Surface modification and deuterium retention in reduced-activation steels under low-energy deuterium plasma exposure. Part I: undamaged steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ogorodnikova, O. V.; Zhou, Z.; Sugiyama, K.; Balden, M.; Gasparyan, Yu.; Efimov, V.

2017-03-01

In this paper, reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels including Eurofer (9Cr) and oxide dispersion strengthening (ODS) steels by the addition of Y2O3 particles with different amounts of Cr, namely, (9-16)Cr were exposed to low energy deuterium (D) plasma (~20-200 eV per D) up to a fluence of 2.9  ×  1025 D m-2 in the temperature range from 290 K to 700 K. The depth profile of D in steels was measured up to 8 µm depth by nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) and the total retained amount of D in those materials was determined by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). It was found that the D retention in ODS steels is higher compared to Eurofer due to the much higher density of fine dispersoids and finer grain size. This work shows that in addition to the sintering temperature and time, the type, size and concentration of the doping particles have an enormous effect on the increase in the D retention. The D retention in undamaged ODS steels strongly depends on the Cr content: ODS with 12Cr has a minimum and the D retention in the case of ODS with (14-16)Cr is higher compared to (9-12)Cr. The replacing of Ti by Al in ODS-14Cr steels reduces the D retention. The formation of nano-structure surface roughness enriched in W or Ta due to combination of preferential sputtering of light elements and radiation-induced segregation was observed at incident D ion energy of 200 eV for both Eurofer and ODS steels. Both the surface roughness and the eroded layer enhance with increasing the temperature. The surface modifications result in a reduction of the D retention near the surface due to increasing the desorption flux and can reduce the overall D retention.

Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steels Made from Water-Atomized Ferritic Powder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arkhurst, Barton Mensah; Kim, Jeoung Han

2018-05-01

Nano-structured oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels produced from a 410L stainless steel powder prepared by water-atomization was studied. The influences of Ti content and milling time on the microstructure and the mechanical properties were analysed. It was found that the ODS steels made from the Si bearing 410L powder contained Y-Ti-O, Y-Ti-Si-O, Y-Si-O, and TiO2 oxides. Most nanoparticles produced after 80 h of milling were aggregated nanoparticles; however, after 160 h of milling, most aggregated nanoparticles dissociated into smaller individual nanoparticles. Perfect mixing of Y and Ti was not achieved even after the longer milling time of 160 h; instead, the longer hours of milling rather resulted in Si incorporation into the Y-Ti-O rich nanoparticles and a change in the matrix morphology from an equiaxed microstructure to a tempered martensite-like microstructure. The overall micro-hardness of the ODS steel increased with the increase of milling time. After 80 and 160 h, the microhardnesses were over 400 HV, which primarily resulted from the finer dispersed nanoparticles and in part to the formation of martensitic phases. Tensile strength of the 410L ODS steels was comparable with that of ODS steel produced from gas-atomized powder.

Hot-rolling of reduced activation 8CrODS ferritic steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Xiaochao; Ukai, Shigeharu; Leng, Bin; Oono, Naoko; Hayashi, Shigenari; Sakasegawa, Hideo; Tanigawa, Hiroyasu

2013-11-01

The 8CrODS ferritic steel is based on J1-lot developed for the advanced fusion blanket material to increase the coolant outlet temperature. A hot-rolling was conducted at the temperature above Ar3 of 716 °C, and its effect on the microstructure and tensile strength in 8CrODS ferritic steel was evaluated, comparing together with normalized and tempered specimen. It was confirmed that hot-rolling leads to slightly increased fraction of the ferrite and highly improved tensile strength. This ferrite was formed by transformation from the hot-rolled austenite during cooling due to fine austenite grains induced by hot-rolling. The coarsening of the transformed ferrite in hot-rolled specimen can be attributed to the crystalline rotation and coalescence of the similar oriented grains. The improved strength of hot-rolled specimen was ascribed to the high dislocation density and replacement of easily deformed martensite with the transformed coarse ferrite.

Development of accident tolerant FeCrAl-ODS steels utilizing Ce-oxide particles dispersion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shibata, Hiroki; Ukai, Shigeharu; Oono, Naoko H.; Sakamoto, Kan; Hirai, Mutsumi

2018-04-01

FeCrAl-ODS ferritic steels with Ce-oxide dispersion instead of Y-oxide were produced for the accident tolerant fuel cladding of the light water reactor. Excess oxygen (Ex.O) was added to improve the mechanical property. The tensile strength at Ex.O = 0 is around 200 MPa at 700 °C, mainly owing to dispersed Ce2O3 particles in less than 10 nm size. The formation of the fine Ce2O3 particles is dominated by a coherent interface with ferritic matrix. With increasing Ex.O, an increased of number density of coarser Ce-Al type oxide particles over 10 nm size is responsible for the improvement of the tensile strength. Change of the type of oxide particle, CeO2, Ce2O3, CeAlO3, Al2O3, in FeCrAl-ODS steel was thermodynamically analyzed as a parameter of Ex.O.

Irradiation creep and microstructural changes in an advanced ODS ferritic steel during helium implantation under stress

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, J.; Pouchon, M. A.; Kimura, A.; Jung, P.; Hoffelner, W.

2009-04-01

An advanced oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steel with very fine oxide particles has been homogeneously implanted with helium under uniaxial tensile stresses from 20 to 250 MPa to a maximum dose of about 0.38 dpa (1650 appm-He) with displacement damage rates of 4.4 × 10 -6 dpa/s at temperatures of 573 and 773 K. The samples were in the form of miniaturized dog-bones, where during the helium implantation the straining and the electrical resistance were monitored simultaneously. Creep compliances were measured to be 4.0 × 10 -6 and 11 × 10 -6 dpa -1 MPa -1 at 573 and 773 K, respectively. The resistivity of ODS steel samples decreased with dose, indicating segregation and/or precipitation. Evolution of microstructure during helium implantation was studied in detail by TEM. The effects of ODS particle size on irradiation creep and microstructural changes was investigated by comparing the results from the present advanced ODS (K1) to a commercial ODS ferritic steels (PM2000) with much bigger oxide particles.

Foreign Trip Report MATGEN-IV Sep 24- Oct 26, 2007

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

de Caro, M S

2007-10-30

Gen-IV activities in France, Japan and US focus on the development of new structural materials for Gen-IV nuclear reactors. Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) F/M steels have raised considerable interest in nuclear applications. Promising collaborations can be established seeking fundamental knowledge of relevant Gen-IV ODS steel properties (see attached travel report on MATGEN- IV 'Materials for Generation IV Nuclear Reactors'). Major highlights refer to results on future Ferritic/Martensitic steel cladding candidates (relevant to Gen-IV materials properties for LFR Materials Program) and on thermodynamic and mechanic behavior of metallic FeCr binary alloys, base matrix for future candidate steels (for the LLNL-LDRD projectmore » on Critical Issues on Materials for Gen-IV Reactors).« less

Atom probe tomography of the evolution of the nanostructure of oxide dispersion strengthened steels under ion irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Orlov, N. N.; Rogozhkin, S. V.; Bogachev, A. A.; Korchuganova, O. A.; Nikitin, A. A.; Zaluzhnyi, A. G.; Kozodaev, M. A.; Kulevoy, T. V.; Kuibeda, R. P.; Fedin, P. A.; Chalykh, B. B.; Lindau, R.; Hoffmann, Ya.; Möslang, A.; Vladimirov, P.

2017-09-01

The atom probe tomography of the nanostructure evolution in ODS1 Eurofer, ODS 13.5Cr, and ODS 13.5Cr-0.3Ti steels under heavy ion irradiation at 300 and 573 K is performed. The samples were irradiated by 5.6 MeV Fe2+ ions and 4.8 MeV Ti2+ ions to a fluence of 1015 cm-2. It is shown that the number of nanoclusters increases by a factor of 2-3 after irradiation. The chemical composition of the clusters in the steels changes after irradiation at 300 K, whereas the chemical composition of the clusters in the 13.5Cr-0.3Ti ODS steel remains the same after irradiation at 573 K.

Corrosion behavior of oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steels in supercritical water

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Wenhua; Guo, Xianglong; Shen, Zhao; Zhang, Lefu

2017-04-01

The corrosion resistance of three different Cr content oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels in supercritical water (SCW) and their passive films formed on the surface have been investigated. The results show that the dissolved oxygen (DO) and chemical composition have significant influence on the corrosion behavior of the ODS ferritic steels. In 2000 ppb DO SCW at 650 °C, the 14Cr-4Al ODS steel forms a tri-layer oxide film and the surface morphologies have experienced four structures. For the tri-layer oxide film, the middle layer is mainly Fe-Cr spinel and the Al is gradually enriched in the inner layer.

75 FR 78339 - Buy America Waiver Notification

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

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Enhanced Radiation-tolerant Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steel and its Microstructure Evolution under Helium-implantation and Heavy-ion Irradiation

PubMed Central

Lu, Chenyang; Lu, Zheng; Wang, Xu; Xie, Rui; Li, Zhengyuan; Higgins, Michael; Liu, Chunming; Gao, Fei; Wang, Lumin

2017-01-01

The world eagerly needs cleanly-generated electricity in the future. Fusion reactor is one of the most ideal energy resources to defeat the environmental degradation caused by the consumption of traditional fossil energy. To meet the design requirements of fusion reactor, the development of the structural materials which can sustain the elevated temperature, high helium concentration and extreme radiation environments is the biggest challenge for the entire material society. Oxide dispersion strengthened steel is one of the most popular candidate materials for the first wall/blanket applications in fusion reactor. In this paper, we evaluate the radiation tolerance of a 9Cr ODS steel developed in China. Compared with Ferritic/Martensitic steel, this ODS steel demonstrated a significantly higher swelling resistance under ion irradiation at 460 °C to 188 displacements per atom. The role of oxides and grain boundaries on void swelling has been explored. The results indicated that the distribution of higher density and finer size of nano oxides will lead a better swelling resistance for ODS alloy. The original pyrochlore-structured Y2Ti2O7 particles dissolved gradually while fine Y-Ti-O nano clusters reprecipitated in the matrix during irradiation. The enhanced radiation tolerance is attributed to the reduced oxide size and the increased oxide density. PMID:28079191

Development of next generation tempered and ODS reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels for fusion energy applications

DOE PAGES

Zinkle, S. J.; Boutard, J. L.; Hoelzer, D. T.; ...

2017-06-09

Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels are currently the most technologically mature option for the structural material of proposed fusion energy reactors. Advanced next-generation higher performance steels offer the opportunity for improvements in fusion reactor operational lifetime and reliability, superior neutron radiation damage resistance, higher thermodynamic efficiency, and reduced construction costs. The two main strategies for developing improved steels for fusion energy applications are based on (1) an evolutionary pathway using computational thermodynamics modelling and modified thermomechanical treatments (TMT) to produce higher performance reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels and (2) a higher risk, potentially higher payoff approach based on powder metallurgy techniquesmore » to produce very high strength oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels capable of operation to very high temperatures and with potentially very high resistance to fusion neutron-induced property degradation. The current development status of these next-generation high performance steels is summarized, and research and development challenges for the successful development of these materials are outlined. In conclusion, material properties including temperature-dependent uniaxial yield strengths, tensile elongations, high-temperature thermal creep, Charpy impact ductile to brittle transient temperature (DBTT) and fracture toughness behaviour, and neutron irradiation-induced low-temperature hardening and embrittlement and intermediate-temperature volumetric void swelling (including effects associated with fusion-relevant helium and hydrogen generation) are described for research heats of the new steels.« less

Development of next generation tempered and ODS reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels for fusion energy applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zinkle, S. J.; Boutard, J. L.; Hoelzer, D. T.

Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels are currently the most technologically mature option for the structural material of proposed fusion energy reactors. Advanced next-generation higher performance steels offer the opportunity for improvements in fusion reactor operational lifetime and reliability, superior neutron radiation damage resistance, higher thermodynamic efficiency, and reduced construction costs. The two main strategies for developing improved steels for fusion energy applications are based on (1) an evolutionary pathway using computational thermodynamics modelling and modified thermomechanical treatments (TMT) to produce higher performance reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels and (2) a higher risk, potentially higher payoff approach based on powder metallurgy techniquesmore » to produce very high strength oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels capable of operation to very high temperatures and with potentially very high resistance to fusion neutron-induced property degradation. The current development status of these next-generation high performance steels is summarized, and research and development challenges for the successful development of these materials are outlined. In conclusion, material properties including temperature-dependent uniaxial yield strengths, tensile elongations, high-temperature thermal creep, Charpy impact ductile to brittle transient temperature (DBTT) and fracture toughness behaviour, and neutron irradiation-induced low-temperature hardening and embrittlement and intermediate-temperature volumetric void swelling (including effects associated with fusion-relevant helium and hydrogen generation) are described for research heats of the new steels.« less

Development of next generation tempered and ODS reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels for fusion energy applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zinkle, S. J.; Boutard, J. L.; Hoelzer, D. T.; Kimura, A.; Lindau, R.; Odette, G. R.; Rieth, M.; Tan, L.; Tanigawa, H.

2017-09-01

Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels are currently the most technologically mature option for the structural material of proposed fusion energy reactors. Advanced next-generation higher performance steels offer the opportunity for improvements in fusion reactor operational lifetime and reliability, superior neutron radiation damage resistance, higher thermodynamic efficiency, and reduced construction costs. The two main strategies for developing improved steels for fusion energy applications are based on (1) an evolutionary pathway using computational thermodynamics modelling and modified thermomechanical treatments (TMT) to produce higher performance reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels and (2) a higher risk, potentially higher payoff approach based on powder metallurgy techniques to produce very high strength oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels capable of operation to very high temperatures and with potentially very high resistance to fusion neutron-induced property degradation. The current development status of these next-generation high performance steels is summarized, and research and development challenges for the successful development of these materials are outlined. Material properties including temperature-dependent uniaxial yield strengths, tensile elongations, high-temperature thermal creep, Charpy impact ductile to brittle transient temperature (DBTT) and fracture toughness behaviour, and neutron irradiation-induced low-temperature hardening and embrittlement and intermediate-temperature volumetric void swelling (including effects associated with fusion-relevant helium and hydrogen generation) are described for research heats of the new steels.

Oxide nanoparticles in an Al-alloyed oxide dispersion strengthened steel: crystallographic structure and interface with ferrite matrix

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Zhenbo; Pantleon, Wolfgang

2017-07-01

Oxide nanoparticles are quintessential for ensuring the extraordinary properties of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels. In this study, the crystallographic structure of oxide nanoparticles, and their interface with the ferritic steel matrix in an Al-alloyed ODS steel, i.e. PM2000, were systematically investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The majority of oxide nanoparticles were identified to be orthorhombic YAlO3. During hot consolidation and extrusion, they develop a coherent interface and a near cuboid-on-cube orientation relationship with the ferrite matrix in the material. After annealing at 1200 °C for 1 h, however, the orientation relationship between the oxide nanoparticles and the matrix becomes arbitrary, and their interface mostly incoherent. Annealing at 1300 °C leads to considerable coarsening of oxide nanoparticles, and a new orientation relationship of pseudo-cube-on-cube between oxide nanoparticles and ferrite matrix develops. The reason for the developing interfaces and orientation relationships between oxide nanoparticles and ferrite matrix under different conditions is discussed.

Hot rolling and annealing effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ODS austenitic steel fabricated by electron beam selective melting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Rui; Ge, Wen-jun; Miao, Shu; Zhang, Tao; Wang, Xian-ping; Fang, Qian-feng

2016-03-01

The grain morphology, nano-oxide particles and mechanical properties of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS)-316L austenitic steel synthesized by electron beam selective melting (EBSM) technique with different post-working processes, were explored in this study. The ODS-316L austenitic steel with superfine nano-sized oxide particles of 30-40 nm exhibits good tensile strength (412 MPa) and large total elongation (about 51%) due to the pinning effect of uniform distributed oxide particles on dislocations. After hot rolling, the specimen exhibits a higher tensile strength of 482 MPa, but the elongation decreases to 31.8% owing to the introduction of high-density dislocations. The subsequent heat treatment eliminates the grain defects induced by hot rolling and increases the randomly orientated grains, which further improves the strength and ductility of EBSM ODS-316L steel.

77 FR 64478 - Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From India: Final Determination of Sales at Less Than...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-22

....D. and 0.165 inch wall thickness (gage 8) 4.000 inch O.D. and 0.148 inch wall thickness (gage 9) 4.000 inch O.D. and 0.165 inch wall thickness (gage 8) 4.500 inch O.D. and 0.203 inch wall thickness... investigation is Zenith Birla (India) Limited (previously known as Zenith Steel Pipes and Industries Ltd...

Characterization of Residual Stress as a Function of Friction Stir Welding Parameters in ODS Steel MA956

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

dispersion strengthened - Eurofer steel ,” J. Nucl. Mater., vol. 416 , pp. 2229, Sep 1, 2011. [10] H. J. K. Lemmen and K. J. Sudmeijer, I, “Laser beam...Reynolds and W. Tang, “Structure, properties, and residual stress of 304L stainless steel friction stir welds,” Scr. Mater., vol. 48, pp. 12891294...OF RESIDUAL STRESS AS A FUNCTION OF FRICTION STIR WELDING PARAMETERS IN ODS STEEL MA956 by Martin S. Bennett June 2013 Thesis Advisor

Energy storage flywheel housing design concept development

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Coppa, A.P.

1982-03-12

A low cost vehicular flywheel housing conceptual design has been obtained by resorting to well developed mass production sheet metal fabrication processes and inexpensive materials. Two versions of the design, based on different rotor sizes, are described. The rotors are of the General Electric hybrid type and have the following dimensions: 15 in. OD x 1.50 in. thickness and 18 in. OD x 1.00 in. thickness. Both rotors have a maximum operating energy capacity of 0.25 kw. hr and close to identical weight and energy density values of 16.0 lb. and 15.6 whr/lb respectively. A leading mass producer of sheetmore » metal components for automotive vehicles provided the following budgetary quotations for steel housings, including hardened steel containment rings, based on the conceptual design: housing for 15 in. OD, 0.25 kw. hr. rotor: $50; and housing for 18 in. OD, 0.25 kw. hr. rotor: $58. These prices are based on a production rate of 10/sup 6/ units per year and include tooling. Information is included on: the design analysis, results of rotor burst testing and the conceptual design requirements for containment vacuum, safe response to vehicle collision, noise suppression, and structural performance.« less

Corrosion property of 9Cr-ODS steel in nitric acid solution for spent nuclear fuel reprocessing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Takeuchi, M.; Koizumi, T.; Inoue, M.

