (which define the variance of the radially symmetric Gaussians) and the balance (which defines the linear combination of the two Gaussians). These parameters are not directly observable and are typically determined by nonlinear parameter estimation methods applied to the frequency response function. DOG filters show both low-pass (optimal response at zero frequency) and bandpass (optimal response at a nonzero frequency) behavior. This paper reformulates the DOG filter in terms of a directly observable parameter, the zero-crossing radius, and two new (but not directly observable) parameters. In the two-dimensional parameter space, the exact region corresponding to bandpass behavior is determined. A detailed description of the frequency response characteristics of the DOG filter is obtained. It is also found that the directly observable optimal frequency and optimal gain (the ratio of the response at optimal frequency to the response at zero frequency) provide an alternate coordinate system for the bandpass region. Altogether, the DOG filter and its three standard implicit parameters can be determined by three directly observable values. The two-dimensional bandpass region is a potential tool for the analysis of populations of DOG filters (for example, populations of neurons in the retina or LGN), because the clustering of points in this parameter space may indicate an underlying organizational principle. This paper concentrates on circular Gaussians, but the results generalize to multidimensional radially symmetric Gaussians and are given as an appendix.

  12. Hemisphere Rule in Active Regions with Different Properties

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Y.; Xiong, X.

    2017-12-01

    Magnetic twist in solar active regions has been found to have a hemispheric preferencein sign (hemisphere rule): negative in the northern hemisphere and positive in the southern.The strength of the preference reported in previous studies ranges greatly, from 58% to 82%.In this presentation, we will show an investigation that examines this hemispheric preference bystudying active regions in Solar Cycle 24 using the vector magnetic field data taken by the Helioseismicand Magnetic Imager (HMI). While in general the strength of the hemisphere preference is wellwithin the range reported by the previous studies, it differs substantially in different groupsof active regions that possess different properties in magnetic helicity: the group with theopposite signs of magnetic twist and writhe has a much stronger preference strength than thegroup with the same signs. This difference becomes even more significant in emerging activeregions. We place here a discussion on possible links between origin of magnetic twist, hemispherepreference, and emergence and evolution of active regions.

  13. Effect of intrinsic wetness and regional difference on dentin bond strength.

    PubMed

    Pereira, P N; Okuda, M; Sano, H; Yoshikawa, T; Burrow, M F; Tagami, J

    1999-01-01

    The aim of this investigation was to determine the influence of intrinsic wetness on regional bond strengths of adhesive resins to dentin. Human caries-free third molars were randomly divided into three groups for bonding: Group 1--no pulpal pressure; Group 2--pulpal pressure of 15 cm H2O; and Group 3--dentin dried overnight in a desiccator. Clearfil Liner Bond II (Kuraray) or One Step (Bisco) adhesive resins systems were applied to the flat dentin surfaces and the teeth were restored with APX resin composite (Kuraray). After 24 h in water at 37 degrees C, the specimens were sectioned into 0.7 mm thick slabs and divided into three regional subgroups according to the remaining dentin thickness and visual criteria: pulp horn, center, and periphery. The slabs were then trimmed for the micro-tensile bond test and subjected to a tensile force and crosshead of 1 mm/min. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD test at a confidence level of 95%. The fracture modes were determined under a scanning electron microscope (JXA-840, JEOL, Japan). No significant regional difference was observed for the Group 1 and 2 specimens restored with Clearfil Liner Bond II (p > 0.05). However, bond strengths significantly decreased at the pulp horn region of the Group 1 and 2 specimens restored with One Step (p > 0.01). All bond strengths of Group 3 decreased significantly and regional differences were not evident (p > 0.05). The dentin adhesive system should be chosen according to the substrate and region to be bonded, since bond strengths can vary according to the intrinsic wetness, region, and the adhesive system.

  14. Observations of molecular and atomic gas in photodissociation regions. [interstellar chemistry

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Jaffe, D. T.; Howe, J. E.

    1989-01-01

    Dense gas at the ionized/neutral boundaries of molecular clouds illuminated by far-UV photons plays an important role in the appearance of the neutral interstellar medium. It also is a laboratory for the study of UV-photochemistry and of a number of heating and cooling phenomena not seen elsewhere. Fine structure lines of neutral and low ionization potential species dominate the cooling in the outer part of the photodissociation regions. Observations of these lines show that the regions are dense and highly clumped. Observations of H2 and CO show that heating by UV photons plays a significant role in the excitation of molecular lines near the H II/neutral boundary. Warm CO is more abundant in these regions than predicted by the standard theoretical models. Optical reflection nebulas provide an ideal laboratory for the study of photodissocciation region phenomena.

  15. Observed Differences between North American Snow Extent and Snow Depth Variability

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ge, Y.; Gong, G.

    2006-12-01

    Snow extent and snow depth are two related characteristics of a snowpack, but they need not be mutually consistent. Differences between these two variables at local scales are readily apparent. However at larger scales which interact with atmospheric circulation and climate, snow extent is typically the variable used, while snow depth is often assumed to be minor and/or mutually consistent compared to snow extent, though this is rarely verified. In this study, a new regional/continental-scale gridded dataset derived from field observations is utilized to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between snow extent and snow depth over North America. Various statistical methods are applied to assess the mutual consistency of monthly snow depth vs. snow extent, including correlations, composites and principal components. Results indicate that snow depth variations are significant in their own rights, and that depth and extent anomalies are largely unrelated, especially over broad high latitude regions north of the snowline. In the vicinity of the snowline, where precipitation and ablation can affect both snow extent and snow depth, the two variables vary concurrently, especially in autumn and spring. It is also found that deeper winter snow translates into larger snow-covered area in the subsequent spring/summer season, which suggests a possible influence of winter snow depth on summer climate. The observed lack of mutual consistency at continental/regional scales suggests that snowpack depth variations may be of sufficiently large magnitude, spatial scope and temporal duration to influence regional-hemispheric climate, in a manner unrelated to the more extensively studied snow extent variations.

  16. Simulated East-west differences in F-region peak electron density at Far East mid-latitude region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ren, Zhipeng; Zhao, Biqiang; Wan, Weixing; Liu, Libo

    2017-04-01

    In the present work, using Three-Dimensional Theoretical Ionospheric Model of the Earth in Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (TIME3D-IGGCAS), we simulated the east-west differences in Fregion peak electron density (NmF2) at Far East mid-latitude region.We found that, after removing the longitudinal variations of neutral parameters, TIME3D-IGGCAS can better represent the observed relative east-west difference (Rew) features. Rew is mainly negative (West NmF2 > East NmF2) at noon and positive (East NmF2 >West NmF2) at evening-night. The magnitude of daytime negative Rew is weak at local winter and strong at local summer, and the daytime Rew show two negative peaks around two equinoxes. With the increasing of solar flux level, the magnitude of Rew mainly become larger, and two daytime negative peaks slight shifts to June Solstice. With the decreasing of geographical latitude, Rew mainly become positive, and two daytime negative peaks slight shifts to June Solstice. Our simulation also suggested that the thermospheric zonal wind combined with the geomagnetic field configuration play a pivotal role in the formation of the ionospheric east-west differences at Far East midlatitude region.

  17. Simulated East-west differences in F-region peak electron density at Far East mid-latitude region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ren, Z.; Wan, W.

    2017-12-01

    In the present work, using Three-Dimensional Theoretical Ionospheric Model of the Earth in Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (TIME3D-IGGCAS), we simulated the east-west differences in Fregion peak electron density (NmF2) at Far East mid-latitude region.We found that, after removing the longitudinal variations of neutral parameters, TIME3D-IGGCAS can better represent the observed relative east-west difference (Rew) features. Rew is mainly negative (West NmF2 > East NmF2) at noon and positive (East NmF2 >West NmF2) at evening-night. The magnitude of daytime negative Rew is weak at local winter and strong at local summer, and the daytime Rew show two negative peaks around two equinoxes. With the increasing of solar flux level, the magnitude of Rew mainly become larger, and two daytime negative peaks slight shifts to June Solstice. With the decreasing of geographical latitude, Rew mainly become positive, and two daytime negative peaks slight shifts to June Solstice. Our simulation also suggested that the thermospheric zonal wind combined with the geomagnetic field configuration play a pivotal role in the formation of the ionospheric east-west differences at Far East midlatitude region.

  18. Multi-wavelength Observations of Solar Acoustic Waves Near Active Regions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Monsue, Teresa; Pesnell, Dean; Hill, Frank

    2018-01-01

    Active region areas on the Sun are abundant with a variety of waves that are both acoustically helioseismic and magnetohydrodynamic in nature. The occurrence of a solar flare can disrupt these waves, through MHD mode-mixing or scattering by the excitation of these waves. We take a multi-wavelength observational approach to understand the source of theses waves by studying active regions where flaring activity occurs. Our approach is to search for signals within a time series of images using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm, by producing multi-frequency power map movies. We study active regions both spatially and temporally and correlate this method over multiple wavelengths using data from NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory. By surveying the active regions on multiple wavelengths we are able to observe the behavior of these waves within the Solar atmosphere, from the photosphere up through the corona. We are able to detect enhancements of power around active regions, which could be acoustic power halos and of an MHD-wave propagating outward by the flaring event. We are in the initial stages of this study understanding the behaviors of these waves and could one day contribute to understanding the mechanism responsible for their formation; that has not yet been explained.

  19. Observing the Microseism Source Regions from Space

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Simard, M.; Kedar, S.; Rodriguez, E.; Webb, F. H.

    2005-12-01

    Correlations of this ambient seismic signal between seismic stations has recently emerged as a powerful technique for tomography of the Earth's crust, allowing continuous global monitoring of the crust to seismogenic depths without relying on the occurrence of earthquakes. The technique has the potential for resolving changes in the crust during periods of little or no earthquake activity. Since ambient seismic noise is predominantly generated by ocean wave-wave interactions known to originate in narrowly defined geographical source areas that vary according to ocean swell state and season, it may be possible to derive physical constraints of the source characteristics by globallyly observing candidate source regions from space. At present, such observations have been confined to point measurements such as directional buoys and ocean-bottom seismometers. Using a technique formulated by Engen and Jonsen [1995], a 'field view' of the generating region can be obtained by deriving ocean directional spectra from Synthetic Aperature Radar (SAR) images by analysis of cross correlation of single-look SAR images. In November 2004, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL) air-borne SAR instrument, has collected data off the Alaska coast, while a large storm with wave heights of ~8m was pounding the coast. This was contemporaneous with the recording of strong microseismic activity by the Canadian National Seismic (CNSN). The AirSAR collected over a 100km long, 10km wide swath offshore, the region most likely to involve wave-wave interaction between the incoming swell and coast-reflected waves. JPL has implemented the cross correlation spectral technique, and applied it to the 2004 data-set. We will present results of the analysis of the SAR data in conjunction with analysis of the CNSN broadband seismic data.

  20. Transitional behavior of different energy protons based on Van Allen Probes observations

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Yue, Chao; Bortnik, Jacob; Chen, Lunjin

    Understanding the dynamical behavior of ~1 eV to 50 keV ions and identifying the energies at which the morphologies transit are important in that they involve the relative intensities and distributions of the large-scale electric and magnetic fields, the outflow, and recombination rates. However, there have been only few direct observational investigations of the transition in drift behaviors of different energy ions before the Van Allen Probes era. In this paper, we statistically analyze ~1 eV to 50 keV hydrogen (H +) differential flux distributions near geomagnetic equator by using Van Allen Probes observations to investigate the H + dynamicsmore » under the regulation of large-scale electric and magnetic fields. Our survey clearly indicates three types of H + behaviors within different energy ranges, which is consistent with previous theory predictions. Finally, using simple electric and magnetic field models in UBK coordinates, we have further constrained the source regions of different energy ions and their drift directions.« less

  1. Transitional behavior of different energy protons based on Van Allen Probes observations

    DOE PAGES

    Yue, Chao; Bortnik, Jacob; Chen, Lunjin; ...

    2016-12-09

    Understanding the dynamical behavior of ~1 eV to 50 keV ions and identifying the energies at which the morphologies transit are important in that they involve the relative intensities and distributions of the large-scale electric and magnetic fields, the outflow, and recombination rates. However, there have been only few direct observational investigations of the transition in drift behaviors of different energy ions before the Van Allen Probes era. In this paper, we statistically analyze ~1 eV to 50 keV hydrogen (H +) differential flux distributions near geomagnetic equator by using Van Allen Probes observations to investigate the H + dynamicsmore » under the regulation of large-scale electric and magnetic fields. Our survey clearly indicates three types of H + behaviors within different energy ranges, which is consistent with previous theory predictions. Finally, using simple electric and magnetic field models in UBK coordinates, we have further constrained the source regions of different energy ions and their drift directions.« less

  2. Sgr A* as Source of the Positrons Observed in the Galactic Center Region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jean, Pierre; Guessoum, Nidhal; Ferrière, Katia

    2017-01-01

    We explore the possibility that a substantial fraction of the positrons observed to annihilate in the central region of our Galaxy come from the supermassive black hole Sgr A* that lies at the center. This idea was proposed by several authors, but the propagation of the emitted positrons into the bulge and beyond remained a serious problem for models of the origin of GC positrons. We assume models of positron production with different energies. The propagation of positrons from their production site is followed in detail with Monte-Carlo simulations, taking into account the physical conditions of the propagation regions as well as various physical interactions. Using the known physics of positron annihilation in astrophysical environments, we calculate the properties of the annihilation emission (time evolution and spatial distribution) for the different models under consideration. We present the results of these simulations and the conclusions/constraints that can be inferred from them.

  3. Regional differences in prescribing quality among elder veterans and the impact of rural residence

    PubMed Central

    Lund, BC; Charlton, ME; Steinman, MA; Kaboli, PJ

    2014-01-01

    Purpose Medication safety is a critical concern for older adults. Regional variation in potentially inappropriate prescribing practices may reflect important differences in health care quality. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to characterize prescribing quality variation among older adults across geographic region, and to compare prescribing quality across rural versus urban residence. Methods Cross-sectional study of 1,549,824 older adult veterans with regular Veterans Affairs (VA) primary care and medication use during fiscal year 2007. Prescribing quality was measured by 4 indicators of potentially inappropriate prescribing: Zhan criteria drugs to avoid, Fick criteria drugs to avoid, therapeutic duplication, and drug-drug interactions. Frequency differences across region and rural-urban residence were compared using adjusted odds-ratios. Findings Significant regional variation was observed for all indicators. Zhan criteria frequencies ranged from 13.2% in the Northeast to 21.2% in the South. Nationally, rural veterans had a significantly increased risk for inappropriate prescribing according to all quality indicators. However, regional analyses revealed this effect was limited to the South and Northeast, whereas rural residence was neutral in the Midwest and protective in the West. Conclusions Significant regional variation in prescribing quality was observed among older adult veterans, mirroring recent findings among Medicare beneficiaries. The association between rurality and prescribing quality is heterogeneous, and relying solely on national estimates may yield misleading conclusions. While we documented important variations in prescribing quality, the underlying factors driving these trends remain unknown, and they are a vital area for future research affecting older adults in both VA and non-VA health systems. PMID:23551647

  4. Heterogeneity in Genetic Admixture across Different Regions of Argentina

    PubMed Central

    Avena, Sergio; Via, Marc; Ziv, Elad; Pérez-Stable, Eliseo J.; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Dejean, Cristina; Huntsman, Scott; Torres-Mejía, Gabriela; Dutil, Julie; Matta, Jaime L.; Beckman, Kenneth; Burchard, Esteban González; Parolin, María Laura; Goicoechea, Alicia; Acreche, Noemí; Boquet, Mariel; Ríos Part, María Del Carmen; Fernández, Vanesa; Rey, Jorge; Stern, Mariana C.; Carnese, Raúl F.; Fejerman, Laura

    2012-01-01

    The population of Argentina is the result of the intermixing between several groups, including Indigenous American, European and African populations. Despite the commonly held idea that the population of Argentina is of mostly European origin, multiple studies have shown that this process of admixture had an impact in the entire Argentine population. In the present study we characterized the distribution of Indigenous American, European and African ancestry among individuals from different regions of Argentina and evaluated the level of discrepancy between self-reported grandparental origin and genetic ancestry estimates. A set of 99 autosomal ancestry informative markers (AIMs) was genotyped in a sample of 441 Argentine individuals to estimate genetic ancestry. We used non-parametric tests to evaluate statistical significance. The average ancestry for the Argentine sample overall was 65% European (95%CI: 63–68%), 31% Indigenous American (28–33%) and 4% African (3–4%). We observed statistically significant differences in European ancestry across Argentine regions [Buenos Aires province (BA) 76%, 95%CI: 73–79%; Northeast (NEA) 54%, 95%CI: 49–58%; Northwest (NWA) 33%, 95%CI: 21–41%; South 54%, 95%CI: 49–59%; p<0.0001] as well as between the capital and immediate suburbs of Buenos Aires city compared to more distant suburbs [80% (95%CI: 75–86%) versus 68% (95%CI: 58–77%), p = 0.01]. European ancestry among individuals that declared all grandparents born in Europe was 91% (95%CI: 88–94%) compared to 54% (95%CI: 51–57%) among those with no European grandparents (p<0.001). Our results demonstrate the range of variation in genetic ancestry among Argentine individuals from different regions in the country, highlighting the importance of taking this variation into account in genetic association and admixture mapping studies in this population. PMID:22506044

  5. Regional differences of the contractile responses to acetylcholine and neurokinin A in rabbit airway: heterogeneous distribution of the metabolic enzymes.

    PubMed

    Goroumaru-Shinkai, M; Yamamoto, R; Funayama, N; Takayanagi, I

    1992-11-01

    1. Experiments were designed to determine whether differences exist in the sensitivity to muscarinic and tachykinin agonists in rabbit airways. 2. The rank order of sensitivity (pD2 value) to acetylcholine was: trachea > proximal bronchus > distal bronchus, whereas no regional difference was observed in the sensitivity to carbamylcholine which is resistant to acetylcholinesterase. 3. Acetylcholinesterase activity was greater in the distal than in the proximal airway. 4. In the absence of the peptidase inhibitor, phosphoramidon, the pD2 values of neurokinin A (NKA) and substance P (SP) in trachea were significantly greater than that in bronchus, whereas no regional difference was observed in the NK1 selective agonist, substance P methyl ester (SPOMe). 5. Application of phosphoramidon (10 microM) to avoid peptide degradation abolished the regional difference of the pD2 values of SP. 6. In conclusion, regional differences in sensitivities to acetylcholine and NKA in the rabbit airway were suggested to be due to distribution to the metabolic enzymes of these drugs.

  6. Fostering Earth Observation Regional Networks - Integrative and iterative approaches to capacity building

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Habtezion, S.

    2015-12-01

    Fostering Earth Observation Regional Networks - Integrative and iterative approaches to capacity building Fostering Earth Observation Regional Networks - Integrative and iterative approaches to capacity building Senay Habtezion (shabtezion@start.org) / Hassan Virji (hvirji@start.org)Global Change SySTem for Analysis, Training and Research (START) (www.start.org) 2000 Florida Avenue NW, Suite 200 Washington, DC 20009 USA As part of the Global Observation of Forest and Land Cover Dynamics (GOFC-GOLD) project partnership effort to promote use of earth observations in advancing scientific knowledge, START works to bridge capacity needs related to earth observations (EOs) and their applications in the developing world. GOFC-GOLD regional networks, fostered through the support of regional and thematic workshops, have been successful in (1) enabling participation of scientists for developing countries and from the US to collaborate on key GOFC-GOLD and Land Cover and Land Use Change (LCLUC) issues, including NASA Global Data Set validation and (2) training young developing country scientists to gain key skills in EOs data management and analysis. Members of the regional networks are also engaged and reengaged in other EOs programs (e.g. visiting scientists program; data initiative fellowship programs at the USGS EROS Center and Boston University), which has helped strengthen these networks. The presentation draws from these experiences in advocating for integrative and iterative approaches to capacity building through the lens of the GOFC-GOLD partnership effort. Specifically, this presentation describes the role of the GODC-GOLD partnership in nurturing organic networks of scientists and EOs practitioners in Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe and Latin America.

  7. Developmental toxicity in flounder embryos exposed to crude oils derived from different geographical regions.

    PubMed

    Jung, Jee-Hyun; Lee, Eun-Hee; Choi, Kwang-Min; Yim, Un Hyuk; Ha, Sung Yong; An, Joon Geon; Kim, Moonkoo

    2017-06-01

    Crude oils from distinct geographical regions have distinct chemical compositions, and, as a result, their toxicity may be different. However, developmental toxicity of crude oils derived from different geographical regions has not been extensively characterized. In this study, flounder embryos were separately exposed to effluents contaminated by three crude oils including: Basrah Light (BLO), Pyrenees (PCO), and Sakhalin Vityaz (SVO), in addition to a processed fuel oil (MFO-380), to measure developmental toxicity and for gene expressions. Each oil possessed a distinct chemical composition. Edema defect was highest in embryos exposed to PCO and MFO-380 that both have a greater fraction of three-ring PAHs (33% and 22%, respectively) compared to BLO and SVO. Observed caudal fin defects were higher in embryos exposed to SVO and MFO-380, which are both dominated by naphthalenes (81% and 52%, respectively). CYP1A gene expressions were also highest in embryos exposed to SVO and MFO-380. Higher incidence of cardiotoxicity and lower nkx 2.5 expression were detected in embryos exposed to PCO. Unique gene expression profiles were observed in embryos exposed to crude oils with distinct compositions. This study demonstrates that crude oils of different geographical origins with different compositional characteristics induce developmental toxicity to different degrees. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  8. Impacts of Megacities on Regional Air Quality from MOPITT Observations and MOZART Model Results

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Emmons, L. K.; Edwards, D. P.; Hess, P. G.; Lamarque, J.; Pfister, G.; Wiedinmyer, C.; Clerbaux, C.

    2007-05-01

    The emissions from large cities, such as Mexico City, Los Angeles and Tokyo, as well as densely populated regions in India, China, etc., can clearly be seen in the CO retrievals from the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument on the Terra satellite and will be illustrated in this presentation. To assist in the flight planning and analysis of the MILAGRO field campaigns in Mexico during March 2006, MOPITT CO retrievals were assimilated in the global chemical transport model MOZART, using fire emissions based on satellite observations. To understand the impacts of Mexico City and other megacities on regional air quality, additional simulations of MOZART have been performed. The CO emissions from different types of sources (biomass burning, industry, etc.) are "tagged" in the model to show their relative contribution to the regional atmospheric composition. In addition, NO emissions from a single megacity or region are tagged to identify the contribution of ozone from a given source. The contribution from Mexico City pollution to the regional and global atmosphere will be compared to other megacities.

  9. Dual-mode E region plasma wave observations from Millstone Hill

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    del Pozo, C. F.; Foster, J. C.; St.-Maurice, J.-P.

    1993-04-01

    Observations and analysis of the unstable auroral E region during local afternoon to early morning hours, and modified two-stream waves as well as two kinds of waves associated with the turbulence created by such waves are identified. One of these types exhibits properties similar to those of type II waves reported in the literature, whereas the second type has a broader spectrum, is detected in all directions, and appears to be new. The onset of turbulence corresponds to an electric field threshold of the order of 20 m/Vm. The presence of an azimuthal asymmetry in both the threshold field and the observed phase velocities with systematically greater values is detected; they are attributed to the presence of a 50-m/s E-W neutral wind at E region heights. The maximum observed volume reflectivity for type I wave ranges exceeded 10 exp -11, and that of the secondaries was of the order of 20 dB smaller.

  10. A multi-objective framework to predict flows of ungauged rivers within regions of sparse hydrometeorologic observation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Alipour, M.; Kibler, K. M.

    2017-12-01

    Despite advances in flow prediction, managers of ungauged rivers located within broad regions of sparse hydrometeorologic observation still lack prescriptive methods robust to the data challenges of such regions. We propose a multi-objective streamflow prediction framework for regions of minimum observation to select models that balance runoff efficiency with choice of accurate parameter values. We supplement sparse observed data with uncertain or low-resolution information incorporated as `soft' a priori parameter estimates. The performance of the proposed framework is tested against traditional single-objective and constrained single-objective calibrations in two catchments in a remote area of southwestern China. We find that the multi-objective approach performs well with respect to runoff efficiency in both catchments (NSE = 0.74 and 0.72), within the range of efficiencies returned by other models (NSE = 0.67 - 0.78). However, soil moisture capacity estimated by the multi-objective model resonates with a priori estimates (parameter residuals of 61 cm versus 289 and 518 cm for maximum soil moisture capacity in one catchment, and 20 cm versus 246 and 475 cm in the other; parameter residuals of 0.48 versus 0.65 and 0.7 for soil moisture distribution shape factor in one catchment, and 0.91 versus 0.79 and 1.24 in the other). Thus, optimization to a multi-criteria objective function led to very different representations of soil moisture capacity as compared to models selected by single-objective calibration, without compromising runoff efficiency. These different soil moisture representations may translate into considerably different hydrological behaviors. The proposed approach thus offers a preliminary step towards greater process understanding in regions of severe data limitations. For instance, the multi-objective framework may be an adept tool to discern between models of similar efficiency to select models that provide the "right answers for the right reasons

  11. Relating Alfvén Wave Heating Model to Observations of a Solar Active Region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yoritomo, J. Y.; Van Ballegooijen, A. A.

    2012-12-01

    We compared images from the Solar Dynamics Observatory's (SDO) Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) with simulations of propagating and dissipating Alfvén waves from a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model (van Ballegooijen et. al 2011; Asgari-Targhi & van Ballegooijen 2012). The goal was to search for observational evidence of Alfvén waves in the solar corona and understand their role in coronal heating. We looked at one particular active region on the 5th of May 2012. Certain distinct loops in the SDO/AIA observations were selected and expanded. Movies were created from these selections in an attempt to discover transverse motions that may be Alfvén waves. Using a magnetogram of that day and the corresponding synoptic map, a potential field model was created for the active region. Three-dimensional MHD models for several loops in different locations in the active region were created. Each model specifies the temperature, pressure, magnetic field strength, average heating rate, and other parameters along the loop. We find that the heating is intermittent in the loops and reflection occurs at the transition region. For loops at larger and larger height, a point is reached where thermal non-equilibrium occurs. In the center this critical height is much higher than in the periphery of the active region. Lastly, we find that the average heating rate and coronal pressure decrease with increasing height in the corona. This research was supported by an NSF grant for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) Solar REU program and a SDO/AIA grant for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.

  12. Promoting discovery and access to real time observations produced by regional coastal ocean observing systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Anderson, D. M.; Snowden, D. P.; Bochenek, R.; Bickel, A.

    2015-12-01

    In the U.S. coastal waters, a network of eleven regional coastal ocean observing systems support real-time coastal and ocean observing. The platforms supported and variables acquired are diverse, ranging from current sensing high frequency (HF) radar to autonomous gliders. The system incorporates data produced by other networks and experimental systems, further increasing the breadth of the collection. Strategies promoted by the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) ensure these data are not lost at sea. Every data set deserves a description. ISO and FGDC compliant metadata enables catalog interoperability and record-sharing. Extensive use of netCDF with the Climate and Forecast convention (identifying both metadata and a structured format) is shown to be a powerful strategy to promote discovery, interoperability, and re-use of the data. To integrate specialized data which are often obscure, quality control protocols are being developed to homogenize the QC and make these data more integrate-able. Data Assembly Centers have been established to integrate some specialized streams including gliders, animal telemetry, and HF radar. Subsets of data that are ingested into the National Data Buoy Center are also routed to the Global Telecommunications System (GTS) of the World Meteorological Organization to assure wide international distribution. From the GTS, data are assimilated into now-cast and forecast models, fed to other observing systems, and used to support observation-based decision making such as forecasts, warnings, and alerts. For a few years apps were a popular way to deliver these real-time data streams to phones and tablets. Responsive and adaptive web sites are an emerging flexible strategy to provide access to the regional coastal ocean observations.

  13. Observations and Modeling of Transition Region and Coronal Heating Associated with Spicules

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    De Pontieu, B.; Martinez-Sykora, J.; De Moortel, I.; Chintzoglou, G.; McIntosh, S. W.

    2017-12-01

    Spicules have been proposed as significant contributorsto the coronal energy and mass balance. While previous observationshave provided a glimpse of short-lived transient brightenings in thecorona that are associated with spicules, these observations have beencontested and are the subject of a vigorous debate both on the modelingand the observational side so that it remains unclear whether plasmais heated to coronal temperatures in association with spicules. We use high-resolution observations of the chromosphere and transition region with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) and ofthe corona with the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard theSolar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) to show evidence of the formation of coronal structures as a result of spicular mass ejections andheating of plasma to transition region and coronaltemperatures. Our observations suggest that a significant fraction of the highly dynamic loop fan environment associated with plage regions may be the result of the formation of such new coronal strands, a process that previously had been interpreted as the propagation of transient propagating coronal disturbances (PCD)s. Our observationsare supported by 2.5D radiative MHD simulations that show heating tocoronal temperatures in association with spicules. Our results suggest that heating and strong flows play an important role in maintaining the substructure of loop fans, in addition to the waves that permeate this low coronal environment. Our models also matches observations ofTR counterparts of spicules and provides an elegant explanation forthe high apparent speeds of these "network jets".

  14. Accumulation characteristics and correlation analysis of five ginsenosides with different cultivation ages from different regions.

    PubMed

    Xiao, Dan; Yue, Hao; Xiu, Yang; Sun, Xiuli; Wang, YiBo; Liu, ShuYing

    2015-10-01

    Ginseng (the roots of Panax ginseng Meyer) is a well-known traditional Oriental medicine and is now widely used as a health food. It contains several types of ginsenosides, which are considered the major active medicinal components of ginseng. It has recently been reported that the qualitative and quantitative properties of ginsenosides found in ginseng may differ, depending on cultivation regions, ages, species, and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to study these variations with respect to cultivation ages and regions. In this study, 3-6-yr-old roots of P. ginseng were collected from three different cultivation regions. The contents of five ginsenosides (Rb1, Rd, Rc, Re, and Rgl) were measured by rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The Kruskal-Wallis Rank sum test and multiple t test were used for comparative analysis of the data to evaluate the dynamic changes in the accumulation of these ginsenosides affected by cultivation regions and ages. The content and composition of ginsenosides varied significantly among specimens collected from different cultivation regions and having different cultivation ages. For all samples, the content of Rg1 and Re ginsenosides increases with age and this rate of increase is different for each sample. The contents of Rb1, Rc, and Rd varied with cultivation ages in samples from different cultivation regions; especially, Rb1 from a 6-yr-old root showed approximately twofold variation among the samples from three cultivation regions. Furthermore, the content of Rb1 highly correlated with that of Rd (r = 0.89 across all locations and ages). In our study, only the contents of ginsenosides Rg1 and Re were affected by the root age. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, and Rd varied widely with ages in samples from different cultivation regions.

  15. Regional differences, socio-demographics, and hidden population of HIV/AIDS in India.

    PubMed

    Kumar, Rajeev; Suar, Damodar; Singh, Sanjay Kumar

    2017-02-01

    This study examines the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in different regions of India, their socio-demographic indicators, and the presence of hidden population infected with HIV. Secondary data analyzed were obtained from national and international agencies. Considering the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in India, the low-prevalence regions in the last decade have shown a steady increase in recent years. Productive age, urbanization, male gender, lower level of education, minority religions, low income, and mobile occupations are associated with HIV pandemic. The hidden population vulnerable to HIV/AIDS are: street children, homeless population, and refugees. These observations can help map the high-risk behavior groups and formulate targeted strategies to curb the HIV menace.

  16. 76 FR 9551 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; Northeast Region Observer Providers Requirements

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-18

    ... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; Northeast Region Observer Providers Requirements AGENCY: National Oceanic and...; formally request observer training by the Northeast Fisheries Observer Program (NEFOP); submit observer...

  17. Frequent ultraviolet brightenings observed in a solar active region with solar maximum mission

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Porter, J. G.; Toomre, J.; Gebbie, K. B.

    1984-01-01

    Observations of the temporal behavior of ultraviolet emission from bright points within an active region of the sun are reported. Frequent and rapid brightenings in Si IV and O IV line emission are seen. The observations suggest that intermittent heating events of modest amplitude are occurring at many sites within an active region. By selecting the brightest site at any given time within an active region and then sampling its behavior in detail within a 120 s interval, it is found that about two-thirds of the samples show variations of the Si IV line intensity. The brightenings typically last about 40-60 s; intensity increases of about 20-100 percent are frequently observed. The results suggest that heating due to magnetic field reconnection within an active region is proceeding almost stochastically. Events involving only a modest release of energy occur the most frequently.

  18. Observations of Ion Diffusion Regions in the Geomagnetic Tail

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rogers, A. J.; Farrugia, C. J.; Torbert, R. B.; Argall, M. R.; Strangeway, R. J.; Ergun, R.

    2017-12-01

    We present analysis of two Ion Diffusion Regions (IDRs) in the geomagnetic tail, as observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS). Analysis of each event is centered around discussion of parameters commonly associated with IDRs such as enhanced electric field magnitude, guiding center expansion parameter, and ion velocity. Characteristic values for these parameters are determined, as well as other common attributes of IDRs, and used to develop a searching algorithm to automate identification of possible IDRs for closer inspection. Preliminary results of applying this algorithm to in situ MMS observations are also presented

  19. Delineation of colluvial soils in different soil regions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zádorová, Tereza; Penížek, Vít; Vašát, Radim

    2015-04-01

    Colluvial soils are considered to be the direct result of accelerated soil erosion in agricultural landscape, resulting in accumulation of humus-rich soil material in terrain depressions and toe slopes. They represent an important soil cover element in landscapes influenced by soil erosion and form an important soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. Delineation of colluvial soils can identify areas with high sediment input and potential deep organic carbon storage and thus improve our knowledge on soil mass and SOC stock redistribution in dissected landscapes. Different prediction methods (ordinary kriging, multiple linear regression, supervised fuzzy classification, artificial neural network, support vector machines) for colluvial soils delineation have been tested in three different soil regions (Cambisol, Luvisol and Chernozem) at two scales (plot and watershed) in the Czech Republic. The approach is based on exploitation of relationship between soil and terrain units and assumes that colluvial soil can be defined by particular range of terrain attributes values. Terrain attributes derived from precise DEMs were used as predictors in applied models. The soil-terrain relationship was assessed using a large dataset of field investigations (300 cores at each plot and 100 cores at each watershed). Models were trained at plot scale (15-33 ha) and the best performing model was then calibrated and validated at watershed scale (25-55 km2). The study proved high potential of terrain variables as predictors in colluvial soil delineation. Support vector machines method was the best performing method for colluvial soil occurrence prediction at all the three sites. However, significant differences in performance have been identified among the studied plots. The best results were obtained in Luvisol region where both determination coefficient and prediction accuracy reached the highest values. The model performance was satisfactory also in Chernozem region. The model showed its

  20. Reaction capacity characterization of shallow sedimentary deposits in geologically different regions of the Netherlands.

    PubMed

    Griffioen, Jasper; Klein, Janneke; van Gaans, Pauline F M

    2012-01-01

    Quantitative insight into the reaction capacity of porous media is necessary to assess the buffering capacity of the subsurface against contaminant input via groundwater recharge. Here, reaction capacity is to be considered as a series of geochemical characteristics that control acid/base conditions, redox conditions and sorption intensity. Using existing geochemical analyses, a statistical regional assessment of the reaction capacity was performed for two geologically different areas in the Netherlands. The first area is dominated by Pleistocene aquifer sediments only, in the second area a heterogeneous Holocene confining layer is found on top of the Pleistocene aquifer sediments. Within both areas, two or more regions can be distinguished that have a distinctly different geological build-up of the shallow subsurface. The reactive compounds considered were pyrite, reactive Fe other than pyrite, sedimentary organic matter, carbonate and clay content. This characterization was complemented by the analysis of a dataset of samples newly collected, from two regions within the Pleistocene area, where the sedimentary facies of samples was additionally distinguished. The statistical assessment per area was executed at the levels of region, geological formation and lithology class. For both areas, significant differences in reaction capacities were observed between: 1. different lithology classes within a geological formation in a single region, 2. identical geological formations in different regions and 3. various geological formations within a single region. Here, the reaction capacity is not only controlled by lithostratigraphy, but also by post-depositional diagenesis and paleohydrology. Correlation coefficients among the reactive compounds were generally higher for sand than for clay, but insufficiently high to allow good estimation of reactive compounds from each other. For the sandy Pleistocene aquifer sediments, the content of reactive compounds was frequently

  1. Ring Current Response to Different Storm Drivers. Van Allen Probes and Cluster Observations.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bingham, S.; Mouikis, C.; Kistler, L. M.; Spence, H. E.; Gkioulidou, M.; Claudepierre, S. G.; Farrugia, C. J.

    2015-12-01

    The ring current responds differently to the different solar and interplanetary storm drivers such as coronal mass injections, (CME's), co-rotating interaction regions (CIR's), high-speed streamers and other structures. The resulting changes in the ring current particle pressure change the global magnetic field, which affects the transport of the radiation belts. In order to determine the field changes during a storm it is necessary to understand the transport, sources and losses of the particles that contribute to the ring current. The source population of the storm time ring current is the night side plasma sheet. However, it is not clear how these convecting particles affect the storm time ring current pressure development. We use Van Allen Probes and Cluster observations together with the Volland-Stern and dipole magnetic field models to determine the contribution in the ring current pressure of the plasma sheet particles convecting from the night side that are on open drift paths, during the storm evolution. We compare storms that are related to different interplanetary drivers, CME and CIR, as observed at different local times.

  2. Final Cassini RADAR Observation of Titan's Magic Island Region and Ligeia Mare

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hofgartner, J. D.; Hayes, A.; Lunine, J. I.; Stiles, B. W.; Malaska, M. J.; Wall, S. D.

    2017-12-01

    Cassini arrived in the Saturn system shortly after the Oct. 2002 northern winter solstice and the mission will end shortly after the May 2017 northern summer solstice. A main objective of the Cassini Solstice mission is to study seasonal and temporal changes and at Titan this includes changes of the hydrocarbon lakes/seas. Titan's Magic Islands are transient bright features in the north polar sea, Ligeia Mare that were observed to be temporal changes in Cassini RADAR images. The Magic Islands were discovered in a July 2013 image as anomalously bright features that were not present in four previous observations from Feb. 2007 - May 2013. The region of the Magic Islands was again anomalously bright in an Aug. 2014 image and the total areal extent of the anomalously bright region had increased by more than a factor of three. The transient features were not, however, observed in a Jan. 2015 image. Thus in seven observations spanning much of the Cassini mission the bright features were observed to appear, increase in extent, and then disappear. They are referred to as Titan's Magic Islands because of their appearing/disappearing behavior and resemblance in appearance to islands. These transient bright features are not actually islands. The transients were concluded to be most consistent with waves, floating solids, suspended solids, and bubbles. Tides, sea level changes, and seafloor changes are unlikely to be the primary cause of these temporal changes. Whether these temporal changes are also seasonal changes was unclear. The final Cassini RADAR imaging observation of Titan in Apr. 2017 included the region of the Magic Islands. The transient bright features were not present during this observation. The geometry of the observation was such that, had the transients been present, their brightness may have ruled out some of the remaining hypotheses. Their absence however, is less constraining but consistent with their transient nature. Waves, floating solids, suspended

  3. A study of acoustic halos in active region NOAA 11330 using multi-height SDO observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tripathy, S. C.; Jain, K.; Kholikov, S.; Hill, F.; Rajaguru, S. P.; Cally, P. S.

    2018-01-01

    We analyze data from the Helioseismic Magnetic Imager (HMI) and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) instruments on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) to characterize the spatio-temporal acoustic power distribution in active regions as a function of the height in the solar atmosphere. For this, we use Doppler velocity and continuum intensity observed using the magnetically sensitive line at 6173 Å as well as intensity at 1600 Å and 1700 Å. We focus on the power enhancements seen around AR 11330 as a function of wave frequency, magnetic field strength, field inclination and observation height. We find that acoustic halos occur above the acoustic cutoff frequency and extends up to 10 mHz in HMI Doppler and AIA 1700 Å observations. Halos are also found to be strong functions of magnetic field and their inclination angle. We further calculate and examine the spatially averaged relative phases and cross-coherence spectra and find different wave characteristics at different heights.

  4. Mars observer radio science (MORS) observations in polar regions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Simpson, Richard A.

    1992-01-01

    MORS observations will focus on two major areas of study: (1) the gravity field of Mars and its interpretation in terms of internal structure and history and (2) the structure of the atmosphere, with emphasis on both temperature-pressure profiles of the background atmosphere and small scale inhomogeneities resulting from turbulence. Scattering of cm wavelength radio signals from Mars' surface at highly oblique angles will also be studied during the primary mission; nongrazing scattering experiments may be possible during an extended mission. During the MORS primary mission, measurements of the spacecraft distance and velocity with respect to Earth based tracking stations will be used to develop models of the global gravity field. The improvement in knowledge of the gravity field will be especially evident in polar regions. The spatial and temporal coverage of atmospheric radio occultation measurements are determined by the geometry of the spacecraft orbit and the direction to the Earth. Profiles of atmospheric temperature and pressure will extend from the surface to altitudes of 50 to 70 km.

  5. An assessment of aerosol optical properties from remote-sensing observations and regional chemistry-climate coupled models over Europe

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Palacios-Peña, Laura; Baró, Rocío; Baklanov, Alexander; Balzarini, Alessandra; Brunner, Dominik; Forkel, Renate; Hirtl, Marcus; Honzak, Luka; María López-Romero, José; Montávez, Juan Pedro; Pérez, Juan Luis; Pirovano, Guido; San José, Roberto; Schröder, Wolfram; Werhahn, Johannes; Wolke, Ralf; Žabkar, Rahela; Jiménez-Guerrero, Pedro

    2018-04-01

    Atmospheric aerosols modify the radiative budget of the Earth due to their optical, microphysical and chemical properties, and are considered one of the most uncertain climate forcing agents. In order to characterise the uncertainties associated with satellite and modelling approaches to represent aerosol optical properties, mainly aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Ångström exponent (AE), their representation by different remote-sensing sensors and regional online coupled chemistry-climate models over Europe are evaluated. This work also characterises whether the inclusion of aerosol-radiation (ARI) or/and aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI) help improve the skills of modelling outputs.Two case studies were selected within the EuMetChem COST Action ES1004 framework when important aerosol episodes in 2010 all over Europe took place: a Russian wildfire episode and a Saharan desert dust outbreak that covered most of the Mediterranean Sea. The model data came from different regional air-quality-climate simulations performed by working group 2 of EuMetChem, which differed according to whether ARI or ACI was included or not. The remote-sensing data came from three different sensors: MODIS, OMI and SeaWIFS. The evaluation used classical statistical metrics to first compare satellite data versus the ground-based instrument network (AERONET) and then to evaluate model versus the observational data (both satellite and ground-based data).Regarding the uncertainty in the satellite representation of AOD, MODIS presented the best agreement with the AERONET observations compared to other satellite AOD observations. The differences found between remote-sensing sensors highlighted the uncertainty in the observations, which have to be taken into account when evaluating models. When modelling results were considered, a common trend for underestimating high AOD levels was observed. For the AE, models tended to underestimate its variability, except when considering a sectional approach in

  6. Alfvén Wave Heating Model of an Active Region and Comparisons with the EIS Observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lawless, A. P.; Asgari-Targhi, M.

    2013-12-01

    We study the generation and dissipation of Alfvén waves in open and closed field lines using the images from the Solar Dynamics Observatory's (SDO) Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) (van Ballegouijen et al. 2011; Asgari-Targhi & van Ballegouijen 2012; Asgari et al. 2013). The goal is to search for observational evidence of Alfvén waves in the solar corona and to understand their role in coronal heating. We focus on one particular active region on the 10th of December 2007. Using the MDI magnetogram and the potential field modeling of this region, we create three-dimensional MHD models for several open and closed field lines in different locations in the active region. For each model, we compute the temperature, pressure, magnetic field strength, average heating rate, and other parameters along the loop. We then compare these results with the EIS observations. This research is supported by the NSF grant for the Solar physics REU Program at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (AGS-1263241) and contract SP02H1701R from Lockheed-Martin to SAO.

  7. Non-Maxwellian Analysis of the Transition-region Line Profiles Observed by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Dudík, Jaroslav; Dzifčáková, Elena; Polito, Vanessa

    2017-06-10

    We investigate the nature of the spectral line profiles for transition-region (TR) ions observed with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) . In this context, we analyzed an active-region observation performed by IRIS in its 1400 Å spectral window. The TR lines are found to exhibit significant wings in their spectral profiles, which can be well fitted with a non-Maxwellian κ distribution. The fit with a κ distribution can perform better than a double-Gaussian fit, especially for the strongest line, Si iv 1402.8 Å. Typical values of κ found are about 2, occurring in a majority of spatial pixels wheremore » the TR lines are symmetric, i.e., the fit can be performed. Furthermore, all five spectral lines studied (from Si iv, O iv, and S iv) appear to have the same full-width at half-maximum irrespective of whether the line is an allowed or an intercombination transition. A similar value of κ is obtained for the electron distribution by the fitting of the line intensities relative to Si iv 1402.8 Å, if photospheric abundances are assumed. The κ distributions, however, do not remove the presence of non-thermal broadening. Instead, they actually increase the non-thermal width. This is because, for κ distributions, TR ions are formed at lower temperatures. The large observed non-thermal width lowers the opacity of the Si iv line sufficiently enough for this line to become optically thin.« less

  8. Regional Differences in Tear Film Stability and Meibomian Glands in Patients With Aqueous-Deficient Dry Eye.

    PubMed

    Koh, Shizuka; Ikeda, Chikako; Fujimoto, Hisataka; Oie, Yoshinori; Soma, Takeshi; Maeda, Naoyuki; Nishida, Kohji

    2016-07-01

    To noninvasively investigate regional differences in tear film stability and meibomian glands in patients with aqueous-deficient dry eye. Forty-nine dry eyes and 31 normal eyes were analyzed. A corneal topographer with a tear film scanning function was used for noninvasive tear film break-up time (NI-TFBUT) measurements and meibomian gland observations. The NI-TFBUT values and location of the first tear film break-up point were recorded in four quadrants. Meibomian gland loss was graded for each eyelid using meiboscores. Lid margin abnormality was scored from zero to four according to the number of existing abnormalities. The NI-TFBUT values and meiboscores were compared between two groups, and regional differences in NI-TFBUT values and meiboscores were analyzed. Also, the correlation between the NI-TFBUT and ocular surface examination results were investigated. The NI-TFBUT values and meiboscores were significantly lower and higher, respectively, for the dry eye group than for the normal group. In the dry eye group, the occurrence rate for first tear film break-up was the highest in the inferior nasal quadrant, and the mean meiboscore was significantly higher for the upper eyelids than for the lower eyelids. The NI-TFBUT and lid margin abnormality scores showed a weak negative correlation, and the NI-TFBUT values and meiboscores showed no correlation. Compared to normal eyes, aqueous-deficient dry eyes show significant regional differences in tear film stability and meibomian glands. Considering these regional differences, the overall observation of the ocular surface, including both upper and lower eyelids, will aid clinicians in understanding this condition better.

  9. Examining the effects of air pollution composition on within region differences in PM2.5 mortality risk estimates

    EPA Science Inventory

    Multi-city population-based epidemiological studies have observed significant heterogeneity in both the magnitude and direction of city-specific risk estimates, but tended to focus on regional differences in PM2.5 mortality risk estimates. Interpreting differences in risk estimat...

  10. Characteristics of ionospheric electron density profiles in the auroral and polar cap regions from long-term incoherent scatter radar observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jee, G.; Kim, E.; Kwak, Y. S.; Kim, Y.; Kil, H.

    2017-12-01

    We investigate the climatological characteristics of the ionospheric electron density profiles in the auroral and polar cap regions in comparison with the mid-latitude ionosphere using incoherent scatter radars (ISR) observations from Svalbard (78.15N, 16.05E), Tromso (69.59N, 19.23E), and Millstone Hill (42.6N, 288.5E) during a period of 1995 - 2015. Diurnal variations of electron density profiles from 100 to 500 km are compared among the three radar observations during equinox, summer and winter solstice for different solar and geomagnetic activities. Also investigated are the physical characteristics of E-region and F-region peak parameters of electron density profiles in the auroral and polar cap regions, which are significantly different from the mid-latitude ionosphere. In the polar ionosphere, the diurnal variations of density profiles are extremely small in summer hemisphere. Semiannual anomaly hardly appears for all latitudes, but winter anomaly occurs at mid-latitude and auroral ionospheres for high solar activity. Nighttime density becomes larger than daytime density in the winter polar cap ionosphere for high solar activity. The E-region peak is very distinctive in the nighttime auroral region and the peak height is nearly constant at about 110 km for all conditions. Compared with the F-region peak density, the E-region peak density does not change much with solar activity. Furthermore, the E-region peak density can be even larger than F-region density for low solar activity in the auroral region, particularly during disturbed condition.

  11. Extrapolating regional probability of drying of headwater streams using discrete observations and gauging networks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Beaufort, Aurélien; Lamouroux, Nicolas; Pella, Hervé; Datry, Thibault; Sauquet, Eric

    2018-05-01

    Headwater streams represent a substantial proportion of river systems and many of them have intermittent flows due to their upstream position in the network. These intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams have recently seen a marked increase in interest, especially to assess the impact of drying on aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this paper is to quantify how discrete (in space and time) field observations of flow intermittence help to extrapolate over time the daily probability of drying (defined at the regional scale). Two empirical models based on linear or logistic regressions have been developed to predict the daily probability of intermittence at the regional scale across France. Explanatory variables were derived from available daily discharge and groundwater-level data of a dense gauging/piezometer network, and models were calibrated using discrete series of field observations of flow intermittence. The robustness of the models was tested using an independent, dense regional dataset of intermittence observations and observations of the year 2017 excluded from the calibration. The resulting models were used to extrapolate the daily regional probability of drying in France: (i) over the period 2011-2017 to identify the regions most affected by flow intermittence; (ii) over the period 1989-2017, using a reduced input dataset, to analyse temporal variability of flow intermittence at the national level. The two empirical regression models performed equally well between 2011 and 2017. The accuracy of predictions depended on the number of continuous gauging/piezometer stations and intermittence observations available to calibrate the regressions. Regions with the highest performance were located in sedimentary plains, where the monitoring network was dense and where the regional probability of drying was the highest. Conversely, the worst performances were obtained in mountainous regions. Finally, temporal projections (1989-2016) suggested the highest

  12. Regional Brain Shrinkage over Two Years: Individual Differences and Effects of Pro-Inflammatory Genetic Polymorphisms

    PubMed Central

    Persson, N.; Ghisletta, P.; Dahle, C.L.; Bender, A.R.; Yang, Y.; Yuan, P.; Daugherty, A.M.; Raz, N.

    2014-01-01

    We examined regional changes in brain volume in healthy adults (N = 167, age 19-79 years at baseline; N = 90 at follow-up) over approximately two years. With latent change score models, we evaluated mean change and individual differences in rates of change in 10 anatomically-defined and manually-traced regions of interest (ROIs): lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), orbital frontal cortex (OF), prefrontal white matter (PFw), hippocampus (HC), parahippocampal gyrus (PhG), caudate nucleus (Cd), putamen (Pt), insula (In), cerebellar hemispheres (CbH), and primary visual cortex (VC). Significant mean shrinkage was observed in the HC, CbH, In, OF, and the PhG, and individual differences in change were noted in all regions, except the OF. Pro-inflammatory genetic variants mediated shrinkage in PhG and CbH. Carriers of two T alleles of interleukin-1β (IL-1βC-511T, rs16944) and a T allele of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFRC677T, rs1801133) polymorphisms showed increased PhG shrinkage. No effects of a pro-inflammatory polymorphism for C-reactive protein (CRP-286C>A>T, rs3091244) or apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele were noted. These results replicate the pattern of brain shrinkage observed in previous studies, with a notable exception of the LPFC thus casting doubt on the unique importance of prefrontal cortex in aging. Larger baseline volumes of CbH and In were associated with increased shrinkage, in conflict with the brain reserve hypothesis. Contrary to previous reports, we observed no significant linear effects of age and hypertension on regional brain shrinkage. Our findings warrant further investigation of the effects of neuroinflammation on structural brain change throughout the lifespan. PMID:25264227

  13. [Hydatid Cyst Cases with Different Localization: Region of Erzurum].

    PubMed

    Demirci, Elif; Altun, Eren; Çalık, Muhammet; Durur Subaşı, Irmak; Şipal, Sare; Gündoğdu, Özge Beyza

    2015-06-01

    In this study it is aimed to contribute in determination of geographic distribution of Hydatid Cysts in Turkey and to emphasize the clinic chaos of Hydatid Cysts cases found in various localizations, by indicating the prevalence of Hydatid Cysts in our region. It is evaluated that the cases diagnosed as Hydatid Cysts in Atatürk University Medical Faculty Pathology Depatment/Erzurum laboratories between 2003-2013; in terms of their age, gender, organ involvement and histopathologic detail. In our study, 459 Hydatid Cysts cases are defined. The most common localizations of cases are determined as liver (n:280, 61%) and lung (n:86, 18,7%). Those are followed by the kidney (n:12, 2,6%), brain (n:12, 2,6%) and spleen (n:9, 2.3%). Multi-organ involvement is observed in 31 cases (6.7%), in 10 (2.2%) cases co-occurence of liver and lung is determined. Unusual organ involvement is observed in 64 cases (13.9%) while the liver and lung is not involved. Hydatid Cysts is an important health issue which is endemically seen in our region. It can be observed in various localizations of human body, other than the liver and lung. Those various localizations lie behind the serious diagnostic problems in endemic regions.

  14. Utilisation of health services and geography: deconstructing regional differences in barriers to facility-based delivery in Nepal.

    PubMed

    Hodge, Andrew; Byrne, Abbey; Morgan, Alison; Jimenez-Soto, Eliana

    2015-03-01

    While established that geographical inaccessibility is a key barrier to the utilisation of health services, it remains unknown whether disparities are driven only by limited access to these services, or are also attributable to health behaviour. Significant disparities exist in health outcomes and the coverage of many critical health services between the mountains region of Nepal and the rest of the country, yet the principal factors driving these regional disparities are not well understood. Using national representative data from the 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, we examine the extent to which observable factors explain the overall differences in the utilisation of maternal health services. We apply nonlinear Blinder-Oaxaca-type decomposition methods to quantify the effect that differences in measurable characteristics have on the regional coverage gap in facility-based delivery. The mean coverage of facility-based deliveries was 18.6 and 36.3 % in the mountains region and the rest of Nepal, respectively. Between 54.8 and 74.1 % of the regional coverage gap was explained by differences in observed characteristics. Factors influencing health behaviours (proxied by mothers' education, TV viewership and tobacco use, and household wealth) and subjective distance to the health facility were the major factors, contributing between 52.9 and 62.5 % of the disparity. Mothers' birth history was also noteworthy. Policies simultaneously addressing access and health behaviours appear necessary to achieve greater coverage and better health outcomes for women and children in isolated areas.

  15. Feedback of observed interannual vegetation change: a regional climate model analysis for the West African monsoon

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Klein, Cornelia; Bliefernicht, Jan; Heinzeller, Dominikus; Gessner, Ursula; Klein, Igor; Kunstmann, Harald

    2017-05-01

    West Africa is a hot spot region for land-atmosphere coupling where atmospheric conditions and convective rainfall can strongly depend on surface characteristics. To investigate the effect of natural interannual vegetation changes on the West African monsoon precipitation, we implement satellite-derived dynamical datasets for vegetation fraction (VF), albedo and leaf area index into the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Two sets of 4-member ensembles with dynamic and static land surface description are used to extract vegetation-related changes in the interannual difference between August-September 2009 and 2010. The observed vegetation patterns retain a significant long-term memory of preceding rainfall patterns of at least 2 months. The interannual vegetation changes exhibit the strongest effect on latent heat fluxes and associated surface temperatures. We find a decrease (increase) of rainy hours over regions with higher (lower) VF during the day and the opposite during the night. The probability that maximum precipitation is shifted to nighttime (daytime) over higher (lower) VF is 12 % higher than by chance. We attribute this behaviour to horizontal circulations driven by differential heating. Over more vegetated regions, the divergence of moist air together with lower sensible heat fluxes hinders the initiation of deep convection during the day. During the night, mature convective systems cause an increase in the number of rainy hours over these regions. We identify this feedback in both water- and energy-limited regions of West Africa. The inclusion of observed dynamical surface information improved the spatial distribution of modelled rainfall in the Sahel with respect to observations, illustrating the potential of satellite data as a boundary constraint for atmospheric models.

  16. Regional differences of maternal health care utilization in China.

    PubMed

    Tang, Mengsha; Wang, Debin; Hu, Hong; Wang, Guoping; Li, Rongjie

    2015-03-01

    To describe regional differences in maternal health care (MHC) utilization in China. Cross-sectional comparisons of 4 MHC utilization indicators, namely, early (13 weeks within pregnancy) examinations rate (EER), prenatal examination (>4 times) rate (PER), hospital delivery rate (HDR), and postnatal visit (>1 time) rate (PVR), using index of dissimilarity (ID), linear correlation analysis, and geographical mapping. Significant differences existed across regions in all the indicators (P < .01). All the IDs for rural areas were higher than that for urban areas. The IDs for major regions ranged from 0.01 to 0.27. Linear correlation coefficients between MHC utilization indicators by regions varied from 0.007 to 0.889 (in absolute value, P < .05). Characteristic formats of geographical distribution were found with PER, EER, HDR, and PVR being in "high-plateau," "low-plateau," and "shifting" patterns, respectively. There exist substantial regional discrepancies in MHC utilization in China and future MHC-related policies should take account regional context. © 2013 APJPH.

  17. Regional Personality Differences in Great Britain

    PubMed Central

    Rentfrow, Peter J.; Jokela, Markus; Lamb, Michael E.

    2015-01-01

    Recent investigations indicate that personality traits are unevenly distributed geographically, with some traits being more prevalent in certain places than in others. The geographical distributions of personality traits are associated with a range of important political, economic, social, and health outcomes. The majority of research on this subject has focused on the geographical distributions and macro-level correlates of personality across nations or regions of the United States. The aim of the present investigation was to replicate and extend that past work by examining regional personality differences in Great Britain. Using a sample of nearly 400,000 British residents, we mapped the geographical distributions of the Big Five Personality traits across 380 Local Authority Districts and examined the associations with important political, economic, social, and health outcomes. The results revealed distinct geographical clusters, with neighboring regions displaying similar personality characteristics, and robust associations with the macro-level outcome variables. Overall, the patterns of results were similar to findings from past research. PMID:25803819

  18. Characterization of the Sahelian-Sudan rainfall based on observations and regional climate models

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Salih, Abubakr A. M.; Elagib, Nadir Ahmed; Tjernström, Michael; Zhang, Qiong

    2018-04-01

    The African Sahel region is known to be highly vulnerable to climate variability and change. We analyze rainfall in the Sahelian Sudan in terms of distribution of rain-days and amounts, and examine whether regional climate models can capture these rainfall features. Three regional models namely, Regional Model (REMO), Rossby Center Atmospheric Model (RCA) and Regional Climate Model (RegCM4), are evaluated against gridded observations (Climate Research Unit, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, and ERA-interim reanalysis) and rain-gauge data from six arid and semi-arid weather stations across Sahelian Sudan over the period 1989 to 2008. Most of the observed rain-days are characterized by weak (0.1-1.0 mm/day) to moderate (> 1.0-10.0 mm/day) rainfall, with average frequencies of 18.5% and 48.0% of the total annual rain-days, respectively. Although very strong rainfall events (> 30.0 mm/day) occur rarely, they account for a large fraction of the total annual rainfall (28-42% across the stations). The performance of the models varies both spatially and temporally. RegCM4 most closely reproduces the observed annual rainfall cycle, especially for the more arid locations, but all of the three models fail to capture the strong rainfall events and hence underestimate its contribution to the total annual number of rain-days and rainfall amount. However, excessive moderate rainfall compensates this underestimation in the models in an annual average sense. The present study uncovers some of the models' limitations in skillfully reproducing the observed climate over dry regions, will aid model users in recognizing the uncertainties in the model output and will help climate and hydrological modeling communities in improving models.

  19. Regional Differences in Rat Vaginal Smooth Muscle Contractility and Morphology

    PubMed Central

    Skoczylas, Laura C.; Jallah, Zegbeh; Sugino, Yoshio; Stein, Suzan E.; Feola, Andrew; Yoshimura, Naoki

    2013-01-01

    The objective of this study was to define the regional differences in rat vaginal smooth muscle contractility and morphology. We evaluated circumferential segments from the proximal, middle, and distal rat vagina (n = 21) in vitro. Contractile responses to carbachol, phenylephrine, potassium chloride, and electrical field stimulation (EFS) were measured. Immunohistochemical analyses were also performed. The dose–response curves for carbachol- and phenylephrine-dependent contractions were different in the distal (P = .05, P = .04) compared to the proximal/middle regions. Adjusted for region-dependent changes in contractility, the distal vagina generated lower force in response to carbachol and higher force in response to phenylephrine. There was less force with increasing EFS frequency in the distal (P = .03), compared to the proximal/middle regions. Cholinergic versus adrenergic nerves were more frequent in the proximal region (P = .03). In summary, the results indicate that functional and morphological differences in smooth muscle and nerve fibers of the distal versus proximal/middle regions of the vagina exist. PMID:23298869

  20. Regional differences in rat conjunctival ion transport activities

    PubMed Central

    Yu, Dongfang; Thelin, William R.; Rogers, Troy D.; Stutts, M. Jackson; Randell, Scott H.; Grubb, Barbara R.

    2012-01-01

    Active ion transport and coupled osmotic water flow are essential to maintain ocular surface health. We investigated regional differences in the ion transport activities of the rat conjunctivas and compared these activities with those of cornea and lacrimal gland. The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (Slc5a1), transmembrane protein 16 (Tmem16a, b, f, and g), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (Cftr), and mucin (Muc4, 5ac, and 5b) mRNA expression was characterized by RT-PCR. ENaC proteins were measured by Western blot. Prespecified regions (palpebral, fornical, and bulbar) of freshly isolated conjunctival tissues and cell cultures were studied electrophysiologically with Ussing chambers. The transepithelial electrical potential difference (PD) of the ocular surface was also measured in vivo. The effect of amiloride and UTP on the tear volume was evaluated in lacrimal gland excised rats. All selected genes were detected but with different expression patterns. We detected αENaC protein in all tissues, βENaC in palpebral and fornical conjunctiva, and γENaC in all tissues except lacrimal glands. Electrophysiological studies of conjunctival tissues and cell cultures identified functional ENaC, SLC5A1, CFTR, and TMEM16. Fornical conjunctiva exhibited the most active ion transport under basal conditions amongst conjunctival regions. PD measurements confirmed functional ENaC-mediated Na+ transport on the ocular surface. Amiloride and UTP increased tear volume in lacrimal gland excised rats. This study demonstrated that the different regions of the conjunctiva exhibited a spectrum of ion transport activities. Understanding the specific functions of distinct regions of the conjunctiva may foster a better understanding of the physiology maintaining hydration of the ocular surface. PMID:22814399

  1. Regional differences in rat conjunctival ion transport activities.

    PubMed

    Yu, Dongfang; Thelin, William R; Rogers, Troy D; Stutts, M Jackson; Randell, Scott H; Grubb, Barbara R; Boucher, Richard C

    2012-10-01

    Active ion transport and coupled osmotic water flow are essential to maintain ocular surface health. We investigated regional differences in the ion transport activities of the rat conjunctivas and compared these activities with those of cornea and lacrimal gland. The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (Slc5a1), transmembrane protein 16 (Tmem16a, b, f, and g), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (Cftr), and mucin (Muc4, 5ac, and 5b) mRNA expression was characterized by RT-PCR. ENaC proteins were measured by Western blot. Prespecified regions (palpebral, fornical, and bulbar) of freshly isolated conjunctival tissues and cell cultures were studied electrophysiologically with Ussing chambers. The transepithelial electrical potential difference (PD) of the ocular surface was also measured in vivo. The effect of amiloride and UTP on the tear volume was evaluated in lacrimal gland excised rats. All selected genes were detected but with different expression patterns. We detected αENaC protein in all tissues, βENaC in palpebral and fornical conjunctiva, and γENaC in all tissues except lacrimal glands. Electrophysiological studies of conjunctival tissues and cell cultures identified functional ENaC, SLC5A1, CFTR, and TMEM16. Fornical conjunctiva exhibited the most active ion transport under basal conditions amongst conjunctival regions. PD measurements confirmed functional ENaC-mediated Na(+) transport on the ocular surface. Amiloride and UTP increased tear volume in lacrimal gland excised rats. This study demonstrated that the different regions of the conjunctiva exhibited a spectrum of ion transport activities. Understanding the specific functions of distinct regions of the conjunctiva may foster a better understanding of the physiology maintaining hydration of the ocular surface.

  2. High-resolution Observation of Moving Magnetic Features in Active Regions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Qin; Deng, Na; Jing, Ju; Wang, Haimin

    2017-08-01

    Moving magnetic features (MMFs) are small photospheric magnetic elements that emerge and move outward toward the boundary of moat regions mostly during a sunspot decaying phase, in a serpent wave-like magnetic topology. Studies of MMFs and their classification (e.g., unipolar or bipolar types) strongly rely on the high spatiotemporal-resolution observation of photospheric magnetic field. In this work, we present a detailed observation of a sunspot evolution in NOAA active region (AR) 12565, using exceptionally high resolution Halpha images from the 1.6 New Solar telescope (NST) at Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) and the UV images from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS). The spectropolarimetric measurements of photospheric magnetic field are obtained from the NST Near InfraRed Imaging Spectropolarimeter (NIRIS) at Fe I 1.56 um line. We investigate the horizontal motion of the classified MMFs and discuss the clustering patterns of the geometry and motion of the MMFs. We estimate the rate of flux generation by appearance of MMFs and the role MMFs play in sunspot decaying phase. We also study the interaction between the MMFs and the existing magnetic field features and its response to Ellerman bombs and IRIS bombs respectively at higher layers.

  3. Magnetic resonance imaging and three-dimensional ultrasound of carotid atherosclerosis: mapping regional differences.

    PubMed

    Krasinski, Adam; Chiu, Bernard; Fenster, Aaron; Parraga, Grace

    2009-04-01

    To evaluate differences in carotid atherosclerosis measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS). Ten subject volunteers underwent carotid 3DUS and MRI (multislice black blood fast spin echo, T1-weighted contrast, double inversion recovery, 0.5 mm in-plane resolution, 2 mm slice, 3.0 T) within 1 hour. 3DUS and MR images were manually segmented by two observers providing vessel wall and lumen contours for quantification of vessel wall volume (VWV) and generation of carotid thickness maps. MRI VWV (1040 +/- 210 mm(3)) and 3DUS VWV (540 +/- 110 mm(3)) were significantly different (P < 0.0001). When normalized for the estimated adventitia volume, mean MRI VWV decreased 240 +/- 50 mm(3) and was significantly different from 3DUS VWV (P < 0.001). Two-dimensional carotid maps showed qualitative evidence of regional differences in the plaque and vessel wall thickness between MR and 3DUS in all subjects. Power Doppler US confirmed that heterogeneity in the common carotid artery in all patients resulted from apparent flow disturbances, not atherosclerotic plaque. MRI and 3DUS VWV were significantly different and carotid maps showed homogeneous thickness differences and heterogeneity in specific regions of interest identified as MR flow artifacts in the common carotid artery.

  4. Space-weather Parameters for 1,000 Active Regions Observed by SDO/HMI

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bobra, M.; Liu, Y.; Hoeksema, J. T.; Sun, X.

    2013-12-01

    We present statistical studies of several space-weather parameters, derived from observations of the photospheric vector magnetic field by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory, for a thousand active regions. Each active region has been observed every twelve minutes during the entirety of its disk passage. Some of these parameters, such as energy density and shear angle, indicate the deviation of the photospheric magnetic field from that of a potential field. Other parameters include flux, helicity, field gradients, polarity inversion line properties, and measures of complexity. We show that some of these parameters are useful for event prediction.

  5. Signatures of coronal rain observed in the chromosphere of an Active Region Filament

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pillet, V. M.; McAteer, J.

    2016-12-01

    Using He 10830A spectropolarimetric data from the Tenerife Infrared Polarimeter (TIP) in a rather compact active region neutral line, we observe a persistent chromospheric downflow on both sides of the neutral line that we interpret as the signature of rain from the Corona. The photospheric Si I line also present in this spectral region allows studying the continuation of the chromospheric downflow into the deeper areas dominated by granulation. Full reconstruction of the photospheric and chromospheric vector magnetic field showed that the active region filament was the central, axial, part of a magnetic flux rope. These observations demonstrate the potential of this spectral region to monitor the magnetic field and plasma motions in solar filaments. NMSU and NSO are teaming to start a synoptic program at the DST (Sac Peak) that uses this spectral region to track the evolution of magnetic fields and flows in solar filaments. We briefly present the characteristics of the synoptic program.

  6. Do Online Learning Patterns Exhibit Regional and Demographic Differences?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hsieh, Tsui-Chuan; Yang, Chyan

    2012-01-01

    This paper used a multi-level latent class model to evaluate whether online learning patterns exhibit regional differences and demographics. This study discovered that the Internet learning pattern consists of five segments, and the region of Taiwan is divided into two segments and further found that both the user and the regional segments are…

  7. The evaluation of the earthquake hazard using the exponential distribution method for different seismic source regions in and around Ağrı

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bayrak, Yusuf, E-mail: ybayrak@agri.edu.tr; Türker, Tuğba, E-mail: tturker@ktu.edu.tr

    The aim of this study; were determined of the earthquake hazard using the exponential distribution method for different seismic sources of the Ağrı and vicinity. A homogeneous earthquake catalog has been examined for 1900-2015 (the instrumental period) with 456 earthquake data for Ağrı and vicinity. Catalog; Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (Burke), National Earthquake Monitoring Center (NEMC), TUBITAK, TURKNET the International Seismological Center (ISC), Seismological Research Institute (IRIS) has been created using different catalogs like. Ağrı and vicinity are divided into 7 different seismic source regions with epicenter distribution of formed earthquakes in the instrumental period, focalmore » mechanism solutions, and existing tectonic structures. In the study, the average magnitude value are calculated according to the specified magnitude ranges for 7 different seismic source region. According to the estimated calculations for 7 different seismic source regions, the biggest difference corresponding with the classes of determined magnitudes between observed and expected cumulative probabilities are determined. The recurrence period and earthquake occurrence number per year are estimated of occurring earthquakes in the Ağrı and vicinity. As a result, 7 different seismic source regions are determined occurrence probabilities of an earthquake 3.2 magnitude, Region 1 was greater than 6.7 magnitude, Region 2 was greater than than 4.7 magnitude, Region 3 was greater than 5.2 magnitude, Region 4 was greater than 6.2 magnitude, Region 5 was greater than 5.7 magnitude, Region 6 was greater than 7.2 magnitude, Region 7 was greater than 6.2 magnitude. The highest observed magnitude 7 different seismic source regions of Ağrı and vicinity are estimated 7 magnitude in Region 6. Region 6 are determined according to determining magnitudes, occurrence years of earthquakes in the future years, respectively, 7.2 magnitude

  8. The evaluation of the earthquake hazard using the exponential distribution method for different seismic source regions in and around Aǧrı

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bayrak, Yusuf; Türker, Tuǧba

    2016-04-01

    The aim of this study; were determined of the earthquake hazard using the exponential distribution method for different seismic sources of the Aǧrı and vicinity. A homogeneous earthquake catalog has been examined for 1900-2015 (the instrumental period) with 456 earthquake data for Aǧrı and vicinity. Catalog; Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (Burke), National Earthquake Monitoring Center (NEMC), TUBITAK, TURKNET the International Seismological Center (ISC), Seismological Research Institute (IRIS) has been created using different catalogs like. Aǧrı and vicinity are divided into 7 different seismic source regions with epicenter distribution of formed earthquakes in the instrumental period, focal mechanism solutions, and existing tectonic structures. In the study, the average magnitude value are calculated according to the specified magnitude ranges for 7 different seismic source region. According to the estimated calculations for 7 different seismic source regions, the biggest difference corresponding with the classes of determined magnitudes between observed and expected cumulative probabilities are determined. The recurrence period and earthquake occurrence number per year are estimated of occurring earthquakes in the Aǧrı and vicinity. As a result, 7 different seismic source regions are determined occurrence probabilities of an earthquake 3.2 magnitude, Region 1 was greater than 6.7 magnitude, Region 2 was greater than than 4.7 magnitude, Region 3 was greater than 5.2 magnitude, Region 4 was greater than 6.2 magnitude, Region 5 was greater than 5.7 magnitude, Region 6 was greater than 7.2 magnitude, Region 7 was greater than 6.2 magnitude. The highest observed magnitude 7 different seismic source regions of Aǧrı and vicinity are estimated 7 magnitude in Region 6. Region 6 are determined according to determining magnitudes, occurrence years of earthquakes in the future years, respectively, 7.2 magnitude was in 158

  9. Individual differences in the spontaneous recruitment of brain regions supporting mental state understanding when viewing natural social scenes.

    PubMed

    Wagner, Dylan D; Kelley, William M; Heatherton, Todd F

    2011-12-01

    People are able to rapidly infer complex personality traits and mental states even from the most minimal person information. Research has shown that when observers view a natural scene containing people, they spend a disproportionate amount of their time looking at the social features (e.g., faces, bodies). Does this preference for social features merely reflect the biological salience of these features or are observers spontaneously attempting to make sense of complex social dynamics? Using functional neuroimaging, we investigated neural responses to social and nonsocial visual scenes in a large sample of participants (n = 48) who varied on an individual difference measure assessing empathy and mentalizing (i.e., empathizing). Compared with other scene categories, viewing natural social scenes activated regions associated with social cognition (e.g., dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and temporal poles). Moreover, activity in these regions during social scene viewing was strongly correlated with individual differences in empathizing. These findings offer neural evidence that observers spontaneously engage in social cognition when viewing complex social material but that the degree to which people do so is mediated by individual differences in trait empathizing.

  10. Skylab observations of X-ray loops connecting separate active regions. [solar activity

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chase, R. C.; Krieger, A. S.; Svestka, Z.; Vaiana, G. S.

    1976-01-01

    One hundred loops interconnecting 94 separate active solar regions detectable in soft X-rays were identified during the Skylab mission. While close active regions are commonly interconnected with loops, the number of such interconnections decreases steeply for longer distances; the longest interconnecting loop observed in the Skylab data connected regions separated by 37 deg. Several arguments are presented which support the point of view that this is the actual limit of the size of magnetic interconnections between active regions. No sympathetic flares could be found in the interconnected regions. These results cast doubt on the hypothesis that accelerated particles can be guided in interconnecting loops from one active region to another over distances of 100 deg or more and eventually produce sympathetic flares in them.

  11. Regional differences in echocardiography provision in New Zealand--results from the 2013 SCANZ Workforce Survey.

    PubMed

    Buckley, Belinda A; Poppe, Katrina; Farnworth, Mark J; Whalley, Gillian

    2015-01-30

    Abstract Healthcare may be unevenly distributed based on geographic location. This study aimed to identify whether regional differences in echocardiography provision exist and, if so, to explore key causes. In March 2013, 18 public hospitals with a sonographer-led echocardiography service were surveyed, all of which provided data. Questions related to characteristics of the sonographer workforce, echocardiogram volumes and workflows. Information on District Health Board (DHB) population was obtained from public access websites. Multivariable linear regression was performed using the following variables: ethnicity, age, socioeconomic status, type of centre, sonographer full-time equivalent (FTE) and number/proportion of trainees to determine their potential contribution to echocardiogram volume. 1748 echocardiograms were performed per 100,000 population (mean) with significant differences seen amongst DHBs but not between tertiary surgical and regional centres (surgical median 1802, regional median 1658, p=0.18). Regional disparity in the population-based cardiac sonographer workforce size was observed and the number of scans performed per sonographer was higher in larger centres. In multivariable modelling, the DHB population-based scan volume was predicted by: socioeconomic status (top two quintiles of deprivation status increased scans by 75 per 100,000 population, p=0.02) and age (age 20 to 65 years increased scans by 131 per 100,000 population, p=0.06). Regional differences in echocardiography services in New Zealand exist as evidenced by marked regional disparity in both population-based echo volumes and cardiac sonographer workforce size.

  12. Two centuries of observed atmospheric variability and change over the North Sea region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stendel, Martin; van den Besselaar, Else; Hannachi, Abdel; Kent, Elizabeth; Lefebvre, Christiana; Rosenhagen, Gudrun; Schenk, Frederik; van der Schrier, Gerard; Woollings, Tim

    2016-04-01

    In the upcoming North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment (NOSCCA), we present a synthesis of current knowledge about past, present and possible future climate change in the North Sea region. A climate change assessment from published scientific work has been conducted as a kind of regional IPCC report, and a book has been produced that will be published by Springer in 2016. In the framework of the NOSCCA project, we examine past and present studies of variability and changes in atmospheric variables within the North Sea region over the instrumental period, roughly the past 200 years, based on observations and reanalyses. The variables addressed in this presentation are large-scale circulation, pressure and wind, surface air temperature, precipitation and radiative properties (clouds, solar radiation, and sunshine duration). While air temperature over land, not unexpectedly, has increased everywhere in the North Sea region, with strongest trends in spring and in the north of the region, a precipitation increase has been observed in the north and a decrease in the south of the region. This pattern goes along with a north-eastward shift of storm tracks and is in agreement with climate model projections under enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations. For other variables, it is not obvious which part of the observed changes may be due to anthropogenic activities and which is internally forced. It remains also unclear to what extent atmospheric circulation over the North Sea region is influenced by distant factors, in particular Arctic sea-ice decline in recent decades. There are indications of an increase in the number of deep cyclones (but not in the total number of cyclones), while storminess since the late 19th century shows no robust trends. The persistence of circulation types appears to have increased over the last century, and consequently, there is an indication for 'more extreme' extreme events. However, changes in extreme weather events are difficult to assess

  13. Sex differences in amphetamine-induced displacement of [(18)F]fallypride in striatal and extrastriatal regions: a PET study.

    PubMed

    Riccardi, Patrizia; Zald, David; Li, Rui; Park, Sohee; Ansari, M Sib; Dawant, Benoit; Anderson, Sharlet; Woodward, Neil; Schmidt, Dennis; Baldwin, Ronald; Kessler, Robert

    2006-09-01

    The authors examined gender differences in d-amphetamine-induced displacements of [(18)F]fallypride in the striatal and extrastriatal brain regions and the correlations of these displacements with cognition and sensation seeking. Six women and seven men underwent positron emission tomography (PET) with [(18)F]fallypride before and after an oral dose of d-amphetamine. Percent displacements were calculated using regions of interest and parametric images of dopamine 2 (D(2)) receptor binding potential. Parametric images of dopamine release suggest that the female subjects had greater dopamine release than the male subjects in the right globus pallidus and right inferior frontal gyrus. Gender differences were observed in correlations of changes in cognition and sensation seeking with regional dopamine release. Findings revealed a greater dopamine release in women as well as gender differences in the relationship between regional dopamine release and sensation seeking and cognition.

  14. An accurate Kriging-based regional ionospheric model using combined GPS/BeiDou observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Abdelazeem, Mohamed; Çelik, Rahmi N.; El-Rabbany, Ahmed

    2018-01-01

    In this study, we propose a regional ionospheric model (RIM) based on both of the GPS-only and the combined GPS/BeiDou observations for single-frequency precise point positioning (SF-PPP) users in Europe. GPS/BeiDou observations from 16 reference stations are processed in the zero-difference mode. A least-squares algorithm is developed to determine the vertical total electron content (VTEC) bi-linear function parameters for a 15-minute time interval. The Kriging interpolation method is used to estimate the VTEC values at a 1 ° × 1 ° grid. The resulting RIMs are validated for PPP applications using GNSS observations from another set of stations. The SF-PPP accuracy and convergence time obtained through the proposed RIMs are computed and compared with those obtained through the international GNSS service global ionospheric maps (IGS-GIM). The results show that the RIMs speed up the convergence time and enhance the overall positioning accuracy in comparison with the IGS-GIM model, particularly the combined GPS/BeiDou-based model.

  15. Gene expression levels of elastin and fibulin-5 according to differences between carotid plaque regions.

    PubMed

    Sivrikoz, Emre; Timirci-Kahraman, Özlem; Ergen, Arzu; Zeybek, Ümit; Aksoy, Murat; Yanar, Fatih; İsbir, Turgay; Kurtoğlu, Mehmet

    2015-01-01

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the gene expression levels of elastin and fibulin-5 according to differences between carotid plaque regions and to correlate it with clinical features of plaque destabilization. The study included 44 endarterectomy specimens available from operated symptomatic carotid artery stenoses. The specimens were separated according to anatomic location: internal carotid artery (ICA), external carotid artery (ECA) and common carotid artery (CCA), and then stored in liquid nitrogen. The amounts of cDNA for elastin and fibulin-5 were determined by Quantitative real-time PCR (Q-RT-PCR). Target gene copy numbers were normalized using hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT1) gene. The delta-delta CT method was applied for relative quantification. Q-RT-PCR data showed that relative fibulin-5 gene expression was increased in ICA plaque regions when compared to CCA regions but not reaching significance (p=0.061). At the same time, no differences were observed in elastin mRNA level between different anatomic plaque regions (p>0.05). Moreover, elastin and fibulin-5 mRNA expression and clinical parameters were compared in ICA plaques versus CCA and ECA regions, respectively. Up-regulation of elastin and fibulin-5 mRNA levels in ICA were strongly correlated with family history of cardiovascular disease when compared to CCA (p<0.05). Up-regulation of fibulin-5 in ICA was significantly associated with diabetes, and elevated triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) when compared to ECA (p<0.05). The clinical significance is the differences between the proximal and distal regions of the lesion, associated with the ICA, CCA and ECA respectively, with increased fibulin-5 in the ICA region. Copyright © 2015 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. John G. Delinassios), All rights reserved.

  16. Timing and regional patterns of snowmelt on Antarctic sea ice from passive microwave satellite observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Arndt, Stefanie; Willmes, Sascha; Dierking, Wolfgang; Nicolaus, Marcel

    2016-08-01

    An improved understanding of the temporal variability and the spatial distribution of snowmelt on Antarctic sea ice is crucial to better quantify atmosphere-ice-ocean interactions, in particular sea-ice mass and energy budgets. It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms that drive snowmelt, both at different times of the year and in different regions around Antarctica. In this study, we combine diurnal brightness temperature differences (dTB(37 GHz)) and ratios (TB(19 GHz)/TB(37 GHz)) to detect and classify snowmelt processes. We distinguish temporary snowmelt from continuous snowmelt to characterize dominant melt patterns for different Antarctic sea-ice regions from 1988/1989 to 2014/2015. Our results indicate four characteristic melt types. On average, 38.9 ± 6.0% of all detected melt events are diurnal freeze-thaw cycles in the surface snow layer, characteristic of temporary melt (Type A). Less than 2% reveal immediate continuous snowmelt throughout the snowpack, i.e., strong melt over a period of several days (Type B). In 11.7 ± 4.0%, Type A and B take place consecutively (Type C), and for 47.8 ± 6.8% no surface melt is observed at all (Type D). Continuous snowmelt is primarily observed in the outflow of the Weddell Gyre and in the northern Ross Sea, usually 17 days after the onset of temporary melt. Comparisons with Snow Buoy data suggest that also the onset of continuous snowmelt does not translate into changes in snow depth for a longer period but might rather affect the internal stratigraphy and density structure of the snowpack. Considering the entire data set, the timing of snowmelt processes does not show significant temporal trends.

  17. Exploring regional differences in the reading competencies of Italian students.

    PubMed

    Matteucci, Mariagiulia; Mignani, Stefania

    2014-06-01

    Recently, the study of territorial differences in educational outcomes has assumed a particular importance for the policy strategies related to the socioeconomic conditions of different geographical areas. In Italy, international surveys for student assessments have introduced a regional stratification only recently, and regular national student assessments started only in 2008. In this article, the reading performances of Italian students based on OECD-PISA 2009 are investigated, taking into account regional and macro-area partition. Student outcomes are explored by using a multilevel analysis, where school membership, socioeconomic and cultural background of students, and regional gross domestic product are introduced. The results show that, despite the existence of a unified educational system in Italy, regional and macro-area differences in student reading achievements are consolidated and variability in performances among schools is especially noticeable. Comparisons based on national assessments by INVALSI at the end of compulsory school confirm these findings. Italian policy makers are advised to take into account these results to improve learning opportunities and to reduce educational gaps. In particular, targeted regional policies are needed to improve the mean performance especially in the Southern regions of Calabria, Campania, and Sicilia, and to strengthen the system equity in several regions, such as Emilia-Romagna. To decrease the school differences, possible suggestions are to postpone the choice of the school type (currently, at age 14) and to motivate good teachers to work in schools located in the worst socioeconomic and cultural environments. © The Author(s) 2014.

  18. Perceptual load in different regions of the visual scene and its relevance for driving.

    PubMed

    Marciano, Hadas; Yeshurun, Yaffa

    2015-06-01

    The aim of this study was to better understand the role played by perceptual load, at both central and peripheral regions of the visual scene, in driving safety. Attention is a crucial factor in driving safety, and previous laboratory studies suggest that perceptual load is an important factor determining the efficiency of attentional selectivity. Yet, the effects of perceptual load on driving were never studied systematically. Using a driving simulator, we orthogonally manipulated the load levels at the road (central load) and its sides (peripheral load), while occasionally introducing critical events at one of these regions. Perceptual load affected driving performance at both regions of the visual scene. Critically, the effect was different for central versus peripheral load: Whereas load levels on the road mainly affected driving speed, load levels on its sides mainly affected the ability to detect critical events initiating from the roadsides. Moreover, higher levels of peripheral load impaired performance but mainly with low levels of central load, replicating findings with simple letter stimuli. Perceptual load has a considerable effect on driving, but the nature of this effect depends on the region of the visual scene at which the load is introduced. Given the observed importance of perceptual load, authors of future studies of driving safety should take it into account. Specifically, these findings suggest that our understanding of factors that may be relevant for driving safety would benefit from studying these factors under different levels of load at different regions of the visual scene. © 2014, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

  19. Aura OMI observations of regional SO2 and NO2 pollution changes from 2005 to 2015

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Krotkov, Nickolay A.; McLinden, Chris A; Li, Can; Lamsal, Lok N.; Celarier, Edward A.; Marchenko, Sergey V.; Swartz, William H.; Bucsela, Eric J.; Joiner, Joanna; Duncan, Bryan N.; hide

    2016-01-01

    The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard NASA's Aura satellite has been providing global observations of the ozone layer and key atmospheric pollutant gases, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2/ and sulfur dioxide (SO2/, since October 2004. The data products from the same instrument provide consistent spatial and temporal coverage and permit the study of anthropogenic and natural emissions on local-to-global scales. In this paper, we examine changes in SO2 and NO2 over some of the world's most polluted industrialized regions during the first decade of OMI observations. In terms of regional pollution changes, we see both upward and downward trends, sometimes in opposite directions for NO2 and SO2, for different study areas. The trends are, for the most part, associated with economic and/or technological changes in energy use, as well as regional regulatory policies. Over the eastern US, both NO2 and SO2 levels decreased dramatically from 2005 to 2015, by more than 40 and 80 %, respectively, as a result of both technological improvements and stricter regulations of emissions. OMI confirmed large reductions in SO2 over eastern Europe's largest coal-fired power plants after installation of flue gas desulfurization devices. The North China Plain has the world's most severe SO2 pollution, but a decreasing trend has been observed since 2011, with about a 50% reduction in 2012- 2015, due to an economic slowdown and government efforts to restrain emissions from the power and industrial sectors. In contrast, India's SO2 and NO2 levels from coal power plants and smelters are growing at a fast pace, increasing by more than 100 and 50 %, respectively, from 2005 to 2015. Several SO2 hot spots observed over the Persian Gulf are probably related to oil and gas operations and indicate a possible underestimation of emissions from these sources in bottom-up emission inventories. Overall, OMI observations have proved valuable in documenting rapid changes in air quality over different

  20. Aura OMI Observations of Regional SO2 and NO2 Pollution Changes from 2005 to 2015

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Krotkov, Nickolay A.; McLinden, Chris A.; Li, Can; Lamsal, Lok N.; Celarier, Edward A.; Marchenko, Sergey V.; Swartz, William H.; Bucsela, Eric J.; Joiner, Joanna; Duncan, Bryan N.; hide

    2016-01-01

    The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard NASA's Aura satellite has been providing global observations of the ozone layer and key atmospheric pollutant gases, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), since October 2004. The data products from the same instrument provide consistent spatial and temporal coverage and permit the study of anthropogenic and natural emissions on local-to-global scales. In this paper, we examine changes in SO2 and NO2 over some of the world's most polluted industrialized regions during the first decade of OMI observations. In terms of regional pollution changes, we see both upward and downward trends, sometimes in opposite directions for NO2 and SO2, for different study areas. The trends are, for the most part, associated with economic and/or technological changes in energy use, as well as regional regulatory policies. Over the eastern US, both NO2 and SO2 levels decreased dramatically from 2005 to 2015, by more than 40 and 80 percent, respectively, as a result of both technological improvements and stricter regulations of emissions. OMI confirmed large reductions in SO2 over eastern Europe's largest coal-fired power plants after installation of flue gas desulfurization devices. The North China Plain has the world's most severe SO2 pollution, but a decreasing trend has been observed since 2011, with about a 50 percent reduction in 2012-2015, due to an economic slowdown and government efforts to restrain emissions from the power and industrial sectors. In contrast, India's SO2 and NO2 levels from coal power plants and smelters are growing at a fast pace, increasing by more than 100 and 50 percent, respectively, from 2005 to 2015. Several SO2 hot spots observed over the Persian Gulf are probably related to oil and gas operations and indicate a possible underestimation of emissions from these sources in bottom-up emission inventories. Overall, OMI observations have proved valuable in documenting rapid changes in air

  1. Aura OMI observations of regional SO2 and NO2 pollution changes from 2005 to 2014

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Krotkov, N. A.; McLinden, C. A.; Li, C.; Lamsal, L. N.; Celarier, E. A.; Marchenko, S. V.; Swartz, W. H.; Bucsela, E. J.; Joiner, J.; Duncan, B. N.; Boersma, K. F.; Veefkind, J. P.; Levelt, P. F.; Fioletov, V. E.; Dickerson, R. R.; He, H.; Lu, Z.; Streets, D. G.

    2015-10-01

    The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard NASA's Aura satellite has been providing global observations of the ozone layer and key atmospheric pollutant gases, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), since October 2004. The data products from the same instrument provide consistent spatial and temporal coverage and permit the study of anthropogenic and natural emissions on local-to-global scales. In this paper we examine changes in SO2 and NO2 over some of the world's most polluted industrialized regions during the first decade of OMI observations. In terms of regional pollution changes, we see both upward and downward trends, sometimes in opposite directions for NO2 and SO2, for the different study areas. The trends are, for the most part, associated with economic and/or technological changes in energy use, as well as regional regulatory policies. Over the eastern US, both NO2 and SO2 levels decreased dramatically from 2005 to 2014, by more than 40 and 80 %, respectively, as a result of both technological improvements and stricter regulations of emissions. OMI confirmed large reductions in SO2 over eastern Europe's largest coal power plants after installation of flue gas desulfurization devices. The North China Plain has the world's most severe SO2 pollution, but a decreasing trend has been observed since 2011, with about a 50 % reduction in 2012-2014, due to an economic slowdown and government efforts to restrain emissions from the power and industrial sectors. In contrast, India's SO2 and NO2 levels from coal power plants and smelters are growing at a fast pace, increasing by more than 100 and 50 %, respectively, from 2005 to 2014. Several SO2 hot spots observed over the Persian Gulf are probably related to oil and gas operations and indicate a possible underestimation of emissions from these sources in bottom-up emission inventories. Overall, OMI observations have proved to be very valuable in documenting rapid changes in air quality over

  2. Aura OMI observations of regional SO2 and NO2 pollution changes from 2005 to 2015

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Krotkov, Nickolay A.; McLinden, Chris A.; Li, Can; Lamsal, Lok N.; Celarier, Edward A.; Marchenko, Sergey V.; Swartz, William H.; Bucsela, Eric J.; Joiner, Joanna; Duncan, Bryan N.; Folkert Boersma, K.; Pepijn Veefkind, J.; Levelt, Pieternel F.; Fioletov, Vitali E.; Dickerson, Russell R.; He, Hao; Lu, Zifeng; Streets, David G.

    2016-04-01

    The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard NASA's Aura satellite has been providing global observations of the ozone layer and key atmospheric pollutant gases, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), since October 2004. The data products from the same instrument provide consistent spatial and temporal coverage and permit the study of anthropogenic and natural emissions on local-to-global scales. In this paper, we examine changes in SO2 and NO2 over some of the world's most polluted industrialized regions during the first decade of OMI observations. In terms of regional pollution changes, we see both upward and downward trends, sometimes in opposite directions for NO2 and SO2, for different study areas. The trends are, for the most part, associated with economic and/or technological changes in energy use, as well as regional regulatory policies. Over the eastern US, both NO2 and SO2 levels decreased dramatically from 2005 to 2015, by more than 40 and 80 %, respectively, as a result of both technological improvements and stricter regulations of emissions. OMI confirmed large reductions in SO2 over eastern Europe's largest coal-fired power plants after installation of flue gas desulfurization devices. The North China Plain has the world's most severe SO2 pollution, but a decreasing trend has been observed since 2011, with about a 50 % reduction in 2012-2015, due to an economic slowdown and government efforts to restrain emissions from the power and industrial sectors. In contrast, India's SO2 and NO2 levels from coal power plants and smelters are growing at a fast pace, increasing by more than 100 and 50 %, respectively, from 2005 to 2015. Several SO2 hot spots observed over the Persian Gulf are probably related to oil and gas operations and indicate a possible underestimation of emissions from these sources in bottom-up emission inventories. Overall, OMI observations have proved valuable in documenting rapid changes in air quality over different

  3. Observations of the Growth of an Active Region Filament

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yang, Bo

    2017-04-01

    We present observations of the growth of an active region filament caused by magnetic interactions among the filament and its adjacent superpenumbral filament (SF) and dark thread-like structures (T). Multistep reconnections are identified during the whole growing process. Magnetic flux convergence and cancellation occurring at the positive footpoint region of the filament is the first step reconnection, which resulted in the filament bifurcating into two sets of intertwined threads. One set anchored in situ, while the other set moved toward and interacted with the SF and part of T. This indicates the second step reconnection, which gave rise to the disappearance of the SF and the formation of a long thread-like structure that connects the far ends of the filament and T. The long thread-like structure further interacted with the T and then separated into two parts, representing the third step reconnection. Finally, another similar long thread-like structure, which intertwined with the fixed filament threads, appeared. Hαobservations show that this twisted structure is a longer sinistral filament. Based on the observed photospheric vector magnetograms, we performed a non-linear force-free field extrapolation to reconstruct the magnetic fields above the photosphere and found that the coronal magnetic field lines associated with the filament consists of two twisted flux ropes winding around each other. These results suggest that magnetic interactions among filaments and their adjacent SFs and T could lead to the growth of the filaments, and the filament is probably supported in a flux rope.

  4. OBSERVATIONS OF THE GROWTH OF AN ACTIVE REGION FILAMENT

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Yang, Bo; Jiang, Yunchun; Yang, Jiayan

    We present observations of the growth of an active region filament caused by magnetic interactions among the filament and its adjacent superpenumbral filament (SF) and dark thread-like structures (T). Multistep reconnections are identified during the whole growing process. Magnetic flux convergence and cancellation occurring at the positive footpoint region of the filament is the first step reconnection, which resulted in the filament bifurcating into two sets of intertwined threads. One set anchored in situ, while the other set moved toward and interacted with the SF and part of T. This indicates the second step reconnection, which gave rise to themore » disappearance of the SF and the formation of a long thread-like structure that connects the far ends of the filament and T. The long thread-like structure further interacted with the T and then separated into two parts, representing the third step reconnection. Finally, another similar long thread-like structure, which intertwined with the fixed filament threads, appeared. H {sub α} observations show that this twisted structure is a longer sinistral filament. Based on the observed photospheric vector magnetograms, we performed a non-linear force-free field extrapolation to reconstruct the magnetic fields above the photosphere and found that the coronal magnetic field lines associated with the filament consists of two twisted flux ropes winding around each other. These results suggest that magnetic interactions among filaments and their adjacent SFs and T could lead to the growth of the filaments, and the filament is probably supported in a flux rope.« less

  5. SPURS-2: Multi-month and multi-scale observations of upper ocean salinity in a rain-dominated salinity minimum region.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rainville, L.; Farrar, J. T.; Shcherbina, A.; Centurioni, L. R.

    2017-12-01

    The Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study (SPURS) is a program aimed at understanding the patterns and variability of sea surface salinity. Following the first SPURS program in an evaporation-dominated region (2012-2013), the SPURS-2 program targeted wide range of spatial and temporal scales associated with processes controlling salinity in the rain-dominated Eastern Pacific Fresh Pool. Autonomous instruments were delivered in August and September 2016 using research vessels conducted observations over one complete annual cycle. The SPURS-2 field program used coordinated observations from many different autonomous platforms, and a mix of Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches. Here we discuss the motivation, implementation, and the early of SPURS-2.

  6. Geomagnetic field observations in the Kopaonik thrust region, Yugoslavia.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bicskei, T.; Popeskov, M.

    1991-09-01

    In the absence of continuous registrations of the geomagnetic field variations in the surveyed region, the nearest permanent observatory records had to be used in the data reduction procedure. The proposed method estimates the differences between the hourly mean values at the particular measuring site, which are not actually known, and at the observatory on the basis of a series of instantaneous total field intensity values measured simultaneously at these two places. The application of this method to the geomagnetic field data from the wider area of the Kopaonik thrust region has revealed local field changes which show connection with pronounced seismic activity that has been going on in this region since it was affected by the M = 6.0 earthquake on May 18, 1980.

  7. EEG sleep activities react topographically different to GABAergic sleep modulation by flunitrazepam: relationship to regional distribution of benzodiazepine receptor subtypes?

    PubMed

    Scheuler, W

    Spectral analysis was performed to study the response of various EEG sleep activities to a modification of GABAergic sleep regulation by flunitrazepam. We observed sleep stage- and sleep cycle-dependent differences in the topographic distribution of the reactions. An increase in power density was found in the frontal regions for the alpha 2 and sigma 1 frequency band whereas a decrease in power density was emphasized in the posterior regions for the delta and alpha 1 frequency band. These topographic differences might be related to the regional distribution of benzodiazepine receptor subtypes.

  8. Observation of pressure variation in the cavitation region of submerged journal bearings

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Etsion, I.; Ludwig, L. P.

    1981-01-01

    Visual observations and pressure measurements in the cavitation zone of a submerged journal bearing are described. Tests are run at speeds of 1840 and 3000 rpm, and at each speed, four different levels of the ambient supply pressure are applied, ranging from 13.6 KPa to 54.4 KPa. A strong reverse flow is detected inside the cavitation area adjacent to its downstream end, and significant pressure variations on the order of 50 KPa are found inside the cavitation region at the downstream portion of its circumferential extent. Results indicate that the assumption of a constant cavitation pressure is incorrect in the case of enclosed cavitations, and it is postulated that oil which is saturated with air under atmospheric pressure becomes oversaturated in the subcavity pressure loop.

  9. Phenologically distinct phytoplankton regions on the Faroe Shelf - identified by satellite data, in-situ observations and model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Eliasen, Sólvá Káradóttir; Hátún, Hjálmar; Larsen, Karin Margretha H.; Hansen, Bogi; Rasmussen, Till Andreas S.

    2017-05-01

    Marked inter-annual fluctuations in the primary production on the Faroe shelf propagate to higher trophic levels and influence commercial fish stocks. This has previously been demonstrated based on weekly chlorophyll samples from a coastal station, dating back to 1997. However, the spatial extent, for which the coastal samples are representative, has not been well defined, and potential bio-geographical segregations of the shelf have not been considered. By integrating 18 years of chlorophyll satellite data, supplemented by in-situ, model, and meteorological reanalysis data, we identify three regions with unique characteristics with regards to surface chlorophyll and vertical structure - the Central Shelf, the Outer Shelf and the Eastern Banks. The observed difference in timing of the spring bloom in these regions helps explain different spawning patterns of important fish stocks, and the spatial division of the Faroe Shelf should be considered when studying biology and hydrography in these waters. A positive correlation between annual means on the outer Faroe Shelf and parts of the outer northwest Scottish Shelf indicates similarities between these neighbouring regions. We suggest that this similarity arises from the commonality in nutrient composition of the water masses shared by these neighbouring regions.

  10. The NASA Severe Thunderstorm Observations and Regional Modeling (NASA STORM) Project

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Schultz, Christopher J.; Gatlin, Patrick N.; Lang, Timothy J.; Srikishen, Jayanthi; Case, Jonathan L.; Molthan, Andrew L.; Zavodsky, Bradley T.; Bailey, Jeffrey; Blakeslee, Richard J.; Jedlovec, Gary J.

    2016-01-01

    The NASA Severe Storm Thunderstorm Observations and Regional Modeling(NASA STORM) project enhanced NASA’s severe weather research capabilities, building upon existing Earth Science expertise at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). During this project, MSFC extended NASA’s ground-based lightning detection capacity to include a readily deployable lightning mapping array (LMA). NASA STORM also enabled NASA’s Short-term Prediction and Research Transition (SPoRT) to add convection allowing ensemble modeling to its portfolio of regional numerical weather prediction (NWP) capabilities. As a part of NASA STORM, MSFC developed new open-source capabilities for analyzing and displaying weather radar observations integrated from both research and operational networks. These accomplishments enabled by NASA STORM are a step towards enhancing NASA’s capabilities for studying severe weather and positions them for any future NASA related severe storm field campaigns.

  11. Effect of Different Movement Speed Modes on Human Action Observation: An EEG Study.

    PubMed

    Luo, Tian-Jian; Lv, Jitu; Chao, Fei; Zhou, Changle

    2018-01-01

    Action observation (AO) generates event-related desynchronization (ERD) suppressions in the human brain by activating partial regions of the human mirror neuron system (hMNS). The activation of the hMNS response to AO remains controversial for several reasons. Therefore, this study investigated the activation of the hMNS response to a speed factor of AO by controlling the movement speed modes of a humanoid robot's arm movements. Since hMNS activation is reflected by ERD suppressions, electroencephalography (EEG) with BCI analysis methods for ERD suppressions were used as the recording and analysis modalities. Six healthy individuals were asked to participate in experiments comprising five different conditions. Four incremental-speed AO tasks and a motor imagery (MI) task involving imaging of the same movement were presented to the individuals. Occipital and sensorimotor regions were selected for BCI analyses. The experimental results showed that hMNS activation was higher in the occipital region but more robust in the sensorimotor region. Since the attended information impacts the activations of the hMNS during AO, the pattern of hMNS activations first rises and subsequently falls to a stable level during incremental-speed modes of AO. The discipline curves suggested that a moderate speed within a decent inter-stimulus interval (ISI) range produced the highest hMNS activations. Since a brain computer/machine interface (BCI) builds a path-way between human and computer/mahcine, the discipline curves will help to construct BCIs made by patterns of action observation (AO-BCI). Furthermore, a new method for constructing non-invasive brain machine brain interfaces (BMBIs) with moderate AO-BCI and motor imagery BCI (MI-BCI) was inspired by this paper.

  12. Star formation towards the Galactic H II region RCW 120. Herschel observations of compact sources

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Figueira, M.; Zavagno, A.; Deharveng, L.; Russeil, D.; Anderson, L. D.; Men'shchikov, A.; Schneider, N.; Hill, T.; Motte, F.; Mège, P.; LeLeu, G.; Roussel, H.; Bernard, J.-P.; Traficante, A.; Paradis, D.; Tigé, J.; André, P.; Bontemps, S.; Abergel, A.

    2017-04-01

    Context. The expansion of H II regions can trigger the formation of stars. An overdensity of young stellar objects is observed at the edges of H II regions but the mechanisms that give rise to this phenomenon are not clearly identified. Moreover, it is difficult to establish a causal link between H II -region expansion and the star formation observed at the edges of these regions. A clear age gradient observed in the spatial distribution of young sources in the surrounding might be a strong argument in favor of triggering. Aims: We aim to characterize the star formation observed at the edges of H II regions by studying the properties of young stars that form there. We aim to detect young sources, derive their properties and their evolution stage in order to discuss the possible causal link between the first-generation massive stars that form the H II region and the young sources observed at their edges. Methods: We have observed the Galactic H II region RCW 120 with Herschel PACS and SPIRE photometers at 70, 100, 160, 250, 350 and 500 μm. We produced temperature and H2 column density maps and use the getsources algorithm to detect compact sources and measure their fluxes at Herschel wavelengths. We have complemented these fluxes with existing infrared data. Fitting their spectral energy distributions with a modified blackbody model, we derived their envelope dust temperature and envelope mass. We computed their bolometric luminosities and discuss their evolutionary stages. Results: The overall temperatures of the region (without background subtraction) range from 15 K to 24 K. The warmest regions are observed towards the ionized gas. The coldest regions are observed outside the ionized gas and follow the emission of the cold material previously detected at 870 μm and 1.3 mm. The H2 column density map reveals the distribution of the cold medium to be organized in filaments and highly structured. Column densities range from 7 × 1021 cm-2 up to 9 × 1023 cm-2

  13. Regional differences in advanced gastric cancer: exploratory analyses of the AVAGAST placebo arm.

    PubMed

    Sawaki, Akira; Yamada, Yasuhide; Yamaguchi, Kensei; Nishina, Tomohiro; Doi, Toshihiko; Satoh, Taroh; Chin, Keisho; Boku, Narikazu; Omuro, Yasushi; Komatsu, Yoshito; Hamamoto, Yasuo; Koizumi, Wasaburo; Saji, Shigehira; Shah, Manish A; Van Cutsem, Eric; Kang, Yoon-Koo; Iwasaki, Junko; Kuriki, Hiroshi; Ohtsuka, Wataru; Ohtsu, Atsushi

    2018-05-01

    AVAGAST was an international, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III study of chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab as first-line therapy for patients with advanced gastric cancer. We performed exploratory analyses to evaluate regional differences observed in the trial. Analyses were performed in the placebo plus chemotherapy arm (intention-to-treat population). Chemotherapy was cisplatin 80 mg/m 2 for six cycles plus capecitabine (1000 mg/m 2 orally bid days 1-14) or 5-fluorouracil (800 mg/m 2 /day continuous IV infusion days 1-5) every 3 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Overall, 387 patients were assigned to placebo plus chemotherapy (eastern Europe/South America, n = 118; USA/western Europe, n = 81; Korea/other Asia, n = 94; Japan, n = 94). At baseline, poor performance status, liver metastases, and larger tumors were most frequent in eastern Europe/South America and least frequent in Japan. Patients received subsequent chemotherapy after disease progression as follows: eastern Europe/South America (14%); USA/western Europe (37%); Korea/other Asia (61%); and Japan (77%). Hazard ratios for overall survival versus USA/western Europe were 1.47 (95% CI, 1.09-1.99) for eastern Europe/South America, 0.91 (95% CI, 0.67-1.25) for Korea/other Asia, and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.64-1.19) for Japan. Regional differences in the healthcare environment may have contributed to the differences in overall survival observed in the AVAGAST study.

  14. Formation of Penumbra in a Sample of Active Regions Observed by the SDO Satellite

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Murabito, Mariarita; Zuccarello, Francesca; Guglielmino, Salvo L.; Romano, Paolo

    2018-03-01

    Recently, high-resolution observations improved our understanding of the penumbra formation process around sunspots. In particular, two aspects have been carefully investigated: whether the settlement of the penumbra can occur between the main opposite magnetic polarities where new magnetic flux is still emerging, and the establishment of the Evershed flow. In this paper, we present the analysis of twelve active regions (ARs) where both the penumbra formation and the onset of the Evershed flow were observed. We used data acquired by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) instrument on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO) satellite analyzing continuum images, magnetograms, and Dopplergrams of the selected ARs. The results obtained in our sample provided the following information about the stable settlement of the penumbra: eight spots formed the first stable penumbral sector in the region between the two opposite polarities, and nine spots formed on the opposite side. Moreover, eleven sunpots showed an inverse Evershed flow (i.e., a plasma motion directed toward the protospot border) before the penumbra formation, which changes within 1–6 hr into the classical Evershed flow as soon as the penumbra forms. Comparing our results with recent observations, we are able to discriminate between the different ways of penumbra formation. Moreover, we suggest that the change from inverse Evershed flow, visible before the penumbra appears, into the classical Evershed flow may be a signature of the formation of penumbral filaments.

  15. X-ray and microwave observations of active regions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Webb, D. F.; Davis, J. M.; Kundu, M. R.; Velusamy, T.

    1983-01-01

    Coordinated high-resolution (1-3 arcsec) observations of two active solar regions (H 421 and H 419) on November 16, 1979, are reported: soft-X-ray filtergrams from a sounding rocket flight, VLA total-intensity and circular-polarization microwave (6-cm) radio maps, KPNO full-disk photospheric magnetograms, and BBSO H-alpha data. The images were converted to 4.8-arcsec/mm-scale transparencies and coaligned on the basis of sunspot positions for comparison. The two active regions are characterized in detail, and intensity, size, and polarization data for the brightest microwave components (BMC) are listed. It is found that 19 of the 32 BMC are farther than 5 arcsec from any sunspot, and that X-ray-emitting structures only rarely correspond to sunspots, or BMC. About one third of the BMC are located at the feet or legs of coronal loops smaller than about 50,000 km. The limitations implied by these obervations for proposed thermal-bremsstrahlung, thermal-gyro-resonance, and nonthermal microwave-emission mechanisms are discussed.

  16. Observation of pressure variation in the cavitation region of submerged journal bearings

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Etsion, I.; Ludwig, L. P.

    1980-01-01

    Visual observations and pressure measurements in the cavitation zone of a submerged journal bearing are described. Tests were performed at various shaft speeds and ambient pressure levels. Some photographs of the cavitation region are presented showing strong reverse flow at the downstream end of the region. Pressure profiles are presented showing significant pressure variations inside the cavitation zone, contrary to common assumptions of constant cavitation pressure.

  17. Effects of Different Observational Systems and Time Sequences Upon Non-Participant Observers' Behavioral Ratings.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wodarski, John S.; And Others

    Four different observational systems and two time sequences were employed to determine the extent to which they would yield different incidences of anti-social behavior. Two videotapes, randomly chosen from a pool of 30 tapes, were utilized. These illustrated the behaviors of anti-social children in a natural setting. Six observers were reliably…

  18. [Adsorption Capacity of the Air Particulate Matter in Urban Landscape Plants in Different Polluted Regions of Beijing].

    PubMed

    Zhang, Wei-kang; Wang, Bing; Niu, Xiang

    2015-07-01

    Urban landscape plants, as one of the important factors of the urban ecosystem, play an important role in stagnating airborne particulates and purifying urban atmospheric environment. In this article, six kinds of common garden plants were studied, and aerosol generator (QRJZFSQ-I) was used to measure the ability of their leaves to stagnate atmospheric particulates (TSP and PM2.5) in different polluted regions. Meanwhile, environmental scanning electron microscope was used to observe changes in the leaf structure of the tested tree species. The results showed: (1)Among the tested tree species, the ability of coniferous species to stagnate atmospheric particulates was higher than that of broad-leaved species per unit leaf area. Pinus tabuliformis stagnated the highest volume of (3. 89± 0. 026) µg . m-2, followed by Pinus bungeana of (2. 82 ± 0. 392) µg . cm-2, and Populus tomentosa stagnated the minimum of (2. 00 ± 0. 118) µg . cm-2; (2) Through observing the leaf microstructure morphology, coniferous species were found to have tightly packed stomas, stoma density and surface roughness higher than those of broad-leaved species, and they could also secrete oil; (3) In different polluted regions, the leaves of the same tree species showed significant difference in stagnating TSP. Per unit leaf area, the tree species leaves situated around the 5th Ring Road had higher ability to absorb TSP than the tree species leaves at Botanical Garden, while their abilities to absorb PM2.5 showed no significant difference; (4) In different polluted regions, significantly adaptive changes were found in leaf structure. Comparing to the region with light pollution, the outer epidermal cells of the plant leaves in region with heavy pollution shrank, and the roughness of the leaf skin textures as well as the stomatal frequency and villous length increased. In spite of the significant changes in plant leaves exposed to the heavy pollution, these plants could still maintain normal

  19. Flash Floods Simulation using a Physical-Based Hydrological Model at Different Hydroclimatic Regions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Saber, Mohamed; Kamil Yilmaz, Koray

    2016-04-01

    Currently, flash floods are seriously increasing and affecting many regions over the world. Therefore, this study will focus on two case studies; Wadi Abu Subeira, Egypt as arid environment, and Karpuz basin, Turkey as Mediterranean environment. The main objective of this work is to simulate flash floods at both catchments considering the hydrometeorological differences between them which in turn effect their flash flood behaviors. An integrated methodology incorporating Hydrological River Basin Environmental Assessment Model (Hydro-BEAM) and remote sensing observations was devised. Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMAP) were compared with the rain gauge network at the target basins to estimate the bias in an effort to further use it effectively in simulation of flash floods. Based on the preliminary results of flash floods simulation on both basins, we found that runoff behaviors of flash floods are different due to the impacts of climatology, hydrological and topographical conditions. Also, the simulated surface runoff hydrographs are reasonably coincide with the simulated ones. Consequently, some mitigation strategies relying on this study could be introduced to help in reducing the flash floods disasters at different climate regions. This comparison of different climatic basins would be a reasonable implication for the potential impact of climate change on the flash floods frequencies and occurrences.

  20. The SMM UV observations of Active Region 5395

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Drake, Stephen A.; Gurman, Joseph B.

    1989-01-01

    The Ultraviolet Spectrometer and Polarimeter (UVSP) on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) spacecraft was used extensively to study the spatial morphology and time variability of solar active regions in the far UV (at approx. wavelength of 1370 A) since July 1985. The normal spatial resolution of UVSP observations in this 2nd-order mode is 10 sec., and the highest temporal resolution is 64 milliseconds. To make a full-field, 4 min. by 4 min. image this wavelength using 5 sec. raster steps takes about 3 minutes. UVSP can also make observations of the Sun at approx. wavelength of 2790 with 3 sec. spatial resolution when operated in its 1st-order mode; a full-field image at this wavelength (a so-called SNEW image) takes about 8 minutes. UVSP made thousands of observations (mostly in 2nd-order) of AR 5395 during its transit across the visible solar hemisphere (from 7 to 19 March, inclusive). During this period, UVSP's duty cycle for observing AR 5395 was roughly 40 percent, with the remaining 60 percent of the time being fairly evenly divided between aeronomy studies of the Earth's atmosphere and dead time due to Earth occultation of the Sun. UVSP observed many of the flares tagged to AR 5395, including 26 GOES M-level flares and 3 X-level flares, one of which produced so much UV emission that the safety software of UVSP turned off the detector to avoid damage due to saturation. Images and light curves of some of the more spectacular of the AR 5395 events are presented.

  1. Development of the NHM-LETKF regional reanalysis system assimilating conventional observations only

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fukui, S.; Iwasaki, T.; Saito, K. K.; Seko, H.; Kunii, M.

    2016-12-01

    The information about long-term high-resolution atmospheric fields is very useful for studying meso-scale responses to climate change or analyzing extreme events. We are developing a NHM-LETKF (the local ensemble transform Kalman filter with the nonhydrostatic model of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)) regional reanalysis system assimilating only conventional observations that are available over about 60 years such as surface observations at observatories and upper air observations with radiosondes. The domain covers Japan and its surroundings. Before the long-term reanalysis is performed, an experiment using the system was conducted over August in 2014 in order to identify effectiveness and problems of the regional reanalysis system. In this study, we investigated the six-hour accumulated precipitations obtained by integration from the analysis fields. The reproduced precipitation was compared with the JMA's Radar/Rain-gauge Analyzed Precipitation data over Japan islands and the precipitation of JRA-55, which is used as lateral boundary conditions. The comparisons reveal the underestimation of the precipitation in the regional reanalysis. The underestimation is improved by extending the forecast time. In the regional reanalysis system, the analysis fields are derived using the ensemble mean fields, where the conflicting components among ensemble members are filtered out. Therefore, it is important to tune the inflation factor and lateral boundary perturbations not to smooth the analysis fields excessively and to consider more time to spin-up the fields. In the extended run, the underestimation still remains. This implies that the underestimation is attributed to the forecast model itself as well as the analysis scheme.

  2. Microinjections observed by MMS FEEPS in the dusk to midnight region

    DOE PAGES

    Fennell, Joseph F.; Turner, D. L.; Lemon, C. L.; ...

    2016-06-13

    Energetic electron injections are commonly observed in the premidnight to dawn regions in association with substorms. However, successive electron injections are generally separated in time by hours and are rarer in the dusk region of the inner magnetosphere. Early MMS energetic electron data taken in the dusk to premidnight regions above ~9 RE show many clusters of electron injections. These injections of 50–400 keV electrons have energy dispersion signatures indicating that they gradient and curvature drifted from earlier local times. We focus on burst rate data starting near 21:00 UT on 6 August 2015. A cluster of ~40 electron injectionsmore » occurred in the following 4 h interval. The highest-resolution data showed that the electrons in the injections were trapped and had bidirectional field-aligned angular distributions. Here, these injection clusters are a new phenomenon in this region of the magnetosphere.« less

  3. Microinjections observed by MMS FEEPS in the dusk to midnight region

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Fennell, Joseph F.; Turner, D. L.; Lemon, C. L.

    Energetic electron injections are commonly observed in the premidnight to dawn regions in association with substorms. However, successive electron injections are generally separated in time by hours and are rarer in the dusk region of the inner magnetosphere. Early MMS energetic electron data taken in the dusk to premidnight regions above ~9 RE show many clusters of electron injections. These injections of 50–400 keV electrons have energy dispersion signatures indicating that they gradient and curvature drifted from earlier local times. We focus on burst rate data starting near 21:00 UT on 6 August 2015. A cluster of ~40 electron injectionsmore » occurred in the following 4 h interval. The highest-resolution data showed that the electrons in the injections were trapped and had bidirectional field-aligned angular distributions. Here, these injection clusters are a new phenomenon in this region of the magnetosphere.« less

  4. Observing Observers: Using Video to Prompt and Record Reflections on Teachers' Pedagogies in Four Regions of Canada

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Reid, David A; Simmt, Elaine; Savard, Annie; Suurtamm, Christine; Manuel, Dominic; Lin, Terry Wan Jung; Quigley, Brenna; Knipping, Christine

    2015-01-01

    Regional differences in performance in mathematics across Canada prompted us to conduct a comparative study of middle-school mathematics pedagogy in four regions. We built on the work of Tobin, using a theoretical framework derived from the work of Maturana. In this paper, we describe the use of video as part of the methodology used. We used…

  5. Joint NuSTAR and IRIS observation of a microflaring active region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hannah, I. G.; Kleint, L.; Krucker, S.; Glesener, L.; Grefenstette, B.

    2017-12-01

    We present observations of a weakly microflaring active region observed in X-rays with NuSTAR, UV with IRIS and EUV with SDO/AIA. NuSTAR was pointed at this unnamed active region near the East limb between 23:27UT and 23:37UT 26-July-2016, finding mostly quiescent emission except for a small microflare about 23:35UT. The NuSTAR spectrum for the pre-microflare time (23:27UT to 23:34UT) is well fitted by a single thermal component of about 3MK and combined with SDO/AIA we can determine the differential emission measure (DEM), finding it, as expected, drops very sharply to higher temperatures. During the subsequent microflare, the increase in NuSTAR counts matches a little brightening loop observed with IRIS SJI 1400Å and SDO/AIA. Fortuitously the IRIS slit crosses this microflaring loop and we find an increased emission in Si IV 1394Å, Si IV 1403Å and O IV 1402Å but only average line widths and velocities. The NuSTAR microflare spectrum shows heating to higher temperatures and also allows us to investigate the energetics of this event.

  6. Spectroscopic Observations of the Star Formation Regions in Nearby Galaxies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kong, X.; Lin, L.; Li, J. R.; Zhou, X.; Zou, H.; Li, H. Y.; Chen, F. Z.; Du, W.; Fan, Z.; Mao, Y. W.; Wang, J.; Zhu, Y. N.; Zhou, Z. M.

    2014-01-01

    During the late 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century, the 8˜10 m scale ground-based telescopes are helping astronomers learn much more about how galaxies develop. The existing 2˜4 m scale telescopes become less important for astrophysical researches. To use the existing 2˜4 m scale telescopes to address important issues in cosmology and extragalactic and galactic astronomy, we have to consider very carefully which kind of things we can do, and which we can not. For this reason, the Time Allocation Committee (TAC) of the National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC) 2.16 m telescope decides to support some key projects since 2013. Nearby galaxies supply us with the opportunity to study galaxy dynamics and star formation on large scales, yet are close enough to reveal the details. Star formation regions in nearby galaxies provide an excellent laboratory to study the star formation processes, the evolution of massive stars, and the properties of the surrounding interstellar medium. A wealth of information can be obtained from the spectral analysis of the bright emission lines and the stellar continuum. Considering these, we proposed a long-term project ``Spectroscopic Observations of the Star Formation Regions in Nearby Galaxies'', and it becomes the key project of the NAOC 2.16 m telescope since 2013, supported with 30 dark/grey nights per year. The primary goal of this project is to observe the spectroscopy of star formation regions in 20 nearby galaxies, with the NAOC 2.16 m telescope and the Hectospec/MMT (Multiple Mirror Telescope) multifiber spectrograph by Telescope Access Program (TAP). With the spectra of a large sample of star formation regions, combining multi-wavelength data from UV to IR, we can investigate, understand, and quantify the nature of the deviation from the starbursts' IRX-β (the IR/UV ratio ``IRX'' versus the UV color ``β'') correlation. It will be important for a better understanding of the interaction of dust and

  7. On the origin of the anisotropy observed beneath the westernmost Mediterranean region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Diaz, Jordi

    2017-04-01

    The Iberian Peninsula and Northern Morocco region provides an excellent opportunity to investigate the origin of subcrustal anisotropy. Following the TopoIberia-Iberarray experiment, anisotropic properties have been explored in a dense network of 60x60 km spaced broad-band stations, resulting in more than 300 sites investigated over an area extending from the Bay of Biscay to the Sahara platform and covering more than 6000.000 km2. The rather uniform N100°E FPD retrieved beneath the Variscan Central Iberian Massif is consistent with global mantle flow models taking into account contributions of surface plate motion, density variations and net lithosphere rotation. The origin of this anisotropy is hence globally related to the lattice preferred orientation of mantle minerals generated by mantle flow at asthenospheric depths, although significant regional variations are observed. The anisotropic parameters retrieved from single events providing high quality data show significant differences for stations located in the Variscan units of NW Iberia, suggesting that the region includes multiple anisotropic layers or complex anisotropy systems have to be considered there. The rotation of the FDE along the Gibraltar arc following the curvature of the Rif-Betic chain has been interpreted as an evidence of mantle flow deflected around the high velocity slab beneath the Gibraltar Arc. Beneath the SW corner of Iberia and the High Atlas zone, small delay times and inconsistent FPD have been detected, suggesting the presence of vertical mantle flow affecting the anisotropic structure of the asthenosphere. Future developments will include a better integration with the anisotropic estimations provided by Pn tomography and, in particular, with those arising from surface wave tomographic inversions using TopoIberia-Ibearray results. Additionally, the contribution of crustal anisotropy could be estimated from the analysis of receiver functions. The detailed knowledge on the

  8. Coaligned observations of solar magnetic fields at different heights: MSFC Center director's discretionary fund final report (Project No. 88-10)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hagyard, M. J.; West, E. A.; Gary, G. A.; Smith, J. E.

    1990-01-01

    The objective was to develop the capability for and coaligned observations of the structure and evolution of the Sun's magnetic field at two different heights in the solar atmosphere: the photosphere, which is the lowest region observable with optical telescopes; and the chromosphere, which lies just above the photosphere and is the region where the magnetic field dominates the gas motion so that a well-ordered structure governed by the field is observed. By obtaining this three-dimensional picture of the solar magnetic field, a better understanding can be developed of the magnetic forces that produce and control the dynamic, high-energy phenomena occurring in the solar atmosphere that can affect the entire heliosphere, including the terrestrial environment.

  9. The Cognitive Differences According to Regionality and Mathematical Minds

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Park, Inchan; Igarashi, Hiroya; Yamanaka, Toshimasa

    The purpose of this research is to explore factors that create cognitive diversity. We studied two different ways of recognizing images in our preliminary experiment: attribute-oriented thoughts and relationship-oriented thoughts. We examined whether we could observe the divergences in recognition processes between Asian and European cultures. From the result, we found that European (Dutch and British) subjects had stronger tendencies in attribute-oriented thoughts than the Korean subjects. However, in spite of their regional similarity, the Japanese subjects had greater tendencies in attribute-oriented thoughts than Korean subjects when comparing two Asian countries. This result made us question if there would be any other factors that could create the cognitive differences. Through the consideration of the participants' educational background, we found a possibility that the mathematical thoughts of the European and Japanese subjects were greater than the Korean subjects. Furthermore, in our subsequent study, we discovered that mathematical minds (skill and interest) effected on creating attribute-oriented thoughts as factors. We found the interesting discovery of the Japanese male participants, who had different cognitive tendencies with their mathematical skills and interests; the male subjects who had high-leveled mathematical skills, and who liked mathematics showed stronger tendencies of Attribute-oriented thoughts than those who did not. Based on the result, a possibility was suggested that the Japanese males' strong mathematical minds might be one of the factors that create the cognitive difference between Japanese and Korean subjects in the preliminary experiment.

  10. Spitzer Observations of M33 & M83 and the Hot Star, Hii Region Connection

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rubin, R.; Simpson, J.; Colgan, S.; Dufour, R.; Citron, R.; Ray, K.; Erickson, E.; Haas, M.; Pauldrach, A.

    2007-05-01

    H II regions play a crucial role in the measurement of current interstellar abundances. They also serve as laboratories for atomic physics and provide fundamental data about heavy element abundances that serve to constrain models of galactic chemical evolution. We observed emission lines of [S IV] 10.5, H (7-6) 12.4, [Ne II] 12.8, [Ne III] 15.6, & [S III] 18.7 micron cospatially with the Spitzer Space Telescope using the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) in short-high mode (SH). Here we concentrate on the galaxy M33 and compare the results with our earlier similar study of M83. In each of these substantially face-on spirals, we observed ˜25 H II regions, covering a full range of galactocentric radii (RG). For most of the M33 H II regions, we were able to measure the H (7-6) line while none were detectable in M83. This limited our M83 study to a determination of the Ne++/Ne+, /, and S3+/S++ abundance ratios vs. RG. Angular brackets denote fractional ionizations. As well as having the addition of fluxes for the H(7-6) line, the M33 H II regions are generally of much higher ionization than those in M83, resulting in larger Ne++/Ne+ and S3+/ S++ abundance ratios. For M33, in addition to what we derived for those nebulae in M83, we are also able to derive Ne/H, S/H and Ne/S vs. RG. Important advantages compared with prior optical studies are: 1) the IR lines have a weak and similar electron temperature (Te) dependence while optical lines vary exponentially with Te and 2) the IR lines suffer far less from interstellar extinction. Additionally, these data may be used as constraints on the ionizing spectral energy distribution for the stars exciting these nebulae by comparing the above ionic ratios with predictions using stellar atmosphere models from several different non-LTE model sets. This work is based on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under NASA contract

  11. Microscopic analysis of the different regions of three Alzheimer brains aged 93, 94, and 104 years old.

    PubMed

    Zhu, Yonghong; Xu, Jie; Kwong, Wing Hang; Wai, Sen Mun; Lam, Wai Ping; Yew, David T

    2007-10-01

    The brains of three Alzheimer patients aged 93, 94, and 104 years old were analyzed. Although cell death was apparent in different cortices, the prefrontal cortex and the Broca's appeared to be hit hardest. The different CA areas of the hippocampal formation all displayed equivalent degrees of cell death but the entorhinal areas showed the most severe degree of cell degeneration. Both apoptosis and necrosis were observed in the different cerebral regions of these very old patients, as expected.

  12. 1-D seismic velocity model and hypocenter relocation using double difference method around West Papua region

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sabtaji, Agung, E-mail: sabtaji.agung@gmail.com, E-mail: agung.sabtaji@bmkg.go.id; Indonesia’s Agency for Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysics Region V, Jayapura 1572; Nugraha, Andri Dian, E-mail: nugraha@gf.itb.ac.id

    2015-04-24

    West Papua region has fairly high of seismicity activities due to tectonic setting and many inland faults. In addition, the region has a unique and complex tectonic conditions and this situation lead to high potency of seismic hazard in the region. The precise earthquake hypocenter location is very important, which could provide high quality of earthquake parameter information and the subsurface structure in this region to the society. We conducted 1-D P-wave velocity using earthquake data catalog from BMKG for April, 2009 up to March, 2014 around West Papua region. The obtained 1-D seismic velocity then was used as inputmore » for improving hypocenter location using double-difference method. The relocated hypocenter location shows fairly clearly the pattern of intraslab earthquake beneath New Guinea Trench (NGT). The relocated hypocenters related to the inland fault are also observed more focus in location around the fault.« less

  13. Quality of life at the Dead Sea region: the lower the better? An observational study.

    PubMed

    Avriel, Avital; Fuchs, Lior; Plakht, Ygal; Cicurel, Assi; Apfelbaum, Armando; Satran, Robert; Friger, Michael; Dartava, Dimitry; Sukenik, Shaul

    2011-05-27

    The Dead Sea region, the lowest in the world at 410 meters below sea level, is considered a potent climatotherapy center for the treatment of different chronic diseases. To assess the prevalence of chronic diseases and the quality of life of residents of the Dead Sea region compared with residents of the Ramat Negev region, which has a similar climate, but is situated 600 meters above sea level. An observational study based on a self-administered questionnaire. Data were collected from kibbutz (communal settlement) members in both regions. Residents of the Dead Sea were the study group and of Ramat Negev were the control group. We compared demographic characteristics, the prevalence of different chronic diseases and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) using the SF-36 questionnaire. There was a higher prevalence of skin nevi and non-inflammatory rheumatic diseases (NIRD) among Dead Sea residents, but they had significantly higher HRQOL mean scores in general health (68.7 ± 21 vs. 64.4 ± 22, p = 0.023) and vitality (64.7 ± 17.9 vs. 59.6 ± 17.3, p = 0.001), as well as significantly higher summary scores: physical component score (80.7 ± 18.2 vs. 78 ± 18.6, p = 0.042), and mental component score (79 ± 16.4 vs. 77.2 ± 15, p = 0.02). These results did not change after adjusting for social-demographic characteristics, health-related habits, and chronic diseases. No significant difference between the groups was found in the prevalence of most chronic diseases, except for higher rates of skin nevi and NIRD among Dead Sea residents. HRQOL was significantly higher among Dead Sea residents, both healthy or with chronic disease.

  14. Cloud and aerosol occurrences in the UTLS region across Pakistan during summer monsoon seasons using CALIPSO and CloudSat observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chishtie, Farrukh

    2016-04-01

    As part of the A-train NASA constellation, Coudsat and CALIPSO provide an unprecedented vertical observation of clouds and aerosols. Using observational data from both of these satellites, we conduct a multi-year analysis from 2006-2014, of the UTLS (Upper Troposphere and the Lower Stratosphere) region. We map out cloud and aerosol occurrences in this region across Pakistan, specifically around the summer monsoon season. Over the past five years, Pakistan has faced tremendous challenges due to massive flooding as well as earlier brief monsoon seasons of low precipitation and short drought periods. Hence, this motivates the present study towards understanding the deep convective and related dynamics in this season which can possibly influence cloud and aerosol transport in the region. Further, while global studies are conducted, the goal of this study is to conduct a detailed study of cloud, aerosols and their interplay, across Pakistan. Due to a dearth of ground observations, this study provides a dedicated focus on the UTLS domain. Vertical profiling satellites in this region are deemed important as there are no ground observations being done. This is important as both the properties and dynamics of clouds and aerosols have to be studied in a wider context in order to better understand the monsoon season and its onset in this region. With the CALIPSO Vertical Feature Mask (VFM), Total Attenuated Backscatter (TAB) and Depolarization Ratio (DR) as well as the combined CloudSat's 2B-GEOPROF-LIDAR (Radar-Lidar Cloud Geometrical Profile) and 2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR (Radar-Lidar Cloud Classification) products, we find the presence of thin cirrus clouds in the UTLS region in the periods of June-September from the 2006-2014 period. There are marked differences in day observations as compared to night in both of these satellite retrievals, with the latter period finding more occurrences of clouds in the UTLS region. Dedicated CloudSat products 2B-CLDCLASS (cloud classification

  15. Two centuries of observed atmospheric variability and change over the North Sea region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stendel, Martin; van den Besselaar, Else; Hannachi, Abdel; Kent, Elizabeth; Lefebvre, Christiana; van Oldenborgh, Geert Jan; Rosenhagen, Gudrun; Schenk, Frederik; van der Schrier, Gerard

    2015-04-01

    Situated in northwestern Europe, the North Sea region is under influence of air masses from subtropical to arctic origin, and thus exhibits significant natural climate variability. As the land areas surrounding the North Sea are densely populated, climate change is an important issue in terms of e.g. coastal protection, fishery and trade. This study is part of the NOSCCA initiative (North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment) and presents observed variability and changes in atmospheric parameters during the last roughly 200 years. Circulation patterns show considerable decadal variability. In recent decades, a northward shift of storm tracks and increased cyclonic activity has been observed. There is also an indication of increased persistence of weather types. The wind climate is dominated by large multidecadal variability, and no robust long-term trends can be identified in the available datasets. There is a clear positive trend in near-surface temperatures, in particular during spring and winter. Over the region as a whole, no clear long-term precipitation trends are visible, although regional indications exist for an increased risk of extreme precipitation events.

  16. Motor units in vastus lateralis and in different vastus medialis regions show different firing properties during low-level, isometric knee extension contraction.

    PubMed

    de Souza, Leonardo Mendes Leal; Cabral, Hélio Veiga; de Oliveira, Liliam Fernandes; Vieira, Taian Martins

    2018-04-01

    Architectural differences along vastus medialis (VM) and between VM and vastus lateralis (VL) are considered functionally important for the patellar tracking, knee joint stability and knee joint extension. Whether these functional differences are associated with a differential activity of motor units between VM and VL is however unknown. In the present study, we, therefore, investigate neuroanatomical differences in the activity of motor units detected proximo-distally from VM and from the VL muscle. Nine healthy volunteers performed low-level isometric knee extension contractions (20% of their maximum voluntary contraction) following a trapezoidal trajectory. Surface electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from VM proximal and distal regions and from VL using three linear adhesive arrays of eight electrodes. The firing rate and recruitment threshold of motor units decomposed from EMGs were then compared among muscle regions. Results show that VL motor units reached lower mean firing rates in comparison with VM motor units, regardless of their position within VM (P < .040). No significant differences in firing rate were found between proximal and distal, VM motor units (P = .997). Furthermore, no significant differences in the recruitment threshold were observed for all motor units analysed (P = .108). Our findings possibly suggest the greater potential of VL to generate force, due to its fibres arrangement, may account for the lower discharge rate observed for VL then either proximally or distally detected motor units in VM. Additionally, the present study opens new perspectives on the importance of considering muscle architecture in investigations of the neural aspects of motor behaviour. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  17. SOFIA/FORCAST Observations of the Arched Filamentary Region in the Galactic Center

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hankins, Matthew; Lau, Ryan M.; Morris, Mark; Herter, Terry L.

    2016-06-01

    Abstract: We present 19.7, 25.2, 31.5, and 37.1 μm maps of the Thermal Arched Filament region in the Galactic Center taken with the Faint Object Infrared Camera for the SOFIA Telescope (FORCAST) with an angular resolution of 3.2-3.8". We calculate the integrated infrared luminosity of the Arched Filaments and show that they are consistent with being heated by the nearby Arches cluster. Additionally, using our observations, we infer dust temperatures (75 - 90 K) across the Arched Filaments which are remarkably consistent over large spatial scales (˜ 25 pc). We discuss the possible geometric effects needed to recreate this temperature structure. Additionally, we compare the observed morphology of the Arches in the FORCAST maps with the Paschen-α emission in the region to study what fraction of the infrared emission may be coming from dust in the HII region versus the PDR beneath it. Finally, we use Spitzer/IRAC 8 μm data to look for spatial variations in PAH abundance in the rich UV environment of the young (~2-4 Myr) and massive Arches cluster.

  18. Towards combining GPM and MFG observations to monitor near real time heavy precipitation at fine scale over India and nearby oceanic regions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mishra, Anoop; Rafiq, Mohammd

    2017-12-01

    This is the first attempt to merge highly accurate precipitation estimates from Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) with gap free satellite observations from Meteosat to develop a regional rainfall monitoring algorithm to estimate heavy rainfall over India and nearby oceanic regions. Rainfall signature is derived from Meteosat observations and is co-located against rainfall from GPM to establish a relationship between rainfall and signature for various rainy seasons. This relationship can be used to monitor rainfall over India and nearby oceanic regions. Performance of this technique was tested by applying it to monitor heavy precipitation over India. It is reported that our algorithm is able to detect heavy rainfall. It is also reported that present algorithm overestimates rainfall areal spread as compared to rain gauge based rainfall product. This deficiency may arise from various factors including uncertainty caused by use of different sensors from different platforms (difference in viewing geometry from MFG and GPM), poor relationship between warm rain (light rain) and IR brightness temperature, and weak characterization of orographic rain from IR signature. We validated hourly rainfall estimated from the present approach with independent observations from GPM. We also validated daily rainfall from this approach with rain gauge based product from India Meteorological Department (IMD). Present technique shows a Correlation Coefficient (CC) of 0.76, a bias of -2.72 mm, a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 10.82 mm, Probability of Detection (POD) of 0.74, False Alarm Ratio (FAR) of 0.34 and a Skill score of 0.36 with daily rainfall from rain gauge based product of IMD at 0.25° resolution. However, FAR reduces to 0.24 for heavy rainfall events. Validation results with rain gauge observations reveal that present technique outperforms available satellite based rainfall estimates for monitoring heavy rainfall over Indian region.

  19. Herschel observations of the Galactic H II region RCW 79

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Hong-Li; Figueira, Miguel; Zavagno, Annie; Hill, Tracey; Schneider, Nicola; Men'shchikov, Alexander; Russeil, Delphine; Motte, Frédérique; Tigé, Jérémy; Deharveng, Lise; Anderson, Loren D.; Li, Jin-Zeng; Wu, Yuefang; Yuan, Jing-Hua; Huang, Maohai

    2017-06-01

    Context. Triggered star formation around H II regions could be an important process. The Galactic H II region RCW 79 is a prototypical object for triggered high-mass star formation. Aims: We aim to obtain a census of the young stellar population observed at the edges of the H II region and to determine the properties of the young sources in order to characterize the star formation processes that take place at the edges of this ionized region. Methods: We take advantage of Herschel data from the surveys HOBYS, "Evolution of Interstellar Dust", and Hi-Gal to extract compact sources. We use the algorithm getsources. We complement the Herschel data with archival 2MASS, Spitzer, and WISE data to determine the physical parameters of the sources (e.g., envelope mass, dust temperature, and luminosity) by fitting the spectral energy distribution. Results: We created the dust temperature and column density maps along with the column density probability distribution function (PDF) for the entire RCW 79 region. We obtained a sample of 50 compact sources in this region, 96% of which are situated in the ionization-compressed layer of cold and dense gas that is characterized by the column density PDF with a double-peaked lognormal distribution. The 50 sources have sizes of 0.1-0.4 pc with a typical value of 0.2 pc, temperatures of 11-26 K, envelope masses of 6-760 M⊙, densities of 0.1-44 × 105 cm-3, and luminosities of 19-12 712 L⊙. The sources are classified into 16 class 0, 19 intermediate, and 15 class I objects. Their distribution follows the evolutionary tracks in the diagram of bolometric luminosity versus envelope mass (Lbol-Menv) well. A mass threshold of 140 M⊙, determined from the Lbol-Menv diagram, yields 12 candidate massive dense cores that may form high-mass stars. The core formation efficiency (CFE) for the 8 massive condensations shows an increasing trend of the CFE with density. This suggests that the denser the condensation, the higher the fraction of its

  20. Dissociating frontal regions that co-lateralize with different ventral occipitotemporal regions during word processing☆

    PubMed Central

    Seghier, Mohamed L.; Price, Cathy J.

    2013-01-01

    The ventral occipitotemporal sulcus (vOT) sustains strong interactions with the inferior frontal cortex during word processing. Consequently, activation in both regions co-lateralize towards the same hemisphere in healthy subjects. Because the determinants of lateralisation differ across posterior, middle and anterior vOT subregions, we investigated whether lateralisation in different inferior frontal regions would co-vary with lateralisation in the three different vOT subregions. A whole brain analysis found that, during semantic decisions on written words, laterality covaried in (1) posterior vOT and the precentral gyrus; (2) middle vOT and the pars opercularis, pars triangularis, and supramarginal gyrus; and (3) anterior vOT and the pars orbitalis, middle frontal gyrus and thalamus. These findings increase the spatial resolution of our understanding of how vOT interacts with other brain areas during semantic categorisation on words. PMID:23728081

  1. Lack of significant differences in immunity against diphtheria between populations of Eastern and Western regions of Poland.

    PubMed

    Chudnicka, Alina; Walory, Jarosław

    2003-01-01

    Incidents of diphtheria in countries which were formerly part of the Soviet Union (Ukraine, Russia and Belorus) resulted in the need to evaluate thoroughly the effectiveness of preventive vaccination in Poland, especially in the border regions of the country where the biggest migration of population can be observed. The aim of this work was a comparison of the immunity to diphtheria in two geographically different regions of Poland--eastern (Lublin) and western (Zielona Gora) ones. It showed immunoprophylaxis to diphtheria that was implemented on these areas. Diphtheria antitoxin level (IgG) was determined with application of the ELISA method in 1236 (529/707) people. No significant differences were found in the level of antibodies in the groups < 2 years of age and > 19 years of age in people below the protective titre (0.1 IU/ml). The difference occurring in the interval between 2nd and 18th year of life (in western Poland 7.6% and in eastern Poland 16%) may result from different implementation of the vaccination program in these regions (booster doses). Recommendations for vaccination to diphtheria in people over 25 years of age should be implemented especially in the frontier regions of Poland adjoining countries threatened with diphtheria occurrence.

  2. Regional differences in endothelial cell cytoskeleton, junctional proteins and phosphorylated tyrosine labeling in the porcine vortex vein system.

    PubMed

    Tan, Priscilla Ern Zhi; Yu, Paula K; Yang, Hongfang; Cringle, Stephen J; Yu, Dao-Yi

    2018-07-01

    We previously demonstrated endothelial phenotype heterogeneity in the vortex vein system. This study is to further determine whether regional differences are present in the cytoskeleton, junctional proteins and phosphorylated tyrosine labeling within the system. The vortex vein system of twenty porcine eyes was perfused with labels for f-actin, claudin-5, VE-Cadherin, phosphorylated tyrosine and nucleic acid. The endothelial cells of eight different regions (choroidal veins, pre-ampulla, anterior ampulla, mid-ampulla, posterior ampulla, post-ampulla, intra-scleral canal and the extra-ocular vortex vein) were studied using confocal microscopy. There were regional differences in the endothelial cell structures. Cytoskeleton labeling was relatively even in intensity throughout Regions 1 to 6. Overall VE-Cadherin had a non-uniform distribution and thicker width endothelial cell border staining than claudin-5. Progressing downstream there was an increased variation in thickness of VE-cadherin labeling. There was an overlap in phosphorylated tyrosine and VE-Cadherin labeling in the post-ampulla, intra-scleral canal and extra-ocular vortex vein. Intramural cells were observed that were immune-positive for VE-Cadherin and phosphorylated tyrosine. There were significant differences in the number of intramural cells in different regions. Significant regional differences with endothelial cell labeling of cytoskeleton, junction proteins, and phosphorylated tyrosine were found within the vortex vein system. These findings support existing data on endothelial cell phenotype heterogeneity, and may aid in the knowledge of venous pathologies by understanding regions of vulnerability to endothelial damage within the vortex vein system. It could be valuable to further investigate and characterize the VE-cadherin and phosphotyrosine immune-positive intramural cells. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  3. Large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed using GPS receivers over high-latitude and equatorial regions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Idrus, Intan Izafina; Abdullah, Mardina; Hasbi, Alina Marie; Husin, Asnawi; Yatim, Baharuddin

    2013-09-01

    This paper presents the first results of large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) observation during two moderate magnetic storm events on 28 May 2011 (SYM-H∼ -94 nT and Dst∼-80 nT) and 6 August 2011 (SYM-H∼-126 nT and Dst∼-113 nT) over the high-latitude region in Russia, Sweden, Norway, Iceland and Greenland and equatorial region in the Peninsular Malaysia using vertical total electron content (VTEC) from the Global Positioning System (GPS) observations measurement. The propagation of the LSTID signatures in the GPS TEC measurements over Peninsular Malaysia was also investigated using VTEC map. The LSTIDs were found to propagate both equatorward and poleward directions during these two events. The results showed that the LSTIDs propagated faster at high-latitude region with an average phase velocity of 1074.91 m/s than Peninsular Malaysia with an average phase velocity of 604.84 m/s. The LSTIDs at the high-latitude region have average periods of 150 min whereas the ones observed over Peninsular Malaysia have average periods of 115 min. The occurrences of these LSTIDs were also found to be the subsequent effects of substorm activities in the auroral region. To our knowledge, this is the first result of observation of LSTIDs over Peninsular Malaysia during the 24th solar cycle.

  4. Muon and neutron observations in connection with the corotating interaction regions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    da Silva, M. R.; Dal Lago, A.; Echer, E.; de Lucas, A.; Gonzalez, W. D.; Schuch, N. J.; Munakata, K.; Vieira, L. E. A.; Guarnieri, F. L.

    Ground cosmic ray observations are used for studying several kinds of interplanetary structures. The cosmic ray data has different responses to each kind of interplanetary structure. This article has as objective to study cosmic ray muon and neutron signatures due to the passage of corotating interaction region (CIR) in the interplanetary medium, and identify the signatures in the cosmic ray data due to these events. The cosmic ray muon data used in this work are recorded by the multidirectional muon detector installed at INPE’s Observatório Espacial do Sul OES/CRSPE/INPE-MCT, in São Martinho da Serra, RS (Brazil) and the neutron data was recorded by the neutron monitor installed in Newark (USA). The CIR events were selected in the period from 2001 to 2004. CIRs clearly affect cosmic ray density in the interplanetary medium in the Earth’s vicinity, where the magnetic field plays an important role.

  5. Kinetic-freezing and unfreezing of local-region fluctuations in a glass structure observed by heat capacity hysteresis.

    PubMed

    Aji, D P B; Johari, G P

    2015-06-07

    Fluctuations confined to local regions in the structure of a glass are observed as the Johari-Goldstein (JG) relaxation. Properties of these regions and their atomic configuration are currently studied by relaxation techniques, by electron microscopy, and by high-energy X-ray scattering and extended x-ray absorption fine structure methods. One expects that these fluctuations (i) would kinetically freeze on cooling a glass, and the temperature coefficient of its enthalpy, dH/dT, would consequently show a gradual decrease with decrease in T, (ii) would kinetically unfreeze on heating the glass toward the glass-liquid transition temperature, Tg, and dH/dT would gradually increase, and (iii) there would be a thermal hysteresis indicating the time and temperature dependence of the enthalpy. Since no such features have been found, thermodynamic consequences of these fluctuations are debated. After searching for these features in glasses of different types, we found it in one of the most stable metal alloy glasses of composition Pd40Ni10Cu30P20. On cooling from its Tg, dH/dT decreased along a broad sigmoid-shape path as local-region fluctuations kinetically froze. On heating thereafter, dH/dT increased along a similar path as these fluctuations unfroze, and there is hysteresis in the cooling and heating paths, similar to that observed in the Tg-endotherm range. After eliminating other interpretations, we conclude that local-region fluctuations seen as the JG relaxation in the non-equilibrium state of a glass contribute to its entropy, and we suggest conditions under which such fluctuations may be observed.

  6. Testing the regionalization of a SVAT model for a region with high observation density

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Eiermann, Sven; Thies, Boris; Bendix, Jörg

    2014-05-01

    The variable soil moisture is an important quantity in weather and climate investigations, because it has an essential influence on the energy exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere. However the recording of soil moisture in high spatio-temporal resolution is problematic. The planned Tandem-L mission of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) with an innovative L-band radar on board provides the opportunity to get daily soil moisture data at a spatial resolution of 50 meters. Within the Helmholtz Alliance Remote Sensing and Earth System Dynamics this data is planned to be used to regionalize a Soil Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer Model, in order to analyze the energy flux and the gas exchange and to improve the prediction of the water exchange between soil, vegetation and atmosphere. As investigation areas selected regions of the TERENO (TERrestrial ENviromental Observatoria) test sites and, later on, a region in South Ecuador will be used, for which data for the model initialization and validation are available. The reason for testing the method for the TERENO test sites first is the good data basis as a result of the already established high observation density there. The poster will present the methods being used for the model adaptation for the TERENO test sites and discuss the improvements achieved by these methods.

  7. Coronal Magnetography of Solar Active Regions Using Coordinated SOHO/CDS and VLA Observations

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Brosius, Jeffrey W.

    1999-01-01

    The purpose of this project is to apply the coronal magnetographic technique to SOHO (Solar Heliospheric Observatory) /CDS (Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer) EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation) and coordinated VLA microwave observations of solar active regions to derive the strength and structure of the coronal magnetic field. A CDS observing plan was developed for obtaining spectra needed to derive active region differential emission measures (DEMs) required for coronal magnetography. VLA observations were proposed and obtained. SOHO JOP 100 was developed, tested, approved, and implemented to obtain coordinated CDS (Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer)/EIT (Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope)/ VLA (Very Large Array)/ TRACE (Transition Region and Coronal Explorer)/ SXT (Solar X Ray Telescope) observations of active regions on April 12, May 9, May 13, and May 23. Analysis of all four data sets began, with heaviest concentration on COS data. It is found that 200-pixel (14 A in NIS1) wavelength windows are appropriate for extracting broadened Gaussian line profile fit parameters for lines including Fe XIV at 334.2, Fe XVI at 335.4, Fe XVI at 360.8, and Mg IX at 368.1 over the 4 arcmin by 4 arcmin CDS field of view. Extensive efforts were focused on learning and applying were focused on learning and applying CDS software, and including it in new IDL procedures to carry out calculations relating to coronal magnetography. An important step is to extract Gaussian profile fits to all the lines needed to derive the DEM in each spatial pixel of any given active region. The standard CDS absolute intensity calibration software was applied to derived intensity images, revealing that ratios between density-insensitive lines like Fe XVI 360.8/335.4 yield good agreement with theory. However, the resulting absolute intensities of those lines are very high, indicating that revisions to the CDS absolute intensity calibrations remain to be included in the CDS software, an essential step to

  8. Transition Region and Chromospheric Signatures of Impulsive Heating Events. I. Observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Warren, Harry P.; Reep, Jeffrey W.; Crump, Nicholas A.; Simões, Paulo J. A.

    2016-09-01

    We exploit the high spatial resolution and high cadence of the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) to investigate the response of the transition region and chromosphere to energy deposition during a small flare. Simultaneous observations from the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager provide constraints on the energetic electrons precipitating into the flare footpoints, while observations of the X-Ray Telescope, Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, and Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) allow us to measure the temperatures and emission measures from the resulting flare loops. We find clear evidence for heating over an extended period on the spatial scale of a single IRIS pixel. During the impulsive phase of this event, the intensities in each pixel for the Si IV 1402.770 Å, C II 1334.535 Å, Mg II 2796.354 Å, and O I 1355.598 Å emission lines are characterized by numerous small-scale bursts typically lasting 60 s or less. Redshifts are observed in Si IV, C II, and Mg II during the impulsive phase. Mg II shows redshifts during the bursts and stationary emission at other times. The Si IV and C II profiles, in contrast, are observed to be redshifted at all times during the impulsive phase. These persistent redshifts are a challenge for one-dimensional hydrodynamic models, which predict only short-duration downflows in response to impulsive heating. We conjecture that energy is being released on many small-scale filaments with a power-law distribution of heating rates.

  9. An Evaluation of Drought Indices in Different Climatic Regions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Shahabfar, A.; Eitzinger, J.

    2009-04-01

    Drought has become a recurrent phenomenon in Iran in the last few decades. Significant drought conditions were observed during years of late 2000s and the trend continued up to now. The country's agricultural sector and water resources have been under severe constraints from the recurrent droughts. In this study, spatial and temporal dimensions of meteorological droughts in Iran have been investigated from vulnerability concept. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was developed to detect drought and wet periods at different time scales, an important characteristic that is not accomplished with typical drought indices. More and more users employ the SPI to monitor droughts. Although calculation of the SPI is easier than other drought indices, such as the Palmer Drought Index, it is still relatively complex. Two indices called the China-Z Index (CZI) and Modified China-Z Index (CZI) have been used by many scientists to monitor moisture conditions across their country or their case study area. The calculations of these indices are easier than the SPI. Another indices, the statistical Z-Score and percent of normal (PN), can also be used to monitor droughts. This paper evaluates the SPI, CZI, MCZI, Z-Score and PN on 1-, 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-month time scales using monthly precipitation totals for six climatic regions in Iran from January 2000 to December 2005 as a sever dry period and representing six climatic regions include: mountain, semi mountain, desert, semi-desert, coastal desert and coastal wet. Advantages and disadvantages for the application of each index are compared. Study results indicate that the CZI, MCZI, Z-Score and PN can provide results similar to the SPI for all time scales, and that the calculations of these indices are relatively easy compared with the SPI, possibly offering better tools to monitor moisture conditions. KEY WORDS: drought monitoring, drought indices, soil moisture, climatic regions.

  10. Dissociating frontal regions that co-lateralize with different ventral occipitotemporal regions during word processing.

    PubMed

    Seghier, Mohamed L; Price, Cathy J

    2013-08-01

    The ventral occipitotemporal sulcus (vOT) sustains strong interactions with the inferior frontal cortex during word processing. Consequently, activation in both regions co-lateralize towards the same hemisphere in healthy subjects. Because the determinants of lateralisation differ across posterior, middle and anterior vOT subregions, we investigated whether lateralisation in different inferior frontal regions would co-vary with lateralisation in the three different vOT subregions. A whole brain analysis found that, during semantic decisions on written words, laterality covaried in (1) posterior vOT and the precentral gyrus; (2) middle vOT and the pars opercularis, pars triangularis, and supramarginal gyrus; and (3) anterior vOT and the pars orbitalis, middle frontal gyrus and thalamus. These findings increase the spatial resolution of our understanding of how vOT interacts with other brain areas during semantic categorisation on words. Copyright © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  11. Investigating and comparing energy and macronutrient intake in female aerobic athletes in two different socio-economic regions

    PubMed Central

    Darvishi, Leila; Rabbani, Zahra; Goodarzy, Sima; Askari, Gholamreza; Shiranian, Afshin; Salehi, Mohammad; Borzooe, Azam; Ghiasvand, Reza

    2012-01-01

    Background: The purpose of this study was to assess nutritional intakes of female aerobic athletes in two different socio-economic classes in city of Isfahan. Materials and Methods: The participants of this analytical study were 99 female aerobic athletes aged between 15 and 50 years old who were randomly sampled (50 females in low economic region and 49 females in high economic region). The demographic details were collected by a questionnaire, and anthropometric indexes including height, weight, and waste circumference were measured using a tape measure and a scale. They filled out the 24-hour food recall questionnaire for two consecutive days in order to obtain their nutritional information. To analyze the data, Nutritionist 4 and SPSS18 software were used. Results: The means of energy intake in high and low regions were 1479.19 ± 561.86 and 1300.68 ± 498.354 kcal, respectively. There was no significant difference in terms of energy intake between these two groups (P = 0.98). The means of protein intake in low and high socio-economic classes were 17.41 ± 5.85 and 54.48 ± 6.62, respectively, and no significant differences were observed between these two regions (P = 0/606). The means of carbohydrate intake were 61.85 ± 9.76 and 54.48 ± 6.62 in the low and high socio-economic classes with a significant difference between them (P < 0.001). The mean of carbohydrate intake in the low socio-economic class was considerably higher than that in the high socio-economic class. The means of fat intake were 23.88 ± 8.24% and 30.07 ± 6.68% in the low and high socio-economic classes, respectively, and the means of fat intake in the high socio-economic region was significantly higher than that in the low socio-economic region (P < 0/001). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that the intakes of fat and carbohydrate were significantly different in the two different socio-economic regions in city of Isfahan. This difference could be attributed to different

  12. Racial and Regional Differences in Age at Menopause in the United States: Findings from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study

    PubMed Central

    Mcknight, Katherine K.; Wellons, Melissa F.; Sites, Cynthia K.; Roth, David L.; Szychowski, Jeff M.; Halanych, Jewell H.; Cushman, Mary; Safford, Monika M.

    2011-01-01

    Objectives To examine regional and Black-White differences in mean age at self-reported menopause among community-dwelling women in the US. Study Design Cross-sectional survey conducted in the context of the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke and Myocardial Infarction study. Results We studied 22,484 menopausal women. After controlling for covariates, Southern women reported menopause 10.8 months earlier than Northeastern women, 8.4 months earlier than Midwestern women, and 6.0 months earlier than Western women (p<0.05 for all). No difference was observed in menopausal age between Black and White women after controlling for covariates (p=0.69). Conclusions Women in the South report earlier menopause than those in other regions, but the cause remains unclear. Our study's large sample size and adjustment for multiple confounders lends weight to our finding of no racial difference in age at menopause. More study is needed of the implications of these findings with regard to vascular health. PMID:21663888

  13. Physical properties of dust particles in different comets inferred from observations and experimental simulations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hadamcik, E.; Levasseur-Regourd, A. C.

    2007-08-01

    1.Introduction Remote observations of solar light scattered by cometary dust particles provide information on the dust properties for a large variety of comets, in complement to the exceptional in-situ observations (with or without sample returns). The scattered light is partially linearly polarized, with a polarization degree depending on the geometry of observations (phase angle ?) and on the physical properties of the particles. Differences in polarization have been found in cometary comae, pointing to different physical properties of the dust (e.g. sizes of the grains, of the aggregates, structures and porosities, complex refractive indices) [1, 2]. Such differences, as well as an observed polarimetric wavelength effect, tend to show that large aggregates made of submicron-sized grains could be present in some cometary comae regions [3, 4]. On the opposite, more compact particles seem to be present in other comae regions and/or comets [5, 6]. 2. Results We will present observations of different comets. The variations of the dust properties in the coma and their evolution will be discussed. The results will be compared to the results obtained by other observational techniques. On the images of comet 9P/Tempel 1 (at ?=41°) some hours after Deep Impact, two kinds of dust particles are detected: more compact particles with small velocities and fluffy particles ejected by the impact with larger velocities. On the images of comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3, in the tail direction of fragment B, a disruption is observed. The dust coma around fragment C is more symmetric. For both A and B, important dust jets are ejected by the nucleus, which are visible on the intensity images in the solar and antisolar directions, and on the polarization maps. 3. Interpretation and conclusion Numerical (7,8,9) and experimental simulations provide an interpretation of the observations in terms of the physical properties of the particles. Experimental simulations have been performed on

  14. Regional differences in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy: a multi center study in Brazil.

    PubMed

    Drummond, Karla Rezende Guerra; Malerbi, Fernando Korn; Morales, Paulo Henrique; Mattos, Tessa Cerqueira Lemos; Pinheiro, André Araújo; Mallmann, Felipe; Perez, Ricardo Vessoni; Leal, Franz Schubert Lopes; de Melo, Laura Gomes Nunes; Gomes, Marília Brito

    2018-01-01

    Diabetic retinopathy has a significant impact in every healthcare system. Despite that fact, there are few accurate estimates in the prevalence of DR in Brazil's different geographic regions, particularly proliferative DR and diabetic macular edema. This study aims to determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Brazil's five continental regions and its determinant factors. This multi center, cross-sectional, observational study, conducted between August 2011 and December 2014, included patients with type 1 diabetes from the 5 Brazilian geographic regions (South, Southeast, North, Northeast and Midwest). During a clinical visit, a structured questionnaire was applied, blood sampling was collected and each patient underwent mydriatic binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy evaluation. Data was obtained from 1644 patients, aged 30.2 ± 12 years (56.1% female, 54.4% Caucasian), with a diabetes duration of 15.5 ± 9.3 years. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 242 (36.1%) in the Southeast, 102 (42.9%) in the South, 183 (29.9%) in the North and Northeast and 54 (41.7%) in the Midwest. Multinomial regression showed no difference in the prevalence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in each geographic region, although, prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (p = 0.022), and diabetic macular edema (p = 0.003) was higher in the Midwest. Stepwise analyses reviled duration of diabetes, level of HbA1c and hypertension as independent variables. The prevalence of non proliferative diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes was no different between each geographic region of Brazil. The Midwest presented higher prevalence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Duration of DM and glycemic control is of central importance to all. Hypertension is another fundamental factor to every region, at special in the South and Southeast. Glycemic control and patients in social and economic vulnerability deserves

  15. Psychosocial and demographic determinants of regional differences in the prevalence of obesity.

    PubMed

    Halkjaer, Jytte; Sørensen, Thorkild I A

    2004-03-01

    Differences in the prevalence of obesity between adjacent regions are quite common, but usually unexplained. This study examined whether birth place, selective migration, intelligence or education--which are both inversely and possibly causally related to obesity--are determinants of such differences. This population-based case-control study (case-cohort design) took place in the greater Copenhagen area (region 1) and surrounding provincial areas of Zealand (region 2), Denmark. A total of 2948 men with a median age of 19 years from two draft board regions during 1966-1977 were examined. The odds ratio (OR) for being obese (defined as body mass index > or = 31 kg/m2) was investigated using multiple logistic regression analyses. The OR for being obese in region 2 compared with region 1 was 1.74 (1.50-2.03). Adjustment for birth place, intelligence test score and educational level reduced the OR to 1.42 (1.10-1.82). The OR for being obese for those born in region 2 compared with region 1 was 1.71 (1.46-2.01). Adjustments for intelligence test score, educational level and examination region reduced this OR to 1.13 (0.87-1.46). Irrespective of birth place, men examined in region 2 had a higher OR for being obese than those examined in region 1; this effect was most pronounced for those born in region 2 and examined in either region 1 or 2, with an OR of 1.06 (0.71-1.57) and 1.87 (1.58-2.22) respectively. In conclusion, the regional differences in the prevalence of obesity could not be explained by birth place or later selective migration, but educational level and intelligence test score did explain some of the difference.