2013-07-01

Corrosion tests of oxide dispersion strengthened with 9% Cr (9Cr-ODS) steel, which is one of the desirable materials for cladding tube of sodium-cooled fast reactors, in pure nitric acid solution, spent FBR fuel solution, and its simulated solution were performed to understand the corrosion behavior in a spent nuclear fuel reprocessing. In this study, the 9Cr-ODS steel with lower effective chromium content was evaluated to understand the corrosion behavior conservatively. As results, the tube-type specimens of the 9Cr-ODS steels suffered severe weight loss owing to active dissolution at the beginning of the immersion test in pure nitric acid solution inmore » the range from 1 to 3.5 M. In contrast, the weight loss was decreased and they showed a stable corrosion in the higher nitric acid concentration, the dissolved FBR fuel solution, and its simulated solution by passivation. The corrosion rates of the 9Cr-ODS steel in the dissolved FBR fuel solution and its simulated solution were 1-2 mm/y and showed good agreement with each other. The passivation was caused by the shift of corrosion potential to noble side owing to increase in nitric acid concentration or oxidative ions in the dissolved FBR fuel solution and the simulated spent fuel solution. (authors)« less

Development oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steels for fusion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mukhopadhyay, D.K.; Froes, F.H.; Gelles, D.S.

1997-04-01

Uniaxial tension creep response is reported for an oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel, Fe-13.5Cr-2W-0.5Ti-0.25 Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} (in weight percent) manufactured using the mechanical alloying process. Acceptable creep response is obtained at 900{degrees}C.

Detection and evaluation of embedded mild steel can material into 18 Cr-oxide dispersion strengthened steel tubes by magnetic Barkhausen emission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kishore, G. V. K.; Kumar, Anish; Rajkumar, K. V.; Purnachandra Rao, B.; Pramanik, Debabrata; Kapoor, Komal; Jha, Sanjay Kumar

2017-12-01

The paper presents a new methodology for detection and evaluation of mild steel (MS) can material embedded into oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel tubes by magnetic Barkhausen emission (MBE) technique. The high frequency MBE measurements (125 Hz sweep frequency and 70-200 kHz analyzing frequency) are found to be very sensitive for detection of presence of MS on the surface of the ODS steel tube. However, due to a shallow depth of information from the high frequency MBE measurements, it cannot be used for evaluation of the thickness of the embedded MS. The low frequency MBE measurements (0.5 Hz sweep frequency and 2-20 kHz analyzing frequency) indicate presence of two MBE RMS voltage peaks corresponding to the MS and the ODS steel. The ratio of the two peaks changes with the thickness of the MS and hence, can be used for measurement of the thickness of the MS layer.

Creation of Y2Ti2O7 nanoprecipitates to strengthen the Fe-14Cr-3Al-2W steels by adding Ti hydride and Y2O3 nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Linbo; Bai, Zhonglian; Shen, Hailong; Wang, Chenxi; Liu, Tong

2017-05-01

In order to prohibit the formation of large Y-Al-O precipitates, Ti hydride nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared and used to replace Ti as raw particles to fabricate the oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) Fe-14Cr-3Al-2W-0.35Y2O3 steels by mechanical alloying (MA) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP). As the content of Ti hydride increases from 0.1 to 0.5 and 1.0 wt%, the oxide nanoprecipitates in the ODS steels changes from Y3Al5O12 phase to Y2Ti2O7 phase (semicoherent with the matrix), and the particle size is successfully reduced. The tensile strength of the ODS steel increases remarkably with increasing Ti hydride content. The sample with 1.0 wt% Ti hydride exhibits a high strength of 1049 MPa at 25 °C and 278 MPa at 700 °C. The creation of Y2Ti2O7 nanoprecipitates by adding Ti hydride NPs opens a new way to control the structure and size of the oxide precipitates in the ODS steels.

Consideration of the oxide particle-dislocation interaction in 9Cr-ODS steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ijiri, Yuta; Oono, N.; Ukai, S.; Yu, Hao; Ohtsuka, S.; Abe, Y.; Matsukawa, Y.

2017-05-01

The interaction between oxide particles and dislocations in a 9Cr-ODS ferritic steel is investigated by both static and in situ TEM observation under dynamic straining conditions and room temperature. The measured obstacle strength (?) of the oxide particles was no greater than 0.80 and the average was 0.63. The dislocation loops around some coarsened particles were also observed. The calculated obstacle strength by a stress formula of the Orowan interaction is nearly equaled to the average experimental value. Not only cross-slip system but also the Orowan interaction should be considered as the main interaction mechanism between oxide particles and dislocation in 9CrODS ferritic steel.

Microscopy of Alloy Formation on Arc Plasma Sintered Oxide Dispersion Strengthen (ODS) Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bandriyana, B.; Sujatno, A.; Salam, R.; Dimyati, A.; Untoro, P.

2017-07-01

The oxide dispersed strengthened (ODS) alloys steel developed as structure material for nuclear power plants (NPP) has good resistant against creep due to their unique microstructure. Microscopy investigation on the microstructure formation during alloying process especially at the early stages was carried out to study the correlation between structure and property of ODS alloys. This was possible thanks to the arc plasma sintering (APS) device which can simulate the time dependent alloying processes. The ODS sample with composition of 88 wt.% Fe and 12 wt.% Cr powder dispersed with 1 wt.% ZrO2 nano powder was mixed in a high energy milling, isostatic compressed to form sample coins and then alloyed in APS. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (EDX) line scan and mapping was used to characterize the microstructure and elemental composition distribution of the samples. The alloying process with unification of each Fe and Cr phase continued by the alloying formation of Fe-Cr by inter-diffusion of both Fe and Cr and followed by the improvement of the mechanical properties of hardness.

The influence of Cr content on the mechanical properties of ODS ferritic steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Shaofu; Zhou, Zhangjian; Jang, Jinsung; Wang, Man; Hu, Helong; Sun, Hongying; Zou, Lei; Zhang, Guangming; Zhang, Liwei

2014-12-01

The present investigation aimed at researching the mechanical properties of the oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels with different Cr content, which were fabricated through a consolidation of mechanical alloyed (MA) powders of 0.35 wt.% nano Y2O3 dispersed Fe-12.0Cr-0.5Ti-1.0W (alloy A), Fe-16.0Cr-0.5Ti-1.0W (alloy B), and Fe-18.0Cr-0.5Ti-1.0W (alloy C) alloys (all in wt.%) by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) with 100 MPa pressure at 1150 °C for 3 h. The mechanical properties, including the tensile strength, hardness, and impact fracture toughness were tested by universal testers, while Young's modulus was determined by ultrasonic wave non-destructive tester. It was found that the relationship between Cr content and the strength of ODS ferritic steels was not a proportional relationship. However, too high a Cr content will cause the precipitation of Cr-enriched segregation phase, which is detrimental to the ductility of ODS ferritic steels.

Casting technology for ODS steels - the internal oxidation approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miran, S.; Franke, P.; Möslang, A.; Seifert, H. J.

2017-07-01

The formation of stainless ODS steel by internal oxidation of as-cast steel has been investigated. An alloy (Fe-16Cr-0.2Al-0.05Y, wt.%) was embedded in a (VO/V2O3) powder mixture serving as an oxygen activity buffer and heat treated at 1450 °C for 20 h. After this procedure no oxide scale was present on the surface of the sample but a zone of internal oxidation with a depth of about 2000 μm was formed in its interior. The precipitates within this zone consisted of two types of oxides. Discrete aluminium oxide particles with a size of a few micrometres were formed in outer regions of the specimen. Finer aluminium-yttrium oxides with a size of some hundred nanometres were mainly precipitated in inner regions of the sample. The results can be considered as a promising step towards an alternative production route for ODS steels.

High resolution SEM characterization of nano-precipitates in ODS steels.

PubMed

Jóźwik, Iwona; Strojny-Nędza, Agata; Chmielewski, Marcin; Pietrzak, Katarzyna; Kurpaska, Łukasz; Nosewicz, Szymon

2018-05-01

The performance of the present-day scanning electron microscopy (SEM) extends far beyond delivering electronic images of the surface topography. Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel is on of the most promising materials for the future nuclear fusion reactor because of its good radiation resistance, and higher operation temperature up to 750°C. The microstructure of ODS should not exceed tens of nm, therefore there is a strong need in a fast and reliable technique for their characterization. In this work, the results of low-kV SEM characterization of nanoprecipitates formed in the ODS matrix are presented. Application of highly sensitive photo-diode BSE detector in SEM imaging allowed for the registration of single nm-sized precipitates in the vicinity of the ODS alloys. The composition of the precipitates has been confirmed by TEM-EDS. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Energy-filtered TEM imaging and EELS study of ODS particles and argon-filled cavities in ferritic-martensitic steels.

PubMed

Klimiankou, M; Lindau, R; Möslang, A

2005-01-01

Oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) ferritic-martensitic steels with yttrium oxide (Y(2)O(3)) have been produced by mechanical alloying and hot isostatic pressing for use as advanced material in fusion power reactors. Argon gas, usually widely used as inert gas during mechanical alloying, was surprisingly detected in the nanodispersion-strengthened materials. Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) led to the following results: (i) chemical composition of ODS particles, (ii) voids with typical diameters of 1-6 nm are formed in the matrix, (iii) these voids are filled with Ar gas, and (iv) the high-density nanosized ODS particles serve as trapping centers for the Ar bubbles. The Ar L(3,2) energy loss edge at 245 eV as well as the absorption features of the ODS particle elements were identified in the EELS spectrum. The energy resolution in the EEL spectrum of about 1.0 eV allows to identify the electronic structure of the ODS particles.

Thermal annealing behavior of nano-size metal-oxide particles synthesized by ion implantation in Fe-Cr alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, C.; Gentils, A.; Ribis, J.; Borodin, V. A.; Descoins, M.; Mangelinck, D.; Dalle, F.; Arnal, B.; Delauche, L.

2017-05-01

Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels are promising structural materials for the next generation nuclear reactors, as well as fusion facilities. The detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved in the precipitation of nano-oxides during ODS steel production would strongly contribute to the improvement of the mechanical properties and the optimization of manufacturing of ODS steels, with a potentially strong economic impact for their industrialization. A useful tool for the experimental study of nano-oxide precipitation is ion implantation, a technique that is widely used to synthesize precipitate nanostructures in well-controlled conditions. Earlier, we have demonstrated the feasibility of synthesizing aluminum-oxide particles in the high purity Fe-10Cr alloy by consecutive implantation with Al and O ions at room temperature. This paper describes the effects of high-temperature annealing after the ion implantation stage on the development of the aluminum based oxide nanoparticle system. Using transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography experiments, we demonstrate that post-implantation heat treatment induces the growth of the nano-sized oxides in the implanted region and nucleation of new oxide precipitates behind the implantation zone as a result of the diffusion driven broadening of implant profiles. A tentative scenario for the development of metal-oxide nano-particles at both ion implantation and heat treatment stages is suggested based on the experimental observations.

Precipitates and boundaries interaction in ferritic ODS steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sallez, Nicolas; Hatzoglou, Constantinos; Delabrouille, Fredéric; Sornin, Denis; Chaffron, Laurent; Blat-Yrieix, Martine; Radiguet, Bertrand; Pareige, Philippe; Donnadieu, Patricia; Bréchet, Yves

2016-04-01

In the course of a recrystallization study of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels during extrusion, particular interest was paid to the (GB) Grain Boundaries interaction with precipitates. Complementary and corresponding characterization experiments using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Atom Probe Tomography (APT) have been carried out on a voluntarily interrupted extrusion or extruded samples. Microscopic observations of Precipitate Free Zones (PFZ) and precipitates alignments suggest precipitate interaction with migrating GB involving dissolution and Oswald ripening of the precipitates. This is consistent with the local chemical information gathered by EDX and APT. This original mechanism for ODS steels is similar to what had been proposed in the late 80s for similar observation made on Ti alloys reinforced by nanosized yttrium oxides: An interaction mechanism between grain boundaries and precipitates involving a diffusion controlled process of precipitates dissolution at grain boundaries. It is believed that this mechanism can be of primary importance to explain the mechanical behaviour of such steels.

Helium behavior in oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel: Insights from ab initio modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Dan; Li, Ruihuan; Ding, Jianhua; Huang, Shaosong; Zhang, Pengbo; Lu, Zheng; Zhao, Jijun

2018-02-01

Using first-principles calculations, we systemically investigate the energetics and stability behavior of helium (He) atoms and small Hen (n = 2-4) clusters inside oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel, as well as the incorporation of large amount of He atoms inside Y2O3 crystal. From the energetic point of view, He atom inside Y2O3 cluster is most stable, followed by the interstitial sites at the α-Fe/Y2O3 interface, and the tetrahedral interstitial sites inside α-Fe region. We further consider Hen (n = 2-4) clusters at the tetrahedral interstitial site surrounded by four Y atoms, which is the most stable site in the ODS steel model. The incorporation energies of all these Hen clusters are lower than that of single He atom in α-Fe, while the binding energy between two He atoms is relatively small. With insertion of 15 He atoms into 80-atom unit cell of Y2O3 crystal, the incorporation energy of He atoms is still lower than that of He4 cluster in α-Fe crystal. These theoretical results suggest that He atoms tend to aggregate inside Y2O3 clusters or at the α-Fe/Y2O3 interface, which is beneficial to prevent the He embrittlement in ODS steels.

Effect of microstructural anisotropy on fracture toughness of hot rolled 13Cr ODS steel - The role of primary and secondary cracking

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Das, A.; Viehrig, H. W.; Bergner, F.; Heintze, C.; Altstadt, E.; Hoffmann, J.

2017-08-01

ODS steels have been known to exhibit anisotropic fracture behaviour and form secondary cracks. In this work, the factors responsible for the anisotropic fracture behaviour have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter microscopy. Fracture toughness of hot rolled 13Cr ODS steel was determined using unloading compliance method for L-T and T-L orientations at various temperatures. L-T orientation had higher fracture toughness than T-L orientation and also contained more pronounced secondary cracking. Secondary cracks appeared at lower loads than primary cracks in both orientations. Primary crack propagation was found to be preferentially through fine grains in a bimodal microstructure. Grains were aligned and elongated the most towards rolling direction followed by T and S directions resulting in fracture anisotropy. Crystallographic texture and preferential alignment of Ti enriched particles parallel to rolling direction also contributed towards fracture anisotropy.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miao, Yinbin; Mo, Kun; Zhou, Zhangjian

Here the high temperature tensile performance of an oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) 310 steel is reported upon. The microstructure of the steel was examined through both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and synchrotron scattering. In situ synchrotron tensile investigation was performed at a variety of temperatures, from room temperature up to 800°C. Pyrochlore structure yttrium titanate and sodium chloride structure titanium nitride phases were identified in the steel along with an austenite matrix and marginal residual α’-martensite. The inclusion phases strengthen the steel by taking extra load through particle-dislocation interaction during plastic deformation or dislocation creep procedures. As temperature rises, the loadmore » partitioning effect of conventional precipitate phases starts to diminish, whereas those ultra-fine oxygen-enriched nanoparticles continue to bear a considerable amount of extra load. Introduction of oxygen-enriched nanoparticles in austenitic steel proves to improve the high temperature performance, making austenitic ODS steels promising for advanced nuclear applications.« less

Size-dependent characteristics of ultra-fine oxygen-enriched nanoparticles in austenitic steels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miao, Yinbin; Mo, Kun; Zhou, Zhangjian

2016-11-01

Here, a coordinated investigation of the elemental composition and morphology of ultra-fine-scale nanoparticles as a function of size within a variety of austenitic oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steels is reported. Atom probe tomography was utilized to evaluate the elemental composition of these nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the crystal structures and orientation relationships were determined by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The nanoparticles with sufficient size (>4 nm) to maintain a Y2Ti2-xO7-2x stoichiometry were found to have a pyrochlore structure, whereas smaller YxTiyOz nanoparticles lacked a well-defined structure. The size-dependent characteristics of the nanoparticles in austenitic ODS steels differ from those in ferritic/martensitic ODSmore » steels.« less

Positron and nanoindentation study of helium implanted high chromium ODS steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Veternikova, Jana Simeg; Fides, Martin; Degmova, Jarmila; Sojak, Stanislav; Petriska, Martin; Slugen, Vladimir

2017-12-01

Three oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels with different chromium content (MA 956, MA 957 and ODM 751) were studied as candidate materials for new nuclear reactors in term of their radiation stability. The radiation damage was experimentally simulated by helium ion implantation with energy of ions up to 500 keV. The study was focused on surface and sub-surface structural change due to the ion implantation observed by mostly non-destructive techniques: positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and nanoindentation. The applied techniques demonstrated the best radiation stability of the steel ODM 751. Blistering effect occurred due to high implantation dose (mostly in MA 956) was studied in details.

Hardening of ODS ferritic steels under irradiation with high-energy heavy ions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ding, Z. N.; Zhang, C. H.; Yang, Y. T.; Song, Y.; Kimura, A.; Jang, J.

2017-09-01

Influence of the nanoscale oxide particles on mechanical properties and irradiation resistance of oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels is of critical importance for the use of the material in fuel cladding or blanket components in advanced nuclear reactors. In the present work, impact of structures of oxide dispersoids on the irradiation hardening of ODS ferritic steels was studied. Specimens of three high-Cr ODS ferritic steels containing oxide dispersoids with different number density and average size were irradiated with high-energy Ni ions at about -50 °C. The energy of the incident Ni ions was varied from 12.73 MeV to 357.86 MeV by using an energy degrader at the terminal so that a plateau of atomic displacement damage (∼0.8 dpa) was produced from the near surface to a depth of 24 μm in the specimens. A nanoindentor (in constant stiffness mode with a diamond Berkovich indenter) and a Vickers micro-hardness tester were used to measure the hardeness of the specimens. The Nix-Gao model taking account of the indentation size effect (ISE) was used to fit the hardness data. It is observed that the soft substrate effect (SSE) can be diminished substantially in the irradiated specimens due to the thick damaged regions produced by the Ni ions. A linear correlation between the nano-hardeness and the micro-hardness was found. It is observed that a higher number density of oxide dispersoids with a smaller average diameter corresponds to an increased resistance to irradiation hardening, which can be ascribed to the increased sink strength of oxides/matrix interfaces to point defects. The rate equation approach and the conventional hardening model were used to analyze the influence of defect clusters on irradiation hardening in ODS ferritic steels. The numerical estimates show that the hardening caused by the interstitial type dislocation loops follows a similar trend with the experiment data.

The interaction between nitride uranium and stainless steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shornikov, D. P.; Nikitin, S. N.; Tarasov, B. A.; Baranov, V. G.; Yurlova, M. S.

2016-04-01

Uranium nitride is most popular nuclear fuel for Fast Breeder Reactor New Generation. In-pile experiments at reactor BOR-60 was shown an interaction between nitride fuel and stainless steel in the range of 8-11% burn up (HA). In order to investigate this interaction has been done diffusion tests of 200 h and has been shown that the reaction occurs in the temperature range 1000-1100 ° C. UN interacted with steel in case of high pollution oxygen (1000-2000 ppm). Also has been shown to increase interaction UN with EP-823 steel in the presence of cesium. In this case the interaction layer had a thickness about 2-3 μm. Has been shown minimal interaction with new ODS steel EP-450. The interaction layer had a thickness less then 2 μm. Did not reveal the influence of tellurium and iodine increased interaction. It was show compatibility at 1000 °C between UN and EP-450 ODS steel, chrome steel, alloying aluminium and silicium.

Oxide Evolution in ODS Steel Resulting From Friction Stir Welding

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

Master’s Thesis 4 . TITLE AND SUBTITLE OXIDE EVOLUTION IN ODS STEEL RESULTING FROM FRICTION STIR WELDING 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 6 . AUTHOR(S...temperatures, from [5]. ........... 6   Figure 4 .  The phase diagram for aluminum and yttrium oxide, from [13]. ......................8  Figure 5...millimeters per minute. FSW Conditions RPM IPM MMPM Heat Index 400 7 175 2.3 300 4 100 3 200 2 50 4 400 4 100 4 300 2 50 6 400 2 50 8 500 1 25

XPS and SEM analysis of the surface of gas atomized powder precursor of ODS ferritic steels obtained through the STARS route

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gil, E.; Cortés, J.; Iturriza, I.; Ordás, N.

2018-01-01

An innovative powder metallurgy route to produce ODS FS, named STARS, has succeeded in atomizing steel powders containing the oxide formers (Y and Ti) and, hence, avoids the mechanical alloying (MA) step to dissolve Y in the matrix. A metastable oxide layer forms at the surface of atomized powders and dissociates during HIP consolidation at high temperatures, leading to precipitation of more stable Y-Ti-O nanoparticles.

Analysis of high temperature deformation mechanism in ODS EUROFER97 alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramar, A.; Spätig, P.; Schäublin, R.

2008-12-01

Oxide dispersion in tempered martensitic EUROFER97 steel is an efficient approach to improve its strength. The oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) EUROFER97 steel shows a good strength up to 600 °C, but degrades rapidly beyond that temperature. To understand the origin in the microstructure of this drop in strength in situ heating experiment in TEM was performed from room temperature to 1000 °C. Upon heating neither microstructure changes nor dislocation movement are observed up to 600 °C. Movement of dislocations are observed above 680 °C. Phase transformation to austenite starts at 840 °C. Yttria particles remain stable up to 1000 °C. Changes in mechanical properties thus do not relate to changes in yttria dispersion. It is attempted to relate these observations to the thermal activation parameters measured by the technique of conventional strain rate experiment, which allow to identify at a mesoscopic scale the microstructural mechanisms responsible for the degradation of ODS steel at high temperatures.

Texture evolution in Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steel tubes during pilgering process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vakhitova, E.; Sornin, D.; Barcelo, F.; François, M.

2017-10-01

Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steels are foreseen as fuel cladding material in the coming generation of Sodium Fast Reactors (SFR). Cladding tubes are manufactured by hot extrusion and subsequent cold forming steps. In this study, a 9 wt% Cr ODS steel exhibiting α-γ phase transformation at high temperature is cold formed under industrial conditions with a large section reduction in two pilgering steps. The influence of pilgering process parameters and intermediate heat treatment on the microstructure evolution is studied experimentally using Electron Backscattering Diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) methods. Pilgered samples show elongated grains and a high texture formation with a preferential orientation along the rolling direction. During the heat treatment, grain morphology is recovered from elongated grains to almost equiaxed ones, while the well-known α-fiber texture presents an unexpected increase in intensity. The remarkable temperature stability of this fiber is attributed to a crystallographic structure memory effect during phase transformations.

Microstructure examination of Fe-14Cr ODS ferritic steels produced through different processing routes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oksiuta, Z.; Hosemann, P.; Vogel, S. C.; Baluc, N.

2014-08-01

Various thermo-mechanical treatments were applied to refine and homogenise grain size and improve mechanical properties of hot-isostatically pressed (HIP) 14%Cr ODS ferritic steel. The grain size was reduced, improving mechanical properties, tensile strength and Charpy impact, however bimodal-like distribution was also observed. As a result, larger, frequently elongated grains with size above 1 μm and refined, equiaxed grains with a diameter ranging from 250 to 500 nm. Neutron diffraction measurements revealed that for HIP followed by hydrostatic extrusion material the strongest fiber texture was observed oriented parallel to the extrusion direction. In comparison with hot rolling and hot pressing methods, this material exhibited promising mechanical properties: the ultimate tensile strength of 1350 MPa, yield strength of 1280 MPa, total elongation of 21.7% and Charpy impact energy of 5.8 J. Inferior Charpy impact energy of ∼3.0 J was measured for HIP and hot rolled material, emphasising that parameters of this manufacturing process still have to be optimised. As an alternative manufacturing route, due to the uniform microstructure and simplicity of the process, hot pressing might be a promising method for production of smaller parts of ODS ferritic steels. Besides, the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of all thermo-mechanically treated materials, in comparison with as-HIPped ODS steel, was improved by more than 50%, the transition temperature ranging from 50 to 70 °C (323 and 343 K) remains still unsatisfactory.

A simple approach for the modeling of an ODS steel mechanical behavior in pilgering conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vanegas-Márquez, E.; Mocellin, K.; Toualbi, L.; de Carlan, Y.; Logé, R. E.

2012-01-01

The optimization of the forming of ODS tubes is linked to the choice of an appropriated constitutive model for modeling the metal forming process. In the framework of a unified plastic constitutive theory, the strain-controlled cyclic characteristics of a ferritic ODS steel were analyzed and modeled with two different tests. The first test is a classical tension-compression test, and leads to cyclic softening at low to intermediate strain amplitudes. The second test consists in alternated uniaxial compressions along two perpendicular axes, and is selected based on the similarities with the loading path induced by the Fe-14Cr-1W-Ti ODS cladding tube pilgering process. This second test exhibits cyclic hardening at all tested strain amplitudes. Since variable strain amplitudes prevail in pilgering conditions, the parameters of the considered constitutive law were identified based on a loading sequence including strain amplitude changes. A proposed semi automated inverse analysis methodology is shown to efficiently provide optimal sets of parameters for the considered loading sequences. When compared to classical approaches, the model involves a reduced number of parameters, while keeping a good ability to capture stress changes induced by strain amplitude changes. Furthermore, the methodology only requires one test, which is an advantage when the amount of available material is limited. As two distinct sets of parameters were identified for the two considered tests, it is recommended to consider the loading path when modeling cold forming of the ODS steel.

Influence of Al Addition Upon the Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Dual-Phase 9Cr-ODS Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Xiaosheng; Ma, Zongqing; Yu, Liming; Huang, Yuan; Li, Huijun; Liu, Yongchang

2018-06-01

With Al addition, dual-phase oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels consisting of martensite and ferrite are fabricated by spark plasma sintering. It is found that Al addition has a negligible effect on martensite lath size, while the amount and size of ferrite grains are related to the Al content. M23C6 (M = Fe, Cr) carbides have been identified within the ferrite grains or along ferrite boundaries. With increasing Al concentration, more fine Y-Al-O oxide nanoparticles are formed. Upon annealing treatment, homogeneous and refined distribution of ferrite grains is obtained, which may involve the particle-stimulated nucleation of recrystallization caused by the large sized M23C6. As Al is increased from 0.05 to 0.1 wt%, the tensile strength of the annealed steel is decreased, as well as its ductility. For the annealed 9Cr-ODS steel containing 0.1 wt% Al, in tensile loading the large sized M23C6 along ferrite boundaries would facilitate the cracking along boundaries between the hard annealed ferrite and soft annealed martensite, producing the mixed fracture of dimple and intergranular fracture.

77 FR 64471 - Circular Welded Carbon-Quality Steel Pipe From the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Final Negative...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-22

... (gage 8) 4.000 inch O.D. and 0.148 inch wall thickness (gage 9) 4.000 inch O.D. and 0.165 inch wall thickness (gage 8) 4.500 inch O.D. and 0.203 inch wall thickness (gage 7) The pipe subject to this... 4, 2012, the Department issued an additional supplemental questionnaire to the GOV, and it received...

In situ synchrotron tensile investigations on 14YWT, MA957, and 9-Cr ODS alloys

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lin, Jun-Li; Mo, Kun; Yun, Di

2016-04-01

Advanced ODS alloys provide exceptional radiation tolerance and high-temperature mechanical properties when compared to traditional ferritic and ferritic/martensitic 9F/M) steels. Their remarkable properties result from ultrahigh density and ultrafine size of Y-Ti-O nanoclusters within the ferritic matrix. In this work, we applied a high-energy synchrotron radiation X-ray to study the deformation process of three advanced ODS materials including 14YWT, MA957, and 9-Cr ODS steel. Only the relatively large nanoparticles in the 9-Cr ODS were observed in the synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The nanoclusters in both 14YWT and MA957 were invisible in the measurement due to their non-stoichiometric nature. Due to themore » different sizes of nanoparticles and nanoclusters in the materials, the Orowan looping was considered to be the major strengthening mechanism in the 9-Cr ODS, while the dispersed-barrier-hardening is dominant strengthening mechanism in both 14YWT and MA957, This analysis was inferred from the different build-up rates of dislocation density when plastic deformation was initiated. Finally, the dislocation densities interpreted from the X-ray measurements were successfully modeled using the Bergstrom's dislocation models. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.« less

Production, microstructure and mechanical properties of two different austenitic ODS steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gräning, T.; Rieth, M.; Hoffmann, J.; Möslang, A.

2017-04-01

This article is to summarize and examine processing parameters of novel developed austenitic oxide dispersed strengthened (ODS) steels. Comparing hot-rolled and extruded conditions after the same degree of deformation after and before annealing, are just some examples to give insights into the complex processing of austenitic ODS steels. One of the major drawbacks of the material is the more sophisticated production process. Due to a ductile matrix material with an increased stickiness during milling, a two-step milling procedure with the use of ZrO2 milling balls was applied to raise the production yield and to use the abrasion of the ZrO2 as an additional element to facilitate the formation of nano-sized precipitates. To get a better understanding how the different powder particle sizes after milling affect final properties, sieving was applied and revealed a serious effect in terms of precipitate size, distribution and mechanical properties. Grain sizes in relation to the precipitate size, annealing time and processing parameters were determined and compared to the mechanical properties. Hardness and tensile test have pointed out, that the precipitate size and number are more important in respect to the ultimate tensile strength than the grain size and that in this study hot-rolled material exhibited the better properties. The investigation of the microstructure illustrated the stability of precipitates during annealing at 1100 °C for 40 h. These heat treatments also led to a consistent grain size, due to the pinning effect of the grain boundaries, caused by precipitates.

Effect of thermo-mechanical treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an ODS ferritic steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oksiuta, Z.; Mueller, P.; Spätig, P.; Baluc, N.

2011-05-01

The Fe-14Cr-2W-0.3Ti-0.3Y 2O 3 oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) reduced activation ferritic (RAF) steel was fabricated by mechanical alloying of a pre-alloyed, gas atomised powder with yttria nano-particles, followed by hot isostatic pressing and thermo-mechanical treatments (TMTs). Two kinds of TMT were applied: (i) hot pressing, or (ii) hot rolling, both followed by annealing in vacuum at 850 °C. The use of a thermo-mechanical treatment was found to yield strong improvement in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the ODS RAF steel. In particular, hot pressing leads to microstructure refinement, equiaxed grains without texture, and an improvement in Charpy impact properties, especially in terms of the upper shelf energy (about 4.5 J). Hot rolling leads to elongated grains in the rolling direction, with a grain size ratio of 6:1, higher tensile strength and reasonable ductility up to 750 °C, and better Charpy impact properties, especially in terms of the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (about 55 °C).

Fracture behaviour of the 14Cr ODS steel exposed to helium and liquid lead

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hojna, Anna; Di Gabriele, Fosca; Hadraba, Hynek; Husak, Roman; Kubena, Ivo; Rozumova, Lucia; Bublikova, Petra; Kalivodova, Jana; Matejicek, Jiri

2017-07-01

This work describes the fracture behaviour of the 14Cr ODS steel produced by mechanical alloying process, after high temperature exposures. Small specimens were exposed to helium gas in a furnace at 720 °C for 500 h. Another set of specimens was exposed to flowing liquid lead in the COLONRI II loop at 650 °C for 1000 h. All specimens were tested for the impact and tensile behaviour. The impact test results are compared to other sets of specimens in the as received state and after isothermal annealing at 650 °C for 1000 h. The impact curves of the exposed materials showed positive shifts on the transition temperature. While the upper shelf value did not change in the Pb exposed ODS steel, it significantly increased in the He exposed one. The differences are discussed in terms of surface and subsurface microscopy observation. The embrittlement can be explained as the effect of a slight change in the grain boundary and size distribution combined with the depletion of sub-surface region from alloying elements forming oxide scale on the surface.

Effect of irradiation on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of oxide dispersion strengthened low activation ferritic/martensitic steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramar, A.; Baluc, N.; Schäublin, R.

2007-08-01

Ferritic/martensitic (F/M) steels show good resistance to swelling and low damage accumulation upon irradiation relative to stainless steels. 0.3 wt% yttria particles were added to the F/M steel EUROFER 97 to produce oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel, to increase the operating temperature as well as mechanical strength. ODS EUROFER 97 was irradiated in the PIREX facility with 590 MeV protons to 0.3, 1 and 2 dpa at 40 °C. Microstructure of the irradiated samples is analyzed in the transmission electron microscope using bright field, dark field and weak beam conditions. The presence of voids and dislocation loops is observed for the higher doses, where as at low dose (0.3 dpa) only small defects with sizes of 1-3 nm are observed as black dots. The relationship between the defect density to dispersoids is measured and the Burgers' vector of dislocation loops is analyzed.

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A MASS SPECTRA-VOLATILITY DATABASE OF COMBUSTION AND SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL SOURCES FOR THE AERODYNE AEROSOL MASS SPECTROMETER

EPA Science Inventory

1. Thermodenuder Development:

Two TD systems were designed, constructed, and tested at Aerodyne. In this design, the vaporizer consists of a 50 cm long, 1 inch OD stainless steel tube wrapped with three heating tapes and fiberglass insulation and then mounted in a sta...

Paint Removal Using Cryogenic Processes

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

perature. Low-carbon 3 percent nickel steel has impact strength to -100 0 F, low-carbon 9 percent nickel steel and maraging (high nickel) steel to -3201F...by cryogenic meth- ods. Cryogenic methods aie not rccommended for use on ships because of the danger of steel embrittlement by low temperatures. It...not recommended for use on ships because of the danger of steel embrittlement by low temperalures. It was demonstrated that a jet of liquid nitrogen

Thulium fiber laser induced vapor bubbles using bare, tapered, ball, hollow steel, and muzzle brake fiber optic tips

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gonzalez, David A.; Hardy, Luke A.; Hutchens, Thomas C.; Irby, Pierce B.; Fried, Nathaniel M.

2018-02-01

This study characterizes laser-induced vapor bubbles for five distal fiber optic tip configurations, to provide insight into stone retropulsion experienced during laser ablation of kidney stones. A TFL with 1908-nm wavelength delivered 34 mJ energy per pulse at 500-μs pulse duration through five different fibers: 100-μm-core/170-μm-OD bare fiber tip, 150-μm- to 300-μm-core tapered fiber tip, 100-μm-core/300-μm-OD ball tip fiber, 100-μm-core/340- μm-OD hollow steel tip fiber, and 100-μm-core/560-μm-OD muzzle brake fiber tip. A high speed camera with 10- μm spatial and 9.5-μs temporal resolution imaged vapor bubble dynamics. A needle hydrophone measured pressure transients in forward (0°) and side (90°) directions while placed at a 6.8 +/- 0.4 mm distance from fiber tip. Maximum bubble dimensions (width/length) averaged 0.7/1.5, 1.0/1.6, 0.5/1.1, 0.8/1.9, and 0.7/1.5 mm, for bare, tapered, ball, hollow steel, and muzzle tips, respectively (n=5). The hollow steel tip exhibited the most elongated vapor bubble shape, translating into increased forward pressure in this study and consistent with higher stone retropulsion in previous reports. Relative pressures (a.u.) in (forward/side) directions averaged 1.7/1.6, 2.0/2.0, 1.4/1.2, 6.8/1.1, and 0.3/1.2, for each fiber tip (n=5). For hollow steel tip, forward pressure was 4× higher than for bare fiber. For the muzzle brake fiber tip, forward pressure was 5× lower than for bare fiber. Bubble dimensions and pressure measurements demonstrated that the muzzle tip reduced forward pressure by partially venting vapors through side holes, consistent with lower stone retropulsion observed in previous reports.

The role of yttrium and titanium during the development of ODS ferritic steels obtained through the STARS route: TEM and XAS study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ordás, Nerea; Gil, Emma; Cintins, Arturs; de Castro, Vanessa; Leguey, Teresa; Iturriza, Iñigo; Purans, Juris; Anspoks, Andris; Kuzmin, Alexei; Kalinko, Alexandr

2018-06-01

Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Ferritic Steels (ODS FS) are candidate materials for structural components in future fusion reactors. Their high strength and creep resistance at elevated temperatures and their good resistance to neutron radiation damage is obtained through extremely fine microstructures containing a high density of nanometric precipitates, generally yttrium and titanium oxides. This work shows transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) characterization of Fe-14Cr-2W-0.3Ti-0.24Y ODS FS obtained by the STARS route (Surface Treatment of gas Atomized powder followed by Reactive Synthesis), an alternative method to obtain ODS alloys that avoids the mechanical alloying to introduce Y2O3 powder particles. In this route, FS powders already containing Ti and Y, precursors of the nanometric oxides, are obtained by gas atomization. Then, a metastable Cr- and Fe-rich oxide layer is formed on the surface of the powder particles. During consolidation by HIP at elevated temperatures, and post-HIP heat treatments above the HIP temperature, this oxide layer at Prior Particle Boundaries (PPBs) dissociates, the oxygen diffuses, and Y-Ti-O nano-oxides precipitate in the ferritic matrix. TEM characterization combined with XAFS and XANES analyses have proven to be suitable tools to follow the evolution of the nature of the different oxides present in the material during the whole processing route and select appropriate HIP and post-HIP parameters to promote profuse and fine Y-Ti-O nanometric precipitates.

Investigation of materials for fusion power reactors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bouhaddane, A.; Slugeň, V.; Sojak, S.; Veterníková, J.; Petriska, M.; Bartošová, I.