  16. Relationship between drought severity and observed regional yields in the Czech Republic

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hlavinka, Petr; Semerádová, Daniela; Balek, Jan; Možný, Martin; Žalud, Zdeněk; Trnka, Miroslav

    2015-04-01

    Although the Czech Republic is not generally characterized as a drought prone region within European context, drought occurs and is one of the most important climatic extremes in terms of economic damages. Crop production is highly sensitive to soil water availability and the rainfed agriculture almost dominantly prevails in the Czech Republic. Generally we can observe trends towards drier conditions with more often and more severe drought episodes. Based on this, the impact analyzes are very important. The relationship between drought episodes (with various timing and severity) and observed decrease of yields at district level (NUTS4) during the period from 2000 to 2014 was analyzed within submitted study. The observed yields of spring barley, winter wheat and oilseed winter rape from 14 districts were used (210 seasons are included). All districts are positioned within southeastern part of the Czech Republic and represent various agro-climatic conditions. The regressions between various drought indicators (as independent variables) and yields (dependent variable) were established. For this purpose the several drought indicators in monthly time step were derived as spatial average for arable land (each district separately). The difference between precipitation and reference evapotranspiration (ET0), average soil moisture content available for crops up to 40 cm and 100 cm depth, percent of time with soil moisture below 50 % and below 30 % of available soil moisture up to 100 cm depth were used. For reference evapotranspiration (ET0) and soil water estimates SoilClim model was used. This software is the main module used within Drought monitoring system in the Czech Republic (www.intersucho.cz). Within this study SoilClim was used in resolution 500 x 500 meters within grids of arable land. The soil water holding capacity as well as vegetation development was considered. By this way the yield losses due to various drought intensity was identified and compared. In case

  17. Vertical Profiles as Observational Constraints on Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions in an Agricultural Region

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pusede, S.; Diskin, G. S.

    2015-12-01

    We use diurnal variability in near-surface N2O vertical profiles to derive N2O emission rates. Our emissions estimates are ~3 times greater than are accounted for by inventories, a discrepancy in line with results from previous studies using different approaches. We quantify the surface N2O concentration's memory of local surface emissions on previous days to be 50-90%. We compare measured profiles both over and away from a dense N2O source region in the San Joaquin Valley, finding that profile shapes, diurnal variability, and changes in integrated near-surface column abundances are distinct according to proximity to source areas. To do this work, we use aircraft observations from the wintertime DISCOVER-AQ project in California's San Joaquin Valley, a region of intense agricultural activity.

  18. Confidence Region of Least Squares Solution for Single-Arc Observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Principe, G.; Armellin, R.; Lewis, H.

    2016-09-01

    The total number of active satellites, rocket bodies, and debris larger than 10 cm is currently about 20,000. Considering all resident space objects larger than 1 cm this rises to an estimated minimum of 500,000 objects. Latest generation sensor networks will be able to detect small-size objects, producing millions of observations per day. Due to observability constraints it is likely that long gaps between observations will occur for small objects. This requires to determine the space object (SO) orbit and to accurately describe the associated uncertainty when observations are acquired on a single arc. The aim of this work is to revisit the classical least squares method taking advantage of the high order Taylor expansions enabled by differential algebra. In particular, the high order expansion of the residuals with respect to the state is used to implement an arbitrary order least squares solver, avoiding the typical approximations of differential correction methods. In addition, the same expansions are used to accurately characterize the confidence region of the solution, going beyond the classical Gaussian distributions. The properties and performances of the proposed method are discussed using optical observations of objects in LEO, HEO, and GEO.

  19. Regional Scaling of Airborne Eddy Covariance Flux Observation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sachs, T.; Serafimovich, A.; Metzger, S.; Kohnert, K.; Hartmann, J.

    2014-12-01

    The earth's surface is tightly coupled to the global climate system by the vertical exchange of energy and matter. Thus, to better understand and potentially predict changes to our climate system, it is critical to quantify the surface-atmosphere exchange of heat, water vapor, and greenhouse gases on climate-relevant spatial and temporal scales. Currently, most flux observations consist of ground-based, continuous but local measurements. These provide a good basis for temporal integration, but may not be representative of the larger regional context. This is particularly true for the Arctic, where site selection is additionally bound by logistical constraints, among others. Airborne measurements can overcome this limitation by covering distances of hundreds of kilometers over time periods of a few hours. The Airborne Measurements of Methane Fluxes (AIRMETH) campaigns are designed to quantitatively and spatially explicitly address this issue: The research aircraft POLAR 5 is used to acquire thousands of kilometers of eddy-covariance flux data. During the AIRMETH-2012 and AIRMETH-2013 campaigns we measured the turbulent exchange of energy, methane, and (in 2013) carbon dioxide over the North Slope of Alaska, USA, and the Mackenzie Delta, Canada. Here, we present the potential of environmental response functions (ERFs) for quantitatively linking flux observations to meteorological and biophysical drivers in the flux footprints. We use wavelet transforms of the original high-frequency data to improve spatial discretization of the flux observations. This also enables the quantification of continuous and biophysically relevant land cover properties in the flux footprint of each observation. A machine learning technique is then employed to extract and quantify the functional relationships between flux observations and the meteorological and biophysical drivers. The resulting ERFs are used to extrapolate fluxes over spatio-temporally explicit grids of the study area. The

  20. VLA HI Zeeman Observations of the Cygnus X Region: DR 22 And ON 2

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mayo, Elizabeth A.; Troland, T. H.

    2010-01-01

    The Very Large Array in Socorro, New Mexico has been used to study the Zeeman Effect in the 21cm HI line seen in absorption against radio sources in the Cygnus X region. Cygnus X is geometrically favorable for Zeeman effect observations as the region lies along the mean field direction of the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) of the galaxy. We present observations of two compact HII regions within Cygnus X, DR 22 and ON 2. The data show magnetic field strengths of the order -80 μG toward DR 22 alone with no significant detections toward ON 2. This information is used to estimate the magnetic energy of the DR 22 star-forming cloud, and allows for a complete analysis of the energetics of the region revealing the role of the magnetic field. Support for this work was provided by the NSF PAARE program to South Carolina State University under award AST-0750814.

  1. Influence of interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind on auroral brightness in different regions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yang, Y. F.; Lu, J. Y.; Wang, J.-S.; Peng, Z.; Zhou, L.