2014-06-01

The possibility of application of nuclear-physical methods to observe radiation damage to structural materials of nuclear facilities is nowadays a very actual topic. The radiation damage to materials of advanced nuclear facilities, caused by extreme radiation stress, is a process, which significantly limits their operational life as well as their safety. In the centre of our interest is the study of the radiation degradation and activation of the metals and alloys for the new nuclear facilities (Generation IV fission reactors, fusion reactors ITER and DEMO). The observation of the microstructure changes in the reactor steels is based on experimental investigation using the method of positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). The experimental part of the work contains measurements focused on model reactor alloys and ODS steels. There were 12 model reactor steels and 3 ODS steels. We were investigating the influence of chemical composition on the production of defects in crystal lattice. With application of the LT 9 program, the spectra of specimen have been evaluated and the most convenient samples have been determined.

An integrated fiber and stone basket device for use in Thulium fiber laser lithotripsy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilson, Christopher R.; Hutchens, Thomas C.; Hardy, Luke A.; Irby, Pierce B.; Fried, Nathaniel M.

2014-03-01

The Thulium fiber laser (TFL) is being explored as an alternative laser lithotripter to the Holmium:YAG laser. The TFL's superior near-single mode beam profile enables higher power transmission through smaller fibers with reduced proximal fiber tip damage. Recent studies have also reported that attaching hollow steel tubing to the distal fiber tip decreases fiber degradation and burn-back without compromising stone ablation rates. However, significant stone retropulsion was observed, which increased with pulse rate. In this study, the hollow steel tip fiber design was integrated with a stone basket to minimize stone retropulsion during ablation. A device was constructed consisting of a 100-μm-core, 140-μm-OD silica fiber outfitted with 5-mm-long stainless steel tubing at the distal tip, and integrated with a 1.3-Fr (0.433-mm-OD) disposable nitinol wire basket, to form an overall 1.9-Fr (0.633-mm- OD) integrated device. This compact design may provide several potential advantages including increased flexibility, higher saline irrigation rates through the ureteroscope working channel, and reduced fiber tip degradation compared to separate fiber and stone basket manipulation. TFL pulse energy of 31.5 mJ with 500 μs pulse duration and pulse rate of 500 Hz was delivered through the integrated fiber/basket device in contact with human uric acid stones, ex vivo. TFL stone ablation rates measured 1.5 +/- 0.2 mg/s, comparable to 1.7 +/- 0.3 mg/s (P > 0.05) using standard bare fiber tips separately with a stone basket. With further development, this device may be useful for minimizing stone retropulsion, thus enabling more efficient TFL lithotripsy at higher pulse rates.

Long-term thermal stability of nanoclusters in ODS-Eurofer steel: An atom probe tomography study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zilnyk, K. D.; Pradeep, K. G.; Choi, P.; Sandim, H. R. Z.; Raabe, D.

2017-08-01

Oxide-dispersion strengthened materials are important candidates for several high-temperature structural applications in advanced nuclear power plants. Most of the desirable mechanical properties presented by these materials are due to the dispersion of stable nanoparticles in the matrix. Samples of ODS-Eurofer steel were annealed for 4320 h (6 months) at 800 °C. The material was characterized using atom probe tomography in both conditions (prior and after heat treatment). The particles number density, size distribution, and chemical compositions were determined. No significant changes were observed between the two conditions indicating a high thermal stability of the Y-rich nanoparticles at 800 °C.

Development of a High-Strength Ultrafine-Grained Ferritic Steel Nanocomposite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahmanifard, Roohollah; Farhangi, Hasan; Novinrooz, Abdul Javad; Moniri, Samira

2013-02-01

This article describes the microstructural and mechanical properties of 12YWT oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS)-ferritic steel nanocomposite. According to the annealing results obtained from X-ray diffraction line profile analysis on mechanically alloyed powders milled for 80 hours, the hot extrusion at 1123 K (850 °C) resulted in a nearly equiaxed ultrafine structure with an ultimate tensile strength of 1470 MPa, yield strength of 1390 MPa, and total elongation of 13 pct at room temperature comparable with high-strength 14YWT ODS steel. Maximum total elongation was found at 973 K (600 °C) where fractography of the tensile specimen showed a fully ductile dimple feature compared with the splitting cracks and very fine dimpled structure observed at room temperature. The presence of very small particles on the wall of dimples at 1073 K (800 °C) with nearly chemical composition of the matrix alloy was attributed to the activation of the boundaries decohesion mechanism as a result of diffusion of solute atoms. The results of Charpy impact test also indicated significant improvement of transition temperature with respect to predecessor 12YWT because of the decreased grain size and more homogeneity of grain size distribution. Hence, this alloy represented a good compromise between the strength and Charpy impact properties.

Microstructure and phase analysis of Zirconia-ODS (Oxide Dispersion Strengthen) alloy sintered by APS with milling time variation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sugeng, Bambang; Bandriyana, B.; Sugeng, Bambang; Salam, Rohmad; Sumariyo; Sujatno, Agus; Dimyati, Arbi

2018-03-01

Investigation on the relationship between the process conditions of milling time and the microstructure on the synthesis of the zirconia-ODS steel alloy has been performed. The elemental composition of the alloy was determined on 20 wt% Cr and zirconia dispersoid of 0.50 wt%. The synthesis was carried out by powder metallurgy method with milling time of 3, 5 and 7 hours, static compression of 20 Ton and sintering process for 4 minutes using the APS (Arc Plasma Sintering) equipment. SEM-EDX and XRD test was carried out to characterize the phase and morphology of the alloy and the effect to the mechanical properties was evaluated by the Vickers Hardness testing. The synthesis produced sample of ODS steel with good dense and very little porous with the Fe-Cr phase that clearly observed in the XRD peak pattern. In addition milling time increased the homogeneously of Fe-Cr phase formulation, enhanced the grain refinement of the structure and increase the hardness of the alloy.

Casting technology for ODS steels - dispersion of nanoparticles in liquid metals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sarma, M.; Grants, I.; Kaldre, I.; Bojarevics, A.; Gerbeth, G.

2017-07-01

Dispersion of particles to produce metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNC) can be achieved by means of ultrasonic vibration of the melt using ultrasound transducers. However, a direct transfer of this method to produce steel composites is not feasible because of the much higher working temperature. Therefore, an inductive technology for contactless treatment by acoustic cavitation was developed. This report describes the samples produced to assess the feasibility of the proposed method for nano-particle separation in steel. Stainless steel samples with inclusions of TiB2, TiO2, Y2O3, CeO2, Al2O3 and TiN have been created and analyzed. Additional experiments have been performed using light metals with an increased value of the steady magnetic field using a superconducting magnet with a field strength of up to 5 T.

Thulium fiber laser-induced vapor bubble dynamics using bare, tapered, ball, hollow steel, and muzzle brake fiber optic tips

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gonzalez, David A.; Hardy, Luke A.; Hutchens, Thomas C.; Irby, Pierce B.; Fried, Nathaniel M.

2018-03-01

This study characterizes laser-induced vapor bubble dynamics for five different distal fiber optic tip configurations, to provide insight into stone retropulsion commonly experienced during laser ablation of kidney stones. A thulium fiber laser with 1908-nm wavelength delivered 34-mJ energy per pulse at 500-μs pulse duration through five different fibers such as 100-μm-core / 170-μm-OD bare fiber tip, 150- to 300-μm-core tapered fiber tip, 100-μm-core / 300-μm-OD ball tip fiber, 100-μm-core / 340-μm-OD hollow steel tip fiber, and 100-μm-core / 560-μm-OD muzzle brake fiber tip. A high-speed camera with 10-μm-spatial and 9.5-μs-temporal resolution was used to image the vapor bubble dynamics. A needle hydrophone measured pressure transients in the forward (0 deg) and side (90 deg) directions while placed at a 6.8 ± 0.4 mm distance from the distal fiber tip. Maximum bubble dimensions (width/length) averaged 0.7/1.5, 1.0/1.6, 0.5/1.1, 0.8/1.9, and 0.7 / 1.5 mm, for bare, tapered, ball, hollow steel, and muzzle brake fiber tips, respectively (n = 5). The hollow steel tip exhibited the most elongated vapor bubble shape, translating into increased forward pressure in this study and consistent with higher stone retropulsion in previous reports. Relative pressures (a.u.) in (forward/side) directions averaged 1.7/1.6, 2.0/2.0, 1.4/1.2, 6.8/1.1, and 0.3/1.2, for each fiber tip (n = 5). For the hollow steel tip, forward pressure was 4 × higher than for the bare fiber. For the muzzle brake fiber tip, forward pressure was 5 × lower than the bare fiber. Bubble dimensions and pressure measurements demonstrated that the muzzle brake fiber tip reduced forward pressure by partially venting vapors through the portholes, which is consistent with the observation of lower stone retropulsion in previous reports.

Evaluation of adhesive and anti-adhesive properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and their inhibition by herbal plants

PubMed Central

Zameer, Farhan; MS, Rukmangada; Chauhan, Jyoti Bala; Khanum, Shaukath Ara; Kumar, Pramod; Devi, Aishwarya Tripurasundari; MN, Nagendra Prasad; BL, Dhananjaya

2016-01-01

Background and Objectives: Adhesion and colonization are prerequisites for the establishment of bacterial pathogenesis. The biofilm development of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was assessed on adhesive surfaces like dialysis membrane, stainless steel, glass and polystyrene. Materials and Methods: Microtiter plate biofilm assay was performed to assess the effect of nutrient medium and growth parameters of P. aeruginosa. Further, its growth on adhesive surfaces namely hydrophilic (dialysis membrane) and hydrophobic (polystyrene plate, square glass and stainless steel coupon) was assessed. The exopolysaccharide (EPS) was quantified using ruthenium red microplate assay and microscopic analysis was used to observe P. aeruginosa biofilm architecture. The anti-biofilm activity of herbal extracts on mature P. aeruginosa was performed. Results: The formation of large scale biofilms on dialysis membrane for 72 h was proved to be the best surface. In microscopic studies, very few exopolysaccaride fibrils, indicating a rather loose matrix was observed at 48 h. Further, thick exopolysaccaride, indicated higher adhesive properties at 72 h which is evident from ruthenium red staining. Among the plant extract used, Justicia wynaadensis leaf and Aristolochia indica (Eswari) root extract showed significant reduction of anti-biofilm activity of 0.178 OD and 0.192 OD in inhibiting mature biofilms at 0.225 OD respectively, suggesting the possible use of these extracts as efficient anti-adhesive and biofilm-disrupting agents with potential applications in controlling biofilms on surfaces. Conclusion: Our study facilitates better understanding in the development of P. aeruginosa biofilms on different food processing and clinical surfaces ultimately taking care of food safety and hygiene. PMID:27307976

Line profile analysis of ODS steels Fe20Cr5AlTiY milled powders at different Y2O3 concentrations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Afandi, A.; Nisa, R.; Thosin, K. A. Z.

2017-04-01

Mechanical properties of material are largely dictated by constituent microstructure parameters such as dislocation density, lattice microstrain, crystallite size and its distribution. To develop ultra-fine grain alloys such as Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) alloys, mechanical alloying is crucial step to introduce crystal defects, and refining the crystallite size. In this research the ODS sample powders were mechanically alloyed with different Y2O3 concentration respectively of 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 wt%. MA process was conducted with High Energy Milling (HEM) with the ball to powder ratio of 15:1. The vial and the ball were made of alumina, and the milling condition is set 200 r.p.m constant. The ODS powders were investigated by X-Ray Diffractions (XRD), Bragg-Brentano setup of SmartLab Rigaku with 40 KV, and 30 mA, step size using 0.02°, with scanning speed of 4°min-1. Line Profile Analysis (LPA) of classical Williamson-Hall was carried out, with the aim to investigate the different crystallite size, and microstrain due to the selection of the full wide at half maximum (FWHM) and integral breadth.

Development of Simultaneous Corrosion Barrier and Optimized Microstructure in FeCrAl Heat-Resistant Alloy for Energy Applications. Part 1: The Protective Scale

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pimentel, G.; Aranda, M. M.; Chao, J.; González-Carrasco, J. L.; Capdevila, C.

2015-09-01

Coarse-grained Fe-based oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steels are a class of advanced materials for combined cycle gas turbine systems to deal with operating temperatures and pressures of around 1100°C and 15-30 bar in aggressive environments, which would increase biomass energy conversion efficiencies up to 45% and above. This two-part paper reports the possibility of the development of simultaneous corrosion barrier and optimized microstructure in a FeCrAl heat-resistant alloy for energy applications. The first part reports the mechanism of generating a dense, self-healing α-alumina layer by thermal oxidation, during a heat treatment that leads to a coarse-grained microstructure with a potential value for high-temperature creep resistance in a FeCrAl ODS ferritic alloy, which will be described in more detail in the second part.

Energy-storage-flywheel housing-design-concept development

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coppa, A. P.

1981-09-01

A low cost vehicular flywheel housing conceptual design was obtained by resorting to well developed mass production sheet metal fabrication processes and inexpensive materials. Two versions of the design, based on different rotor sizes, are described. The rotors are of the General Electric hybrid type and have the following dimensions: 15 in. OD x 1.50 in. thickness and 18 in. OD x 1.00 in. thickness. Both rotors have a maximum operating energy capacity of 0.25 kw. hr and close to identical weight and energy density values of 16.0 lb. and 15.6 whr/lb respectively. A leading mass producer of sheet metal components for automotive vehicles provided budgetary quotations for steel housings. Information is included on: the design analysis, results of rotor burst testing and the conceptual design requirements for containment vacuum, safe response to vehicle collision, noise suppression, and structural performance.

Peak Stir Zone Temperature During Friction Stir Processing

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-01

jii reprecipitation. The nonequilibrium trans- formation products of b may include fine Widmanstät- ten a as well as bainite and martensite, depending... bainite , reflecting cooling at 2 to 3 9 101 C/s (Table II), i.e., rates ~104 times that of the as-cast condition. In region 2, the microstructure...Shepard, and O.D. Sherby: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1964, vol. 202, pp. 804–07. 26. O.D. Sherby, B. Walser, C.M. Young, and E.M. Cady: Scripta Metall

Effect of irradiation temperature on microstructure of ferritic-martensitic ODS steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klimenkov, M.; Lindau, R.; Jäntsch, U.; Möslang, A.

2017-09-01

The EUROFER-ODS alloy with 0.5% Y2O3 was neutron irradiated with doses up to 16.2 dpa at 250 °C, 350 °C and 450 °C. The radiation induced changes in the microstructure (e.g. dislocation loops and voids) were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The number density of radiation induced defects was found to be significantly lower than in EUROFER 97 irradiated at the same conditions. It was found that the appearance and extent of radiation damage strongly depend not only on the irradiation temperature but also on the local number density and size distribution of ODS particles. The higher number density of dislocation loops and voids was found in the local areas with low number density of ODS particles. The interstitial loops with Burgers vector of both ½<111> and <100> types were detected by imaging using different diffraction conditions.

Response of 9Cr-ODS Steel to Proton Irradiation at 400 °C

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jianchao He; Farong Wan; Kumar Sridharan

2014-09-01

The stability of Y–Ti–O nanoclusters, dislocation structure, and grain boundary segregation in 9Cr-ODS steels has been investigated following proton irradiation at 400 °C with damage levels up to 3.7 dpa. A slight coarsening and a decrease in number density of nanoclusters were observed as a result of irradiation. The composition of nanoclusters was also observed to change with a slight increase of Y and Cr concentration in the nanoclusters following irradiation. Size, density, and composition of the nanoclusters were investigated as a function of nanocluster size, specifically classified to three groups. In addition to the changes in nanoclusters, dislocation loopsmore » were observed after irradiation. Finally, radiation-induced enrichment of Cr and depletion of W were observed at grain boundaries after irradiation.« less

Impact of friction stir welding on the microstructure of ODS steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dawson, H.; Serrano, M.; Cater, S.; Iqbal, N.; Almásy, L.; Tian, Q.; Jimenez-Melero, E.

2017-04-01

We have assessed the impact of the welding parameters on the nano-sized oxide dispersion and the grain size in the matrix of an ODS steel after friction stir welding. Our results, based on combined small angle neutron scattering and electron microscopy, reveal a decrease in the volume fraction of the particles smaller than 80 nm in the welds, mainly due to particle agglomeration. The increase in tool rotation speed or decrease in transverse speed leads to a higher reduction in nano-sized particle fraction, and additionally to the occurrence of particle melting. The dependence of the average grain size in the matrix on the particle volume fraction follows a Zener pinning-type relationship. This result points to the principal role that the particles have in pinning grain boundary movement, and consequently in controlling the grain size during welding.

Microstructure and Mechanical Property of 12Cr Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Haijian; Lu, Zheng; Jia, Chunyan; Gao, Hao; Liu, Chunming

2016-03-01

Nanostructured oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels with nominal compositions (wt%): Fe-12Cr-2W-0.3Ti-0.3Y2O3 were produced by mechanical alloying and hot isostatic pressing. The microstructure was characterized by means of electron microscopy (EBSD, TEM and HRTEM) and the hardness and the tensile properties at different temperatures were measured. The results showed that the ultimate tensile strength of the fabricated 12Cr-ODS steel reached nearly 1,100 MPa at room temperature and maintained around 340 MPa at 700°C. Nano-oxide particles with size ranging from several nm to 30 nm and the number density was 3.6 × 1020/m3 were observed by TEM. Following heat treatment, including normalizing at 1,100°C for 1 h and tempering at 750°C for 2 h, the average grain size was a little decreased. The number of nano-oxide particles increased and the number density was 8.9 × 1020/m3. Specimens showed much higher ductility and there was a slight increase of ultimate tensile strength and Vickers hardness at the same time.

Microstructure characterization and strengthening mechanisms of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) Fe-9%Cr and Fe-14%Cr extruded bars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chauhan, A.; Bergner, F.; Etienne, A.; Aktaa, J.; de Carlan, Y.; Heintze, C.; Litvinov, D.; Hernandez-Mayoral, M.; Oñorbe, E.; Radiguet, B.; Ulbricht, A.

2017-11-01

The collaborative study is focused on the relationship between microstructure and yield stress for an ODS Fe-9%Cr-based transformable alloy and an ODS Fe-14%Cr-based ferritic alloy. The contributions to the total room temperature yield stress arising from various strengthening mechanisms are addressed on the basis of a comprehensive description of the microstructures uncovered by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and atom probe tomography (APT). While these methods provide a high degree of complementarity, a reasonable agreement was found in cases of overlap of information. The derived set of microstructure parameters along with reported strengthening equations was used to calculate the room temperature yield stress. The estimates were critically compared with the measured yield stress for an extended set of alloys including data reported for Fe-Cr model alloys and steels thus covering one order of magnitude or more in grain size, dislocation density, particle density and yield stress. The comparison shows that particle strengthening, dislocation forest strengthening, and Hall-Petch strengthening are the major contributions and that a mixed superposition rule reproduces the measured yield stress within experimental scatter for the whole extended set of alloys. The wide variation of microstructures additionally underpins the conclusions and goes beyond previous work, in which one or few ODS steels and narrow microstructure variations were typically covered.

Nano-size metallic oxide particle synthesis in Fe-Cr alloys by ion implantation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, C.; Gentils, A.; Ribis, J.; Borodin, V. A.; Delauche, L.; Arnal, B.

2017-10-01

Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steels reinforced with metal oxide nanoparticles are advanced structural materials for nuclear and thermonuclear reactors. The understanding of the mechanisms involved in the precipitation of nano-oxides can help in improving mechanical properties of ODS steels, with a strong impact for their commercialization. A perfect tool to study these mechanisms is ion implantation, where various precipitate synthesis parameters are under control. In the framework of this approach, high-purity Fe-10Cr alloy samples were consecutively implanted with Al and O ions at room temperature and demonstrated a number of unexpected features. For example, oxide particles of a few nm in diameter could be identified in the samples already after ion implantation at room temperature. This is very unusual for ion beam synthesis, which commonly requires post-implantation high-temperature annealing to launch precipitation. The observed particles were composed of aluminium and oxygen, but additionally contained one of the matrix elements (chromium). The crystal structure of aluminium oxide compound corresponds to non-equilibrium cubic γ-Al2O3 phase rather than to more common corundum. The obtained experimental results together with the existing literature data give insight into the physical mechanisms involved in the precipitation of nano-oxides in ODS alloys.

A Miniaturized, 1.9F Integrated Optical Fiber and Stone Basket for Use in Thulium Fiber Laser Lithotripsy.

PubMed

Wilson, Christopher R; Hutchens, Thomas C; Hardy, Luke A; Irby, Pierce B; Fried, Nathaniel M

2015-10-01

The thulium fiber laser (TFL) is being explored as an alternative laser lithotripter to the standard holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. The more uniform beam profile of the TFL enables higher power transmission through smaller fibers. In this study, a 100-μm core, 140-μm outer-diameter (OD) silica fiber with 5-mm length hollow steel tip was integrated with 1.3F (0.433-mm OD) nitinol wire basket to form a 1.9F (0.633-mm OD) device. TFL energy of 30 mJ, 500 μs pulse duration, and 500 Hz pulse rate was delivered to human uric acid stones, ex vivo. Stone ablation rates measured 1.5 ± 0.2 mg/s, comparable to 1.7 ± 0.3 mg/s using bare fiber tips separately with stone basket. With further development, this device may minimize stone retropulsion, allowing more efficient TFL lithotripsy at higher pulse rates. It may also provide increased flexibility, higher saline irrigation rates through the ureteroscope working channel, reduce fiber degradation compared with separate fiber and basket manipulation, and reduce laser-induced nitinol wire damage.

Three-dimensional characterization of ODS ferritic steel using by FIB-SEM serial sectioning method.

PubMed

Endo, T; Sugino, Y; Ohono, N; Ukai, S; Miyazaki, N; Wang, Y; Ohnuki, S

2014-11-01

Considerable attention has been paid to the research of the electron tomography due to determine the three-dimensional (3D) structure of materials [1]. One of the electron tomography techniques, focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) imaging has advantages of high resolutions (10 nm), large area observation (μm order) and simultaneous energy dispersive x- ray microanalysis (EDS)/ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The purpose of this study, three-dimensional EBSD analysis of ODS ferritic steel which carried out cold work using FIB-SEM equipment was conducted, and it aimed at analyzing the microstructure obtained there. The zone annealing tests were conducted for ferritic steel [2,3], which were produced through mechanical alloying and hot-extrusion. After zone annealing, specimens were mechanically polished with #400∼4000 emery paper, 1 µm diamond paste and alumina colloidal silica. The serial sectioning and the 3D-electron backscattering diffraction (3D-EBSD) analysis were carried out. We made the micro pillar (30 x 30 x 15 µm). The EBSD measurements were carried out in each layer after serial sectioning at a step size and milling depth was 80 nm with 30 slices. After EBSD analysis, the series of cross-sectional images were aligned according to arbitrarily specified areas and then stacked up to form a volume. Consequently, we obtained the 3D-IPF maps for ODS ferritic steel. In this specimen, the {111} and {001} grains are layered by turns. In addition, the volume fraction value of both plane are similar. The aspect ratio increases with specimen depth. The 3D-EBSD mapping is useful to analysis of the bulk material since this method obtain many microstructure information, such a shape, volume and orientation of the crystal, grain boundary. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Society of Microscopy. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Annealing effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-rolled 14Cr-ODS steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, R.; Zhang, T.; Ding, H. L.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, X. P.; Fang, Q. F.; Liu, C. S.

2015-10-01

The oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steels with nominal composition (weight percent) of Fe-14Cr-2W-0.5Ti-0.06Si-0.2V-0.1Mn-0.05Ta-0.03C-0.3Y2O3 were fabricated by sol-gel method, mechanical alloying, and hot isostatic pressing techniques. The evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of the hot-rolled specimens with heat treatment was investigated. Tensile strength and hardness of hot-rolled ODS steel are significantly enhanced due to the formation of mechanical twins and high density dislocations. Uniformly dispersed oxide particles (10-40 nm) and fine-grained structure (200-400 nm) are responsible for the superior mechanical properties of the hot-rolled specimen annealed between 650 °C and 850 °C. With further increasing annealing temperature, the grain size of the hot-rolled specimens increases while the size of oxide particles decreases, which leads to lower strength and hardness but better ductility. The tensile strength and total elongation of samples in the rolling direction are higher than those in the transverse direction after the same treatments owing to the grain anisotropy induced by the large mechanical deformation.

TEM and HRTEM study of oxide particles in an Al-alloyed high-Cr oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steel with Hf addition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dou, Peng; Kimura, Akihiko; Kasada, Ryuta; Okuda, Takanari; Inoue, Masaki; Ukai, Shigeharu; Ohnuki, Somei; Fujisawa, Toshiharu; Abe, Fujio; Jiang, Shan; Yang, Zhigang

2017-03-01

The nanoparticles in an Al-alloyed high-Cr oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steel with Hf addition, i.e., SOC-16 (Fe-15Cr-2W-0.1Ti-4Al-0.62Hf-0.35Y2O3), have been examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Relative to an Al-alloyed high-Cr ODS ferritic steel without Hf addition, i.e., SOC-9 (Fe-15.5Cr-2W-0.1Ti-4Al-0.35Y2O3), the dispersion morphology and coherency of the oxide nanoparticles in SOC-16 were significantly improved. Almost all the small nanoparticles (diameter <10 nm) in SOC-16 were found to be consistent with cubic Y2Hf2O7 oxides with the anion-deficient fluorite structure and coherent with the bcc steel matrix. The larger particles (diameter >10 nm) were also mainly identified as cubic Y2Hf2O7 oxides with the anion-deficient fluorite structure. The results presented here are compared with those of SOC-9 with a brief discussion of the underlying mechanisms of the unusual thermal and irradiation stabilities of the oxides as well as the superior strength, excellent irradiation tolerance and extraordinary corrosion resistance of SOC-16.

Microstructure control for high strength 9Cr ferritic-martensitic steels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tan, Lizhen; Hoelzer, David T; Busby, Jeremy T

2012-01-01

Ferritic-martensitic (F-M) steels with 9 wt.%Cr are important structural materials for use in advanced nuclear reactors. Alloying composition adjustment, guided by computational thermodynamics, and thermomechanical treatment (TMT) were employed to develop high strength 9Cr F-M steels. Samples of four heats with controlled compositions were subjected to normalization and tempering (N&T) and TMT, respectively. Their mechanical properties were assessed by Vickers hardness and tensile testing. Ta-alloying showed significant strengthening effect. The TMT samples showed strength superior to the N&T samples with similar ductility. All the samples showed greater strength than NF616, which was either comparable to or greater than the literaturemore » data of the PM2000 oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steel at temperatures up to 650 C without noticeable reduction in ductility. A variety of microstructural analyses together with computational thermodynamics provided rational interpretations on the strength enhancement. Creep tests are being initiated because the increased yield strength of the TMT samples is not able to deduce their long-term creep behavior.« less

Irradiation creep and precipitation in a ferritic ODS steel under helium implantation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, J.; Jung, P.; Pouchon, M. A.; Rebac, T.; Hoffelner, W.

2008-02-01

Ferritic oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel, PM2000, has been homogeneously implanted with helium under uniaxial tensile stresses from 20 to 250 MPa to maximum doses of about 0.75 dpa (3000 ppm He) with displacement damage rates of 5.5 × 10 -6 dpa/s at temperatures of 573, 673 and 773 K. Straining of a miniaturized dog-bone specimen under helium implantation was monitored by linear variable displacement transformer (LVDT) and meanwhile by their resistance also measured by four-pole technique. Creep compliance was almost constant at 5.7 × 10 -6 dpa -1 MPa -1 for temperatures below 673 K and increased to 18 × 10 -6 dpa -1 MPa -1 at 773 K. The resistivity of PM2000 samples decreased with dose and showed a tendency to saturation. Subsequent transmission electron microscopy observations indicated the formation of ordered Fe 3- xCr xAl precipitates during implantation. Correlations between the microstructure and resistivity are discussed.

Positron annihilation lifetime study of oxide dispersion strengthened steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krsjak, V.; Szaraz, Z.; Hähner, P.

2012-09-01

A comparative positron annihilation lifetime study has been performed on various commercial ferritic and ferritic/martensitic oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels. Both as-extruded and recrystallized materials were investigated. In the materials with recrystallized coarse-grained microstructures, only the positron trapping at small vacancy clusters and yttria nanofeatures was observed. Materials which had not undergone recrystallization treatment clearly showed additional positron trapping which is associated with dislocations. Dislocation densities were calculated from a two-component decomposition of the positron lifetime spectra by assuming the first component to be a superposition of the bulk controlled annihilation rate and the dislocation controlled trapping rate. The second component (which translates into lifetimes of 240-260 ps) was found to be well separated in all those ODS materials. This paper presents the potentialities and limitations of the positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, and discusses the results of the experimental determination of the defect concentrations and sensitivity of this technique to the material degradation due to thermally induced precipitation of chromium-rich α' phases.

Defining clusters in APT reconstructions of ODS steels.

PubMed

Williams, Ceri A; Haley, Daniel; Marquis, Emmanuelle A; Smith, George D W; Moody, Michael P

2013-09-01

Oxide nanoclusters in a consolidated Fe-14Cr-2W-0.3Ti-0.3Y₂O₃ ODS steel and in the alloy powder after mechanical alloying (but before consolidation) are investigated by atom probe tomography (APT). The maximum separation method is a standard method to define and characterise clusters from within APT data, but this work shows that the extent of clustering between the two materials is sufficiently different that the nanoclusters in the mechanically alloyed powder and in the consolidated material cannot be compared directly using the same cluster selection parameters. As the cluster selection parameters influence the size and composition of the clusters significantly, a procedure to optimise the input parameters for the maximum separation method is proposed by sweeping the d(max) and N(min) parameter space. By applying this method of cluster parameter selection combined with a 'matrix correction' to account for trajectory aberrations, differences in the oxide nanoclusters can then be reliably quantified. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Characterisation of a complex thin walled structure fabricated by selective laser melting using a ferritic oxide dispersion strengthened steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Boegelein, Thomas, E-mail: t.boegelein@liv.ac.uk; Louvis, Eleftherios; Dawson, Karl

2016-02-15

Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys exhibit superior mechanical and physical properties due to the presence of nanoscopic Y(Al, Ti) oxide precipitates, but their manufacturing process is complex. The present study is aimed at further investigation of the application of an alternative, Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique, Selective Laser Melting (SLM), to the production of consolidated ODS alloy components. Mechanically alloyed PM2000 (ODS-FeCrAl) powders have been consolidated and a fine dispersion of Y-containing precipitates were observed in an as built thin-walled component, but these particles were typically poly-crystalline and contained a variety of elements including O, Al, Ti, Cr and Fe. Applicationmore » of post-build heat treatments resulted in the modification of particle structures and compositions; in the annealed condition most precipitates were transformed to single crystal yttrium aluminium oxides. During the annealing treatment, precipitate distributions homogenised and localised variations in number density were diminished. The resulting volume fractions of those precipitates were 25–40% lower than have been reported in conventionally processed PM2000, which was attributed to Y-rich slag-like surface features and inclusions formed during SLM. - Highlights: • A wall structure was grown from ODS steel powder using selective laser melting. • A fine dispersion of nano-precipitates was apparent in as-build material. • Precipitates were multi-phased containing several elements, e.g. O, Ti, Al, Fe, Cr, Y. • Post-build annealing changed those into typically single-crystalline Y–Al–O. • The anneal also reduced and stabilised the volume fraction of precipitates to ~ 0.006.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Guangming; Zhou, Zhangjian; Mo, Kun

An application of high-energy wide angle synchrotron X-ray diffraction to investigate the tensile deformation of 9Cr ferritic/martensitic (F/M) ODS steel is presented. With tensile loading and in-situ Xray exposure, the lattice strain development of matrix was determined. The lattice strain was found to decrease with increasing temperature, and the difference in Young's modulus of six different reflections at different temperatures reveals the temperature dependence of elastic anisotropy. The mean internal stress was calculated and compared with the applied stress, showing that the strengthening factor increased with increasing temperature, indicating that the oxide nanoparticles have a good strengthening impact at highmore » temperature. The dislocation density and character were also measured during tensile deformation. The dislocation density decreased with increasing of temperature due to the greater mobility of dislocation at high temperature. The dislocation character was determined by best-fit methods for different dislocation average contrasts with various levels of uncertainty. The results shows edge type dislocations dominate the plastic strain at room temperature (RT) and 300 C, while the screw type dislocations dominate at 600 C. The dominance of edge character in 9Cr F/M ODS steels at RT and 300 C is likely due to the pinning effect of nanoparticles for higher mobile edge dislocations when compared with screw dislocations, while the stronger screw type of dislocation structure at 600 C may be explained by the activated cross slip of screw segments.« less

Laterally loaded pile cap connections.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-08-01

This study investigated the moment capacity and load-displacement response of the pile-to-cap connection details. Lateral load tests were conducted on four pile caps (3 ft H x 3 ft W x 6.5 ft L) with two 40 foot-long steel pipe piles (12.75 inch OD) ...

Organization Development-What Is It? A Brief Overview.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hiett, Alyson D.; And Others

1989-01-01

Provides basic knowledge about organizational development (OD). Includes basic strategies of OD; definitions and themes of OD interventions; major types of OD interventions; errors in systems approach to OD; and role of OD consultant. (Author/ABL)

Effect of the chemical composition and the structural and phases states of materials on hydrogen retention

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chernov, I. I.; Stal'tsov, M. S.; Kalin, B. A.; Bogachev, I. A.; Guseva, L. Yu.; Korshunov, S. N.

2017-07-01

The results of investigation of the effect of chemical composition and structural and phase states of reactor steels and vanadium alloys on their capture and retention of hydrogen introduced into the materials in various ways are presented. It is shown that, in the case of identical conditions of hydrogen introduction, the amount of hydrogen captured by austenitic steels is substantially higher than that captured by ferritic/ martensitic steels. At the same time, the EP450 ODS ferritic/martensitic steel dispersion-strengthened with nanosized yttrium oxide particles retains a substantially higher amount of hydrogen as compared to that retained in the EP450 matrix steel. The alloying of vanadium with tungsten, zirconium, and titanium leads to an increase in the amount of retained hydrogen. The effect of titanium content on hydrogen retention is found to be nonmonotonic; the phenomenon is explained from a physical view point.

Characterization of nano-sized oxides in Fe-12Cr oxide-dispersion-strengthened ferritic steel using small-angle neutron scattering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Young-Soo; Mao, Xiaodong; Jang, Jinsung; Kim, Tae-Kyu

2015-04-01

The ferritic ODS steel was manufactured by hot isostatic pressing and heat treatment. The nano-sized microstructures such as yttrium oxides and Cr oxides were quantitatively analyzed by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The effects of the fabrication conditions on the nano-sized microstructure were investigated in relation to the quantitative analysis results obtained by SANS. The ratio between magnetic and nuclear scattering components was calculated, and the characteristics of the nano-sized yttrium oxides are discussed based on the SANS analysis results.

Organizational Development: The Role of Communication in Diagnosis, Change, and Evaluation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hain, Tony; Tubbs, Stewart L.

Three key considerations (What is organizational development (OD)? Why do organizations undertake OD efforts? What are the critical phases (and their pitfalls) that make up the OD effort?) are discussed in this paper. The sections include: "What is OD," which presents three definitions of OD and the goals of OD as identified by Bennis; "Why Do…

The Practice of Organization Development.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vaill, Peter B.

An article about the men who are doing organization Development (O.D.) work is presented. It is divided into the following sections: (1) The Elements of O.D. Practice; (2) Interrelationships of the Elements of O.D. Practice; (3) Sources of Data on O.D. Practice; (4) The O.D. Practitioner and the Client; (5) The O.D. Practitioner and the Evaluator;…

Organization Development Strategies in Educational Policy Planning and Management.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, B. Kathryn; Biles, Stephen

1990-01-01

This synthesis reviews organizational development (OD) and its decision tools, describes OD applications in educational organizations, explores OD's limitations, and predicts how OD will influence future educational decision making. Findings identify eight specific management and planning areas where OD can be used to improve organizational…

Nano-yttria dispersed stainless steel composites composed by the 3 dimensional fiber deposition technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Verhiest, K.; Mullens, S.; De Wispelaere, N.; Claessens, S.; DeBremaecker, A.; Verbeken, K.

2012-09-01

In this study, oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) 316L steel samples were manufactured by the 3 dimensional fiber deposition (3DFD) technique. The performance of 3DFD as colloidal consolidation technique to obtain porous green bodies based on yttria (Y2O3) nano-slurries or paste, is discussed within this experimental work. The influence of the sintering temperature and time on sample densification and grain growth was investigated in this study. Hot consolidation was performed to obtain final product quality in terms of residual porosity reduction and final dispersion homogeneity.

Friction Stir Welding of ODS and RAFM Steels

DOE PAGES

Yu, Zhenzhen; Feng, Zhili; Hoelzer, David; ...