    2013-01-01

    Abstract<p label="1">By integrating and averaging the auroral brightness from Polar Ultraviolet Imager auroral images, which have the whole auroral ovals, and combining the <span class="hlt">observation</span> data of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind from NASA Operating Missions as a Node on the Internet (OMNI), we investigate the influence of IMF and solar wind on auroral activities, and analyze the separate roles of the solar wind dynamic pressure, density, and velocity on aurora, respectively. We statistically analyze the relations between the interplanetary conditions and the auroral brightness in dawnside, dayside, duskside, and nightside. It is found that the three components of the IMF have <span class="hlt">different</span> effects on the auroral brightness in the <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span>. <span class="hlt">Different</span> from the nightside auroral brightness, the dawnside, dayside, and duskside auroral brightness are affected by the IMF Bx, and By components more significantly. The IMF Bx and By components have <span class="hlt">different</span> effects on these three <span class="hlt">regional</span> auroral brightness under the opposite polarities of the IMF Bz. As expected, the nightside aurora is mainly affected by the IMF Bz, and under southward IMF, the larger the |Bz|, the brighter the nightside aurora. The IMF Bx and By components have no visible effects. On the other hand, it is also found that the aurora is not intensified singly with the increase of the solar wind dynamic pressure: when only the dynamic pressure is high, but the solar wind velocity is not very fast, the aurora will not necessarily be intensified significantly. These results can be used to qualitatively predict the auroral activities in <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> for various interplanetary conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950018357&hterms=Just-In-Time&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DJust-In-Time','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950018357&hterms=Just-In-Time&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DJust-In-Time"><span>Space <span class="hlt">observations</span> for global and <span class="hlt">regional</span> studies of the biosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cihlar, J.; Li, Z.; Chen, J.; Sellers, P.; Hall, F.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>The capability to make space-based measurements of Earth at high spatial and temporal resolutions, which would not otherwise be economically or practically feasible, became available just in time to contribute to scientific understanding of the interactive processes governing the total Earth system. Such understanding has now become essential in order to take practical steps which would counteract or mitigate the pervasive impact of the growing human population on the future habitability of the Earth. The paper reviews the rationale for using space <span class="hlt">observations</span> for studies of climate and terrestrial ecosystems at global and <span class="hlt">regional</span> scales, as well as the requirements for such <span class="hlt">observations</span> for studies of climate and ecosystem dynamics. The present status of these developments is reported along with initiatives under way to advance the use of satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> for Earth system studies. The most important contribution of space <span class="hlt">observations</span> is the provision of physical or biophysical parameters for models representing various components of the Earth system. Examples of such parameters are given for climatic and ecosystem studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26406821','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26406821"><span>First <span class="hlt">observation</span> of top quark production in the forward <span class="hlt">region</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Aaij, R; Adeva, B; Adinolfi, M; Affolder, A; Ajaltouni, Z; Akar, S; Albrecht, J; Alessio, F; Alexander, M; Ali, S; Alkhazov, G; Alvarez Cartelle, P; Alves, A A; Amato, S; Amerio, S; Amhis, Y; An, L; Anderlini, L; Anderson, J; Andreotti, M; Andrews, J E; Appleby, R B; Aquines Gutierrez, O; Archilli, F; d'Argent, P; Artamonov, A; Artuso, M; Aslanides, E; Auriemma, G; Baalouch, M; Bachmann, S; Back, J J; Badalov, A; Baesso, C; Baldini, W; Barlow, R J; Barschel, C; Barsuk, S; Barter, W; Batozskaya, V; Battista, V; Bay, A; Beaucourt, L; Beddow, J; Bedeschi, F; Bediaga, I; Bel, L J; Belyaev, I; Ben-Haim, E; Bencivenni, G; Benson, S; Benton, J; Berezhnoy, A; Bernet, R; Bertolin, A; Bettler, M-O; van Beuzekom, M; Bien, A; Bifani, S; Bird, T; Birnkraut, A; Bizzeti, A; Blake, T; Blanc, F; Blouw, J; Blusk, S; Bocci, V; Bondar, A; Bondar, N; Bonivento, W; Borghi, S; Borsato, M; Bowcock, T J V; Bowen, E; Bozzi, C; Braun, S; Brett, D; Britsch, M; Britton, T; Brodzicka, J; Brook, N H; Bursche, A; Buytaert, J; Cadeddu, S; Calabrese, R; Calvi, M; Calvo Gomez, M; Campana, P; Campora Perez, D; Capriotti, L; Carbone, A; Carboni, G; Cardinale, R; Cardini, A; Carniti, P; Carson, L; Carvalho Akiba, K; Casse, G; Cassina, L; Castillo Garcia, L; Cattaneo, M; Cauet, Ch; Cavallero, G; Cenci, R; Charles, M; Charpentier, Ph; Chefdeville, M; Chen, S; Cheung, S-F; Chiapolini, N; Chrzaszcz, M; Cid Vidal, X; Ciezarek, G; Clarke, P E L; Clemencic, M; Cliff, H V; Closier, J; Coco, V; Cogan, J; Cogneras, E; Cogoni, V; Cojocariu, L; Collazuol, G; Collins, P; Comerma-Montells, A; Contu, A; Cook, A; Coombes, M; Coquereau, S; Corti, G; Corvo, M; Couturier, B; Cowan, G A; Craik, D C; Crocombe, A; Cruz Torres, M; Cunliffe, S; Currie, R; D'Ambrosio, C; Dalseno, J; David, P N Y; Davis, A; De Bruyn, K; De Capua, S; De Cian, M; De Miranda, J M; De Paula, L; De Silva, W; De Simone, P; Dean, C-T; Decamp, D; Deckenhoff, M; Del Buono, L; Déléage, N; Demmer, M; Derkach, D; Deschamps, O; Dettori, F; Di Canto, A; Di Ruscio, F; Dijkstra, H; Donleavy, S; Dordei, F; Dorigo, M; Dosil Suárez, A; Dossett, D; Dovbnya, A; Dreimanis, K; Dufour, L; Dujany, G; Dupertuis, F; Durante, P; Dzhelyadin, R; Dziurda, A; Dzyuba, A; Easo, S; Egede, U; Egorychev, V; Eidelman, S; Eisenhardt, S; Eitschberger, U; Ekelhof, R; Eklund, L; El Rifai, I; Elsasser, Ch; Ely, S; Esen, S; Evans, H M; Evans, T; Falabella, A; Färber, C; Farinelli, C; Farley, N; Farry, S; Fay, R; Ferguson, D; Fernandez Albor, V; Ferrari, F; Ferreira Rodrigues, F; Ferro-Luzzi, M; Filippov, S; Fiore, M; Fiorini, M; Firlej, M; Fitzpatrick, C; Fiutowski, T; Fohl, K; Fol, P; Fontana, M; Fontanelli, F; Forty, R; Francisco, O; Frank, M; Frei, C; Frosini, M; Fu, J; Furfaro, E; Gallas Torreira, A; Galli, D; Gallorini, S; Gambetta, S; Gandelman, M; Gandini, P; Gao, Y; García Pardiñas, J; Garofoli, J; Garra Tico, J; Garrido, L; Gascon, D; Gaspar, C; Gastaldi, U; Gauld, R; Gavardi, L; Gazzoni, G; Geraci, A; Gerick, D; Gersabeck, E; Gersabeck, M; Gershon, T; Ghez, Ph; Gianelle, A; Gianì, S; Gibson, V; Girard, O G; Giubega, L; Gligorov, V V; Göbel, C; Golubkov, D; Golutvin, A; Gomes, A; Gotti, C; Grabalosa Gándara, M; Graciani Diaz, R; Granado Cardoso, L A; Graugés, E; Graverini, E; Graziani, G; Grecu, A; Greening, E; Gregson, S; Griffith, P; Grillo, L; Grünberg, O; Gui, B; Gushchin, E; Guz, Yu; Gys, T; Hadavizadeh, T; Hadjivasiliou, C; Haefeli, G; Haen, C; Haines, S C; Hall, S; Hamilton, B; Hampson, T; Han, X; Hansmann-Menzemer, S; Harnew, N; Harnew, S T; Harrison, J; He, J; Head, T; Heijne, V; Hennessy, K; Henrard, P; Henry, L; Hernando Morata, J A; van Herwijnen, E; Heß, M; Hicheur, A; Hill, D; Hoballah, M; Hombach, C; Hulsbergen, W; Humair, T; Hussain, N; Hutchcroft, D; Hynds, D; Idzik, M; Ilten, P; Jacobsson, R; Jaeger, A; Jalocha, J; Jans, E; Jawahery, A; Jing, F; John, M; Johnson, D; Jones, C R; Joram, C; Jost, B; Jurik, N; Kandybei, S; Kanso, W; Karacson, M; Karbach, T M; Karodia, S; Kelsey, M; Kenyon, I R; Kenzie, M; Ketel, T; Khanji, B; Khurewathanakul, C; Klaver, S; Klimaszewski, K; Kochebina, O; Kolpin, M; Komarov, I; Koopman, R F; Koppenburg, P; Korolev, M; Kozeiha, M; Kravchuk, L; Kreplin, K; Kreps, M; Krocker, G; Krokovny, P; Kruse, F; Kucewicz, W; Kucharczyk, M; Kudryavtsev, V; Kuonen, A K; Kurek, K; Kvaratskheliya, T; La Thi, V N; Lacarrere, D; Lafferty, G; Lai, A; Lambert, D; Lambert, R W; Lanfranchi, G; Langenbruch, C; Langhans, B; Latham, T; Lazzeroni, C; Le Gac, R; van Leerdam, J; Lees, J-P; Lefèvre, R; Leflat, A; Lefrançois, J; Leroy, O; Lesiak, T; Leverington, B; Li, Y; Likhomanenko, T; Liles, M; Lindner, R; Linn, C; Lionetto, F; Liu, B; Liu, X; Loh, D; Lohn, S; Longstaff, I; Lopes, J H; Lucchesi, D; Lucio Martinez, M; Luo, H; Lupato, A; Luppi, E; Lupton, O; Machefert, F; Maciuc, F; Maev, O; Maguire, K; Malde, S; Malinin, A; Manca, G; Mancinelli, G; Manning, P; Mapelli, A; Maratas, J; Marchand, J F; Marconi, U; Marin Benito, C; Marino, P; Märki, R; Marks, J; Martellotti, G; Martin, M; Martinelli, M; Martinez Santos, D; Martinez Vidal, F; Martins Tostes, D; Massafferri, A; Matev, R; Mathad, A; Mathe, Z; Matteuzzi, C; Matthieu, K; Mauri, A; Maurin, B; Mazurov, A; McCann, M; McCarthy, J; McNab, A; McNulty, R; Meadows, B; Meier, F; Meissner, M; Melnychuk, D; Merk, M; Milanes, D A; Minard, M-N; Mitzel, D S; Molina Rodriguez, J; Monteil, S; Morandin, M; Morawski, P; Mordà, A; Morello, M J; Moron, J; Morris, A B; Mountain, R; Muheim, F; Müller, J; Müller, K; Müller, V; Mussini, M; Muster, B; Naik, P; Nakada, T; Nandakumar, R; Nandi, A; Nasteva, I; Needham, M; Neri, N; Neubert, S; Neufeld, N; Neuner, M; Nguyen, A D; Nguyen, T D; Nguyen-Mau, C; Niess, V; Niet, R; Nikitin, N; Nikodem, T; Ninci, D; Novoselov, A; O'Hanlon, D P; Oblakowska-Mucha, A; Obraztsov, V; Ogilvy, S; Okhrimenko, O; Oldeman, R; Onderwater, C J G; Osorio Rodrigues, B; Otalora Goicochea, J M; Otto, A; Owen, P; Oyanguren, A; Palano, A; Palombo, F; Palutan, M; Panman, J; Papanestis, A; Pappagallo, M; Pappalardo, L L; Pappenheimer, C; Parkes, C; Passaleva, G; Patel, G D; Patel, M; Patrignani, C; Pearce, A; Pellegrino, A; Penso, G; Pepe Altarelli, M; Perazzini, S; Perret, P; Pescatore, L; Petridis, K; Petrolini, A; Petruzzo, M; Picatoste Olloqui, E; Pietrzyk, B; Pilař, T; Pinci, D; Pistone, A; Piucci, A; Playfer, S; Plo Casasus, M; Poikela, T; Polci, F; Poluektov, A; Polyakov, I; Polycarpo, E; Popov, A; Popov, D; Popovici, B; Potterat, C; Price, E; Price, J D; Prisciandaro, J; Pritchard, A; Prouve, C; Pugatch, V; Puig Navarro, A; Punzi, G; Qian, W; Quagliani, R; Rachwal, B; Rademacker, J H; Rakotomiaramanana, B; Rama, M; Rangel, M S; Raniuk, I; Rauschmayr, N; Raven, G; Redi, F; Reichert, S; Reid, M M; Dos Reis, A C; Ricciardi, S; Richards, S; Rihl, M; Rinnert, K; Rives Molina, V; Robbe, P; Rodrigues, A B; Rodrigues, E; Rodriguez Lopez, J A; Rodriguez Perez, P; Roiser, S; Romanovsky, V; Romero Vidal, A; Ronayne, J W; Rotondo, M; Rouvinet, J; Ruf, T; Ruiz, H; Ruiz Valls, P; Saborido Silva, J J; Sagidova, N; Sail, P; Saitta, B; Salustino Guimaraes, V; Sanchez Mayordomo, C; Sanmartin Sedes, B; Santacesaria, R; Santamarina Rios, C; Santimaria, M; Santovetti, E; Sarti, A; Satriano, C; Satta, A; Saunders, D M; Savrina, D; Schiller, M; Schindler, H; Schlupp, M; Schmelling, M; Schmelzer, T; Schmidt, B; Schneider, O; Schopper, A; Schubiger, M; Schune, M-H; Schwemmer, R; Sciascia, B; Sciubba, A; Semennikov, A; Sepp, I; Serra, N; Serrano, J; Sestini, L; Seyfert, P; Shapkin, M; Shapoval, I; Shcheglov, Y; Shears, T; Shekhtman, L; Shevchenko, V; Shires, A; Silva Coutinho, R; Simi, G; Sirendi, M; Skidmore, N; Skillicorn, I; Skwarnicki, T; Smith, E; Smith, E; Smith, I T; Smith, J; Smith, M; Snoek, H; Sokoloff, M D; Soler, F J P; Souza, D; Souza De Paula, B; Spaan, B; Spradlin, P; Sridharan, S; Stagni, F; Stahl, M; Stahl, S; Steinkamp, O; Stenyakin, O; Sterpka, F; Stevenson, S; Stoica, S; Stone, S; Storaci, B; Stracka, S; Straticiuc, M; Straumann, U; Sun, L; Sutcliffe, W; Swientek, K; Swientek, S; Syropoulos, V; Szczekowski, M; Szczypka, P; Szumlak, T; T'Jampens, S; Tekampe, T; Teklishyn, M; Tellarini, G; Teubert, F; Thomas, C; Thomas, E; van Tilburg, J; Tisserand, V; Tobin, M; Todd, J; Tolk, S; Tomassetti, L; Tonelli, D; Topp-Joergensen, S; Torr, N; Tournefier, E; Tourneur, S; Trabelsi, K; Tran, M T; Tresch, M; Trisovic, A; Tsaregorodtsev, A; Tsopelas, P; Tuning, N; Ukleja, A; Ustyuzhanin, A; Uwer, U; Vacca, C; Vagnoni, V; Valenti, G; Vallier, A; Vazquez Gomez, R; Vazquez Regueiro, P; Vázquez Sierra, C; Vecchi, S; Velthuis, J J; Veltri, M; Veneziano, G; Vesterinen, M; Viaud, B; Vieira, D; Vieites Diaz, M; Vilasis-Cardona, X; Vollhardt, A; Volyanskyy, D; Voong, D; Vorobyev, A; Vorobyev, V; Voß, C; de Vries, J A; Waldi, R; Wallace, C; Wallace, R; Walsh, J; Wandernoth, S; Wang, J; Ward, D R; Watson, N K; Websdale, D; Weiden, A; Whitehead, M; Wiedner, D; Wilkinson, G; Wilkinson, M; Williams, M; Williams, M P; Williams, M; Williams, T; Wilson, F F; Wimberley, J; Wishahi, J; Wislicki, W; Witek, M; Wormser, G; Wotton, S A; Wright, S; Wyllie, K; Xie, Y; Xu, Z; Yang, Z; Yu, J; Yuan, X; Yushchenko, O; Zangoli, M; Zavertyaev, M; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y; Zhelezov, A; Zhokhov, A; Zhong, L</p> <p>2015-09-11</p> <p>Top quark production in the forward <span class="hlt">region</span> in proton-proton collisions is <span class="hlt">observed</span> for the first time. The W+b final state with W→μν is reconstructed using muons with a transverse momentum, p_{T}, larger than 25 GeV in the pseudorapidity range 2.0<η<4.5. The b jets are required to have 50<p_{T}<100  GeV and 2.2<η<4.2, while the transverse component of the sum of the muon and b-jet momenta must satisfy p_{T}>20  GeV. The results are based on data corresponding to integrated luminosities of 1.0 and 2.0  fb^{-1} collected at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV by LHCb. The inclusive top quark production cross sections in the fiducial <span class="hlt">region</span> are σ(top)[7  TeV]=239±53(stat)±33(syst)±24(theory)  fb,σ(top)[8  TeV]=289±43(stat)±40(syst)±29(theory)  fb.These results, along with the <span class="hlt">observed</span> differential yields and charge asymmetries, are in agreement with next-to-leading order standard model predictions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AAS...23134222D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AAS...23134222D"><span>NGVLA <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Dense Gas Filaments in Star-Forming <span class="hlt">Regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Di Francesco, James; Chen, Mike; Keown, Jared; GAS Team, KEYSTONE Team</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Recent <span class="hlt">observations</span> of continuum emission from nearby star-forming <span class="hlt">regions</span> with Herschel and JCMT have revealed that filaments are ubiquitous structures within molecular clouds. Such filaments appear to be intimately connected to star formation, with those having column densities of AV > 8 hosting the majority of prestellar cores and young protostars in clouds. Indeed, this “threshold” can be explained simply as the result of supercritical cylinder fragmentation. How specifically star-forming filaments form in molecular clouds, however, remains unclear, though gravity and turbulence are likely involved. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of their kinematics are needed to understand how mass flows both onto and through these filaments. We show here results from two recent surveys, the Green Bank Ammonia Survey (GAS) and the K-band Examinations of Young Stellar Object Natal Environments (KEYSTONE) that have used the Green Bank Telescope’s K-band Focal Plane Array instrument to map NH3 (1,1) emission from dense gas in nearby star-forming <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Data from both surveys show that NH3 emission traces extremely well the high column density gas across these star-forming <span class="hlt">regions</span>. In particular, the GAS results for NGC 1333 show NH3-based velocity gradients either predominantly parallel or perpendicular to the filament spines. Though the GAS and KEYSTONE data are vital for probing filaments, higher resolutions than possible with the GBT alone are needed to examine the kinematic patterns on the 0.1-pc scales of star-forming cores within filaments. We describe how the Next Generation Very Large Array (NGVLA) will uniquely provide the key wide-field data of high sensitivity needed to explore how ambient gas in molecular clouds forms filaments that evolve toward star formation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A%26A...611A..47Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A%26A...611A..47Z"><span>Propagating wave in active <span class="hlt">region</span>-loops, located over the solar disk <span class="hlt">observed</span> by the Interface <span class="hlt">Region</span> Imaging Spectrograph</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, B.; Hou, Y. J.; Zhang, J.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Aims: We aim to ascertain the physical parameters of a propagating wave over the solar disk detected by the Interface <span class="hlt">Region</span> Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS). Methods: Using imaging data from the IRIS and the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO), we tracked bright spots to determine the parameters of a propagating transverse wave in active <span class="hlt">region</span> (AR) loops triggered by activation of a filament. Deriving the Doppler velocity of Si IV line from spectral <span class="hlt">observations</span> of IRIS, we have determined the rotating directions of active <span class="hlt">region</span> loops which are relevant to the wave. Results: On 2015 December 19, a filament was located on the polarity inversion line of the NOAA AR 12470. The filament was activated and then caused a C1.1 two-ribbon flare. Between the flare ribbons, two rotation motions of a set of bright loops were <span class="hlt">observed</span> to appear in turn with opposite directions. Following the end of the second rotation, a propagating wave and an associated transverse oscillation were detected in these bright loops. In 1400 Å channel, there was bright material flowing along the loops in a wave-like manner, with a period of 128 s and a mean amplitude of 880 km. For the transverse oscillation, we tracked a given loop and determine the transverse positions of the tracking loop in a limited longitudinal range. In both of 1400 Å and 171 Å channels, approximately four periods are distinguished during the transverse oscillation. The mean period of the oscillation is estimated as 143 s and the displacement amplitude as between 1370 km and 690 km. We interpret these oscillations as a propagating kink wave and obtain its speed of 1400 km s-1. Conclusions: Our <span class="hlt">observations</span> reveal that a flare associated with filament activation could trigger a kink propagating wave in active <span class="hlt">region</span> loops over the solar disk. Movies associated to Figs. 1-4 are available at http://https://www.aanda.org</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26466670','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26466670"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in unmet need for contraception in Kenya: insights from survey data.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wafula, Sam W</p> <p>2015-10-14</p> <p>Women are described as experiencing unmet need for contraception if they are fecund, sexually active and wish to postpone or limit childbearing but fail to use contraception to do so. The consequences of unmet need include unwanted pregnancy, induced abortions, school dropout due to pregnancy and premature maternal deaths. Global efforts aimed at addressing the adverse effects of unmet need abound. In Kenya, one in every four married women in the reproductive age bracket (15-49 years) has unmet need for contraception. <span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> exist but the reasons behind these <span class="hlt">differences</span> remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which <span class="hlt">regional</span> differentials in unmet need for contraception exists and to explain the <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in unmet need for contraception in Kenya. The paper used the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (2008/09) data. Unmet need for contraception was measured based on the revised estimates contained in the survey. Summary statistics were used to show the percentage <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the values of selected covariates across the high and low unmet need zones. The dependent variable had three categories: no unmet need, unmet need for spacing and unmet need for limiting births. The categorical nature of this dependent variable which is not ordered in any way lends itself to the use of multinomial logistic regression. The paper applied the seemingly unrelated estimation (suest) test to ascertain whether the covariate coefficients between the high and low unmet need zones were <span class="hlt">different</span>. Stata Version 13.0 was used for analysis. The percentage values of the selected covariates of unmet need for contraception were much higher in the high unmet need zone as compared to those <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the low unmet need zones. On the overall, 15.4 % of women in the high unmet need zone had unmet need to space their next birth as compared to 8.6 % of their counterparts. Likewise, the percentage of women who wanted to limit</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120015426','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120015426"><span>MESSENGER <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of ULF Waves in Mercury's Foreshock <span class="hlt">Region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Le, Guan; Chi, Peter J.; Bardsen, Scott; Blanco-Cano, Xochitl; Slavin, James A.; Korth, Haje</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">region</span> upstream from a planetary bow shock is a natural plasma laboratory containing a variety of wave particle phenomena. The study of foreshocks other than the Earth s is important for extending our understanding of collisionless shocks and foreshock physics since the bow shock strength varies with heliocentric distance from the Sun, and the sizes of the bow shocks are <span class="hlt">different</span> at <span class="hlt">different</span> planets. The Mercury s bow shock is unique in our solar system as it is produced by low Mach number solar wind blowing over a small magnetized body with a predominately radial interplanetary magnetic field. Previous <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Mercury upstream ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves came exclusively from two Mercury flybys of Mariner 10. The MESSENGER orbiter data enable us to study of upstream waves in the Mercury s foreshock in depth. This paper reports an overview of upstream ULF waves in the Mercury s foreshock using high-time resolution magnetic field data, 20 samples per second, from the MESSENGER spacecraft. The most common foreshock waves have frequencies near 2 Hz, with properties similar to the 1-Hz waves in the Earth s foreshock. They are present in both the flyby data and in every orbit of the orbital data we have surveyed. The most common wave phenomenon in the Earth s foreshock is the large-amplitude 30-s waves, but similar waves at Mercury have frequencies at 0.1 Hz and occur only sporadically with short durations (a few wave cycles). Superposed on the "30-s" waves, there are spectral peaks at 0.6 Hz, not reported previously in Mariner 10 data. We will discuss wave properties and their occurrence characteristics in this paper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140009148','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140009148"><span>THEMIS <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of the Magnetopause Electron Diffusion <span class="hlt">Region</span>: Large Amplitude Waves and Heated Electrons</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Tang, Xiangwei; Cattell, Cynthia; Dombeck, John; Dai, Lei; Wilson, Lynn B. III; Breneman, Aaron; Hupack, Adam</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>We present the first <span class="hlt">observations</span> of large amplitude waves in a well-defined electron diffusion <span class="hlt">region</span> based on the criteria described by Scudder et al at the subsolar magnetopause using data from one Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) satellite. These waves identified as whistler mode waves, electrostatic solitary waves, lower hybrid waves, and electrostatic electron cyclotron waves, are <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the same 12 s waveform capture and in association with signatures of active magnetic reconnection. The large amplitude waves in the electron diffusion <span class="hlt">region</span> are coincident with abrupt increases in electron parallel temperature suggesting strong wave heating. The whistler mode waves, which are at the electron scale and which enable us to probe electron dynamics in the diffusion <span class="hlt">region</span> were analyzed in detail. The energetic electrons (approx. 30 keV) within the electron diffusion <span class="hlt">region</span> have anisotropic distributions with T(sub e(right angle))/T(sub e(parallel)) > 1 that may provide the free energy for the whistler mode waves. The energetic anisotropic electrons may be produced during the reconnection process. The whistler mode waves propagate away from the center of the "X-line" along magnetic field lines, suggesting that the electron diffusion <span class="hlt">region</span> is a possible source <span class="hlt">region</span> of the whistler mode waves.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750009799','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750009799"><span>Thunderstorms <span class="hlt">observed</span> by radio astronomy Explorer 1 over <span class="hlt">regions</span> of low man made noise</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Caruso, J. A.; Herman, J. R.</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>Radio Astronomy Explorer (RAE) I <span class="hlt">observations</span> of thunderstorms over <span class="hlt">regions</span> of low man-made noise levels are analyzed to assess the satellite's capability for noise source differentiation. The investigation of storms over Australia indicates that RAE can resolve noise generation due to thunderstorms from the general noise background over areas of low man-made noise activity. Noise temperatures <span class="hlt">observed</span> by RAE over stormy <span class="hlt">regions</span> are on the average 10DB higher than noise temperatures over the same <span class="hlt">regions</span> in the absence of thunderstorms. In order to determine the extent of noise contamination due to distant transmitters comprehensive three dimensional computer ray tracings were generated. The results indicate that generally, distant transmitters contribute negligibly to the total noise power, being 30DB or more below contributions arriving from an area immediately below the satellite.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26291778','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26291778"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> and Gender <span class="hlt">Differences</span> and Trends in the Anesthesiologist Workforce.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Baird, Matthew; Daugherty, Lindsay; Kumar, Krishna B; Arifkhanova, Aziza</p> <p>2015-11-01</p> <p>Concerns have long existed about potential shortages in the anesthesiologist workforce. In addition, many changes have occurred in the economy, demographics, and the healthcare sector in the last few years, which may impact the workforce. The authors documented workforce trends by <span class="hlt">region</span> of the United States and gender, trends that may have implications for the supply and demand of anesthesiologists. The authors conducted a national survey of American Society of Anesthesiologists members (accounting for >80% of all practicing anesthesiologists in the United States) in 2007 and repeated it in 2013. The authors used logistic regression analysis and Seemingly Unrelated Regression to test across several indicators under an overarching hypothesis. Anesthesiologists in Western states had markedly <span class="hlt">different</span> patterns of practice relative to anesthesiologists in other <span class="hlt">regions</span> in 2007 and 2013, including <span class="hlt">differences</span> in employer type, the composition of anesthesia teams, and the time spent on monitored anesthesia care. The number and proportion of female anesthesiologists in the workforce increased between 2007 and 2013, and females <span class="hlt">differed</span> from males in employment arrangements, compensation, and work hours. <span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> remained stable during this time period although the reasons for these <span class="hlt">differences</span> are speculative. Similarly, how and whether the gender <span class="hlt">difference</span> in work hours and shift to younger anesthesiologists during this period will impact workforce needs is uncertain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29848915','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29848915"><span>[<span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in mortality and food and nutrient intake and their associations among secondary healthcare service areas in Hokkaido].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kishi, Tomoko; Okada, Emiko; Sato, Atsuko; Ishikawa, Masako; Ukawa, Shigekazu; Nakamura, Koshi; Tamakoshi, Akiko</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Objective Hokkaido is a geographically vast area comprising a variety of natural environments and major industries. Therefore, we presume that there are large <span class="hlt">differences</span> in lifestyles and lifestyle-related disease mortality in community people based on <span class="hlt">region</span>. The aim of this study was to investigate the <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in mortality and food and nutrient intake, and their associations among secondary healthcare service areas in Hokkaido.Methods This study's design was ecological. We collected mortality data using public health statistics from the year 2005 to 2009 of the Hokkaido prefecture. We calculated the average of the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) over those five years. Data on food and nutrient intake were obtained from the Hokkaido Health and Nutrition Survey in 2006 conducted in the Hokkaido prefecture. The association between mortality and nutritional status was examined using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient.Results The mortality rates were higher in the southern and eastern areas of Hokkaido and in the lower internal area in the northern area of Hokkaido and the Tokachi area. There were <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> of 400-500 kcal of energy, 20-30 g of protein, 4-5 g of salt, 60 g of green and yellow vegetables, and 100 g of other vegetables among 21 secondary healthcare service areas in Hokkaido. In women alone, we <span class="hlt">observed</span> a positive association between cancer mortality and fat intake from dairy products. By contrast, we <span class="hlt">observed</span> an inverse, significant association between cancer mortality and rice intake, and cardiovascular mortality and soybean and soybean product intake, only in women.Conclusion We present <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in mortality and food and nutrient intake among secondary healthcare areas in Hokkaido. We also reveal a significant association between mortality and food and nutrient intake only in women. Further research is needed to examine whether socioeconomic, environmental, or other lifestyle factors are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22415942-kinetic-freezing-unfreezing-local-region-fluctuations-glass-structure-observed-heat-capacity-hysteresis','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22415942-kinetic-freezing-unfreezing-local-region-fluctuations-glass-structure-observed-heat-capacity-hysteresis"><span>Kinetic-freezing and unfreezing of local-<span class="hlt">region</span> fluctuations in a glass structure <span class="hlt">observed</span> by heat capacity hysteresis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Aji, D. P. B.; Johari, G. P., E-mail: joharig@mcmaster.ca</p> <p></p> <p>Fluctuations confined to local <span class="hlt">regions</span> in the structure of a glass are <span class="hlt">observed</span> as the Johari-Goldstein (JG) relaxation. Properties of these <span class="hlt">regions</span> and their atomic configuration are currently studied by relaxation techniques, by electron microscopy, and by high-energy X-ray scattering and extended x-ray absorption fine structure methods. One expects that these fluctuations (i) would kinetically freeze on cooling a glass, and the temperature coefficient of its enthalpy, dH/dT, would consequently show a gradual decrease with decrease in T, (ii) would kinetically unfreeze on heating the glass toward the glass-liquid transition temperature, T{sub g}, and dH/dT would gradually increase, and (iii)more » there would be a thermal hysteresis indicating the time and temperature dependence of the enthalpy. Since no such features have been found, thermodynamic consequences of these fluctuations are debated. After searching for these features in glasses of <span class="hlt">different</span> types, we found it in one of the most stable metal alloy glasses of composition Pd{sub 40}Ni{sub 10}Cu{sub 30}P{sub 20}. On cooling from its T{sub g}, dH/dT decreased along a broad sigmoid-shape path as local-<span class="hlt">region</span> fluctuations kinetically froze. On heating thereafter, dH/dT increased along a similar path as these fluctuations unfroze, and there is hysteresis in the cooling and heating paths, similar to that <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the T{sub g}-endotherm range. After eliminating other interpretations, we conclude that local-<span class="hlt">region</span> fluctuations seen as the JG relaxation in the non-equilibrium state of a glass contribute to its entropy, and we suggest conditions under which such fluctuations may be <span class="hlt">observed</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21457098-transition-region-explosive-event-observed-he-ii-moses-sounding-rocket','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21457098-transition-region-explosive-event-observed-he-ii-moses-sounding-rocket"><span>A TRANSITION <span class="hlt">REGION</span> EXPLOSIVE EVENT <span class="hlt">OBSERVED</span> IN He II WITH THE MOSES SOUNDING ROCKET</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Fox, J. Lewis; Kankelborg, Charles C.; Thomas, Roger J., E-mail: fox@physics.montana.ed, E-mail: kankel@solar.physics.montana.ed, E-mail: Roger.J.Thomas@nasa.go</p> <p>2010-08-20</p> <p>Transition <span class="hlt">region</span> explosive events (EEs) have been <span class="hlt">observed</span> with slit spectrographs since at least 1975, most commonly in lines of C IV (1548 A, 1550 A) and Si IV (1393 A, 1402 A). We report what we believe to be the first <span class="hlt">observation</span> of a transition <span class="hlt">region</span> EE in He II 304 A. With the Multi-Order Solar EUV Spectrograph (MOSES) sounding rocket, a novel slitless imaging spectrograph, we are able to see the spatial structure of the event. We <span class="hlt">observe</span> a bright core expelling two jets that are distinctly non-collinear, in directions that are not anti-parallel. The jets have sky-planemore » velocities of order 75 km s{sup -1} and line-of-sight velocities of +75 km s{sup -1} (blue) and -30 km s{sup -1} (red). The core is a <span class="hlt">region</span> of high non-thermal Doppler broadening, characteristic of EEs, with maximal broadening 380 km s{sup -1} FWHM. It is possible to resolve the core broadening into red and blue line-of-sight components of maximum Doppler velocities +160 km s{sup -1} and -220 km s{sup -1}. The event lasts more than 150 s. Its properties correspond to the larger, long-lived, and more energetic EEs <span class="hlt">observed</span> in other wavelengths.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.P21A1319M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.P21A1319M"><span>Dielectric Constant of Titan's South Polar <span class="hlt">Region</span> from Cassini Radio Science Bistatic Scattering <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marouf, E.; Rappaport, N.; French, R.; Simpson, R.; Kliore, A.; McGhee, C.; Schinder, P.; Anabtawi, A.</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>Four out of six Radio Science bistatic scattering (bistatic-radar) <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Titan's surface completed during the Cassini nominal mission yielded detectable quasi-specular 3.6 cm-λ (X-band) surface echoes, making Titan the most distant solar system object for which bistatic echoes have been successfully detected. Right circularly polarized sinusoidal signal was transmitted by Cassini and both the right and left circularly polarized (RCP and LCP) surface reflected components were <span class="hlt">observed</span> at the 70-m stations of NASA Deep Space Network. Cassini was maneuvered continuously to track the <span class="hlt">region</span> of Titan's surface where mirror-like (quasi-specular) reflected signals may be <span class="hlt">observed</span>. The experiments were designed for incidence angles θ close to the Brewster, or polarization, angle of likely surface compositions. Careful measurement of the system noise temperature allowed determination of the absolute power in each polarized echo component and hence their ratio. The polarization ratio, the known <span class="hlt">observation</span> geometry, and Fresnel reflection theory were then used to determine the dielectric constant ɛ. Three near-equatorial (~ 5 to 15° S) <span class="hlt">observations</span> on flyby T14 inbound and outbound and on flyby T34 inbound yielded weak but clearly detectable echoes. The echoes were intermittent along the ground track, indicating mostly rough terrain occasionally interrupted by patches of relatively flat areas. For the two <span class="hlt">observations</span> on T14, polarization ratio measurements for two localized but widely separated surface <span class="hlt">regions</span> (~ 15° S, ~ 14 and 140° W) conducted at angles θ ~ 56° and 64°, close to the Brewster angle for ices, imply ɛ ~ 1.6 for both <span class="hlt">regions</span>, suggesting liquid hydrocarbons although alternative interpretations are possible (Marouf et al., 2006 Fall AGU, P11A- 07). In sharp contrast, a single high latitude (~81-86° S, ~ 45-155° W) <span class="hlt">observation</span> on T27 inbound yielded much stronger surface echoes that lasted for almost the full duration of the experiment</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMNG23D..02S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFMNG23D..02S"><span>Interpreting the Latitudinal Structure of <span class="hlt">Differences</span> Between Modeled and <span class="hlt">Observed</span> Temperature Trends (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Santer, B. D.; Mears, C. A.; Gleckler, P. J.; Solomon, S.; Wigley, T.; Arblaster, J.; Cai, W.; Gillett, N. P.; Ivanova, D. P.; Karl, T. R.; Lanzante, J.; Meehl, G. A.; Stott, P.; Taylor, K. E.; Thorne, P.; Wehner, M. F.; Zou, C.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>We perform the most comprehensive comparison to date of simulated and <span class="hlt">observed</span> temperature trends. Comparisons are made for <span class="hlt">different</span> latitude bands, timescales, and temperature variables, using information from a multi-model archive and a variety of <span class="hlt">observational</span> datasets. Our focus is on temperature changes in the lower troposphere (TLT), the mid- to upper troposphere (TMT), and at the sea surface (SST). For SST, TLT, and TMT, trend comparisons over the satellite era (1979 to 2009) always yield closest agreement in mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. There are pronounced discrepancies in the tropics and in the Southern Hemisphere: in both <span class="hlt">regions</span>, the multi-model average warming is consistently larger than <span class="hlt">observed</span>. At high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, the <span class="hlt">observed</span> tropospheric warming exceeds multi-model average trends. The similarity in the latitudinal structure of this discrepancy pattern across <span class="hlt">different</span> temperature variables and <span class="hlt">observational</span> data sets suggests that these trend <span class="hlt">differences</span> are real, and are not due to residual inhomogeneities in the <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The interpretation of these results is hampered by the fact that the CMIP-3 multi-model archive analyzed here convolves errors in key external forcings with errors in the model response to forcing. Under a "forcing error" interpretation, model-average temperature trends in the Southern Hemisphere extratropics are biased warm because many models neglect (and/or inaccurately specify) changes in stratospheric ozone and the indirect effects of aerosols. An alternative "response error" explanation for the model trend errors is that there are fundamental problems with model clouds and ocean heat uptake over the Southern Ocean. When SST changes are compared over the longer period 1950 to 2009, there is close agreement between simulated and <span class="hlt">observed</span> trends poleward of 50°S. This result is difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that the trend discrepancies over 1979 to 2009 are primarily</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.7143P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.7143P"><span><span class="hlt">Observing</span> the ocean with <span class="hlt">different</span> platforms/methods. Advantages, disadvantages and lessons learnt</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Petihakis, George; Potiris, Manolis; Ntoumas, Manolis; Frangoulis, Kostas; Tsiaras, Kostas; Triantafyllou, George; Pollani, Annika</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Methods for <span class="hlt">observing</span>/measuring the ocean, present remarkable diversity. In situ sampling or remote sensing, automated or not measurements with sensing probes, utilize <span class="hlt">different</span> measuring principles, sample <span class="hlt">different</span> parts of the system, are characterized by <span class="hlt">different</span> accuracy/precision and sample over a large range of spatial and temporal scales with variable resolution. Measurements, quite often are dependent on the platform design and the platform interaction with the highly variable ambient environment. To add to the aforementioned issues that render the combination of data from <span class="hlt">different</span> sources challenging from a scientific perspective, there are also a number of technical and data issues. These are important for the good operational status of the platforms, the smooth data flow and the collection of appropriate meta-data. Finally the raw data files need to be processed into a user friendly output format so the operator will be able to identify as early as possible sensor drift and failures. In this work, data from <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observation</span> platforms/sensors is analysed and compared, while mechanisms and processes responsible for <span class="hlt">differences</span> are identified. More detailed, temperature, salinity and chlorophyll data from four fixed <span class="hlt">observing</span> stations, one Ferry Box, satellites and a monthly in situ sampling program, is used. Main results indicate that a) regular calibration according to expected parameter range and well-defined, consistent deployment plan of proven sensors is sufficient for acquiring high quality data in the long term. Better knowledge of site specific response of new instrumentation is required for producing consistent long term data b) duplicate sensors on one platform considerably improve data flow and data quality c) if an area is sampled by multiple platforms, then platform dependent errors can be quantified d) fixed point observatories are efficient tools for assessing <span class="hlt">regional</span> performance of satellite products. Higher vertical and temporal</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208816','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21208816"><span>The examination of biophysical parameters of skin (transepidermal water loss, skin hydration and pH value) in <span class="hlt">different</span> body <span class="hlt">regions</span> of normal cats of both sexes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Szczepanik, Marcin P; Wilkołek, Piotr M; Adamek, Lukasz R; Pomorski, Zbigniew J H</p> <p>2011-04-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and skin pH in normal cats. Twenty shorthaired European cats of both sexes were examined in the study. Measurements were taken from five <span class="hlt">different</span> sites: the lumbar <span class="hlt">region</span>, the axillary fossa, the inguinal <span class="hlt">region</span>, the ventral abdominal <span class="hlt">region</span> and the left thoracic <span class="hlt">region</span>. In each of the <span class="hlt">regions</span>, TEWL, skin hydration and skin pH were measured. The highest TEWL value was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the axillary fossa (18.22g/h/m(2)) and the lowest in the lumbar <span class="hlt">region</span> (10.53g/h/m(2)). The highest skin hydration was found in the inguinal <span class="hlt">region</span> (18.29CU) and the lowest in the lumbar <span class="hlt">region</span> (4.62CU). The highest skin pH was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the inguinal <span class="hlt">region</span> (6.64) and the lowest in the lumbar <span class="hlt">region</span> (6.39). Statistically significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in TEWL were <span class="hlt">observed</span> between the lumbar <span class="hlt">region</span> and the left side of the thorax <span class="hlt">region</span> (P=0.016), the axillary fossa (P=0.0004), the ventral <span class="hlt">region</span> (P=0.005), and the inguinal <span class="hlt">region</span> (P=0.009). There were significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in skin hydration between the lumbar <span class="hlt">region</span> and the left thorax (P=0.000003), the axillary fossa (P=0.002), the ventral abdomen (P=0.03), and the inguinal <span class="hlt">region</span> (P=0.0003) as well as between the thorax and the ventral abdomen (P=0.005). TEWL was higher in females (15g/h/m(2)) than in males (4.57g/h/m(2)). Skin hydration was higher in females (13.89CU) than in males (12.28CU). Significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> were not found between males and females for TEWL and skin hydration. Skin pH was higher in males (6.94) than in females (6.54), which was significant (P=0.004). Crown Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ESASP.446..561R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ESASP.446..561R"><span>Abundance Variations and Flows in Plage <span class="hlt">Regions</span> <span class="hlt">Observed</span> with CDS/SOHO</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rank, G.; Bagalá, L. G.; Czaykowska, A.; Haerendel, G.</p> <p>1999-10-01</p> <p>We present results from CDS/SOHO <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the spotless active <span class="hlt">region</span> NOAA-8208, obtained on 28th April 1998 near disk center. MDI images show a bipolar magnetic configuration. The <span class="hlt">regions</span> of enhanced He I emission correspond to the areas with strong magnetic flux and also with bright plage areas seen in Ca II and H-alpha images. A high correlation is found between intensity maps of the transition <span class="hlt">region</span> lines He I (logTmax = 4.3), O III (logTmax = 5.0), and O V (logTmax = 5.4). The line-of-sight velocities of He I reveal a strong downflow in the plage areas. Further, the line-of-sight velocities of He I, O III, and O V are well correlated, showing that the downflow pattern exists up to temperatures of about 0.25 MK. At higher temperatures (Mg VIII at logTmax = 5.8) this flow is not detected, suggesting that material streams into the plage <span class="hlt">region</span> from sideways in the high transition <span class="hlt">region</span>. Maps of the electron density in the transition <span class="hlt">region</span> have been constructed from several line ratios yielding densities of about 9.0 cm-3 in the plage <span class="hlt">regions</span>, about dex 0.5 cm-3 higher compared to the surrounding. To study the spatial variation of the first ionization potential (FIP) effect, the abundance ratio has been mapped for the ion ratio MgVI/NeVI. The ratio is highly variable on spatial scales down to a few arcsec from photospheric values to enhancements of a factor of 10. The strongest FIP enhancements are not correlated with transition <span class="hlt">region</span> line emission, but are found outside of the plage <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Some areas of strong FIP enhancement appear stretched and elongated, suggesting that the material is confined in loop-like structures.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24469285','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24469285"><span>[Learning from <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>: online platform: http://www.versorgungsatlas.de].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mangiapane, S</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>In 2011, the Central Research Institute of Ambulatory Health Care in Germany (ZI) published the website http://www.versorgungsatlas.de, a portal that presents research results from <span class="hlt">regional</span> health services in Germany. The Web portal provides a publicly accessible source of information and a growing number of selected analyses focusing on <span class="hlt">regional</span> variation in health care. Each topic is presented in terms of interactive maps, tables, and diagrams and is supplemented by a paper that examines the results in detail and provides an explanation of the findings. The portal has been designed to provide a forum on which health service researchers can publish their results derived from various data sources of <span class="hlt">different</span> institutions in Germany and can comment on results already available on http://www.versorgungsatlas.de. For health policy actors, the discussion of <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> offers a new, previously unavailable basis for determining the <span class="hlt">region</span>-specific treatment needs and for providing health-care management with the goal of high-quality care for each resident.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1148583','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1148583"><span>Heterogeneity of D2 dopamine receptors in <span class="hlt">different</span> brain <span class="hlt">regions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Leonard, M N; Macey, C A; Strange, P G</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>The binding of [3H]spiperone has been examined in membranes derived from <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of bovine brain. In caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and putamen binding is to D2 dopamine and 5HT2 serotonin receptors, whereas in cingulate cortex only serotonin 5HT2 receptor binding can be detected. D2 dopamine receptors were examined in detail in caudate nucleus, olfactory tubercle and putamen using [3H]spiperone binding in the presence of 0.3 microM-mianserin (to block 5HT2 serotonin receptors). No evidence for heterogeneity among D2 dopamine receptors either between brain <span class="hlt">regions</span> or within a brain <span class="hlt">region</span> was found from the displacements of [3H]spiperone binding by a range of antagonists, including dibenzazepines and substituted benzamides. Regulation of agonist binding by guanine nucleotides did, however, <span class="hlt">differ</span> between <span class="hlt">regions</span>. In caudate nucleus a population of agonist binding sites appeared resistant to guanine nucleotide regulation, whereas this was not the case in olfactory tubercle and putamen. PMID:2963621</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUSMSH31A..04W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUSMSH31A..04W"><span>UVCS <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Slow Plasma Flow in the Corona Above Active <span class="hlt">Regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Woo, R.; Habbal, S. R.</p> <p>2005-05-01</p> <p>The elusive source of slow solar wind has been the subject of ongoing discussion and debate. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of solar wind speed near the Earth orbit, first with IPS (interplanetary scintillation) and later with Ulysses in situ measurements, have suggested that some slow solar wind may be associated with active <span class="hlt">regions</span> (Kojima & Kakinuma 1987; Woo, Habbal & Feldman 2004). The ability of SOHO UVCS Doppler dimming measurements to provide estimates of solar wind speed in the corona (Kohl et al. 1995) has made it possible to investigate the distribution of flow near the Sun. In this paper, we will present results confirming that active <span class="hlt">regions</span> are one of the sources of slow wind. Insight into the relationship between coronal streamers, active <span class="hlt">regions</span> and plasma flow will also be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170003564&hterms=diffusion&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Ddiffusion','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170003564&hterms=diffusion&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Ddiffusion"><span>Magnetospheric Multiscale <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of the Electron Diffusion <span class="hlt">Region</span> of Large Guide Field Magnetic Reconnection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Eriksson, S.; Wilder, F. D.; Ergun, R. E.; Schwartz, S. J.; Cassak, P. A.; Burch, J. L.; Chen, Li-Jen; Torbert, R. B.; Phan, T. D.; Lavraud, B.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20170003564'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20170003564_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20170003564_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20170003564_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20170003564_hide"></p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>We report <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) satellites of a large guide field magnetic reconnection event. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> suggest that two of the four MMS spacecraft sampled the electron diffusion <span class="hlt">region</span>, whereas the other two spacecraft detected the exhaust jet from the event. The guide magnetic field amplitude is approximately 4 times that of the reconnecting field. The event is accompanied by a significant parallel electric field (E(sub parallel lines) that is larger than predicted by simulations. The high-speed (approximately 300 km/s) crossing of the electron diffusion <span class="hlt">region</span> limited the data set to one complete electron distribution inside of the electron diffusion <span class="hlt">region</span>, which shows significant parallel heating. The data suggest that E(sub parallel lines) is balanced by a combination of electron inertia and a parallel gradient of the gyrotropic electron pressure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...858L...4X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...858L...4X"><span>Spectral and Imaging <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of a Current Sheet <span class="hlt">Region</span> in a Small-scale Magnetic Reconnection Event</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xue, Zhike; Yan, Xiaoli; Yang, Liheng; Wang, Jincheng; Feng, Song; Li, Qiaoling; Ji, Kaifan; Zhao, Li</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>We report a possible current sheet <span class="hlt">region</span> associated with a small-scale magnetic reconnection event by using the spectral and imaging <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the Interface <span class="hlt">Region</span> Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) and the magnetograms obtained by the Solar Dynamics Observatory on 2016 August 08. The length and width of the current sheet <span class="hlt">region</span> are estimated to be from 1.4 ± 0.1 Mm to 3.0 ± 0.3 Mm and from 0.34 ± 0.01 Mm to 0.64 ± 0.09 Mm, respectively. The evolutions of the length of the current sheet <span class="hlt">region</span> are positively correlated with that of the width. These measurements are among the smallest reported. When the IRIS slit scans the current sheet <span class="hlt">region</span>, the spectroscopic <span class="hlt">observations</span> show that the Si IV line is broadened in the current sheet <span class="hlt">region</span> and the plasma has a blueshifted feature at the middle and a redshifted feature at the ends of the current sheet <span class="hlt">region</span>. The maximum measured blueshifted and redshifted Doppler velocities are ‑20.8 ± 0.9 and 34.1 ± 0.4 km s‑1, respectively. Additionally, the electron number densities of the plasma in the current sheet <span class="hlt">region</span> are computed to be around 1011 cm‑3 based on the spectrums of the two O IV lines. The emergence, movement, and cancellation of a small sunspot with negative polarity are <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the formation and shift of the current sheet <span class="hlt">region</span>. We suggest that the occurrence and evolution of the magnetic reconnection are driven by the movement of the small sunspot in the photosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPD....4710101R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPD....4710101R"><span>Transition <span class="hlt">Region</span> Explosive Events in He II 304Å: <span class="hlt">Observation</span> and Analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rust, Thomas; Kankelborg, Charles C.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>We present examples of transition <span class="hlt">region</span> explosive events <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the He II 304Å spectral line with the Multi Order Solar EUV Spectrograph (MOSES). With small (<5000 km) spatial scale and large non-thermal (100-150 km/s) velocities these events satisfy the <span class="hlt">observational</span> signatures of transition <span class="hlt">region</span> explosive events. Derived line profiles show distinct blue and red velocity components with very little broadening of either component. We <span class="hlt">observe</span> little to no emission from low velocity plasma, making the plasmoid instability reconnection model unlikely as the plasma acceleration mechanism for these events. Rather, the single speed, bi-directional jet characteristics suggested by these data are consistent with acceleration via Petschek reconnection.<span class="hlt">Observations</span> were made during the first sounding rocket flight of MOSES in 2006. MOSES forms images in 3 orders of a concave diffraction grating. Multilayer coatings largely restrict the passband to the He II 303.8Å and Si XI 303.3Å spectral lines. The angular field of view is about 8.5'x17', or about 20% of the solar disk. These images constitute projections of the volume I(x,y,λ), the intensity as a function of sky plane position and wavelength. Spectral line profiles are recovered via tomographic inversion of these projections. Inversion is carried out using a multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850026769','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850026769"><span>Proton albedo spectrum <span class="hlt">observation</span> in low latitude <span class="hlt">region</span> at Hyderabad, India</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Verma, S. D.; Kothari, S. K.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>The flux and the energy spectrum of low energy (30-100 MeV) proton albedos, have been <span class="hlt">observed</span> for the first time in a low latitude <span class="hlt">region</span>, over Hyderabad, India. The preliminary results, based on the quick look data acquisition and display system are presented. A charged particle telescope, capable of distinguishing singly charged particles such as electrons, muons, protons in low energy <span class="hlt">region</span>, records the data of both upward as well as downward moving particles. Thus spectra of splash and re-entrant albedo protons have been recorded simultaneously in a high altitude Balloon flight carried out on 8th December, 1985, over Hyderabad, India. Balloon floated at an latitude of approx. 37 km (4 mb).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ThApC.110..385H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ThApC.110..385H"><span><span class="hlt">Observed</span> changes in relative humidity and dew point temperature in coastal <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Iran</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hosseinzadeh Talaee, P.; Sabziparvar, A. A.; Tabari, Hossein</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The analysis of trends in hydroclimatic parameters and assessment of their statistical significance have recently received a great concern to clarify whether or not there is an obvious climate change. In the current study, parametric linear regression and nonparametric Mann-Kendall tests were applied for detecting annual and seasonal trends in the relative humidity (RH) and dew point temperature ( T dew) time series at ten coastal weather stations in Iran during 1966-2005. The serial structure of the data was considered, and the significant serial correlations were eliminated using the trend-free pre-whitening method. The results showed that annual RH increased by 1.03 and 0.28 %/decade at the northern and southern coastal <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the country, respectively, while annual T dew increased by 0.29 and 0.15°C per decade at the northern and southern <span class="hlt">regions</span>, respectively. The significant trends were frequent in the T dew series, but they were <span class="hlt">observed</span> only at 2 out of the 50 RH series. The results showed that the <span class="hlt">difference</span> between the results of the parametric and nonparametric tests was small, although the parametric test detected larger significant trends in the RH and T dew time series. Furthermore, the <span class="hlt">differences</span> between the results of the trend tests were not related to the normality of the statistical distribution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSM13F4220G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSM13F4220G"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of EMIC Waves in the Exterior Cusp <span class="hlt">Region</span> and in the Nearby Magnetosheath</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Grison, B.; Escoubet, C. P.; Santolik, O.; Lavraud, B.; Cornilleau-Wehrlin, N.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>In the early years (2000-2004) of the mission, Cluster crossed the most distant part of the polar cusps. On 05/01/2002, Cluster enters the distant cusp <span class="hlt">region</span> on the duskside of the southern hemisphere (inbound). The spacecraft are successively crossing the magnetopause between 19:50 UT (SC4) and 20:15 UT (SC3). The interplanetary conditions during the crossing were stable with a dominant negative By. The magnetometer (FGM) data indicates that the entry into the cusp takes place in a <span class="hlt">region</span> where the magnetic field lines in the magnetosheath are anti-parallel with the field lines in the magnetosphere. Despite this clear picture, the global encounter is rather complex: one can notice partial magnetopause crossings, magnetic null points, and intense monochromatic waves on both sides of the magnetopause.We investigate electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the cusp and in the nearby magnetosheath, just before the magnetopause crossing by the spacecraft. Left-handed monochromatic waves <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the cusp display <span class="hlt">different</span> duration and frequency (below and above the local proton gyrofrequency) on each spacecraft. Both the Poynting flux of these emissions and the simultaneously recorded ion flows propagate in the same direction - toward the Earth. The wavenumber are determined in two ways: considering the Doppler shift and from direct measurements of the refractive index. We analyze these wave parameters and the local plasma conditions to explain the wave generation process on each side of the magnetopause.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.3839H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ACP....18.3839H"><span>Impacts of <span class="hlt">different</span> characterizations of large-scale background on simulated <span class="hlt">regional</span>-scale ozone over the continental United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hogrefe, Christian; Liu, Peng; Pouliot, George; Mathur, Rohit; Roselle, Shawn; Flemming, Johannes; Lin, Meiyun; Park, Rokjin J.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>This study analyzes simulated <span class="hlt">regional</span>-scale ozone burdens both near the surface and aloft, estimates process contributions to these burdens, and calculates the sensitivity of the simulated <span class="hlt">regional</span>-scale ozone burden to several key model inputs with a particular emphasis on boundary conditions derived from hemispheric or global-scale models. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulations supporting this analysis were performed over the continental US for the year 2010 within the context of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII) and Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF-HTAP) activities. CMAQ process analysis (PA) results highlight the dominant role of horizontal and vertical advection on the ozone burden in the mid-to-upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Vertical mixing, including mixing by convective clouds, couples fluctuations in free-tropospheric ozone to ozone in lower layers. Hypothetical bounding scenarios were performed to quantify the effects of emissions, boundary conditions, and ozone dry deposition on the simulated ozone burden. Analysis of these simulations confirms that the characterization of ozone outside the <span class="hlt">regional</span>-scale modeling domain can have a profound impact on simulated <span class="hlt">regional</span>-scale ozone. This was further investigated by using data from four hemispheric or global modeling systems (Chemistry - Integrated Forecasting Model (C-IFS), CMAQ extended for hemispheric applications (H-CMAQ), the Goddard Earth <span class="hlt">Observing</span> System model coupled to chemistry (GEOS-Chem), and AM3) to derive alternate boundary conditions for the <span class="hlt">regional</span>-scale CMAQ simulations. The <span class="hlt">regional</span>-scale CMAQ simulations using these four <span class="hlt">different</span> boundary conditions showed that the largest ozone abundance in the upper layers was simulated when using boundary conditions from GEOS-Chem, followed by the simulations using C-IFS, AM3, and H-CMAQ boundary conditions, consistent with the analysis of the ozone fields</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6286E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.6286E"><span>Turbulence Heating <span class="hlt">ObserveR</span> - THOR: mission overview and payload summary</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Escoubet, C.-Philippe; Voirin, Thomas; Wielders, Arno; Vaivads, Andris; Retino, Alessandro; Khotyaintsev, Yuri; Soucek, Jan; Valentini, Francesco; Chen, Chris; Fazakerley, Andrew; Lavraud, Benoit; Marcucci, Federica; Narita, Yasuhito; Vainio, Rami; Romstedt, Jens; Boudin, Nathalie; Junge, Axel; Osuna, Pedro; Walsh, Andrew</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The Turbulence Heating <span class="hlt">ObserveR</span> (THOR) mission was selected as one of the three candidates, following the Call for Medium Class Missions M4 by the European Space Agency, with a launch planned in 2026. THOR is the first mission ever flown in space dedicated to plasma turbulence. THOR will lead to an understanding of the basic plasma heating and particle energization processes, of their effect on <span class="hlt">different</span> plasma species and of their relative importance in <span class="hlt">different</span> turbulent regimes. The THOR mission features one single spinning spacecraft, with the spin axis pointing toward the Sun, and 10 state-of-the-art scientific instruments, measuring electromagnetic fields and waves and electrons and ions at the highest spatial and temporal resolution ever achieved. THOR focuses on particular <span class="hlt">regions</span>: pristine solar wind, Earth's bow shock and interplanetary shocks, and compressed solar wind <span class="hlt">regions</span> downstream of shocks, that will be <span class="hlt">observed</span> with three <span class="hlt">different</span> orbits of 6 x 15 RE, 6 x 25 RE and 6 x 45 RE. These <span class="hlt">regions</span> are selected because of their <span class="hlt">differing</span> turbulent fluctuation characteristics, and reflect similar astrophysical environments. The THOR mission, the conceptual design of the spacecraft and a summary of the payload will be presented. Furthermore, driving requirements and their implications for the spacecraft like Electromagnetic Compatibility and cleanliness will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28935851','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28935851"><span>Comparative analysis of the microbial communities in raw milk produced in <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Korea.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, In Seon; Hur, Yoo Kyung; Kim, Eun Ji; Ahn, Young-Tae; Kim, Jong Geun; Choi, Yun-Jaie; Huh, Chul Sung</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The control of psychrotrophic bacteria causing milk spoilage and illness due to toxic compounds is an important issue in the dairy industry. In South Korea, Gangwon-do province is one of the coldest terrains in which eighty percent of the area is mountainous <span class="hlt">regions</span>, and mainly plays an important role in the agriculture and dairy industries. The purposes of this study were to analyze the indigenous microbiota of raw milk in Gangwon-do and accurately investigate a putative microbial group causing deterioration in milk quality. We collected raw milk from the bulk tank of 18 dairy farms in the Hoengseong and Pyeongchang <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Gangwon-do. Milk components were analyzed and the number of viable bacteria was confirmed. The V3 and V4 <span class="hlt">regions</span> of 16S rRNA gene were amplified and sequenced on an Illumina Miseq platform. Sequences were then assigned to operational taxonomic units, followed by the selection of representative sequences using the QIIME software package. The milk samples from Pyeongchang were higher in fat, protein, lactose, total solid, and solid non-fat, and bacterial cell counts were <span class="hlt">observed</span> only for the Hoengseong samples. The phylum Proteobacteria was detected most frequently in both the Hoengseong and Pyeongchang samples, followed by the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Notably, Corynebacterium, Pediococcus, Macrococcus, and Acinetobacter were significantly <span class="hlt">different</span> from two <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Although the predominant phylum in raw milk is same, the abundances of major genera in milk samples were <span class="hlt">different</span> between Hoengseong and Pyeongchang. We assumed that these <span class="hlt">differences</span> are caused by <span class="hlt">regional</span> dissimilar farming environments such as soil, forage, and dairy farming equipment so that the quality of milk raw milk from Pyeongchang is higher than that of Hoengseong. These results could provide the crucial information for identifying the microbiota in raw milk of South Korea.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160011197','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160011197"><span>Clasp/SJ <span class="hlt">Observation</span> of Time Variations of Lyman-Alpha Emissions in a Solar Active <span class="hlt">Region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ishikawa, S.; Kubo, M.; Katsukawa, Y.; Kano, R.; Narukage, N.; Ishikawa, R.; Bando, T.; Winebarger, A.; Kobayashi, K.; Trujillo Bueno, J.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20160011197'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20160011197_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20160011197_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20160011197_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20160011197_hide"></p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The Chromospheric Lyman-alpha SpectroPolarimeter (CLASP) is a sounding rocket experiment launched on September 3, 2015 to investigate the solar chromosphere, and the slit-jaw (SJ) optical system took Lya images with the high time cadence of 0.6 s. By the CLASP/SJ <span class="hlt">observation</span>, many time variations in the solar chromosphere with the time scale of <1 minute were discovered (see the poster by Kubo et al., Pa-13). We focused on an active <span class="hlt">region</span> and investigated the short (<30 s) time variations and relation to the coronal structure <span class="hlt">observed</span> by SDO/AIA. We compared the Ly(alpha) time variations at footpoints of coronal magnetic fields <span class="hlt">observed</span> by AIA 211 Å (approx.2 MK) and AIA 171 Å (0.6 MK), and non-loop <span class="hlt">regions</span>. As the result, we found the <30 s Ly(alpha) time variations had more in the footpoint <span class="hlt">regions</span>. On the other hand, the <30 s time variations had no dependency on the temperature of the loop.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A33J0315K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A33J0315K"><span>Sensitivity of soil moisture initialization for decadal predictions under <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regional</span> climatic conditions in Europe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Khodayar, S.; Sehlinger, A.; Feldmann, H.; Kottmeier, C.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The impact of soil initialization is investigated through perturbation simulations with the <span class="hlt">regional</span> climate model COSMO-CLM. The focus of the investigation is to assess the sensitivity of simulated extreme periods, dry and wet, to soil moisture initialization in <span class="hlt">different</span> climatic <span class="hlt">regions</span> over Europe and to establish the necessary spin up time within the framework of decadal predictions for these <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Sensitivity experiments consisted of a reference simulation from 1968 to 1999 and 5 simulations from 1972 to 1983. The Effective Drought Index (EDI) is used to select and quantify drought status in the reference run to establish the simulation time period for the sensitivity experiments. <span class="hlt">Different</span> soil initialization procedures are investigated. The sensitivity of the decadal predictions to soil moisture initial conditions is investigated through the analysis of water cycle components' (WCC) variability. In an episodic time scale the local effects of soil moisture on the boundary-layer and the propagated effects on the large-scale dynamics are analysed. The results show: (a) COSMO-CLM reproduces the <span class="hlt">observed</span> features of the drought index. (b) Soil moisture initialization exerts a relevant impact on WCC, e.g., precipitation distribution and intensity. (c) <span class="hlt">Regional</span> characteristics strongly impact the response of the WCC. Precipitation and evapotranspiration deviations are larger for humid <span class="hlt">regions</span>. (d) The initial soil conditions (wet/dry), the <span class="hlt">regional</span> characteristics (humid/dry) and the annual period (wet/dry) play a key role in the time that soil needs to restore quasi-equilibrium and the impact on the atmospheric conditions. Humid areas, and for all <span class="hlt">regions</span>, a humid initialization, exhibit shorter spin up times, also soil reacts more sensitive when initialised during dry periods. (e) The initial soil perturbation may markedly modify atmospheric pressure field, wind circulation systems and atmospheric water vapour distribution affecting atmospheric stability</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1710000S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1710000S"><span>Orographic precipitation at global and <span class="hlt">regional</span> scales: <span class="hlt">Observational</span> uncertainty and evaluation of 25-km global model simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schiemann, Reinhard; Roberts, Charles J.; Bush, Stephanie; Demory, Marie-Estelle; Strachan, Jane; Vidale, Pier Luigi; Mizielinski, Matthew S.; Roberts, Malcolm J.</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Precipitation over land exhibits a high degree of variability due to the complex interaction of the precipitation generating atmospheric processes with coastlines, the heterogeneous land surface, and orography. Global general circulation models (GCMs) have traditionally had very limited ability to capture this variability on the mesoscale (here ~50-500 km) due to their low resolution. This has changed with recent investments in resolution and ensembles of multidecadal climate simulations of atmospheric GCMs (AGCMs) with ~25 km grid spacing are becoming increasingly available. Here, we evaluate the mesoscale precipitation distribution in one such set of simulations obtained in the UPSCALE (UK on PrACE - weather-resolving Simulations of Climate for globAL Environmental risk) modelling campaign with the HadGEM-GA3 AGCM. Increased model resolution also poses new challenges to the <span class="hlt">observational</span> datasets used to evaluate models. Global gridded data products such as those provided by the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) are invaluable for assessing large-scale features of the precipitation distribution but may not sufficiently resolve mesoscale structures. In the absence of independent estimates, the intercomparison of <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observational</span> datasets may be the only way to get some insight into the uncertainties associated with these <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Here, we focus on mid-latitude continental <span class="hlt">regions</span> where <span class="hlt">observations</span> based on higher-density gauge networks are available in addition to the global data sets: Europe/the Alps, South and East Asia, and the continental US. The ability of GCMs to represent mesoscale variability is of interest in its own right, as climate information on this scale is required by impact studies. An additional motivation for the research proposed here arises from continuing efforts to quantify the components of the global radiation budget and water cycle. Recent estimates based on radiation measurements suggest that the global mean</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29741416','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29741416"><span>Does the Functional Form of the Association Between Education and Mortality <span class="hlt">Differ</span> by U.S. <span class="hlt">Region</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sheehan, Connor; Montez, Jennifer Karas; Sasson, Isaac</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>To understand the education-mortality association among U.S. adults, recent studies have documented its national functional form. However, the functional form of education-mortality relationship may vary across geographic contexts. The four U.S. Census <span class="hlt">regions</span> <span class="hlt">differ</span> considerably in their social and economic policies, employment opportunities, income levels, and other factors that may affect how education lowers the risk of mortality. Thus, we documented <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the functional form of the education-mortality association and examined the role of employment and income in accounting for <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>. We used data on non-Hispanic white adults (2,981,672, person years) aged 45-84 in the 2000-2009 National Health Interview Survey, with Linked Mortality File through 2011 (37,598 deaths) and estimated discrete-time hazard models. The functional form of education and adult mortality was best characterized by credentialism in the Midwest, Northeast, and for Western men. For Western women, the association was linear, consistent with the human capital model. In the South, we <span class="hlt">observed</span> a combination of mechanisms, with mortality risk declining with each year of schooling and a step change with high school graduation, followed by steeper decline thereafter. Our work adds to the increasing body of research that stresses the importance of contexts in shaping the education-mortality relationship.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18321636','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18321636"><span>The role of cultural models in local perceptions of SFM--<span class="hlt">differences</span> and similarities of interest groups from three boreal <span class="hlt">regions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Berninger, Kati; Kneeshaw, Daniel; Messier, Christian</p> <p>2009-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Differences</span> in the way local and <span class="hlt">regional</span> interest groups perceive Sustainable Forest Management in <span class="hlt">regions</span> with <span class="hlt">different</span> forest use histories were studied using Southeastern Finland, the Mauricie in Quebec and Central Labrador in Canada as examples of <span class="hlt">regions</span> with high, medium and low importance of commercial forestry. We present a conceptual model illustrating the cyclic interaction between the forest, cultural models about forests and forest management. We hypothesized that peoples' perceptions would be influenced by their cultural models about forests and would thus vary amongst <span class="hlt">regions</span> with <span class="hlt">different</span> forest use histories and among <span class="hlt">different</span> interest groups. The weightings of the environmental, economic and social components of sustainability as well as themes important for each of the interest groups were elicited using individual listing of SFM indicators and group work aimed at developing a consensus opinion on a common indicator list. In Southeastern Finland the views of the <span class="hlt">different</span> groups were polarized along the environment-economy axis, whereas in Central Labrador all groups were environmentally oriented. The social dimension was low overall except among the Metis and the Innu in Labrador. Only environmental groups were similar in all three research <span class="hlt">regions</span>, the largest <span class="hlt">differences</span> between <span class="hlt">regions</span> were found among the forestry professionals in their weightings concerning economy and nature. As the importance of commercial forestry increased, a greater importance of economic issues was expressed whereas the opposite trend was <span class="hlt">observed</span> for issues regarding nature. Also inter-group <span class="hlt">differences</span> grew as the importance of commercial forestry increased in the <span class="hlt">region</span>. Forest management and forest use can be seen as factors strongly influencing peoples' cultural models on forests.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22987221','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22987221"><span>Variations in the ceramide profile in <span class="hlt">different</span> seasons and <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the body contribute to stratum corneum functions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ishikawa, Junko; Shimotoyodome, Yoshie; Ito, Shotaro; Miyauchi, Yuki; Fujimura, Tsutomu; Kitahara, Takashi; Hase, Tadashi</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>The objective of this study was to clarify variations of the ceramide (CER) profile in human stratum corneum (SC) in <span class="hlt">different</span> seasons and in <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the body and to estimate the contributions of CERs to the SC barrier and water-holding functions. Based on the information that there are great variations of SC functions among body sites, we compared the CER profiles obtained from ten <span class="hlt">different</span> anatomical sites in healthy Japanese males in four seasons. Not only the physiological parameters of skin but also the CER profile showed body <span class="hlt">region</span> and seasonal variations. The total CER level, the CER composition and the C34-CER[NS] species displayed strong correlations with the values of transepidermal water loss and capacitance throughout the body. Especially in the cheek, a strong correlation between the capacitance and the CER profile was <span class="hlt">observed</span>. There were seasonal variations of the CER profile in the lip, upper arm and palm. Our results indicate that <span class="hlt">regional</span> and seasonal variations of the CER profile may contribute to SC functions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvS..16f0702B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvS..16f0702B"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of superradiant synchrotron radiation in the terahertz <span class="hlt">region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Billinghurst, B. E.; Bergstrom, J. C.; Dallin, L.; de Jong, M.; May, T. E.; Vogt, J. M.; Wurtz, W. A.</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>We report the first high-resolution measurement of superradiance, using coherent synchrotron radiation in the terahertz <span class="hlt">region</span> from the Canadian Light Source synchrotron and a Michelson interferometer with a nominal frequency resolution of 0.00096cm-1. Superradiance arises when a high degree of phase coherence exists between the radiation fields of the individual electron bunches, and manifests itself as a series of narrow spectral peaks at harmonics of the bunch frequency. We <span class="hlt">observe</span> an enhancement factor of 16 at the spectral peaks, limited by the interferometer resolution. The spectral distribution and relative amplitudes of the superradiant peaks are modified by altering the pattern of bunches along the bunch train.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990080918&hterms=temperature+variability&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dtemperature%2Bvariability','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990080918&hterms=temperature+variability&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Dtemperature%2Bvariability"><span>Comparison of Model and <span class="hlt">Observed</span> <span class="hlt">Regional</span> Temperature Changes During the Past 40 Years</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Russell, Gary L.; Miller, James R.; Rind, David; Ruedy, Reto A.; Schmidt, Gavin A.; Sheth, Sukeshi</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Results are presented for six simulations of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) global atmosphere-ocean model for the years 1950 to 2099. There are two control simulations with constant 1950 atmospheric composition from <span class="hlt">different</span> initial states, two GHG experiments with <span class="hlt">observed</span> greenhouse gases up to 1990 and compounded .5% CO2 annual increases thereafter, and two GHG+SO4 experiments with the same varying greenhouse gases plus varying tropospheric sulfate aerosols. Surface air temperature trends in the two GHG experiments are compared between themselves and with the <span class="hlt">observed</span> temperature record from 1960 and 1998. All comparisons show high positive spatial correlation in the northern hemisphere except in summer when the greenhouse signal is weakest. The GHG+SO4 experiments show weaker correlations. In the southern hemisphere, correlations are either weak or negative which in part are due to the model's unrealistic interannual variability of southern sea ice cover. The model results imply that temperature changes due to forcing by increased greenhouse gases have risen above the level of <span class="hlt">regional</span> interannual temperature variability in the northern hemisphere over the past 40 years. This period is thus an important test of reliability of coupled climate models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950020308','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950020308"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in lectin binding patterns of vestibular hair cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Baird, Richard A.; Schuff, N. R.; Bancroft, J.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Surface glycoconjugates of hair cells and supporting cells in the vestibular endorgans of the bullfrog were identified using biotinylated lectins with <span class="hlt">different</span> carbohydrate specificities. Lectin binding in hair cells was consistent with the presence of glucose and mannose (CON A), galactose (RCA-I), N-acetylgalactosamine (VVA), but not fucose (UEA-I) residues. Hair cells in the bullfrog sacculus, unlike those in the utriculus and semicircular canals, did not stain for N-acetylglucosamine (WGA) or N-acetylgalactosamine (VVA). By contrast, WGA and, to a lesser extent, VVA, differentially stained utricular and semicircular canal hair cells, labeling hair cells located in peripheral, but not central, <span class="hlt">regions</span>. In mammals, WGA uniformly labeled Type 1 hair cells while labeling, as in the bullfrog, Type 2 hair cells only in peripheral <span class="hlt">regions</span>. These <span class="hlt">regional</span> variations were retained after enzymatic digestion. We conclude that vestibular hair cells <span class="hlt">differ</span> in their surface glycoconjugates and that <span class="hlt">differences</span> in lectin binding patterns can be used to identify hair cell types and to infer the epithelial origin of isolated vestibular hair cells.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050000516&hterms=hair&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DTitle%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dhair','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20050000516&hterms=hair&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DTitle%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dhair"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in lectin binding patterns of vestibular hair cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Baird, R. A.; Schuff, N. R.; Bancroft, J.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Surface glycoconjugates of hair cells and supporting cells in the vestibular endorgans of the bullfrog were identified using biotinylated lectins with <span class="hlt">different</span> carbohydrate specificities. Lectin binding in hair cells was consistent with the presence of glucose and mannose (CON A), galactose (RCA-I), N-acetylglucosamine (WGA), N-acetylgalactosamine (VVA), but not fucose (UEA-I) residues. Hair cells in the bullfrog sacculus, unlike those in the utriculus and semicircular canals, did not strain for N-acetylglucosamine (WGA) or N-acetylgalactosamine (VVA). By contrast, WGA and, to a lesser extent, VVA, differentially stained utricular and semicircular canal hair cells, labeling hair cells located in peripheral, but not central, <span class="hlt">regions</span>. In mammals, WGA uniformly labeled Type I hair cells while labeling, as in the bullfrog, Type II hair cells only in peripheral <span class="hlt">regions</span>. These <span class="hlt">regional</span> variations were retained after enzymatic digestion. We conclude that vestibular hair cells <span class="hlt">differ</span> in their surface glycoconjugates and that <span class="hlt">differences</span> in lectin binding patterns can be used to identify hair cell types and to infer the epithelial origin of isolated vestibular hair cells.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780065580&hterms=oso&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Doso','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780065580&hterms=oso&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Doso"><span>OSO 8 <span class="hlt">observations</span> of wave propagation in the solar chromosphere and transition <span class="hlt">region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chipman, E. G.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>The University of Colorado instrument on OSO 8 has been used to <span class="hlt">observe</span> relative phases of the 300-s intensity variation between the temperature-minimum <span class="hlt">region</span> and several emission lines formed in the solar chromosphere and chromosphere-corona transition <span class="hlt">region</span>. The lines used are due to Fe II, Si II, C II, Si IV, and C IV. The scattered light in the spectrograph, which originates almost entirely in the spectral <span class="hlt">region</span> between 1700 and 1900 A, was used as a probe of the temperature-minimum <span class="hlt">region</span>. The lines of Fe II, Si II, and C II show almost identical delays of approximately 30 s relative to the temperature minimum, while the intensity oscillations of the lines of Si IV and C IV appear to lead the temperature-minimum intensity oscillations by about 10 s.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.4880C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.4880C"><span>Global long-term ozone trends derived from <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> and modelled data sets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Coldewey-Egbers, M.; Loyola, D.; Zimmer, W.; van Roozendael, M.; Lerot, C.; Dameris, M.; Garny, H.; Braesicke, P.; Koukouli, M.; Balis, D.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>The long-term behaviour of stratospheric ozone amounts during the past three decades is investigated on a global scale using <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> and modelled data sets. Three European satellite sensors GOME/ERS-2, SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT, and GOME-2/METOP are combined and a merged global monthly mean total ozone product has been prepared using an inter-satellite calibration approach. The data set covers the 16-years period from June 1995 to June 2011 and it exhibits an excellent long-term stability, which is required for such trend studies. A multiple linear least-squares regression algorithm using <span class="hlt">different</span> explanatory variables is applied to the time series and statistically significant positive trends are detected in the northern mid latitudes and subtropics. Global trends are also estimated using a second satellite-based Merged Ozone Data set (MOD) provided by NASA. For few selected geographical <span class="hlt">regions</span> ozone trends are additionally calculated using well-maintained measurements of individual Dobson/Brewer ground-based instruments. A reasonable agreement in the spatial patterns of the trends is found amongst the European satellite, the NASA satellite, and the ground-based <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Furthermore, two long-term simulations obtained with the Chemistry-Climate Models E39C-A provided by German Aerospace Center and UMUKCA-UCAM provided by University of Cambridge are analysed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.4641M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.4641M"><span>Preliminary JIRAM results from Juno polar <span class="hlt">observations</span>: 3. Evidence of diffuse methane presence in the Jupiter auroral <span class="hlt">regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Moriconi, M. L.; Adriani, A.; Dinelli, B. M.; Fabiano, F.; Altieri, F.; Tosi, F.; Filacchione, G.; Migliorini, A.; Gérard, J. C.; Mura, A.; Grassi, D.; Sindoni, G.; Piccioni, G.; Noschese, R.; Cicchetti, A.; Bolton, S. J.; Connerney, J. E. P.; Atreya, S. K.; Bagenal, F.; Gladstone, G. R.; Hansen, C.; Kurth, W. S.; Levin, S. M.; Mauk, B. H.; McComas, D. J.; Turrini, D.; Stefani, S.; Olivieri, A.; Amoroso, M.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Throughout the first orbit of the NASA Juno mission around Jupiter, the Jupiter InfraRed Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) targeted the northern and southern polar <span class="hlt">regions</span> several times. The analyses of the acquired images and spectra confirmed a significant presence of methane (CH4) near both poles through its 3.3 μm emission overlapping the H3+ auroral feature at 3.31 μm. Neither acetylene (C2H2) nor ethane (C2H6) have been <span class="hlt">observed</span> so far. The analysis method, developed for the retrieval of H3+ temperature and abundances and applied to the JIRAM-measured spectra, has enabled an estimate of the effective temperature for methane peak emission and the distribution of its spectral contribution in the polar <span class="hlt">regions</span>. The enhanced methane inside the auroral oval <span class="hlt">regions</span> in the two hemispheres at <span class="hlt">different</span> longitude suggests an excitation mechanism driven by energized particle precipitation from the magnetosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DPS....4821408P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DPS....4821408P"><span>Comparing <span class="hlt">different</span> Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) occultation <span class="hlt">observations</span> using modeling of water vapor jets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Portyankina, Ganna; Esposito, Larry W.; Hansen, Candice; Aye, Klaus-Michael</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>Motivation: On March 11, 2016 the Cassini UVIS <span class="hlt">observed</span> its 6th star occultation by Enceladus' plume. This <span class="hlt">observation</span> was aimed to determine variability in the total gas flux from the Enceladus' southern polar <span class="hlt">region</span>. The analysis of the received data suggests that the total gas flux is moderately increased comparing to the average gas flux <span class="hlt">observed</span> by UVIS from 2005 to 2011 [1]. However, UVIS detected variability in individual jets. In particular, Baghdad 1 is more collimated in 2016 than in 2005, meaning its gas escapes at higher velocity.Model and fits: We use 3D DSMC model for water vapor jets to compare <span class="hlt">different</span> UVIS occultation <span class="hlt">observations</span> from 2005 to 2016. The model traces test articles from jets' sources [2] into space and results in coordinates and velocities for a set of test particles. We convert particle positions into the particle number density and integrate along UVIS line of sight (LoS) for each time step of the UVIS <span class="hlt">observation</span> using precise <span class="hlt">observational</span> geometry derived from SPICE [3]. We integrate all jets that are crossed by the LoS and perform constrained least-squares fit of resulting modeled opacities to the <span class="hlt">observed</span> data to solved for relative strengths of jets. The geometry of each occultation is specific, for example, during solar occultation in 2010 UVIS LoS was almost parallel to tiger stripes, which made it possible to distinguish jets venting from <span class="hlt">different</span> tiger stripes. In 2011 Eps Orionis occultation LoS was perpendicular to tiger stripes and thus many of the jets were geometrically overlapping. Solar occultation provided us with the largest inventory of active jets - our model fit detects at least 43 non-zero jet contributions. Stellar occultations generally have lower temporal resolution and <span class="hlt">observe</span> only a sub-set of these jets: 2011 Eps Orionis needs minimum 25 non-zero jets to fit UVIS data. We will discuss <span class="hlt">different</span> occultations and models fits, including the most recent Epsilon Orionis occultation of 2016.[1] Hansen et al</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950054383&hterms=Keegan&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DKeegan','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950054383&hterms=Keegan&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DKeegan"><span>Thermal and albedo mapping of the polar <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Mars using Viking thermal mapper <span class="hlt">observations</span>: 2. South polar <span class="hlt">region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Paige, David A.; Keegan, Kenneth D.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>We present the first maps of the apparent thermal inertia and albedo of the south polar <span class="hlt">region</span> of Mars. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> used to create these maps were acquired by the infrared thermal mapper (IRTM) instruments on the two Viking Orbiters over a 30-day period in 1977 during the Martian late southern summer season. The maps cover the <span class="hlt">region</span> from 60 deg S to the south pole at a spatial resolution of 1 deg of latitude, thus completing the initial thermal mapping of the entire planet. The analysis and interpretation of these maps is aided by the results of a one-dimensional radiative convective model, which is used to calculate diurnal variations in surface and atmospheric temperatures, and brightness temperatures at the top of the atmosphere for a range of assumptions concerning dust optical properties and dust optical depths. The maps show that apparent thermal inertias of bare ground <span class="hlt">regions</span> decrease systematically from 60 deg S to the south pole. In unfrosted <span class="hlt">regions</span> close to the south pole, apparent thermal inertias are among the lowest <span class="hlt">observed</span> anywhere on the planet. On the south residual cap, apparent thermal inertias are very high due to the presence of CO2 frost. In most other <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Mars, best fit apparent albedos based on thermal emission measurements are generally in good agreement with actual surface albedos based on broadband solar reflectance measurements. The one-dimensional atmospheric model calculations also predict anomalously cold brightness temperatures close to the pole during late summer, and after considering a number of alternatives, it is concluded that the net surface cooling due to atmospheric dust is the best explanation for this phenomenon. The <span class="hlt">region</span> of lowest apparent thermal inertia close to the pole, which includes the south polar layered deposits, is interpreted to be mantled by a continuous layer of aeolian material that must be at least a few millimeters thick. The low thermal inertias mapped in the south polar <span class="hlt">region</span> imply an</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24356877','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24356877"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in gender promotion and scholarly productivity in otolaryngology.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Eloy, Jean Anderson; Mady, Leila J; Svider, Peter F; Mauro, Kevin M; Kalyoussef, Evelyne; Setzen, Michael; Baredes, Soly; Chandrasekhar, Sujana S</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>To identify whether <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> exist in gender disparities in scholarly productivity and faculty rank among academic otolaryngologists. Academic otolaryngologists' bibliometric data analyses. Online faculty listings from 98 otolaryngology departments were organized by gender, academic rank, fellowship training status, and institutional location. The Scopus database was used to assess bibliometrics of these otolaryngologists, including the h-index, number of publications, and publication experience. Analysis included 1127 otolaryngologists, 916 men (81.3%) and 211 women (18.7%). Female faculty comprised 15.4% in the Midwest, 18.8% in the Northeast, 21.3% in the South, and 19.0% in the West (P = .44). Overall, men obtained significantly higher senior academic ranks (associate professor or professor) compared to women (59.8% vs. 40.2%, P < .0001). <span class="hlt">Regional</span> gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in senior faculty were found in the South (59.8% men vs. 37.3% women, P = .0003) and Northeast (56.4% men vs. 24.1% women, P < .0001) with concomitant gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> in scholarly impact, as measured by the h-index (South, P = .0003; Northeast, P = .0001). Among geographic subdivisions, female representation at senior ranks was lowest in the Mid-Atlantic (22.0%), New England (30.8%), and West South Central (33.3%), while highest in Pacific (60.0%) and Mountain (71.4%) <span class="hlt">regions</span>. No <span class="hlt">regional</span> gender <span class="hlt">differences</span> were found in fellowship training patterns (P-values > .05). Gender disparities in academic rank and scholarly productivity exist most notably in the Northeast, where women in otolaryngology are most underrepresented relative to men at senior academic ranks and in scholarly productivity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JHyd..543..577Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JHyd..543..577Z"><span>Diffuse nutrient losses and the impact factors determining their <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in four catchments from North to South China</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Yongyong; Zhou, Yujian; Shao, Quanxi; Liu, Hongbin; Lei, Qiuliang; Zhai, Xiaoyan; Wang, Xuelei</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Diffuse nutrient loss mechanism is complicated and shows remarkably <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> due to spatial heterogeneities of underlying surface conditions, climate and agricultural practices. Moreover, current available <span class="hlt">observations</span> are still hard to support the identification of impact factors due to <span class="hlt">different</span> time or space steps. In this study, an integrated water system model (HEQM) was adopted to obtain the simulated loads of diffuse components (carriers: runoff and sediment; nutrient: total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP)) with synchronous scales. Multivariable statistical analysis approaches (Analysis of Similarity and redundancy analysis) were used to assess the <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>, and to identify impact factors as well as their contributions. Four catchments were selected as our study areas, i.e., Xiahui and Zhangjiafen Catchments of Miyun Basin in North China, Yuliang and Tunxi Catchments of Xin'anjiang Basin in South China. Results showed that the model performances of monthly processes were very good for runoff and good for sediment, TN and TP. The annual average coefficients of all the diffuse components in Xin'anjiang Basin were much greater than those in Miyun Basin, and showed significantly <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>. All the selected impact factors interpreted 72.87-82.16% of the <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> of carriers, and 62.72-71.62% of those of nutrient coefficients, respectively. For individual impact factor categories, the critical category was geography, followed by land-use/cover, carriers, climate, as well as soil and agricultural practices in Miyun Basin, or agricultural practices and soil in Xin'anjiang Basin. For individual factors, the critical factors were locations for the carrier <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>, and carriers or chemical fertilizer for the nutrient <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>. This study is expected to promote further applications of integrated water system model and multivariable statistical analysis in the diffuse nutrient studies, and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25644242','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25644242"><span>Distinct gut microbiota of healthy children from two <span class="hlt">different</span> geographic <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Thailand.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>La-Ongkham, Orawan; Nakphaichit, Massalin; Leelavatcharamas, Vichai; Keawsompong, Suttipun; Nitisinprasert, Sunee</p> <p>2015-05-01</p> <p>In Thailand, food consumption by people from each <span class="hlt">region</span> is <span class="hlt">different</span>. This can be an important environmental factor which shapes the gut microbiota further affecting their health. This study aimed to use quantitative PCR (qPCR) to investigate the intestinal microbial community in 60 healthy children (aged 8-11 years) living in specific areas, namely central (CT) and northeastern (NE) Thailand where each <span class="hlt">region</span> has its own typical food consumption. The children from NE had significantly higher consumption frequency of meat (chicken and beef), a wide variety of carbohydrate sources (noodle, fermented rice and sweet potato) including vegetables and fruit, while in CT, there was a significant preference for rice, breakfast cereal and cow milk. The qPCR analysis resulted in significantly higher abundance of lactobacilli, Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale, Clostridium leptum, Prevotella and Bacteroides fragilis in children from the NE <span class="hlt">region</span>. However, no significant <span class="hlt">difference</span> in the count of Bifidobacterium spp., Enterobacteriaceae and methanogens was <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Considering the correlation of food sources and microbial groups, the consumption frequency of vegetables showed a moderately positive correlation coefficient of 0.42 and 0.34 to the Lactobacillus group (P = 0.001) and the Prevotella group (P = 0.008), respectively, while a diet of fish and beef showed a moderately negative correlation coefficient of -0.41 (P = 0.001) and -0.33 (P = 0.09) to Bifidobacterium spp., respectively. Our results suggested that high frequency consumption of varieties of carbohydrates, protein sources, fruits and vegetables by the NE children promoted a high abundance of bacterial species in the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AnGeo..27...65D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AnGeo..27...65D"><span>Aspect sensitive E- and F-<span class="hlt">region</span> SPEAR-enhanced incoherent backscatter <span class="hlt">observed</span> by the EISCAT Svalbard radar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dhillon, R. S.; Robinson, T. R.; Yeoman, T. K.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Previous studies of the aspect sensitivity of heater-enhanced incoherent radar backscatter in the high-latitude ionosphere have demonstrated the directional dependence of incoherent scatter signatures corresponding to artificially excited electrostatic waves, together with consistent field-aligned signatures that may be related to the presence of artificial field-aligned irregularities. These earlier high-latitude results have provided motivation for repeating the investigation in the <span class="hlt">different</span> geophysical conditions that obtain in the polar cap ionosphere. The Space Plasma Exploration by Active Radar (SPEAR) facility is located within the polar cap and has provided <span class="hlt">observations</span> of RF-enhanced ion and plasma line spectra recorded by the EISCAT Svalbard UHF incoherent scatter radar system (ESR), which is collocated with SPEAR. In this paper, we present <span class="hlt">observations</span> of aspect sensitive E- and F-<span class="hlt">region</span> SPEAR-induced ion and plasma line enhancements that indicate excitation of both the purely growing mode and the parametric decay instability, together with sporadic E-layer results that may indicate the presence of cavitons. We note consistent enhancements from field-aligned, vertical and also from 5° south of field-aligned. We attribute the prevalence of vertical scatter to the importance of the Spitze <span class="hlt">region</span>, and of that from field-aligned to possible wave/irregularity coupling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2605454','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2605454"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in lumbar spinal posture and the influence of low back pain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Mitchell, Tim; O'Sullivan, Peter B; Burnett, Angus F; Straker, Leon; Smith, Anne</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Background Spinal posture is commonly a focus in the assessment and clinical management of low back pain (LBP) patients. However, the link between spinal posture and LBP is not fully understood. Recent evidence suggests that considering <span class="hlt">regional</span>, rather than total lumbar spine posture is important. The purpose of this study was to determine; if there are <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in habitual lumbar spine posture and movement, and if these findings are influenced by LBP. Methods One hundred and seventy female undergraduate nursing students, with and without LBP, participated in this cross-sectional study. Lower lumbar (LLx), Upper lumbar (ULx) and total lumbar (TLx) spine angles were measured using an electromagnetic tracking system in static postures and across a range of functional tasks. Results <span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in lumbar posture and movement were found. Mean LLx posture did not correlate with ULx posture in sitting (r = 0.036, p = 0.638), but showed a moderate inverse correlation with ULx posture in usual standing (r = -0.505, p < 0.001). <span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in range of motion from reference postures in sitting and standing were evident. BMI accounted for <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> found in all sitting and some standing measures. LBP was not associated with <span class="hlt">differences</span> in <span class="hlt">regional</span> lumbar spine angles or range of motion, with the exception of maximal backward bending range of motion (F = 5.18, p = 0.007). Conclusion This study supports the concept of <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> within the lumbar spine during common postures and movements. Global lumbar spine kinematics do not reflect <span class="hlt">regional</span> lumbar spine kinematics, which has implications for interpretation of measures of spinal posture, motion and loading. BMI influenced <span class="hlt">regional</span> lumbar posture and movement, possibly representing adaptation due to load. PMID:19014712</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...61a2004T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...61a2004T"><span>Effects of trade openness and market scale on <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tian, Renqu; Yang, Zisheng</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>This paper revisits the relationship between growth, trade openness and market scale. Empirical studies have provided that area develops lopsided problem in China is increasingly serious, while large trade openness and market scale bring about more economic growth. We use a number of data set from province-level’s gross domestic product and socio-economic, as well as statistical methods panel ordinary least squares and instrumental variables estimation techniques to explore the effects of trade openness and <span class="hlt">regional</span> market scale on the three major economic <span class="hlt">regions</span>. The results indicate: Firstly, the impact of market scale and trade openness on economic growth is found to be positive. Secondly, the overall <span class="hlt">regional</span> disparity is owing to the trade openness, market scale and macroeconomic policies. Thirdly, midland and western <span class="hlt">region</span> should take advantage of <span class="hlt">regional</span> geographical location and resource to expand exports and narrow the <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">difference</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A%26A...529A.101D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A%26A...529A.101D"><span>Simulating flaring events in complex active <span class="hlt">regions</span> driven by <span class="hlt">observed</span> magnetograms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dimitropoulou, M.; Isliker, H.; Vlahos, L.; Georgoulis, M. K.</p> <p>2011-05-01</p> <p>Context. We interpret solar flares as events originating in active <span class="hlt">regions</span> that have reached the self organized critical state, by using a refined cellular automaton model with initial conditions derived from <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Aims: We investigate whether the system, with its imposed physical elements, reaches a self organized critical state and whether well-known statistical properties of flares, such as scaling laws <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the distribution functions of characteristic parameters, are reproduced after this state has been reached. Methods: To investigate whether the distribution functions of total energy, peak energy and event duration follow the expected scaling laws, we first applied a nonlinear force-free extrapolation that reconstructs the three-dimensional magnetic fields from two-dimensional vector magnetograms. We then locate magnetic discontinuities exceeding a threshold in the Laplacian of the magnetic field. These discontinuities are relaxed in local diffusion events, implemented in the form of cellular automaton evolution rules. Subsequent loading and relaxation steps lead the system to self organized criticality, after which the statistical properties of the simulated events are examined. Physical requirements, such as the divergence-free condition for the magnetic field vector, are approximately imposed on all elements of the model. Results: Our results show that self organized criticality is indeed reached when applying specific loading and relaxation rules. Power-law indices obtained from the distribution functions of the modeled flaring events are in good agreement with <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Single power laws (peak and total flare energy) are obtained, as are power laws with exponential cutoff and double power laws (flare duration). The results are also compared with <span class="hlt">observational</span> X-ray data from the GOES satellite for our active-<span class="hlt">region</span> sample. Conclusions: We conclude that well-known statistical properties of flares are reproduced after the system has</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JMMM..451..493K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JMMM..451..493K"><span>Reproduced multi-domain <span class="hlt">regions</span> during demagnetization in Nd2Fe14B sintered magnets with <span class="hlt">different</span> average grain sizes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kobayashi, Kurima; Nimura, You-ta; Urushibata, Kimiko; Hayakawa, Kazuo</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>We prepared five Nd2Fe14B sintered magnets with similar saturation polarizations (Js) of 1.38-1.43 T and anisotropy fields (Ha) of 6.76-8.52 T, but <span class="hlt">different</span> grain sizes (DAV) of 3.1-8.4 μm in diameter and obviously <span class="hlt">different</span> coercivities (μ0Hc) of 0.8-1.6 T. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">difference</span> in coercivity could not be explained by the Kronmüller equation, because of the similar Ha values and similar chemical compositions and microstructures resulting from similar preparation method except DAV. The Hc values themselves, however, are inversely proportional to DAV. During demagnetization after magnetization in a 5 T pulse field, domain wall motion (DWM) was <span class="hlt">observed</span> except in the sample with μ0Hc = 1.6 T by using our step method. The DWM was also confirmed by susceptibility measurements using a custom-built vibrating sample magnetometer, and DWM was generated in the reproduced multi-domain <span class="hlt">regions</span> (RMDR) during demagnetization. The magnitude of DWM as a polarization change in the RMDR was inversely proportional to the coercivities of the samples. Therefore, it should be considered that the propagation of the nucleated <span class="hlt">region</span> through the grain boundary, which corresponds to the expansion process in previous studies, was <span class="hlt">different</span> caused by, first, the <span class="hlt">difference</span> in DAV, and, second, in grain boundary state which was varied by <span class="hlt">difference</span> in final annealing temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120013404','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120013404"><span>Large-Scale Covariability Between Aerosol and Precipitation Over the 7-SEAS <span class="hlt">Region</span>: <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and Simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Huang, Jingfeng; Hsu, N. Christina; Tsay, Si-Chee; Zhang, Chidong; Jeong, Myeong Jae; Gautam, Ritesh; Bettenhausen, Corey; Sayer, Andrew M.; Hansell, Richard A.; Liu, Xiaohong; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20120013404'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20120013404_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20120013404_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20120013404_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20120013404_hide"></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>One of the seven scientific areas of interests of the 7-SEAS field campaign is to evaluate the impact of aerosol on cloud and precipitation (http://7-seas.gsfc.nasa.gov). However, large-scale covariability between aerosol, cloud and precipitation is complicated not only by ambient environment and a variety of aerosol effects, but also by effects from rain washout and climate factors. This study characterizes large-scale aerosol-cloud-precipitation covariability through synergy of long-term multi ]sensor satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> with model simulations over the 7-SEAS <span class="hlt">region</span> [10S-30N, 95E-130E]. Results show that climate factors such as ENSO significantly modulate aerosol and precipitation over the <span class="hlt">region</span> simultaneously. After removal of climate factor effects, aerosol and precipitation are significantly anti-correlated over the southern part of the <span class="hlt">region</span>, where high aerosols loading is associated with overall reduced total precipitation with intensified rain rates and decreased rain frequency, decreased tropospheric latent heating, suppressed cloud top height and increased outgoing longwave radiation, enhanced clear-sky shortwave TOA flux but reduced all-sky shortwave TOA flux in deep convective regimes; but such covariability becomes less notable over the northern counterpart of the <span class="hlt">region</span> where low ]level stratus are found. Using CO as a proxy of biomass burning aerosols to minimize the washout effect, large-scale covariability between CO and precipitation was also investigated and similar large-scale covariability <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Model simulations with NCAR CAM5 were found to show similar effects to <span class="hlt">observations</span> in the spatio-temporal patterns. Results from both <span class="hlt">observations</span> and simulations are valuable for improving our understanding of this <span class="hlt">region</span>'s meteorological system and the roles of aerosol within it. Key words: aerosol; precipitation; large-scale covariability; aerosol effects; washout; climate factors; 7- SEAS; CO; CAM5</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFMSM23C..06B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFMSM23C..06B"><span>Using DOUBLE STAR and CLUSTER Synoptic <span class="hlt">Observations</span> to Test Global MHD Simulations of the Large-scale Topology of the Dayside Merging <span class="hlt">Region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Berchem, J.; Marchaudon, A.; Bosqued, J.; Escoubet, C. P.; Dunlop, M.; Owen, C. J.; Reme, H.; Balogh, A.; Carr, C.; Fazakerley, A. N.; Cao, J. B.