2015-09-14

Advanced structural materials such as oxide dispersion strengthened steels and reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels are desired in fusion reactors as primary candidate materials for first wall and blanket structures, due to their excellent radiation and high-temperature creep resistance. However, their poor fusion weldability has been the major technical challenge limiting practical applications. For this reason, solid-state friction stir welding (FSW) has been considered for such applications. In this paper, the effect of FSW parameters on joining similar and dissimilar advanced structural steels was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction methods were used to reveal the effects of FSW onmore » grain size, micro-texture distribution, and phase stability. Hardness mapping was performed to evaluate mechanical properties. Finally, post weld heat treatment was also performed to tailor the microstructure in the welds in order to match the weld zone mechanical properties to the base material.« less

A comparative study of the mechanical properties and the behavior of carbon and boron in stainless steel cladding tubes fabricated by PM HIP and traditional technologies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shulga, A. V.

2013-03-01

The ring tensile test method was optimized and successfully used to obtain precise data for specimens of the cladding tubes of AISI type 316 austenitic stainless steels and ferritic-martensitic stainless steel. The positive modifications in the tensile properties of the stainless steel cladding tubes fabricated by powder metallurgy and hot isostatic pressing of melt atomized powders (PM HIP) when compared with the cladding tubes produced by traditional technology were found. Presently, PM HIP is also used in the fabrication of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic-martensitic steels. The high degree of homogeneity of the distribution of carbon and boron as well the high dispersivity of the phase-structure elements in the specimens manufactured via PM HIP were determined by direct autoradiography methods. These results correlate well with the increase of the tensile properties of the specimens produced by PM HIP technology.

Organization Development: A Critique

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stephenson, T. E.

1975-01-01

Reviews the literature dealing with organization development (OD) and discusses the predominant concerns and attitudes of OD theorists and practitioners. Suggests that OD might be more aptly named "human development" and argues that OD practitioners generally act as missionaries who feel they must remedy the errors of their clients' behavior. (JG)

Effect of milling time and annealing temperature on nanoparticles evolution for 13.5% Cr ODS ferritic steel powders by joint application of XAFS and TEM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, P.; Hoffmann, J.; Möslang, A.

2018-04-01

The characteristics of strengthening nanoparticles have a major influence on the mechanical property and irradiation resistance of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels. To determine how to control nanoparticles evolution, 0.3% Ti with 0.3% Y2O3 were added in 13.5%Cr pre-alloyed steel powders via different milling and consolidation conditions, then characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) at synchrotron irradiation facility. The dissolution of Y2O3 is greatly dependent on the milling time at fixed milling speeds. After 24 h of milling, only minor amounts of the initially added Y2O3 dissolve into the steel matrix whereas TEM results reveal nearly complete dissolution of Y2O3 in 80-h-milled powder. The annealed powder FT-A800 (at 800 °C for 1 h) exhibits a structure near to the initially added Y2O3. The slightly deviation may be accounted for considerable lattice distortion related to the presence of atomic vacancies or formation of Y-Ti-O nucleus. The annealed powders FT-A1000 and FT-A1100 contain complex mixtures of Y-O/Y-Ti-O oxides, which cannot be fitted by any single thermally stable compounds. The coordination numbers of these first two shells in the annealed powders significantly raise as a function of the annealing temperature, indicating the formation of more ordered Y-O or Y-Ti-O particles. The extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectrum could not necessarily distinguish the dominant oxide species.

An economical 20 litre bench-top fermenter.

PubMed

Thiel, Michael A; Coster, Douglas J; Mavrangelos, Christos; Zola, Heddy; Williams, Keryn A

2002-10-01

We describe an economical 20 litre bench-top fermenter suitable for production of recombinant antibody fragments in bacterial expression systems. The bacterial culture contained within a polycarbonate carboy is mixed (400-600 rpm) and aerated (1 vessel vol./min) by a high-shear radial flow impeller mounted on a hollow stainless steel shaft, through which pressurised air is pumped. Air is dispersed as fine bubbles into the culture medium by the turbine impeller, without the need for a porous sparger. A stainless steel baffle stabilised by a gliding counterweight increases mixing. The components can easily be disassembled for cleaning and sterilisation. Temperature (range 20-37 degrees C) and pH (range 7.0-7.5) are controlled manually. Using the apparatus, it proved possible to achieve Escherichia coli cell culture densities equivalent to an optical density at 600 nm (OD(600)) of 30-32, compared with OD(600) 4-6 in shake flasks. A yield of 40 mg/litre/day of a recombinant antibody fragment was obtained with the fermenter, which was 15-fold more than the yield of 2.5mg/litre/day achieved in shake flasks. The fermenter may be particularly suited for research purposes.

Validation of an HPLC-UV method for the determination of ceftriaxone sodium residues on stainless steel surface of pharmaceutical manufacturing equipments.

PubMed

Akl, Magda A; Ahmed, Mona A; Ramadan, Ahmed

2011-05-15

In pharmaceutical industry, an important step consists in the removal of possible drug residues from the involved equipments and areas. The cleaning procedures must be validated and methods to determine trace amounts of drugs have, therefore, to be considered with special attention. An HPLC-UV method for the determination of ceftriaxone sodium residues on stainless steel surface was developed and validated in order to control a cleaning procedure. Cotton swabs, moistened with extraction solution (50% water and 50% mobile phase), were used to remove any residues of drugs from stainless steel surfaces, and give recoveries of 91.12, 93.8 and 98.7% for three concentration levels. The precision of the results, reported as the relative standard deviation (RSD), were below 1.5%. The method was validated over a concentration range of 1.15-6.92 μg ml(-1). Low quantities of drug residues were determined by HPLC-UV using a Hypersil ODS 5 μm (250×4.6 mm) at 50 °C with an acetonitrile:water:pH 7:pH 5 (39-55-5.5-0.5) mobile phase at flow rate of 1.5 ml min(-1), an injection volume of 20 μl and were detected at 254 nm. A simple, selective and sensitive HPLC-UV assay for the determination of ceftriaxone sodium residues on stainless steel surfaces was developed, validated and applied. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Quantification of oxide particle composition in model oxide dispersion strengthened steel alloys.

PubMed

London, A J; Lozano-Perez, S; Moody, M P; Amirthapandian, S; Panigrahi, B K; Sundar, C S; Grovenor, C R M

2015-12-01

Oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steels (ODS) are being considered for structural components of future designs of fission and fusion reactors because of their impressive high-temperature mechanical properties and resistance to radiation damage, both of which arise from the nanoscale oxide particles they contain. Because of the critical importance of these nanoscale phases, significant research activity has been dedicated to analysing their precise size, shape and composition (Odette et al., Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 38 (2008) 471-503 [1]; Miller et al., Mater. Sci. Technol. 29(10) (2013) 1174-1178 [2]). As part of a project to develop new fuel cladding alloys in India, model ODS alloys have been produced with the compositions, Fe-0.3Y2O3, Fe-0.2Ti-0.3Y2O3 and Fe-14Cr-0.2Ti-0.3Y2O3. The oxide particles in these three model alloys have been studied by APT in their as-received state and following ion irradiation (as a proxy for neutron irradiation) at various temperatures. In order to adequately quantify the composition of the oxide clusters, several difficulties must be managed, including issues relating to the chemical identification (ranging and variable peak-overlaps); trajectory aberrations and chemical structure; and particle sizing. This paper presents how these issues can be addressed by the application of bespoke data analysis tools and correlative microscopy. A discussion follows concerning the achievable precision in these measurements, with reference to the fundamental limiting factors. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Organization Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Huse, Edgar F.

1978-01-01

Organization Development (OD) is the application of behavioral-science knowledge to enhance an organization's effectiveness and efficiency. This article discusses the evolution of organization development, the basic components of an OD program, typologies of OD interventions, problems with organization development, and organization development in…

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tan, Lizhen; Yang, Ying; Tyburska-Puschel, Beata

The mission of the Nuclear Energy Enabling Technologies (NEET) program is to develop crosscutting technologies for nuclear energy applications. Advanced structural materials with superior performance at elevated temperatures are always desired for nuclear reactors, which can improve reactor economics, safety margins, and design flexibility. They benefit not only new reactors, including advanced light water reactors (LWRs) and fast reactors such as sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) that is primarily designed for management of high-level wastes, but also life extension of the existing fleet when component exchange is needed. Developing and utilizing the modern materials science tools (experimental, theoretical, and computational tools)more » is an important path to more efficient alloy development and process optimization. Ferritic-martensitic (FM) steels are important structural materials for nuclear reactors due to their advantages over other applicable materials like austenitic stainless steels, notably their resistance to void swelling, low thermal expansion coefficients, and higher thermal conductivity. However, traditional FM steels exhibit a noticeable yield strength reduction at elevated temperatures above ~500°C, which limits their applications in advanced nuclear reactors which target operating temperatures at 650°C or higher. Although oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels have shown excellent high-temperature performance, their extremely high cost, limited size and fabricability of products, as well as the great difficulty with welding and joining, have limited or precluded their commercial applications. Zirconium has shown many benefits to Fe-base alloys such as grain refinement, improved phase stability, and reduced radiation-induced segregation. The ultimate goal of this project is, with the aid of computational modeling tools, to accelerate the development of a new generation of Zr-bearing ferritic alloys to be fabricated using conventional steelmaking practices, which have excellent radiation resistance and enhanced high-temperature creep performance greater than Grade 91.« less

"Organization Development": How It Works, What It's Becoming, Why It Pays Off.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sears, Woody H.

1979-01-01

Distinguishes between organizational development (OD) and therapy. OD is defined as a mechanism for problem solving in complex socio-technical systems. Describes possible drawbacks and advantages of the OD process. Provides examples of how OD has helped managers and non-managers work together. (CSS)

Ethical Problems in the Practice of Organization Development.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wooten, Kevin C.; White, Louis P.

1983-01-01

This article discusses forces that affect the professional ethics of organizational development (OD). Both driving forces and restraining forces have influenced the current status of OD ethics. These forces have operated since the emergence of OD itself, and their fluctuating intensity results in the dynamic nature of the OD profession. (SSH)

Irradiation creep of candidate materials for advanced nuclear plants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, J.; Jung, P.; Hoffelner, W.

2013-10-01

In the present paper, irradiation creep results of an intermetallic TiAl alloy and two ferritic oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels are summarized. In situ irradiation creep measurements were performed using homogeneous implantation with α- and p-particles to maximum doses of 0.8 dpa at displacement damage rates of 2-8 × 10-6 dpa/s. The strains of miniaturized flat dog-bone specimens were monitored under uniaxial tensile stresses ranging from 20 to 400 MPa at temperatures of 573, 673 and 773 K, respectively. The effects of material composition, ODS particle size, and bombarding particle on the irradiation creep compliance was studied and results are compared to literature data. Evolution of microstructure during helium implantation was investigated in detail by TEM and is discussed with respect to irradiation creep models.

Air Force Boom Event Analyzer Recorder (BEAR): Comparison with NASA Boom Measurement System

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-07-01

Hemisphere Foam ined stee e ’/ To BEAR. V ib rat ionSeaainDsnc Isolated Nylon m icohn older 3/8ŕ - 18 Diameter Painted Steel Plate Figure 9. AAMRL...d3 0nw Fiur 2. 0 SFBom petrm omarso 38w 0 0- 0 In- WW LL. 0 In 0 to 0 to 0 to 0 to 0 N\\ N - - 0 0 m M OD D (M8 ZHII (SP) -13A3-1 vvnflNL33S 38flsOdX3...ONflos Figure 27. 8 PSF Clean Boom Spectrum Comparison 39 0 0)0LZO (0 < -r- a- U I 0 IL) zw _0 U.) (M1 to) 0 Ito 0 to) 0 to 0 to) 0 N~ N - 0 0 M ) CD O

A Study of Roadwheel Failures Magnitude - Nature - Causes and Testing of a Concept to Prevent Them

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-07-01

at a point on the floor of the vehicle vertically below the center of gravity . Bags of lead shot were added to the crew compartment to increase the...24-inch O.D., and a 21.63-inch I.D., with a 2.88-inch flange. The meterial requirement ig for a SAE 1040 steel or equivalent. In our investigation

Tube manufacturing and characterization of oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ukai, Shigeharu; Mizuta, Shunji; Yoshitake, Tunemitsu; Okuda, Takanari; Fujiwara, Masayuki; Hagi, Shigeki; Kobayashi, Toshimi

2000-12-01

Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels have an advantage in radiation resistance and superior creep rupture strength at elevated temperature due to finely distributed Y2O3 particles in the ferritic matrix. Using a basic composition of low activation ferritic steel (Fe-12Cr-2W-0.05C), cladding tube manufacturing by means of pilger mill rolling and subsequent recrystallization heat-treatment was conducted while varying titanium and yttria contents. The recrystallization heat-treatment, to soften the tubes hardened due to cold-rolling and to subsequently improve the degraded mechanical properties, was demonstrated to be effective in the course of tube manufacturing. For a titanium content of 0.3 wt% and yttria of 0.25 wt%, improvement of the creep rupture strength can be attained for the manufactured cladding tubes. The ductility is also adequately maintained.

Organization Development: Its Nature, Origins, and Prospects.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bennis, Warren G.

A primer on organization development (OD), this book presents a basic statement for people in organizations and for practitioners and students of OD. Many concrete examples are included. After a definition of OD, the basic conditions which create the need for OD are discussed: rapid change, growth in size, increasing diversity, change in…

Advances in Research on Organization Development: Toward a Beginning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pate, Larry E.; And Others

1977-01-01

This paper examines 38 research studies that were conducted on various aspects of organization development (OD) technology. The studies are compared along eight dimensions. Problems associated with evaluating OD and the limited amount of OD research are discussed. It is argued that more systematic, longitudinal research on OD is needed. (Author)

Selecting Magnet Laminations Recipes Using the Meth-od of Sim-u-la-ted Annealing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Russell, A. D.; Baiod, R.; Brown, B. C.; Harding, D. J.; Martin, P. S.

1997-05-01

The Fermilab Main Injector project is building 344 dipoles using more than 7000 tons of steel. Budget and logistical constraints required that steel production, lamination stamping and magnet fabrication proceed in parallel. There were significant run-to-run variations in the magnetic properties of the steel (Martin, P.S., et al., Variations in the Steel Properties and the Excitation Characteristics of FMI Dipoles, this conference). The large lamination size (>0.5 m coil opening) resulted in variations of gap height due to differences in stress relief in the steel after stamping. To minimize magnet-to-magnet strength and field shape variations the laminations were shuffled based on the available magnetic and mechanical data and assigned to magnets using a computer program based on the method of simulated annealing. The lamination sets selected by the program have produced magnets which easily satisfy the design requirements. Variations of the average magnet gap are an order of magnitude smaller than the variations in lamination gaps. This paper discusses observed gap variations, the program structure and the strength uniformity results.

Applying OD to the Public Sector

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Warrick, D. D.

1976-01-01

Discusses special considerations affecting organizational development (OD) programs in public-sector organizations, presents guidelines for using OD procedures in the public sector, and offers conclusions about the applicability of OD in the public sector. (Author/JG)

Magneto-Elastic behaviour of Steels for Naval Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-02-01

test specimens to be inserted. The specimens are preferably long and thin to avoid demagnetization effects, but are also preferably short and squat ...jr.".-.IC’’" ?!o w:.I ,,od ntt’pcrtJ B15 q12 fA-l spc +icob are as ’l . The stress level was -200l MIa for the Dt l((Td) ’ process, and ranged from 0

24-HOUR DIFFUSIVE SAMPLING OF 1,3-BUTADIENE IN AIR ONTO CARBONPAK X SOLID ADSORBENT WITH THEMAL DESORPTION/GC/MS ANALYSIS - FEASIBILITY STUDIES

EPA Science Inventory

Diffusive sampling of 1,3-butadiene for 24 hours onto the graphitic adsorbent Carbopack X contained in a stainless steel tube badge (6.3 mm OD, 5 mm ID, and 90 mm in length) with analysis by thermal desorption/GC/MS has been evaluated in controlled tests. A test matrix of 42 tr...

24-HOUR DIFFUSIVE SAMPLING OF 1,3-BUTADIENE IN AIR ONTO CARBOPACK X SOLID ADSORBENT FOLLOWED BY THERMAL DESORPTION/GC/MS ANALYSIS - FEASIBILITY STUDY

EPA Science Inventory

Diffusive sampling of 1,3-butadiene for 24 hr onto the graphitic adsorbent Carbopack X packed in a stainless steel tube badge (6.3 mm o.d., 5 mm i.d., and 90 mm in length) with analysis by thermal desorption/gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) has been evaluated in con...

Heat and Mass Transfer of Ammonia Gas Absorption into Falling Liquid Film on a Horizontal Tube

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Inoue, Norihiro; Yabuuchi, Hironori; Goto, Masao; Koyama, Shigeru

Heat and mass transfer coefficients during ammonia gas absorption into a falling liquid film formed by distilled water on a horizontal tube were obtained experimentally. The test absorber consists of 200 mm i.d., 600 mm long stainless steel shell, a 1 7.3 mm o.d., 14.9 mm i.d. stainless steel test tube with 600 mm working length mounted along the axis of shell, and a 12.7 mm o.d. pipe manifold of supplying the absorbent. In this paper, it was clear that heat and mass transfer coefficient could be enhanced by increasing the flow rate of absorbent and temperature difference between inlet absorbent and ammonia gas, also heat driven by the temperature difference have an effect on heat transfer of the fa1ling liquid film and mass transfer of vapor side. And the new correlation of heat transfer in dimensionless form was proposed by the temperature difference which was considered heat driven of vapor and liquid film side using a interface temperature of vapor and liquid phase. The new correlations of mass transfer on a interface of vapor and liquid phase in dimensionless form were proposed by using effect factors could be suppose from absorption phenomena.

Experimental artefacts occurring during atom probe tomography analysis of oxide nanoparticles in metallic matrix: Quantification and correction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hatzoglou, C.; Radiguet, B.; Pareige, P.

2017-08-01

Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steels are promising candidates for future nuclear reactors, partly due to the fine dispersion of the nanoparticles they contain. Until now, there was no consensus as to the nature of the nanoparticles because their analysis pushed the techniques to their limits and in consequence, introduced some artefacts. In this study, the artefacts that occur during atom probe tomography analysis are quantified. The artefacts quantification reveals that the particles morphology, chemical composition and atomic density are biased. A model is suggested to correct these artefacts in order to obtain a fine and accurate characterization of the nanoparticles. This model is based on volume fraction calculation and an analytical expression of the atomic density. Then, the studied ODS steel reveals nanoparticles, pure in Y, Ti and O, with a core/shell structure. The shell is rich in Cr. The Cr content of the shell is dependent on that of the matrix by a factor of 1.5. This study also shows that 15% of the atoms that were initially in the particles are not detected during the analysis. This only affects O atoms. The particle stoichiometry evolves from YTiO2 for the smallest observed (<2 nm) to Y2TiO5 for the biggest (>8 nm).

Organization Development in Mental Health Services.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Glaser, Edward M.; Backer, Thomas E.

1979-01-01

The term "organization development" (OD) encompasses techniques developed to facilitate communication and collaborative problem solving in work groups. This discussion focuses on defining OD, describing its current use in mental health and human service organizations, and assessing potential payoffs and disadvantages of implementing OD programs in…

Optimizing location of manufacturing industries in the context of economic globalization: A bi-level model based approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Shanhua; Yang, Zhongzhen

2018-07-01

This paper aims to optimize the locations of manufacturing industries in the context of economic globalization by proposing a bi-level programming model which integrates the location optimization model with the traffic assignment model. In the model, the transport network is divided into the subnetworks of raw materials and products respectively. The upper-level model is used to determine the location of industries and the OD matrices of raw materials and products. The lower-level model is used to calculate the attributes of traffic flow under given OD matrices. To solve the model, the genetic algorithm is designed. The proposed method is tested using the Chinese steel industry as an example. The result indicates that the proposed method could help the decision-makers to implement the location decisions for the manufacturing industries effectively.

Research and Development of Ultra-High Strength X100 Welded Pipe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chuanguo, Zhang; Lei, Zheng; Ping, Hu; Bei, Zhang; Kougen, Wu; Weifeng, Huang

Ultra-high strength X100 welded pipe can be used in the construction of long distance oil and gas pipeline to improve transmission capacity and reduce operation cost. By using the way of thermo-simulation and pilot rolling, the CCT (Continuous Cooling Transformation) diagram and the relationship between ACC (Accelerated Cooling) parameters, microstructure and mechanical properties were studied for the designed X100 pipeline steel with low carbon, high manganese and niobium micro-alloyed composition in lab. The analysis of CCT diagram indicates that the suitable hardness and microstructure can be obtained in the cooling rate of 20 80°C/sec. The pilot rolling results show that the ACC cooling start temperature below Ar3 phase transformation point is beneficial to increase uniform elongation, and the cooling stop temperature of 150 350°C is helpful to obtain high strength and toughness combination. Based on the research conclusions, the X100 plate and UOE pipe with dimension in O.D.1219×W.T.14.8mm, O.D.1219×W.T.17.8mm, designed for the natural gas transmission pipeline, were trial produced. The manufactured pipe body impact absorbed energy at -10°C is over 250J. The DWTT shear area ratio at 0°C is over 85%. The transverse strength meets the X100 grade requirement, and uniform elongation is over 4%. The X100 plate and UOE pipe with dimension in O.D.711×W.T.20.0mm, O.D.711×W.T.12.5mm, designed for an offshore engineering, were also trial produced. The average impact absorbed energy of pipe body at -30°C is over 200J. The average impact absorbed energy of HAZ (Heat-affected zone) and WM (Welded Seam) at -30°C is over 100J. And the good pipe shapes were obtained

Estimating the Success of OD Applications.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Golembiewski, Robert T.; And Others

1982-01-01

Organizational development (OD) and its future are discussed. Examines database implications about OD's applications. Reports an effort to transcend the limitations of the literature, based on a very intensive search for OD applications in both business and government contexts. (CT)

A major locus on mouse chromosome 18 controls XX sex reversal in Odd Sex (Ods) mice.

PubMed

Qin, Yangjun; Poirier, Christophe; Truong, Cavatina; Schumacher, Armin; Agoulnik, Alexander I; Bishop, Colin E

2003-03-01

We have previously reported a dominant mouse mutant, Odd sex (Ods), in which XX Ods/+ mice on the FVB/N background show complete sex reversal, associated with expression of Sox9 in the fetal gonads. Remarkably, when crossed to the A/J strain approximately 95% of the (AXFVB) F(1) XX Ods/+ mice developed as fully fertile, phenotypic females, the remainder developing as males or hermaphrodites. Using a (AXFVB) F(2) population, we conducted a genome-wide linkage scan to identify the number and chromosomal location of potential Ods modifier genes. A single major locus termed Odsm1 was mapped to chromosome 18, tightly linked to D18Mit189 and D18Mit210. Segregation at this locus could account for the presence of sex reversal in 100% of XX Ods/+ mice which develop as males, for the absence of sex reversal in approximately 92% of XX Ods/+ mice which develop as females, and for the mixed sexual phenotype in approximately 72% of XX Ods/+ mice that develop with ambiguous genitalia. We propose that homozygosity for the FVB-derived allele strongly favors Ods sex reversal, whereas homozygosity for the A/J-derived allele inhibits it. In mice heterozygous at Odsm1, the phenotypic outcome, male, female or hermaphrodite, is determined by a complex interaction of several minor modifying loci. The close proximity of Smad2, Smad7 and Smad4 to D18Mit189/210 provides a potential mechanism through which Odsm1 might act.

[Organization development of the public health system].

PubMed

Pfaff, Holger; Klein, Jürgen

2002-05-15

Changes in the German health care system require changes in health care institutions. Organizational development (OD) techniques can help them to cope successfully with their changing environment. OD is defined as a collective process of learning aiming to induce intended organizational change. OD is based on social science methods and conducted by process-oriented consultants. In contrast to techniques of organizational design, OD is characterized by employee participation. One of the most important elements of OD is the so-called "survey-feedback-technique". Five examples illustrate how the survey-feedback-technique can be used to facilitate organisational learning. OD technique supports necessary change in health care organizations. It should be used more frequently.

Progress in Organization Development Research.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roberts, Nancy C.; Porras, Jerry I.

1982-01-01

Describes major areas of progress in organization development (OD): progress in operationalizing the concept of change; progress in improving measurement; and progress in designing statistical procedures used to analyze OD intervention data. Suggests recent research developments point to a more solid base on which to build OD practice and theory.…

Helium-ion microscopy, helium-ion irradiation and nanoindentation of Eurofer 97 and ODS Eurofer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bergner, F.; Hlawacek, G.; Heintze, C.

2018-07-01

Understanding of unsolved details of helium embrittlement requires experimental evidence for dedicated sets of materials and over a wide range of irradiation conditions. The study is focussed on the comparison of a reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic 9%Cr steel (Eurofer 97) with its oxide dispersion strengthened counterpart (ODS Eurofer) with respect to irradiation-induced hardening. Imaging and He-ion irradiation in the He-ion microscope at 30 °C in a wide range of appm He (from 0.9 × 102 to 1.8 × 106) and displacements per atom (dpa) (from 3 × 10-3 to 65) were combined with post-irradiation nanoindentation in order to detect blistering and irradiation-induced hardness changes. The applicability of this combination of techniques is demonstrated and pros and cons are discussed. We have found that the indentation hardness increases significantly after in-microscope irradiation to 3 dpa (0.9 × 105 appm He). The irradiation-induced hardness increase is higher and the onset of significant hardening tends to occur at lower fluence for Eurofer 97 than for ODS Eurofer, indicating that the presence of oxide nanoparticles is efficient to reduce the detrimental effect of He under the applied irradiation conditions.

Operation IVY. Joint Task Force 132, 1952

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-09-01

and auxiliary lenses (filters) must have been selected with great care. Knowledge of the light intensities to be experienced is essen- tial in making...pounds. b. !!et’od (1) The theory behind Bhangmeter operation can be described as follows. The light intensity emanated from an atomic bomb explosion...temperature distribution was made by observing the Light signals from selected spots on the outer surface of the steel case. The very early MM1K case

Nanocluster irradiation evolution in Fe-9%Cr ODS and ferritic-martensitic alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Swenson, M. J.; Wharry, J. P.

2017-12-01

The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of dose rate and cascade morphology on nanocluster evolution in a model Fe-9%Cr oxide dispersion strengthened steel and the commercial ferritic/martensitic (F/M) alloys HCM12A and HT9. We present a large, systematic data set spanning the three alloys, three irradiating particle types, four orders of magnitude in dose rate, and doses ranging 1-100 displacements per atom over 400-500 °C. Nanoclusters are characterized using atom probe tomography. ODS oxide nanoclusters experience partial dissolution after irradiation due to inverse Ostwald ripening, while F/M nanoclusters undergo Ostwald ripening. Damage cascade morphology is indicative of nanocluster number density evolution. Finally, the effects of dose rate on nanocluster morphology provide evidence for a temperature dilation theory, which purports that a negative temperature shift is necessary for higher dose rate irradiations to emulate nanocluster evolution in lower dose rate irradiations.

OD Technology for the Future.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blake, Robert R.; Mouton, Jane Srygley

1979-01-01

The authors state that organizational development (OD) consultants are reluctant to rely upon instruments because this would diminish their sense of usefulness. They discuss 15 OD issues and conclude that OD instruments must be based on sound principles of behavior and sequenced in a planned way in order to implement organizational change and…

Intervention and Evaluation: A Proactive Team Approach to OD

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gavin, James F.; McPhail, S. Morton

1978-01-01

A team of change agents initiated an intensive organizational development (OD) program in a nonacademic, service department of a midwestern university. Concluding comments include exploration of the feasibility of substantive OD change in short-term programs, and the possibility of nonlinear relations between OD outcomes and time investments. For…

Spectral and raw quasi in-situ energy dispersive X-ray data captured via a TEM analysis of an ODS austenitic stainless steel sample under 1 MeV Kr2+ high temperature irradiation.

PubMed

Brooks, Adam J; Yao, Zhongwen

2017-10-01

The data presented in this article is related to the research experiment, titled: ' Quasi in-situ energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy observation of matrix and solute interactions on Y-Ti-O oxide particles in an austenitic stainless steel under 1 MeV Kr 2+ high temperature irradiation' (Brooks et al., 2017) [1]. Quasi in-situ analysis during 1 MeV Kr 2+ 520 °C irradiation allowed the same microstructural area to be observed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), on an oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) austenitic stainless steel sample. The data presented contains two sets of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) data collected before and after irradiation to 1.5 displacements-per-atom (~1.25×10 -3  dpa/s with 7.5×10 14  ions cm -2 ). The vendor software used to process and output the data is the Bruker Esprit v1.9 suite. The data includes the spectral (counts vs. keV energy) of the quasi in-situ scanned region (512×512 pixels at 56k magnification), along with the EDX scanning parameters. The.raw files from the Bruker Esprit v1.9 output are additionally included along with the.rpl data information files. Furthermore included are the two quasi in-situ HAADF images for visual comparison of the regions before and after irradiation. This in-situ experiment is deemed ' quasi' due to the thin foil irradiation taking place at an external TEM facility. We present this data for critical and/or extended analysis from the scientific community, with applications applying to: experimental data correlation, confirmation of results, and as computer based modeling inputs.

Surface modification and deuterium retention in reduced-activation steels exposed to low-energy, high-flux pure and helium-seeded deuterium plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alimov, V. Kh; Ogorodnikova, O. V.; Hatano, Y.; Gasparyan, YuM.; Efimov, V. S.; Mayer, M.; Zhou, Z.; Oyaizu, M.; Isobe, K.; Nakamura, H.; Hayashi, T.

2018-04-01

Surface topography of and deuterium (D) retention in reduced activation ferritic-martensitic Eurofer'97 and ferritic oxide dispersion strengthening ODS-16Cr steels have been studied after exposure at 600 K to low-energy (70 and 200 eV), high-flux (∼1022 D/m2s) pure D and D-10%He plasmas with D fluence of 2 × 1025 D/m2. The methods used were scanning electron microscopy, energy-scanning D(3He,p)4He nuclear reaction, and thermal desorption spectroscopy. As a result of the plasma exposures, nano-sized structures are formed on the steel surfaces. After exposure to pure D plasmas, a significant fraction of D is accumulated in the bulk, at depths larger than 8 μm. After exposures to D-He plasmas, D is retained mainly in the near-surface layers. In spite of the fact that the He fluence was lower than the D fluence, the He retention in the steels is one order of magnitude higher than the D retention.

Load partitioning between ferrite/martensite and dispersed nanoparticles of a 9Cr ferritic/martensitic (F/M) ODS steel at high temperatures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Guangming; Mo, Kun; Miao, Yinbin

2015-06-18

In this study, a high-energy synchrotron radiation X-ray technique was used to investigate the tensile deformation processes of a 9Cr-ODS ferritic/martensitic (F/M) steel at different temperatures. Two minor phases within the 9Cr-ODS F/M steel matrix were identified as Y2Ti2O7 and TiN by the high-energy X-ray diffraction, and confirmed by the analysis using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). The lattice strains of the matrix and particles were measured through the entire tensile deformation process. During the tensile tests, the lattice strains of the ferrite/martensite and the particles (TiN and Y2Ti2O7) showed a strong temperature dependence,more » decreasing with increasing temperature. Analysis of the internal stress at three temperatures showed that the load partitioning between the ferrite/martensite and the particles (TiN and Y2Ti2O7) was initiated during sample yielding and reached to a peak during sample necking. At three studied temperatures, the internal stress of minor phases (Y2Ti2O7 and TiN) was about 2 times that of F/M matrix at yielding position, while the internal stress of Y2Ti2O7 and TiN reached about 4.5-6 times and 3-3.5 times that of the F/M matrix at necking position, respectively. It indicates that the strengthening of the matrix is due to minor phases (Y2Ti2O7 and TiN), especially Y2Ti2O7 particles. Although the internal stresses of all phases decreased with increasing temperature from RT to 600 degrees C, the ratio of internal stresses of each phase at necking position stayed in a stable range (internal stresses of Y2Ti2O7 and TiN were about 4.5-6 times and 3-3.5 times of that of F/M matrix, respectively). The difference between internal stress of the F/M matrix and the applied stress at 600 degrees C is slightly lower than those at RI and 300 degrees C, indicating that the nanoparticles still have good strengthening effect at 600 degrees C. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.« less

Essentials for Successful Organization Development Efforts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boss, R. Wayne

1979-01-01

The purpose of organization development (OD) is to improve an organization's effectiveness in making decisions and changes and to reach the full potential of its personnel. Objectives of OD and essentials for successful programs are listed. Definitions of essentials and how they add to the effectiveness of OD are presented. (Author/BEF)

Towards Healthy Organizations: The Use of Organization Development in Academic Libraries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Parsch, Janet H.; Baughman, M. Sue

2010-01-01

Two surveys assess use of organization development (OD) in Association of Research Libraries. Analysis presents organizational, deans', and staff professionals' perspectives on OD use. The study is the first broad analysis of academic library OD use and supports the concept of the "healthy organization." (Contains 12 tables.)

EU marketing authorization review of orphan and non-orphan drugs does not differ.

PubMed

Putzeist, M; Mantel-Teeuwisse, A K; Llinares, J; Gispen-De Wied, C C; Hoes, A W; Leufkens, H G M

2013-10-01

Marketing authorization application dossiers of 17 orphan drugs (ODs) and 51 non-ODs evaluated by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the period 2009-2010 were compared. We aimed to identify whether any differences existed between ODs and non-ODs in number and type of deficits brought forward during the EMA review, regarding the clinical development plan, clinical outcome and medical need and studied whether these deficits were similarly associated with marketing approval in the EU. In 71% of the ODs dossiers and 65% of the non-ODs dossiers marketing approval was granted. Differences in deficits were found, but similarities in the way ODs and non-ODs were reviewed and marketing approval decisions were taken, underline that regulatory standards are equally high. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Gas atomized precursor alloy powder for oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic stainless steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rieken, Joel

Gas atomization reaction synthesis (GARS) was employed as a simplified method for producing precursor powders for oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic stainless steels (e.g., Fe-Cr-Y-(Ti,Hf)-O), departing from the conventional mechanical alloying (MA) process. During GARS processing a reactive atomization gas (i.e., Ar-O 2) was used to oxidize the powder surfaces during primary break-up and rapid solidification of the molten alloy. This resulted in envelopment of the powders by an ultra-thin (t < 150 nm) metastable Cr-enriched oxide layer that was used as a vehicle for solid-state transport of O into the consolidated microstructure. In an attempt to better understand themore » kinetics of this GARS reaction, theoretical cooling curves for the atomized droplets were calculated and used to establish an oxidation model for this process. Subsequent elevated temperature heat treatments, which were derived from Rhines pack measurements using an internal oxidation model, were used to promote thermodynamically driven O exchange reactions between trapped films of the initial Cr-enriched surface oxide and internal Y-enriched intermetallic precipitates. This novel microstructural evolution process resulted in the successful formation of nano-metric Y-enriched dispersoids, as confirmed using high energy X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), equivalent to conventional ODS alloys from MA powders. The thermal stability of these Y-enriched dispersoids was evaluated using high temperature (1200°C) annealing treatments ranging from 2.5 to 1,000 hrs of exposure. In a further departure from current ODS practice, replacing Ti with additions of Hf appeared to improve the Y-enriched dispersoid thermal stability by means of crystal structure modification. Additionally, the spatial distribution of the dispersoids was found to depend strongly on the original rapidly solidified microstructure. To exploit this, ODS microstructures were engineered from different powder particle size ranges, illustrating microstructural control as a function of particle solidification rate. The consolidation of ultra-fine powders (dia. ≤ 5μm) resulted in a significant reduction in dispersoid size and spacing, consistent with initial scanning electron microscopy studies on as-atomized cross-sectioned particles that suggested that these powders solidified above the threshold velocity to effectively solute trap Y within the α-(Fe,Cr) matrix. Interestingly, when the solidification velocity as a function of particle size was extracted from the aforementioned theoretical particle cooling curves, it could be offered as supporting evidence for these microstructure observations. Thermal-mechanical treatments also were used to create and evaluate the stability of a dislocation substructure within these alloys, using microhardness and TEM analysis of the alloy sub-grain and grain structure. Moreover, elevated temperature tensile tests up to 800°C were used to assess the initial mechanical strength of the ODS microstructure.« less

M3FT-16OR0203052-Test Design for FeCrAl Alloy Tube Irradiation in HFIR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Terrani, Kurt A.; Petrie, Christian M.

2016-05-01

This calculation summarizes thermal analyses of a flexible rabbit design for irradiating a variety of pressurized water reactor (PWR) cladding materials (stainless steel, iron-chromium aluminum [FeCrAl], Zircaloy, and Inconel) with variable dimensions at a temperature of 350 °C in the flux trap of the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR). The design can accommodate standard cladding for outer diameters (ODs) of approximately 9.50 mm with thickness ranging from 0.30 mm to 0.70 mm. The length is generally between 10 and 50 mm. The specimens contain moly inserts with a variable OD that provides the heat flux necessary to achieve the designmore » temperature with such a small fixed gas gap. The primary outer containment is an Al-6061 housing with a slightly enlarged inner diameter (ID) of 9.60 mm. The specimen temperature is controlled by determining a helium/argon gas mixture specific to the as-built specimen and housing. Variables that affect the required gas mixture are the cladding material (thermal expansion, density, heat generation rate), cladding OD, housing ID, and cladding ID. This calculation documents the analyses performed to determine required gas mixtures for a variety of scenarios.« less

Polyether ether ketone encased monolith frits made of polyether ether ketone tubing with a 0.25 mm opening resulting in an improved separation performance in liquid chromatography.