</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>Synoptic measurements from the DOUBLE STAR and CLUSTER spacecraft offer a unique opportunity to evaluate global models in simulating the complex topology and dynamics of the dayside merging <span class="hlt">region</span>. We compare <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the DOUBLE STAR TC-1 and CLUSTER spacecraft on May 8, 2004 with the predictions from a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation that uses plasma and magnetic field parameters measured upstream of the bow shock by the WIND spacecraft. Results from the global simulation are consistent with the large-scale features <span class="hlt">observed</span> by CLUSTER and TC-1. We discuss topological changes and plasma flows at the dayside magnetospheric boundary inferred from the simulation results. The simulation shows that the DOUBLE STAR spacecraft passed through the dawn side merging <span class="hlt">region</span> as the IMF rotated. In particular, the simulation indicates that at times TC-1 was very close to the merging <span class="hlt">region</span>. In addition, we found that the bifurcation of the merging <span class="hlt">region</span> in the simulation results is consistent with predictions by the antiparallel merging model. However, because of the draping of the magnetosheath field lines over the magnetopause, the positions and shape of the merging <span class="hlt">region</span> <span class="hlt">differ</span> significantly from those predicted by the model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950048242&hterms=Petit&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DPetit','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950048242&hterms=Petit&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DPetit"><span>Ultraviolet imaging telescope and optical emission-line <span class="hlt">observations</span> of H II <span class="hlt">regions</span> in M81</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hill, Jesse K.; Cheng, K.-P.; Bohlin, Ralph C.; Cornett, Robert H.; Hintzen, P. M. N.; O'Connell, Robert W.; Roberts, Morton S.; Smith, Andrew M.; Smith, Eric P.; Stecher, Theodore P.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Images of the type Sab spiral galaxy M81 were obtained in far-UV and near-UV bands by the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) during the Astro-1 Spacelab mission of 1990 December. Magnitudes in the two UV bands are determined for 52 H II <span class="hlt">regions</span> from the catalog of Petit, Sivan, & Karachentsev (1988). Fluxes of the H-alpha and H-beta emission lines are determined from CCD images. Extinctions for the brightest H II <span class="hlt">regions</span> are determined from <span class="hlt">observed</span> Balmer decrements. Fainter H II <span class="hlt">regions</span> are assigned the average of published radio-H-alpha extinctions for several bright H II <span class="hlt">regions</span>. The radiative transfer models of Witt, Thronson, & Capuano (1992) are shown to predict a relationship between Balmer Decrement and H-alpha extinction consistent with <span class="hlt">observed</span> line and radio fluxes for the brightest 7 H II <span class="hlt">regions</span> and are used to estimate the UV extinction. Ratios of Lyman continuum with ratios predicted by model spectra computed for initial mass function (IMF) slope equal to -1.0 and stellar masses ranging from 5 to 120 solar mass. Ages and masses are estimated by comparing the H-alpha and far-UV fluxes and their ratio with the models. The total of the estimated stellar masses for the 52 H II <span class="hlt">regions</span> is 1.4 x 10(exp 5) solar mass. The star-formation rate inferred for M81 from the <span class="hlt">observed</span> UV and H-alpha fluxes is low for a spiral galaxy at approximately 0.13 solar mass/yr, but consistent with the low star-formation rates obtained by Kennicutt (1983) and Caldwell et al. (1991) for early-type spirals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A%26A...560A..19T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A%26A...560A..19T"><span>Pillars and globules at the edges of H ii <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Confronting Herschel <span class="hlt">observations</span> and numerical simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tremblin, P.; Minier, V.; Schneider, N.; Audit, E.; Hill, T.; Didelon, P.; Peretto, N.; Arzoumanian, D.; Motte, F.; Zavagno, A.; Bontemps, S.; Anderson, L. D.; André, Ph.; Bernard, J. P.; Csengeri, T.; Di Francesco, J.; Elia, D.; Hennemann, M.; Könyves, V.; Marston, A. P.; Nguyen Luong, Q.; Rivera-Ingraham, A.; Roussel, H.; Sousbie, T.; Spinoglio, L.; White, G. J.; Williams, J.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Context. Herschel far-infrared imaging <span class="hlt">observations</span> have revealed the density structure of the interface between H ii <span class="hlt">regions</span> and molecular clouds in great detail. In particular, pillars and globules are present in many high-mass star-forming <span class="hlt">regions</span>, such as the Eagle nebula (M 16) and the Rosette molecular cloud, and understanding their origin will help characterize triggered star formation. Aims: The formation mechanisms of these structures are still being debated. The initial morphology of the molecular cloud and its turbulent state are key parameters since they generate deformations and curvatures of the shell during the expansion of the H ii <span class="hlt">region</span>. Recent numerical simulations have shown how pillars can arise from the collapse of the shell in on itself and how globules can be formed from the interplay of the turbulent molecular cloud and the ionization from massive stars. The goal here is to test this scenario through recent <span class="hlt">observations</span> of two massive star-forming <span class="hlt">regions</span>, M 16 and the Rosette molecular cloud. Methods: First, the column density structure of the interface between molecular clouds and associated H ii <span class="hlt">regions</span> was characterized using column density maps obtained from far-infrared imaging of the Herschel HOBYS key programme. Then, the DisPerSe algorithm was used on these maps to detect the compressed layers around the ionized gas and pillars in <span class="hlt">different</span> evolutionary states. Column density profiles were constructed. Finally, their velocity structure was investigated using CO data, and all <span class="hlt">observational</span> signatures were tested against some distinct diagnostics established from simulations. Results: The column density profiles have revealed the importance of compression at the edge of the ionized gas. The velocity properties of the structures, i.e. pillars and globules, are very close to what we predict from the numerical simulations. We have identified a good candidate of a nascent pillar in the Rosette molecular cloud that presents the velocity</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70036393','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70036393"><span>Diviner lunar radiometer <span class="hlt">observations</span> of cold traps in the moon's south polar <span class="hlt">region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Paige, D.A.; Siegler, M.A.; Zhang, J.A.; Hayne, P.O.; Foote, E.J.; Bennett, K.A.; Vasavada, A.R.; Greenhagen, B.T.; Schofield, J.T.; McCleese, D.J.; Foote, M.C.; DeJong, E.; Bills, B.G.; Hartford, W.; Murray, B.C.; Allen, C.C.; Snook, K.; Soderblom, L.A.; Calcutt, S.; Taylor, F.W.; Bowles, N.E.; Bandfield, J.L.; Elphic, R.; Ghent, R.; Glotch, T.D.; Wyatt, M.B.; Lucey, P.G.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment surface-temperature maps reveal the existence of widespread surface and near-surface cryogenic <span class="hlt">regions</span> that extend beyond the boundaries of persistent shadow. The Lunar Crater <span class="hlt">Observation</span> and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) struck one of the coldest of these <span class="hlt">regions</span>, where subsurface temperatures are estimated to be 38 kelvin. Large areas of the lunar polar <span class="hlt">regions</span> are currently cold enough to cold-trap water ice as well as a range of both more volatile and less volatile species. The diverse mixture of water and high-volatility compounds detected in the LCROSS ejecta plume is strong evidence for the impact delivery and cold-trapping of volatiles derived from primitive outer solar system bodies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4896687','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4896687"><span>Clouds at Barbados are representative of clouds across the trade wind <span class="hlt">regions</span> in <span class="hlt">observations</span> and climate models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Nuijens, Louise</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Trade wind <span class="hlt">regions</span> cover most of the tropical oceans, and the prevailing cloud type is shallow cumulus. These small clouds are parameterized by climate models, and changes in their radiative effects strongly and directly contribute to the spread in estimates of climate sensitivity. This study investigates the structure and variability of these clouds in <span class="hlt">observations</span> and climate models. The study builds upon recent detailed model evaluations using <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the island of Barbados. Using a dynamical regimes framework, satellite and reanalysis products are used to compare the Barbados <span class="hlt">region</span> and the broader tropics. It is shown that clouds in the Barbados <span class="hlt">region</span> are similar to those across the trade wind <span class="hlt">regions</span>, implying that <span class="hlt">observational</span> findings from the Barbados Cloud Observatory are relevant to clouds across the tropics. The same methods are applied to climate models to evaluate the simulated clouds. The models generally capture the cloud radiative effect, but underestimate cloud cover and show an array of cloud vertical structures. Some models show strong biases in the environment of the Barbados <span class="hlt">region</span> in summer, weakening the connection between the <span class="hlt">regional</span> biases and those across the tropics. Even bearing that limitation in mind, it is shown that covariations of cloud and environmental properties in the models are inconsistent with <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The models tend to misrepresent sensitivity to moisture variations and inversion characteristics. These model errors are likely connected to cloud feedback in climate projections, and highlight the importance of the representation of shallow cumulus convection. PMID:27185925</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27185925','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27185925"><span>Clouds at Barbados are representative of clouds across the trade wind <span class="hlt">regions</span> in <span class="hlt">observations</span> and climate models.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Medeiros, Brian; Nuijens, Louise</p> <p>2016-05-31</p> <p>Trade wind <span class="hlt">regions</span> cover most of the tropical oceans, and the prevailing cloud type is shallow cumulus. These small clouds are parameterized by climate models, and changes in their radiative effects strongly and directly contribute to the spread in estimates of climate sensitivity. This study investigates the structure and variability of these clouds in <span class="hlt">observations</span> and climate models. The study builds upon recent detailed model evaluations using <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the island of Barbados. Using a dynamical regimes framework, satellite and reanalysis products are used to compare the Barbados <span class="hlt">region</span> and the broader tropics. It is shown that clouds in the Barbados <span class="hlt">region</span> are similar to those across the trade wind <span class="hlt">regions</span>, implying that <span class="hlt">observational</span> findings from the Barbados Cloud Observatory are relevant to clouds across the tropics. The same methods are applied to climate models to evaluate the simulated clouds. The models generally capture the cloud radiative effect, but underestimate cloud cover and show an array of cloud vertical structures. Some models show strong biases in the environment of the Barbados <span class="hlt">region</span> in summer, weakening the connection between the <span class="hlt">regional</span> biases and those across the tropics. Even bearing that limitation in mind, it is shown that covariations of cloud and environmental properties in the models are inconsistent with <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The models tend to misrepresent sensitivity to moisture variations and inversion characteristics. These model errors are likely connected to cloud feedback in climate projections, and highlight the importance of the representation of shallow cumulus convection.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC11I..07Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMGC11I..07Z"><span>Temporal Responses of NDVI to Climate Factors in <span class="hlt">Different</span> Climatic <span class="hlt">Regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zare, H.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>The satellite-derived Normalized <span class="hlt">Difference</span> Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been widely used to investigate the impact of climate factors on vegetation changes. However, a few studies have concentrated on comparing the relationship of climate factors and vegetation in <span class="hlt">different</span> climatic <span class="hlt">regions</span>. To enhance the understanding of these relationship, a temporal analysis was carried out on time series of 16-day NDVI from MODIS (2000-2014) during the growing season in ten protected areas of <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Iran. The correlation analyses between climate factors and NDVI was classified into two sub-periods. First from February to April and second from May to September. In the first sub-period, NDVI was more correlated to temperature than precipitation, all the areas had positive correlation with temperature. Slope of regression in arid <span class="hlt">region</span> was less than others. In contrast, precipitation had <span class="hlt">different</span> impact on NDVI among the locations from February to April. The negative correlation was found between precipitation and woody lands (humid <span class="hlt">regions</span>), whereas precipitation in Bafgh and Turan in which annual plants are dominant (arid <span class="hlt">regions</span>), had positive impact on NDVI. In the second sub-period, temperature showed negative significant influence on NDVI; however, the slope of regression was not identical across the locations. Woody lands had more strong correlation with temperature. NDVI sensitivity to temperature had a time lag of 30 days in most of areas, whereas arid <span class="hlt">regions</span> did not show time lag. Positive correlation was found between precipitation and NDVI during warm period in all the locations. The areas covered by perennial plant had 1-2 months lag to respond to precipitation. Overall, no significant trend in NDVI changes was shown during the study period. We concluded that NDVI sensitivity to climate factors relies on vegetation type and time of year.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22365720-high-resolution-observations-active-region-moss-its-dynamics','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22365720-high-resolution-observations-active-region-moss-its-dynamics"><span>High-resolution <span class="hlt">observations</span> of active <span class="hlt">region</span> moss and its dynamics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Morton, R. J.; McLaughlin, J. A., E-mail: richard.morton@northumbria.ac.uk</p> <p>2014-07-10</p> <p>The High Resolution Coronal Imager has provided the sharpest view of the EUV corona to date. In this paper, we exploit its impressive resolving power to provide the first analysis of the fine-scale structure of moss in an active <span class="hlt">region</span>. The data reveal that the moss is made up of a collection of fine threads that have widths with a mean and standard deviation of 440 ± 190 km (FWHM). The brightest moss emission is located at the visible head of the fine-scale structure and the fine structure appears to extend into the lower solar atmosphere. The emission decreases alongmore » the features, implying that the lower sections are most likely dominated by cooler transition <span class="hlt">region</span> plasma. These threads appear to be the cool, lower legs of the hot loops. In addition, the increased resolution allows for the first direct <span class="hlt">observation</span> of physical displacements of the moss fine structure in a direction transverse to its central axis. Some of these transverse displacements demonstrate periodic behavior, which we interpret as a signature of kink (Alfvénic) waves. Measurements of the properties of the transverse motions are made and the wave motions have means and standard deviations of 55 ± 37 km for the transverse displacement amplitude, 77 ± 33 s for the period, and 4.7 ± 2.5 km s{sup –1} for the velocity amplitude. The presence of waves in the transition <span class="hlt">region</span> of hot loops could have important implications for the heating of active <span class="hlt">regions</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/877008-variability-radiosonde-observed-precipitable-water-baltic-region','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/877008-variability-radiosonde-observed-precipitable-water-baltic-region"><span>Variability of Radiosonde-<span class="hlt">Observed</span> Precipitable Water in the Baltic <span class="hlt">Region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Jakobson, Erko; Ohvril, H.; Okulov, O.</p> <p></p> <p>The total mass of columnar water vapor (precipitable water, W) is an important parameter of atmospheric thermodynamic and radiative models. In this work radiosonde <span class="hlt">observations</span> from 17 aerological stations in the Baltic <span class="hlt">region</span> during 14 years, 1989?2002, were used to examine the variability of precipitable water. A table of monthly and annual means of W for the stations is given. Seasonal and annual means of W are expressed as linear functions of geographical latitude. Linear formulas are also derived for parameterization of precipitable water as function of surface water vapor pressure at each station.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911639K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911639K"><span>Development of Innovative Technology to Provide Low-Cost Surface Atmospheric <span class="hlt">Observations</span> in Data Sparse <span class="hlt">Regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kucera, Paul; Steinson, Martin</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Accurate and reliable real-time monitoring and dissemination of <span class="hlt">observations</span> of surface weather conditions is critical for a variety of societal applications. Applications that provide local and <span class="hlt">regional</span> information about temperature, precipitation, moisture, and winds, for example, are important for agriculture, water resource monitoring, health, and monitoring of hazard weather conditions. In many <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the World, surface weather stations are sparsely located and/or of poor quality. Existing stations have often been sited incorrectly, not well-maintained, and have limited communications established at the site for real-time monitoring. The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), with support from USAID, has started an initiative to develop and deploy low-cost weather instrumentation in sparsely <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the world. The project is focused on improving weather <span class="hlt">observations</span> for environmental monitoring and early warning alert systems on a <span class="hlt">regional</span> to global scale. Instrumentation that has been developed use innovative new technologies such as 3D printers, Raspberry Pi computing systems, and wireless communications. The goal of the project is to make the weather station designs, software, and processing tools an open community resource. The weather stations can be built locally by agencies, through educational institutions, and residential communities as a citizen effort to augment existing networks to improve detection of natural hazards for disaster risk reduction. The presentation will provide an overview of the open source weather station technology and evaluation of sensor <span class="hlt">observations</span> for the initial networks that have been deployed in Africa.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571458','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22571458"><span>Moral values are associated with individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in <span class="hlt">regional</span> brain volume.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lewis, Gary J; Kanai, Ryota; Bates, Timothy C; Rees, Geraint</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>Moral sentiment has been hypothesized to reflect evolved adaptations to social living. If so, individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in moral values may relate to <span class="hlt">regional</span> variation in brain structure. We tested this hypothesis in a sample of 70 young, healthy adults examining whether <span class="hlt">differences</span> on two major dimensions of moral values were significantly associated with <span class="hlt">regional</span> gray matter volume. The two clusters of moral values assessed were "individualizing" (values of harm/care and fairness) and "binding" (deference to authority, in-group loyalty, and purity/sanctity). Individualizing was positively associated with left dorsomedial pFC volume and negatively associated with bilateral precuneus volume. For binding, a significant positive association was found for bilateral subcallosal gyrus and a trend to significance for the left anterior insula volume. These findings demonstrate that variation in moral sentiment reflects individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in brain structure and suggest a biological basis for moral sentiment, distributed across multiple brain <span class="hlt">regions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29374298','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29374298"><span>[<span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the development of hospitalizations : An effect of <span class="hlt">different</span> demographic trends?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nowossadeck, Enno; Prütz, Franziska</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Population aging and population decline in many <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the Federal Republic of Germany are key elements of demographic change. In the <span class="hlt">regions</span> concerned there is a rising number of older people and, simultaneously, a declining population. So far, the consequences of <span class="hlt">regional</span> shrinkage and growth for inpatient care don't seem to have been analysed very well. This paper analyses the influence of population aging and declining/increasing population (demographic factors) as well as other, non-demographic factors on the number of hospitalizations in Germany and the Federal States since 2000.One result of the analysis is that there are major <span class="hlt">differences</span> between the Federal States. The analysis shows, for example, an increase of hospitalizations in Berlin while in Saxony-Anhalt the number of hospitalizations declines. The increase in Berlin was the result of population aging and, to a lower extent, an increase in population. In Saxony-Anhalt the declining population resulted in a decreasing number of hospitalizations. Population aging and non-demographic factors were not able to compensate this trend.Overall, the effect of demographic factors on the number of hospitalizations remains constant over time. Short-term changes of hospitalizations are due to non-demographic factors, such as epidemiological trends, (for example trends of incidence or prevalence), or structural changes of health care service (for example patients shifting between <span class="hlt">different</span> sectors of health care or the introduction of new reimbursement systems).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.1129S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.1129S"><span><span class="hlt">Observed</span> modes of sea surface temperature variability in the South Pacific <span class="hlt">region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Saurral, Ramiro I.; Doblas-Reyes, Francisco J.; García-Serrano, Javier</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The South Pacific (SP) <span class="hlt">region</span> exerts large control on the climate of the Southern Hemisphere at many times scales. This paper identifies the main modes of interannual sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the SP which consist of a tropical-driven mode related to a horseshoe structure of positive/negative SST anomalies within midlatitudes and highly correlated to ENSO and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) variability, and another mode mostly confined to extratropical latitudes which is characterized by zonal propagation of SST anomalies within the South Pacific Gyre. Both modes are associated with temperature and rainfall anomalies over the continental <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the Southern Hemisphere. Besides the leading mode which is related to well known warmer/cooler and drier/moister conditions due to its relationship with ENSO and the IPO, an inspection of the extratropical mode indicates that it is associated with distinct patterns of sea level pressure and surface temperature advection. These relationships are used here as plausible and partial explanations to the <span class="hlt">observed</span> warming trend <span class="hlt">observed</span> within the Southern Hemisphere during the last decades.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11777061','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11777061"><span>Inter-<span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in baseline toxicity of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) to the two insect growth regulators, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Toscano, N C; Prabhaker, N; Castle, S J; Henneberry, T J</p> <p>2001-12-01</p> <p>A survey of 53 Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring populations from <span class="hlt">different</span> agricultural <span class="hlt">regions</span> in California and Arizona was conducted from 1997 to 1999 to establish baseline toxicological responses to buprofezin and pyriproxyfen. Although both compounds proved to be highly toxic even in minute quantities to specific stages, geographical and temporal <span class="hlt">differences</span> in responses were detected using a leaf spray bioassay technique. Monitoring for three years revealed that six to seven populations had higher LC50 values but not greater survival when exposed to these two insecticides. A significant <span class="hlt">difference</span> in relative susceptibility to buprofezin was first <span class="hlt">observed</span> in late season 1997 in San Joaquin Valley populations with LC50s ranging from 16 to 22 microg (AI)/liter(-1) compared with IC50s of 1 to 3 mg (AI)/liter(-1) in Imperial, Palo Verde Valley and Yuma populations. Whiteflies collected in subsequent years from these and other locations showed an increase in susceptibility to buprofezin. <span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in susceptibilities to pyriproxyfen were minimal within the same years. Three years of sampling revealed consistently higher LC50s to pyriproxyfen in populations from Palo Verde Valley, CA, compared with whiteflies from Imperial, San Joaquin Valley or Yuma. As was the case with buprofezin, a decline in LC50s to pyriproxyfen was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in whiteflies from all locations sampled in 1999. However, no correlation was <span class="hlt">observed</span> between buprofezin and pyriproxyfen toxicity in any of the strains. The variable toxicities <span class="hlt">observed</span> to both compounds over a period of 3 yr may be due principally to inherent <span class="hlt">differences</span> among geographical populations or due to past chemical use which may confer positive or negative cross-resistance to buprofezin or pyriproxyfen.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApJ...374..374N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApJ...374..374N"><span>Coronal magnetic structures <span class="hlt">observing</span> campaign. I - Simultaneous microwave and soft X-ray <span class="hlt">observations</span> of active <span class="hlt">regions</span> at the solar limb</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nitta, N.; White, S. M.; Kundu, M. R.; Gopalswamy, N.; Holman, G. D.; Brosius, J. W.; Schmelz, J. T.; Saba, J. L. R.; Strong, K. T.</p> <p>1991-06-01</p> <p>Using simultaneous microwave and soft X-ray measurements made with the Very Large Array (VLA) at 6 and 20 cm and the X-ray Polychromator (XRP) aboard the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), we have studied two active <span class="hlt">regions</span> near the solar limb. These <span class="hlt">observations</span> were taken as part of the Coronal Magnetic Structures <span class="hlt">Observing</span> Campaign (CoMStOC), a collaboration designed to study the magnetic field in the solar corona. The images in soft X-rays and at 20 cm wavelength are similar: both show peaks above the active <span class="hlt">regions</span> and extended bridge of emission 200,000 km long connecting the two <span class="hlt">regions</span>. The brightness temperature of the 20 cm emission is lower than that predicted from the X-ray emitting material, however; it can be attributed to free-free emission in cooler (<106 K) plasma not visible to XRP, with an optical depth ˜1. The 6 cm emission is concentrated at lower altitudes and in a ˜160,000 km long bundle of loops in the northern active <span class="hlt">region</span>. Comparison of the 6 cm map with the potential magnetic field lines computed from photospheric magnetic fields (measured 2 days earlier) indicates that the 6 cm emission is associated with fields of less than ˜200 G. Such fields would be too weak to attribute the <span class="hlt">observed</span> 6 cm emission to gyroresonance radiation. Analysis of the 6 cm loop bundle indicates that it is strongly asymmetric, with the magnetic field in the northern leg ˜2 times stronger than in the southern leg; the 6 cm emission most likely arises from a combination of hot ( ≥ 2 × 106 K) and cool plasmas, while the 20 cm emission becomes optically thick in the cooler (˜9 × 103 K) plasma. We estimate an Alfvén speed ˜7000 km s-1 and ratio of electron gyrofrequency to plasma frequency ˜1.0 in the northern leg of the 6 cm loop.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AdSpR..58.1739O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AdSpR..58.1739O"><span>Ionospheric scintillation <span class="hlt">observations</span> over Kenyan <span class="hlt">region</span> - Preliminary results</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Olwendo, O. J.; Xiao, Yu; Ming, Ou</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Ionospheric scintillation refers to the rapid fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of a satellite signal as it passes through small-scale plasma density irregularities in the ionosphere. By analyzing ionospheric scintillation <span class="hlt">observation</span> datasets from satellite signals such as GPS signals we can study the morphology of ionospheric bubbles. At low latitudes, the diurnal behavior of scintillation is driven by the formation of large-scale equatorial density depletions which form one to two hours after sunset via the Rayleigh-Taylor instability mechanism near the magnetic equator. In this work we present ionospheric scintillation activity over Kenya using data derived from a newly installed scintillation monitor developed by CRIRP at Pwani University (39.78°E, 3.24°S) during the period August to December, 2014. The results reveal the scintillation activity mainly occurs from post-sunset to post-midnight hours, and ceases around 04:00 LT. We also found that the ionospheric scintillation tends to appear at the southwest and northwest of the station. These locations coincide with the southern part of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly crest over Kenya <span class="hlt">region</span>. The occurrence of post-midnight L-band scintillation events which are not linked to pre-midnight scintillation <span class="hlt">observations</span> raises fundamental question on the mechanism and source of electric fields driving the plasma depletion under conditions of very low background electron density.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20521196','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20521196"><span>Ergonomic best practices in masonry: <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>, benefits, barriers, and recommendations for dissemination.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hess, Jennifer; Weinstein, Marc; Welch, Laura</p> <p>2010-08-01</p> <p>Within construction the masonry trade has particularly high rates of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). A NIOSH-sponsored meeting of masonry stakeholders explored current and potential "Best Practices" for reducing MSDs in masonry and identified potential <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in use of practices. To verify and better understand the <span class="hlt">regional</span> effects and other factors associated with <span class="hlt">differences</span> in practice use, a national telephone survey of masonry contractors was conducted. The United States was divided into four <span class="hlt">regions</span> for evaluation: Northeast, Southeast, Midwest, and West Coast. Nine practices with the potential to reduce MSDs in masonry workers were evaluated. Masonry contractors, owners, and foremen completed 183 surveys. The results verify <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in use of best practices in masonry. Half-weight cement bags and autoclave aerated concrete were rarely used anywhere, while lightweight block and mortar silos appear to be diffusing across the country. The Northeast uses significantly fewer best practices than other <span class="hlt">regions</span>. This article examines reasons for <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in masonry best practice, and findings provide insight into use and barriers to adoption that can be used by safety managers, researchers, and other safety advocates to more effectively disseminate ergonomic solutions across the masonry industry.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhRvD..84j3519S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhRvD..84j3519S"><span>Figure of merit and <span class="hlt">different</span> combinations of <span class="hlt">observational</span> data sets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Su, Qiping; Tuo, Zhong-Liang; Cai, Rong-Gen</p> <p>2011-11-01</p> <p>To constrain cosmological parameters, one often makes a joint analysis with <span class="hlt">different</span> combinations of <span class="hlt">observational</span> data sets. In this paper we take the figure of merit (FoM) for Dark Energy Task Force fiducial model (Chevallier-Polarski-Linder model) to estimate goodness of <span class="hlt">different</span> combinations of data sets, which include 11 widely used <span class="hlt">observational</span> data sets (type Ia supernovae, <span class="hlt">observational</span> hubble parameter, baryon acoustic oscillation, cosmic microwave background, x-ray cluster baryon mass fraction, and gamma-ray bursts). We analyze <span class="hlt">different</span> combinations and make a comparison for two types of combinations based on two types of basic combinations, which are often adopted in the literature. We find two sets of combinations, which have a strong ability to constrain the dark energy parameters: one has the largest FoM, and the other contains less <span class="hlt">observational</span> data with a relatively large FoM and a simple fitting procedure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A34B..03F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFM.A34B..03F"><span>Estimating <span class="hlt">regional</span> CO2 and CH4 fluxes using GOSAT XCO2 and XCH4 <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fraser, A. C.; Palmer, P. I.; Feng, L.; Parker, R.; Boesch, H.; Cogan, A. J.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>We infer <span class="hlt">regional</span> monthly surface flux estimates for CO2 and CH4, June 2009-December 2010, from proxy dry-air column-averaged mole fractions of CO2 and CH4 from the Greenhouse gases <span class="hlt">Observing</span> SATellite (GOSAT) using an ensemble Kalman Filter combined with the GEOS-Chem chemistry transport model. We compare these flux estimates with estimates inferred from in situ surface mole fraction measurements and from combining in situ and GOSAT measurements in order to quantify the added value of GOSAT data above the conventional surface measurement network. We find that the error reduction, a measure of how much the posterior fluxes are being informed by the assimilated data, at least doubles when GOSAT measurements are used versus the surface only inversions, with the exception of <span class="hlt">regions</span> that are well covered by the surface network at the spatial and temporal resolution of our flux estimation calculation. We have incorporated a new online bias correction scheme to account for GOSAT biases. We report global and <span class="hlt">regional</span> flux estimates inferred from GOSAT and/or in situ measurements. While the global posterior fluxes from GOSAT and in situ measurements agree, we find significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the <span class="hlt">regional</span> fluxes, particularly over the tropics. We evaluate the posterior fluxes by comparing them against independent surface mole fraction, column, and aircraft measurements using the GEOS-Chem model as an intermediary.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8529E..0GM','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8529E..0GM"><span>Estimation of <span class="hlt">regional</span> surface CO2 fluxes with GOSAT <span class="hlt">observations</span> using two inverse modeling approaches</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Maksyutov, Shamil; Takagi, Hiroshi; Belikov, Dmitry A.; Saeki, Tazu; Zhuravlev, Ruslan; Ganshin, Alexander; Lukyanov, Alexander; Yoshida, Yukio; Oshchepkov, Sergey; Bril, Andrey; Saito, Makoto; Oda, Tomohiro; Valsala, Vinu K.; Saito, Ryu; Andres, Robert J.; Conway, Thomas; Tans, Pieter; Yokota, Tatsuya</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>Inverse estimation of surface C02 fluxes is performed with atmospheric transport model using ground-based and GOSAT <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The NIES-retrieved C02 column mixing (Xc02) and column averaging kernel are provided by GOSAT Level 2 product v. 2.0 and PPDF-DOAS method. Monthly mean C02 fluxes for 64 <span class="hlt">regions</span> are estimated together with a global mean offset between GOSAT data and ground-based data. We used the fixed-lag Kalman filter to infer monthly fluxes for 42 sub-continental terrestrial <span class="hlt">regions</span> and 22 oceanic basins. We estimate fluxes and compare results obtained by two inverse modeling approaches. In basic approach adopted in GOSAT Level4 product v. 2.01, we use aggregation of the GOSAT <span class="hlt">observations</span> into monthly mean over 5x5 degree grids, fluxes are estimated independently for each <span class="hlt">region</span>, and NIES atmospheric transport model is used for forward simulation. In the alternative method, the model-<span class="hlt">observation</span> misfit is estimated for each <span class="hlt">observation</span> separately and fluxes are spatially correlated using EOF analysis of the simulated flux variability similar to geostatistical approach, while transport simulation is enhanced by coupling with a Lagrangian transport model Flexpart. Both methods use using the same set of prior fluxes and <span class="hlt">region</span> maps. Daily net ecosystem exchange (NEE) is predicted by the Vegetation Integrative Simulator for Trace gases (VISIT) optimized to match seasonal cycle of the atmospheric C02 . Monthly ocean-atmosphere C02 fluxes are produced with an ocean pC02 data assimilation system. Biomass burning fluxes were provided by the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED); and monthly fossil fuel C02 emissions are estimated with ODIAC inventory. The results of analyzing one year of the GOSAT data suggest that when both GOSAT and ground-based data are used together, fluxes in tropical and other remote <span class="hlt">regions</span> with lower associated uncertainties are obtained than in the analysis using only ground-based data. With version 2.0 of L2 Xc02 the fluxes appear</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2849785','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2849785"><span>Sex <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in the Association of <span class="hlt">Regional</span> Fat Distribution with the Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Simpson, Laila; Mukherjee, Sutapa; Cooper, Matthew N.; Ward, Kim L.; Lee, Jessica D.; Fedson, Annette C.; Potter, Jane; Hillman Fanzca, David R.; Eastwood, Peter; Palmer, Lyle J.; Kirkness, Jason</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Study Objectives: To describe sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the associations between severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and measures of obesity in body <span class="hlt">regions</span> defined using both dual-energy absorptiometry and traditional anthropometric measures in a sleep-clinic sample. Design: A prospective case-series <span class="hlt">observational</span> study. Setting: The Western Australian Sleep Health Study operating out of the Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Sleep Clinic, Perth, Western Australia. Participants: Newly referred clinic patients (60 men, 36 women) suspected of having OSA. Interventions: N/A Measurements and Results: Obstructive sleep apnea severity was defined by apnea-hypopnoea index from laboratory-based overnight polysomnography. Body mass index, neck, waist and hip circumference, neck-to-waist ratio, and waist-to-hip ratio were measured. Dual energy absorptiometry measurements included percentage fat and lean tissue. Multivariate regression models for each sex were developed. In women, percentage of fat in the neck <span class="hlt">region</span> and body mass index together explained 33% of the variance in apnea-hypopnea index. In men, percentage of fat in the abdominal <span class="hlt">region</span> and neck-to-waist ratio together accounted for 37% of the variance in apnea-hypopnea index. Conclusions: <span class="hlt">Regional</span> obesity is associated with obstructive sleep apnea severity, although <span class="hlt">differently</span> in men and women. In women, a direct influence of neck fat on the upper airway patency is implicated. In men, abdominal obesity appears to be the predominant influence. The apnea-hypopnea index was best predicted by a combination of Dual Energy Absorptiometry-measured mass and traditional anthropometric measurements. Citation: Simpson L; Mukherjee S; Cooper MN; Ward KL; Lee JD; Fedson AC; Potter J; Hillman Fanzca DR; Eastwood P; Palmer LJ; Kirkness J. Sex <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the association of <span class="hlt">regional</span> fat distribution with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. SLEEP 2010;33(4):467-474 PMID:20394315</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120015001','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120015001"><span>A <span class="hlt">Regional</span> CO2 <span class="hlt">Observing</span> System Simulation Experiment Using ASCENDS <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and WRF-STILT Footprints</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wang, James S.; Kawa, S. Randolph; Eluszkiewicz, Janusz; Collatz, G. J.; Mountain, Marikate; Henderson, John; Nehrkorn, Thomas; Aschbrenner, Ryan; Zaccheo, T. Scott</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Knowledge of the spatiotemporal variations in emissions and uptake of CO2 is hampered by sparse measurements. The recent advent of satellite measurements of CO2 concentrations is increasing the density of measurements, and the future mission ASCENDS (Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days and Seasons) will provide even greater coverage and precision. Lagrangian atmospheric transport models run backward in time can quantify surface influences ("footprints") of diverse measurement platforms and are particularly well suited for inverse estimation of <span class="hlt">regional</span> surface CO2 fluxes at high resolution based on satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span>. We utilize the STILT Lagrangian particle dispersion model, driven by WRF meteorological fields at 40-km resolution, in a Bayesian synthesis inversion approach to quantify the ability of ASCENDS column CO2 <span class="hlt">observations</span> to constrain fluxes at high resolution. This study focuses on land-based biospheric fluxes, whose uncertainties are especially large, in a domain encompassing North America. We present results based on realistic input fields for 2007. Pseudo-<span class="hlt">observation</span> random errors are estimated from backscatter and optical depth measured by the CALIPSO satellite. We estimate a priori flux uncertainties based on output from the CASA-GFED (v.3) biosphere model and make simple assumptions about spatial and temporal error correlations. WRF-STILT footprints are convolved with candidate vertical weighting functions for ASCENDS. We find that at a horizontal flux resolution of 1 degree x 1 degree, ASCENDS <span class="hlt">observations</span> are potentially able to reduce average weekly flux uncertainties by 0-8% in July, and 0-0.5% in January (assuming an error of 0.5 ppm at the Railroad Valley reference site). Aggregated to coarser resolutions, e.g. 5 degrees x 5 degrees, the uncertainty reductions are larger and more similar to those estimated in previous satellite data <span class="hlt">observing</span> system simulation experiments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ACP....1613711M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ACP....1613711M"><span>Extreme dust storm over the eastern Mediterranean in September 2015: satellite, lidar, and surface <span class="hlt">observations</span> in the Cyprus <span class="hlt">region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mamouri, Rodanthi-Elisavet; Ansmann, Albert; Nisantzi, Argyro; Solomos, Stavros; Kallos, George; Hadjimitsis, Diofantos G.</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>A record-breaking dust storm originating from desert <span class="hlt">regions</span> in northern Syria and Iraq occurred over the eastern Mediterranean in September 2015. In this contribution of a series of two articles (part 1, <span class="hlt">observations</span>; part 2, atmospheric modeling), we provide a comprehensive overview of the aerosol conditions during this extreme dust outbreak in the Cyprus <span class="hlt">region</span>. These <span class="hlt">observations</span> are based on satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> (MODIS, moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and Ångström exponent, surface particle mass (PM10) concentrations measured at four sites in Cyprus, visibility <span class="hlt">observations</span> at three airports in southern Cyprus and corresponding conversion products (particle extinction coefficient, dust mass concentrations), EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) lidar <span class="hlt">observations</span> of dust vertical layering over Limassol, particle optical properties (backscatter, extinction, lidar ratio, linear depolarization ratio), and derived profiles of dust mass concentrations. Maximum 550 nm AOT exceeded values of 5.0, according to MODIS, and the mass loads were correspondingly > 10 g m-2 over Larnaca and Limassol during the passage of an extremely dense dust front on 8 September 2015. Hourly mean PM10 values were close to 8000 µg m-3 and the <span class="hlt">observed</span> meteorological optical range (visibility) was reduced to 300-750 m at Larnaca and Limassol. The visibility <span class="hlt">observations</span> suggest peak values of the near-surface total suspended particle (TSP) extinction coefficients of 6000 Mm-1 and thus TSP mass concentrations of 10 000 µg m-3. The Raman polarization lidar <span class="hlt">observations</span> mainly indicated a double layer structure of the dust plumes (reaching to about 4 km height), pointing to at least two <span class="hlt">different</span> dust source <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Dust particle extinction coefficients (532 nm) already exceeded 1000 Mm-1 and the mass concentrations reached 2000 µg m-3 in the elevated dust layers on 7 September, more than 12 h before the peak dust front on</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3081945','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3081945"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in hyoid muscle activity and length-dynamics during mammalian head-shaking</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wentzel, Sarah E.; Konow, Nicolai; German, Rebecca Z.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The sternohyoid (SH) and geniohyoid (GH) are antagonist strap-muscles that are active during a number of <span class="hlt">different</span> behaviors, including sucking, intraoral transport, swallowing, breathing, and extension/flexion of the neck. Because these muscles have served <span class="hlt">different</span> functions through the evolutionary history of vertebrates, it is quite likely they will have complex patterns of electrical activity and muscle fiber contraction. <span class="hlt">Different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the sternohyoid exhibit <span class="hlt">different</span> contraction and activity patterns during a swallow. We examined the dynamics of the sternohyoid and geniohyoid muscles during an unrestrained, and vigorous head-shake behavior in an animal model of human head, neck and hyolingual movement. A gentle touch to infant pig ears elicited a head shake of several head revolutions. Using sonomicrometry and intramuscular EMG we measured <span class="hlt">regional</span> (within) muscle strain and activity in SH and GH. We found that EMG was consistent across three <span class="hlt">regions</span> (anterior, belly and posterior) of each muscle. Changes in muscle length however, were more complex. In the SH, mid-belly length-change occurred out of phase with the anterior and posterior end-<span class="hlt">regions</span>, but with a zero-lag timing; the anterior <span class="hlt">region</span> shortened prior to the posterior. In the GH, the anterior <span class="hlt">region</span> shortened prior to, and out of phase with the mid-belly and posterior <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Head-shaking is a relatively simple reflex behavior, yet the underlying patterns of muscle length-dynamics and EMG activity are not. The <span class="hlt">regional</span> complexity in SH and GH, similar to <span class="hlt">regionalization</span> of SH during swallowing, suggests that these ‘simple hyoid strap muscles’ are more complex than textbooks often suggest. PMID:21370479</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://edg.epa.gov/metadata/catalog/search/resource/details.page?uuid=%7B800B77B9-2E1E-45A8-BF4E-C38C1763F066%7D','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://edg.epa.gov/metadata/catalog/search/resource/details.page?uuid=%7B800B77B9-2E1E-45A8-BF4E-C38C1763F066%7D"><span>Age- and Brain <span class="hlt">Region</span>-Specific <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Brown Norway Rats</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Differences</span> in various mitochondrial bioenergetics parameters in <span class="hlt">different</span> brain <span class="hlt">regions</span> in <span class="hlt">different</span> age groups.This dataset is associated with the following publication:Pandya, J.D., J. Royland , R.C. McPhail, P.G. Sullivan, and P. Kodavanti. Age-and Brain <span class="hlt">Region</span>-Specific <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Brown Norway Rats. NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 42: 25-34, (2016).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3383838','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3383838"><span>Moral values are associated with individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in <span class="hlt">regional</span> brain volume</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lewis, G. J.; Kanai, R.; Bates, T. C.; Rees, G.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Moral sentiment has been hypothesized to reflect evolved adaptations to social living. If so, individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in moral values may relate to <span class="hlt">regional</span> variation in brain structure. We tested this hypothesis in a sample of 70 young, healthy adults examining whether <span class="hlt">differences</span> on two major dimensions of moral values were significantly associated with <span class="hlt">regional</span> gray matter volume. The two clusters of moral values assessed were “individualizing” (values of harm/care and fairness), and “binding” (deference to authority, in-group loyalty, and purity/sanctity). Individualizing was positively associated with left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex volume, and negatively associated with bilateral precuneus volume. For binding, a significant positive association was found for bilateral subcallosal gyrus and a trend to significance for the left anterior insula volume. These findings demonstrate that variation in moral sentiment reflects individual <span class="hlt">differences</span> in brain structure and suggest a biological basis for moral sentiment, distributed across multiple brain <span class="hlt">regions</span>. PMID:22571458</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23082234','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23082234"><span>Soil respiration in <span class="hlt">different</span> agricultural and natural ecosystems in an arid <span class="hlt">region</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lai, Liming; Zhao, Xuechun; Jiang, Lianhe; Wang, Yongji; Luo, Liangguo; Zheng, Yuanrun; Chen, Xi; Rimmington, Glyn M</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The variation of <span class="hlt">different</span> ecosystems on the terrestrial carbon balance is predicted to be large. We investigated a typical arid <span class="hlt">region</span> with widespread saline/alkaline soils, and evaluated soil respiration of <span class="hlt">different</span> agricultural and natural ecosystems. Soil respiration for five ecosystems together with soil temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, soil electric conductivity and soil organic carbon content were investigated in the field. Comparing with the natural ecosystems, the mean seasonal soil respiration rates of the agricultural ecosystems were 96%-386% higher and agricultural ecosystems exhibited lower CO(2) absorption by the saline/alkaline soil. Soil temperature and moisture together explained 48%, 86%, 84%, 54% and 54% of the seasonal variations of soil respiration in the five ecosystems, respectively. There was a significant negative relationship between soil respiration and soil electrical conductivity, but a weak correlation between soil respiration and soil pH or soil organic carbon content. Our results showed that soil CO(2) emissions were significantly <span class="hlt">different</span> among <span class="hlt">different</span> agricultural and natural ecosystems, although we caution that this was an <span class="hlt">observational</span>, not manipulative, study. Temperature at the soil surface and electric conductivity were the main driving factors of soil respiration across the five ecosystems. Care should be taken when converting native vegetation into cropland from the point of view of greenhouse gas emissions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B23E0260B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B23E0260B"><span>Variation in forest biomass change highlights <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in forest succession in the Pacific Northwest, USA.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bell, D. M.; Gray, A. N.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Forest successional theory describes the changes in forest biomass and community composition from forest establishment to climax communities, but the drivers of succession are still widely debated. For example, successional models have related biomass and community change to stand age, species rarity within the community, small-scale disturbance, or the ability of species to survive under low resource conditions. The degree to which these drivers might vary <span class="hlt">regionally</span> limits our ability to model and predict ecosystem change. Our objective was to assess whether forest successional theory explains <span class="hlt">observed</span> changes in species biomass and community composition across forests of the U. S. Pacific Northwest. Using remeasurements of 9,700 Current Vegetation Survey (CVS) National Forest inventory plots primarily in Oregon and Washington, we quantified the effects of forest stand age, community composition, disturbance, and moisture (i.e., topography and climate) on changes in species-specific proportional live biomass (ΔB) and species dominance (ΔD). We focused on <span class="hlt">differences</span> in forest successional patterns in two vegetation zones: the Tsuga heterophylla (TSHE) zone, found at low elevations on the wet, west side of the Cascade Mountains; and the Abies concolor (ABCO) zone, found at mid-elevations on the dry, east side of the Cascade Mountains. Preliminary results indicate that the <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in tree species biomass change and dominance appear to be related to responses to climate and disturbance. Strong positive effects of cover change on ΔB were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the drier ABCO zone, but not the wetter TSHE zone. ΔB and ΔD were more often sensitive to precipitation and topographic position in the ABCO zone. In both <span class="hlt">regions</span>, we found that ΔB was strongly negatively related to species biomass and stand age while ΔD was strongly negatively related to relative density, highlighting the importance of both age and community in shaping succession. Given that the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27878789','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27878789"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> sociocultural <span class="hlt">differences</span> as important correlate of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in Swiss preschool children.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Leeger-Aschmann, Claudia S; Schmutz, Einat A; Radtke, Thomas; Kakebeeke, Tanja H; Zysset, Annina E; Messerli-Bürgy, Nadine; Stülb, Kerstin; Arhab, Amar; Meyer, Andrea H; Munsch, Simone; Jenni, Oskar G; Puder, Jardena J; Kriemler, Susi</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in physical activity in school-aged children and adults even within one country with the same political and health care system have been <span class="hlt">observed</span> and could not be explained by sociodemographic or individual variables. We analysed whether such <span class="hlt">differences</span> were already present in preschool children. Swiss children from 84 childcare centres in five cantons (Aargau, Bern, Fribourg, Vaud, Zurich) comprising about 50% of the population of the country participated. Physical activity was quantified with accelerometers (ActiGraph, wGT3X-BT) and potential correlates were assessed with measurements at the childcare centre or questionnaires. Mixed regression models were used to test associations between potential correlates of total physical activity (TPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA) or sedentary behaviour with a special focus on <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>. 394 of 476 children (83%) provided valid physical activity data (at least 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day with 10 h recording; mean age 3.9 ± 0.7 years, 54% boys) with 26% and 74% living in the French- and German-speaking parts of Switzerland, respectively. Days consisted of (mean ± standard deviation) 1.5 ± 0.5 h MVPA, 5.0 ± 0.6 h LPA, and 6.3 ± 0.8 h sedentary behaviour with an average of 624 ± 150 counts/min TPA. TPA and MVPA (but not sedentary behaviour or LPA) increased with age, were higher in boys and children with better motor skills. Despite controlling for individual characteristics, familial factors and childcare exposure, children from the French-speaking part of Switzerland showed 13% less TPA, 14% less MVPA, 6% less LPA and 8% more sedentary behaviour than German-speaking children. Beside motor skills and non-modifiable individual factors, the <span class="hlt">regional</span> sociocultural <span class="hlt">difference</span> was the most important correlate of phyical activity and sedentary behaviour. Therefore, <span class="hlt">regionally</span> adapted public health strategies may be needed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25353383','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25353383"><span>Comparison of flavonoid compounds in the flavedo and juice of two pummelo cultivars (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) from <span class="hlt">different</span> cultivation <span class="hlt">regions</span> in China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Mingxia; Nan, Haijuan; Wang, Yanjie; Jiang, Xiaoying; Li, Zheng</p> <p>2014-10-28</p> <p>The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of <span class="hlt">different</span> cultivation <span class="hlt">regions</span> on the pattern and content of flavonoids in two pummelo cultivars (C. grandis L. Osbeck) in China. Results showed that similar patterns of flavonoids were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the flavedo or juice of each pummelo cultivar from these cultivation <span class="hlt">regions</span>, whereas the individual flavonoid content showed unique characteristics. Naringin, the predominant flavanone glycoside, showed the highest content in both flavedo and juice of C. grandis "Guanximiyu" from the Pinghe of Fujian (FJ) cultivation <span class="hlt">region</span> compared with the Dapu of Guangdong (GD) and Nanbu of Sichuan (SC) <span class="hlt">regions</span>. However, its content in the flavedo of C. grandis "Shatianyu" from the Pingle of Guangxi (GX) was significantly lower than in the GD and SC <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Vicenin-2 appeared to be the dominant flavone C-glycoside in the flavedo of both cultivars, and the lowest content was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the flavedo of C. grandis "Guanximiyu" from the SC <span class="hlt">region</span>. However, C. grandis "Shatianyu" contained the highest content of vicenin-2 in the flavedo from SC <span class="hlt">region</span>. Similarly, the predominant flavone O-glucoside, rhoifolin, showed the highest content in C. grandis "Guanximiyu" from the GD and FJ <span class="hlt">regions</span>, whereas C. grandis "Shatianyu" in SC <span class="hlt">region</span> showed the highest content of rhoifolin. Cluster analysis suggested that genotype played a primary role in determining the flavonoid profiles of pummelo cultivars, whereas <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> significantly affected the flavonoid distribution of pummelo cultivars potentially via affecting the direction of flavonoid accumulation in pummelo.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1355135-how-can-mountaintop-co2-observations-used-constrain-regional-carbon-fluxes','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1355135-how-can-mountaintop-co2-observations-used-constrain-regional-carbon-fluxes"><span>How can mountaintop CO 2 <span class="hlt">observations</span> be used to constrain <span class="hlt">regional</span> carbon fluxes?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Lin, John C.; Mallia, Derek V.; Wu, Dien; ...</p> <p>2017-05-03</p> <p>Despite the need for researchers to understand terrestrial biospheric carbon fluxes to account for carbon cycle feedbacks and predict future CO 2 concentrations, knowledge of these fluxes at the <span class="hlt">regional</span> scale remains poor. This is particularly true in mountainous areas, where complex meteorology and lack of <span class="hlt">observations</span> lead to large uncertainties in carbon fluxes. Yet mountainous <span class="hlt">regions</span> are often where significant forest cover and biomass are found – i.e., areas that have the potential to serve as carbon sinks. As CO 2 <span class="hlt">observations</span> are carried out in mountainous areas, it is imperative that they are properly interpreted to yield informationmore » about carbon fluxes. In this paper, we present CO 2 <span class="hlt">observations</span> at three sites in the mountains of the western US, along with atmospheric simulations that attempt to extract information about biospheric carbon fluxes from the CO 2 <span class="hlt">observations</span>, with emphasis on the <span class="hlt">observed</span> and simulated diurnal cycles of CO 2. We show that atmospheric models can systematically simulate the wrong diurnal cycle and significantly misinterpret the CO 2 <span class="hlt">observations</span>, due to erroneous atmospheric flows as a result of terrain that is misrepresented in the model. This problem depends on the selected vertical level in the model and is exacerbated as the spatial resolution is degraded, and our results indicate that a fine grid spacing of ~4 km or less may be needed to simulate a realistic diurnal cycle of CO 2 for sites on top of the steep mountains examined here in the American Rockies. In conclusion, in the absence of higher resolution models, we recommend coarse-scale models to focus on assimilating afternoon CO 2 <span class="hlt">observations</span> on mountaintop sites over the continent to avoid misrepresentations of nocturnal transport and influence.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....17.5561L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ACP....17.5561L"><span>How can mountaintop CO2 <span class="hlt">observations</span> be used to constrain <span class="hlt">regional</span> carbon fluxes?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lin, John C.; Mallia, Derek V.; Wu, Dien; Stephens, Britton B.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Despite the need for researchers to understand terrestrial biospheric carbon fluxes to account for carbon cycle feedbacks and predict future CO2 concentrations, knowledge of these fluxes at the <span class="hlt">regional</span> scale remains poor. This is particularly true in mountainous areas, where complex meteorology and lack of <span class="hlt">observations</span> lead to large uncertainties in carbon fluxes. Yet mountainous <span class="hlt">regions</span> are often where significant forest cover and biomass are found - i.e., areas that have the potential to serve as carbon sinks. As CO2 <span class="hlt">observations</span> are carried out in mountainous areas, it is imperative that they are properly interpreted to yield information about carbon fluxes. In this paper, we present CO2 <span class="hlt">observations</span> at three sites in the mountains of the western US, along with atmospheric simulations that attempt to extract information about biospheric carbon fluxes from the CO2 <span class="hlt">observations</span>, with emphasis on the <span class="hlt">observed</span> and simulated diurnal cycles of CO2. We show that atmospheric models can systematically simulate the wrong diurnal cycle and significantly misinterpret the CO2 <span class="hlt">observations</span>, due to erroneous atmospheric flows as a result of terrain that is misrepresented in the model. This problem depends on the selected vertical level in the model and is exacerbated as the spatial resolution is degraded, and our results indicate that a fine grid spacing of ˜ 4 km or less may be needed to simulate a realistic diurnal cycle of CO2 for sites on top of the steep mountains examined here in the American Rockies. In the absence of higher resolution models, we recommend coarse-scale models to focus on assimilating afternoon CO2 <span class="hlt">observations</span> on mountaintop sites over the continent to avoid misrepresentations of nocturnal transport and influence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT.......288K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT.......288K"><span><span class="hlt">Differences</span> in STEM degree attainment by <span class="hlt">region</span>, ethnicity, and degree type</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Koledoye, Kimberly A.</p> <p></p> <p>Purpose One purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which a <span class="hlt">difference</span> was present in the STEM degree attainment of all students and particularly of URMs between the 2001 and the 2009 academic year. The second purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which a <span class="hlt">difference</span> was present in the attainment of STEM associate degrees and bachelor degrees of all students and particularly of URMs awarded between the 2001 and the 2009 academic year. Another purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which a <span class="hlt">difference</span> existed in STEM associate degree and STEM bachelor degree attainment among geographic <span class="hlt">regions</span> between the 2001 and the 2009 academic years. The extent to which a <span class="hlt">difference</span> existed in the STEM bachelor degree and associate degree attainment of URMs among geographic <span class="hlt">regions</span> between the 2001 to the 2009 academic year was ascertained. The final purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which a <span class="hlt">difference</span> was present in STEM associate degree and bachelor degree attainment of all students and particularly URMs as a function of degree type between the 2001 academic year and the 2009 academic year. Methodology Archival data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System were utilized to compare STEM degree attainment for <span class="hlt">regions</span>, <span class="hlt">regions</span> for URMs, STEM degree attainment overall and for URMs, STEM degree attainment classified by associate degrees and bachelor degrees for all students and URMs, and STEM degree attainment of associate degrees and bachelor degrees for all students and URMs by specific degree type between 2001 and 2009. Findings In this non-experimental causal comparative investigation, statistically significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> were revealed in 95 of the 165 comparisons. Declining associate degree attainment was concerning, particularly in the computer and information sciences and engineering and engineering technologies. Moderate increases were determined in bachelor degree attainment with statistically</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JASTP..63.1729T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JASTP..63.1729T"><span>Solar flare induced ionospheric D-<span class="hlt">region</span> enhancements from VLF amplitude <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thomson, N. R.; Clilverd, M. A.</p> <p>2001-11-01</p> <p>Enhancements of D-<span class="hlt">region</span> electron densities caused by solar flares are determined from <span class="hlt">observations</span> of VLF subionospheric amplitude changes and these enhancements are then related to the magnitudes of the X-ray fluxes measured by the GOES satellites. The electron densities are characterised by the two traditional parameters, /H' and /β (being measures of the ionospheric height and the rate of increase of electron density with height, respectively), which are found by VLF radio modelling of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> amplitudes using the NOSC Earth-ionosphere waveguide programs (LWPC and Modefinder) mainly on two paths, one short and one long. The short path measurements were made near Cambridge, UK, on the 18.3kHz signals from the French transmitter 617km to the south while the long path measurements were made near Dunedin, NZ, on the 24.8kHz signals from NLK in Seattle, USA, 12.3Mm across the Pacific Ocean. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> include flares up to a magnitude of about M5 (5×10-5Wm-2 at 0.1-0.8nm) which gave VLF amplitude enhancements up to about 8dB; these corresponded, under near solar maximum conditions (1992), to a reduction in /H' from about 71km down to about 63km and an increase in /β from 0.43km-1 up to about 0.49km-1. The increased values of /β during a flare are caused by the solar X-rays dominating all sources of ionisation during the flare in contrast with the normal unperturbed daytime values of /β which are significantly lower than for a single solar UV or X-ray source due to the extra electrons from the normal galactic cosmic ray ionisation in the lowest parts of the D-<span class="hlt">region</span>. This steady, normal (unperturbed) cosmic ray influence on /β, and hence unperturbed VLF attenuation, is more marked at times of reduced solar Lyman-/α flux in the D-<span class="hlt">region</span> such as at solar minimum, high latitudes or early or late in the day, thus explaining the normal (unperturbed) higher VLF attenuation rates previously reported in these conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004A%26A...416..677A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004A%26A...416..677A"><span>Multi-wavelength <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the star forming <span class="hlt">region</span> in L1616</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Alcalá, J. M.; Wachter, S.; Covino, E.; Sterzik, M. F.; Durisen, R. H.; Freyberg, M. J.; Hoard, D. W.; Cooksey, K.</p> <p>2004-03-01</p> <p>We present the results of a multi-wavelength study of the star forming <span class="hlt">region</span> in L1616. Our <span class="hlt">observations</span> include ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS) and High Resolution Imager (HRI) X-ray <span class="hlt">observations</span>, optical wide-field imaging and near-IR imaging data and optical long-slit and multi-object spectroscopic follow-up. 22 new low-mass pre-main sequence (PMS) stars are found to be distributed mainly to the East of the L1616 cometary cloud, in about a one-square-degree field. We find that the class-III infrared sources outnumber the class-II infrared sources by a factor of about three. The X-ray properties of the PMS stars in L1616 are quite similar to those of PMS stars detected in the Orion Nebula Cluster. The comparison of the position of the L1616 PMS stars in the HR diagram with theoretical PMS evolutionary tracks yields an average age of 1-2 Myr, with a very small age spread of about 1 Myr. Unlike the fossil star forming <span class="hlt">regions</span> in Orion, L1616 appears to be a <span class="hlt">region</span> of on-going star formation relatively far from the Orion A and B clouds. Given the small age spread, the spatial distribution of the PMS stars relative to the head of the cloud, as well as its cometary shape and high star formation efficiency, we conclude that the star formation in L1616 was most likely induced by a single event, the impact of the winds of the massive stars of the Orion OB association or a supernova explosion being the possible triggers. The Initial Mass Function (IMF) in L1616 is roughly consistent with that of the field in the mass range 0.3< M/M⊙ < 2.5. Several faint objects, detected in our optical images, are good candidates for young Brown Dwarfs (BDs). We might expect the number of BDs in L1616 to be intermediate between Taurus and the Trapezium. Based on <span class="hlt">observations</span> carried out at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile under proposals numbers 56.E-0566 and 64.I-0355, and at the Calar Alto observatory.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/23727','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/23727"><span><span class="hlt">Observational</span> evidence of the complementary relationship in <span class="hlt">regional</span> evaporation lends strong support for Bouchet's hypothesis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Jorge A. Ramirez; Michael T. Hobbins; Thomas C. Brown</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Using independent <span class="hlt">observations</span> of actual and potential evapotranspiration at a wide range of spatial scales, we provide direct <span class="hlt">observational</span> evidence of the complementary relationship in <span class="hlt">regional</span> evapotranspiration hypothesized by Bouchet in 1963. Bouchet proposed that, for large homogeneous surfaces with minimal advection of heat and moisture, potential and actual...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IzAOP..53..724D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IzAOP..53..724D"><span>On the Diurnal Periodicity of Representative Earthquakes in Greece: Comparison of Data from <span class="hlt">Different</span> <span class="hlt">Observation</span> Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Desherevskii, A. V.; Sidorin, A. Ya.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Due to the initiation of the Hellenic Unified Seismic Network (HUSN) in late 2007, the quality of <span class="hlt">observation</span> significantly improved by 2011. For example, the representative magnitude level considerably has decreased and the number of annually recorded events has increased. The new <span class="hlt">observational</span> system highly expanded the possibilities for studying regularities in seismicity. In view of this, the authors revisited their studies of the diurnal periodicity of representative earthquakes in Greece that was revealed earlier in the earthquake catalog before 2011. We use 18 samples of earthquakes of <span class="hlt">different</span> magnitudes taken from the catalog of Greek earthquakes from 2011 to June 2016 to derive a series of the number of earthquakes for each of them and calculate its average diurnal course. To increase the reliability of the results, we compared the data for two <span class="hlt">regions</span>. With a high degree of statistical significance, we have obtained that no diurnal periodicity can be found for strongly representative earthquakes. This finding <span class="hlt">differs</span> from the estimates obtained earlier from an analysis of the catalog of earthquakes at the same area for 1995-2004 and 2005-2010, i.e., before the initiation of the Hellenic Unified Seismic Network. The new results are consistent with the hypothesis of noise discrimination (<span class="hlt">observational</span> selection) explaining the cause of the diurnal variation of earthquakes with <span class="hlt">different</span> sensitivity of the seismic network in daytime and nighttime periods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22324525','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22324525"><span>Cultural similarities and <span class="hlt">differences</span> in medical professionalism: a multi-<span class="hlt">region</span> study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chandratilake, Madawa; McAleer, Sean; Gibson, John</p> <p>2012-03-01</p> <p>Over the last two decades, many medical educators have sought to define professionalism. Initial attempts to do so were focused on defining professionalism in a manner that allowed for universal agreement. This quest was later transformed into an effort to 'understand professionalism' as many researchers realised that professionalism is a social construct and is culture-sensitive. The determination of cultural <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the understanding of professionalism, however, has been subject to very little research, possibly because of the practical difficulties of doing so. In this multi-<span class="hlt">region</span> study, we illustrate the universal and culture-specific aspects of medical professionalism as it is perceived by medical practitioners. Forty-six professional attributes were identified by reviewing the literature. A total of 584 medical practitioners, representing the UK, Europe, North America and Asia, participated in a survey in which they indicated the importance of each of these attributes. We determined the 'essentialness' of each attribute in <span class="hlt">different</span> geographic <span class="hlt">regions</span> using the content validity index, supplemented with kappa statistics. With acceptable levels of consensus, all <span class="hlt">regional</span> groups identified 29 attributes as 'essential', thereby indicating the universality of these professional attributes, and six attributes as non-essential. The essentialness of the rest varied by <span class="hlt">regional</span> group. This study has helped to identify <span class="hlt">regional</span> similarities and dissimilarities in understandings of professionalism, most of which can be explained by cultural <span class="hlt">differences</span> in line with the theories of cultural dimensions and cultural value. However, certain dissonances among <span class="hlt">regions</span> may well be attributable to socio-economic factors. Some of the responses appear to be counter-cultural and demonstrate practitioners' keenness to overcome cultural barriers in order to provide better patient care. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2012.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A31K..05H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A31K..05H"><span>SIOS: A <span class="hlt">regional</span> cooperation of international research infrastructures as a building block for an Arctic <span class="hlt">observing</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Holmen, K. J.; Lønne, O. J.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The Svalbard Integrated Earth <span class="hlt">Observing</span> System (SIOS) is a <span class="hlt">regional</span> response to the Earth System Science (ESS) challenges posed by the Amsterdam Declaration on Global Change. SIOS is intended to develop and implement methods for how <span class="hlt">observational</span> networks in the Arctic are to be designed in order to address such issues in a <span class="hlt">regional</span> scale. SIOS builds on the extensive <span class="hlt">observation</span> capacity and research installations already in place by many international institutions and will provide upgraded and relevant <span class="hlt">Observing</span> Systems and Research Facilities of world class in and around Svalbard. It is a distributed research infrastructure set up to provide a <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">observational</span> system for long term measurements under a joint framework. As one of the large scale research infrastructure initiatives on the ESFRI roadmap (European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures), SIOS is now being implemented. The new research infrastructure organization, the SIOS Knowledge Center (SIOS-KC), is instrumental in developing methods and solutions for setting up its <span class="hlt">regional</span> contribution to a systematically constructed Arctic <span class="hlt">observational</span> network useful for global change studies. We will discuss cross-disciplinary research experiences some case studies and lessons learned so far. SIOS aims to provide an effective, easily accessible data management system which makes use of existing data handling systems in the thematic fields covered by SIOS. SIOS will, implement a data policy which matches the ambitions that are set for the new European research infrastructures, but at the same time be flexible enough to consider `historical' legacies. Given the substantial international presence in the Svalbard archipelago and the pan-Arctic nature of the issue, there is an opportunity to build SIOS further into a wider <span class="hlt">regional</span> network and pan-Arctic context, ideally under the umbrella of the Sustaining Arctic <span class="hlt">Observing</span> Networks (SAON) initiative. It is necessary to anchor SIOS strongly in a European</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1818288H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1818288H"><span>New <span class="hlt">Observation</span> of Wave Excitation and Inverse Cascade in the Foreshock <span class="hlt">Region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>He, Jiansen; Duan, Die; Yan, Limei; Huang, Shiyong; Tu, Chuanyi; Marsch, Eckart; Wang, Linghua; Tian, Hui</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Foreshock with nascent plasma turbulence is regarded as a fascinating <span class="hlt">region</span> to understand the basic plasma physical processes, e.g., wave-particle interactions as well as wave-wave couplings. Although there have been a bunch of intensive studies on this topic, some key clues about the chain of the physical processes still lacks from <span class="hlt">observations</span>, e.g., the co-existence of upstream energetic particles as the free energy source, excited pump waves as the wave seed, inverse cascaded daughter waves, and scattered energetic particles as the end of nonlinear processes. A relatively comprehensive case study with some new <span class="hlt">observations</span> is presented in this work. In our case, upstream energetic protons drifting at tens of Alfvén speed with respect to the background plasma protons is <span class="hlt">observed</span> from 3DP/PESA-High onboard the WIND spacecraft. When looking at the wave magnetic activities, we are surprised to find the co-existence of high-frequency (0.1-0.5 Hz) large-amplitude right-hand polarized (RHP) waves and low-frequency (0.02-0.1 Hz) small-amplitude left-hand polarized (LHP) waves in the spacecraft (SC) frame. The anti-correlation between magnetic and velocity fluctuations along with the sunward magnetic field direction indicates the low-frequency LHP waves in the SC frame is in fact the sunward upstream RHP waves in the solar wind frame. This new <span class="hlt">observation</span> lays solid foundation for the applicability of plasma non-resonance instability theory and inverse cascade theory to the foreshock <span class="hlt">region</span>, in which the downstream high-frequency RHP pump waves are excited by the upstream reflected energetic protons through non-resonance instability and low-frequency RHP daughter waves are generated by the pump waves due to nonlinear parametric decay. The weak signal of alpha particle flux in the foreshock <span class="hlt">region</span> concerned is also favorable to the occurrence of nonlinear decay process. Furthermore, enhanced downstream energetic proton fluxes are found and inferred to be scattered by</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472129','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472129"><span>Genetic variability and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations from <span class="hlt">different</span> malaria ecological <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Kenya.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ingasia, Luicer A; Cheruiyot, Jelagat; Okoth, Sheila Akinyi; Andagalu, Ben; Kamau, Edwin</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Transmission intensity, movement of human and vector hosts, biogeographical features, and malaria control measures are some of the important factors that determine Plasmodium falciparum parasite genetic variability and population structure. Kenya has <span class="hlt">different</span> malaria ecologies which might require <span class="hlt">different</span> disease intervention methods. Refined parasite population genetic studies are critical for informing malaria control and elimination strategies. This study describes the genetic diversity and population structure of P. falciparum parasites from the <span class="hlt">different</span> malaria ecological zones in Kenya. Twelve multi-locus microsatellite (MS) loci previously described were genotyped in 225 P. falciparum isolates collected between 2012 and 2013 from five sites; three in lowland endemic <span class="hlt">regions</span> (Kisumu, Kombewa, and Malindi) and two in highland, epidemic <span class="hlt">regions</span> (Kisii and Kericho). Parasites from the lowland endemic and highland epidemic <span class="hlt">regions</span> of western Kenya had high genetic diversity compared to coastal lowland endemic <span class="hlt">region</span> of Kenya [Malindi]. The Kenyan parasites had a mean genetic differentiation index (FST) of 0.072 (p=0.011). The multi-locus genetic analysis of the 12 MS revealed all the parasites had unique haplotypes. Significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in all the five parasite populations. Kisumu had the most significant index of association values (0.16; p<0.0001) whereas Kisii had the least significant index of association values (0.03; p<0.0001). Our data suggest high genetic diversity in Kenyan parasite population with the exception of parasite from Malindi where malaria has been on the decline. The presence of significant LD suggests that there is occurrence of inbreeding in the parasite population. Parasite populations from Kisii showed the strongest evidence for epidemic population structure whereas the rest of the <span class="hlt">regions</span> showed panmixia. Defining the genetic diversity of the parasites in <span class="hlt">different</span> ecological <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Kenya after</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5707635','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5707635"><span>Major <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Diet across Three Linguistic <span class="hlt">Regions</span> of Switzerland: Results from the First National Nutrition Survey menuCH</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Beer-Borst, Sigrid; Randriamiharisoa, Alex; Pasquier, Jerome; Blanco, Juan Manual; Siegenthaler, Stefan; Paccaud, Fred; Slimani, Nadia; Nicolas, Genevieve; Camenzind-Frey, Esther; Zuberbuehler, Christine Anne</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Switzerland is a multilingual country located between Germany, France and Italy, which <span class="hlt">differ</span> by dietary habits and related outcomes. We explored <span class="hlt">differences</span> in food consumption as well as compliance to the Swiss food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) across the German-, French-, and Italian-speaking <span class="hlt">regions</span>. The 2014–2015 nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted among a stratified random sample of 2057 adults aged 18 to 75 years. Trained dietitians assessed food consumption via two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls using the international validated software GloboDiet®. Recorded foods and beverages were classified into six groups and 31 subgroups relevant for assessing compliance to the FBDG (Swiss Food Pyramid). Usual daily intake distributions were modelled and weighted for sampling design, non-response, weekdays and season. Participation rate was 38%. Significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> across <span class="hlt">regions</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in 18 of 31 food subgroups (p ≤ 0.01). Weighted mean daily intakes in the German-, French- and Italian-speaking <span class="hlt">regions</span> were, respectively, 245 g, 155 g, 140 g for soft drinks, 273 g, 214 g, 135 g for coffee, 127 g, 72 g, 109 g for milk, 32 g, 45 g, 43 g for red meat, 18 g, 29 g, 34 g for fish/seafood, 8.1 g, 6.4 g, 3.7 g for butter, and 206 g, 214 g, 168 g for vegetables. The seven FBDGs were followed by <1% of the population. Four in 10 participants met ≥3 FBDG. Eighteen percent of participants ate ≥5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day, without <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>. Food consumption substantially <span class="hlt">differed</span> across the three linguistic <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Switzerland. Adherence to FBDG was uniformly low. This highlights the potential influence of culture on diet. Nutritional education along with public health interventions are needed and may be most efficient if <span class="hlt">regionally</span> targeted. PMID:29068399</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A51H2176S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A51H2176S"><span>Why do modelled and <span class="hlt">observed</span> surface wind stress climatologies <span class="hlt">differ</span> in the trade wind <span class="hlt">regions</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Simpson, I.; Bacmeister, J. T.; Sandu, I.; Rodwell, M. J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Global climate models (GCMs) exhibit stronger easterly zonal surface wind stress and near surface winds in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) trade winds than <span class="hlt">observationally</span> constrained reanalyses or other <span class="hlt">observational</span> products. A comparison, between models and reanalyses, of the processes that contribute to the zonal mean, vertically integrated balance of momentum, reveals that this wind stress discrepancy cannot be explained by either the resolved dynamics or parameterized tendencies that are common to each. Rather, a substantial residual exists in the momentum balance of the reanalyses, pointing toward a role for the analysis increments. Indeed, they are found to systematically weaken the NH near surface easterlies in winter, thereby reducing the surface wind stress. Similar effects are found in the Southern Hemisphere and further analysis of the spatial structure and seasonality of these increments, demonstrates that they act to weaken the near surface flow over much of the low latitude oceans in both summer and winter. This suggests an erroneous /missing process in GCMs that constitutes a missing drag on the low level zonal flow over oceans. Either this indicates a mis-representation of the drag between the surface and the atmosphere, or a missing internal atmospheric process that amounts to an additional drag on the low level zonal flow. If the former is true, then <span class="hlt">observation</span> based surface stress products, which rely on similar drag formulations to GCMs, may be underestimating the strength of the easterly surface wind stress.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRD..11115214P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRD..11115214P"><span>A long Saharan dust event over the western Mediterranean: Lidar, Sun photometer <span class="hlt">observations</span>, and <span class="hlt">regional</span> dust modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>PéRez, C.; Nickovic, S.; Baldasano, J. M.; Sicard, M.; Rocadenbosch, F.; Cachorro, V. E.</p> <p>2006-08-01</p> <p>A long Saharan dust event affected the western Mediterranean in the period 12-28 June 2002. Dust was present mainly between 1- and 5-km height affecting most parts of the Iberian Peninsula and reaching western/central Europe. Intensive backscatter lidar <span class="hlt">observations</span> over Barcelona (Spain) and Sun photometer data from two stations (El Arenosillo, Spain, and Avignon, France) are used to evaluate <span class="hlt">different</span> configurations the Dust <span class="hlt">Regional</span> Atmospheric Modeling (DREAM) system. DREAM currently operates dust forecasts over the Mediterranean <span class="hlt">region</span> (http://www.bsc.es/projects/earthscience/DREAM/) considering four particle size bins while only the first two are relevant for long-range transport analysis since their life time is larger than 12 hours. A more detailed bin method is implemented, and two <span class="hlt">different</span> dust distributions at sources are compared to the operational version. Evaluations are performed at two wavelengths (532 and 1064 nm). The dust horizontal and vertical structure simulated by DREAM shows very good qualitative agreement when compared to SeaWIFS satellite images and lidar height-time displays over Barcelona. When evaluating the modeled aerosol optical depth (AOD) against Sun photometer data, significant improvements are achieved with the use of the new detailed bin method. In general, the model underpredicts the AOD for increasing Ångström exponents because of the influence of anthropogenic pollution in the boundary layer. In fact, the modeled AOD is highly anticorrelated with the <span class="hlt">observed</span> Ångström exponents. Avignon shows higher influence of small anthropogenic aerosols which explains the better results of the model at the wavelength of 1064 nm over this location. The uncertainties of backscatter lidar inversions (20-30%) are in the same order of magnitude as the <span class="hlt">differences</span> between the model experiments. Better model results are obtained when comparing to lidar because most of the anthropogenic effect is removed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.2262A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.2262A"><span>Ground motion simulations in Marmara (Turkey) <span class="hlt">region</span> from 3D finite <span class="hlt">difference</span> method</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Aochi, Hideo; Ulrich, Thomas; Douglas, John</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>In the framework of the European project MARSite (2012-2016), one of the main contributions from our research team was to provide ground-motion simulations for the Marmara <span class="hlt">region</span> from various earthquake source scenarios. We adopted a 3D finite <span class="hlt">difference</span> code, taking into account the 3D structure around the Sea of Marmara (including the bathymetry) and the sea layer. We simulated two moderate earthquakes (about Mw4.5) and found that the 3D structure improves significantly the waveforms compared to the 1D layer model. Simulations were carried out for <span class="hlt">different</span> earthquakes (moderate point sources and large finite sources) in order to provide shake maps (Aochi and Ulrich, BSSA, 2015), to study the variability of ground-motion parameters (Douglas & Aochi, BSSA, 2016) as well as to provide synthetic seismograms for the blind inversion tests (Diao et al., GJI, 2016). The results are also planned to be integrated in broadband ground-motion simulations, tsunamis generation and simulations of triggered landslides (in progress by <span class="hlt">different</span> partners). The simulations are freely shared among the partners via the internet and the visualization of the results is diffused on the project's homepage. All these simulations should be seen as a reference for this <span class="hlt">region</span>, as they are based on the latest knowledge that obtained during the MARSite project, although their refinement and validation of the model parameters and the simulations are a continuing research task relying on continuing <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The numerical code used, the models and the simulations are available on demand.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27180517','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27180517"><span>[Do <span class="hlt">regional</span> and generational <span class="hlt">differences</span> in attitudes toward "Luck Resource Belief" exist?].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Murakami, Koshi</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>This article examines whether belief in superstitions and folklore <span class="hlt">differs</span> by age and degree of modernization specifically. This study investigated <span class="hlt">regional</span> and generational <span class="hlt">differences</span> in attitudes toward "Luck Resource Belief," a notion regarding luck. The 500 Japanese participants in our sample were stratified by place of residence, age, and income. The results reflected gender <span class="hlt">differences</span>, but not <span class="hlt">regional</span> or generational <span class="hlt">differences</span> with regard to the "Luck Resource Belief" scale scores. Based on these results, the hypothesis that the mass media plays a major role in the dissemination of information about superstitions and folklore is discussed in this context.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25133807','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25133807"><span>Epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in Poland: part II. What are the causes of the <span class="hlt">different</span> epidemiological situation in various <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Poland?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rowińska-Zakrzewska, Ewa; Korzeniewska-Koseła, Maria; Roszkowski-Śliż, Kazimierz</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">different</span> epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in various <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Poland (higher and lower notification rates) was described previously by our group. The patients diagnosed with tuberculosis in the higher notification rate areas were younger and there were more cases of primary tuberculosis (tuberculous pleurisy and tuberculosis of chest lymph nodes) than in the patients diagnosed in the lower notification areas. The aim of the present study was to assess the possible causes of the <span class="hlt">different</span> epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in various <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Poland. Analysis was done at the same <span class="hlt">regions</span> as in the previous paper. A comparison was made between two groups: Group I, which included three voivodeships with higher rates of notification, from 23.7 to 32.3/100,000 (mean rates in the analysed period of time); and Group II, which included five voivodeships with lower notification rates (mean rates from 12.2 to 18.6/100,000). The wealth of the <span class="hlt">regions</span> (GDP, gross domestic product per capita), the level of unemployment, and social status of the patients were analysed. We compared the population density in both <span class="hlt">regions</span>. The results of treatment in both <span class="hlt">regions</span> were also analysed. We did not find any <span class="hlt">differences</span> in GDP and unemployment rates between the compared <span class="hlt">regions</span>. The results of treatment were <span class="hlt">different</span> in particular <span class="hlt">regions</span>, but there was no clear tendency for worse results in voivodeships in Group I compared to voivodeships in Group II. However, the number of patients lost from <span class="hlt">observation</span> was significantly higher in the <span class="hlt">regions</span> from Group I than in those from Group II. There was also a significantly higher death rate from tuberculosis in younger patients (£ 59 years) from Group I than from Group II. This is additional proof that the epidemiological situation in the two <span class="hlt">regions</span> was <span class="hlt">different</span>. Finally, we found that the mean density of population in the <span class="hlt">regions</span> from Group I was higher than that from Group II. The density of population may</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4690139','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4690139"><span>Prophage-Encoded Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A: Regulation of Production in Staphylococcus aureus Strains Representing <span class="hlt">Different</span> Sea <span class="hlt">Regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zeaki, Nikoleta; Budi Susilo, Yusak; Pregiel, Anna; Rådström, Peter; Schelin, Jenny</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The present study investigates the nature of the link between the staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) gene and the lifecycle of Siphoviridae bacteriophages, including the origin of strain variation regarding SEA production after prophage induction. Five strains representing three <span class="hlt">different</span> genetic lines of the sea <span class="hlt">region</span> were studied under optimal and prophage-induced growth conditions and the Siphoviridae lifecycle was followed through the phage replicative form copies and transcripts of the lysogenic repressor, cro. The role of SOS response on prophage induction was addressed through recA transcription in a recA-disruption mutant. Prophage induction was found to increase the abundance of the phage replicative form, the sea gene copies and transcripts and enhance SEA production. Sequence analysis of the sea <span class="hlt">regions</span> revealed that <span class="hlt">observed</span> strain variances were related to strain capacity for prophage induction, rather than sequence <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the sea <span class="hlt">region</span>. The impact of SOS response activation on the phage lifecycle was demonstrated by the absence of phage replicative form copies in the recA-disruption mutant after prophage induction. From this study it emerges that all aspects of SEA-producing strain, the Siphoviridae phage and the food environment must be considered when evaluating SEA-related hazards. PMID:26690218</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT.......441C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT.......441C"><span><span class="hlt">Observational</span> studies of <span class="hlt">regions</span> of massive star formation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cooper, Heather Danielle Blythe</p> <p>2013-03-01</p> <p>Massive stars have a profound influence on their surroundings. However, relatively little is known about their formation. The study of massive star formation is hindered by a lack of <span class="hlt">observational</span> evidence, primarily due to difficulties <span class="hlt">observing</span> massive stars at early stages in their development. The Red MSX Source survey (RMS survey) is a valuable tool with which to address these issues. Near-infrared H- and K-band spectra were taken for 247 candidate massive young stellar objects (MYSOs), selected from the RMS survey. 195 (∼80%) of the targets are YSOs, of which 131 are massive YSOs (LBOL>5E3L⊙, M>8 M⊙). This is the largest spectroscopic study of massive YSOs to date. This study covers minimally obscured objects right through to very red, dusty sources. Almost all YSOs show some evidence for emission lines, though there is a wide variety of <span class="hlt">observed</span> properties, with HI, H2 Fe II, and CO among the most commonly <span class="hlt">observed</span> lines. Evidence for disks and outflows was frequently seen. Comparisons of Brγ and H2 emission with low mass YSOs suggest that the emission mechanism for these lines is the same for low-, intermediate-, and high-mass YSOs, i.e. high-mass YSOs appear to resemble scaled-up versions of low-mass YSOs. It was found that the YSOs form an evolutionary sequence, based on their spectra, consistent with the existing theoretical models. Type I YSOs have strong H2 emission, no ionized lines, and are redder than the other two subtypes. As such, these are considered to be the youngest sources. The Type III sources are bluest, and therefore considered to be the oldest subtype. They have strong H I lines and fluorescent Fe II 1.6878 μm emission. They may also have weak H2 emission. Type III sources may even be beginning to form a mini-H II <span class="hlt">region</span>. XSHOOTER data from 10 Herbig Be stars were analysed. The evidence suggests that winds and disks are common among Herbig stars, as they are among their main sequence classical Be star counterparts. Line</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845785','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845785"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in temperature sensation and thermal comfort in humans.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nakamura, Mayumi; Yoda, Tamae; Crawshaw, Larry I; Yasuhara, Saki; Saito, Yasuyo; Kasuga, Momoko; Nagashima, Kei; Kanosue, Kazuyuki</p> <p>2008-12-01</p> <p>Sensations evoked by thermal stimulation (temperature-related sensations) can be divided into two categories, "temperature sensation" and "thermal comfort." Although several studies have investigated <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in temperature sensation, less is known about the sensitivity <span class="hlt">differences</span> in thermal comfort for the various body <span class="hlt">regions</span>. In the present study, we examined <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in temperature-related sensations with special attention to thermal comfort. Healthy male subjects sitting in an environment of mild heat or cold were locally cooled or warmed with water-perfused stimulators. Areas stimulated were the face, chest, abdomen, and thigh. Temperature sensation and thermal comfort of the stimulated areas were reported by the subjects, as was whole body thermal comfort. During mild heat exposure, facial cooling was most comfortable and facial warming was most uncomfortable. On the other hand, during mild cold exposure, neither warming nor cooling of the face had a major effect. The chest and abdomen had characteristics opposite to those of the face. Local warming of the chest and abdomen did produce a strong comfort sensation during whole body cold exposure. The thermal comfort seen in this study suggests that if given the chance, humans would preferentially cool the head in the heat, and they would maintain the warmth of the trunk areas in the cold. The qualitative <span class="hlt">differences</span> seen in thermal comfort for the various areas cannot be explained solely by the density or properties of the peripheral thermal receptors and thus must reflect processing mechanisms in the central nervous system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRD..11311111M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRD..11311111M"><span>Effect of time-varying tropospheric models on near-<span class="hlt">regional</span> and <span class="hlt">regional</span> infrasound propagation as constrained by <span class="hlt">observational</span> data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McKenna, Mihan H.; Stump, Brian W.; Hayward, Chris</p> <p>2008-06-01</p> <p>The Chulwon Seismo-Acoustic Array (CHNAR) is a <span class="hlt">regional</span> seismo-acoustic array with co-located seismometers and infrasound microphones on the Korean peninsula. Data from forty-two days over the course of a year between October 1999 and August 2000 were analyzed; 2052 infrasound-only arrivals and 23 seismo-acoustic arrivals were <span class="hlt">observed</span> over the six week study period. A majority of the signals occur during local working hours, hour 0 to hour 9 UT and appear to be the result of cultural activity located within a 250 km radius. Atmospheric modeling is presented for four sample days during the study period, one in each of November, February, April, and August. Local meteorological data sampled at six hour intervals is needed to accurately model the <span class="hlt">observed</span> arrivals and this data produced highly temporally variable thermal ducts that propagated infrasound signals within 250 km, matching the temporal variation in the <span class="hlt">observed</span> arrivals. These ducts change dramatically on the order of hours, and meteorological data from the appropriate sampled time frame was necessary to interpret the <span class="hlt">observed</span> arrivals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27931303','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27931303"><span>A comparison of seasonal trends in asthma exacerbations among children from geographic <span class="hlt">regions</span> with <span class="hlt">different</span> climates.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wisniewski, Julia A; McLaughlin, Anne P; Stenger, Philip J; Patrie, James; Brown, Mark A; El-Dahr, Jane M; Platts-Mills, Thomas A E; Byrd, Nora J; Heymann, Peter W</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>The fall peak in childhood asthma exacerbations is thought to be related to an increase in viral infections and allergen exposure when children return to school. Whether the seasonality of asthma attacks among children from <span class="hlt">different</span> geographic <span class="hlt">regions</span> follows similar trends is unclear. To compare seasonal trends in asthma exacerbations among school-age children who lived in <span class="hlt">different</span> geographic locations, with <span class="hlt">different</span> climates, within the United States. Hospital billing data bases were examined to determine the monthly number of school-age children who were hospitalized or treated in the emergency department (ED) for asthma exacerbations. Data from four cities within three states were compared. Climate data were obtained from archives of the National Climate Data Center, U.S. Department of Commerce. An annual peak in asthma exacerbations was <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the fall months (September through November) among children who lived in Charlottesville, Virginia, as well as throughout the state of Virginia. An increase in exacerbations, which peaked in November, was <span class="hlt">observed</span> for exacerbations among children who lived in Tucson, Arizona, and Yuma, Arizona. In contrast, exacerbations among children from New Orleans, Louisiana, increased in September but remained elevated throughout the school year. Although there was annual variation in the frequency of exacerbations over time, the seasonal patterns <span class="hlt">observed</span> remained similar within the locations from year to year. A nadir in the frequency of attacks was <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the summer months in all the locations. Seasonal peaks for asthma exacerbations varied among the children who lived in geographic locations with <span class="hlt">different</span> climates, and were not restricted to the beginning of the school year.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22348189-observations-energetic-particles-between-pair-corotating-interaction-regions','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22348189-observations-energetic-particles-between-pair-corotating-interaction-regions"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of energetic particles between a pair of corotating interaction <span class="hlt">regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wu, Z.; Chen, Y.; Tang, C. L.</p> <p></p> <p>We report <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the acceleration and trapping of energetic ions and electrons between a pair of corotating interaction <span class="hlt">regions</span> (CIRs). The event occurred in Carrington Rotation 2060. <span class="hlt">Observed</span> by the STEREO-B spacecraft, the two CIRs were separated by less than 5 days. In contrast to other CIR events, the fluxes of the energetic ions and electrons in this event reached their maxima between the trailing edge of the first CIR and the leading edge of the second CIR. The radial magnetic field (B{sub r} ) reversed its sense and the anisotropy of the flux also changed from Sunward tomore » anti-Sunward between the two CIRs. Furthermore, there was an extended period of counterstreaming suprathermal electrons between the two CIRs. Similar <span class="hlt">observations</span> for this event were also obtained with the Advanced Composition Explorer and STEREO-A. We conjecture that these <span class="hlt">observations</span> were due to a U-shaped, large-scale magnetic field topology connecting the reverse shock of the first CIR and the forward shock of the second CIR. Such a disconnected U-shaped magnetic field topology may have formed due to magnetic reconnection in the upper corona.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910358K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910358K"><span>Atypical energetic particle events <span class="hlt">observed</span> prior energetic particle enhancements associated with corotating interaction <span class="hlt">regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Khabarova, Olga; Malandraki, Olga; Zank, Gary; Jackson, Bernard; Bisi, Mario; Desai, Mihir; Li, Gang; le Roux, Jakobus; Yu, Hsiu-Shan</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Recent studies of mechanisms of particle acceleration in the heliosphere have revealed the importance of the comprehensive analysis of stream-stream interactions as well as the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) - stream interactions that often occur in the solar wind, producing huge magnetic cavities bounded by strong current sheets. Such cavities are usually filled with small-scale magnetic islands that trap and re-accelerate energetic particles (Zank et al. ApJ, 2014, 2015; le Roux et al. ApJ, 2015, 2016; Khabarova et al. ApJ, 2015, 2016). Crossings of these <span class="hlt">regions</span> are associated with unusual variations in the energetic particle flux up to several MeV/nuc near the Earth's orbit. These energetic particle flux enhancements called "atypical energetic particle events" (AEPEs) are not associated with standard mechanisms of particle acceleration. The analysis of multi-spacecraft measurements of energetic particle flux, plasma and the interplanetary magnetic field shows that AEPEs have a local origin as they are <span class="hlt">observed</span> by <span class="hlt">different</span> spacecraft with a time delay corresponding to the solar wind propagation from one spacecraft to another, which is a signature of local particle acceleration in the <span class="hlt">region</span> embedded in expanding and rotating background solar wind. AEPEs are often <span class="hlt">observed</span> before the arrival of corotating interaction <span class="hlt">regions</span> (CIRs) or stream interaction <span class="hlt">regions</span> (SIRs) to the Earth's orbit. When fast solar wind streams catch up with slow solar wind, SIRs of compressed heated plasma or more regular CIRs are created at the leading edge of the high-speed stream. Since coronal holes are often long-lived structures, the same CIR re-appears often for several consecutive solar rotations. At low heliographic latitudes, such CIRs are typically bounded by forward and reverse waves on their leading and trailing edges, respectively, that steepen into shocks at heliocentric distances beyond 1 AU. Energetic ion increases have been frequently <span class="hlt">observed</span> in association with CIR</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...855...65H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ApJ...855...65H"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Upward Propagating Waves in the Transition <span class="hlt">Region</span> and Corona above Sunspots</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hou, Zhenyong; Huang, Zhenghua; Xia, Lidong; Li, Bo; Fu, Hui</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>We present <span class="hlt">observations</span> of persistent oscillations of some bright features in the upper-chromosphere/transition <span class="hlt">region</span> above sunspots taken by IRIS SJ 1400 Å and upward propagating quasi-periodic disturbances along coronal loops rooted in the same <span class="hlt">region</span> taken by the AIA 171 Å passband. The oscillations of the features are cyclic oscillatory motions without any obvious damping. The amplitudes of the spatial displacements of the oscillations are about 1″. The apparent velocities of the oscillations are comparable to the sound speed in the chromosphere, but the upward motions are slightly larger than that of the downward. The intensity variations can take 24%–53% of the background, suggesting nonlinearity of the oscillations. The FFT power spectra of the oscillations show a dominant peak at a period of about 3 minutes, which is consistent with the omnipresent 3 minute oscillations in sunspots. The amplitudes of the intensity variations of the upward propagating coronal disturbances are 10%–15% of the background. The coronal disturbances have a period of about 3 minutes, and propagate upward along the coronal loops with apparent velocities in a range of 30 ∼ 80 km s‑1. We propose a scenario in which the <span class="hlt">observed</span> transition <span class="hlt">region</span> oscillations are powered continuously by upward propagating shocks, and the upward propagating coronal disturbances can be the recurrent plasma flows driven by shocks or responses of degenerated shocks that become slow magnetic-acoustic waves after heating the plasma in the coronal loops at their transition-<span class="hlt">region</span> bases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A%26A...340..521D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A%26A...340..521D"><span>VLBI <span class="hlt">observations</span> of 6 GHz OH masers in three ultra-compact H Ii <span class="hlt">regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Desmurs, J. F.; Baudry, A.</p> <p>1998-12-01</p> <p>Following our successful analysis of VLBI <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the (2) Pi_ {3/ 2}, J={5/ 2}, F=3-3 and F=2-2 excited OH emission at 6035 and 6031 MHz in W3(OH), we have analyzed the same transitions in three other ultra-compact HII <span class="hlt">regions</span>, M17, ON1, and W51. The restoring beams were in the range 6 to 30 milliarc sec. The F=3-3 and 2-2 hyperfine transitions of OH were both mapped in ON1. Seven 6035 MHz LCP or RCP maser components were identified in ON1. They are distributed over a <span class="hlt">region</span> whose diameter is similar to that of the compact HII <span class="hlt">region</span>, namely ~ 0.4 - 0.5 arc sec. In contrast with the F=3-3 line emission, the F=2-2 transition at 6031 MHz is nearly an order of magnitude weaker than the peak 6035 MHz emission. In M17, we <span class="hlt">observed</span> fringes only in the 6035 MHz line. The detected OH components appear to be projected on to the compact HII <span class="hlt">region</span>. We report also on weak VLBI detection of the 6035 MHz emission from W51. This emission seems to be located between two active ultra-compact HII <span class="hlt">regions</span> in a complex area which deserves further investigation. The 5 cm OH minimum brightness temperatures range from about 3 10(7) K in W51 to 8 10(9) K in ON1. Variability of the 6035 or 6031 MHz emission is well established and suggests that the 5 cm OH masers are not fully saturated. The high spectral and spatial resolutions achieved in this work allowed us to identify Zeeman pairs and hence to derive the magnetic field strength. In ON1 and W51 the field lies in the range 4 to 6 mG with a trend for higher field at 6031 MHz than at 6035 MHz in ON1. In M17 no Zeeman splitting was <span class="hlt">observed</span> and the magnetic field appears to be weaker than 1 mG.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014TCry....8.2313F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014TCry....8.2313F"><span>Estimating the volume of glaciers in the Himalayan-Karakoram <span class="hlt">region</span> using <span class="hlt">different</span> methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Frey, H.; Machguth, H.; Huss, M.; Huggel, C.; Bajracharya, S.; Bolch, T.; Kulkarni, A.; Linsbauer, A.; Salzmann, N.; Stoffel, M.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Ice volume estimates are crucial for assessing water reserves stored in glaciers. Due to its large glacier coverage, such estimates are of particular interest for the Himalayan-Karakoram (HK) <span class="hlt">region</span>. In this study, <span class="hlt">different</span> existing methodologies are used to estimate the ice reserves: three area-volume relations, one slope-dependent volume estimation method, and two ice-thickness distribution models are applied to a recent, detailed, and complete glacier inventory of the HK <span class="hlt">region</span>, spanning over the period 2000-2010 and revealing an ice coverage of 40 775 km2. An uncertainty and sensitivity assessment is performed to investigate the influence of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> glacier area and important model parameters on the resulting total ice volume. Results of the two ice-thickness distribution models are validated with local ice-thickness measurements at six glaciers. The resulting ice volumes for the entire HK <span class="hlt">region</span> range from 2955 to 4737 km3, depending on the approach. This range is lower than most previous estimates. Results from the ice thickness distribution models and the slope-dependent thickness estimations agree well with measured local ice thicknesses. However, total volume estimates from area-related relations are larger than those from other approaches. The study provides evidence on the significant effect of the selected method on results and underlines the importance of a careful and critical evaluation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5817946','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5817946"><span>Two closely related species <span class="hlt">differ</span> in their <span class="hlt">regional</span> genetic differentiation despite admixing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Fischer, Markus; Oja, Tatjana</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Abstract <span class="hlt">Regional</span> genetic differentiation within species is often addressed in evolutionary ecology and conservation biology. Here, we address <span class="hlt">regional</span> differentiation in two closely related hybridizing taxa, the perennial sedges Carex flava and C. viridula and their hybrid C. × subviridula in 37 populations in the north and centre of their distribution range in Europe (Estonia, Lowland (<1000 m a.s.l.) and Highland Switzerland) using 10 putative microsatellite loci. We ask whether <span class="hlt">regional</span> differentiation was larger in the less common taxon C. viridula or whether, possibly due to hybridization, it was similar between taxa. Our results showed similar, low to moderate genetic diversity for the three studied taxa. In total, we found 12 <span class="hlt">regional</span> species-specific alleles. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), STRUCTURE and multidimensional scaling analysis showed <span class="hlt">regional</span> structure in genetic variation, where intraspecific differentiation between <span class="hlt">regions</span> was lower for C. flava (AMOVA: 6.84 %) than for C. viridula (20.77 %) or C. × subviridula (18.27 %) populations. Hybrids <span class="hlt">differed</span> from the parental taxa in the two <span class="hlt">regions</span> where they occurred, i.e. in Estonia and Lowland Switzerland. We conclude that C. flava and C. viridula clearly <span class="hlt">differ</span> from each other genetically, that there is pronounced <span class="hlt">regional</span> differentiation and that, despite hybridization, this <span class="hlt">regional</span> differentiation is more pronounced in the less common taxon, C. viridula. We encourage future studies on hybridizing taxa to work with plant populations from more than one <span class="hlt">region</span>. PMID:29479408</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PASJ...66S..15I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PASJ...66S..15I"><span>Constraining hot plasma in a non-flaring solar active <span class="hlt">region</span> with FOXSI hard X-ray <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ishikawa, Shin-nosuke; Glesener, Lindsay; Christe, Steven; Ishibashi, Kazunori; Brooks, David H.; Williams, David R.; Shimojo, Masumi; Sako, Nobuharu; Krucker, Säm</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>We present new constraints on the high-temperature emission measure of a non-flaring solar active <span class="hlt">region</span> using <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the recently flown Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager (FOXSI) sounding rocket payload. FOXSI has performed the first focused hard X-ray (HXR) <span class="hlt">observation</span> of the Sun in its first successful flight on 2012 November 2. Focusing optics, combined with small strip detectors, enable high-sensitivity <span class="hlt">observations</span> with respect to previous indirect imagers. This capability, along with the sensitivity of the HXR regime to high-temperature emission, offers the potential to better characterize high-temperature plasma in the corona as predicted by nanoflare heating models. We present a joint analysis of the differential emission measure (DEM) of active <span class="hlt">region</span> 11602 using coordinated <span class="hlt">observations</span> by FOXSI, Hinode/XRT, and Hinode/EIS. The Hinode-derived DEM predicts significant emission measure between 1 MK and 3 MK, with a peak in the DEM predicted at 2.0-2.5 MK. The combined XRT and EIS DEM also shows emission from a smaller population of plasma above 8 MK. This is contradicted by FOXSI <span class="hlt">observations</span> that significantly constrain emission above 8 MK. This suggests that the Hinode DEM analysis has larger uncertainties at higher temperatures and that > 8 MK plasma above an emission measure of 3 × 1044 cm-3 is excluded in this active <span class="hlt">region</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H21E1503P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H21E1503P"><span>Ground based remote sensing retrievals and <span class="hlt">observations</span> of snowfall in the Telemark <span class="hlt">region</span> of Norway</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pettersen, C.; L'Ecuyer, T. S.; Wood, N.; Cooper, S.; Wolff, M. A.; Petersen, W. A.; Bliven, L. F.; Tushaus, S. A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Snowfall can be broadly categorized into deep and shallow events, based on the vertical extent of the frozen precipitation in the column. The two categories are driven by <span class="hlt">different</span> thermodynamic and physical mechanisms in the atmosphere and surface. Though satellites can <span class="hlt">observe</span> and recognize these patterns in snowfall, these measurements are limited - particularly in cases of shallow and light precipitation and over complex terrain. By enhancing satellite measurements with ground-based instrumentation, whether with limited-term field campaigns or long-term strategic sites, we can further our understanding and assumptions about <span class="hlt">different</span> snowfall modes. We present data collected in a recently deployed ground suite of instruments based in Norway. The Meteorological Institute of Norway has a snow measurement suite in Haukeliseter located in the orographically complex Telemark <span class="hlt">region</span>. This suite consists of several snow accumulation instruments as well as meteorological data (temperature, dew point, wind speeds and directions). A joint project between University of Wisconsin and University of Utah augmented this suite with a 24 GHz radar MicroRain Radar (MRR), a NASA Particle Imaging Package (PIP), and a Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC). Preliminary data from this campaign are presented along with coincident overpasses from the GPM satellite. We compare the ground-based and spaceborne remotely sensed estimates of snowfall with snow gauge <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the Haukeliseter site. Finally, we discuss how particle size distribution and fall velocity <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the PIP and MASC can be used to improve remotely-sensed snowfall retrievals as a function of environmental conditions at Haukeliseter.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...833...22C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...833...22C"><span>Undercover EUV Solar Jets <span class="hlt">Observed</span> by the Interface <span class="hlt">Region</span> Imaging Spectrograph</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, N.-H.; Innes, D. E.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>It is well-known that extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission emitted at the solar surface is absorbed by overlying cool plasma. Especially in active <span class="hlt">regions</span>, dark lanes in EUV images suggest that much of the surface activity is obscured. Simultaneous <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the Interface <span class="hlt">Region</span> Imaging Spectrograph, consisting of UV spectra and slit-jaw images (SJI), give vital information with sub-arcsecond spatial resolution on the dynamics of jets not seen in EUV images. We studied a series of small jets from recently formed bipole pairs beside the trailing spot of active <span class="hlt">region</span> 11991, which occurred on 2014 March 5 from 15:02:21 UT to 17:04:07 UT. Collimated outflows with bright roots were present in SJI 1400 Å (transition <span class="hlt">region</span>) and 2796 Å (upper chromosphere) that were mostly not seen in Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) 304 Å (transition <span class="hlt">region</span>) and AIA 171 Å (lower corona) images. The Si IV spectra show a strong blue wing enhancement, but no red wing, in the line profiles of the ejecta for all recurrent jets, indicating outward flows without twists. We see two types of Mg II line profiles produced by the jets spires: reversed and non-reversed. Mg II lines remain optically thick, but turn optically thin in the highly Doppler shifted wings. The energy flux contained in each recurrent jet is estimated using a velocity differential emission measure technique that measures the emitting power of the plasma as a function of the line-of-sight velocity. We found that all the recurrent jets release similar energy (108 erg cm-2 s-1) toward the corona and the downward component is less than 3%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030025717','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030025717"><span>Large 0/12 GMT <span class="hlt">Differences</span> of US Vaisala RS80 <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Atlas, Robert (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Large <span class="hlt">differences</span> been <span class="hlt">observations</span> taken at 0 and 12 GMT have been revealed during routine monitoring of <span class="hlt">observations</span> at the Data Assimilation Office (DAO) at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). As a result, an investigation has been conducted to confirm the large <span class="hlt">differences</span> and isolate its source. The data clearly shows that 0/12 GMT <span class="hlt">differences</span> are largely artificial especially over the central US and that the <span class="hlt">differences</span> largely originate in the post processing software at the <span class="hlt">observing</span> stations. In particular, the release time of the rawinsonde balloon may be misspecified to be the synoptic time which would lead to the miscalculation of the bias correction that accounts for solar radiation effects on the thermistor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29681509','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29681509"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in brain glucose metabolism determined by imaging mass spectrometry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kleinridders, André; Ferris, Heather A; Reyzer, Michelle L; Rath, Michaela; Soto, Marion; Manier, M Lisa; Spraggins, Jeffrey; Yang, Zhihong; Stanton, Robert C; Caprioli, Richard M; Kahn, C Ronald</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Glucose is the major energy substrate of the brain and crucial for normal brain function. In diabetes, the brain is subject to episodes of hypo- and hyperglycemia resulting in acute outcomes ranging from confusion to seizures, while chronic metabolic dysregulation puts patients at increased risk for depression and Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we aimed to determine how glucose is metabolized in <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the brain using imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). To examine the relative abundance of glucose and other metabolites in the brain, mouse brain sections were subjected to imaging mass spectrometry at a resolution of 100 μm. This was correlated with immunohistochemistry, qPCR, western blotting and enzyme assays of dissected brain <span class="hlt">regions</span> to determine the relative contributions of the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways to <span class="hlt">regional</span> glucose metabolism. In brain, there are significant <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in glucose metabolism, with low levels of hexose bisphosphate (a glycolytic intermediate) and high levels of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and PPP metabolite hexose phosphate in thalamus compared to cortex. The ratio of ATP to ADP is significantly higher in white matter tracts, such as corpus callosum, compared to less myelinated areas. While the brain is able to maintain normal ratios of hexose phosphate, hexose bisphosphate, ATP, and ADP during fasting, fasting causes a large increase in cortical and hippocampal lactate. These data demonstrate the importance of direct measurement of metabolic intermediates to determine <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in brain glucose metabolism and illustrate the strength of imaging mass spectrometry for investigating the impact of changing metabolic states on brain function at a <span class="hlt">regional</span> level with high resolution. Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20579217','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20579217"><span>Inflammatory bowel disease in the Asia-Pacific area: a comparison with developed countries and <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ahuja, Vineet; Tandon, Rakesh K</p> <p>2010-06-01</p> <p>The Asia-Pacific <span class="hlt">region</span> has been marked as an area with a low incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), although confusion always existed as to whether this low incidence was a result of low diagnostic awareness, a high incidence of infective diarrhoea and its diagnostic overlap or a true low incidence. As epidemiological studies from this <span class="hlt">region</span> are being made available it is clear that the incidence and prevalence rates of IBD in Asia-Pacific <span class="hlt">region</span> are low compared with Europe and North America. They are however, increasing rapidly. There are substantial variations in the incidence and prevalence rates of IBD in various ethnic groups in Asia. The highest incidence rates are recorded from India, Japan and the Middle East and there exists a genetic predisposition of South Asians (Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis) to ulcerative colitis (UC). It appears that certain racial groups are more prone than others to develop IBD. For instance, Indians in South-East Asia have higher rates than Chinese and Malays. While there is a host genetic predisposition, environmental factor(s) may be responsible for this <span class="hlt">difference</span>. The clinical phenotypes and complication rates of Asian IBD resemble those of the Caucasian population in general, but some heterogeneity is <span class="hlt">observed</span> in <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Asia. There is no evidence of a north-south or an east-west divide in the Asia-Pacific <span class="hlt">region</span>. The available studies suggest an increasing incidence of UC in the Asia-Pacific <span class="hlt">region</span> and hence it is an appropriate time to launch well-designed epidemiological studies so that etiopathogenetic factors can be identified. There is a male predominance in Crohn's disease in the Asian population. The NOD2/CARD15 gene is not associated with CD in the Japanese, Korean, Chinese and Indian population.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA43B2655H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA43B2655H"><span>Extremely Nonthermal Monoenergetic Precipitation in the Auroral Acceleration <span class="hlt">Region</span>: In Situ <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hatch, S.; Chaston, C. C.; Labelle, J. W.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We report in situ measurements through the auroral acceleration <span class="hlt">region</span> that reveal extremely nonthermal monoenergetic electron distributions. These auroral primaries are indicative of source populations in the plasma sheet well described as kappa distributions with κ ≲ 2. We show from <span class="hlt">observations</span> and modeling how this large deviation from Maxwellian form may modify the acceleration potential required to drive current closure through the auroral ionosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911596L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1911596L"><span>Estimation and correction of <span class="hlt">different</span> flavors of surface <span class="hlt">observation</span> biases in ensemble Kalman filter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lorente-Plazas, Raquel; Hacker, Josua P.; Collins, Nancy; Lee, Jared A.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The impact of assimilating surface <span class="hlt">observations</span> has been shown in several publications, for improving weather prediction inside of the boundary layer as well as the flow aloft. However, the assimilation of surface <span class="hlt">observations</span> is often far from optimal due to the presence of both model and <span class="hlt">observation</span> biases. The sources of these biases can be diverse: an instrumental offset, errors associated to the comparison of point-based <span class="hlt">observations</span> and grid-cell average, etc. To overcome this challenge, a method was developed using the ensemble Kalman filter. The approach consists on representing each <span class="hlt">observation</span> bias as a parameter. These bias parameters are added to the forward operator and they extend the state vector. As opposed to the <span class="hlt">observation</span> bias estimation approaches most common in operational systems (e.g. for satellite radiances), the state vector and parameters are simultaneously updated by applying the Kalman filter equations to the augmented state. The method to estimate and correct the <span class="hlt">observation</span> bias is evaluated using <span class="hlt">observing</span> system simulation experiments (OSSEs) with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. OSSEs are constructed for the conventional <span class="hlt">observation</span> network including radiosondes, aircraft <span class="hlt">observations</span>, atmospheric motion vectors, and surface <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Three <span class="hlt">different</span> kinds of biases are added to 2-meter temperature for synthetic METARs. From the simplest to more sophisticated, imposed biases are: (1) a spatially invariant bias, (2) a spatially varying bias proportional to topographic height <span class="hlt">differences</span> between the model and the <span class="hlt">observations</span>, and (3) bias that is proportional to the temperature. The target <span class="hlt">region</span> characterized by complex terrain is the western U.S. on a domain with 30-km grid spacing. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> are assimilated every 3 hours using an 80-member ensemble during September 2012. Results demonstrate that the approach is able to estimate and correct the bias when it is spatially invariant (experiment 1). More</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22667160-electron-density-explosive-transition-region-events-observed-iris','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22667160-electron-density-explosive-transition-region-events-observed-iris"><span>THE ELECTRON DENSITY IN EXPLOSIVE TRANSITION <span class="hlt">REGION</span> EVENTS <span class="hlt">OBSERVED</span> BY IRIS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Doschek, G. A.; Warren, H. P.; Young, P. R.</p> <p></p> <p>We discuss the intensity ratio of the O iv line at 1401.16 Å to the Si iv line at 1402.77 Å in Interface <span class="hlt">Region</span> Imaging Spectrograph ( IRIS ) spectra. This intensity ratio is important if it can be used to measure high electron densities that cannot be measured using line intensity ratios of two <span class="hlt">different</span> O iv lines from the multiplet within the IRIS wavelength range. Our discussion is in terms of considerably earlier <span class="hlt">observations</span> made from the Skylab manned space station and other spectrometers on orbiting spacecraft. The earlier data on the O iv and Si iv ratiomore » and other intersystem line ratios not available to IRIS are complementary to IRIS data. In this paper, we adopt a simple interpretation based on electron density. We adopt a set of assumptions and calculate the electron density as a function of velocity in the Si iv line profiles of two explosive events. At zero velocity the densities are about 2–3 × 10{sup 11} cm{sup -3}, and near 200 km s{sup -1} outflow speed the densities are about 10{sup 12} cm{sup -3}. The densities increase with outflow speed up to about 150 km s{sup -1} after which they level off. Because of the <span class="hlt">difference</span> in the temperature of formation of the two lines and other possible effects such as non-ionization equilibrium, these density measurements do not have the precision that would be available if there were some additional lines near the formation temperature of O iv.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28802822','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28802822"><span>Stillbirth prevalence in Brazil: an exploration of <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Carvalho, Taiana Silva; Pellanda, Lucia Campos; Doyle, Pat</p> <p></p> <p>Brazil is a large, heterogeneous, and diverse country, marked by social, economic, and <span class="hlt">regional</span> inequalities. Stillbirth is a global concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study investigated the prevalence and possible determinants of stillbirth in <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study including all women of reproductive age who had had a pregnancy in the last five years, enrolled in the most recent Brazilian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS/PNDS-2006/07). Logistic regression was used to assess the association between <span class="hlt">region</span> and other maternal characteristics and stillbirth risk. The prevalence of stillbirth in Brazil was 14.82 per 1000 births, with great variation by <span class="hlt">region</span> of the country, and a higher prevalence among the most deprived. The North and Northeast <span class="hlt">regions</span> had the highest odds of stillbirth compared to the Center-West, which persisted after adjustment for multiple confounders - including deprivation level and ethnicity. Low maternal age and maternal obesity were also related to higher odds of stillbirth. In Brazil, the <span class="hlt">region</span> influences stillbirth risk, with much higher risk in the North and Northeast. Variation in socioeconomic level does not explain this finding. Further research on the subject should explore other possible explanations, such as antenatal care and type of delivery, as well as the role of the private and public health systems in determining stillbirth. Preventive strategies should be directed to these historically disadvantaged <span class="hlt">regions</span>, such as guaranteeing access and quality of care during pregnancy and around the time of birth. Copyright © 2017 Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPA....8e5714B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPA....8e5714B"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of unusual critical <span class="hlt">region</span> behavior in the magnetic susceptibility of EuSe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bykovetz, N.; Klein, J.; Lin, C. L.</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>The Europium Chalcogenides (EuCh: EuO, EuS, EuSe, and EuTe) have been regarded as model examples of simple, cubic, Heisenberg exchange coupled magnetic systems, with a ferromagnetic nearest-neighbor exchange constant J1 and an antiferromagnetic next-nearest-neighbor constant J2. Unlike the other EuCh, EuSe exhibits a range of complex magnetic behaviors, the latter being attributed to EuSe being near the point where J2=-J1, where its magnetism appears to consist of nearly de-coupled 2D ferromagnetic sheets. Analysis of precision SQUID measurements of the magnetic susceptibility χ in EuSe showed that in the <span class="hlt">region</span> from ˜Tc to ˜2Tc, a fit of the data to the critical equation χ = χ2Tc(T/Tc-1)-γ gives γ=2.0, an exponent not predicted by any current theory. Additionally, this fit predicts that Tc should be ˜0K. We tentatively interpret this by saying that in the paramagnetic <span class="hlt">region</span> the system "thinks" EuSe should not order above T=0. Tc=0K is predicted by the Mermin-Wagner theorem (MW) for Heisenberg-coupled 2D magnetic systems, and we can show that when J2=-J1, MW can also be applied to the J1, J2 exchange model of the EuCh to give a rigorous Tc=0 prediction. Under 10 kbar applied pressure EuSe exhibits a <span class="hlt">different</span> γ and fitted Tc. An additional, and rather strange, critical-<span class="hlt">region</span> effect was discovered. The EuSe sample was found to exhibit a relaxation effect in a small range of temperatures, just above and just below the actual Tc of 4.7K, with time constants of up to 5 minutes. We cannot yet fully explain this <span class="hlt">observed</span> macroscopic effect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880033281&hterms=laser+spot&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dlaser%2Bspot','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880033281&hterms=laser+spot&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dlaser%2Bspot"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> and consequences of nonuniform aluminum concentrations in the channel <span class="hlt">regions</span> of AlGaAs channeled-substrate-planar lasers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Evans, Gary A.; Goldstein, Bernard; Butler, Jerome K.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Compositional changes in the n-clad layer within the channel <span class="hlt">region</span> of channel substrate planar (CSP) type semiconductor lasers have been <span class="hlt">observed</span>. As a consequece, a large optical cavity (LOC) or an enhanced substrate loss (ESL) version of the CSP geometry may result, both of which may have significantly <span class="hlt">different</span> characteristics from those of a conventional CSP laser. The CSP-LOC generally has a larger near-field spot size, while the ESL-CSP is characterized by an off-axis, asymmetric far-field pattern.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123.1260N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRA..123.1260N"><span>Multiscale Currents <span class="hlt">Observed</span> by MMS in the Flow Braking <span class="hlt">Region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nakamura, Rumi; Varsani, Ali; Genestreti, Kevin J.; Le Contel, Olivier; Nakamura, Takuma; Baumjohann, Wolfgang; Nagai, Tsugunobu; Artemyev, Anton; Birn, Joachim; Sergeev, Victor A.; Apatenkov, Sergey; Ergun, Robert E.; Fuselier, Stephen A.; Gershman, Daniel J.; Giles, Barbara J.; Khotyaintsev, Yuri V.; Lindqvist, Per-Arne; Magnes, Werner; Mauk, Barry; Petrukovich, Anatoli; Russell, Christopher T.; Stawarz, Julia; Strangeway, Robert J.; Anderson, Brian; Burch, James L.; Bromund, Ken R.; Cohen, Ian; Fischer, David; Jaynes, Allison; Kepko, Laurence; Le, Guan; Plaschke, Ferdinand; Reeves, Geoff; Singer, Howard J.; Slavin, James A.; Torbert, Roy B.; Turner, Drew L.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>We present characteristics of current layers in the off-equatorial near-Earth plasma sheet boundary <span class="hlt">observed</span> with high time-resolution measurements from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission during an intense substorm associated with multiple dipolarizations. The four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft, separated by distances of about 50 km, were located in the southern hemisphere in the dusk portion of a substorm current wedge. They <span class="hlt">observed</span> fast flow disturbances (up to about 500 km/s), most intense in the dawn-dusk direction. Field-aligned currents were <span class="hlt">observed</span> initially within the expanding plasma sheet, where the flow and field disturbances showed the distinct pattern expected in the braking <span class="hlt">region</span> of localized flows. Subsequently, intense thin field-aligned current layers were detected at the inner boundary of equatorward moving flux tubes together with Earthward streaming hot ions. Intense Hall current layers were found adjacent to the field-aligned currents. In particular, we found a Hall current structure in the vicinity of the Earthward streaming ion jet that consisted of mixed ion components, that is, hot unmagnetized ions, cold E × B drifting ions, and magnetized electrons. Our <span class="hlt">observations</span> show that both the near-Earth plasma jet diversion and the thin Hall current layers formed around the reconnection jet boundary are the sites where diversion of the perpendicular currents take place that contribute to the <span class="hlt">observed</span> field-aligned current pattern as predicted by simulations of reconnection jets. Hence, multiscale structure of flow braking is preserved in the field-aligned currents in the off-equatorial plasma sheet and is also translated to ionosphere to become a part of the substorm field-aligned current system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29938154','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29938154"><span>Multiscale Currents <span class="hlt">Observed</span> by MMS in the Flow Braking <span class="hlt">Region</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nakamura, Rumi; Varsani, Ali; Genestreti, Kevin J; Le Contel, Olivier; Nakamura, Takuma; Baumjohann, Wolfgang; Nagai, Tsugunobu; Artemyev, Anton; Birn, Joachim; Sergeev, Victor A; Apatenkov, Sergey; Ergun, Robert E; Fuselier, Stephen A; Gershman, Daniel J; Giles, Barbara J; Khotyaintsev, Yuri V; Lindqvist, Per-Arne; Magnes, Werner; Mauk, Barry; Petrukovich, Anatoli; Russell, Christopher T; Stawarz, Julia; Strangeway, Robert J; Anderson, Brian; Burch, James L; Bromund, Ken R; Cohen, Ian; Fischer, David; Jaynes, Allison; Kepko, Laurence; Le, Guan; Plaschke, Ferdinand; Reeves, Geoff; Singer, Howard J; Slavin, James A; Torbert, Roy B; Turner, Drew L</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>We present characteristics of current layers in the off-equatorial near-Earth plasma sheet boundary <span class="hlt">observed</span> with high time-resolution measurements from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission during an intense substorm associated with multiple dipolarizations. The four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft, separated by distances of about 50 km, were located in the southern hemisphere in the dusk portion of a substorm current wedge. They <span class="hlt">observed</span> fast flow disturbances (up to about 500 km/s), most intense in the dawn-dusk direction. Field-aligned currents were <span class="hlt">observed</span> initially within the expanding plasma sheet, where the flow and field disturbances showed the distinct pattern expected in the braking <span class="hlt">region</span> of localized flows. Subsequently, intense thin field-aligned current layers were detected at the inner boundary of equatorward moving flux tubes together with Earthward streaming hot ions. Intense Hall current layers were found adjacent to the field-aligned currents. In particular, we found a Hall current structure in the vicinity of the Earthward streaming ion jet that consisted of mixed ion components, that is, hot unmagnetized ions, cold E × B drifting ions, and magnetized electrons. Our <span class="hlt">observations</span> show that both the near-Earth plasma jet diversion and the thin Hall current layers formed around the reconnection jet boundary are the sites where diversion of the perpendicular currents take place that contribute to the <span class="hlt">observed</span> field-aligned current pattern as predicted by simulations of reconnection jets. Hence, multiscale structure of flow braking is preserved in the field-aligned currents in the off-equatorial plasma sheet and is also translated to ionosphere to become a part of the substorm field-aligned current system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SoPh..292..121K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SoPh..292..121K"><span>Contribution to the Solar Mean Magnetic Field from <span class="hlt">Different</span> Solar <span class="hlt">Regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kutsenko, A. S.; Abramenko, V. I.; Yurchyshyn, V. B.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Seven-year-long seeing-free <span class="hlt">observations</span> of solar magnetic fields with the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) were used to study the sources of the solar mean magnetic field, SMMF, defined as the net line-of-sight magnetic flux divided over the solar disk area. To evaluate the contribution of <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> to the SMMF, we separated all the pixels of each SDO/HMI magnetogram into three subsets: weak (BW), intermediate (BI), and strong (BS) fields. The BW component represents areas with magnetic flux densities below the chosen threshold; the BI component is mainly represented by network fields, remains of decayed active <span class="hlt">regions</span> (ARs), and ephemeral <span class="hlt">regions</span>. The BS component consists of magnetic elements in ARs. To derive the contribution of a subset to the total SMMF, the linear regression coefficients between the corresponding component and the SMMF were calculated. We found that i) when the threshold level of 30 Mx cm-2 is applied, the BI and BS components together contribute from 65% to 95% of the SMMF, while the fraction of the occupied area varies in a range of 2 - 6% of the disk area; ii) as the threshold magnitude is lowered to 6 Mx cm-2, the contribution from BI+BS grows to 98%, and the fraction of the occupied area reaches a value of about 40% of the solar disk. In summary, we found that regardless of the threshold level, only a small part of the solar disk area contributes to the SMMF. This means that the photospheric magnetic structure is an intermittent inherently porous medium, resembling a percolation cluster. These findings suggest that the long-standing concept that continuous vast unipolar areas on the solar surface are the source of the SMMF may need to be reconsidered.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25382875','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25382875"><span><span class="hlt">Region</span>-Urbanicity <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Locus of Control: Social Disadvantage, Structure, or Cultural Exceptionalism?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shifrer, Dara; Sutton, April</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>People with internal rather than external locus of control experience better outcomes in multiple domains. Previous studies on spatial <span class="hlt">differences</span> in control within America only focused on the South, relied on aggregate level data or historical evidence, or did not account for other confounding <span class="hlt">regional</span> distinctions (such as variation in urbanicity). Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study, we find <span class="hlt">differences</span> in adolescents' loci of control depending on their <span class="hlt">region</span> and urbanicity are largely attributable to <span class="hlt">differences</span> in their social background, and only minimally to structural <span class="hlt">differences</span> (i.e., <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the qualities of adolescents' schools). <span class="hlt">Differences</span> that persist net of <span class="hlt">differences</span> across adolescents and their schools suggest the less internal control of rural Southern adolescents, and the more internal control of rural and urban Northeastern adolescents, may be due to cultural distinctions in those areas. Results indicate <span class="hlt">region</span> is more closely associated than urbanicity with <span class="hlt">differences</span> in locus of control, with Western and Northeastern cultures seemingly fostering more internal control than Midwestern and Southern cultures. These findings contribute to research on spatial variation in a variety of psychological traits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4219594','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4219594"><span><span class="hlt">Region</span>-Urbanicity <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Locus of Control: Social Disadvantage, Structure, or Cultural Exceptionalism?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Shifrer, Dara; Sutton, April</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>People with internal rather than external locus of control experience better outcomes in multiple domains. Previous studies on spatial <span class="hlt">differences</span> in control within America only focused on the South, relied on aggregate level data or historical evidence, or did not account for other confounding <span class="hlt">regional</span> distinctions (such as variation in urbanicity). Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study, we find <span class="hlt">differences</span> in adolescents' loci of control depending on their <span class="hlt">region</span> and urbanicity are largely attributable to <span class="hlt">differences</span> in their social background, and only minimally to structural <span class="hlt">differences</span> (i.e., <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the qualities of adolescents' schools). <span class="hlt">Differences</span> that persist net of <span class="hlt">differences</span> across adolescents and their schools suggest the less internal control of rural Southern adolescents, and the more internal control of rural and urban Northeastern adolescents, may be due to cultural distinctions in those areas. Results indicate <span class="hlt">region</span> is more closely associated than urbanicity with <span class="hlt">differences</span> in locus of control, with Western and Northeastern cultures seemingly fostering more internal control than Midwestern and Southern cultures. These findings contribute to research on spatial variation in a variety of psychological traits. PMID:25382875</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29528451','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29528451"><span>Raman micro-spectroscopy analysis of <span class="hlt">different</span> sperm <span class="hlt">regions</span>: a species comparison.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Amaral, S; Da Costa, R; Wübbeling, F; Redmann, K; Schlatt, S</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Is Raman micro-spectroscopy a valid approach to assess the biochemical hallmarks of sperm <span class="hlt">regions</span> (head, midpiece and tail) in four <span class="hlt">different</span> species? Non-invasive Raman micro-spectroscopy provides spectral patterns enabling the biochemical characterization of the three sperm <span class="hlt">regions</span> in the four species, revealing however high similarities for each <span class="hlt">region</span> among species. Raman micro-spectroscopy has been described as an innovative method to assess sperm features having the potential to be used as a non-invasive selection tool. However, except for nuclear DNA, the identification and assignment of spectral bands in Raman-profiles to the <span class="hlt">different</span> sperm <span class="hlt">regions</span> is scarce and controversial. Raman spectra from head, midpiece and tail of four <span class="hlt">different</span> species were obtained. Sperm samples were collected and smeared on microscope slides. Air dried samples were subjected to Raman analysis using previously standardized procedures. Sperm samples from (i) two donors attending the infertility clinic at the Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology; (ii) two C57BL/6 -TgN (ACTbEGFP) 1Osb adult mice; (iii) two adult Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and (iv) two sea urchins (Arbacia punctulata) were used to characterize and compare their spectral profiles. <span class="hlt">Differences</span> and similarities were confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). Several novel <span class="hlt">region</span>-specific peaks were identified. The three <span class="hlt">regions</span> could be differentiated by distinctive Raman patterns irrespective of the species. However, regardless of the specie, their main spectral pattern remains mostly unchanged. These results were corroborated by the PCA analysis and suggest that the basic constituents of spermatozoa are biochemically similar among species. Further research should be performed in live sperm to validate the detected spectral bands and their use as markers of distinctive <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Raman peaks that have never been described in the sperm cell were detected. Particularly important are those that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17..774F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17..774F"><span>Object-based landslide detection in <span class="hlt">different</span> geographic <span class="hlt">regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Friedl, Barbara; Hölbling, Daniel; Eisank, Clemens; Blaschke, Thomas</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Landslides occur in almost all mountainous <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the world and rank among the most severe natural hazards. In the last decade - according to the world disaster report 2014 published by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IRFC) - more than 9.000 people were killed by mass movements, more than 3.2 million people were affected and the total amount of disaster estimated damage accounts to more than 1.700 million US dollars. The application of remote sensing data for mapping landslides can contribute to post-disaster reconstruction or hazard mitigation, either by providing rapid information about the spatial distribution and location of landslides in the aftermath of triggering events or by creating and updating landslide inventories. This is especially valid for remote and inaccessible areas, where information on landslides is often lacking. However, reliable methods are needed for extracting timely and relevant information about landslides from remote sensing data. In recent years, novel methods such as object-based image analysis (OBIA) have been successfully employed for semi-automated landslide mapping. Several studies revealed that OBIA frequently outperforms pixel-based approaches, as a range of image object properties (spectral, spatial, morphometric, contextual) can be exploited during the analysis. However, object-based methods are often tailored to specific study areas, and thus, the transferability to <span class="hlt">regions</span> with <span class="hlt">different</span> geological settings, is often limited. The present case study evaluates the transferability and applicability of an OBIA approach for landslide detection in two distinct <span class="hlt">regions</span>, i.e. the island of Taiwan and Austria. In Taiwan, sub-areas in the Baichi catchment in the North and in the Huaguoshan catchment in the southern-central part of the island are selected; in Austria, landslide-affected sites in the Upper Salzach catchment in the federal state of Salzburg are investigated. For both <span class="hlt">regions</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3474779','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3474779"><span>Soil Respiration in <span class="hlt">Different</span> Agricultural and Natural Ecosystems in an Arid <span class="hlt">Region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lai, Liming; Zhao, Xuechun; Jiang, Lianhe; Wang, Yongji; Luo, Liangguo; Zheng, Yuanrun; Chen, Xi; Rimmington, Glyn M.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The variation of <span class="hlt">different</span> ecosystems on the terrestrial carbon balance is predicted to be large. We investigated a typical arid <span class="hlt">region</span> with widespread saline/alkaline soils, and evaluated soil respiration of <span class="hlt">different</span> agricultural and natural ecosystems. Soil respiration for five ecosystems together with soil temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, soil electric conductivity and soil organic carbon content were investigated in the field. Comparing with the natural ecosystems, the mean seasonal soil respiration rates of the agricultural ecosystems were 96%–386% higher and agricultural ecosystems exhibited lower CO2 absorption by the saline/alkaline soil. Soil temperature and moisture together explained 48%, 86%, 84%, 54% and 54% of the seasonal variations of soil respiration in the five ecosystems, respectively. There was a significant negative relationship between soil respiration and soil electrical conductivity, but a weak correlation between soil respiration and soil pH or soil organic carbon content. Our results showed that soil CO2 emissions were significantly <span class="hlt">different</span> among <span class="hlt">different</span> agricultural and natural ecosystems, although we caution that this was an <span class="hlt">observational</span>, not manipulative, study. Temperature at the soil surface and electric conductivity were the main driving factors of soil respiration across the five ecosystems. Care should be taken when converting native vegetation into cropland from the point of view of greenhouse gas emissions. PMID:23082234</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10052655','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10052655"><span>Relationship between skin blood flow and sweating rate, and age related <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Inoue, Y; Shibasaki, M; Hirata, K; Araki, T</p> <p>1998-12-01</p> <p>To examine the mechanisms and <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the age-related decrement of skin blood flow, 11 young (age 20-25 years) and 10 older (age 64-76 years) men were exposed to a mild heat stress by immersing their feet and lower legs in water at 42 degrees C for 60 min, while they were sitting in near thermoneutral conditions [25 degrees C and 45% relative humidity (rh)]. During the equilibrium period (25 degrees C and 45% rh) before the heat test, no group <span class="hlt">differences</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in rectal (Tre) and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures or mean arterial pressure (MAP). During passive heating, Tsk was significantly lower in the older men 20 min after commencing exposure (P<0.001), although there were similar increases in Tre in both groups. Exposure time and age did not affect MAP. The local sweating rate (m(sw)) and the percentage change in skin blood flow by laser Doppler flowmetry (%LDF) relative to baseline values on the chest, back, forearm and thigh were significantly lower in the older men (P<0.001), especially on the thigh. After starting the heat exposure, three temporal phases were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the relationship between %LDF and m(sw) at most sites in each subject. In phase A, %LDF increased but with no increase in m(sw). In phase B, m(sw) increased but with no secondary increase in %LDF. Finally, in phase C, there were proportional increases in %LDF and m(sw). The increase in %LDF in phase A was significantly lower on the forearm and thigh (P<0.05) for the older men, but not on the chest and back. In phase C, the slopes of the regression lines between %LDF and m(sw) were lower for the older men on the back (P<0.03), forearm (P = 0.08) and thigh (P<0.03), but not on the chest. These results would suggest that the age-related decrement in skin blood flow in response to passive heating may be due in part to a smaller release of vasoconstrictor tone and to less active vasodilatation once sweating begins. <span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> exist in the impaired vasoconstriction</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7272C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.7272C"><span>Detection of <span class="hlt">different</span> reconnection <span class="hlt">regions</span> from kinetic simulations during island coalescence after asymmetric magnetic reconnection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cazzola, Emanuele; Berchem, Jean; Innocenti, Maria Elena; Goldman, Martin V.; Newman, David L.; Zhou, Meng; Lapenta, Giovanni</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>In this work we present new results from fully kinetic simulations of the magnetic islands coalescence dynamics after asymmetric magnetic reconnection. In a previous work, we have shown that three <span class="hlt">different</span> reconnection <span class="hlt">regions</span> can be identified when a new frame of reference based on the local magnetic field is set. These <span class="hlt">regions</span> were marked as X, D and M whether they describe, respectively, a traditional X-line event, an event between two diverging islands or an event between two merging islands [1, 2]. The results shown here extend the previous analysis to a more realistic regime, including a remarkable temperature transition across the current sheet. In particular, <span class="hlt">regions</span> X, D, and M are also <span class="hlt">observed</span> within this new regime, featuring yet new interesting characteristics. Special attention is given to the particles agyrotropic and anisotropic behavior as fundamental signatures for the detection of these <span class="hlt">regions</span> with satellites. These results are timely for the ongoing MMS mission, whose data from the magnetopause crossing are presently being analyzed. In fact, data revealed that an intense flux-ropes activity takes place in this <span class="hlt">region</span> of the magnetosphere, which makes the presence of this set of reconnection <span class="hlt">regions</span> highly expected. [1] Cazzola, E., et al. "On the electron dynamics during island coalescence in asymmetric magnetic reconnection." Physics of Plasmas (1994-present) 22.9 (2015): 092901. [2] Cazzola, E., et al. "On the electron agyrotropy during rapid asymmetric magnetic island coalescence in presence of a guide field." Geophysical Research Letters 43.15 (2016): 7840-7849.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22660958-undercover-euv-solar-jets-observed-interface-region-imaging-spectrograph','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22660958-undercover-euv-solar-jets-observed-interface-region-imaging-spectrograph"><span>UNDERCOVER EUV SOLAR JETS <span class="hlt">OBSERVED</span> BY THE INTERFACE <span class="hlt">REGION</span> IMAGING SPECTROGRAPH</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Chen, N.-H.; Innes, D. E.</p> <p></p> <p>It is well-known that extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission emitted at the solar surface is absorbed by overlying cool plasma. Especially in active <span class="hlt">regions</span>, dark lanes in EUV images suggest that much of the surface activity is obscured. Simultaneous <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the Interface <span class="hlt">Region</span> Imaging Spectrograph, consisting of UV spectra and slit-jaw images (SJI), give vital information with sub-arcsecond spatial resolution on the dynamics of jets not seen in EUV images. We studied a series of small jets from recently formed bipole pairs beside the trailing spot of active <span class="hlt">region</span> 11991, which occurred on 2014 March 5 from 15:02:21 UT tomore » 17:04:07 UT. Collimated outflows with bright roots were present in SJI 1400 Å (transition <span class="hlt">region</span>) and 2796 Å (upper chromosphere) that were mostly not seen in Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) 304 Å (transition <span class="hlt">region</span>) and AIA 171 Å (lower corona) images. The Si iv spectra show a strong blue wing enhancement, but no red wing, in the line profiles of the ejecta for all recurrent jets, indicating outward flows without twists. We see two types of Mg ii line profiles produced by the jets spires: reversed and non-reversed. Mg ii lines remain optically thick, but turn optically thin in the highly Doppler shifted wings. The energy flux contained in each recurrent jet is estimated using a velocity differential emission measure technique that measures the emitting power of the plasma as a function of the line-of-sight velocity. We found that all the recurrent jets release similar energy (10{sup 8} erg cm{sup −2} s{sup −1}) toward the corona and the downward component is less than 3%.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ThApC.132..515B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ThApC.132..515B"><span>Characteristics of sub-daily precipitation extremes in <span class="hlt">observed</span> data and <span class="hlt">regional</span> climate model simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Beranová, Romana; Kyselý, Jan; Hanel, Martin</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The study compares characteristics of <span class="hlt">observed</span> sub-daily precipitation extremes in the Czech Republic with those simulated by Hadley Centre <span class="hlt">Regional</span> Model version 3 (HadRM3) and Rossby Centre <span class="hlt">Regional</span> Atmospheric Model version 4 (RCA4) <span class="hlt">regional</span> climate models (RCMs) driven by reanalyses and examines diurnal cycles of hourly precipitation and their dependence on intensity and surface temperature. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> warm-season (May-September) maxima of short-duration (1, 2 and 3 h) amounts show one diurnal peak in the afternoon, which is simulated reasonably well by RCA4, although the peak occurs too early in the model. HadRM3 provides an unrealistic diurnal cycle with a nighttime peak and an afternoon minimum coinciding with the <span class="hlt">observed</span> maximum for all three ensemble members, which suggests that convection is not captured realistically. Distorted relationships of the diurnal cycles of hourly precipitation to daily maximum temperature in HadRM3 further evidence that underlying physical mechanisms are misrepresented in this RCM. Goodness-of-fit tests indicate that generalised extreme value distribution is an applicable model for both <span class="hlt">observed</span> and RCM-simulated precipitation maxima. However, the RCMs are not able to capture the range of the shape parameter estimates of distributions of short-duration precipitation maxima realistically, leading to either too many (nearly all for HadRM3) or too few (RCA4) grid boxes in which the shape parameter corresponds to a heavy tail. This means that the distributions of maxima of sub-daily amounts are distorted in the RCM-simulated data and do not match reality well. Therefore, projected changes of sub-daily precipitation extremes in climate change scenarios based on RCMs not resolving convection need to be interpreted with caution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020023811&hterms=by-product&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dby-product','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020023811&hterms=by-product&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dby-product"><span>EIT And SXT <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of a Quiet-<span class="hlt">Region</span> Filament Ejection: First Eruption, Then Reconnection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sterling, Alphonse C.; Moore, Ronald L.; Thompson, Barbara J.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>We <span class="hlt">observe</span> a slow-onset quiet-<span class="hlt">region</span> filament eruption with the Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) on Yohkoh. This event occurred on 1999 April 18 and was likely the origin of a coronal mass ejection detected by SOHO at 08:30 UT on that day. In the EIT <span class="hlt">observation</span>, one-half of the filament shows two stages of evolution: stage 1 is a slow, roughly constant upward movement at approximately 1 km/s lasting approximately 0.5 hr, and stage 2 is a rapid upward eruption at approximately 16 km/s occurring just before the filament disappears into interplanetary space. The other half of the filament shows little motion along the line of sight during the time of stage 1 but erupts along with the rest of the filament during stage 2. There is no obvious emission from the filament in the SXT <span class="hlt">observation</span> until stage 2; at that time, an arcade of EUV and soft X-ray loops forms first at the central location of the filament and then expands outward along the length of the filament channel. A plot of EUV intensity versus time of the central portion of the filament (where the postflare loops initially form) shows a flat profile during stage 1 and a rapid upturn after the start of stage 2. This light curve is delayed from what would be expected if 'tether-cutting' reconnection in the core of the erupting <span class="hlt">region</span> were responsible for the initiation of the eruption. Rather, these <span class="hlt">observations</span> suggest that a loss of stability of the magnetic field holding the filament initiates the eruption, with reconnection in the core <span class="hlt">region</span> occurring only as a by-product.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H23F1637K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H23F1637K"><span>Development of Innovative Technology to Expand Precipitation <span class="hlt">Observations</span> in Satellite Precipitation Validation in Under-developed Data-sparse <span class="hlt">Regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kucera, P. A.; Steinson, M.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Accurate and reliable real-time monitoring and dissemination of <span class="hlt">observations</span> of precipitation and surface weather conditions in general is critical for a variety of research studies and applications. Surface precipitation <span class="hlt">observations</span> provide important reference information for evaluating satellite (e.g., GPM) precipitation estimates. High quality surface <span class="hlt">observations</span> of precipitation, temperature, moisture, and winds are important for applications such as agriculture, water resource monitoring, health, and hazardous weather early warning systems. In many <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the World, surface weather station and precipitation gauge networks are sparsely located and/or of poor quality. Existing stations have often been sited incorrectly, not well-maintained, and have limited communications established at the site for real-time monitoring. The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), with support from USAID, has started an initiative to develop and deploy low-cost weather instrumentation including tipping bucket and weighing-type precipitation gauges in sparsely <span class="hlt">observed</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the world. The goal is to improve the number of <span class="hlt">observations</span> (temporally and spatially) for the evaluation of satellite precipitation estimates in data-sparse <span class="hlt">regions</span> and to improve the quality of applications for environmental monitoring and early warning alert systems on a <span class="hlt">regional</span> to global scale. One important aspect of this initiative is to make the data open to the community. The weather station instrumentation have been developed using innovative new technologies such as 3D printers, Raspberry Pi computing systems, and wireless communications. An initial pilot project have been implemented in the country of Zambia. This effort could be expanded to other data sparse <span class="hlt">regions</span> around the globe. The presentation will provide an overview and demonstration of 3D printed weather station development and initial evaluation of <span class="hlt">observed</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A54C2739K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.A54C2739K"><span>Nature Run for the North Atlantic Ocean Hurricane <span class="hlt">Region</span>: System Evaluation and <span class="hlt">Regional</span> Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kourafalou, V.; Androulidakis, I.; Halliwell, G. R., Jr.; Kang, H.; Mehari, M. F.; Atlas, R. M.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>A prototype ocean <span class="hlt">Observing</span> System Simulation Experiments (OSSE) system, first developed and data validated in the Gulf of Mexico, has been applied on the extended North Atlantic Ocean hurricane <span class="hlt">region</span>. The main objectives of this study are: a) to contribute toward a fully relocatable ocean OSSE system by expanding the Gulf of Mexico OSSE to the North Atlantic Ocean; b) demonstrate and quantify improvements in hurricane forecasting when the ocean component of coupled hurricane models is advanced through targeted <span class="hlt">observations</span> and assimilation. The system is based on the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and has been applied on a 1/250 Mercator mesh for the free-running Nature Run (NR) and on a 1/120 Mercator mesh for the data assimilative forecast model (FM). A "fraternal twin" system is employed, using two <span class="hlt">different</span> realizations for NR and FM, each configured to produce substantially <span class="hlt">different</span> physics and truncation errors. The NR has been evaluated using a variety of available <span class="hlt">observations</span>, such as from AVISO, GDEM climatology and GHRSST <span class="hlt">observations</span>, plus specific <span class="hlt">regional</span> products (upper ocean profiles from air-borne instruments, surface velocity maps derived from the historical drifter data set and tropical cyclone heat potential maps derived from altimetry <span class="hlt">observations</span>). The utility of the OSSE system to advance the knowledge of <span class="hlt">regional</span> air-sea interaction processes related to hurricane activity is demonstrated in the Amazon <span class="hlt">region</span> (salinity induced surface barrier layer) and the Gulf Stream <span class="hlt">region</span> (hurricane impact on the Gulf Stream extension).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870060952&hterms=high+current+electron+beam&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dhigh%2Bcurrent%2Belectron%2Bbeam','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870060952&hterms=high+current+electron+beam&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dhigh%2Bcurrent%2Belectron%2Bbeam"><span>DE 1 <span class="hlt">observations</span> of theta aurora plasma source <span class="hlt">regions</span> and Birkeland current charge carriers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Menietti, J. D.; Burch, J. L.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>Detailed analyses of the DE 1 high-altitude plasma instrument electron and ion data have been performed for four passes during which theta auroras were <span class="hlt">observed</span>. The data indicate that the theta auroras occur on what appear to be closed field lines with particle signatures and plasma parameters that are quite similar to those of the magnetospheric boundary plasma sheet. The field-aligned currents computed from particle fluxes in the energy range 18-13 keV above the theta auroras are <span class="hlt">observed</span> to be generally downward on the dawnside of the arcs with a narrower <span class="hlt">region</span> of larger (higher density) upward currents on the duskside of the arcs. These currents are carried predominantly by field-aligned beams of accelerated cold electrons. Of particualr interest in <span class="hlt">regions</span> of upward field-aligned current are downward electron beams at energies less than the inferred potential drop above the spacecraft.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A12E..06X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.A12E..06X"><span>HONO and Inorganic Fine Particle Composition in Typical Monsoon <span class="hlt">Region</span> with Intensive Anthropogenic Emission: In-situ <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and Source Identification.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xie, Y.; Nie, W.; Ding, A.; Huang, X.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is one of the most typical monsoon area with probably the most largest population intensity in the world. With sharply economic development and the large anthropogenic emissions, fine particle pollution have been one of the major air quality problem and may further have impact on the climate system. Though a lot of control policy (sulfur emission have been decreasing from 2007) have been conducted in the <span class="hlt">region</span>, studies showed the sulfate in fine particles still take major fraction as the nitrate from nitrogen oxides increased significantly. In this study, the role of inorganic chemical compositions in fine particles was investigated with two years in-situ <span class="hlt">observation</span>. Sulfate and Nitrate contribute to fine particle mass equally in general, but sulfate contributes more during summer and nitrate played more important role in winter. Using lagrangian dispersion backward modeling and source contribution clustering method, the impact of airmass coming from <span class="hlt">different</span> source <span class="hlt">region</span> (industrial, dust, biogenic emissions, etc) on fine particle inorganic compositions were discussed. Furthermore, we found two unique cases showing in-situ implications for sulfate formation by nitrogen dioxide oxidation mechanisms. It was showed that the mixing of anthropogenic pollutants with long-range transported mineral dust and biomass burning plume would enhance the sulfate formation by <span class="hlt">different</span> chemistry mechanisms. This study focus on the complex aspects of fine particle formation in airmasses from <span class="hlt">different</span> source <span class="hlt">regions</span>: . It highlights the effect of NOx in enhancing the atmospheric oxidization capacity and indicates a potentially very important impact of increasing NOx on air pollution formation and <span class="hlt">regional</span> climate change in East Asia.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760034466&hterms=Krieger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DKrieger','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760034466&hterms=Krieger&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3DKrieger"><span>A comparison of coronal X-ray structures of active <span class="hlt">regions</span> with magnetic fields computed from photospheric <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Poletto, G.; Vaiana, G. S.; Zombeck, M. V.; Krieger, A. S.; Timothy, A. F.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>The appearances of several X-ray active <span class="hlt">regions</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> on March 7, 1970 and June 15, 1973 are compared with the corresponding coronal magnetic-field topology. Coronal fields have been computed from measurements of the longitudinal component of the underlying magnetic fields, based on the current-free hypothesis. An overall correspondence between X-ray structures and calculated field lines is established, and the magnetic counterparts of <span class="hlt">different</span> X-ray features are also examined. A correspondence between enhanced X-ray emission and the location of compact closed field lines is suggested. Representative magnetic-field values calculated under the assumption of current-free fields are given for heights up to 200 sec.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM13B2370A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSM13B2370A"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of wave-particle interactions in the flux pile-up <span class="hlt">region</span> of asymmetric reconnection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Argall, M. R.; Paulson, K. W.; Ahmadi, N.; Matsui, H.; Torbert, R. B.; Alm, L.; Le Contel, O.; Khotyaintsev, Y. V.; Wilder, F. D.; Turner, D. L.; Strangeway, R. J.; Schwartz, S. J.; Magnes, W.; Giles, B. L.; Lindqvist, P. A.; Ergun, R.; Mauk, B.; Leonard, T. W.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Recent <span class="hlt">observations</span> have shown electron energization to >100keV with simultaneous whistler wave activity in the vicinity of the dayside reconnection site. We investigate one possible mechanism for producing these energetic particles. Counter-streaming electrons from the magnetosphere enter the diffusion <span class="hlt">region</span> and are scattered to all pitch angles (PAs) by strong field-line curvature. As the electrons flow outward into the exhaust, they remagnetize and are focused toward 90° at mirror points within the flux pile-up <span class="hlt">region</span>. This effect, combined with heating mechanisms in the EDR, produces a temperature anisotropy, while the weak magnetic field lowers the resonant energy into the bulk energy of the plasma. In the end, whistler waves are produced near 100Hz with a wave normal angle of 20°. Simultaneous with the waves, the Electron Drift Instrument <span class="hlt">observes</span> particle flux modulations of 0° and 180° PA, 500 eV electrons. Multi-spacecraft analysis and Liouville mapping techniques allow us to determine the parallel wave current, potential, and associated energy dissipation. Bursts of 100keV electrons are <span class="hlt">observed</span> and may interact with the whistler waves.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4354582','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4354582"><span>Measurements of the thermal coefficient of optical attenuation at <span class="hlt">different</span> depth <span class="hlt">regions</span> of in vivo human skins using optical coherence tomography: a pilot study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Su, Ya; Yao, X. Steve; Li, Zhihong; Meng, Zhuo; Liu, Tiegen; Wang, Longzhi</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>We present detailed measurement results of optical attenuation’s thermal coefficients (referenced to the temperature of the skin surface) in <span class="hlt">different</span> depth <span class="hlt">regions</span> of in vivo human forearm skins using optical coherence tomography (OCT). We first design a temperature control module with an integrated optical probe to precisely control the surface temperature of a section of human skin. We propose a method of using the correlation map to identify <span class="hlt">regions</span> in the skin having strong correlations with the surface temperature of the skin and find that the attenuation coefficient in these <span class="hlt">regions</span> closely follows the variation of the surface temperature without any hysteresis. We <span class="hlt">observe</span> a negative thermal coefficient of attenuation in the epidermis. While in dermis, the slope signs of the thermal coefficient of attenuation are <span class="hlt">different</span> at <span class="hlt">different</span> depth <span class="hlt">regions</span> for a particular subject, however, the depth <span class="hlt">regions</span> with a positive (or negative) slope are <span class="hlt">different</span> in <span class="hlt">different</span> subjects. We further find that the magnitude of the thermal coefficient of attenuation coefficient is greater in epidermis than in dermis. We believe the knowledge of such thermal properties of skins is important for several noninvasive diagnostic applications, such as OCT glucose monitoring, and the method demonstrated in this paper is effective in studying the optical and biological properties in <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of skin. PMID:25780740</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...845...30M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...845...30M"><span>Structure and Dynamics of Cool Flare Loops <span class="hlt">Observed</span> by the Interface <span class="hlt">Region</span> Imaging Spectrograph</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mikuła, K.; Heinzel, P.; Liu, W.; Berlicki, A.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Flare loops were well <span class="hlt">observed</span> with the Interface <span class="hlt">Region</span> Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) during the gradual phase of two solar flares on 2014 March 29 and 2015 June 22. Cool flare loops are visible in various spectral lines formed at chromospheric and transition-<span class="hlt">region</span> temperatures and exhibit large downflows which correspond to the standard scenario. The principal aim of this work is to analyze the structure and dynamics of cool flare loops <span class="hlt">observed</span> in Mg II lines. Synthetic profiles of the Mg II h line are computed using the classical cloud model and assuming a uniform background intensity. In this paper, we study novel IRIS NUV <span class="hlt">observations</span> of such loops in Mg II h and k lines and also show the behavior of hotter lines detected in the FUV channel. We obtained the spatial evolution of the velocities: near the loop top, the flow velocities are small and they are increasing toward the loop legs. Moreover, from slit-jaw image (SJI) movies, we <span class="hlt">observe</span> some plasma upflows into the loops, which are also detectable in Mg II spectra. The brightness of the loops systematically decreases with increasing flow velocity, and we ascribe this to the effect of Doppler dimming, which works for Mg II lines. Emission profiles of Mg II were found to be extremely broad, and we explain this through the large unresolved non-thermal motions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663283-structure-dynamics-cool-flare-loops-observed-interface-region-imaging-spectrograph','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663283-structure-dynamics-cool-flare-loops-observed-interface-region-imaging-spectrograph"><span>Structure and Dynamics of Cool Flare Loops <span class="hlt">Observed</span> by the Interface <span class="hlt">Region</span> Imaging Spectrograph</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mikuła, K.; Berlicki, A.; Heinzel, P.</p> <p></p> <p>Flare loops were well <span class="hlt">observed</span> with the Interface <span class="hlt">Region</span> Imaging Spectrograph ( IRIS ) during the gradual phase of two solar flares on 2014 March 29 and 2015 June 22. Cool flare loops are visible in various spectral lines formed at chromospheric and transition-<span class="hlt">region</span> temperatures and exhibit large downflows which correspond to the standard scenario. The principal aim of this work is to analyze the structure and dynamics of cool flare loops <span class="hlt">observed</span> in Mg ii lines. Synthetic profiles of the Mg ii h line are computed using the classical cloud model and assuming a uniform background intensity. In thismore » paper, we study novel IRIS NUV <span class="hlt">observations</span> of such loops in Mg ii h and k lines and also show the behavior of hotter lines detected in the FUV channel. We obtained the spatial evolution of the velocities: near the loop top, the flow velocities are small and they are increasing toward the loop legs. Moreover, from slit-jaw image (SJI) movies, we <span class="hlt">observe</span> some plasma upflows into the loops, which are also detectable in Mg ii spectra. The brightness of the loops systematically decreases with increasing flow velocity, and we ascribe this to the effect of Doppler dimming, which works for Mg ii lines. Emission profiles of Mg ii were found to be extremely broad, and we explain this through the large unresolved non-thermal motions.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28631074','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28631074"><span>No <span class="hlt">difference</span> in mitochondrial distribution is <span class="hlt">observed</span> in human oocytes after cryopreservation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Stimpfel, Martin; Vrtacnik-Bokal, Eda; Virant-Klun, Irma</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The primary aim of this study was to determine if any <span class="hlt">difference</span> in mitochondrial distribution can be <span class="hlt">observed</span> between fresh and cryopreserved (slow-frozen/thawed and vitrified/warmed) oocytes when oocytes are stained with Mitotracker Red CMXRos and <span class="hlt">observed</span> under a conventional fluorescent microscope. Additionally, the influence of cryopreservation procedure on the viable rates of oocytes at <span class="hlt">different</span> maturation stages was evaluated. The germinal vesicle (GV) and MII oocytes were cryopreserved with slow-freezing and vitrification. After thawing/warming, oocytes were stained using Mitotracker Red CMXRos and <span class="hlt">observed</span> under a conventional fluorescent microscope. Mitotracker staining revealed that in GV oocytes the pattern of mitochondrial distribution appeared as aggregated clusters around the whole oocyte. In mature MII oocytes, three <span class="hlt">different</span> patterns of mitochondrial distribution were <span class="hlt">observed</span>; a smooth pattern around the polar body with aggregated clusters at the opposite side of the polar body, a smooth pattern throughout the whole cell, and aggregated clusters as can be seen in GV oocytes. There were no significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the <span class="hlt">observed</span> patterns between fresh, vitrified/warmed and frozen/thawed oocytes. When comparing the viable rates of oocytes after two <span class="hlt">different</span> cryopreservation procedures, the results showed no significant <span class="hlt">differences</span>, although the trend of viable MII oocytes tends to be higher after vitrification/warming and for viable GV oocytes it tends to be higher after slow-freezing/thawing. Mitotracker Red CMXRos staining of mitochondria in oocytes did not reveal <span class="hlt">differences</span> in mitochondrial distribution between fresh and cryopreserved oocytes at <span class="hlt">different</span> maturity stages. Additionally, no <span class="hlt">difference</span> was <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the viable rates of GV and MII oocytes after slow-freezing/thawing and vitrification/warming.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1813677F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1813677F"><span>Response of <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regional</span> online coupled models to aerosol-radiation interactions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Forkel, Renate; Balzarini, Alessandra; Brunner, Dominik; Baró, Rocio; Curci, Gabriele; Hirtl, Marcus; Honzak, Luka; Jiménez-Guerrero, Pedro; Jorba, Oriol; Pérez, Juan L.; Pirovano, Guido; San José, Roberto; Schröder, Wolfram; Tuccella, Paolo; Werhahn, Johannes; Wolke, Ralf; Žabkar, Rahela</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The importance of aerosol-meteorology interactions and their representation in online coupled <span class="hlt">regional</span> atmospheric chemistry-meteorology models was investigated in COST Action ES1004 (EuMetChem, http://eumetchem.info/). Case study results from <span class="hlt">different</span> models (COSMO-Muscat, COSMO-ART, and <span class="hlt">different</span> configurations of WRF-Chem), which were applied for Europe as a coordinated exercise for the year 2010, are analyzed with respect to inter-model variability and the response of the <span class="hlt">different</span> models to direct and indirect aerosol-radiation interactions. The main focus was on two episodes - the Russian heat wave and wildfires episode in July/August 2010 and a period in October 2010 with enhanced cloud cover and rain and including an of Saharan dust transport to Europe. Looking at physical plausibility the decrease in downward solar radiation and daytime temperature due to the direct aerosol effect is robust for all model configurations. The same holds for the pronounced decrease in cloud water content and increase in solar radiation for cloudy conditions and very low aerosol concentrations that was found for WRF-Chem when aerosol cloud interactions were considered. However, when the <span class="hlt">differences</span> were tested for statistical significance no significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in mean solar radiation and mean temperature between the baseline case and the simulations including the direct and indirect effect from simulated aerosol concentrations were found over Europe for the October episode. Also for the fire episode <span class="hlt">differences</span> between mean temperature and radiation from the simulations with and without the direct aerosol effect were not significant for the major part of the modelling domain. Only for the <span class="hlt">region</span> with high fire emissions in Russia, the <span class="hlt">differences</span> in mean solar radiation and temperature due to the direct effect were found to be significant during the second half of the fire episode - however only for a significance level of 0.1. The few <span class="hlt">observational</span> data indicate that</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28443575','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28443575"><span>The Time in Therapeutic Range and Bleeding Complications of Warfarin in <span class="hlt">Different</span> Geographic <span class="hlt">Regions</span> of Turkey: A Subgroup Analysis of WARFARIN-TR Study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kılıç, Salih; Çelik, Ahmet; Çakmak, Hüseyin Altuğ; Afşin, Abdülmecit; Tekkeşin, Ahmet İlker; Açıksarı, Gönül; Memetoğlu, Mehmet Erdem; Özpamuk Karadeniz, Fatma; Şahan, Ekrem; Alıcı, Mehmet Hayri; Dereli, Yüksel; Sinan, Ümit Yaşar; Zoghi, Mehdi</p> <p>2017-08-04</p> <p>The time in therapeutic range values may vary between <span class="hlt">different</span> geographical <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Turkey in patients vitamin K antagonist therapy. To evaluate the time in therapeutic range percentages, efficacy, safety and awareness of warfarin according to the <span class="hlt">different</span> geographical <span class="hlt">regions</span> in patients who participated in the WARFARIN-TR study (The Awareness, Efficacy, Safety and Time in Therapeutic Range of Warfarin in the Turkish population) in Turkey. Cross-sectional study. The WARFARIN-TR study includes 4987 patients using warfarin and involved regular international normalized ratio monitoring between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2014. Patients attended follow-ups for 12 months. The sample size calculations were analysed according to the density of the <span class="hlt">regional</span> population and according to Turkish Statistical Institute data. The time in therapeutic range was calculated according to F.R. Roosendaal's algorithm. Awareness was evaluated based on the patients' knowledge of the effect of warfarin and food-drug interactions with simple questions developed based on a literature review. The Turkey-wide time in therapeutic range was reported as 49.5%±22.9 in the WARFARIN-TR study. There were statistically significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> between <span class="hlt">regions</span> in terms of time in therapeutic range (p>0.001). The highest rate was reported in the Marmara <span class="hlt">region</span> (54.99%±20.91) and the lowest was in the South-eastern Anatolia <span class="hlt">region</span> (41.95±24.15) (p>0.001). Bleeding events were most frequently seen in Eastern Anatolia (41.6%), with major bleeding in the Aegean <span class="hlt">region</span> (5.11%) and South-eastern Anatolia (5.36%). There were statistically significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> between the <span class="hlt">regions</span> in terms of awareness (p>0.001). Statistically significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in terms of the efficacy, safety and awareness of warfarin therapy according to <span class="hlt">different</span> geographical <span class="hlt">regions</span> in Turkey.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29554557','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29554557"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the composition of Fusarium Head Blight pathogens and mycotoxins associated with wheat in Mexico.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cerón-Bustamante, Minely; Ward, Todd J; Kelly, Amy; Vaughan, Martha M; McCormick, Susan P; Cowger, Christina; Leyva-Mir, Santos G; Villaseñor-Mir, Héctor E; Ayala-Escobar, Victoria; Nava-Díaz, Cristian</p> <p>2018-05-20</p> <p>Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is a destructive disease of small grain cereals and a major food safety concern. Epidemics result in substantial yield losses, reduction in crop quality, and contamination of grains with trichothecenes and other mycotoxins. A number of <span class="hlt">different</span> fusaria can cause FHB, and there are significant <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the occurrence and prevalence of FHB pathogen species and their associated mycotoxins. Information on FHB pathogen and mycotoxin diversity in Mexico has been extremely limited, but is needed to improve disease and mycotoxin control efforts. To address this, we used a combination of DNA sequence-based methods and in-vitro toxin analyses to characterize FHB isolates collected from symptomatic wheat in Mexico during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Among 116 Fusarium isolates, we identified five species complexes including nine named Fusarium species and 30 isolates representing unnamed or potentially novel species. Significant <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> (P < 0.001) in pathogen composition were <span class="hlt">observed</span>, with F. boothii accounting for >90% of isolates from the Mixteca <span class="hlt">region</span> in southern Mexico, whereas F. avenaceum and related members of the F. tricinctum species complex (FTSC) accounted for nearly 75% of isolates from the Highlands <span class="hlt">region</span> in Central Mexico. F. graminearum, which is the dominant FHB pathogen in other parts of North America, was not present among the isolates from Mexico. F. boothii isolates had the 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol toxin type, and some of the minor FHB species produced trichothecenes, such as nivalenol, T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol. None of the FTSC isolates tested was able to produce trichothecenes, but many produced chlamydosporol and enniatin B. Published by Elsevier B.V.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcASn..57..504W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcASn..57..504W"><span>Constraining Cosmological Models with <span class="hlt">Different</span> <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wei, J. J.</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>With the <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), scientists discovered that the Universe is experiencing an accelerated expansion, and then revealed the existence of dark energy in 1998. Since the amazing discovery, cosmology has became a hot topic in the physical research field. Cosmology is a subject that strongly depends on the astronomical <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Therefore, constraining <span class="hlt">different</span> cosmological models with all kinds of <span class="hlt">observations</span> is one of the most important research works in the modern cosmology. The goal of this thesis is to investigate cosmology using the latest <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> include SNe Ia, Type Ic Super Luminous supernovae (SLSN Ic), Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), angular diameter distance of galaxy cluster, strong gravitational lensing, and age measurements of old passive galaxies, etc. In Chapter 1, we briefly review the research background of cosmology, and introduce some cosmological models. Then we summarize the progress on cosmology from all kinds of <span class="hlt">observations</span> in more details. In Chapter 2, we present the results of our studies on the supernova cosmology. The main difficulty with the use of SNe Ia as standard candles is that one must optimize three or four nuisance parameters characterizing SN luminosities simultaneously with the parameters of an expansion model of the Universe. We have confirmed that one should optimize all of the parameters by carrying out the method of maximum likelihood estimation in any situation where the parameters include an unknown intrinsic dispersion. The commonly used method, which estimates the dispersion by requiring the reduced χ^{2} to equal unity, does not take into account all possible variances among the parameters. We carry out such a comparison of the standard ΛCDM cosmology and the R_{h}=ct Universe using the SN Legacy Survey sample of 252 SN events, and show that each model fits its individually reduced data very well. Moreover, it is quite evident that SLSNe Ic may be useful</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2078236','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2078236"><span>Temporally Graded Activation of Neocortical <span class="hlt">Regions</span> in Response to Memories of <span class="hlt">Different</span> Ages</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Woodard, John L.; Seidenberg, Michael; Nielson, Kristy A.; Miller, Sarah K.; Franczak, Malgorzata; Antuono, Piero; Douville, Kelli L.; Rao, Stephen M.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The temporally graded memory impairment seen in many neurobehavioral disorders implies <span class="hlt">different</span> neuroanatomical pathways and/or cognitive mechanisms involved in storage and retrieval of memories of <span class="hlt">different</span> ages. A dynamic interaction between medial-temporal and neocortical brain <span class="hlt">regions</span> has been proposed to account for memory’s greater permanence with time. Despite considerable debate concerning its time-dependent role in memory retrieval, medial-temporal lobe activity has been well studied. However, the relative participation of neocortical <span class="hlt">regions</span> in recent and remote memory retrieval has received much less attention. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we demonstrate robust, temporally graded signal <span class="hlt">differences</span> in posterior cingulate, right middle frontal, right fusiform, and left middle temporal <span class="hlt">regions</span> in healthy older adults during famous name identification from two disparate time epochs. Importantly, no neocortical <span class="hlt">regions</span> demonstrated greater response to older than to recent stimuli. Our results suggest a possible role of these neocortical <span class="hlt">regions</span> in temporally dating items in memory and in establishing and maintaining memory traces throughout the lifespan. Theoretical implications of these findings for the two dominant models of remote memory functioning (Consolidation Theory and Multiple Trace Theory) are discussed. PMID:17583988</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.A43G..01A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.A43G..01A"><span>Transport and Chemical Production of Ozone in the East Asian Pacific Rim <span class="hlt">Region</span>: -Modeling Study Based on <span class="hlt">Observation</span>-</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Akimoto, H.; Li, J.; Wang, Z.; Yamaji, K.; Pochanart, P.; Ohara, T.; Uno, I.; Gao, C.; Wang, X.; Tanimoto, H.; Kurokawa, J.</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>Form satellite <span class="hlt">observational</span> data, east-central China covering the North China Plain (NCP) and Yanzi Delta (YZD) has been identified as the most widely spread source area of air pollutants in the East Asian Pacific <span class="hlt">region</span>. In order to quantify transport and chemical production of ozone in this <span class="hlt">region</span>, both of <span class="hlt">observational</span> and modeling studies in both of source and outflow <span class="hlt">region</span> are necessary. In the present study, we investigated the budgets of ozone over East Asia by using <span class="hlt">regional</span> chemical transport models (NAQPMS and CMAQ) based on <span class="hlt">observations</span> at newly founded three mountain sites (Mt. Tai, Hua and Huang) in east-central China, and several sites from EANET and <span class="hlt">regional</span> WMO/GAW. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> show that a striking pattern of two sharp high ozone peaks in May-June and September-October at the three mountain sites. The budget analysis by the model confirms that maximum of net photochemical ozone production reaches 31.8, 15.1 and 11.4 ppb/day at Mt. Tai, Hua and Huang, respectively. The net chemical production dominates the formation of ozone maximum at Mt. Tai and Hua in June, and the importing transport also plays a comparable importance at Mt. Huang. In the outflow <span class="hlt">region</span> at Oki, Japan, transport of ozone produced by East Asian emissions accounts up to 21 ppb in summer but less than 3 ppb in winter agreeing with the model analysis. The contribution of ozone due to East Asian emission is the largest (53.6%) in July-August, and somewhat smaller in May-June (34.0%) and September-October (30.7%) on the transect between Japan and the Asian continent.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.4103M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClDy...50.4103M"><span>The performance of RegCM4 over the Central America and Caribbean <span class="hlt">region</span> using <span class="hlt">different</span> cumulus parameterizations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Martínez-Castro, Daniel; Vichot-Llano, Alejandro; Bezanilla-Morlot, Arnoldo; Centella-Artola, Abel; Campbell, Jayaka; Giorgi, Filippo; Viloria-Holguin, Cecilia C.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>A sensitivity study of the performance of the RegCM4 <span class="hlt">regional</span> climate model driven by the ERA Interim reanalysis is conducted for the Central America and Caribbean <span class="hlt">region</span>. A set of numerical experiments are completed using four configurations of the model, with a horizontal grid spacing of 25 km for a period of 6 years (1998-2003), using three of the convective parameterization schemes implemented in the model, the Emanuel scheme, the Grell over land-Emanuel over ocean scheme and two configurations of the Tiedtke scheme. The objective of the study is to investigate the ability of each configuration to reproduce <span class="hlt">different</span> characteristics of the temperature, circulation and precipitation fields for the dry and rainy seasons. All schemes simulate the general temperature and precipitation patterns over land reasonably well, with relatively high correlations compared to <span class="hlt">observation</span> datasets, though in specific <span class="hlt">regions</span> there are positive or negative biases, greater in the rainy season. We also focus on some circulation features relevant for the <span class="hlt">region</span>, such as the Caribbean low level jet and sea breeze circulations over islands, which are simulated by the model with varied performance across the <span class="hlt">different</span> configurations. We find that no model configuration assessed is best performing for all the analysis criteria selected, but the Tiedtke configurations, which include the capability of tuning in particular the exchanges between cloud and environment air, provide the most balanced range of biases across variables, with no outstanding systematic bias emerging.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC31H1200S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC31H1200S"><span>Long-term active-layer dynamics: results of 22 years of field <span class="hlt">observations</span> in Northern Hemisphere permafrost <span class="hlt">regions</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shiklomanov, N. I.; Nelson, F. E.; Streletskiy, D. A.; Klene, A. E.; Biskaborn, B. K.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The uppermost layer of seasonal thawing above permafrost (the active layer) is an important regulator of energy and mass fluxes between the surface and the atmosphere in the polar <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Active layer monitoring is an important component of efforts to assess the effects of global change in permafrost environments. The Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program, established in the early 1990s, is designed to <span class="hlt">observe</span> temporal and spatial variability of the active layer and its response to changes and variations in climatic conditions. The CALM network is an integral part of the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P), operating under the auspices of the Global Terrestrial <span class="hlt">Observing</span> System (GTOS) /Global Climate <span class="hlt">Observing</span> System (GCOS). Standardized thaw depth <span class="hlt">observations</span> in the Northern Hemisphere are available for more than 200 GTN-P/CALM sites in the Northern Hemisphere. At each of the sites spatially distributed ALT measurements have been conducted annually by mechanical probing. The locations of sites represent generalized surface and subsurface conditions characteristic of broader <span class="hlt">regions</span>. The data are assimilated and distributed though the CALM (www.gwu.edu/ calm) and GTN-P (gtnpdatabase.org) online databases. In this presentation we use data from approximately 20 years of continuous <span class="hlt">observations</span> to examine temporal trends in active-layer thickness for several representative Arctic <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Results indicate substantial interannual fluctuations in active-layer thickness, primarily in response to variations in air temperature. Decadal trends in ALT vary by <span class="hlt">region</span>. A progressive increase in ALT has been <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the Nordic countries, the Russian European North, West Siberia, East Siberia, the Russian Far East, and the Interior of Alaska. North American Arctic sites show no apparent thaw depth trend over 22-years of record. However, combined active layer, ground temperature and heave/subsidence <span class="hlt">observations</span> conducted in northern Alaska</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3769822','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3769822"><span>Mycoplasmas hyorhinis in <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of cuba. diagnosis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lobo, Evelyn; Poveda, Carlos; Gupta, Rakesh; Suarez, Alejandro; Hernández, Yenney; Ramírez, Ana; Poveda, José B.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>M. hyorhinis is considered one of the etiological agents of arthritis in sucking pigs, but recently as seen, some strains can produce pneumonia that could not be distinguished from the mycoplasmosis caused by M. hyopneumoniae. The study was conducted to research the presence of Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis ) in <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the country from exudates of pig lungs with typical EP lesions. Exudates from 280 pig lungs with typical EP lesions were studied using molecular techniques such as PCR, real time PCR and amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA. It was detected that the 66% of the samples studied resulted positive to M. hyorhinis, and the presence of this species was detected in all the provinces. Amplification and studies on the intergenic <span class="hlt">region</span> 16S-23S of M. hyorhinis rRNA demonstrated the existing variability among strains of a same species. This study is the first report on M. hyorhinis detection in Cuba. PMID:24031686</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1057352-analysis-cloud-resolving-simulations-tropical-mesoscale-convective-system-observed-during-twp-ice-vertical-fluxes-draft-properties-convective-stratiform-regions','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1057352-analysis-cloud-resolving-simulations-tropical-mesoscale-convective-system-observed-during-twp-ice-vertical-fluxes-draft-properties-convective-stratiform-regions"><span>Analysis of Cloud-resolving Simulations of a Tropical Mesoscale Convective System <span class="hlt">Observed</span> during TWP-ICE: Vertical Fluxes and Draft Properties in Convective and Stratiform <span class="hlt">Regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Mrowiec, Agnieszka A.; Rio, Catherine; Fridlind, Ann</p> <p>2012-10-02</p> <p>We analyze three cloud-resolving model simulations of a strong convective event <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the TWP-ICE campaign, <span class="hlt">differing</span> in dynamical core, microphysical scheme or both. Based on simulated and <span class="hlt">observed</span> radar reflectivity, simulations roughly reproduce <span class="hlt">observed</span> convective and stratiform precipitating areas. To identify the characteristics of convective and stratiform drafts that are difficult to <span class="hlt">observe</span> but relevant to climate model parameterization, independent vertical wind speed thresholds are calculated to capture 90% of total convective and stratiform updraft and downdraft mass fluxes. Convective updrafts are fairly consistent across simulations (likely owing to fixed large-scale forcings and surface conditions), except that hydrometeor loadingsmore » <span class="hlt">differ</span> substantially. Convective downdraft and stratiform updraft and downdraft mass fluxes vary notably below the melting level, but share similar vertically uniform draft velocities despite <span class="hlt">differing</span> hydrometeor loadings. All identified convective and stratiform downdrafts contain precipitation below ~10 km and nearly all updrafts are cloudy above the melting level. Cold pool properties diverge substantially in a manner that is consistent with convective downdraft mass flux <span class="hlt">differences</span> below the melting level. Despite <span class="hlt">differences</span> in hydrometeor loadings and cold pool properties, convective updraft and downdraft mass fluxes are linearly correlated with convective area, the ratio of ice in downdrafts to that in updrafts is ~0.5 independent of species, and the ratio of downdraft to updraft mass flux is ~0.5-0.6, which may represent a minimum evaporation efficiency under moist conditions. Hydrometeor loading in stratiform <span class="hlt">regions</span> is found to be a fraction of hydrometeor loading in convective <span class="hlt">regions</span> that ranges from ~10% (graupel) to ~90% (cloud ice). These findings may lead to improved convection parameterizations.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020070658&hterms=GMT&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DGMT','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020070658&hterms=GMT&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DGMT"><span>Large 0/12 GMT <span class="hlt">Differences</span> of US Vaisala RS80 <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Redder, Chris; Atlas, Robert (Technical Monitor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>The daily <span class="hlt">differences</span> between the temperatures and heights taken at 0 GMT and 12 GMT by Vaisala RS80 rawinsondes have been calculated. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> were obtained during selected months from 1998 - 2002 over North America, Europe and Australia. The daily <span class="hlt">differences</span> are defined by the formula, Delta T = Delta T(sub 0) - 0.5(T(sub -12) - T(sub +12)) where AT is the 0/12 GMT <span class="hlt">difference</span>, T(sub 0) is the 0 GMT <span class="hlt">observation</span> and T(sub -12) and T(sub +12) are the 12 GMT <span class="hlt">observations</span> taken just prior and after the 0 GMT synoptic time. If T(sub +12) is missing then Delta T = T(sub 0) - T(sub -12). A similar expression is used if T(sub -12) is missing. Monthly averages of the increments at each station that launch RS80 rawinsondes are then calculated. The results show positive systematic <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the stratosphere with values as high as 5 K and 150 m at 10 hPa over the central United States. The values remain generally positive and gradually decrease as the levels descend into the upper troposphere but are still significant. In addition, the maximum at each level is just westward of 90 W at the highest levels and just eastward in the troposphere with smaller values along both coasts. In Canada as well as in Europe and Australia the <span class="hlt">differences</span> are much smaller with no systematic patterns similar to those that exist over the contiguous United States. Time-series plots of the temperatures and heights at select stations in the United States show that the <span class="hlt">observed</span> values taken at 0 GMT are consistently higher than those at 12 GMT. Over Canada the <span class="hlt">differences</span> become much less apparent and some cases non-existent. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> were obtained through National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) but were checked with data from other sources to verify that no modifications were made other than those at the stations. Since the data from outside the the United States exhibit no large systematic <span class="hlt">differences</span>, the preliminary conclusion is that the large <span class="hlt">differences</span> are</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080014146','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080014146"><span>Using Satellite Measurements to Investigate <span class="hlt">Regional</span>-scale Chemistry: The Case for Geostationary <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fishman, Jack; Wozniak, Amy; Creilson, Jack</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>One of the recommendations of the Decadal Survey that was recently released by the National Academy of Science was that of a geostationary platform from which to obtain trace gas measurements. The use of such a platform is particularly advantageous when applied to understanding the formation of <span class="hlt">regional</span> air pollution. This study demonstrates the challenges of trying to utilize information from instruments on satellites in low-earth orbit (LEO). We also demonstrate the advantage gained through a simulation that would provide hourly <span class="hlt">observations</span>. In this case study, we take advantage of the high resolution Level-2 orbital data available from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), in conjunction with assimilated stratospheric column ozone fields, to evaluate if meaningful tropospheric ozone information can be obtained on a <span class="hlt">regional</span> scale. We focus on a period on late June 2005 when a widespread pollution episode enveloped the Houston metropolitan area as well as a large <span class="hlt">region</span> in southeast Texas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24635976','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24635976"><span>[<span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in acute poisoning in under 14 year-old children in Spain].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Salazar, J; Zubiaur, O; Azkunaga, B; Molina, J C; Mintegi, S</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The identification of variations in <span class="hlt">different</span> profiles of pediatric poisonings may improve the prevention of these episodes. To analyze the profile of pediatric acute poisonings in <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Spain. A study was conducted, based on a prospective registry of the acute pediatric poisonings registered in 53 Spanish pediatric emergency departments included in the Toxicology Surveillance System of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Emergencies between 2008 and 2013. The <span class="hlt">regions</span> were defined taking into account geographic factors, and the structuring of <span class="hlt">regional</span> pediatric societies. A total of 566 poisoning were recorded in children less than 14 years. Poisonings due to dosage errors were more common in Madrid (12.4% of the whole group of poisonings vs 5.0% in the other <span class="hlt">regions</span>, P=.009); recreational poisonings were more common in the Basque-Navarre <span class="hlt">region</span> and Zaragoza (14.4% vs 3.4% in the others, P=.0008); and CO poisoning in Catalonia, Madrid and others (7.1% vs 0.3%, P<.0001). The profiles of acute poisonings in children less than 14 years vary significantly between the <span class="hlt">different</span> Spanish <span class="hlt">regions</span>. An epidemiological Surveillance System is a good tool to collect information in order to design preventive actions. Copyright © 2014 Asociación Española de Pediatría. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4007262','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4007262"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the lateral mobility of plasma membrane lipids in a molluscan embryo.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Speksnijder, J E; Dohmen, M R; Tertoolen, L G; de Laat, S W</p> <p>1985-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Regional</span> and temporal <span class="hlt">differences</span> in plasma membrane lipid mobility have been analyzed during the first three cleavage cycles of the embryo of the polar-lobe-forming mollusc Nassarius reticulatus by the fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) method, using 1,1'-ditetradecyl 3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine iodide (C14diI) as a fluorescent lipid probe. During this period of development the lateral diffusion coefficient of membrane lipids is consistently greater in the vegetal polar lobe area as compared to the animal plasma membrane area (on average 30%), demonstrating the existence of an animal-vegetal polarity in plasma membrane properties. At third cleavage, the <span class="hlt">differences</span> between animal and vegetal plasma membrane <span class="hlt">region</span> become even more pronounced; in the four animal micromeres the diffusion coefficient (D) and mobile fraction (MF) are 2.9 +/- 0.2 X 10(-9) cm2/sec and 51 +/- 2%, respectively, while in the four vegetal macromeres D = 5.0 +/- 0.3 X 10(-9) cm2/sec and MF = 78 +/- 2%. Superimposed upon the <span class="hlt">observed</span> animal-vegetal polarity, the lateral diffusion in the polar lobe membrane area shows a cell-cycle-dependent modulation. The highest mean values for D are reached during the S phase (ranging from 7.0 to 7.8 X 10(-9) cm2/sec in the three cycles measured), while at the end of G2 phase and during early mitosis mean values for D have decreased significantly (ranging from 5.0 to 5.9 X 10(-9) cm2/sec). Diffusion rates in the animal membranes of the embryo are constant during the three successive cell cycles (D = 4.3-5.0 X 10(-9) cm2/sec), except for a peak at the S phase of the first cell cycle (D = 6.0 X 10(-9) cm2/sec). These results are discussed in relation with previously <span class="hlt">observed</span> ultrastructural heterogeneities in the Nassarius egg plasma membrane. It is speculated that the <span class="hlt">observed</span> animal-vegetal polarity in the organization of the egg membrane might play an important role in the process of cell diversification during early development.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920020082&hterms=syed&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3DN%2Bsyed','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920020082&hterms=syed&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3DN%2Bsyed"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Cirrus Clouds over the Pacific <span class="hlt">Region</span> by the NASA Multiwavelength Lidar System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ismail, Syed; Browell, Edward V.; Fenn, Marta A.; Nowicki, Greg D.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>As part of the Pacific Exploratory Mission-West Campaign that took place during 16 Sep. - 21 Oct. 1991, lidar measurements were made from the ARC DC-8 aircraft at an altitude of approximately 9 km. This mission provided a unique opportunity to make cirrus cloud <span class="hlt">observations</span> around the Pacific <span class="hlt">region</span> covering the latitude range from 5 to 55 deg N and the longitude range from -114 to 120 deg E. Cirrus clouds were <span class="hlt">observed</span> on most of these flights providing a unique data base. The latitudinal coverage of cirrus <span class="hlt">observations</span> was further extended to -5 deg S from <span class="hlt">observations</span> on 30 Jan. 1992 as part of the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition 2. During this latter mission, aerosol depolarizations at 622 and 1064 nm were also measured. The optical characteristics and statistics related to these cirrus cloud <span class="hlt">observations</span> are summarized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.G23C0847P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.G23C0847P"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> and modelling of inflation in the Lazufre volcanic <span class="hlt">region</span>, South America</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pearse, J.; Lundgren, P.</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>The Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) is an active volcanic arc in the central Andes, extending through Peru, southwestern Bolivia, Chile, and northwestern Argentina [De Silva, 1989; De Silva and Francis, 1991]. The CVZ includes a number of collapsed calderas, remnants of catastrophic eruptions, which are now thought to be inactive. However, recent Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) <span class="hlt">observations</span> [Pritchard and Simons, 2004] show surface deformation occurring at some of these large ancient volcanic <span class="hlt">regions</span>, indicating that magma chambers are slowly inflating beneath the surface. The mechanisms responsible for the initiation and growth of large midcrustal magma chambers remains poorly understood, and InSAR provides an opportunity for us to <span class="hlt">observe</span> volcanic systems in remote <span class="hlt">regions</span> that are otherwise difficult to monitor and <span class="hlt">observe</span>. The Lastarria-Cordon del Azufre ("Lazufre" [Pritchard and Simons, 2002]) volcanic area is one such complex showing recent deformation, with average surface uplift rates of approximately 2.5 cm/year [Froger et al., 2007; Ruch et al, 2008]. We have processed InSAR data from ERS-1/2 and Envisat in the Lazufre volcanic area, including both ascending and descending satellite tracks. Time series analysis of the data shows steady uplift beginning in about 2000, continuing into 2010. We use boundary-element elastic models to invert for the depth and shape of the magmatic source responsible for the surface deformation. Given data from both ascending and descending tracks, we are able to resolve the ambiguity between the source depth and size, and constrain the geometry of the inflating magma source. Finite element modelling allows us to understand the effect of viscoelasticity on the development of the magma chamber.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780051104&hterms=qualitative+data+analysis&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dqualitative%2Bdata%2Banalysis','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780051104&hterms=qualitative+data+analysis&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dqualitative%2Bdata%2Banalysis"><span>Analysis of X-ray <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the 15 June 1973 flare in active <span class="hlt">region</span> NOAA 131</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Krall, K. R.; Reichmann, E. J.; Wilson, R. M.; Henze, W., Jr.; Smith, J. B., Jr.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Observations</span> and analyses of the 1B/M3 flare of 15 June, 1973 in active <span class="hlt">region</span> NOAA 131 (McMath 12379) are presented. The X-ray <span class="hlt">observations</span>, consisting of broadband photographs and proportional counter data from the Skylab/ATM NASA-MSFC/Aerospace S-056 experiment, are used to infer temperatures, emission measures, and densities for the flaring plasma. The peak temperature from the spatially resolved photographs is 25,000,000 K, while the temperature from the full-disk proportional counter data is approximately 15,000,000 K. The density is 3 times 10 to the 10th/cu cm. The X-ray flare emission appears to come primarily from two low-lying curvilinear features lying perpendicular to and centered on the line where the photospheric longitudinal magnetic field is zero. Similarities in the preflare and postflare X-ray emission patterns indicate that no large-scale relaxation of the coronal magnetic configuration was <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Also discussed are H-alpha and magnetic field <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the flare and the active <span class="hlt">region</span>. Finally, results of numerical calculations, including thermal conduction, radiative loss, and chromospheric evaporation, are in qualitative agreement with the decay phase <span class="hlt">observations</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012cosp...39.1770S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012cosp...39.1770S"><span>Variability of trace gas concentrations over Asian <span class="hlt">region</span>: satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> vs model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sheel, Varun; Richter, Andreas; Srivastava, Shuchita; Lal, Shyam</p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>Nitrogen dioxide (NO_2) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) play a key role in the chemistry of the tropospheric ozone and are emitted mainly by anthropogenic processes. These emissions have been increasing over Asia over the past few years due to rapid economic growth and yet there are very few systematic ground based <span class="hlt">observations</span> of these species over this <span class="hlt">region</span>. We have analysed ten years of data from space borne instruments: Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME), SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) and Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT), which have been measuring the tropospheric abundance of these trace gases. We have examined trends over the period 1996-2008 in NO_2 and CO over a few Indian <span class="hlt">regions</span> where high economic growth in the present decade is likely to see increased emissions for these species. However, even the highest growth rate of these species seen in the present study, is less when compared with similar polluted <span class="hlt">regions</span> of China, where a much more rapid increase has been <span class="hlt">observed</span>. In order to understand the trends and variability in atmospheric trace gas concentrations, one must take into account changes in emissions and transport. Only by assessing the relevance of each of these factors will it be possible to predict future changes with reasonable confidence. To this effect we have used a global chemical transport model, MOZART, to simulate concentrations of NO_2 and CO using the POET (European) and REAS (Asian) emission inventories. These are compared with satellite measurements to study seasonal variations and the discrepancies are discussed. The combined uncertainties of the emission inventory and retrieval of the satellite data could be contributing factors to the discrepancies. It may be thus worthwhile to develop emission inventories for India at a higher resolution to include local level activity data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4366099','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4366099"><span>Experimental Evidence of Biological Interactions among <span class="hlt">Different</span> Isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi from the Chaco <span class="hlt">Region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ragone, Paula G.; Pérez Brandán, Cecilia; Monje Rumi, Mercedes; Tomasini, Nicolás; Lauthier, Juan J.; Cimino, Rubén O.; Uncos, Alejandro; Ramos, Federico; Alberti D´Amato, Anahí M.; Basombrío, Miguel A.; Diosque, Patricio</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Many infectious diseases arise from co-infections or re-infections with more than one genotype of the same pathogen. These mixed infections could alter host fitness, the severity of symptoms, success in pathogen transmission and the epidemiology of the disease. Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, exhibits a high biological variability often correlated with its genetic diversity. Here, we developed an experimental approach in order to evaluate biological interaction between three T. cruzi isolates belonging to <span class="hlt">different</span> Discrete Typing Units (DTUs TcIII, TcV and TcVI). These isolates were obtained from a restricted geographical area in the Chaco <span class="hlt">Region</span>. <span class="hlt">Different</span> mixed infections involving combinations of two isolates (TcIII + TcV, TcIII + TcVI and TcV + TcVI) were studied in a mouse model. The parameters evaluated were number of parasites circulating in peripheral blood, histopathology and genetic characterization of each DTU in <span class="hlt">different</span> tissues by DNA hybridization probes. We found a predominance of TcVI isolate in blood and tissues respect to TcIII and TcV; and a decrease of the inflammatory response in heart when the damage of mice infected with TcVI and TcIII + TcVI mixture were compared. In addition, simultaneous presence of two isolates in the same tissue was not detected. Our results show that biological interactions between isolates with <span class="hlt">different</span> biological behaviors lead to changes in their biological properties. The occurrence of interactions among <span class="hlt">different</span> genotypes of T. cruzi <span class="hlt">observed</span> in our mouse model suggests that these phenomena could also occur in natural cycles in the Chaco <span class="hlt">Region</span>. PMID:25789617</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27898701','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27898701"><span>Assessing White Matter Microstructure in Brain <span class="hlt">Regions</span> with <span class="hlt">Different</span> Myelin Architecture Using MRI.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Groeschel, Samuel; Hagberg, Gisela E; Schultz, Thomas; Balla, Dávid Z; Klose, Uwe; Hauser, Till-Karsten; Nägele, Thomas; Bieri, Oliver; Prasloski, Thomas; MacKay, Alex L; Krägeloh-Mann, Ingeborg; Scheffler, Klaus</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>We investigate how known <span class="hlt">differences</span> in myelin architecture between <span class="hlt">regions</span> along the cortico-spinal tract and frontal white matter (WM) in 19 healthy adolescents are reflected in several quantitative MRI parameters that have been proposed to non-invasively probe WM microstructure. In a clinically feasible scan time, both conventional imaging sequences as well as microstructural MRI parameters were assessed in order to quantitatively characterise WM <span class="hlt">regions</span> that are known to <span class="hlt">differ</span> in the thickness of their myelin sheaths, and in the presence of crossing or parallel fibre organisation. We found that diffusion imaging, MR spectroscopy (MRS), myelin water fraction (MWF), Magnetization Transfer Imaging, and Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping were myelin-sensitive in <span class="hlt">different</span> ways, giving complementary information for characterising WM microstructure with <span class="hlt">different</span> underlying fibre architecture. From the diffusion parameters, neurite density (NODDI) was found to be more sensitive than fractional anisotropy (FA), underlining the limitation of FA in WM crossing fibre <span class="hlt">regions</span>. In terms of sensitivity to <span class="hlt">different</span> myelin content, we found that MWF, the mean diffusivity and chemical-shift imaging based MRS yielded the best discrimination between areas. Multimodal assessment of WM microstructure was possible within clinically feasible scan times using a broad combination of quantitative microstructural MRI sequences. By assessing new microstructural WM parameters we were able to provide normative data and discuss their interpretation in <span class="hlt">regions</span> with <span class="hlt">different</span> myelin architecture, as well as their possible application as biomarker for WM disorders.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22130770-keck-ii-observations-hemispherical-differences-sub-sub-europa','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22130770-keck-ii-observations-hemispherical-differences-sub-sub-europa"><span>KECK II <span class="hlt">OBSERVATIONS</span> OF HEMISPHERICAL <span class="hlt">DIFFERENCES</span> IN H{sub 2}O{sub 2} ON EUROPA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hand, K. P.; Brown, M. E., E-mail: khand@jpl.nasa.gov</p> <p></p> <p>We present results from Keck II <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Europa over four consecutive nights using the near-infrared spectrograph. Spectra were collected in the 3.14-4.0 {mu}m range, enabling detection and monitoring of the 3.5 {mu}m feature due to hydrogen peroxide. Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer results first revealed hydrogen peroxide on Europa in the anti-Jovian <span class="hlt">region</span> of the leading hemisphere at a percent by number abundance of 0.13% {+-} 0.07% relative to water. We find comparable results for the two nights over which we <span class="hlt">observed</span> the leading hemisphere. Significantly, we <span class="hlt">observed</span> a small amount of hydrogen peroxide ({approx}0.04%) during <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Europa's anti-Jovianmore » and sub-Jovian hemispheres. Almost no hydrogen peroxide was detected during <span class="hlt">observations</span> of just the trailing hemisphere. We conclude that the Galileo <span class="hlt">observations</span> likely represent the maximum hydrogen peroxide concentration, the exception potentially being the cold water ice <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the poles, which are not readily <span class="hlt">observable</span> from the ground. Our mapping of the peroxide abundance across Europa requires revisions to previous estimates for Europa's global surface abundance of oxidants and leads to a reduction in the total oxidant delivery expected for the subsurface ocean if an exchange of surface material with the ocean occurs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27752502','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27752502"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">Different</span> Growing <span class="hlt">Regions</span> on Quality Characteristics, Bioactive Compound Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of Aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) in Korea.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hwang, Eun-Sun; Thi, Nhuan Do</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>The objective of this study was to determine the effects of <span class="hlt">different</span> growing <span class="hlt">regions</span> on quality characteristics, total bioactive compound contents, and in vitro antioxidant activity in aronia. Aronia grown in 3 <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> (Sangjoo, Ulju, and Youngcheon) in Korea was obtained and used fresh or as a freeze-dried powder. No statistically significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> for moisture, ash, crude lipid, and crude protein contents in aronia sampled from the 3 <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Aronia grown in Sangjoo had the highest total acid content and the lowest sugar content and pH value. Conversely, aronia grown in Youngcheon possessed the lowest total acid content and the highest sugar content and pH value. Aronia grown in Sangjoo possessed relatively high levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, as well as high antioxidant activity in comparison with aronia produced in other <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Aronia grown in Youngcheon scored the highest for taste and overall acceptability in sensory evaluations, which may be related to the high sugar content and pH, and the low total acidity of the fruits. It is possible that higher sugar contents and pH, and lower total acidity in the aronia grown in Youngcheon result in more preferable sensory characteristics. However, they also contain relatively low levels of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, and have low antioxidant activity as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging assays.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5063211','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5063211"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">Different</span> Growing <span class="hlt">Regions</span> on Quality Characteristics, Bioactive Compound Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of Aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) in Korea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hwang, Eun-Sun; Thi, Nhuan Do</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The objective of this study was to determine the effects of <span class="hlt">different</span> growing <span class="hlt">regions</span> on quality characteristics, total bioactive compound contents, and in vitro antioxidant activity in aronia. Aronia grown in 3 <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> (Sangjoo, Ulju, and Youngcheon) in Korea was obtained and used fresh or as a freeze-dried powder. No statistically significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span> for moisture, ash, crude lipid, and crude protein contents in aronia sampled from the 3 <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Aronia grown in Sangjoo had the highest total acid content and the lowest sugar content and pH value. Conversely, aronia grown in Youngcheon possessed the lowest total acid content and the highest sugar content and pH value. Aronia grown in Sangjoo possessed relatively high levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, as well as high antioxidant activity in comparison with aronia produced in other <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Aronia grown in Youngcheon scored the highest for taste and overall acceptability in sensory evaluations, which may be related to the high sugar content and pH, and the low total acidity of the fruits. It is possible that higher sugar contents and pH, and lower total acidity in the aronia grown in Youngcheon result in more preferable sensory characteristics. However, they also contain relatively low levels of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, and have low antioxidant activity as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging assays. PMID:27752502</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IJBm...59..385J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IJBm...59..385J"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the fescue toxicosis response of Bos taurus cattle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Johnson, J. S.; Bryant, J. K.; Scharf, B.; Kishore, D. K.; Coate, E. A.; Eichen, P. A.; Keisler, D. H.; Spiers, D. E.</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Cattle of the same breed from <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the USA may have altered responses to heat stress and fescue toxicosis. Angus steers from Missouri (MO ANG, n = 10, 513.6 ± 13.6 kg BW) and Oklahoma (OK ANG, n = 10, 552.8 ± 12.0 kg BW) were fed a diet containing either endophyte-infected (E+, 30 μg ergovaline/kg BW/day) or endophyte-uninfected (E-, 0 μg ergovaline/kg BW/day) tall fescue seed for 23 days. Diet treatment began on day 2. Animals were maintained at thermoneutrality (TN, 19-22 °C, days 1-8) and then exposed to heat stress (HS, cycling 26-36 °C, days 9-22). On day 23, ambient temperature was returned to TN and used as a recovery day. Feed intake (FI) was measured daily, with rectal and skin temperatures determined six times daily. Feed intake reduction from pretreatment levels was greater ( P < 0.01) for E + (13.9 ± 0.9 versus 11.9 ± 0.3 kg/day) compared to E - (12.6 ± 0.9 versus 12.4 ± 0.3 kg/day) steers over the entire TN period, regardless of Angus group. During HS, E + cattle had reduced FI ( P < 0.02; 6.9 ± 0.2 versus 8.4 ± 0.2 kg/day) compared to E - animals, independent of <span class="hlt">region</span> of origin. A greater decrease in FI ( P < 0.01) was <span class="hlt">observed</span> for OK (12.1 ± 0.3 versus 6.2 ± 0.2 kg/day) compared to MO ANG (12.2 ± 0.3 versus 7.9 ± 0.2 kg/day) when ambient temperature was increased from TN to HS. On day 13 and days 15-22, OK ANG (E+) had reduced FI ( P < 0.01, -2.21 kg) compared to OK ANG (E-), while there was no effect on MO ANG. From day 12 to day 22 of HS, daily minimum temperatures for ear, rump, and tail skin were less for E + ( P < 0.05) when compared with E-treated steers, signifying peripheral vasoconstriction in E + animals. This was supported by reduced shoulder and lower tail temperatures ( P < 0.01) for E + compared to E-treated OK ANG on the recovery day. In summary, <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the response to fescue toxicosis exist, with peripheral vasomotor effects becoming most evident when animals are subjected to rapid</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMSA33A2193W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMSA33A2193W"><span>Multi-scale <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of High-Energy Electron Precipitation in the Nightside Transition <span class="hlt">Region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Weatherwax, A. T.; Donovan, E.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>In recent years, the riometer has experienced a renaissance as an important tool for tracking the spatio-temporal evolution of high-energy magnetospheric electron (e-) populations. Networks of single beam riometers give a sparsely sampled picture of the global evolution of magnetospheric high energy e- population; existing imaging riometers resolve smaller-scale processes, but because they are isolated from one another, that resolution cannot be applied to the ionospheric signature of mesoscale magnetospheric processes. With funding from an NSF MRI, we are developing an innovative new facility where, for the first time, absorption related to high energy precipitation will be imaged across a large enough <span class="hlt">region</span> to allow for tracking the effects of mesoscale magnetospheric processes (such as the dispersionless injection, patchy pulsating aurora, and ULF waves) with high enough space and time resolution to address key unresolved geospace questions. We will deploy in central Canada, taking advantage of excellent coverage of our target <span class="hlt">region</span> by existing and potential future complimentary networks. The figure shows present coverage spanning auroral latitudes in North American by ASIs (including THEMIS-ASI), the mid-latitude SuperDARN HF radars, Meridian Scanning Photometers (MSPs), and magnetometers. The ASI, SuperDARN, and magnetometer networks will provide significantly more extensive coverage than our target <span class="hlt">region</span>, thus proving information about (lower energy) auroral precipitation, large-scale magnetospheric convection (as impressed on the ionosphere), and ionospheric currents around and within our target <span class="hlt">region</span>. For the first time, we will simultaneously <span class="hlt">observe</span> the coupled convection, auroral, and high-energy electron precipitation in this key geospace <span class="hlt">region</span>. These <span class="hlt">observations</span> will be important for RBSP, CEDAR, and GEM science.; Figure: Left: Target <span class="hlt">region</span> for the new imaging riometer array, and FoVs of THEMIS-ASIs and Canadian Multi-Spectral ASIs. Middle: Scan</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AnGeo..27.4147H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AnGeo..27.4147H"><span>Scale size and life time of energy conversion <span class="hlt">regions</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> by Cluster in the plasma sheet</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hamrin, M.; Norqvist, P.; Marghitu, O.; Vaivads, A.; Klecker, B.; Kistler, L. M.; Dandouras, I.</p> <p>2009-11-01</p> <p>In this article, and in a companion paper by Hamrin et al. (2009) [Occurrence and location of concentrated load and generator <span class="hlt">regions</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> by Cluster in the plasma sheet], we investigate localized energy conversion <span class="hlt">regions</span> (ECRs) in Earth's plasma sheet. From more than 80 Cluster plasma sheet crossings (660 h data) at the altitude of about 15-20 RE in the summer and fall of 2001, we have identified 116 Concentrated Load <span class="hlt">Regions</span> (CLRs) and 35 Concentrated Generator <span class="hlt">Regions</span> (CGRs). By examining variations in the power density, E·J, where E is the electric field and J is the current density obtained by Cluster, we have estimated typical values of the scale size and life time of the CLRs and the CGRs. We find that a majority of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> ECRs are rather stationary in space, but varying in time. Assuming that the ECRs are cylindrically shaped and equal in size, we conclude that the typical scale size of the ECRs is 2 RE≲ΔSECR≲5 RE. The ECRs hence occupy a significant portion of the mid altitude plasma sheet. Moreover, the CLRs appear to be somewhat larger than the CGRs. The life time of the ECRs are of the order of 1-10 min, consistent with the large scale magnetotail MHD simulations of Birn and Hesse (2005). The life time of the CGRs is somewhat shorter than for the CLRs. On time scales of 1-10 min, we believe that ECRs rise and vanish in significant <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the plasma sheet, possibly oscillating between load and generator character. It is probable that at least some of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> ECRs oscillate energy back and forth in the plasma sheet instead of channeling it to the ionosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.B11N..03L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFM.B11N..03L"><span>Drought, Fire and Insects in Western US Forests: <span class="hlt">Observations</span> to Improve <span class="hlt">Regional</span> Land System Modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Law, B. E.; Yang, Z.; Berner, L. T.; Hicke, J. A.; Buotte, P.; Hudiburg, T. W.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Drought, fire and insects are major disturbances in the western US, and conditions are expected to get warmer and drier in the future. We combine multi-scale <span class="hlt">observations</span> and modeling with CLM4.5 to examine the effects of these disturbances on forests in the western US. We modified the Community Land Model, CLM4.5, to improve simulated drought-related mortality in forests, and prediction of insect outbreaks under future climate conditions. We examined <span class="hlt">differences</span> in plant traits that represent species variation in sensitivity to drought, and redefined plant groupings in PFTs. Plant traits, including sapwood area: leaf area ratio and stemwood density were strongly correlated with water availability during the ecohydrologic year. Our database of co-located <span class="hlt">observations</span> of traits for 30 tree species was used to produce parameterization of the model by species groupings according to similar traits. Burn area predicted by the new fire model in CLM4.5 compares well with recent years of GFED data, but has a positive bias compared with Landsat-based MTBS. Biomass mortality over recent decades increased, and was captured well by the model in general, but missed mortality trends of some species. Comparisons with AmeriFlux data showed that the model with dynamic tree mortality only (no species trait improvements) overestimated GPP in dry years compared with flux data at semi-arid sites, and underestimated GPP at more mesic sites that experience dry summers. Simulations with both dynamic tree mortality and species trait parameters improved estimates of GPP by 17-22%; <span class="hlt">differences</span> between predicted and <span class="hlt">observed</span> NEE were larger. Future projections show higher productivity from increased atmospheric CO2 and warming that somewhat offsets drought and fire effects over the next few decades. Challenges include representation of hydraulic failure in models, and availability of species trait and carbon/water process data in disturbance- and drought-impacted <span class="hlt">regions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NHESS..15...97M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NHESS..15...97M"><span>Estimation of <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in wind erosion sensitivity in Hungary</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mezősi, G.; Blanka, V.; Bata, T.; Kovács, F.; Meyer, B.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>In Hungary, wind erosion is one of the most serious natural hazards. Spatial and temporal variation in the factors that determine the location and intensity of wind erosion damage are not well known, nor are the <span class="hlt">regional</span> and local sensitivities to erosion. Because of methodological challenges, no multi-factor, <span class="hlt">regional</span> wind erosion sensitivity map is available for Hungary. The aim of this study was to develop a method to estimate the <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in wind erosion sensitivity and exposure in Hungary. Wind erosion sensitivity was modelled using the key factors of soil sensitivity, vegetation cover and wind erodibility as proxies. These factors were first estimated separately by factor sensitivity maps and later combined by fuzzy logic into a <span class="hlt">regional</span>-scale wind erosion sensitivity map. Large areas were evaluated by using publicly available data sets of remotely sensed vegetation information, soil maps and meteorological data on wind speed. The resulting estimates were verified by field studies and examining the economic losses from wind erosion as compensated by the state insurance company. The spatial resolution of the resulting sensitivity map is suitable for <span class="hlt">regional</span> applications, as identifying sensitive areas is the foundation for diverse land development control measures and implementing management activities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830060438&hterms=fine+structure+constant&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dfine%2Bstructure%2Bconstant','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830060438&hterms=fine+structure+constant&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dfine%2Bstructure%2Bconstant"><span>High resolution telescope and spectrograph <span class="hlt">observations</span> of solar fine structure in the 1600 A <span class="hlt">region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cook, J. W.; Brueckner, G. E.; Bartoe, J.-D. F.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>High spatial resolution spectroheliograms of the 1600 A <span class="hlt">region</span> obtained during the HRTS rocket flight of 1978 February 13 are presented. The morphology, fine structure, and temporal behavior of emission bright points (BPs) in active and quiet <span class="hlt">regions</span> are illustrated. In quiet <span class="hlt">regions</span>, network elements persist as morphological units, although individual BPs may vary in intensity while usually lasting the flight duration. In cell centers, the BPs are highly variable on a 1 minute time scale. BPs in plages remain more constant in brightness over the <span class="hlt">observing</span> sequence. BPs cover less than 4 percent of the quiet surface. The lifetime and degree of packing of BPs vary with the local strength of the magnetic field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16416175','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16416175"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> postprandial <span class="hlt">differences</span> in pH within the stomach and gastroesophageal junction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Simonian, Hrair P; Vo, Lien; Doma, Siva; Fisher, Robert S; Parkman, Henry P</p> <p>2005-12-01</p> <p>Our objective was to determine <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in intragastric pH after <span class="hlt">different</span> types of meals. Ten normal subjects underwent 27-hr esophagogastric pH monitoring using a four-probe pH catheter. Meals were a spicy lunch, a high-fat dinner, and a typical bland breakfast. The fatty dinner had the highest postprandial buffering effect, elevating proximal and mid/distal gastric pH to 4.9 +/- 0.4 and 4.0 +/- 0.4, respectively, significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to 4.2 +/- 0.3 and 3.0 +/- 0.4 for the spicy lunch and 3.0 +/- 0.3 and 2.5 +/- 0.8 for the breakfast. The buffering effect of the high-volume fatty meal to pH > 4 was also longer (150 min) compared to that of the spicy lunch (45 min) and the bland breakfast, which did not increase gastric pH to > 4 at any time. Proximal gastric acid pockets were seen between 15 and 90 min postprandially. These were located 3.4 +/- 0.8 cm below the proximal LES border, extending for a length of 2.3 +/- 0.8 cm, with a drop in mean pH from 4.7 +/- 0.4 to 1.5 +/- 0.9. Acid pockets were seen equally after the spicy lunch and fatty dinner but less frequently after the bland breakfast. We conclude that a high-volume fatty meal has the highest buffering effect on gastric pH compared to a spicy lunch or a bland breakfast. Buffering effects of meals are significantly higher in the proximal than in the mid/distal stomach. Despite the intragastric buffering effect of meals, focal areas of acidity were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the <span class="hlt">region</span> of the cardia-gastroesophageal junction during the postprandial period.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.5749K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.5749K"><span>Pronounced <span class="hlt">differences</span> between <span class="hlt">observed</span> and CMIP5-simulated multidecadal climate variability in the twentieth century</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kravtsov, Sergey</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Identification and dynamical attribution of multidecadal climate undulations to either variations in external forcings or to internal sources is one of the most important topics of modern climate science, especially in conjunction with the issue of human-induced global warming. Here we utilize ensembles of twentieth century climate simulations to isolate the forced signal and residual internal variability in a network of <span class="hlt">observed</span> and modeled climate indices. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> internal variability so estimated exhibits a pronounced multidecadal mode with a distinctive spatiotemporal signature, which is altogether absent in model simulations. This single mode explains a major fraction of model-data <span class="hlt">differences</span> over the entire climate index network considered; it may reflect either biases in the models' forced response or models' lack of requisite internal dynamics, or a combination of both.<abstract type="synopsis"><title type="main">Plain Language SummaryGlobal and <span class="hlt">regional</span> warming trends over the course of the twentieth century have been nonuniform, with decadal and longer periods of faster or slower warming, or even cooling. Here we show that state-of-the-art global models used to predict climate fail to adequately reproduce such multidecadal climate variations. In particular, the models underestimate the magnitude of the <span class="hlt">observed</span> variability and misrepresent its spatial pattern. Therefore, our ability to interpret the <span class="hlt">observed</span> climate change using these models is limited.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AdSpR..54..818C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AdSpR..54..818C"><span>An analysis on combined GPS/COMPASS data quality and its effect on single point positioning accuracy under <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observing</span> conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cai, Changsheng; Gao, Yang; Pan, Lin; Dai, Wujiao</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>With the rapid development of the COMPASS system, it is currently capable of providing <span class="hlt">regional</span> navigation services. In order to test its data quality and performance for single point positioning (SPP), experiments have been conducted under <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">observing</span> conditions including open sky, under trees, nearby a glass wall, nearby a large area of water, under high-voltage lines and under a signal transmitting tower. To assess the COMPASS data quality, the code multipath, cycle slip occurrence rate and data availability were analyzed and compared to GPS data. The datasets obtained from the experiments have also been utilized to perform combined GPS/COMPASS SPP on an epoch-by-epoch basis using unsmoothed single-frequency code <span class="hlt">observations</span>. The investigation on the <span class="hlt">regional</span> navigation performance aims at low-accuracy applications and all tests are made in Changsha, China, using the “SOUTH S82-C” GPS/COMPASS receivers. The results show that adding COMPASS <span class="hlt">observations</span> can significantly improve the positioning accuracy of single-frequency GPS-only SPP in environments with limited satellite visibility. Since the COMPASS system is still in an initial operational stage, all results are obtained based on a fairly limited amount of data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A41F0097S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A41F0097S"><span>Seasonal Variations of Atmospheric CO2 over Fire Affected <span class="hlt">Regions</span> Based on GOSAT <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shi, Y.; Matsunaga, T.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Abstract: The carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions released from biomass burning significantly affect the temporal variations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Based on a long-term (July 2009-June 2015) retrieved datasets by the Greenhouse Gases <span class="hlt">Observing</span> Satellite (GOSAT), the seasonal cycle and interannual variations of column-averaged volume mixing ratios of atmospheric carbon dioxide (XCO2) in four fire affected continental <span class="hlt">regions</span> were investigated. The results showed Northern Africa had the largest seasonal variations after removing its <span class="hlt">regional</span> long-term trend of XCO2 with peak-to-peak amplitude of 6.2 ppm within the year, higher than central South America (2.4 ppm), Southern Africa (3.8 ppm) and Australia (1.7 ppm). The detrended <span class="hlt">regional</span> XCO2 was found to be positively correlated with the fire CO2 emissions during fire activity period and negatively correlated with vegetation photosynthesis activity with <span class="hlt">different</span> seasonal variabilities. Northern Africa recorded the largest change of seasonal variations of detrended XCO2 with a total of 12.8 ppm during fire seasons, higher than central South America, Southern Africa and Australia with 5.4 ppm, 6.7 ppm and 2.2 ppm, respectively. During fire episode, the positive detrended XCO2 was noticed during June-November in central South America, December-June in Northern Africa, May-November in Southern Africa. The Pearson correlation coefficients between the variations of detrended XCO2 and fire CO2 emissions from GFED4 (Global Fire Emissions Database v4) achieved best correlations in Southern Africa (R=0.77, p<0.05). Meanwhile, Southern Africa also experienced a significant negative relationship between the variations of detrended XCO2 and vegetation activity (R=-0.84, p<0.05). This study revealed that fire CO2 emissions and vegetation activity contributed greatly to the seasonal variations of GOSAT XCO2 dataset.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22679862-clasp-sj-observations-rapid-time-variations-ly-emission-solar-active-region','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22679862-clasp-sj-observations-rapid-time-variations-ly-emission-solar-active-region"><span>CLASP/SJ <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Rapid Time Variations in the Ly α Emission in a Solar Active <span class="hlt">Region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Ishikawa, Shin-nosuke; Kubo, Masahito; Katsukawa, Yukio</p> <p></p> <p>The Chromospheric Ly α SpectroPolarimeter (CLASP) is a sounding rocket experiment launched on 2015 September 3 to investigate the solar chromosphere and transition <span class="hlt">region</span>. The slit-jaw (SJ) optical system captured Ly α images with a high time cadence of 0.6 s. From the CLASP/SJ <span class="hlt">observations</span>, many variations in the solar chromosphere and transition <span class="hlt">region</span> emission with a timescale of <1 minute were discovered. In this paper, we focus on the active <span class="hlt">region</span> within the SJ field of view and investigate the relationship between short (<30 s) temporal variations in the Ly α emission and the coronal structures <span class="hlt">observed</span> by Solarmore » Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA). We compare the Ly α temporal variations at the coronal loop footpoints <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the AIA 211 Å (≈2 MK) and AIA 171 Å (≈0.6 MK) channels with those in the <span class="hlt">regions</span> with bright Ly α features without a clear association with the coronal loop footpoints. We find more short (<30 s) temporal variations in the Ly α intensity in the footpoint <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Those variations did not depend on the temperature of the coronal loops. Therefore, the temporal variations in the Ly α intensity at this timescale range could be related to the heating of the coronal structures up to temperatures around the sensitivity peak of 171 Å. No signature was found to support the scenario that these Ly α intensity variations were related to the nanoflares. Waves or jets from the lower layers (lower chromosphere or photosphere) are possible causes for this phenomenon.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20853698-characterization-difference-gaussian-filters-detection-mammographic-regions','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/20853698-characterization-difference-gaussian-filters-detection-mammographic-regions"><span>Characterization of <span class="hlt">difference</span> of Gaussian filters in the detection of mammographic <span class="hlt">regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Catarious, David M. Jr.; Baydush, Alan H.; Floyd, Carey E. Jr.</p> <p>2006-11-15</p> <p>In this article, we present a characterization of the effect of <span class="hlt">difference</span> of Gaussians (DoG) filters in the detection of mammographic <span class="hlt">regions</span>. DoG filters have been used previously in mammographic mass computer-aided detection (CAD) systems. As DoG filters are constructed from the subtraction of two bivariate Gaussian distributions, they require the specification of three parameters: the size of the filter template and the standard deviations of the constituent Gaussians. The influence of these three parameters in the detection of mammographic masses has not been characterized. In this work, we aim to determine how the parameters affect (1) the physical descriptorsmore » of the detected <span class="hlt">regions</span> (2) the true and false positive rates, and (3) the classification performance of the individual descriptors. To this end, 30 DoG filters are created from the combination of three template sizes and four values for each of the Gaussians' standard deviations. The filters are used to detect <span class="hlt">regions</span> in a study database of 181 craniocaudal-view mammograms extracted from the Digital Database for Screening Mammography. To describe the physical characteristics of the identified <span class="hlt">regions</span>, morphological and textural features are extracted from each of the detected <span class="hlt">regions</span>. <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in the mean values of the features caused by altering the DoG parameters are examined through statistical and empirical comparisons. The parameters' effects on the true and false positive rate are determined by examining the mean malignant sensitivities and false positives per image (FPpI). Finally, the effect on the classification performance is described by examining the variation in FPpI at the point where 81% of the malignant masses in the study database are detected. Overall, the findings of the study indicate that increasing the standard deviations of the Gaussians used to construct a DoG filter results in a dramatic decrease in the number of <span class="hlt">regions</span> identified at the expense of missing a small</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009oeec.book..127D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009oeec.book..127D"><span>Reservoirs for Comets: Compositional <span class="hlt">Differences</span> Based on Infrared <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Disanti, Michael A.; Mumma, Michael J.</p> <p></p> <p>Tracing measured compositions of comets to their origins continues to be of keen interest to cometary scientists and to dynamical modelers of Solar System formation and evolution. This requires building a taxonomy of comets from both present-day dynamical reservoirs: the Kuiper Belt (hereafter KB), sampled through <span class="hlt">observation</span> of ecliptic comets (primarily Jupiter Family comets, or JFCs), and the Oort cloud (OC), represented <span class="hlt">observationally</span> by the long-period comets and by Halley Family comets (HFCs). Because of their short orbital periods, JFCs are subjected to more frequent exposure to solar radiation compared with OC comets. The recent apparitions of the JFCs 9P/Tempel 1 and 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 permitted detailed <span class="hlt">observations</span> of material issuing from below their surfaces—these comets added significantly to the compositional database on this dynamical class, which is under-represented in studies of cometary parent volatiles. This chapter reviews the latest techniques developed for analysis of high-resolution spectral <span class="hlt">observations</span> from ˜2-5 μm, and compares measured abundances of native ices among comets. While no clear compositional delineation can be drawn along dynamical lines, interesting comparisons can be made. The sub-surface composition of comet 9P, as revealed by the Deep Impact ejecta, was similar to the majority of OC comets studied. Meanwhile, 73P was depleted in all native ices except HCN, similar to the disintegrated OC comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR). These results suggest that 73P may have formed in the inner giant planets' <span class="hlt">region</span> while 9P formed farther out or, alternatively, that both JFCs formed farther from the Sun but with 73P forming later in time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSRv..138..127D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSRv..138..127D"><span>Reservoirs for Comets: Compositional <span class="hlt">Differences</span> Based on Infrared <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Disanti, Michael A.; Mumma, Michael J.</p> <p>2008-07-01</p> <p>Tracing measured compositions of comets to their origins continues to be of keen interest to cometary scientists and to dynamical modelers of Solar System formation and evolution. This requires building a taxonomy of comets from both present-day dynamical reservoirs: the Kuiper Belt (hereafter KB), sampled through <span class="hlt">observation</span> of ecliptic comets (primarily Jupiter Family comets, or JFCs), and the Oort cloud (OC), represented <span class="hlt">observationally</span> by the long-period comets and by Halley Family comets (HFCs). Because of their short orbital periods, JFCs are subjected to more frequent exposure to solar radiation compared with OC comets. The recent apparitions of the JFCs 9P/Tempel 1 and 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 permitted detailed <span class="hlt">observations</span> of material issuing from below their surfaces—these comets added significantly to the compositional database on this dynamical class, which is under-represented in studies of cometary parent volatiles. This chapter reviews the latest techniques developed for analysis of high-resolution spectral <span class="hlt">observations</span> from ˜2 5 μm, and compares measured abundances of native ices among comets. While no clear compositional delineation can be drawn along dynamical lines, interesting comparisons can be made. The sub-surface composition of comet 9P, as revealed by the Deep Impact ejecta, was similar to the majority of OC comets studied. Meanwhile, 73P was depleted in all native ices except HCN, similar to the disintegrated OC comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR). These results suggest that 73P may have formed in the inner giant planets’ <span class="hlt">region</span> while 9P formed farther out or, alternatively, that both JFCs formed farther from the Sun but with 73P forming later in time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4417459','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4417459"><span>The Epidemiology of <span class="hlt">Observed</span> Temperament: Factor Structure and Demographic Group <span class="hlt">Differences</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Willoughby, Michael T.; Stifter, Cynthia A.; Gottfredson, Nisha C.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This study investigated the factor structure of <span class="hlt">observational</span> indicators of children’s temperament that were collected across the first three years of life in the Family Life Project (N = 1205) sample. A four-factor model (activity level, fear, anger, regulation), which corresponded broadly to Rothbart’s distinction between reactivity and regulation, provided an acceptable fit the <span class="hlt">observed</span> data. Tests of measurement invariance demonstrated that a majority of the <span class="hlt">observational</span> indicators exhibited comparable measurement properties for male vs. female, black vs. white, and poor vs. not-poor children, which improved the generalizability of these results. Unadjusted demographic group comparisons revealed small to moderate sized <span class="hlt">differences</span> (Cohen ds = |.23 – .42|) in temperamental reactivity and moderate to large sized <span class="hlt">differences</span> (Cohen ds = −.64 – −.97) in regulation. Collectively, demographic variables explained more of the variation in regulation (R2 = .25) than in reactivity (R2 = .02 – .06). Follow-up analyses demonstrated that race <span class="hlt">differences</span> were substantially diminished in magnitude and better accounted for by poverty. These results help to validate the distinction between temperamental reactivity and regulation using <span class="hlt">observational</span> indicators. PMID:25733489</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H43B1633W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H43B1633W"><span>Seasonal <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Climatic Controls of Vegetation Growth in the Beijing-Tianjin Sand Source <span class="hlt">Region</span> of China.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, H.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Seasonal <span class="hlt">differences</span> in climatic controls of vegetation growth in the Beijing-Tianjin Sand Source <span class="hlt">Region</span> of China Bin He1 , Haiyan Wan11 State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China Corresponding author: Bin He, email addresses: hebin@bnu.edu.cnPhone:+861058806506, Address: Beijing Normal University, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. Email addresses of co-authors: wanghaiyan@mail.bnu.edu.cnABSTRACTLaunched in 2000, the Beiing-Tainjin Sand Source Controlling Project (BTSSCP) is an ecological restoration project intended to prevent desertification in China. Evidence from multiple sources has confirmed increases in vegetation growth in the BTSSCP <span class="hlt">region</span> since the initiation of the project. Precipitation and related soil moisture conditions typically are considered to be the main drivers of vegetation growth in this arid <span class="hlt">region</span>. However, by investigating the relationships between vegetation growth and corresponding climatic factors, we identified seasonal variation in the climatic constraints of vegetation growth. In spring, vegetation growth is stimulated mainly by elevated temperature, whereas precipitation is the lead driver of summer greening. In autumn, positive effects of both temperature and precipitation on vegetation growth were <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Furthermore, strong biosphere-atmosphere interactions were <span class="hlt">observed</span> in this <span class="hlt">region</span>. Spring warming promotes vegetation growth, but also reduces soil moisture. Summer greening has a strong cooling effect on land surface temperature. These results indicate that 1) precipitation-based projections of vegetation growth may be misleading; and 2) the ecological and environment consequences of ecological projects should be comprehensively evaluated. KEYWORDS: vegetation growth, climatic drivers, seasonal variation, BTSSCP</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSA51A2391B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSA51A2391B"><span>Determination of Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of D-<span class="hlt">region</span> Electron Density during Annular Solar Eclipse from VLF Network <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Basak, T.; Hobara, Y.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>A major part of the path of the annular solar eclipse of May 20, 2012 (magnitude 0.9439) was over southern Japan. The D-<span class="hlt">region</span> ionospheric changes associated with that eclipse, led to several degree of <span class="hlt">observable</span> perturbations of sub-ionospheric very low frequency (VLF) radio signal. The University of Electro-Communications (UEC) operates VLF <span class="hlt">observation</span> network over Japan. The solar eclipse associated signal changes were recorded in several receiving stations (Rx) simultaneously for the VLF signals coming from NWC/19.8kHz, JJI/22.2kHz, JJY/40.0kHz, NLK/24.8kHz and other VLF transmitters (Tx). These temporal dependences of VLF signal perturbation have been analyzed and the spatio-temporal characteristics of respective sub-ionospheric perturbations has already been studied by earlier workers using 2D-Finite <span class="hlt">Difference</span> Time Domain method of simulation. In this work, we determine the spatial scale, depth and temporal dependence of lower ionospheric perturbation in consistence with umbral and penumbral motion. We considered the 2-parameter D-<span class="hlt">region</span> ionospheric model with exponential electron density profile. To model the solar obscuration effect over it, we assumed a generalized space-time dependent 2-dimensional elliptical Gaussian distribution for ionospheric parameters, such as, effective reflection height (h') and sharpness factor (β). The depth (△hmax, △βmax), center of shadow (lato(t), lono(t)) and spatial scale (σlat,lon) of that Gaussian distribution are used as model parameters. In the vicinity of the eclipse zone, we compute the VLF signal perturbations using Long Wave Propagation Capability (LWPC) code for several signal propagation paths. The propagation path characteristics, such as, ground and water conductivity and geomagnetic effect on ionosphere are considered from standard LWPC prescriptions. The model parameters are tuned to set an optimum agreement between our computation and <span class="hlt">observed</span> positive and negative type of VLF perturbations. Thus</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSA24A..09S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSA24A..09S"><span>Slow Narrow Spectral Width E <span class="hlt">Region</span> Echoes <span class="hlt">Observed</span> During the March 17-2015 Storm and What They Reveal About the Disturbed Ionosphere.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>St-Maurice, J. P.; Chau, J. L.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>As auroral-type disturbances moved equatorward during the March 17-2015 storm, coherent E <span class="hlt">region</span> echoes were <span class="hlt">observed</span> simultaneously with three radar links separated by 40 km each in the east-west direction in northern Germany. One radar operated at 36.2, and the other two at 32.55 MHz. One of the latter operated in a bistatic configuration. On each radar site five separate antennas were used to locate the echoes using interferometry. The unique configuration provided an unsurpassed opportunity to study the origin and evolution of ionospheric structures in a wide field of view during a strong storm. A most noticeable feature was that over a few time intervals, several minutes in duration each, very narrow spectra were <span class="hlt">observed</span>, with Doppler shifts roughly 1/2 the ion-acoustic speed (often called "type III" echoes in the past). The inferred location indicated that the echoes came from below 100 km altitude. Echoes moving at the nominal ion-acoustic speed came from higher up and/or <span class="hlt">different</span> flow angles. In one particularly clear instance the "Type III" echo <span class="hlt">region</span> came from a <span class="hlt">region</span> 50 to 75 km in extent drifting at roughly 1.5 km/s, while moving at some small (but non-zero) flow angle with respect to the line-of-sight. In view of the <span class="hlt">observations</span>, a reevaluation of existing theories indicates that the echoes cannot be related to ion cyclotron waves. Instead, their low altitude and flow angle dependence reveal that they are the by-product of the ion Pedersen instability, which has been investigated by a few groups in relation to a non-isothermal treatment of the Farley-Buneman instability. In our present treatment of the problem, nonlinear effects are invoked to compute the final Doppler shift of the resulting structures. We find that the stronger the electric field is, the closer the <span class="hlt">region</span> of slow echoes has to be to the ExB direction. In our most dramatic example of Type III structures, the size of the echo <span class="hlt">region</span> pointed to a <span class="hlt">region</span> of high energy precipitation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800042837&hterms=oso&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Doso','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800042837&hterms=oso&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Doso"><span>Line formation in the solar chromosphere. II - An optically thick <span class="hlt">region</span> of the chromosphere-corona transition <span class="hlt">region</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> with OSO 8</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lites, B. W.; Hansen, E. R.; Shine, R. A.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>The University of Colorado ultraviolet spectrometer aboard the Orbiting Solar Observatory 8(OSO 8) has measured self-reversed profiles of the resonance line of C IV lamda 1548.2 at the limb passage of an active <span class="hlt">region</span>. The degree of the self-reversal together with the absolute intensity of the line profile determine the electron density in the active <span class="hlt">region</span> at 10 to the 10th/cu cm at temperatures where the C IV line is formed. The nonthermal component of the broadening velocity is no more than 14km/s, and the physical thickness of an equivalent plane-parallel slab in hydrostatic equilibrium that would give rise to the <span class="hlt">observed</span> line profiles is about 430 km.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900001488','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900001488"><span>Correspondence between solar fine-scale structures in the corona, transition <span class="hlt">region</span>, and lower atmosphere from collaborative <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Moses, J. Daniel; Cook, J. W.; Bartoe, J.-D. F.; Brueckner, G. E.; Dere, K. P.; Webb, D. F.; Davis, John M.; Recely, F.; Martin, S. F.; Zirin, H.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>The Soft X-Ray Imaging Payload and the High Resolution Telescope and Spectrograph (HRTS) instrument were launched from White Sands on 11 December 1987 in coordinated sounding rocket flights to investigate the correspondence of coronal and transition <span class="hlt">region</span> structures, especially the relationship between X-ray bright points (XBPs) and transition <span class="hlt">region</span> small spatial scale energetic events. The coaligned data from X-ray images are presented along with maps of sites of transition <span class="hlt">region</span> energetic events <span class="hlt">observed</span> in C IV (100,000 K), HRTS 1600 A spectroheliograms of the T sub min <span class="hlt">region</span> and ground based magnetogram and He I 10830 A images.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010558','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140010558"><span>The Resolved Stellar Population in 50 <span class="hlt">Regions</span> of M83 from HST/WFC3 Early Release Science <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Hwihyun; Whitmore, Bradley C.; Chandar, Rupali; Saha, Abhijit; Kaleida, Catherine C.; Mutchler, Max; Cohen, Seth H.; Calzetti, Daniela; O’Connell, Robert W.; Windhorst, Rogier A.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20140010558'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20140010558_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20140010558_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20140010558_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20140010558_hide"></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>We present a multi-wavelength photometric study of approximately 15,000 resolved stars in the nearby spiral galaxy M83 (NGC 5236, D = 4.61 Mpc) based on Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 <span class="hlt">observations</span> using four filters: F336W, F438W, F555W, and F814W. We select 50 <span class="hlt">regions</span> (an average size of 260 pc by 280 pc) in the spiral arm and inter-arm areas of M83 and determine the age distribution of the luminous stellar populations in each <span class="hlt">region</span>. This is accomplished by correcting for extinction toward each individual star by comparing its colors with predictions from stellar isochrones.We compare the resulting luminosity-weighted mean ages of the luminous stars in the 50 <span class="hlt">regions</span> with those determined from several independent methods, including the number ratio of red-to-blue supergiants, morphological appearance of the <span class="hlt">regions</span>, surface brightness fluctuations, and the ages of clusters in the <span class="hlt">regions</span>. We find reasonably good agreement between these methods. We also find that young stars are much more likely to be found in concentrated aggregates along spiral arms, while older stars are more dispersed. These results are consistent with the scenario that star formation is associated with the spiral arms, and stars form primarily in star clusters and then disperse on short timescales to form the field population. The locations ofWolf-Rayet stars are found to correlate with the positions of many of the youngest <span class="hlt">regions</span>, providing additional support for our ability to accurately estimate ages. We address the effects of spatial resolution on the measured colors, magnitudes, and age estimates. While individual stars can occasionally show measurable <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the colors and magnitudes, the age estimates for entire <span class="hlt">regions</span> are only slightly affected.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28469742','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28469742"><span>Muscle Force-Velocity Relationships <span class="hlt">Observed</span> in Four <span class="hlt">Different</span> Functional Tests.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zivkovic, Milena Z; Djuric, Sasa; Cuk, Ivan; Suzovic, Dejan; Jaric, Slobodan</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>The aims of the present study were to investigate the shape and strength of the force-velocity relationships <span class="hlt">observed</span> in <span class="hlt">different</span> functional movement tests and explore the parameters depicting force, velocity and power producing capacities of the tested muscles. Twelve subjects were tested on maximum performance in vertical jumps, cycling, bench press throws, and bench pulls performed against <span class="hlt">different</span> loads. Thereafter, both the averaged and maximum force and velocity variables recorded from individual trials were used for force-velocity relationship modeling. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> individual force-velocity relationships were exceptionally strong (median correlation coefficients ranged from r = 0.930 to r = 0.995) and approximately linear independently of the test and variable type. Most of the relationship parameters <span class="hlt">observed</span> from the averaged and maximum force and velocity variable types were strongly related in all tests (r = 0.789-0.991), except for those in vertical jumps (r = 0.485-0.930). However, the generalizability of the force-velocity relationship parameters depicting maximum force, velocity and power of the tested muscles across <span class="hlt">different</span> tests was inconsistent and on average moderate. We concluded that the linear force-velocity relationship model based on either maximum or averaged force-velocity data could provide the outcomes depicting force, velocity and power generating capacity of the tested muscles, although such outcomes can only be partially generalized across <span class="hlt">different</span> muscles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5384051','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5384051"><span>Muscle Force-Velocity Relationships <span class="hlt">Observed</span> in Four <span class="hlt">Different</span> Functional Tests</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zivkovic, Milena Z.; Djuric, Sasa; Cuk, Ivan; Suzovic, Dejan; Jaric, Slobodan</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Abstract The aims of the present study were to investigate the shape and strength of the force-velocity relationships <span class="hlt">observed</span> in <span class="hlt">different</span> functional movement tests and explore the parameters depicting force, velocity and power producing capacities of the tested muscles. Twelve subjects were tested on maximum performance in vertical jumps, cycling, bench press throws, and bench pulls performed against <span class="hlt">different</span> loads. Thereafter, both the averaged and maximum force and velocity variables recorded from individual trials were used for force–velocity relationship modeling. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> individual force-velocity relationships were exceptionally strong (median correlation coefficients ranged from r = 0.930 to r = 0.995) and approximately linear independently of the test and variable type. Most of the relationship parameters <span class="hlt">observed</span> from the averaged and maximum force and velocity variable types were strongly related in all tests (r = 0.789-0.991), except for those in vertical jumps (r = 0.485-0.930). However, the generalizability of the force-velocity relationship parameters depicting maximum force, velocity and power of the tested muscles across <span class="hlt">different</span> tests was inconsistent and on average moderate. We concluded that the linear force-velocity relationship model based on either maximum or averaged force-velocity data could provide the outcomes depicting force, velocity and power generating capacity of the tested muscles, although such outcomes can only be partially generalized across <span class="hlt">different</span> muscles. PMID:28469742</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HESS...21.2463M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017HESS...21.2463M"><span><span class="hlt">Regionalizing</span> nonparametric models of precipitation amounts on <span class="hlt">different</span> temporal scales</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mosthaf, Tobias; Bárdossy, András</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Parametric distribution functions are commonly used to model precipitation amounts corresponding to <span class="hlt">different</span> durations. The precipitation amounts themselves are crucial for stochastic rainfall generators and weather generators. Nonparametric kernel density estimates (KDEs) offer a more flexible way to model precipitation amounts. As already stated in their name, these models do not exhibit parameters that can be easily <span class="hlt">regionalized</span> to run rainfall generators at ungauged locations as well as at gauged locations. To overcome this deficiency, we present a new interpolation scheme for nonparametric models and evaluate it for <span class="hlt">different</span> temporal resolutions ranging from hourly to monthly. During the evaluation, the nonparametric methods are compared to commonly used parametric models like the two-parameter gamma and the mixed-exponential distribution. As water volume is considered to be an essential parameter for applications like flood modeling, a Lorenz-curve-based criterion is also introduced. To add value to the estimation of data at sub-daily resolutions, we incorporated the plentiful daily measurements in the interpolation scheme, and this idea was evaluated. The study <span class="hlt">region</span> is the federal state of Baden-Württemberg in the southwest of Germany with more than 500 rain gauges. The validation results show that the newly proposed nonparametric interpolation scheme provides reasonable results and that the incorporation of daily values in the <span class="hlt">regionalization</span> of sub-daily models is very beneficial.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AAS...23124720L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AAS...23124720L"><span>GBT <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of the Star-Forming <span class="hlt">Regions</span> DR21 and MonR2 with the new Argus Instrument</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Linville, Dylan; Frayer, David; Cunningham, Nichol; Maddalena, Ronald</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>We present GBT molecular line <span class="hlt">observations</span> of DR21 and MonR2 with the new 16 element 75--115 GHz Argus instrument. Both molecular cloud complexes are associated with <span class="hlt">regions</span> of high-mass star formation. We present the results of our 13CO, C18O, and HCO+ <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Both MonR2 and DR21 show multiple velocity components, and the data suggest that the core of MonR2 is collapsing, while DR21 contains a <span class="hlt">region</span> with a strong outflow traced by HCO+.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMSM23D..03S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFMSM23D..03S"><span>Secure Identifications of the Electron Diffusion <span class="hlt">Region</span> with Spacecraft <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Scudder, J. D.; Karimabadi, H.; Daughton, W. S.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>The Electron Diffusion <span class="hlt">Region</span> (EDR) plays a key role in the reconnection process and its detection in spacecraft data is one of the major goals of MMS. However, the <span class="hlt">observable</span> and diagnostic properties of entry into the EDR of collisionless magnetic reconnection remain a matter of much debate. There are also even some theoretical disagreements as to how to define secondary and tertiary properties of the EDR, that may be the only properties that are practically <span class="hlt">observable</span>. Here we start with first principles of what the EDR is in a general magnetic topology including anti-parallel and guide field regimes. We motivate the EDR as the site in the reconnection layer where magnetic flux is not preserved for the comoving electron <span class="hlt">observer</span>. <span class="hlt">Observable</span> diagnostics were then found based on kinetic theory that (i) can be measured in the data, and (ii) that also highlight the theoretically motivated EDR found in the PIC simulations. We compare and contrast our diagnostics with those used by others. We present results from PIC simulations of an RD, an EDR layer, and a fast shock to illustrate their degeneracy under evidence presented in the literature to support EDR “sightings”. Seven (7) properties are shared by these layers. Invariably one of these seven inspecific tests are invoked in the literature when “EDR’s” are identified. A particularly common inspecific test is any and all violations of the Ideal Electron MHD (IEMHD) condition: E+UexB=0, whether from parallel E field detection or perpendicular deviations from IEMHD=0. PIC simulations clearly show that all three current layers possess violations of the ideal electron MHD condition; this result implies that the common usage of violations of IEMHD=0 to define, identify or corroborate a current layer as the EDR are not theoretically appropriate. Our kinetic, <span class="hlt">observable</span> diagnostics however do differentiate amongst this degenerate class of propagating current layers. For example, these <span class="hlt">observables</span> clearly</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3749153','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3749153"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> Neural Response <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in the Determination of Faces or Houses Positioned in a Wide Visual Field</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wu, Jinglong; Chen, Kewei; Imajyo, Satoshi; Ohno, Seiichiro; Kanazawa, Susumu</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>In human visual cortex, the primary visual cortex (V1) is considered to be essential for visual information processing; the fusiform face area (FFA) and parahippocampal place area (PPA) are considered as face-selective <span class="hlt">region</span> and places-selective <span class="hlt">region</span>, respectively. Recently, a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study showed that the neural activity ratios between V1 and FFA were constant as eccentricities increasing in central visual field. However, in wide visual field, the neural activity relationships between V1 and FFA or V1 and PPA are still unclear. In this work, using fMRI and wide-view present system, we tried to address this issue by measuring neural activities in V1, FFA and PPA for the images of faces and houses aligning in 4 eccentricities and 4 meridians. Then, we further calculated ratio relative to V1 (RRV1) as comparing the neural responses amplitudes in FFA or PPA with those in V1. We found V1, FFA, and PPA showed significant <span class="hlt">different</span> neural activities to faces and houses in 3 dimensions of eccentricity, meridian, and <span class="hlt">region</span>. Most importantly, the RRV1s in FFA and PPA also exhibited significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in 3 dimensions. In the dimension of eccentricity, both FFA and PPA showed smaller RRV1s at central position than those at peripheral positions. In meridian dimension, both FFA and PPA showed larger RRV1s at upper vertical positions than those at lower vertical positions. In the dimension of <span class="hlt">region</span>, FFA had larger RRV1s than PPA. We proposed that these differential RRV1s indicated FFA and PPA might have <span class="hlt">different</span> processing strategies for encoding the wide field visual information from V1. These <span class="hlt">different</span> processing strategies might depend on the retinal position at which faces or houses are typically <span class="hlt">observed</span> in daily life. We posited a role of experience in shaping the information processing strategies in the ventral visual cortex. PMID:23991147</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910187Q','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1910187Q"><span>Deconvolving <span class="hlt">regional</span> and fault-driven uplift in Calabria using drainage inversion techniques and field <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Quye-Sawyer, Jennifer; Whittaker, Alexander; Roberts, Gareth; Rood, Dylan</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>A key challenge in the Earth Sciences is to understand the timing and extent of the coupling between geodynamics, tectonics, and surface processes. In principle, the landscape adjusts to surface uplift or tectonic events, and present-day topography records a convolution of these processes. The inverse problem, the ability to find the 'best fit' theoretical scenario to match present day <span class="hlt">observations</span>, is particularly desirable as it makes use of real data, encompasses the complexity of natural systems and quantifies model uncertainty through misfit. The <span class="hlt">region</span> of Calabria, Italy, is known to have experienced geologically rapid uplift ( 1 mm/yr) since the Early Pleistocene, inferred from widespread marine terraces (ca. 1 Myr old) at elevations greater than 1 km. In addition, this is a tectonically active area of normal faulting with several highly destructive earthquakes in recent centuries. Since there has been some debate about the relative magnitudes of the uplift caused by <span class="hlt">regional</span> processes or by faulting, the ability to model these effects on a <span class="hlt">regional</span> scale may help resolve this problem. Therefore, Calabria is both a suitable and important site to model large magnitude recent geomorphic change. 1368 river longitudinal profiles have been generated from satellite digital elevation models (DEMs). These longitudinal profiles were compared to aerial photography to confirm the accuracy of this automated process. The longitudinal profiles contain numerous non-lithologically controlled knickpoints. Field <span class="hlt">observations</span> support the presence of knickpoints extracted from the DEM and measurements of pebble imbrication from fluvial terraces suggest the planform stability of the drainage network in the last 1 Myr. By assuming fluvial erosion obeys stream power laws with an exponent of upstream area of 0.5 ± 0.1, the evolution of the landscape is computed using a linearized joint inversion of the longitudinal profiles. This has produced a spatially and temporally continuous</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.T43D2359U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.T43D2359U"><span>The relationship between seismic velocity structure and the seismic coupling in the Hyuga-nada <span class="hlt">region</span>, southwest Japan, deduced from onshore and offshore seismic <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Uehira, K.; Yakiwara, H.; Yamada, T.; Umakoshi, K.; Nakao, S.; Kobayashi, R.; Goto, K.; Miyamachi, H.; Mochizuki, K.; Nakahigashi, K.; Shinohara, M.; Kanazawa, T.; Hino, R.; Goda, M.; Shimizu, H.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>In Hyuga-nada <span class="hlt">region</span>, the Philippine Sea (PHS) plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian (EU) plate (the southwest Japan arc) along the Nankai trough at a rate of about 5 cm per year. Big earthquakes (M7 class) have occurred in the north <span class="hlt">region</span> from latitude 31.6 degrees north, but it has not occurred in the south <span class="hlt">region</span> from latitude 31.6 degrees north. The largest earthquake ever recorded in Hyuga-nada <span class="hlt">region</span> is the 1968 Hyuga-nada earthquake (Mw 7.5). And microseismicity varies spatially. There are non-seismic slip events in Hyuga-nada <span class="hlt">region</span>. For example, the after-slips associated with events for 19 October 1996 and 3 December 1996 were <span class="hlt">observed</span> (Yagi et al., 2001), and in the same <span class="hlt">region</span>, the slow-slip events were also <span class="hlt">observed</span> by GPS measurements (GSI, 2011). We performed extraordinary seismic <span class="hlt">observations</span> for 75 days from April to July 2006, for 73 days from April to July 2008, and for 77 days from April to July 2009. About 25 pop-up type ocean-bottom seismometers were deployed above hypocentral <span class="hlt">region</span> in Hyuga-nada using Nagasaki-maru. And three data loggers were deployed on land in order to compensate a regular seismic network. We used these data and permanent stations for this analysis. In order to obtain precise hypocenter distribution, focal mechanisms, and a 3D seismic velocity structure around the Hyuga-nada <span class="hlt">region</span>, we used Double-<span class="hlt">Difference</span> (DD) Tomography method developed by Zhang and Thurber (2003). In northern part of Hyuga-nada, Vp/Vs ratio is high along the upper part of PHS slab, and this layer is interpreted as the subducting oceanic crust. On the other hand, Vp/Vs ratio is about 1.73 in southern part of Hyuga-nada, and this is interpreted as the subducted Kyushu-Palau Ridge, old island arc, which is made by granitic rock. More over, there is a <span class="hlt">difference</span> of Poisson's ratio at mantle wedge. This value is high (> 0.3) in northern part of Hyuga-nada. The high Poisson's mantle wedge is suggesting that the zone probably corresponds to a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.G42A..02J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.G42A..02J"><span>Towards Estimate of Present Day Ice Melting in Polar <span class="hlt">Regions</span> From Altimetry, Gravity, Ocean Bottom Pressure and GPS <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jiang, Y.; Wu, X.; van den Broeke, M. R.; Munneke, P. K.; Simonsen, S. B.; van der Wal, W.; Vermeersen, B. L.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>The ice sheet in Polar <span class="hlt">Regions</span> stores the largest freshwater bodies on Earth, sufficient to elevate global sea level by more than 65 meters if melted. The earth may have entered an intensive ice-melting episode, possibly due to anthropogenic global warming rather than natural orbit variations. Determining present-day ice mass balance, however, is complicated by the fact that most <span class="hlt">observations</span> contain both present day ice melting signal and residual signals from past glacier melting. Despite decades of progress in geodynamic modeling and new <span class="hlt">observations</span>, significant uncertainties remain in both. The key to separate present-day ice mass change and signals from past melting is to include data of <span class="hlt">different</span> physical characteristics. We conducted a new global kinematic inversion scheme to estimate both present-day ice melting and past glacier signatures simultaneously and assess their contribution to current and future global mean sea level change. Our approach is designed to invert and separate present-day melting signal in the spherical harmonic domain using a globally distributed interdisciplinary data with distinct physical information. Interesting results with unprecedented precisions have been achieved so far. We will present our results of the estimated present-day ice mass balance trend in both Greenland and Antarctica ice sheet as well as other <span class="hlt">regions</span> where significant mass change occurs.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870003089','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870003089"><span>Simultaneous Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) and very large array <span class="hlt">observations</span> of solar active <span class="hlt">regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lang, K. R.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The research deals mainly with Very Large Array and Solar Maximum Mission <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the ubiquitous coronal loops that dominate the structure of the low corona. As illustrated, the <span class="hlt">observations</span> of thermal cyclotron lines at microwave wavelengths provide a powerful new method of accurately specifying the coronal magnetic field strength. Processes are delineated that trigger solar eruptions from coronal loops, including preburst heating and the magnetic interaction of coronal loops. Evidence for coherent burst mechanisms is provided for both the Sun and nearby stars, while other <span class="hlt">observations</span> suggest the presence of currents that may amplify the coronal magnetic field to unexpectedly high levels. The existence is reported of a new class of compact, variable moving sources in <span class="hlt">regions</span> of apparently weak photospheric field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC51D1187L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMGC51D1187L"><span>Spatiotemporal Variations in the <span class="hlt">Difference</span> between Satellite-<span class="hlt">observed</span> Land Surface Temperature and Station-based Near-surface Air Temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lian, X.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>There is an increasing demand to integrate land surface temperature (LST) into climate research due to its global coverage, which requires a comprehensive knowledge of its distinctive characteristics compared to near-surface air temperature ( ). Using satellite <span class="hlt">observations</span> and in-situ station-based datasets, we conducted a global-scale assessment of the spatial, seasonal, and interannual variations in the <span class="hlt">difference</span> between daytime maximum LST and daytime maximum ( , LST - ) during 2003-2014. Spatially, LST is generally higher than over arid and sparsely vegetated <span class="hlt">regions</span> in the mid-low latitudes, but LST is lower than in the tropical rainforests due to strong evaporative cooling, and in the high-latitude <span class="hlt">regions</span> due to snow-induced radiative cooling. Seasonally, is negative in tropical <span class="hlt">regions</span> throughout the year, while it displays a pronounced seasonality in both the mid-latitudes and boreal <span class="hlt">regions</span>. The seasonality in the mid-latitudes is a result of the asynchronous responses of LST and to the seasonal cycle of radiation and vegetation abundance, whereas in the boreal <span class="hlt">regions</span>, seasonality is mainly caused by the change in snow cover. At an interannual scale, only a small proportion of the land surface displays a statistically significant trend (P <0.05) due to the short time span of current measurements. Our study identified substantial spatial heterogeneity and seasonality in , as well as its determinant environmental drivers, and thus provides a useful reference for monitoring near-surface temperature changes using remote sensing, particularly in remote <span class="hlt">regions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170003431&hterms=year&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DTitle%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DThis%2Byear','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20170003431&hterms=year&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DTitle%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DThis%2Byear"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> Changes in Earths Color and Texture as <span class="hlt">Observed</span> From Space Over a 15-Year Period</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Zhao, Guangyu; Di Girolamo, Larry; Diner, David J.; Bruegge, Carol J.; Mueller, Kevin J.; Wu, Dong L.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Earth-<span class="hlt">observing</span> satellites provide global <span class="hlt">observations</span> of many geophysical variables. As these variables are derived from measured radiances, the underlying radiance data are the most reliable sources of information for change detection. Here, we identify statistically significant trends in the color and spatial texture of the Earth as viewed from multiple directions from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), which has been sampling the angular distribution of scattered sunlight since 2000. Globally, our results show that the Earth has been appearing relatively bluer (up to 1.6 % per decade from both nadir and oblique views) and smoother (up to 1.5 % per decade only from oblique views) over the past 15 years. The magnitude of the global blueing trends is comparable to that of uncertainties in radiometric calibration stability. <span class="hlt">Regional</span> shifts in color and texture, which are significantly larger than global means, are <span class="hlt">observed</span>, particularly over polar <span class="hlt">regions</span>, along the boundaries of the subtropical highs, the tropical western Pacific, Southwestern Asia, and Australia. We demonstrate that the large <span class="hlt">regional</span> trends cannot be explained either by uncertainties in radiometric calibration or variability in total or spectral solar irradiance; hence, they reflect changes internal to the Earths climate system. The 15-year-mean true color composites and texture images of the Earth at both nadir and oblique views are also presented for the first time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22370577-very-large-array-green-bank-telescope-observations-orion-ngc-w12-photodissociation-region-properties-magnetic-field','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22370577-very-large-array-green-bank-telescope-observations-orion-ngc-w12-photodissociation-region-properties-magnetic-field"><span>Very large array and green bank telescope <span class="hlt">observations</span> of Orion B (NGC 2024, W12): photodissociation <span class="hlt">region</span> properties and magnetic field</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Roshi, D. Anish; Goss, W. M.; Jeyakumar, S., E-mail: aroshi@nrao.edu, E-mail: mgoss@nrao.edu, E-mail: sjk@astro.ugto.mx</p> <p></p> <p> narrow (1.7 km s{sup –1}) and broad (33 km s{sup –1}) line features. The narrow line has spatial distribution and central velocity (∼9 km s{sup –1}) similar to that of the foreground carbon line emission, suggesting that they are associated. Modeling the narrow H166α emission provides physical properties T {sub PDR} ∼ 50 K, n{sub e}{sup PDR}∼4 cm{sup –3}, and l ∼ 0.01 pc and implies an ionization fraction of ∼10{sup –4}. The broad H166α line originates from the H II <span class="hlt">region</span>. The X166α line has a <span class="hlt">different</span> spatial distribution compared to other RRLs <span class="hlt">observed</span> toward NGC 2024 and is probably associated with cold dust clouds. Based on the expected low depletion of sulfur in such clouds and the –8.1 km s{sup –1} velocity separation between the X166α and C166α lines, we interpret that the X166α transition arises from sulfur.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPD....4710107K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPD....4710107K"><span>Spectro-polarimetric <span class="hlt">observation</span> in UV with CLASP to probe the chromosphere and transition <span class="hlt">region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kano, Ryouhei; Ishikawa, Ryohko; Winebarger, Amy R.; Auchère, Frédéric; Trujillo Bueno, Javier; Narukage, Noriyuki; Kobayashi, Ken; Bando, Takamasa; Katsukawa, Yukio; Kubo, Masahito; Ishikawa, Shin-Nosuke; Giono, Gabriel; Hara, Hirohisa; Suematsu, Yoshinori; Shimizu, Toshifumi; Sakao, Taro; Tsuneta, Saku; Ichimoto, Kiyoshi; Goto, Motoshi; Cirtain, Jonathan W.; De Pontieu, Bart; Casini, Roberto; Manso Sainz, Rafael; Asensio Ramos, Andres; Stepan, Jiri; Belluzzi, Luca; Carlsson, Mats</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>The Chromospheric Lyman-Alpha Spectro-Polarimeter (CLASP) is a NASA sounding-rocket experiment that was performed in White Sands in the US on September 3, 2015. During its 5-minute ballistic flight, CLASP successfully made the first spectro-polarimetric <span class="hlt">observation</span> in the Lyman-alpha line (121.57 nm) originating in the chromosphere and transition <span class="hlt">region</span>. Since the Lyman-alpha polarization is sensitive to magnetic field of 10-100 G by the Hanle effect, we aim to infer the magnetic field information in such upper solar atmosphere with this experiment.The obtained CLASP data showed that the Lyman-alpha scattering polarization is about a few percent in the wings and the order of 0.1% in the core near the solar limb, as it had been theoretically predicted, and that both polarization signals have a conspicuous spatio-temporal variability. CLASP also <span class="hlt">observed</span> another upper-chromospheric line, Si III (120.65 nm), whose critical field strength for the Hanle effect is 290 G, and showed a measurable scattering polarization of a few % in this line. The polarization properties of the Si III line could facilitate the interpretation of the scattering polarization <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the Lyman-alpha line.In this presentation, we would like to show how the upper chromosphere and transition <span class="hlt">region</span> are seen in the polarization of these UV lines and discuss the possible source of these complicated polarization signals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SoPh..292..146L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SoPh..292..146L"><span>Comparison of Helioseismic Far-Side Active <span class="hlt">Region</span> Detections with STEREO Far-Side EUV <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of Solar Activity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liewer, P. C.; Qiu, J.; Lindsey, C.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Seismic maps of the Sun's far hemisphere, computed from Doppler data from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) are now being used routinely to detect strong magnetic <span class="hlt">regions</span> on the far side of the Sun (http://jsoc.stanford.edu/data/farside/). To test the reliability of this technique, the helioseismically inferred active <span class="hlt">region</span> detections are compared with far-side <span class="hlt">observations</span> of solar activity from the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO), using brightness in extreme-ultraviolet light (EUV) as a proxy for magnetic fields. Two approaches are used to analyze nine months of STEREO and HMI data. In the first approach, we determine whether new large east-limb active <span class="hlt">regions</span> are detected seismically on the far side before they appear Earth side and study how the detectability of these <span class="hlt">regions</span> relates to their EUV intensity. We find that while there is a range of EUV intensities for which far-side <span class="hlt">regions</span> may or may not be detected seismically, there appears to be an intensity level above which they are almost always detected and an intensity level below which they are never detected. In the second approach, we analyze concurrent extreme-ultraviolet and helioseismic far-side <span class="hlt">observations</span>. We find that 100% (22) of the far-side seismic <span class="hlt">regions</span> correspond to an extreme-ultraviolet plage; 95% of these either became a NOAA-designated magnetic <span class="hlt">region</span> when reaching the east limb or were one before crossing to the far side. A low but significant correlation is found between the seismic signature strength and the EUV intensity of a far-side <span class="hlt">region</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH31D..07H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH31D..07H"><span>Multi-spacecraft <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of the Coronal and Interplanetary Evolution of a Solar Eruption Associated with Two Active <span class="hlt">Regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hu, H.; Liu, Y. D.; Wang, R.; Zhao, X.; Zhu, B.; Yang, Z.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We investigate the coronal and interplanetary evolution of a coronal mass ejection (CME) launched on 2010 September 4 from a source <span class="hlt">region</span> linking two active <span class="hlt">regions</span> (ARs), 11101 and 11103, using extreme ultraviolet imaging, magnetogram, white-light, and in situ <span class="hlt">observations</span> from SDO, STEREO, SOHO, VEX, and Wind. A potential-field source-surface model is employed to examine the configuration of the coronal magnetic field surrounding the source <span class="hlt">region</span>. The graduated cylindrical shell model and a triangulation method are applied to determine the kinematics of the CME in the corona and interplanetary space. From the remote sensing and in situ <span class="hlt">observations</span>, we obtain some key results: (1) the CME was deflected in both the eastward and southward directions in the low corona by the magnetic pressure from the two ARs, and possibly interacted with another ejection, which caused that the CME arrived at VEX that was longitudinally distant from the source <span class="hlt">region</span>; (2) although VEX was closer to the Sun, the <span class="hlt">observed</span> and derived CME arrival times at VEX are not earlier than those at Wind, which suggests the importance of determining both the frontal shape and propagation direction of the CME in interplanetary space; and (3) the ICME was compressed in the radial direction while the longitudinal transverse size was extended.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22365517-pervasive-faint-fe-xix-emission-from-solar-active-region-observed-eunis-evidence-nanoflare-heating','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22365517-pervasive-faint-fe-xix-emission-from-solar-active-region-observed-eunis-evidence-nanoflare-heating"><span>Pervasive faint Fe XIX emission from a solar active <span class="hlt">region</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> with EUNIS-13: Evidence for nanoflare heating</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Brosius, Jeffrey W.; Daw, Adrian N.; Rabin, D. M., E-mail: Jeffrey.W.Brosius@nasa.gov</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>We present spatially resolved EUV spectroscopic measurements of pervasive, faint Fe XIX 592.2 Å line emission in an active <span class="hlt">region</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the 2013 April 23 flight of the Extreme Ultraviolet Normal Incidence Spectrograph (EUNIS-13) sounding rocket instrument. With cooled detectors, high sensitivity, and high spectral resolution, EUNIS-13 resolves the lines of Fe XIX at 592.2 Å (formed at temperature T ≈ 8.9 MK) and Fe XII at 592.6 Å (T ≈ 1.6 MK). The Fe XIX line emission, <span class="hlt">observed</span> over an area in excess of 4920 arcsec{sup 2} (2.58 × 10{sup 9} km{sup 2}, more than 60% of themore » active <span class="hlt">region</span>), provides strong evidence for the nanoflare heating model of the solar corona. No GOES events occurred in the <span class="hlt">region</span> less than 2 hr before the rocket flight, but a microflare was <span class="hlt">observed</span> north and east of the <span class="hlt">region</span> with RHESSI and EUNIS during the flight. The absence of significant upward velocities anywhere in the <span class="hlt">region</span>, particularly the microflare, indicates that the pervasive Fe XIX emission is not propelled outward from the microflare site, but is most likely attributed to localized heating (not necessarily due to reconnection) consistent with the nanoflare heating model of the solar corona. Assuming ionization equilibrium we estimate Fe XIX/Fe XII emission measure ratios of ∼0.076 just outside the AR core and ∼0.59 in the core.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.469S.372H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.469S.372H"><span>Diamagnetic <span class="hlt">region(s</span>): structure of the unmagnetized plasma around Comet 67P/CG</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Henri, P.; Vallières, X.; Hajra, R.; Goetz, C.; Richter, I.; Glassmeier, K.-H.; Galand, M.; Rubin, M.; Eriksson, A. I.; Nemeth, Z.; Vigren, E.; Beth, A.; Burch, J. L.; Carr, C.; Nilsson, H.; Tsurutani, B.; Wattieaux, G.</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>The ESA's comet chaser Rosetta has monitored the evolution of the ionized atmosphere of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P/CG) and its interaction with the solar wind, during more than 2 yr. Around perihelion, while the cometary outgassing rate was highest, Rosetta crossed hundreds of unmagnetized <span class="hlt">regions</span>, but did not seem to have crossed a large-scale diamagnetic cavity as anticipated. Using in situ Rosetta <span class="hlt">observations</span>, we characterize the structure of the unmagnetized plasma found around comet 67P/CG. Plasma density measurements from RPC-MIP are analysed in the unmagnetized <span class="hlt">regions</span> identified with RPC-MAG. The plasma <span class="hlt">observations</span> are discussed in the context of the cometary escaping neutral atmosphere, <span class="hlt">observed</span> by ROSINA/COPS. The plasma density in the <span class="hlt">different</span> diamagnetic <span class="hlt">regions</span> crossed by Rosetta ranges from ˜100 to ˜1500 cm-3. They exhibit a remarkably systematic behaviour that essentially depends on the comet activity and the cometary ionosphere expansion. An effective total ionization frequency is obtained from in situ <span class="hlt">observations</span> during the high outgassing activity phase of comet 67P/CG. Although several diamagnetic <span class="hlt">regions</span> have been crossed over a large range of distances to the comet nucleus (from 50 to 400 km) and to the Sun (1.25-2.4 au), in situ <span class="hlt">observations</span> give strong evidence for a single diamagnetic <span class="hlt">region</span>, located close to the electron exobase. Moreover, the <span class="hlt">observations</span> are consistent with an unstable contact surface that can locally extend up to about 10 times the electron exobase.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29439318','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29439318"><span>The effect of three <span class="hlt">different</span> surgical techniques for colon anastomosis on <span class="hlt">regional</span> postoperative microperfusion: Laser Doppler Flowmetry study in pigs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kaska, Milan; Blazej, Slavomir; Turek, Zdenek; Ryska, Ales; Jegorov, Boris; Radochova, Vera; Bezouska, Jan; Paral, Jiri</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The optimal surgical approach to reconnecting bowel ends safely after resection is of great importance. This project is focused on assessment of the perianastomotic microcirculation quality in the short postoperative period when using three <span class="hlt">different</span> anastomosis techniques in experimental animal. The experimental study involved 27 young female domestic pigs divided into three subgroups of 9 animals according to each surgical method of anastomosis construction in the sigmoid colon <span class="hlt">region</span>: by manual suture, by stapler, or by gluing. Blood microcirculation in the anastomosis <span class="hlt">region</span> was monitored using Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF). Anastomosis healing was evaluated by macroscopic and histological examination. Evaluation of the microcirculation in the anastomosis <span class="hlt">region</span> showed the smallest decrease in perfusion values in animals reconstructed by suturing (Δ= -38.01%). A significantly more profound drop was <span class="hlt">observed</span> postoperatively after stapling or gluing (Δ= -52.42% and Δ= -59.53%, respectively). All performed anastomoses healed without any signs of tissue and function pathology. Sewing, stapling, and gluing techniques for bowel anastomosis each have a <span class="hlt">different</span> effect on <span class="hlt">regional</span> microcirculation during 120 min. postoperatively. Nevertheless, the final results of anastomosis healing were found without of any pathology in all experimental animals managed by above mentioned anastomotic techniques.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24200753','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24200753"><span>User experiences with <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regional</span> health information exchange systems in Finland.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hyppönen, Hannele; Reponen, Jarmo; Lääveri, Tinja; Kaipio, Johanna</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The interest in cross-organizational Health Information Exchange (HIE) is increasing at <span class="hlt">regional</span>, national and cross-European levels. The purpose of our study was to compare user experiences (usability) of <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regional</span> health information exchange system (RHIE) types as well as the factors related to the experienced level of success of <span class="hlt">different</span> RHIE system types. A web-based questionnaire was sent to 95% of Finnish physicians aged between 25 and 65 years of age. RHIE systems were mainly available in the public sector and only in certain <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Those 1693 physicians were selected from the 3929 respondents of the original study, who met these criteria. The preferred means (paper/fax vs. electronic) of cross-organizational HIE, and replies to the 11 questions measuring RHIE success were used as the main dependent variables. Two thirds (73%) of the primary care physicians and one third (33%) of the specialized care physicians replied using an electronic RHIE system rather than paper or fax as a primary means of cross-organizational HIE. Respondents from <span class="hlt">regions</span> where a <span class="hlt">regional</span> virtual EHR (type 3) RHIE system was employed had used electronic means rather than paper HIE to a larger extend compared to their colleagues in <span class="hlt">regions</span> where a master patient index-type (type 1) or web distribution model (type 2) RHIE system was used. Users of three local EHR systems preferred electronic HIE to paper to a larger extend than users of other EHR systems. Experiences with an integrated RHIE system (type 3) were more positive than those with other types or RHIE systems. The study revealed User preferences for the integrated virtual RHIE-system (type 3) over the master index model (type 1) or web distribution model (type 2). Success of individual HIE tasks of writing, sending and reading were impacted by the way these functionalities were realized in the EHR systems. To meet the expectations of increased efficiency, continuity, safety and quality of care, designers of HIE</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSA43C..01D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSA43C..01D"><span>The Transition <span class="hlt">Region</span> Explorer: <span class="hlt">Observing</span> the Multi-Scale Dynamics of Geospace</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Donovan, E.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Meso- and global-scale IT remote sensing is accomplished via satellite imagers and ground-based instruments. On the ground, the approach is arrays providing extensive as possible coverage (the "net") and powerful observatories that drill deep to provide detailed information about small-scale processes (the "drill"). Always, there is a trade between cost, spatial resolution, coverage (extent), number of parameters, and more, such that in general the larger the network the sparser the coverage. Where are we now? There are important gaps. With THEMIS-ASI, we see processes that quickly evolve beyond the field of view of one observatory, but involve space/time scales not captured by existing meso- and large-scale arrays. Many forefront questions require <span class="hlt">observations</span> at heretofore unexplored space and time scales, and comprehensive inter-hemispheric conjugate <span class="hlt">observations</span> than are presently available. To address this, a new ground-based <span class="hlt">observing</span> initiative is being developed in Canada. Called TREx, for Transition <span class="hlt">Region</span> Explorer, this new facility will incorporate dedicated blueline, redline, and Near-Infrared All-Sky Imagers, together with an unprecedented network of ten imaging riometers, with a combined field of view spanning more than three hours of magnetic local time and from equatorward to poleward of typical auroral latitudes (spanning the ionospheric footprint of the "nightside transition <span class="hlt">region</span>" that separates the highly stretched tail and the inner magnetosphere). The TREx field-of-view is covered by HF radars, and contains a dense network of magnetometers and VLF receivers, as well as other geospace and upper atmospheric remote sensors. Taken together, TREx and these co-located instruments represent a quantum leap forward in terms of imaging, in multiple parameters (precipitation, ionization, convection, and currents), ionospheric dynamics in the above-mentioned scale gap. This represents an exciting new opportunity for studying geospace at the system level</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880026990&hterms=astronomia+espacio&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dastronomia%2By%2Bespacio','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880026990&hterms=astronomia+espacio&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dastronomia%2By%2Bespacio"><span><span class="hlt">Different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of line formation in the envelope of the early emission line star HD 190073</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ringuelet, A. E.; Rovira, M.; Cidale, L.; Sahade, J.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>A description is presented of the spectral features that characterize the spectrum of HD 190073 both in the photographic <span class="hlt">region</span> (360-660 nm), and in the IUE UV (115-320 nm). A number of <span class="hlt">different</span> types of profiles can be distinguished, and this seems to imply that many <span class="hlt">different</span> 'broad' <span class="hlt">regions</span> of line formation coexist in the extended envelope of the star, including <span class="hlt">regions</span> with densities <span class="hlt">differing</span> in several orders of magnitude.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170004624','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170004624"><span>Experiences in Applying Earth <span class="hlt">Observing</span> Satellite Technology in SERVIR <span class="hlt">Regions</span> with an Emphasis on Disasters: Successes, Lessons and Paths Forward</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Anderson, Eric</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Earth <span class="hlt">observing</span> satellites offer a unique perspective of our environment from the vantage point of space. Repeated measurements of the Earths subsystems such as the biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and of humans interactions with their environments, allow for a better understanding of Earth system processes, and they can provide input for decision making in areas of environmental management and disaster risk reduction. SERVIR is a joint initiative of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the US Agency for International Development (USAID) that began in 2005 and has been active in applying Earth <span class="hlt">observations</span> for sustainable development in many <span class="hlt">regions</span> around the world, recently the Lower Mekong and West Africa <span class="hlt">regions</span>. This talk will highlight some successes achieved and lessons learned through SERVIR in Central America, Eastern Southern Africa, and the Hindu Kush-Himalaya <span class="hlt">region</span>, focusing on disasters. We will also present opportunities for enhanced decision making with Earth <span class="hlt">observations</span> and geospatial technologies in the Lower Mekong <span class="hlt">region</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=System+AND+English&pg=6&id=EJ1012677','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=System+AND+English&pg=6&id=EJ1012677"><span>Research Collaboration across Higher Education Systems: Maturity, Language Use, and <span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">Differences</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Shin, Jung Cheol; Lee, Soo Jeung; Kim, Yangson</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>This study analyzed whether research collaboration patterns <span class="hlt">differ</span> across higher education systems based on maturity of the systems, their language, and their geographical <span class="hlt">region</span>. This study found that collaboration patterns <span class="hlt">differ</span> across higher education systems: academics in developed systems are more collaborative than their colleagues in…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B14B..06Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.B14B..06Z"><span>Evaluating uncertainties in nitrous oxide emission inventories with multi-scale <span class="hlt">observations</span> for an agriculture-dominated <span class="hlt">region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, X.; Lee, X.; Griffis, T. J.; Baker, J. M.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Although agriculture accounts for about 80% of the global anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, large uncertainties exist in <span class="hlt">regional</span> inventories of N2O emissions from agriculture. The uncertainties mainly include poorly quantified plant flux, large heterogeneity of direct N2O emissions from cropland, and underestimated N2O lost through leaching and run off. To evaluate these uncertainties we conducted <span class="hlt">observations</span> on three contrasting scales in the Midwest U.S., an agriculture dominated <span class="hlt">region</span> (Zhang et al., 2014a). <span class="hlt">Observations</span> at the plant, ecosystem, and <span class="hlt">regional</span> scales include: 1) N2O flux measurements from the aboveground section of corn and soybean plants using newly designed plant chamber; 2) N2O flux-gradient measurements in a soybean-corn rotation field; and 3) N2O concentration measurements at 3 m and 200 m level on a communication tower (KCMP tower, 44°41'19''N, 93°4'22''W) that were used to estimate <span class="hlt">regional</span> N2O fluxes with boundary layer methods (Zhang et al., 2014b). With these <span class="hlt">observations</span> we evaluated the uncertainties in two frequently-used N2O inventories: EDGAR42 (Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research, release version 4.2); and a national GHG inventory (U.S. EPA, 2014). The results indicate that EDGAR42 and EPA inventory underestimated N2O emissions for the <span class="hlt">region</span> around the KCMP tower at least by a factor of three and two respectively. The underestimation is not likely caused by neglecting N2O flux from crops since N2O fluxes from unfertilized soybean and fertilized corn plants were about one magnitude lower than N2O emissions from the soil-plant ecosystem. The direct N2O emissions from cropland accounted for less than 20% of the <span class="hlt">regional</span> flux, suggesting a significant influence by other sources and indirect emissions in the <span class="hlt">regional</span> N2O budget. ReferencesU.S. EPA (2014) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2012, 529 pp., Washington, D.C.. X Zhang, X Lee, TJ Griffis, AE Andrews, JM Baker, MD Erickson</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2568900','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2568900"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in concentrations of regulatory peptides in human colon mucosal biopsy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Calam, J; Ghatei, M A; Domin, J; Adrian, T E; Myszor, M; Gupta, S; Tait, C; Bloom, S R</p> <p>1989-08-01</p> <p>The study was undertaken to examine <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the concentrations of five regulatory peptides in the human colonic mucosa. Biopsies were obtained during routine colonoscopy from 33 patients whose colonic mucosa was macroscopically and histologically normal. Regulatory peptides were extracted, and measured by specific radioimmunoassays. Concentrations of three peptides that are present predominantly in endocrine cells within colonic mucosa increased significantly towards the rectum: Mean concentrations of peptide YY, enteroglucagon, and somatostatin were about three times greater in the rectum than in the cecum. However, concentrations of two peptides that are present in mucosal nerve fibers diminished significantly towards the rectum: Mean rectal concentrations of vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine methionine were both about 0.6 of mean cecal concentrations. Concentrations of all five peptides were lower in biopsies taken from colonic polyps than in normal colonic mucosa. <span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in colonic mucosal concentrations of regulatory peptides probably reflect <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the physiological functions of <span class="hlt">different</span> parts of the colon.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSM51A2551M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSM51A2551M"><span><span class="hlt">Observational</span> Study of Ion Diffusion <span class="hlt">Region</span> tailward of the Cusp: Polar and Cluster <span class="hlt">Observations</span> in 1998-2008</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Muzamil, F. M.; Farrugia, C. J.; Torbert, R. B.; Argall, M. R.; Wang, S.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Asymmetries in plasma density and the presence of a guide field significantly alter the structure of the ion diffusion <span class="hlt">region</span> (IDR) in symmetric, collisionless reconnection. These features have been shown by numerical simulations under moderate density asymmetries (~10), and theoretical analyses. However, very few studies have addressed these issues with in-situ <span class="hlt">observations</span>. We have compiled a collection of Cluster and Polar crossings of the high-latitude magnetopause poleward of the cusp under northward interplanetary magnetic field in the years 1998-2008 when signatures of reconnection inside the IDR are <span class="hlt">observed</span>. They encompass a wide range of density asymmetries (~10 to 1000), magnetic field asymmetries (~0.2 to 0.9), and guide fields (~10 to ~60 %). In this dedicated <span class="hlt">observational</span> study, we target the following topics: (1) The alteration of the structure of the IDR -- i.e., its width, the non-colocation of stagnation and X-lines, jet outflow speed, and biasing of the reconnection outflow jet toward the magnetosphere -- as a function of increasing density asymmetry, and (2) the diamagnetic drift of the X-line. Further, focusing on IDR crossings during plasma flow reversals and/or near-simultaneous crossings on either side of the X-line by two spacecraft under steady ambient conditions, we report on the contrast in the Hall fields and the plasma behavior on the sunward versus the tailward sides of the X-line in its dependence on the strength of the guide field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAMES...9..810M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAMES...9..810M"><span>Skill of ship-following large-eddy simulations in reproducing MAGIC <span class="hlt">observations</span> across the northeast Pacific stratocumulus to cumulus transition <span class="hlt">region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McGibbon, J.; Bretherton, C. S.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>During the Marine ARM GPCI Investigation of Clouds (MAGIC) in October 2011 to September 2012, a container ship making periodic cruises between Los Angeles, CA, and Honolulu, HI, was instrumented with surface meteorological, aerosol and radiation instruments, a cloud radar and ceilometer, and radiosondes. Here large-eddy simulation (LES) is performed in a ship-following frame of reference for 13 four day transects from the MAGIC field campaign. The goal is to assess if LES can skillfully simulate the broad range of <span class="hlt">observed</span> cloud characteristics and boundary layer structure across the subtropical stratocumulus to cumulus transition <span class="hlt">region</span> sampled during <span class="hlt">different</span> seasons and meteorological conditions. Results from Leg 15A, which sampled a particularly well-defined stratocumulus to cumulus transition, demonstrate the approach. The LES reproduces the <span class="hlt">observed</span> timing of decoupling and transition from stratocumulus to cumulus and matches the <span class="hlt">observed</span> evolution of boundary layer structure, cloud fraction, liquid water path, and precipitation statistics remarkably well. Considering the simulations of all 13 cruises, the LES skillfully simulates the mean diurnal variation of key measured quantities, including liquid water path (LWP), cloud fraction, measures of decoupling, and cloud radar-derived precipitation. The daily mean quantities are well represented, and daily mean LWP and cloud fraction show the expected correlation with estimated inversion strength. There is a -0.6 K low bias in LES near-surface air temperature that results in a high bias of 5.6 W m-2 in sensible heat flux (SHF). Overall, these results build confidence in the ability of LES to represent the northeast Pacific stratocumulus to trade cumulus transition <span class="hlt">region</span>.<abstract type="synopsis"><title type="main">Plain Language SummaryDuring the Marine ARM GPCI Investigation of Clouds (MAGIC) field campaign in October 2011 to September 2012, a cargo container ship making regular cruises between Los Angeles</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA198889','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA198889"><span>Dynamics of the Polar Mesopause and Lower Thermosphere <span class="hlt">Region</span> as <span class="hlt">Observed</span> in the Night Airglow Emissions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1988-02-01</p> <p>feasible. However, only the winter 80-110 km <span class="hlt">region</span> could be studied by this approach, due to the limitation in the <span class="hlt">observing</span> method , i.e. nightglow...epoch methods have been employed. The diurnal tide component at the mesopause, that according to the latest tidal models should dominate in polar <span class="hlt">region</span>...temperature was calculated by Kvifte’s method . tweem temperature and intensity was found by Shaqae [1974] using the intensity ratio of the P,(2) and P,(3</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1000040','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1000040"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span>-Scale Climate Change: <span class="hlt">Observations</span> and Model Simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Bradley, Raymond S; Diaz, Henry F</p> <p>2010-12-14</p> <p>This collaborative proposal addressed key issues in understanding the Earth's climate system, as highlighted by the U.S. Climate Science Program. The research focused on documenting past climatic changes and on assessing future climatic changes based on suites of global and <span class="hlt">regional</span> climate models. Geographically, our emphasis was on the mountainous <span class="hlt">regions</span> of the world, with a particular focus on the Neotropics of Central America and the Hawaiian Islands. Mountain <span class="hlt">regions</span> are zones where large variations in ecosystems occur due to the strong climate zonation forced by the topography. These areas are particularly susceptible to changes in critical ecological thresholds, andmore » we conducted studies of changes in phonological indicators based on various climatic thresholds.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050167751','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050167751"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> Studies of Highland-Lowland Age <span class="hlt">Differences</span> Across the Mars Crustal Dichotomy Boundary</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Frey, H. V.; DeSoto, G. E.; Lazrus, R. M.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in crater retention ages (CRAs) across the Mars dichotomy boundary are compared to the global highland-lowland age <span class="hlt">difference</span> previously determined from visible and buried impact basins based on MOLA-derived Quasi-Circular Depressions (QCDs). Here Western Arabia (WA) is compared with Ismenius Lacus (IL). We find the buried lowlands in the two <span class="hlt">regions</span> have total CRAs essentially identical to the global average. Even more intriguing, the WA cratered terrain appears to have a CRA like that of the adjacent buried lowlands,</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H52G..05V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H52G..05V"><span>Temporal and spatial evaluation of satellite rainfall estimates over <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> in Latin-America.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Villanueva, O. M. B.; Zambrano-Bigiarini, M.; Ribbe, L.; Nauditt, A.; Rebolledo Coy, M. A.; Xuan Thinh, N.; Bartz-Beielstein, T.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>In developing countries an accurate representation of the spatio-temporal variability of catchment rainfall inputs is currently severely limited. This issue can be overcame with the use of satellite rainfall estimates (SREs), which provide rainfall data in such environments for a wide range of hydrological applications, such as extreme events analysis and water accounting. Three <span class="hlt">different</span> basins in Latin-America (Imperial Basin in Chile, Paraiba do Sul in Brazil and Magdalena in Colombia) were evaluated with a point-to-pixel analysis to determine the best SRE for further hydrological modelling. For this purpose, daily values of six state-of-the-art SRE products (TMPA 3B42v7, TMPA 3B42RT, CHIRPSv2, CMORPH, PERSIANN-CDR and MSWEPv1.2) were evaluated at annual and seasonal scales. The modified Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE') was used to evaluate the linear correlation, variability and bias relationship between satellite data and <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Also, two categorical indices (POD and fBias) were used to assess product performance for <span class="hlt">different</span> rainfall intensities. The results showed that for the southern Imperial River Basin PERSIANN-CDR presented the best performance at the annual scale, while TRMM 3B42v7 and PERSIANN-CDR had the best performance in a seasonal basis. In the Brazilian Paraiba do Sul, MSWEP performed the best in annual and seasonal basis. For the Magdalena Basin, CHIRPS and TRMM 3B42RT presented the highest performance in the seasonal analysis, while CHIRPS showed the best annual performance. When the bias term of the modified KGE' was removed from KGE', it was <span class="hlt">observed</span> that the best evaluated SRE was not necessarily the one that have the highest linear correlation and variability relation with the <span class="hlt">observed</span> data. In the categorical indices, all SREs showed a good detection in no-rain events, but low skill classifying days with precipitation. Nevertheless, all SREs performed relatively well identifying moderate rain events in all <span class="hlt">regions</span>. We finally</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000091542','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20000091542"><span>An Analysis of Water Line Profiles in Star Formation <span class="hlt">Regions</span> <span class="hlt">Observed</span> by SWAS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ashby, Matthew L. N.; Bergin, Edwin A.; Plume, Rene; Carpenter, John M.; Neufeld, David A.; Chin, Gordon; Erickson, Neal R.; Goldsmith, Paul F.; Harwit, Martin; Howe, J. E.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>We present spectral line profiles for the 557 GHz 1(sub 1,0) yields 1(sub 0,1) ground-state rotational transition of ortho-H2(16)O for 18 galactic star formation <span class="hlt">regions</span> <span class="hlt">observed</span> by SWAS. 2 Water is unambiguously detected in every source. The line profiles exhibit a wide variety of shapes, including single-peaked spectra and self-reversed profiles. We interpret these profiles using a Monte Carlo code to model the radiative transport. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> variations in the line profiles can be explained by variations in the relative strengths of the bulk flow and small-scale turbulent motions within the clouds. Bulk flow (infall, outflow) must be present in some cloud cores, and in certain cases this bulk flow dominates the turbulent motions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A%26A...553L..10M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A%26A...553L..10M"><span>Hi-C and AIA <span class="hlt">observations</span> of transverse magnetohydrodynamic waves in active <span class="hlt">regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Morton, R. J.; McLaughlin, J. A.</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>The recent launch of the High resolution Coronal imager (Hi-C) provided a unique opportunity of studying the EUV corona with unprecedented spatial resolution. We utilize these <span class="hlt">observations</span> to investigate the properties of low-frequency (50-200 s) active <span class="hlt">region</span> transverse waves, whose omnipresence had been suggested previously. The five-fold improvement in spatial resolution over SDO/AIA reveals coronal loops with widths 150-310 km and that these loops support transverse waves with displacement amplitudes <50 km. However, the results suggest that wave activity in the coronal loops is of low energy, with typical velocity amplitudes <3 km s-1. An extended time-series of SDO data suggests that low-energy wave behaviour is typical of the coronal structures both before and after the Hi-C <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Appendix A and five movies associated to Figs. A.2-A.6 are available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhPl...20b2701W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhPl...20b2701W"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of parametric instabilities in the quarter critical density <span class="hlt">region</span> driven by the Nike KrF laser</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Weaver, J. L.; Oh, J.; Phillips, L.; Afeyan, B.; Seely, J.; Kehne, D.; Brown, C. M.; Obenschain, S. P.; Serlin, V.; Schmitt, A. J.; Feldman, U.; Lehmberg, R. H.; Mclean, E.; Manka, C.</p> <p>2013-02-01</p> <p>The krypton-fluoride (KrF) laser is an attractive choice for inertial confinement fusion due to its combination of short wavelength (λ =248 nm), large bandwidth (up to 3 THz), and superior beam smoothing by induced spatial incoherence. These qualities improve the overall hydrodynamics of directly driven pellet implosions and should allow use of increased laser intensity due to higher thresholds for laser plasma instabilities when compared to frequency tripled Nd:glass lasers (λ =351 nm). Here, we report the first <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the two-plasmon decay instability using a KrF laser. The experiments utilized the Nike laser facility to irradiate solid plastic planar targets over a range of pulse lengths (0.35 ns≤τ≤1.25 ns) and intensities (up to 2×1015 W/cm2). Variation of the laser pulse created <span class="hlt">different</span> combinations of electron temperature and electron density scale length. The <span class="hlt">observed</span> onset of instability growth was consistent with the expected scaling that KrF lasers have a higher intensity threshold for instabilities in the quarter critical density <span class="hlt">region</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ACP....1614265L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ACP....1614265L"><span><span class="hlt">Observation</span> of <span class="hlt">regional</span> air pollutant transport between the megacity Beijing and the North China Plain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Yingruo; Ye, Chunxiang; Liu, Jun; Zhu, Yi; Wang, Junxia; Tan, Ziqiang; Lin, Weili; Zeng, Limin; Zhu, Tong</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Megacities have strong interactions with the surrounding <span class="hlt">regions</span> through transport of air pollutants. It has been frequently addressed that the air quality of Beijing is influenced by the influx of air pollutants from the North China Plain (NCP). Estimations of air pollutant cross-boundary transport between Beijing and the NCP are important for air quality management. However, evaluation of cross-boundary transport using long-term <span class="hlt">observations</span> is very limited. Using the <span class="hlt">observational</span> results of the gaseous pollutants SO2, NO, NO2, O3, and CO from August 2006 to October 2008 at the Yufa site, a cross-boundary site between the megacity Beijing and the NCP, together with meteorological parameters, we explored a method for evaluating the transport flux intensities at Yufa, as part of the "Campaign of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding <span class="hlt">Region</span> 2006-2008" (CAREBeijing 2006-2008). The hourly mean ± SD (median) concentration of SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, O3, Ox, and CO was 15 ± 16 (9) ppb, 12 ± 25 (3) ppb, 24 ± 19 (20) ppb, 36 ± 39 (23) ppb, 28 ± 27 (21) ppb, 52 ± 24 (45) ppb, and 1.6 ± 1.4 (1.2) ppm during the <span class="hlt">observation</span> period, respectively. The bivariate polar plots showed the dependence of pollutant concentrations on both wind speed and wind direction, and thus inferred their dominant transport directions. Surface flux intensity calculations further demonstrated the <span class="hlt">regional</span> transport influence of Beijing and the NCP on Yufa. The net surface transport flux intensity (mean ± SD) of SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, O3, Ox, and CO was 6.2 ± 89.5, -4.3 ± 29.5, -0.6 ± 72.3, -4.9 ± 93.0, 14.7 ± 187.8, 14.8 ± 234.9, and 70 ± 2830 µg s-1 m-2 during the <span class="hlt">observation</span> period, respectively. For SO2, CO, O3, and Ox the surface flux intensities from the NCP to Yufa surpassed those from Beijing to Yufa in all seasons except winter, with the strongest net fluxes largely in summer, which were about 4-8 times those of other seasons. The surface transport flux intensity of NOx</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27542498','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27542498"><span>Characterization of Arbequina virgin olive oils produced in <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Brazil and Spain: Physicochemical properties, oxidative stability and fatty acid profile.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Borges, Thays H; Pereira, José Alberto; Cabrera-Vique, Carmen; Lara, Luis; Oliveira, Adelson F; Seiquer, Isabel</p> <p>2017-01-15</p> <p>Production of virgin olive oil is beginning in Brazil. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the EVOO Arbequina from Brazil in comparison with Spanish Arbequina from <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Quality parameters, oxidative stability, pigments, colour and fatty acid profile were assessed, and relationships with geographic and climatic conditions were studied. All the samples presented good quality and met EU standards for extra-virgin olive oil, but there were significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> between <span class="hlt">regions</span> and countries for many of the parameters evaluated. Major <span class="hlt">differences</span> between Brazilian and Spanish samples were <span class="hlt">observed</span> for free acidity and colour of the oils, as well as minor variations in the fatty acid profile. The colour <span class="hlt">differences</span> were related to rainfall, whereas the fatty acid content was strongly influenced by altitude and temperature. These results highlight the fact that geographic area and environmental factors influence the characteristics of Arbequina oil and play an important role in newly introduced cultivars. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120013043&hterms=evolution+massive+stars&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Devolution%2Bmassive%2Bstars','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120013043&hterms=evolution+massive+stars&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Devolution%2Bmassive%2Bstars"><span>Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of the Evolution of Massive Star-Forming <span class="hlt">Regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koenig, X. P.; Leisawitz, D. T.; Benford, D. J.; Rebull, L. M.; Padgett, D. L.; Assef, R. J.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>We present the results of a mid-infrared survey of 11 outer Galaxy massive star-forming <span class="hlt">regions</span> and 3 open clusters with data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). Using a newly developed photometric scheme to identify young stellar objects and exclude extragalactic contamination, we have studied the distribution of young stars within each <span class="hlt">region</span>. These data tend to support the hypothesis that latter generations may be triggered by the interaction of winds and radiation from the first burst of massive star formation with the molecular cloud material leftover from that earlier generation of stars.We dub this process the "fireworks hypothesis" since star formation by this mechanism would proceed rapidly and resemble a burst of fireworks.We have also analyzed small cutout WISE images of the structures around the edges of these massive star-forming <span class="hlt">regions</span>. We <span class="hlt">observe</span> large (1-3 pc size) pillar and trunk-like structures of diffuse emission nebulosity tracing excited polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules and small dust grains at the perimeter of the massive star-forming <span class="hlt">regions</span>. These structures contain small clusters of emerging Class I and Class II sources, but some are forming only a single to a few new stars.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120008697&hterms=evolution+massive+stars&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Devolution%2Bmassive%2Bstars','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120008697&hterms=evolution+massive+stars&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Devolution%2Bmassive%2Bstars"><span>Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of the Evolution of Massive Star-Forming <span class="hlt">Regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Koenig, X. P.; Leisawitz, D. T.; Benford, D. J.; Rebull, L. M.; Padgett, D. L.; Asslef, R. J.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>We present the results of a mid-infrared survey of II outer Galaxy massive star-forming <span class="hlt">regions</span> and 3 open clusters with data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). Using a newly developed photometric scheme to identify young stellar objects and exclude extragalactic contamination, we have studied the distribution of young stars within each <span class="hlt">region</span>. These data tend to support the hypothesis that latter generations may be triggered by the interaction of winds and radiation from the first burst of massive star formation with the molecular cloud material leftover from that earlier generation of stars. We dub this process the "fireworks hypothesis" since star formation by this mechanism would proceed rapidly and resemble a burst of fireworks. We have also analyzed small cutout WISE images of the structures around the edges of these massive star-forming <span class="hlt">regions</span>. We <span class="hlt">observe</span> large (1-3 pc size) pillar and trunk-like structures of diffuse emission nebulosity tracing excited polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules and small dust grains at the perimeter of the massive star-forming <span class="hlt">regions</span>. These structures contain small clusters of emerging Class I and Class II sources, but some are forming only a single to a few new stars.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA21A2498B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSA21A2498B"><span>GNSS Derived Ionospheric TEC <span class="hlt">Observed</span> Through <span class="hlt">Different</span> TEC Calibration Techniques in the Brazilian Sector</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Becker-Guedes, F.; Carmo, C. S.; Camargo, P. O.; Monico, J. F. G.; Nicoli Candido, C. M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is becoming a reliable tool for use in air navigation systems. Its use as the main technology for determination of airplanes positioning has various economic and logistic benefits but it depends strongly on the ionospheric layer influences. The Brazilian sector ionosphere, mainly over the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA), presents remarkable errors in the GNSS signal as compared to North America and Europe. In order to study the total electron content latitudinal variation of the Brazilian ionosphere we used a pair of GNSS receivers on the ground, one located in the equatorial <span class="hlt">region</span> (Sao Luis) and other in the southern crest of the EIA (Cachoeira Paulista), to collect the GNSS <span class="hlt">observables</span> and calculate the vertical TEC using <span class="hlt">different</span> methods that has proven to work well to describe the ionospheric behavior in the North America and in Europe. We compared this results with a modified Nagoya TEC calculation method used by the EMBRACE (Estudo e Monitoramento BRAsileiro do Clima Espacial - Brazilian Study and Monitoring of Space Weather) program. This work intends to follow the performance of <span class="hlt">different</span> TEC tuning methods to evaluate the spurious effects of the ionospheric EIA gradients in the TEC determination under typical conditions of the low-latitudes ionosphere in the Brazilian sector. The calculated TEC under <span class="hlt">different</span> solar cycle conditions, geomagnetic activity, and seasonal variations show deviations in the performance of each method and stress the importance of well adjust the GNSS <span class="hlt">observations</span> to local conditions in order to optimize the TEC evaluation. This study contributes to a better understanding of local GNSS signal errors in the global intent of offering conditions to improve the accuracy, integrity, availability, and continuity requirements for the use of GNSS for air navigation in South America.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98152','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98152"><span><span class="hlt">Different</span> <span class="hlt">Regions</span> of the Malaria Merozoite Surface Protein 1 of Plasmodium chabaudi Elicit Distinct T-Cell and Antibody Isotype Responses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Quin, Stuart J.; Langhorne, Jean</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>In this study we have investigated the antibody and CD4 T-cell responses to the well-characterized malaria vaccine candidate MSP-1 during the course of a primary Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi (AS) infection. Specific antibody responses can be detected within the first week of infection, and CD4 T cells can be detected after 3 weeks of infection. The magnitude of the CD4 T-cell response elicited during a primary infection depended upon the <span class="hlt">region</span> of MSP-1. In general, the highest precursor frequencies were obtained when a recombinant MSP-1 fragment corresponding to amino acids 900 to 1507 was used as the antigen in vitro. By contrast, proliferative and cytokine responses against amino acids 1508 to 1766 containing the C-terminal 21-kDa <span class="hlt">region</span> of the molecule were low. The characteristic interleukin 4 (IL-4) switch that occurs in the CD4 T-cell population after an acute blood stage P. c. chabaudi infection was only consistently <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the response to the amino acid 900 to 1507 MSP1 fragment. A lower frequency of IL-4-producing cells was seen in response to other <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Although the magnitudes of the immunoglobulin G antibody responses to the <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of MSP-1 were similar, the isotype composition of each response was distinct, and there was no obvious relationship with the type of T helper cells generated. Interestingly, a relatively high antibody response to the C-terminal <span class="hlt">region</span> of MSP-1 was <span class="hlt">observed</span>, suggesting that T-cell epitopes outside of this <span class="hlt">region</span> may provide the necessary cognate help for specific antibody production. PMID:11254580</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040539','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040539"><span>The change in capacity and service delivery at public and private hospitals in Turkey: a closer look at <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Aksan, Hediye A D; Ergin, Işıl; Ocek, Zeliha</p> <p>2010-11-01</p> <p>Substantial <span class="hlt">regional</span> health inequalities have been shown to exist in Turkey for major health indicators. Turkish data on hospitals deserves a closer examination with a special emphasis on the <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the context of the rapid privatization of the secondary or tertiary level health services.This study aims to evaluate the change in capacity and service delivery at public and private hospitals in Turkey between 2001-2006 and to determine the <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>. Data for this retrospective study was provided from Statistical Almanacs of Inpatient Services (2001-2006). Hospitals in each of the 81 provinces were grouped into two categories: public and private. Provinces were grouped into six <span class="hlt">regions</span> according to a development index composed by the State Planning Organisation. The number of facilities, hospital beds, outpatient admissions, inpatient admissions (per 100 000), number of deliveries and surgical operations (per 10 000) were calculated for public and private hospitals in each province and <span class="hlt">region</span>. <span class="hlt">Regional</span> comparisons were based on calculation of ratios for <span class="hlt">Region</span> 1(R1) to <span class="hlt">Region</span> 6(R6). Public facilities had a fundamental role in service delivery. However, private sector grew rapidly in Turkey between 2001-2006 in capacity and service delivery. In public sector, there were 2.3 fold increase in the number of beds in R1 to R6 in 2001. This ratio was 69.9 fold for private sector. The substantial <span class="hlt">regional</span> inequalities in public and private sector decreased for the private sector enormously while a little decrease was <span class="hlt">observed</span> for the public sector. In 2001 in R1, big surgical operations were performed six times more than R6 at the public sector whereas the <span class="hlt">difference</span> was 117.7 fold for the same operations in the same <span class="hlt">regions</span> for the private sector. These ratios decreased to 3.6 for the public sector and 13.9 for the private sector in 2006. The private health sector has grown enormously between 2001-2006 in Turkey including the less developed</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2990757','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2990757"><span>The change in capacity and service delivery at public and private hospitals in Turkey: A closer look at <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Background Substantial <span class="hlt">regional</span> health inequalities have been shown to exist in Turkey for major health indicators. Turkish data on hospitals deserves a closer examination with a special emphasis on the <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the context of the rapid privatization of the secondary or tertiary level health services. This study aims to evaluate the change in capacity and service delivery at public and private hospitals in Turkey between 2001-2006 and to determine the <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span>. Methods Data for this retrospective study was provided from Statistical Almanacs of Inpatient Services (2001-2006). Hospitals in each of the 81 provinces were grouped into two categories: public and private. Provinces were grouped into six <span class="hlt">regions</span> according to a development index composed by the State Planning Organisation. The number of facilities, hospital beds, outpatient admissions, inpatient admissions (per 100 000), number of deliveries and surgical operations (per 10 000) were calculated for public and private hospitals in each province and <span class="hlt">region</span>. <span class="hlt">Regional</span> comparisons were based on calculation of ratios for <span class="hlt">Region</span> 1(R1) to <span class="hlt">Region</span> 6(R6). Results Public facilities had a fundamental role in service delivery. However, private sector grew rapidly in Turkey between 2001-2006 in capacity and service delivery. In public sector, there were 2.3 fold increase in the number of beds in R1 to R6 in 2001. This ratio was 69.9 fold for private sector. The substantial <span class="hlt">regional</span> inequalities in public and private sector decreased for the private sector enormously while a little decrease was <span class="hlt">observed</span> for the public sector. In 2001 in R1, big surgical operations were performed six times more than R6 at the public sector whereas the <span class="hlt">difference</span> was 117.7 fold for the same operations in the same <span class="hlt">regions</span> for the private sector. These ratios decreased to 3.6 for the public sector and 13.9 for the private sector in 2006. Conclusions The private health sector has grown enormously between 2001-2006 in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUFM.A22E..05Q','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUFM.A22E..05Q"><span>Effects of increasing aerosol on <span class="hlt">regional</span> climate change in China: <span class="hlt">Observation</span> and modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Qian, Y.; Leung, L.; Ghan, S. J.</p> <p>2002-12-01</p> <p>We present <span class="hlt">regional</span> simulations of climate, aerosol properties, and direct radiative forcing and climatic effects of aerosol and analyze the pollutant emissions and <span class="hlt">observed</span> climatic data during the latter decades of last century in China. The <span class="hlt">regional</span> model generally captures the spatial distributions and seasonal pattern of temperature and precipitation. Aerosol extinction coefficient and aerosol optical depth are generally well simulated in both magnitude and spatial distribution, which provides a reliable foundation for estimating the radiative forcing and climatic effects of aerosol. The radiative forcing of aerosol is in the range of -1 to -14 W m-2 in autumn and summer and -1 to -9 W m-2 in spring and winter, with substantial spatial variability at the sub-<span class="hlt">regional</span> scale. A strong maximum in negative radiative forcing corresponding to the maximum optical depth is found over the Sichuan Basin, where emission as well as relative humidity are high, and stagnant atmospheric conditions inhibit pollutants dispersion. Negative radiative forcing of aerosol induces a surface cooling, which is stronger in the range of -0.6 to -1.2oC in autumn and winter than in spring (-0.3 to -0.6oC) and summer (0.0 to -0.9oC) over the Sichuan Basin and East China due to more significant effects of cloud and precipitation in the summer and spring. Aerosol-induced cooling is mainly contributed by cooling in the daytime temperature. The cooling reaches a maximum and is statistically significant in the Sichuan Basin. The effect of aerosol on precipitation is not evident in our simulations. The temporal and spatial patterns of temperature trends <span class="hlt">observed</span> in the second half of the twentieth century, including the asymmetric daily maximum and minimum temperature trends, are at least qualitatively consistent with the simulated aerosol-induced cooling over the Sichuan Basin and East China. It supports the hypothesis that the <span class="hlt">observed</span> temperature trends during the latter decades of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS23C2064Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMOS23C2064Y"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">difference</span> of the vertical structure of seasonal thermocline and its impact on sea surface temperature in the North Pacific</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yamaguchi, R.; Suga, T.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Recent <span class="hlt">observational</span> studies show that, during the warming season, a large amount of heat flux is penetrated through the base of thin mixed layer by vertical eddy diffusion, in addition to penetration of solar radiation [1]. In order to understand this heat penetration process due to vertical eddy diffusivity and its contribution to seasonal variation of sea surface temperature, we investigated the evolution of thermal stratification below the summertime thin mixed layer (i.e. evolution of seasonal thermocline) and its vertical structure in the North Pacific using high vertical resolution temperature profile <span class="hlt">observed</span> by Argo floats. We quantified the vertical structure of seasonal thermocline as deviations from the linear structure where the vertical gradient of temperature is constant, that is, "shape anomaly". The shape anomaly is variable representing the extent of the bend of temperature profiles. We found that there are larger values of shape anomaly in the <span class="hlt">region</span> where the seasonal sea surface temperature warming is relatively faster. To understand the <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">difference</span> of shape anomalies, we investigated the relationship between time changes in shape anomalies and net surface heat flux and surface kinetic energy flux. From May to July, the analysis indicated that, in a large part of North Pacific, there's a tendency for shape anomalies to develop strongly (weakly) under the conditions of large (small) downward net surface heat flux and small (large) downward surface kinetic energy flux. Since weak (strong) development of shape anomalies means efficient (inefficient) downward heat transport from the surface, these results suggest that the <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">difference</span> of the downward heat penetration below mixed layer is explained reasonably well by <span class="hlt">differences</span> in surface heat forcing and surface wind forcing in a vertical one dimensional framework. [1] Hosoda et al. (2015), J. Oceanogr., 71, 541-556.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.464.3331M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.464.3331M"><span>Calibration of Herschel SPIRE FTS <span class="hlt">observations</span> at <span class="hlt">different</span> spectral resolutions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marchili, N.; Hopwood, R.; Fulton, T.; Polehampton, E. T.; Valtchanov, I.; Zaretski, J.; Naylor, D. A.; Griffin, M. J.; Imhof, P.; Lim, T.; Lu, N.; Makiwa, G.; Pearson, C.; Spencer, L.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer on-board the Herschel Space Observatory had two standard spectral resolution modes for science <span class="hlt">observations</span>: high resolution (HR) and low resolution (LR), which could also be performed in sequence (H+LR). A comparison of the HR and LR resolution spectra taken in this sequential mode revealed a systematic discrepancy in the continuum level. Analysing the data at <span class="hlt">different</span> stages during standard pipeline processing demonstrates that the telescope and instrument emission affect HR and H+LR <span class="hlt">observations</span> in a systematically <span class="hlt">different</span> way. The origin of this <span class="hlt">difference</span> is found to lie in the variation of both the telescope and instrument response functions, while it is triggered by fast variation of the instrument temperatures. As it is not possible to trace the evolution of the response functions using housekeeping data from the instrument subsystems, the calibration cannot be corrected analytically. Therefore, an empirical correction for LR spectra has been developed, which removes the systematic noise introduced by the variation of the response functions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140000897','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140000897"><span>High-latitude E <span class="hlt">Region</span> Ionosphere-thermosphere Coupling: A Comparative Study Using in Situ and Incoherent Scatter Radar <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Burchill, J. K.; Clemmons, J. H.; Knudsen, D. J.; Larsen, M.; Nicolls, M. J.; Pfaff, R. F.; Rowland, D.; Sangalli, L.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>We present in situ and ground-based measurements of the ratio k of ion cyclotronangular frequency to ion-neutral momentum transfer collision frequency to investigateionosphere-thermosphere (IT) coupling in the auroral E <span class="hlt">region</span>. In situ <span class="hlt">observations</span> were obtained by NASA sounding rocket 36.234, which was launched into the nightsideE <span class="hlt">region</span> ionosphere at 1229 UT on 19 January 2007 from Poker Flat, AK. The payload carried instrumentation to determine ion drift angle and electric field vectors. Neutral winds were measured by triangulating a chemical tracer released from rocket 41.064 launched two minutes later. k is calculated from the rotation of the ion drift angle relative to the E-cross-B drift direction in a frame co-rotating with the payload. Between the altitudes of 118 km and 130 km k increases exponentially with a scale height of 9.3 +/- 0.7 km, deviating from an exponential above 130 km. k = 1 at an altitude z(sub0) of 119.9 +/- 0.5 km. The ratio was also estimated from Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) measurements using the rotation of ion velocity with altitude. Exponential fits to the PFISR measurements made during the flight of 41.064 yield z(sub0) 115.9 +/- 1.2 km and a scale height of 9.1 +/- 1.0 km. <span class="hlt">Differences</span> between in situ and ground-based measurements show that the E <span class="hlt">region</span> atmospheric densities were structured vertically and/or horizontally on scales of 1 km to 10 km. There were no signs of ionospheric structure in ion density or ion temperature below scales of 1 km. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> demonstrate the accuracy with which the in situ and PFISR data may be used as probes of IT coupling.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29310246','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29310246"><span>Evaluation of metabolites extraction strategies for identifying <span class="hlt">different</span> brain <span class="hlt">regions</span> and their relationship with alcohol preference and gender <span class="hlt">difference</span> using NMR metabolomics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Jie; Zeng, Hao-Long; Du, Hongying; Liu, Zeyuan; Cheng, Ji; Liu, Taotao; Hu, Ting; Kamal, Ghulam Mustafa; Li, Xihai; Liu, Huili; Xu, Fuqiang</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Metabolomics generate a profile of small molecules from cellular/tissue metabolism, which could directly reflect the mechanisms of complex networks of biochemical reactions. Traditional metabolomics methods, such as OPLS-DA, PLS-DA are mainly used for binary class discrimination. Multiple groups are always involved in the biological system, especially for brain research. Multiple brain <span class="hlt">regions</span> are involved in the neuronal study of brain metabolic dysfunctions such as alcoholism, Alzheimer's disease, etc. In the current study, 10 <span class="hlt">different</span> brain <span class="hlt">regions</span> were utilized for comparative studies between alcohol preferring and non-preferring rats, male and female rats respectively. As many classes are involved (ten <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> and four types of animals), traditional metabolomics methods are no longer efficient for showing differentiation. Here, a novel strategy based on the decision tree algorithm was employed for successfully constructing <span class="hlt">different</span> classification models to screen out the major characteristics of ten brain <span class="hlt">regions</span> at the same time. Subsequently, this method was also utilized to select the major effective brain <span class="hlt">regions</span> related to alcohol preference and gender <span class="hlt">difference</span>. Compared with the traditional multivariate statistical methods, the decision tree could construct acceptable and understandable classification models for multi-class data analysis. Therefore, the current technology could also be applied to other general metabolomics studies involving multi class data. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24606756','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24606756"><span>Population analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus originating from <span class="hlt">different</span> geographical <span class="hlt">regions</span> demonstrates a high genetic diversity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Urmersbach, Sara; Alter, Thomas; Koralage, Madura Sanjeevani Gonsal; Sperling, Lisa; Gerdts, Gunnar; Messelhäusser, Ute; Huehn, Stephan</p> <p>2014-03-08</p> <p>Vibrio parahaemolyticus is frequently isolated from environmental and seafood samples and associated with gastroenteritis outbreakes in American, European, Asian and African countries. To distinguish between <span class="hlt">different</span> lineages of V. parahaemolyticus various genotyping techniques have been used, incl. multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Even though some studies have already applied MLST analysis to characterize V. parahaemolyticus strain sets, these studies have been restricted to specific geographical areas (e.g. U.S. coast, Thailand and Peru), have focused exclusively on pandemic or non-pandemic pathogenic isolates or have been based on a limited strain number. To generate a global picture of V. parahaemolyticus genotype distribution, a collection of 130 environmental and seafood related V. parahaemolyticus isolates of <span class="hlt">different</span> geographical origins (Sri Lanka, Ecuador, North Sea and Baltic Sea as well as German retail) was subjected to MLST analysis after modification of gyrB and recA PCRs. The V. parahaemolyticus population was composed of 82 unique Sequence Types (STs), of which 68 (82.9%) were new to the pubMLST database. After translating the in-frame nucleotide sequences into amino acid sequences, less diversity was detectable: a total of 31 <span class="hlt">different</span> peptide Sequence Types (pSTs) with 19 (61.3%) new pSTs were generated from the analyzed isolates. Most STs did not show a global dissemination, but some were supra-<span class="hlt">regionally</span> distributed and clusters of STs were dependent on geographical origin. On peptide level no general clustering of strains from specific geographical <span class="hlt">regions</span> was <span class="hlt">observed</span>, thereby the most common pSTs were found on all continents (Asia, South America and Europe) and rare pSTs were restricted to distinct countries or even geographical <span class="hlt">regions</span>. One lineage of pSTs associated only with strains from North and Baltic Sea strains was identified. Our study reveals a high genetic diversity in the analyzed V. parahaemolyticus strain set as well as for</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018TCry...12.1091L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018TCry...12.1091L"><span>Extreme temperature events on Greenland in <span class="hlt">observations</span> and the MAR <span class="hlt">regional</span> climate model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Leeson, Amber A.; Eastoe, Emma; Fettweis, Xavier</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Meltwater from the Greenland Ice Sheet contributed 1.7-6.12 mm to global sea level between 1993 and 2010 and is expected to contribute 20-110 mm to future sea level rise by 2100. These estimates were produced by <span class="hlt">regional</span> climate models (RCMs) which are known to be robust at the ice sheet scale but occasionally miss <span class="hlt">regional</span>- and local-scale climate variability (e.g. Leeson et al., 2017; Medley et al., 2013). To date, the fidelity of these models in the context of short-period variability in time (i.e. intra-seasonal) has not been fully assessed, for example their ability to simulate extreme temperature events. We use an event identification algorithm commonly used in extreme value analysis, together with <span class="hlt">observations</span> from the Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net), to assess the ability of the MAR (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional) RCM to reproduce <span class="hlt">observed</span> extreme positive-temperature events at 14 sites around Greenland. We find that MAR is able to accurately simulate the frequency and duration of these events but underestimates their magnitude by more than half a degree Celsius/kelvin, although this bias is much smaller than that exhibited by coarse-scale Era-Interim reanalysis data. As a result, melt energy in MAR output is underestimated by between 16 and 41 % depending on global forcing applied. Further work is needed to precisely determine the drivers of extreme temperature events, and why the model underperforms in this area, but our findings suggest that biases are passed into MAR from boundary forcing data. This is important because these forcings are common between RCMs and their range of predictions of past and future ice sheet melting. We propose that examining extreme events should become a routine part of global and <span class="hlt">regional</span> climate model evaluation and that addressing shortcomings in this area should be a priority for model development.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACP....13.7607C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ACP....13.7607C"><span>Improved simulation of <span class="hlt">regional</span> CO2 surface concentrations using GEOS-Chem and fluxes from VEGAS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chen, Z. H.; Zhu, J.; Zeng, N.</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>CO2 measurements have been combined with simulated CO2 distributions from a transport model in order to produce the optimal estimates of CO2 surface fluxes in inverse modeling. However, one persistent problem in using model-<span class="hlt">observation</span> comparisons for this goal relates to the issue of compatibility. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> at a single station reflect all underlying processes of various scales. These processes usually cannot be fully resolved by model simulations at the grid points nearest the station due to lack of spatial or temporal resolution or missing processes in the model. In this study the stations in one <span class="hlt">region</span> were grouped based on the amplitude and phase of the seasonal cycle at each station. The <span class="hlt">regionally</span> averaged CO2 at all stations in one <span class="hlt">region</span> represents the <span class="hlt">regional</span> CO2 concentration of this <span class="hlt">region</span>. The <span class="hlt">regional</span> CO2 concentrations from model simulations and <span class="hlt">observations</span> were used to evaluate the <span class="hlt">regional</span> model results. The <span class="hlt">difference</span> of the <span class="hlt">regional</span> CO2 concentration between <span class="hlt">observation</span> and modeled results reflects the uncertainty of the large-scale flux in the <span class="hlt">region</span> where the grouped stations are. We compared the <span class="hlt">regional</span> CO2 concentrations between model results with biospheric fluxes from the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) and VEgetation-Global-Atmosphere-Soil (VEGAS) models, and used <span class="hlt">observations</span> from GLOBALVIEW-CO2 to evaluate the <span class="hlt">regional</span> model results. The results show the largest <span class="hlt">difference</span> of the <span class="hlt">regionally</span> averaged values between simulations with fluxes from VEGAS and <span class="hlt">observations</span> is less than 5 ppm for North American boreal, North American temperate, Eurasian boreal, Eurasian temperate and Europe, which is smaller than the largest <span class="hlt">difference</span> between CASA simulations and <span class="hlt">observations</span> (more than 5 ppm). There is still a large <span class="hlt">difference</span> between two model results and <span class="hlt">observations</span> for the <span class="hlt">regional</span> CO2 concentration in the North Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and South Pacific tropics. The <span class="hlt">regionally</span> averaged CO2 concentrations will be helpful for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4808360','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4808360"><span>Face-selective <span class="hlt">regions</span> <span class="hlt">differ</span> in their ability to classify facial expressions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhang, Hui; Japee, Shruti; Nolan, Rachel; Chu, Carlton; Liu, Ning; Ungerleider, Leslie G</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Recognition of facial expressions is crucial for effective social interactions. Yet, the extent to which the various face-selective <span class="hlt">regions</span> in the human brain classify <span class="hlt">different</span> facial expressions remains unclear. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and support vector machine pattern classification analysis to determine how well face-selective brain <span class="hlt">regions</span> are able to decode <span class="hlt">different</span> categories of facial expression. Subjects participated in a slow event-related fMRI experiment in which they were shown 32 face pictures, portraying four <span class="hlt">different</span> expressions: neutral, fearful, angry, and happy and belonging to eight <span class="hlt">different</span> identities. Our results showed that only the amygdala and the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) were able to accurately discriminate between these expressions, albeit in <span class="hlt">different</span> ways: The amygdala discriminated fearful faces from non-fearful faces, whereas STS discriminated neutral from emotional (fearful, angry and happy) faces. In contrast to these findings on the classification of emotional expression, only the fusiform face area (FFA) and anterior inferior temporal cortex (aIT) could discriminate among the various facial identities. Further, the amygdala and STS were better than FFA and aIT at classifying expression, while FFA and aIT were better than the amygdala and STS at classifying identity. Taken together, our findings indicate that the decoding of facial emotion and facial identity occurs in <span class="hlt">different</span> neural substrates: the amygdala and STS for the former and FFA and aIT for the latter. PMID:26826513</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26826513','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26826513"><span>Face-selective <span class="hlt">regions</span> <span class="hlt">differ</span> in their ability to classify facial expressions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Hui; Japee, Shruti; Nolan, Rachel; Chu, Carlton; Liu, Ning; Ungerleider, Leslie G</p> <p>2016-04-15</p> <p>Recognition of facial expressions is crucial for effective social interactions. Yet, the extent to which the various face-selective <span class="hlt">regions</span> in the human brain classify <span class="hlt">different</span> facial expressions remains unclear. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and support vector machine pattern classification analysis to determine how well face-selective brain <span class="hlt">regions</span> are able to decode <span class="hlt">different</span> categories of facial expression. Subjects participated in a slow event-related fMRI experiment in which they were shown 32 face pictures, portraying four <span class="hlt">different</span> expressions: neutral, fearful, angry, and happy and belonging to eight <span class="hlt">different</span> identities. Our results showed that only the amygdala and the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) were able to accurately discriminate between these expressions, albeit in <span class="hlt">different</span> ways: the amygdala discriminated fearful faces from non-fearful faces, whereas STS discriminated neutral from emotional (fearful, angry and happy) faces. In contrast to these findings on the classification of emotional expression, only the fusiform face area (FFA) and anterior inferior temporal cortex (aIT) could discriminate among the various facial identities. Further, the amygdala and STS were better than FFA and aIT at classifying expression, while FFA and aIT were better than the amygdala and STS at classifying identity. Taken together, our findings indicate that the decoding of facial emotion and facial identity occurs in <span class="hlt">different</span> neural substrates: the amygdala and STS for the former and FFA and aIT for the latter. Published by Elsevier Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27350188','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27350188"><span>Gender, race, age, and <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the association of pulse pressure with atrial fibrillation: the Reasons for Geographic and Racial <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Stroke study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ghazi, Lama; Safford, Monika M; Khodneva, Yulia; O'Neal, Wesley T; Soliman, Elsayed Z; Glasser, Stephen P</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>Pulse pressure (PP) has been associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) independent of other measures of arterial pressure and other AF risk factors. However, the impact of gender, race, age, and geographic <span class="hlt">region</span> on the association between PP and AF is unclear. A cross-sectional study of data from 25,109 participants (65 ± 9 years, 54% women, 40% black) from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Stroke study recruited between 2003 and 2007 were analyzed. AF was defined as a self-reported history of a previous physician diagnosis or presence of AF on ECG. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratio for AF. Interactions for age (<75 years and ≥75 years), gender, race, and <span class="hlt">region</span> were examined in the multivariable adjusted model. The prevalence of AF increased with widening PP (7.9%, 7.9%, 8.4%, and 11.6%, for PP < 45, 45-54.9, 55-64.9, and ≥65 mm Hg, respectively, [P for trend <.001]) but attenuated with adjustment. No <span class="hlt">differences</span> by gender, race, and <span class="hlt">region</span> were <span class="hlt">observed</span>. However, there was evidence of significant effect modification by age (interaction P = .0002). For those <75 years, PP ≥ 65 mm Hg compared to PP < 45 mm Hg was significantly associated with higher risk of AF in both the unadjusted and multivariable adjusted models (odds ratio = 1.66 [95% CI = 1.42-1.94] and 1.32 [95% CI = 1.03-1.70], respectively). In contrast, higher PP (55-64.9 mm Hg) among those ≥75 years was significantly associated with a lower risk of AF. The relationship between PP and AF may <span class="hlt">differ</span> for older versus younger individuals. Copyright © 2016 American Society of Hypertension. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663626-multi-spacecraft-observations-coronal-interplanetary-evolution-solar-eruption-associated-two-active-regions','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663626-multi-spacecraft-observations-coronal-interplanetary-evolution-solar-eruption-associated-two-active-regions"><span>Multi-spacecraft <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of the Coronal and Interplanetary Evolution of a Solar Eruption Associated with Two Active <span class="hlt">Regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hu, Huidong; Liu, Ying D.; Wang, Rui</p> <p></p> <p>We investigate the coronal and interplanetary evolution of a coronal mass ejection (CME) launched on 2010 September 4 from a source <span class="hlt">region</span> linking two active <span class="hlt">regions</span> (ARs), 11101 and 11103, using extreme ultraviolet imaging, magnetogram, white-light, and in situ <span class="hlt">observations</span> from SDO , STEREO , SOHO , VEX , and Wind . A potential-field source-surface model is employed to examine the configuration of the coronal magnetic field surrounding the source <span class="hlt">region</span>. The graduated cylindrical shell model and a triangulation method are applied to determine the kinematics of the CME in the corona and interplanetary space. From the remote sensing andmore » in situ <span class="hlt">observations</span>, we obtain some key results: (1) the CME was deflected in both the eastward and southward directions in the low corona by the magnetic pressure from the two ARs, and possibly interacted with another ejection, which caused that the CME arrived at VEX that was longitudinally distant from the source <span class="hlt">region</span>; (2) although VEX was closer to the Sun, the <span class="hlt">observed</span> and derived CME arrival times at VEX are not earlier than those at Wind , which suggests the importance of determining both the frontal shape and propagation direction of the CME in interplanetary space; and (3) the ICME was compressed in the radial direction while the longitudinal transverse size was extended.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910009603','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910009603"><span>Simultaneous Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) and Very Large Array (VLA) <span class="hlt">observations</span> of solar active <span class="hlt">regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Willson, Robert F.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Very Large Array <span class="hlt">observations</span> at 20 cm wavelength can detect the hot coronal plasma previously <span class="hlt">observed</span> at soft x ray wavelengths. Thermal cyclotron line emission was detected at the apex of coronal loops where the magnetic field strength is relatively constant. Detailed comparison of simultaneous Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) Satellite and VLA data indicate that physical parameters such as electron temperature, electron density, and magnetic field strength can be obtained, but that some coronal loops remain invisible in either spectral domain. The unprecedent spatial resolution of the VLA at 20 cm wavelength showed that the precursor, impulsive, and post-flare components of solar bursts originate in nearby, but separate loops or systems of loops.. In some cases preburst heating and magnetic changes are <span class="hlt">observed</span> from loops tens of minutes prior to the impulsive phase. Comparisons with soft x ray images and spectra and with hard x ray data specify the magnetic field strength and emission mechanism of flaring coronal loops. At the longer 91 cm wavelength, the VLA detected extensive emission interpreted as a hot 10(exp 5) K interface between cool, dense H alpha filaments and the surrounding hotter, rarefield corona. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> at 91 cm also provide evidence for time-correlated bursts in active <span class="hlt">regions</span> on opposite sides of the solar equator; they are attributed to flare triggering by relativistic particles that move along large-scale, otherwise-invisible, magnetic conduits that link active <span class="hlt">regions</span> in opposite hemispheres of the Sun.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25269963','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25269963"><span>[Congenital and perinatal infections in the Marche <span class="hlt">region</span> (Italy): an epidemiological study and <span class="hlt">differences</span> between ethnic groups].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ruffini, Ermanno; Compagnoni, Luigina; Tubaldi, Lucia; Infriccioli, Giovanna; Vianelli, Patrizia; Genga, Roberto; Bonifazi, Vitaliana; Dieni, Alessandra; Guerrini, Domenico; Basili, Gabriella; Salvatori, Patrizia; DeColli, Rosa; Leone, Luciano; Gesuita, Rosaria</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological data regarding congenital and perinatal infections in the Marche <span class="hlt">region</span> to verify the existence of <span class="hlt">differences</span> in relation to maternal country of origin. This prospective study was conducted from May 2001 to April 2012, and it involved all the maternity units of the Marche <span class="hlt">region</span>. A total of 10232 pregnant women were included, 25.1% of whom were of foreign nationality while the number of births totalled 10371. Estimated uptake of antenatal screening was 80.5% for CMV infection, 98.6% for HBV infection, 97.5% for HCV infection, 97.4% for HIV infection, 93.1% for syphilis and 98.5% for toxoplasmosis. For group B streptococcus vaginal and perianal swabs were performed in 81.2% of all women (78.4% in immigrant and 90.4% in Italian women; the <span class="hlt">difference</span> was statistically significant [p 0.001]) and 13.6% were positive. The overall prevalence for CMV infection was 72.3% (91.9% in immigrant women) while for toxoplasmosis it was 27.5% (28.8% in immigrant women). The rate of seroconversion in pregnant women investigated for CMV infection was 0.28%, while that for toxoplasmosis was 0.09%. The overall prevalence for HBV infection was 0.79% (4.3% in immigrant and 0.4% in Italian pregnant women; the <span class="hlt">difference</span> was statistically significant [p 0.001]), 0.4% for HCV infection (1% in immigrant and 0.48% in Italian pregnant women; the <span class="hlt">difference</span> was not statistically significant [p 0.413]), 0.22% for syphilis (0.8% in immigrant and 0.08% in Italian pregnant women; the <span class="hlt">difference</span> was not statistically significant [p 0.062]), 0.09% for HIV infection, and 0.03% for tuberculosis. The prevalence of congenital CMV infection was 0.04% and that of congenital toxoplasmosis 0.01%. The prevalence of early-onset infection from Group B streptococcus was 0.029%. No cases were <span class="hlt">observed</span> of congenital syphilis, congenital tuberculosis or maternal and neonatal HSV infections. The study proves that in the Marche <span class="hlt">region</span> there is a high</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170011596','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170011596"><span>A Survey of Nanoflare Properties in Active <span class="hlt">Regions</span> <span class="hlt">Observed</span> with the Solar Dynamics Observatory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Viall, Nicholeen M.; Klimchuk, James A.</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>In this paper, we examine 15 <span class="hlt">different</span> active <span class="hlt">regions</span> (ARs) <span class="hlt">observed</span> with the Solar Dynamics Observatory and analyze their nanoflare properties. We have recently developed a technique that systematically identifies and measures plasma temperature dynamics by computing time lags between light curves. The time lag method tests whether the plasma is maintained at a steady temperature, or if it is dynamic, undergoing heating and cooling cycles. An important aspect of our technique is that it analyzes both <span class="hlt">observationally</span> distinct coronal loops as well as the much more prevalent diffuse emission between them. We find that the widespread cooling reported previously for NOAA AR 11082 is a generic property of all ARs. The results are consistent with impulsive nanoflare heating followed by slower cooling. Only occasionally, however, is there full cooling from above 7 megakelvins to well below 1 megakelvin. More often, the plasma cools to approximately 1-2 megakelvins before being reheated by another nanoflare. These same 15 ARs were first studied by Warren et al. We find that the degree of cooling is not well correlated with the reported slopes of the mission measure distribution. We also conclude that the Fe (sup XVIII)-emitting plasma that they measured is mostly in a state of cooling. These results support the idea that nanoflares have a distribution of energies and frequencies, with the average delay between successive events on an individual flux tube being comparable to the plasma cooling timescale.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663479-survey-nanoflare-properties-active-regions-observed-solar-dynamics-observatory','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663479-survey-nanoflare-properties-active-regions-observed-solar-dynamics-observatory"><span>A Survey of Nanoflare Properties in Active <span class="hlt">Regions</span> <span class="hlt">Observed</span> with the Solar Dynamics Observatory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Viall, Nicholeen M.; Klimchuk, James A.</p> <p></p> <p>In this paper, we examine 15 <span class="hlt">different</span> active <span class="hlt">regions</span> (ARs) <span class="hlt">observed</span> with the Solar Dynamics Observatory and analyze their nanoflare properties. We have recently developed a technique that systematically identifies and measures plasma temperature dynamics by computing time lags between light curves. The time lag method tests whether the plasma is maintained at a steady temperature, or if it is dynamic, undergoing heating and cooling cycles. An important aspect of our technique is that it analyzes both <span class="hlt">observationally</span> distinct coronal loops as well as the much more prevalent diffuse emission between them. We find that the widespread cooling reported previouslymore » for NOAA AR 11082 is a generic property of all ARs. The results are consistent with impulsive nanoflare heating followed by slower cooling. Only occasionally, however, is there full cooling from above 7 MK to well below 1 MK. More often, the plasma cools to approximately 1–2 MK before being reheated by another nanoflare. These same 15 ARs were first studied by Warren et al. We find that the degree of cooling is not well correlated with the reported slopes of the emission measure distribution. We also conclude that the Fe xviii emitting plasma that they measured is mostly in a state of cooling. These results support the idea that nanoflares have a distribution of energies and frequencies, with the average delay between successive events on an individual flux tube being comparable to the plasma cooling timescale.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17338881','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17338881"><span>[Socioeconomic pathology as a cause of <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and pregnancy-induced hypertension].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>López-Jaramillo, Patricio; Pradilla, Lina P; Castillo, Víctor R; Lahera, Vicente</p> <p>2007-02-01</p> <p>The epidemic of cardiovascular disease being experienced by developing countries has resulted in a debate about the possible existence of <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in etiology and pathophysiology that could be associated with socio-economic factors. Clear demonstration of these <span class="hlt">differences</span> is important because there may be a need for <span class="hlt">different</span> approaches to prevention, diagnosis and treatment. There is some evidence that there are <span class="hlt">differences</span> between populations in developed and developing countries in the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying pregnancy-induced hypertension and metabolic syndrome, just as there are in the relative weightings of risk factors that predict the appearance of these conditions. <span class="hlt">Observations</span> in our country suggest that increasing exposure to changes in lifestyle brought about by the consumer society (e.g., a lack of exercise, and a high-fat, high-calorie diet) results in a natural biological response (e.g., obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes) that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. We propose that the term socioeconomic pathology should be used to describe these changes associated with modern society so that they can be differentiated and considered in isolation from socioeconomic factors and other risk factors. We regard the interaction between these various factors as the most important cause of the rapidly increasing incidence of cardiovascular disease <span class="hlt">observed</span> in developing countries in recent years.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Martini&pg=2&id=EJ1001676','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Martini&pg=2&id=EJ1001676"><span>Problems in Deriving Italian <span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">Differences</span> in Intelligence from 2009 PISA Data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cornoldi, Cesare; Giofre, David; Martini, Angela</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Recent results of international assessment programs (e.g., PISA) have shown a large <span class="hlt">difference</span> in high school students' performance between northern and southern Italy. On this basis, it has been argued that the discrepancy reflects <span class="hlt">differences</span> in average intelligence of the inhabitants of <span class="hlt">regions</span> and is associated with genetic factors ( and ).…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM51D2515L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSM51D2515L"><span>Distribution of <span class="hlt">Region</span> 1 and 2 currents in the quietand substorm time plasma sheetfrom THEMIS <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, J.; Angelopoulos, V.; Chu, X.; McPherron, R. L.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Although Earth's <span class="hlt">Region</span> 1 and 2 currents are related to activities such as substorm initiation, their magnetospheric origin remains unclear. Utilizing the triangular configuration of THEMIS probes at 8-12 RE downtail, we seek the origin of nightside <span class="hlt">Region</span> 1 and 2 currents. The triangular configuration allows a curlometer-like technique which do not rely on active-time boundary crossings, so we can examine the current distribution in quiet times as well as active times. Our statistical study reveals that both <span class="hlt">Region</span> 1 and 2 currents exist in the plasma sheet during quiet and active times. Especially, this is the first unequivocal, in-situ evidence of the existence of <span class="hlt">Region</span> 2 currents in the plasma sheet. Farther away from the neutral sheet than the <span class="hlt">Region</span> 2 currents lie the <span class="hlt">Region</span> 1 currents which extend at least to the plasma sheet boundary layer. At geomagnetic quiet times, the separation between the two currents is located 2.5 RE from the neutral sheet. These findings suggest that the plasma sheet is a source of <span class="hlt">Region</span> 1 and 2 currents regardless of geomagnetic activity level. During substorms, the separation between <span class="hlt">Region</span> 1 and 2 currents migrates toward (away from) the neutral sheet as the plasma sheet thins (thickens). This migration indicates that the deformation of <span class="hlt">Region</span> 1 and 2 currents is associated with redistribution of FAC sources in the magnetotail. In some substorms when the THEMIS probes encounter a dipolarization, a substorm current wedge (SCW) can be inferred from our technique, and it shows a distinctively larger current density than the pre-existing <span class="hlt">Region</span> 1 currents. This <span class="hlt">difference</span> suggests that the SCW is not just an enhancement of the pre-existing <span class="hlt">Region</span> 1 current; the SCW and the <span class="hlt">Region</span> 1 currents have <span class="hlt">different</span> sources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100024498','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100024498"><span>Development of a Geomagnetic Storm Correction to the International Reference Ionosphere E-<span class="hlt">Region</span> Electron Densities Using TIMED/SABER <span class="hlt">Observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mertens, C. J.; Xu, X.; Fernandez, J. R.; Bilitza, D.; Russell, J. M., III; Mlynczak, M. G.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Auroral infrared emission <span class="hlt">observed</span> from the TIMED/SABER broadband 4.3 micron channel is used to develop an empirical geomagnetic storm correction to the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) E-<span class="hlt">region</span> electron densities. The <span class="hlt">observation</span>-based proxy used to develop the storm model is SABER-derived NO+(v) 4.3 micron volume emission rates (VER). A correction factor is defined as the ratio of storm-time NO+(v) 4.3 micron VER to a quiet-time climatological averaged NO+(v) 4.3 micron VER, which is linearly fit to available geomagnetic activity indices. The initial version of the E-<span class="hlt">region</span> storm model, called STORM-E, is most applicable within the auroral oval <span class="hlt">region</span>. The STORM-E predictions of E-<span class="hlt">region</span> electron densities are compared to incoherent scatter radar electron density measurements during the Halloween 2003 storm events. Future STORM-E updates will extend the model outside the auroral oval.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGeod.tmp...13L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGeod.tmp...13L"><span>Real-Time Precise Point Positioning (RTPPP) with raw <span class="hlt">observations</span> and its application in real-time <span class="hlt">regional</span> ionospheric VTEC modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Teng; Zhang, Baocheng; Yuan, Yunbin; Li, Min</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is an absolute positioning technology mainly used in post data processing. With the continuously increasing demand for real-time high-precision applications in positioning, timing, retrieval of atmospheric parameters, etc., Real-Time PPP (RTPPP) and its applications have drawn more and more research attention in recent years. This study focuses on the models, algorithms and ionospheric applications of RTPPP on the basis of raw <span class="hlt">observations</span>, in which high-precision slant ionospheric delays are estimated among others in real time. For this purpose, a robust processing strategy for multi-station RTPPP with raw <span class="hlt">observations</span> has been proposed and realized, in which real-time data streams and State-Space-Representative (SSR) satellite orbit and clock corrections are used. With the RTPPP-derived slant ionospheric delays from a <span class="hlt">regional</span> network, a real-time <span class="hlt">regional</span> ionospheric Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) modeling method is proposed based on Adjusted Spherical Harmonic Functions and a Moving-Window Filter. SSR satellite orbit and clock corrections from <span class="hlt">different</span> IGS analysis centers are evaluated. Ten globally distributed real-time stations are used to evaluate the positioning performances of the proposed RTPPP algorithms in both static and kinematic modes. RMS values of positioning errors in static/kinematic mode are 5.2/15.5, 4.7/17.4 and 12.8/46.6 mm, for north, east and up components, respectively. Real-time slant ionospheric delays from RTPPP are compared with those from the traditional Carrier-to-Code Leveling (CCL) method, in terms of function model, formal precision and between-receiver <span class="hlt">differences</span> of short baseline. Results show that slant ionospheric delays from RTPPP are more precise and have a much better convergence performance than those from the CCL method in real-time processing. 30 real-time stations from the Asia-Pacific Reference Frame network are used to model the ionospheric VTECs over Australia in real time</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.9862P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..17.9862P"><span><span class="hlt">Observations</span> of seasonal exchange in the Celtic Sea slope <span class="hlt">region</span> from underwater gilders</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Porter, Marie; Inall, Mark; Smeed, David; Palmer, Matthew; Dumont, Estelle; Aleynik, Dmitry</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Between June 2012 and January 2013, four underwater gliders, profiling to a maximum depth of 1000m, occupied a transect between 47.6°N, 10.3°W and 48.4°N, 9.3°W, perpendicular to the Celtic Sea continental slope. Due to the significant and well-documented internal tide activity in this <span class="hlt">region</span> and the relatively slow through-water speed of gliders it is first demonstrated that the chosen sampling methodology minimised aliasing of the internal tide. Gliders were flown along a repeat transect and care was taken to ensure that each location was sampled at a <span class="hlt">different</span> phase of the tide on repeat occupations. Through monthly averaging of the transect data, the effects of the internal tide are minimised and the lower frequency processes made visible. In this presentation we highlight the importance of the lower frequency variability in contributing to cross-slope exchange. Analysis of monthly averaged glider transect data suggests two distinct regimes; 1) Summer, June - October, when the surface water was temperature stratified and, 2) Winter, from October to January, when the seasonal thermocline was mixed down to below the depth of the shelf break (200 m). During the stratified summer months a well-defined shelf break salinity front limits the exchange of water between the ocean and the shelf, preventing the spread of the more saline, sub-surface ocean water (centred at ~150m) onto the shelf. Nevertheless, some cross-slope flow is identified during these months: an intermediate depth salinity minimum (centred at ~600m) is <span class="hlt">observed</span> to upwell (from 600m to 200-300m) up the slope, sometimes continuing onto the shelf. As the stratification is eroded during the winter months, subsurface upwelling switches to downwelling, and the intermediate depth salinity minimum (~600m) retreats away from the slope <span class="hlt">region</span> removing it as a potential source of oceanic water on the shelf. Downwelling near to the slope does however allow for an intrusion of the shallower high salinity</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27344297','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27344297"><span>Patient mobility and health care quality when <span class="hlt">regions</span> and patients <span class="hlt">differ</span> in income.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brekke, Kurt R; Levaggi, Rosella; Siciliani, Luigi; Straume, Odd Rune</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>We study the effects of cross-border patient mobility on health care quality and welfare when income varies across and within <span class="hlt">regions</span>. We use a Salop model with a high-, middle-, and low-income <span class="hlt">region</span>. In each <span class="hlt">region</span>, a policy maker chooses health care quality to maximise the utility of its residents when health care costs are financed by general income taxation. In equilibrium, <span class="hlt">regions</span> with higher income offer better quality, which creates an incentive for patient mobility from lower- to higher-income <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Assuming a prospective payment scheme based on DRG-pricing, we find that lower non-monetary (administrative) mobility costs have (i) no effect on quality or welfare in the high-income <span class="hlt">region</span>; (ii) a negative effect on quality but a positive effect on welfare for the middle-income <span class="hlt">region</span>; and (iii) ambiguous effects on quality and welfare for the low-income <span class="hlt">region</span>. Lower monetary mobility costs (copayments) might reduce welfare in both the middle- and low-income <span class="hlt">region</span>. Thus, health policies that stimulate cross-border patient mobility can be counterproductive when <span class="hlt">regions</span> <span class="hlt">differ</span> in income. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.tmp.1157F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.tmp.1157F"><span>Helium abundance and speed <span class="hlt">difference</span> between helium ions and protons in the solar wind from coronal holes, active <span class="hlt">regions</span>, and quiet Sun</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fu, Hui; Madjarska, M. S.; Li, Bo; Xia, LiDong; Huang, ZhengHua</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Two main models have been developed to explain the mechanisms of release, heating and acceleration of the nascent solar wind, the wave-turbulence-driven (WTD) models and reconnection-loop-opening (RLO) models, in which the plasma release processes are fundamentally <span class="hlt">different</span>. Given that the statistical <span class="hlt">observational</span> properties of helium ions produced in magnetically diverse solar <span class="hlt">regions</span> could provide valuable information for the solar wind modelling, we examine the statistical properties of the helium abundance (AHe) and the speed <span class="hlt">difference</span> between helium ions and protons (vαp) for coronal holes (CHs), active <span class="hlt">regions</span> (ARs) and the quiet Sun (QS). We find bimodal distributions in the space of AHeand vαp/vA(where vA is the local Alfvén speed) for the solar wind as a whole. The CH wind measurements are concentrated at higher AHeand vαp/vAvalues with a smaller AHedistribution range, while the AR and QS wind is associated with lower AHeand vαp/vA, and a larger AHedistribution range. The magnetic diversity of the source <span class="hlt">regions</span> and the physical processes related to it are possibly responsible for the <span class="hlt">different</span> properties of AHeand vαp/vA. The statistical results suggest that the two solar wind generation mechanisms, WTD and RLO, work in parallel in all solar wind source <span class="hlt">regions</span>. In CH <span class="hlt">regions</span> WTD plays a major role, whereas the RLO mechanism is more important in AR and QS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...767...24S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...767...24S"><span>Very Large Array OH Zeeman <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of the Star-forming <span class="hlt">Region</span> S88B</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sarma, A. P.; Brogan, C. L.; Bourke, T. L.; Eftimova, M.; Troland, T. H.</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>We present <span class="hlt">observations</span> of the Zeeman effect in OH thermal absorption main lines at 1665 and 1667 MHz taken with the Very Large Array toward the star-forming <span class="hlt">region</span> S88B. The OH absorption profiles toward this source are complicated, and contain several blended components toward a number of positions. Almost all of the OH absorbing gas is located in the eastern parts of S88B, toward the compact continuum source S88B-2 and the eastern parts of the extended continuum source S88B-1. The ratio of 1665/1667 MHz OH line intensities indicates the gas is likely highly clumped, in agreement with other molecular emission line <span class="hlt">observations</span> in the literature. S88-B appears to present a similar geometry to the well-known star-forming <span class="hlt">region</span> M17, in that there is an edge-on eastward progression from ionized to molecular gas. The detected magnetic fields appear to mirror this eastward transition; we detected line-of-sight magnetic fields ranging from 90 to 400 μG, with the lowest values of the field to the southwest of the S88B-1 continuum peak, and the highest values to its northeast. We used the detected fields to assess the importance of the magnetic field in S88B by a number of methods; we calculated the ratio of thermal to magnetic pressures, we calculated the critical field necessary to completely support the cloud against self-gravity and compared it to the <span class="hlt">observed</span> field, and we calculated the ratio of mass to magnetic flux in terms of the critical value of this parameter. All these methods indicated that the magnetic field in S88B is dynamically significant, and should provide an important source of support against gravity. Moreover, the magnetic energy density is in approximate equipartition with the turbulent energy density, again pointing to the importance of the magnetic field in this <span class="hlt">region</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26803537','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26803537"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in vitamin D levels and incidence of food-induced anaphylaxis in South Korea.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Si-Heon; Ban, Ga-Young; Park, Hae-Sim; Kim, Su-chin; Ye, Young-Min</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>Previous studies have suggested low vitamin D as a potential risk factor for food allergy/anaphylaxis. However, few studies have investigated the association between vitamin D and food-induced anaphylaxis (FIA) in South Korea. To examine <span class="hlt">regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in serum vitamin D levels and FIA incidence. We used nationwide data collected from 2011 to 2013. Data on vitamin D were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; data on FIA were obtained from the Health Insurance and Assessment Service. Districts were grouped into <span class="hlt">region</span> 1 (lower solar radiation) and <span class="hlt">region</span> 2 (higher solar radiation). We examined <span class="hlt">differences</span> in FIA incidence and vitamin D levels between the <span class="hlt">regions</span>, adjusting for age. The study included 2,814 patients with FIA and 15,367 people with available serum vitamin D measurements. Age-adjusted FIA incidence was 2.2 per 100,000 person-years in <span class="hlt">region</span> 1 and 1.8 per 100,000 person-years in <span class="hlt">region</span> 2 (relative risk, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.39). Age-adjusted serum vitamin D levels were 16.5 ng/mL in <span class="hlt">region</span> 1 and 17.8 ng/mL in <span class="hlt">region</span> 2 (mean <span class="hlt">difference</span>, 1.3 ng/mL; 95% confidence interval, 0.9-1.9). After stratification by age, sex, and area of residence, <span class="hlt">region</span> 1 still had higher FIA incidence and lower vitamin D levels than <span class="hlt">region</span> 2. The present study found a higher incidence of FIA in <span class="hlt">regions</span> with lower vitamin D levels in the population. Further investigation is necessary to identify any direct associations between vitamin D and food allergy/anaphylaxis. Copyright © 2016 American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGeod.tmp..160S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGeod.tmp..160S"><span>Linear time series modeling of GPS-derived TEC <span class="hlt">observations</span> over the Indo-Thailand <span class="hlt">region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Suraj, Puram Sai; Kumar Dabbakuti, J. R. K.; Chowdhary, V. Rajesh; Tripathi, Nitin K.; Ratnam, D. Venkata</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>This paper proposes a linear time series model to represent the climatology of the ionosphere and to investigate the characteristics of hourly averaged total electron content (TEC). The GPS-TEC <span class="hlt">observation</span> data at the Bengaluru international global navigation satellite system (GNSS) service (IGS) station (geographic 13.02°N , 77.57°E ; geomagnetic latitude 4.4°N ) have been utilized for processing the TEC data during an extended period (2009-2016) in the 24{th} solar cycle. Solar flux F10.7p index, geomagnetic Ap index, and periodic oscillation factors have been considered to construct a linear TEC model. It is evident from the results that solar activity effect on TEC is high. It reaches the maximum value (˜ 40 TECU) during the high solar activity (HSA) year (2014) and minimum value (˜ 15 TECU) during the low solar activity (LSA) year (2009). The larger magnitudes of semiannual variations are <span class="hlt">observed</span> during the HSA periods. The geomagnetic effect on TEC is relatively low, with the highest being ˜ 4 TECU (March 2015). The magnitude of periodic variations can be seen more significantly during HSA periods (2013-2015) and less during LSA periods (2009-2011). The correlation coefficient of 0.89 between the <span class="hlt">observations</span> and model-based estimations has been found. The RMSE between the <span class="hlt">observed</span> TEC and model TEC values is 4.0 TECU (linear model) and 4.21 TECU (IRI2016 Model). Further, the linear TEC model has been validated at <span class="hlt">different</span> latitudes over the northern low-latitude <span class="hlt">region</span>. The solar component (F10.7p index) value decreases with an increase in latitude. The magnitudes of the periodic component become less significant with the increase in latitude. The influence of geomagnetic component becomes less significant at Lucknow GNSS station (26.76°N, 80.88°E) when compared to other GNSS stations. The hourly averaged TEC values have been considered and ionospheric features are well recovered with linear TEC model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED191719.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED191719.pdf"><span>Manual for the Training of United States Fisheries <span class="hlt">Observer</span> Corps Atlantic <span class="hlt">Region</span>. Marine Bulletin 33.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Merdinyan, Mark E.; Mortimer, Christine D.</p> <p></p> <p>This manual has been produced for use in a four-week training program developed by University of Rhode Island fisheries educators for the training of United States citizens in the duties and responsibilities of <span class="hlt">observers</span> placed on foreign fishing vessels operating in the Fisheries Conservation Zone in the Atlantic <span class="hlt">Region</span>. The program combines…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JGR....9921511B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JGR....9921511B"><span>Pickup protons and pressure-balanced structures: Voyager 2 <span class="hlt">observations</span> in merged interaction <span class="hlt">regions</span> near 35 AU</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Burlaga, L. F.; Ness, N. F.; Belcher, J. W.; Szabo, A.; Isenberg, P. A.; Lee, M. A.</p> <p>1994-11-01</p> <p>Five pressure-balanced structures, each with a scale of the order of a few hundredths of an astonomical unit (AU), were identified in two merged interaction <span class="hlt">regions</span> (MIRs) near 35 AU in the Voyager 2 plasma and magnetic field data. They include a tangential discontinuity, simple and complex magnetic holes, slow correlated variations among the plasma and magnetic field parameters, and complex uncorrelated variations among the parameters. The changes in the magnetic pressure in these events are balanced by changes in the pressure of interstellar pickup protons. Thus the pickup protons probably play a major role in the dynamics of the MIRs. The solar wind proton and electron pressures are relatively unimportant in the MIRs at 35 AU and beyond. The <span class="hlt">region</span> near 35 AU is transition <span class="hlt">region</span>: the Sun is the source of the magnetic field, but the interstellar medium in source of pickups protons. Relative to the solar wind proton guyroadius, the thicknesses of the discontinuities and simple magnetic holes <span class="hlt">observed</span> near 35 AU are at least an order of magnitude greater than those <span class="hlt">observed</span> at 1 AU. However, the thicknesses of the tangential discontinuity and simple magnetic holes <span class="hlt">observed</span> near 35 AU (in units of the pickup proton Larmor radius) are comparable to those <span class="hlt">observed</span> at 1 AU (in units of the solar wind proton gyroradius). Thus the gyroradius of interstellar pickup protons controls the thickness of current sheets near 35 AU. We determine the interstellar pickup proton pressure in the PBSs. Using a model for the pickup proton temperature, we estimate that the average interstellar pickup proton pressure, temperature, and density in the MIRs at 35 AU are (0.53 +/- 0.14) x 10-12 erg/cu cm, (5.8 +/- 0.4) x 106 K and (7 +/- 2) x 10-4/cu cm.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70001038','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70001038"><span>The Aristarchus-Harbinger <span class="hlt">region</span> of the moon: Surface geology and history from recent remote-sensing <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Zisk, S.H.; Hodges, C.A.; Moore, H.J.; Shorthill, R.W.; Thompson, T.W.; Whitaker, E.A.; Wilhelms, D.E.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">region</span> including the Aristarchus Plateau and Montes Harbinger is probably the most diverse, geologically, of any area of comparble size on the Moon. This part of the northwest quadrant of the lunar near side includes unique dark mantling material; both the densest concentration and the largest of the sinuous rilles; apparent volcanic vents, sinks, and domes; mare materials of various ages and colors; one of the freshest large craters (Aristarchus) with ejecta having unique colors and albedos; and three other large craters in <span class="hlt">different</span> states of flooding and degradation (krieger, Herodotus, and Prinz). The three best-authenticated lunar transient phenomena were also <span class="hlt">observed</span> here. This study is based principally on photographic and remote sensing <span class="hlt">observations</span> made from Earth and Apollo orbiting space craft. Results include (1) delineation of geologic map units and their stratigraphic relationships; (2) discussion of the complex interrelationships between materials of volcanic and impact origin, including the effects of excavation, redistribution and mixing of previously deposited materials by younger impact craters; (3) deduction of physical and chemical properties of certain of the geologic units, based on both the remote-sensing information and on extrapolation of Apollo data to this area; and (4) development of a detailed geologic history of the <span class="hlt">region</span>, outlining the probable sequence of events that resulted in its present appearance. A primary concern of the investigation has been anomalous red dark mantle on the Plateau. Based on an integration of Earth- and lunar orbit-based data, this layer seems to consist of fine-grained, block-free material containing a relatively large fraction of orange glass. It is probably of pyroclastic origin, laid down at some time during the Imbrian period of mare flooding. ?? 1977 D. Reidel Publishing Company.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950054382&hterms=Keegan&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DKeegan','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950054382&hterms=Keegan&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DKeegan"><span>Thermal and albedo mapping of the polar <span class="hlt">regions</span> of Mars using Viking thermal mapper <span class="hlt">observations</span>: 1. North polar <span class="hlt">region</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Paige, David A.; Bachman, Jennifer E.; Keegan, Kenneth D.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>We present the first maps of the apparent thermal inertia and albedo of the north polar <span class="hlt">region</span> of Mars. The <span class="hlt">observations</span> used to create these maps were acquired by the infrared thermal mapper (IRTM) instruments on the two Viking orbiters over a 50-day period in 1978 during the Martian early northern summer season. The maps cover the <span class="hlt">region</span> from 60 deg N to the north pole at a spatial resolution of 1/2 deg of latitude. The analysis and interpretation of these maps is aided by the results of a one-dimensional radiative convective model, which is used to calculate diurnal variations in surface and atmospheric temperatures, and brightness temperatures at the top of the atmospphere for a wide range of assumptions concerning aerosol optical properties and aerosol optical depths. The results of these calculations show that the effects of the Martian atmosphere on remote determinations of surface thermal inertia are more significant than have been indicated in previous studies. The maps of apparent thermal inertia and albedo show a great deal of spatial structure that is well correlated with surface features.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ClDy...38.1229D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ClDy...38.1229D"><span>Potential for added value in precipitation simulated by high-resolution nested <span class="hlt">Regional</span> Climate Models and <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>di Luca, Alejandro; de Elía, Ramón; Laprise, René</p> <p>2012-03-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Regional</span> Climate Models (RCMs) constitute the most often used method to perform affordable high-resolution <span class="hlt">regional</span> climate simulations. The key issue in the evaluation of nested <span class="hlt">regional</span> models is to determine whether RCM simulations improve the representation of climatic statistics compared to the driving data, that is, whether RCMs add value. In this study we examine a necessary condition that some climate statistics derived from the precipitation field must satisfy in order that the RCM technique can generate some added value: we focus on whether the climate statistics of interest contain some fine spatial-scale variability that would be absent on a coarser grid. The presence and magnitude of fine-scale precipitation variance required to adequately describe a given climate statistics will then be used to quantify the potential added value (PAV) of RCMs. Our results show that the PAV of RCMs is much higher for short temporal scales (e.g., 3-hourly data) than for long temporal scales (16-day average data) due to the filtering resulting from the time-averaging process. PAV is higher in warm season compared to cold season due to the higher proportion of precipitation falling from small-scale weather systems in the warm season. In <span class="hlt">regions</span> of complex topography, the orographic forcing induces an extra component of PAV, no matter the season or the temporal scale considered. The PAV is also estimated using high-resolution datasets based on <span class="hlt">observations</span> allowing the evaluation of the sensitivity of changing resolution in the real climate system. The results show that RCMs tend to reproduce relatively well the PAV compared to <span class="hlt">observations</span> although showing an overestimation of the PAV in warm season and mountainous <span class="hlt">regions</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUSM.B51A..08G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUSM.B51A..08G"><span>COCA: deriving urban emissions and the carbon exchange of a forested <span class="hlt">region</span> using airborne CO2 and CO <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Geiss, H.; Schmitgen, S.; Ciais, P.; Neininger, B.; Baeumle, M.; Brunet, Y.; Kley, D.</p> <p>2002-05-01</p> <p>A crucial challenge in measuring the partitioning of sources and sinks of atmospheric CO2 is the separation of <span class="hlt">regional</span> anthropogenic CO2 sources from biogenic activity. The aim of the COCA project is to quantify the fossil fuel and biogenic CO2 fractions using continuous airborne CO2 and CO measurements, where CO acts as a tracer for anthropogenic CO2. At first part of the project COCA an attempt was made to measure daytime biogenic CO2 fluxes over a forest area (about 15 by 30 km size). The campaign took place around the CARBOEUROFLUX site ``Le Bray'' (Pinus pinaster) close to Bordeaux in France end of June 2001 Based on continuous airborne CO2, H2O and CO flux and concentration measurements a Lagrangian budgeting approach was chosen to measure <span class="hlt">regional</span> CO2 deposition fluxes. The objective is to determine the CO2 uptake of the extended forest area from the CO2/CO gradients up- and downwind of the ecosystem, using CO as air mass tracer and such estimating the influence of anthropogenic CO2 advected into the area First results of the summer flight on June 23rd will be shown, where fair wind speeds (~5 m/s) and a low CBL height led to the <span class="hlt">observation</span> of a clear decrease in CO2 at the downwind flight stacks with basically constant CO concentrations. For other summer flights with very low wind speeds, local effects dominate the <span class="hlt">observations</span> leading to a larger variability in the <span class="hlt">observations</span>. Both, correlations and anti-correlations of CO2 with the anthropogenic tracer CO have been <span class="hlt">observed</span>. Positive correlations indicate fresh plumes of anthropogenic CO2. Negative correlations are indicative of entrainment of free tropospheric air, that was marked by relatively higher CO2 and lower CO concentrations than the average CBL concentrations. During a second campaign the variance of anthropogenic CO and CO2 emissions of a large city unaffected by biogenic processes has been studied. This campaign was carried out on February 16 and 17, 2002 over the Paris metropolitan area</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140008702','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140008702"><span>Hi-C <span class="hlt">Observations</span> of an Active <span class="hlt">Region</span> Corona, and Investigation of the Underlying Magnetic Structure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Tiwari, Sanjiv K.; Alexander, Caroline E.; Winebarger, Amy R.; Moore, Ronald L.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Hi-C: first <span class="hlt">observational</span> evidence of field line braiding in the AR corona; NLFFF extrapolations support. Flux emergence and/or cancellation in the coronal braided <span class="hlt">region</span> generate large stresses and tension in the coronal field loops which is released as heat in the corona. The field in these sub-<span class="hlt">regions</span> are highly sheared and have apparent high speed plasma flows, therefore, the contribution from shearing flows to power the coronal and transition <span class="hlt">region</span> heating can not be ruled out! The spatial resolution of Hi-­C is five times better than AIA. The cadence of Hi-C is 2.5 - 6 times better than AIA. The 193 Å was selected because of the strong emission line of Fe XII (peak formation temperature of 1.5 MK). Hi-­C collected data for 345 s @ 5.4 s cadence. The Hi-C target <span class="hlt">region</span> was NOAA AR 11520; 11 July 2012, 18:51-18:57 UT. NLFFF extrapolation confirms the braided structure, and free magnetic energy estimates in the given volume.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22525309-light-bridge-developing-active-region-observation-light-bridge-its-dynamic-activity-phenomena','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22525309-light-bridge-developing-active-region-observation-light-bridge-its-dynamic-activity-phenomena"><span>LIGHT BRIDGE IN A DEVELOPING ACTIVE <span class="hlt">REGION</span>. I. <span class="hlt">OBSERVATION</span> OF LIGHT BRIDGE AND ITS DYNAMIC ACTIVITY PHENOMENA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Toriumi, Shin; Katsukawa, Yukio; Cheung, Mark C. M., E-mail: shin.toriumi@nao.ac.jp</p> <p></p> <p>Light bridges, the bright structures that divide the umbra of sunspots and pores into smaller pieces, are known to produce a wide variety of activity events in solar active <span class="hlt">regions</span> (ARs). It is also known that the light bridges appear in the assembling process of nascent sunspots. The ultimate goal of this series of papers is to reveal the nature of light bridges in developing ARs and the occurrence of activity events associated with the light bridge structures from both <span class="hlt">observational</span> and numerical approaches. In this first paper, exploiting the <span class="hlt">observational</span> data obtained by Hinode, the Interface <span class="hlt">Region</span> Imaging Spectrograph, andmore » the Solar Dynamics Observatory, we investigate the detailed structure of the light bridge in NOAA AR 11974 and its dynamic activity phenomena. As a result, we find that the light bridge has a weak, horizontal magnetic field, which is transported from the interior by a large-scale convective upflow and is surrounded by strong, vertical fields of adjacent pores. In the chromosphere above the bridge, a transient brightening occurs repeatedly and intermittently, followed by a recurrent dark surge ejection into higher altitudes. Our analysis indicates that the brightening is the plasma heating due to magnetic reconnection at lower altitudes, while the dark surge is the cool, dense plasma ejected from the reconnection <span class="hlt">region</span>. From the <span class="hlt">observational</span> results, we conclude that the dynamic activity <span class="hlt">observed</span> in a light bridge structure such as chromospheric brightenings and dark surge ejections are driven by magnetoconvective evolution within the light bridge and its interaction with the surrounding magnetic fields.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3535387','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3535387"><span>Bacterial diversity in <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of gastrointestinal tract of Giant African Snail (Achatina fulica)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Pawar, Kiran D; Banskar, Sunil; Rane, Shailendra D; Charan, Shakti S; Kulkarni, Girish J; Sawant, Shailesh S; Ghate, Hemant V; Patole, Milind S; Shouche, Yogesh S</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of invasive land snail Achatina fulica is known to harbor metabolically active bacterial communities. In this study, we assessed the bacterial diversity in the <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of GI tract of Giant African snail, A. fulica by culture-independent and culture-dependent methods. Five 16S rRNA gene libraries from <span class="hlt">different</span> <span class="hlt">regions</span> of GI tract of active snails indicated that sequences affiliated to phylum γ-Proteobacteria dominated the esophagus, crop, intestine, and rectum libraries, whereas sequences affiliated to Tenericutes dominated the stomach library. On phylogenetic analysis, 30, 27, 9, 27, and 25 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from esophagus, crop, stomach, intestine, and rectum libraries were identified, respectively. Estimations of the total bacterial diversity covered along with environmental cluster analysis showed highest bacterial diversity in the esophagus and lowest in the stomach. Thirty-three distinct bacterial isolates were obtained, which belonged to 12 genera of two major bacterial phyla namely γ-Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Among these, Lactococcus lactis and Kurthia gibsonii were the dominant bacteria present in all GI tract <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis indicated significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in bacterial load in <span class="hlt">different</span> GI tract <span class="hlt">regions</span> of active and estivating snails. The <span class="hlt">difference</span> in the bacterial load between the intestines of active and estivating snail was maximum. Principal component analysis (PCA) of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism suggested that bacterial community structure changes only in intestine when snail enters estivation state. PMID:23233413</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRA..120.5805F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGRA..120.5805F"><span>Interhemispheric <span class="hlt">differences</span> in ionospheric convection: Cluster EDI <span class="hlt">observations</span> revisited</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Förster, M.; Haaland, S.</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>The interaction between the interplanetary magnetic field and the geomagnetic field sets up a large-scale circulation in the magnetosphere. This circulation is also reflected in the magnetically connected ionosphere. In this paper, we present a study of ionospheric convection based on Cluster Electron Drift Instrument (EDI) satellite measurements covering both hemispheres and obtained over a full solar cycle. The results from this study show that average flow patterns and polar cap potentials for a given orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field can be very <span class="hlt">different</span> in the two hemispheres. In particular during southward directed interplanetary magnetic field conditions, and thus enhanced energy input from the solar wind, the measurements show that the southern polar cap has a higher cross polar cap potential. There are persistent north-south asymmetries, which cannot easily be explained by the influence of external drivers. These persistent asymmetries are primarily a result of the significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the strength and configuration of the geomagnetic field between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Since the ionosphere is magnetically connected to the magnetosphere, this <span class="hlt">difference</span> will also be reflected in the magnetosphere in the form of <span class="hlt">different</span> feedback from the two hemispheres. Consequently, local ionospheric conditions and the geomagnetic field configuration are important for north-south asymmetries in large <span class="hlt">regions</span> of geospace.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22452881','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22452881"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in self-reported screening, prevalence and management of cardiovascular risk factors in Switzerland.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Marques-Vidal, Pedro; Paccaud, Fred</p> <p>2012-03-28</p> <p>In Switzerland, health policies are decided at the local level, but little is known regarding their impact on the screening and management of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs). We thus aimed at assessing geographical levels of CVRFs in Switzerland. Swiss Health Survey for 2007 (N = 17,879). Seven administrative <span class="hlt">regions</span> were defined: West (Leman), West-Central (Mittelland), Zurich, South (Ticino), North-West, East and Central Switzerland. Obesity, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes prevalence, treatment and screening within the last 12 months were assessed by interview. After multivariate adjustment for age, gender, educational level, marital status and Swiss citizenship, no significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> were found between <span class="hlt">regions</span> regarding prevalence of obesity or current smoking. Similarly, no <span class="hlt">differences</span> were found regarding hypertension screening and prevalence. Two thirds of subjects who had been told they had high blood pressure were treated, the lowest treatment rates being found in East Switzerland: odds-ratio and [95% confidence interval] 0.65 [0.50-0.85]. Screening for hypercholesterolemia was more frequently reported in French (Leman) and Italian (Ticino) speaking <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Four out of ten participants who had been told they had high cholesterol levels were treated and the lowest treatment rates were found in German-speaking <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Screening for diabetes was higher in Ticino (1.24 [1.09 - 1.42]). Six out of ten participants who had been told they had diabetes were treated, the lowest treatment rates were found for German-speaking <span class="hlt">regions</span>. In Switzerland, cardiovascular risk factor screening and management <span class="hlt">differ</span> between <span class="hlt">regions</span> and these <span class="hlt">differences</span> cannot be accounted for by <span class="hlt">differences</span> in populations' characteristics. Management of most cardiovascular risk factors could be improved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3364871','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3364871"><span><span class="hlt">Regional</span> <span class="hlt">differences</span> in self-reported screening, prevalence and management of cardiovascular risk factors in Switzerland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Background In Switzerland, health policies are decided at the local level, but little is known regarding their impact on the screening and management of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs). We thus aimed at assessing geographical levels of CVRFs in Switzerland. Methods Swiss Health Survey for 2007 (N = 17,879). Seven administrative <span class="hlt">regions</span> were defined: West (Leman), West-Central (Mittelland), Zurich, South (Ticino), North-West, East and Central Switzerland. Obesity, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes prevalence, treatment and screening within the last 12 months were assessed by interview. Results After multivariate adjustment for age, gender, educational level, marital status and Swiss citizenship, no significant <span class="hlt">differences</span> were found between <span class="hlt">regions</span> regarding prevalence of obesity or current smoking. Similarly, no <span class="hlt">differences</span> were found regarding hypertension screening and prevalence. Two thirds of subjects who had been told they had high blood pressure were treated, the lowest treatment rates being found in East Switzerland: odds-ratio and [95% confidence interval] 0.65 [0.50-0.85]. Screening for hypercholesterolemia was more frequently reported in French (Leman) and Italian (Ticino) speaking <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Four out of ten participants who had been told they had high cholesterol levels were treated and the lowest treatment rates were found in German-speaking <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Screening for diabetes was higher in Ticino (1.24 [1.09 - 1.42]). Six out of ten participants who had been told they had diabetes were treated, the lowest treatment rates were found for German-speaking <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Conclusions In Switzerland, cardiovascular risk factor screening and management <span class="hlt">differ</span> between <span class="hlt">regions</span> and these <span class="hlt">differences</span> cannot be accounted for by <span class="hlt">differences</span> in populations' characteristics. Management of most cardiovascular risk factors could be improved. PMID:22452881</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcO....74...37M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcO....74...37M"><span>Plant functional traits and diversity in sand dune ecosystems across <span class="hlt">different</span> biogeographic <span class="hlt">regions</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mahdavi, P.; Bergmeier, E.</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>Plant species of a functional group respond similarly to environmental pressures and may be expected to act similarly on ecosystem processes and habitat properties. However, feasibility and applicability of functional groups in ecosystems across very <span class="hlt">different</span> climatic <span class="hlt">regions</span> have not yet been studied. In our approach we specified the functional groups in sand dune ecosystems of the Mediterranean, Hyrcanian and Irano-Turanian phytogeographic <span class="hlt">regions</span>. We examined whether functional groups are more influenced by <span class="hlt">region</span> or rather by habitat characteristics, and identified trait syndromes associated with common habitat types in sand dunes (mobile dunes, stabilized dunes, salt marshes, semi-wet sands, disturbed habitats). A database of 14 traits, 309 species and 314 relevés was examined and trait-species, trait-plot and species-plot matrices were built. Cluster analysis revealed similar plant functional groups in sand dune ecosystems across <span class="hlt">regions</span> of very <span class="hlt">different</span> species composition and climate. Specifically, our study showed that plant traits in sand dune ecosystems are grouped reflecting habitat affiliation rather than <span class="hlt">region</span> and species pool. Environmental factors and constraints such as sand mobility, soil salinity, water availability, nutrient status and disturbance are more important for the occurrence and distribution of plant functional groups than <span class="hlt">regional</span> belonging. Each habitat is shown to be equipped with specific functional groups and can be described by specific sets of traits. In restoration ecology the completeness of functional groups and traits in a site may serve as a guideline for maintaining or restoring the habitat.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.1122S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GeoRL..45.1122S"><span>Atmospheric CO2 <span class="hlt">Observations</span> Reveal Strong Correlation Between <span class="hlt">Regional</span> Net Biospheric Carbon Uptake and Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shiga, Yoichi P.; Tadić, Jovan M.; Qiu, Xuemei; Yadav, Vineet; Andrews, Arlyn E.; Berry, Joseph A.; Michalak, Anna M.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Recent studies have shown the promise of remotely sensed solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) in informing terrestrial carbon exchange, but analyses have been limited to either plot level ( 1 km2) or hemispheric/global ( 108 km2) scales due to the lack of a direct measure of carbon exchange at intermediate scales. Here we use a network of atmospheric CO2 <span class="hlt">observations</span> over North America to explore the value of SIF for informing net ecosystem exchange (NEE) at <span class="hlt">regional</span> scales. We find that SIF explains space-time NEE patterns at <span class="hlt">regional</span> ( 100 km2) scales better than a variety of other vegetation and climate indicators. We further show that incorporating SIF into an atmospheric inversion leads to a spatial redistribution of NEE estimates over North America, with more uptake attributed to agricultural <span class="hlt">regions</span> and less to needleleaf forests. Our results highlight the synergy of ground-based and spaceborne carbon cycle <span class="hlt">observations</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22654209-narrow-line-width-uv-bursts-transition-region-above-sunspots-observed-iris','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22654209-narrow-line-width-uv-bursts-transition-region-above-sunspots-observed-iris"><span>NARROW-LINE-WIDTH UV BURSTS IN THE TRANSITION <span class="hlt">REGION</span> ABOVE SUNSPOTS <span class="hlt">OBSERVED</span> BY IRIS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hou, Zhenyong; Huang, Zhenghua; Xia, Lidong</p> <p></p> <p>Various small-scale structures abound in the solar atmosphere above active <span class="hlt">regions</span>, playing an important role in the dynamics and evolution therein. We report on a new class of small-scale transition <span class="hlt">region</span> structures in active <span class="hlt">regions</span>, characterized by strong emissions but extremely narrow Si iv line profiles as found in <span class="hlt">observations</span> taken with the Interface <span class="hlt">Region</span> Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS). Tentatively named as narrow-line-width UV bursts (NUBs), these structures are located above sunspots and comprise one or multiple compact bright cores at sub-arcsecond scales. We found six NUBs in two data sets (a raster and a sit-and-stare data set). Among these, fourmore » events are short-lived with a duration of ∼10 minutes, while two last for more than 36 minutes. All NUBs have Doppler shifts of 15–18 km s{sup −1}, while the NUB found in sit-and-stare data possesses an additional component at ∼50 km s{sup −1} found only in the C ii and Mg ii lines. Given that these events are found to play a role in the local dynamics, it is important to further investigate the physical mechanisms that generate these phenomena and their role in the mass transport in sunspots.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2756236','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2756236"><span>Age-related <span class="hlt">differences</span> in <span class="hlt">regional</span> brain volumes: A comparison of optimized voxel-based morphometry to manual volumetry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kennedy, Kristen M.; Erickson, Kirk I.; Rodrigue, Karen M.; Voss, Michelle W.; Colcombe, Stan J.; Kramer, Arthur F.; Acker, James D.; Raz, Naftali</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Regional</span> manual volumetry is the gold standard of in vivo neuroanatomy, but is labor-intensive, can be imperfectly reliable, and allows for measuring limited number of <span class="hlt">regions</span>. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) has perfect repeatability and assesses local structure across the whole brain. However, its anatomic validity is unclear, and with its increasing popularity, a systematic comparison of VBM to manual volumetry is necessary. The few existing comparison studies are limited by small samples, qualitative comparisons, and limited selection and modest reliability of manual measures. Our goal was to overcome those limitations by quantitatively comparing optimized VBM findings with highly reliable multiple <span class="hlt">regional</span> measures in a large sample (N = 200) across a wide agespan (18–81). We report a complex pattern of similarities and <span class="hlt">differences</span>. Peak values of VBM volume estimates (modulated density) produced stronger age <span class="hlt">differences</span> and a <span class="hlt">different</span> spatial distribution from manual measures. However, when we aggregated VBM-derived information across voxels contained in specific anatomically defined <span class="hlt">regions</span> (masks), the patterns of age <span class="hlt">differences</span> became more similar, although important discrepancies emerged. Notably, VBM revealed stronger age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the <span class="hlt">regions</span> bordering CSF and white matter areas prone to leukoaraiosis, and VBM was more likely to report nonlinearities in age-volume relationships. In the white matter <span class="hlt">regions</span>, manual measures showed stronger negative associations with age than the corresponding VBM-based masks. We conclude that VBM provides realistic estimates of age <span class="hlt">differences</span> in the <span class="hlt">regional</span> gray matter only when applied to anatomically defined <span class="hlt">regions</span>, but overestimates effects when individual peaks are interpreted. It may be beneficial to use VBM as a first-pass strategy, followed by manual measurement of anatomically-defined <span class="hlt">regions</span>. PMID:18276037</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSA22A..07Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSA22A..07Y"><span>Study of midlatitude ionospheric irregularities and E- and F-<span class="hlt">region</span> coupling based on rocket and radar <span class="hlt">observations</span> from Japan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yamamoto, M.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>We have been studying ionspheric irregularities in mid-latitude <span class="hlt">region</span> by using radars, sounding rockets, etc. The mid-latitude ionosphere was considered much stable than those in the equatorial or polar <span class="hlt">region</span> in the past, but our studies for years have revealed that there are much active variabilities. We found variety of wave-like structures that are specific in the mid-latitudes. One of the phenomena is quasi-periodic echoes (QP echoes) first <span class="hlt">observed</span> by the MU radar that reflects horizontal plasma-density structures associated to sporadic-E layers. Another phenomenon is medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID) in the F-<span class="hlt">region</span>. In the generation mechanism we think that Ionospheric E- and F-<span class="hlt">region</span> coupling process is important. In this presentation, we will discuss nature of mid-latitude ionosphere based on our <span class="hlt">observations</span>; the MU radar, sounding rocket campaigns of SEEK-1/2, and recent MSTID rocket experiment from JAXA Uchinoura Space Center in July 2013.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930001663','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930001663"><span>Morning-evening <span class="hlt">differences</span> in global and <span class="hlt">regional</span> oceanic precipitation as <span class="hlt">observed</span> by the SSM/I</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Petty, Grant W.; Katsaros, Kristina B.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>For the present preliminary analysis of oceanic rainfall statistics, global oceanic SSM/I data were simply scanned for pixels which exhibited a 37 GHz polarization <span class="hlt">difference</span> (vertically polarized brightness temperatures minus horizontally polarized brightness temperatures) of less than 15 K. Such a low polarization <span class="hlt">difference</span> over the open ocean is a completely unambiguous indication of moderate to intense precipitation. Co-located brightness temperatures from all seven channels of the SSM/I were saved for each pixel so identified. Bad scans and geographically mislocated block of data were objectively identified and removed from the resulting data base. We collected global oceanic rainfall data for two time periods, each one month in length. The first period (20 July-19 August 1987) coincides with the peak of the Northern Hemisphere summer. The second period (13 January-12 February 1988) coincides with the Northern Hemisphere winter.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1342759-estimating-methane-emissions-california-urban-rural-regions-using-multitower-observations','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1342759-estimating-methane-emissions-california-urban-rural-regions-using-multitower-observations"><span>Estimating methane emissions in California's urban and rural <span class="hlt">regions</span> using multitower <span class="hlt">observations</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Jeong, Seongeun; Newman, Sally; Zhang, Jingsong; ...</p> <p>2016-11-05</p> <p>Here, we present an analysis of methane (CH 4) emissions using atmospheric <span class="hlt">observations</span> from 36 thirteen sites in California during June 2013 – May 2014. A hierarchical Bayesian inversion 37 method is used to estimate CH 4 emissions for spatial <span class="hlt">regions</span> (0.3° pixels for major <span class="hlt">regions</span>) by 38 comparing measured CH 4 mixing ratios with transport model (WRF-STILT) predictions based 39 on seasonally varying California-specific CH 4 prior emission models. The transport model is 40 assessed using a combination of meteorological and carbon monoxide (CO) measurements 41 coupled with the gridded California Air Resources Board (CARB) carbon monoxide (CO) 42more » emission inventory. Hierarchical Bayesian inversion suggests that state annual anthropogenic 43 CH 4 emissions are 2.42 ± 0.49 Tg CH 4/yr (at 95% confidence, including transport bias 44 uncertainty), higher (1.2 - 1.8 times) than the CARB current inventory (1.64 Tg CH 4/yr in 2013). 45 We note that the estimated CH 4 emissions drop to 1.0 - 1.6 times the CARB inventory if we 46 correct for the 10% median CH 4 emissions assuming the bias in CO analysis is applicable to 47 CH 4. The CH 4 emissions from the Central Valley and urban <span class="hlt">regions</span> (San Francisco Bay and 48 South Coast Air Basins) account for ~58% and 26% of the total posterior emissions, 49 respectively. This study suggests that the livestock sector is likely the major contributor to the 50 state total CH 4 emissions, in agreement with CARB’s inventory. Attribution to source sectors for 51 sub-<span class="hlt">regions</span> of California using additional trace gas species would further improve the 52 quantification of California’s CH 4 emissions and mitigation efforts towards the California Global 53 Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB-32).« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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