PubMed

Park, Sin Young; Cheong, Won Jo

2016-05-01

Tiny polyether ether ketone encased monolith frits have been prepared by modified catalytic sulfonation of the inner surface of polyether ether tubing (1.6 mm od, 0.25 mm id) followed by modified formation of organic monolith and cutting of the tubing into slices. The frit was placed below the central hole of the column outlet union and supported by a combination of a silica capillary (0.365 mm od, 0.05 mm id) and a polyether ether ketone sleeve (1.6 mm od, 0.38 mm id) tightened with a nut and a ferrule when the column was packed to prevent sinking of the frit element into the union hole (0.25 mm opening) otherwise. The column packed this way with the frits investigated in this study has shown better separation performance owing to the reduced frit volume in comparison to the column packed with a commercial stainless-steel screen frit. This study establishes the strategy of disposable microcolumns in which cheap disposable frits are used whenever the column is re-packed to yield columns of even better chromatographic performance than the columns with commercial frits. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Survey Feedback as an Organization Development Strategy in a Public School District.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rosenbach, William E.; And Others

1983-01-01

Survey feedback can be applied as an organization development (OD) technique in public school systems. The technique, if suited to goals of an OD effort, can result in multiple positive outcomes. In addition to improvements characteristic of OD, the results of survey feedback can be utilized in making strategic decisions. (Author/MH)

Small angle neutron scattering study of nano sized microstructure in Fe-Cr ODS steels for gen IV in-core applications.

PubMed

Han, Young-Soo; Mao, Xiadong; Jang, Jinsung

2013-11-01

The nano-sized microstructures in Fe-Cr oxide dispersion strengthened steel for Gen IV in-core applications were studied using small angle neutron scattering. The oxide dispersion strengthened steel was manufactured through hot isostatic pressing with various chemical compositions and fabrication conditions. Small angle neutron scattering experiments were performed using a 40 m small angle neutron scattering instrument at HANARO. Nano sized microstructures, namely, yttrium oxides and Cr-oxides were quantitatively analyzed by small angle neutron scattering. The yttrium oxides and Cr-oxides were also observed by transmission electron microscopy. The microstructural analysis results from small angle neutron scattering were compared with those obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The effects of the chemical compositions and fabrication conditions on the microstructure were investigated in relation to the quantitative microstructural analysis results obtained by small angle neutron scattering. The volume fraction of Y-oxide increases after fabrication, and this result is considered to be due to the formation of non-stochiometric Y-Ti-oxides.

Use of the Contour Method to Determine Autofrettage Residual Stresses: A Proposed Experimental Procedure

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-01

autofrettage of a long tube: Residual hoop, radial and axial stresses, 70% overstrain, numerical, open-end Autofrettage of A723 steel including non- linear...concentrate axial stresses which are expected to range between 18% of yield in compression at the bore to 15% in tension at the OD. So the zone of the...experiments is that they were conducted on axially thin (quasi plane stress) ring specimens cut from much longer gun tubes. A recent paper [2

Activation and Coagulation Biomarkers are Independent Predictors for the Development of Opportunistic Disease in Patients with HIV Infection

PubMed Central

Rodger, Alison J; Fox, Zoe; Lundgren, Jens D; Kuller, Lew; Boesecke, Christoph; Gey, Daniela; Skoutelis, Athanassios; Goetz, Matthew Bidwell; Phillips, Andrew N

2010-01-01

Background Activation and coagulation biomarkers were measured within the SMART trial. Their associations with opportunistic disease (OD) in HIV-positive patients were examined. Methods Inflammatory (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6], amyloid-A, and amyloid-P) and coagulation (D-dimer and prothrombin-fragment 1+2) markers were determined. Conditional logistic regression analyses were used to assess associations between these biomarkers and risk of OD. Results The 91 patients who developed an OD were matched to 182 controls. Patients with hsCRP≥5 μg/mL at baseline had a 3.5 (95%CI: 1.5-8.1) higher odds of OD versus those with hsCRP<1 μg/ml, Ptrend=0.003, and patients with IL-6≥3 pg/mL at baseline had a 2.4 (95%CI: 1.0-5.4) higher odds of OD versus those with IL-6<1.5 pg/mL, Ptrend=0.02. No other baseline biomarkers predicted development of an OD. Latest hsCRP (OR: 7.6 (95%CI: 2.0-28.5) for those with hsCRP≥5 μg/mL versus hsCRP<1 μg/mL, Ptrend=0.002), latest amyloid-A (OR: 3.8 (95%CI: 1.1-13.4) for those with amyloid-A ≥6 mg/L versus amyloid-A <2 mg/L, Ptrend=0.03) and latest IL-6 (OR 2.4 (95%CI: 0.7-8.8) for those with IL-6≥3 pg/mL versus IL-6<1.5 pg/mL, Ptrend=0.04) were also associated with developing an OD. Conclusions Higher IL-6 and hsCRP independently predicted development of OD. These biomarkers could provide additional prognostic information for predicting risk of OD. PMID:19678756

[Characteristics of communication systems of suspected occupational disease in the Autonomous Communities, Spain].

PubMed

García Gómez, Montserrat; Urbaneja Arrúe, Félix; García López, Vega; Estaban Buedo, Valentín; Rodríguez Suárez, Valentín; Miralles Martínez-Portillo, Lourdes; González García, Isabel; Egea Garcia, Josefa; Corraliza Infanzon, Emma; Ramírez Salvador, Laura; Briz Blázquez, Santiago; Armengol Rosell, Ricard; Cisnal Gredilla, José María; Correa Rodríguez, Juan Francisco; Coto Fernández, Juan Carlos; Díaz Peral, Mª Rosario; Elvira Espinosa, Mercedes; Fernández Fernández, Iñigo; García-Ramos Alonso, Eduardo; Martínez Arguisuelas, Nieves; Rivas Pérez, Ana Isabel

2017-03-17

There are several initiatives to develop systems for the notification of suspected occupational disease (OD) in different autonomous communities. The objective was to describe the status of development and characteristics of these systems implemented by the health authorities. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on the existence of systems for the information and surveillance of suspected OD, their legal framework, responsible institution and availability of information. A specific meeting was held and a survey was designed and sent to all autonomous communities and autonomous cities (AACC). Information was collected on the existence of a regulatory standard, assigned human resources, notifiers, coverage and number of suspected OD received, processed and recognized. 18 of 19 AACC responded. 10 have developed a suspected OD notification system, 3 of them supported by specific autonomic law. The notifiers were physicians of the public health services, physicians of the occupational health services and, in 2 cases, medical inspectors. 7 AACC had specific software to support the system. The OD recognition rate of suspected cases was 53% in the Basque Country; 41% in Castilla-La Mancha; 36% in Murcia; 32.6% in the Valencian Community and 31% in La Rioja. The study has revealed an heterogeneous development of suspected OD reporting systems in Spain. Although the trend is positive, only 55% of the AACC have some type of development and 39% have specific software supporting it. Therefore unequal OD recognition rates have been obtained depending on the territory.

Application of an Instrumental and Computational Approach for Improving the Vibration Behavior of Structural Panels Using a Lightweight Multilayer Composite

PubMed Central

Sánchez, Alberto; García, Manuel; Sebastián, Miguel Angel; Camacho, Ana María

2014-01-01

This work presents a hybrid (experimental-computational) application for improving the vibration behavior of structural components using a lightweight multilayer composite. The vibration behavior of a flat steel plate has been improved by the gluing of a lightweight composite formed by a core of polyurethane foam and two paper mats placed on its faces. This composite enables the natural frequencies to be increased and the modal density of the plate to be reduced, moving about the natural frequencies of the plate out of excitation range, thereby improving the vibration behavior of the plate. A specific experimental model for measuring the Operating Deflection Shape (ODS) has been developed, which enables an evaluation of the goodness of the natural frequencies obtained with the computational model simulated by the finite element method (FEM). The model of composite + flat steel plate determined by FEM was used to conduct parametric study, and the most influential factors for 1st, 2nd and 3rd mode were identified using a multifactor analysis of variance (Multifactor-ANOVA). The presented results can be easily particularized for other cases, as it may be used in cycles of continuous improvement as well as in the product development at the material, piece, and complete-system levels. PMID:24618779

OD in Schools: The State of the Art. Vol. II: Review of Research on OD. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fullan, Michael; And Others

The purpose of this document, the second of a five-volume series, was to analyze the various reviews of organizational development (OD) in general, and case studies of school districts in particular, in order to synthesize information about OD as it applies to schools. The review is organized into four main categories: (1) values, themes, and…

OD in Schools: The State of the Art. Vol. IV: Case Studies. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fullan, Michael; And Others

This volume, the fourth of a five-volume series, contains three onsite case studies of organization development (OD) selected from a sample of 76 school districts. The purpose of the case studies was to analyze in detail different types of OD programs and their use. Each case study represents a different OD focus: case study A involves a survey…

Evaluating the Good Ontology Design Guideline (GoodOD) with the Ontology Quality Requirements and Evaluation Method and Metrics (OQuaRE)

PubMed Central

Duque-Ramos, Astrid; Boeker, Martin; Jansen, Ludger; Schulz, Stefan; Iniesta, Miguela; Fernández-Breis, Jesualdo Tomás

2014-01-01

Objective To (1) evaluate the GoodOD guideline for ontology development by applying the OQuaRE evaluation method and metrics to the ontology artefacts that were produced by students in a randomized controlled trial, and (2) informally compare the OQuaRE evaluation method with gold standard and competency questions based evaluation methods, respectively. Background In the last decades many methods for ontology construction and ontology evaluation have been proposed. However, none of them has become a standard and there is no empirical evidence of comparative evaluation of such methods. This paper brings together GoodOD and OQuaRE. GoodOD is a guideline for developing robust ontologies. It was previously evaluated in a randomized controlled trial employing metrics based on gold standard ontologies and competency questions as outcome parameters. OQuaRE is a method for ontology quality evaluation which adapts the SQuaRE standard for software product quality to ontologies and has been successfully used for evaluating the quality of ontologies. Methods In this paper, we evaluate the effect of training in ontology construction based on the GoodOD guideline within the OQuaRE quality evaluation framework and compare the results with those obtained for the previous studies based on the same data. Results Our results show a significant effect of the GoodOD training over developed ontologies by topics: (a) a highly significant effect was detected in three topics from the analysis of the ontologies of untrained and trained students; (b) both positive and negative training effects with respect to the gold standard were found for five topics. Conclusion The GoodOD guideline had a significant effect over the quality of the ontologies developed. Our results show that GoodOD ontologies can be effectively evaluated using OQuaRE and that OQuaRE is able to provide additional useful information about the quality of the GoodOD ontologies. PMID:25148262

Evaluating the Good Ontology Design Guideline (GoodOD) with the ontology quality requirements and evaluation method and metrics (OQuaRE).

PubMed

Duque-Ramos, Astrid; Boeker, Martin; Jansen, Ludger; Schulz, Stefan; Iniesta, Miguela; Fernández-Breis, Jesualdo Tomás

2014-01-01

To (1) evaluate the GoodOD guideline for ontology development by applying the OQuaRE evaluation method and metrics to the ontology artefacts that were produced by students in a randomized controlled trial, and (2) informally compare the OQuaRE evaluation method with gold standard and competency questions based evaluation methods, respectively. In the last decades many methods for ontology construction and ontology evaluation have been proposed. However, none of them has become a standard and there is no empirical evidence of comparative evaluation of such methods. This paper brings together GoodOD and OQuaRE. GoodOD is a guideline for developing robust ontologies. It was previously evaluated in a randomized controlled trial employing metrics based on gold standard ontologies and competency questions as outcome parameters. OQuaRE is a method for ontology quality evaluation which adapts the SQuaRE standard for software product quality to ontologies and has been successfully used for evaluating the quality of ontologies. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of training in ontology construction based on the GoodOD guideline within the OQuaRE quality evaluation framework and compare the results with those obtained for the previous studies based on the same data. Our results show a significant effect of the GoodOD training over developed ontologies by topics: (a) a highly significant effect was detected in three topics from the analysis of the ontologies of untrained and trained students; (b) both positive and negative training effects with respect to the gold standard were found for five topics. The GoodOD guideline had a significant effect over the quality of the ontologies developed. Our results show that GoodOD ontologies can be effectively evaluated using OQuaRE and that OQuaRE is able to provide additional useful information about the quality of the GoodOD ontologies.

The Use of Orientation/Decision/Do/Discuss/Reflect (OD3R) Method to Increase Critical Thinking Skill and Practical Skill in Biochemistry Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anwar, Yunita Arian Sani; Senam, Senam; Laksono, Endang W.

2018-01-01

We have developed an OD3R method that can be applied on Biochemistry learning. This OD3R consists of 5 phases: orientation, decision, do, discuss, and reflect to connect lessons in the class with practice in the laboratory. Implementation of OD3R method was done in 2 universities in Yogyakarta to increase critical thinking skill and practical…

OD in North American Schools: A Scandinavian View, with Comments by Matthew Miles and Michael Fullan. Uppsala Reports on Education, No. 20.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berg, Gunnar

This report discusses the structural conditions under which organizational development (OD), as employed in the school systems of the United States and Canada, is more or less applicable to schools. The first section (chapters 1-6) reviews papers and books, concerning either OD in general or the ways in which the ideas of OD have been used in the…

Variational Bayes method for estimating transit route OD flows using APC data.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-01-31

The focus of this study is on the use of large quantities of APC data to estimate OD flows : for transit bus routes. Since most OD flow estimation methodologies based on boarding and : alighting counts were developed before the prevalence of APC tech...

Antisense oligonucleotide technologies in drug discovery.

PubMed

Aboul-Fadl, Tarek

2006-09-01

The principle of antisense oligonucleotide (AS-OD) technologies is based on the specific inhibition of unwanted gene expression by blocking mRNA activity. It has long appeared to be an ideal strategy to leverage new genomic knowledge for drug discovery and development. In recent years, AS-OD technologies have been widely used as potent and promising tools for this purpose. There is a rapid increase in the number of antisense molecules progressing in clinical trials. AS-OD technologies provide a simple and efficient approach for drug discovery and development and are expected to become a reality in the near future. This editorial describes the established and emerging AS-OD technologies in drug discovery.

What an Executive Should Know About Organization Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tagliere, Daniel A.

1975-01-01

The author defines organization development (OD) and discusses organization, measurement of success, the role of specialists, the relationship between organization and organization interest illustrated in chart form, and 21 OD strategies. (JB)

High temperature Oxidation of ODS alloy with zirconia dispersions synthesized using Arc Plasma Sintering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bandriyana; Sujatno, A.; Salam, R.; Sugeng, B.; Dimyati, A.

2017-02-01

Microstructure formation and oxidation behaviour of the Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steels for application as structure material in Nuclear Power Plant was investigated. A mixture composed of Fe and 12 wt. % Cr powder with addition of 0.5 and 1 wt.% ZrO2 particles was milled and isostatic pressed to form a sample coin. The coin was then consolidated in the Arc Plasma Sintering (APS) for 4 minutes. The samples were subjected to the high temperature oxidation test in the Magnetic Suspension Balance (MSB). The oxidation test was carried out at 700°C for 6 hours to evaluate the oxide growth in the early stage of it formation by extraction the mass gain curve. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging and X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (EDX) elemental mapping were performed to study the microstructure change and compositional distribution. SEM and EDX observation revealed the time dependent development of the Fe-Cr-phases during consolidation. The oxidation rate behaviour of the samples followed the parabolic rate characteristic for inward oxidation process driven by oxygen inward diffusion through the oxide scale with the maximum weight gain around of 60 g/m2. The oxidation resistance was strongly affected by the formation of the oxide protective layer on the surface. In so far, addition of zirconia particles has played no significant role to the oxidation behaviour.

Development of Austenitic ODS Strengthened Alloys for Very High Temperature Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stubbins, James; Heuser, Brent; Robertson, Ian

2015-04-22

This “Blue Sky” project was directed at exploring the opportunities that would be gained by developing Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) alloys based on the Fe-Cr-Ni austenitic alloy system. A great deal of research effort has been directed toward ferritic and ferritic/martensitic ODS alloys which has resulted in reasonable advances in alloy properties. Similar gains should be possible with austenitic alloy which would also take advantage of other superior properties of that alloy system. The research effort was aimed at the developing an in-depth understanding of the microstructural-level strengthening effects of ODS particles in austentic alloys. This was accomplished on amore » variety of alloy compositions with the main focus on 304SS and 316SS compositions. A further goal was to develop an understanding other the role of ODS particles on crack propagation and creep performance. Since these later two properties require bulk alloy material which was not available, this work was carried out on promising austentic alloy systems which could later be enhanced with ODS strengthening. The research relied on a large variety of micro-analytical techniques, many of which were available through various scientific user facilities. Access to these facilities throughout the course of this work was instrumental in gathering complimentary data from various analysis techniques to form a well-rounded picture of the processes which control austenitic ODS alloy performance. Micromechanical testing of the austenitic ODS alloys confirmed their highly superior mechanical properties at elevated temperature from the enhanced strengthening effects. The study analyzed the microstructural mechanisms that provide this enhanced high temperature performance. The findings confirm that the smallest size ODS particles provide the most potent strengthening component. Larger particles and other thermally- driven precipitate structures were less effective contributors and, in some cases, limited overall properties. With this understanding, the major materials development challenge is to provide a high uniformly distributed population of very fine ODS particles to be able to realize the full promise of dispersion strengthening. This should be a major goal of future work. This program had the further goal to develop graduate student researcher with the experience and capabilities to move this field forward. The support in this program was used for graduate student support and for research expenses; none of the program funds directly supported the faculty in the program. In this sense, the program was successful in supporting several very promising graduate researchers. Four of the graduate students supported here will complete their PhDs in 2015.« less

A Thermal Stability Test for Primary Explosive Stab Sensitizers: Study of the Thermal and Hydrolytic Stability of 2-Picryl-5-Nitrotetrazole,

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-02-01

have been described previously (2]. The actual batch used was designated Batch D and was identical to that referred to as Batch C in Reference [2...Tetrazene was type RD1357 prepared at Materials Research Laboratories. The batch used was designated Batch 10/83(A). Lead Azide was type RD1343 and was...Preparation of Experimental Detonators Eperimental detonators were prepared in mild steel tubes, 6 mm o.d., 3.2 mm i.d., length 6 mm, prepared from

Reducing False Alarms in Ion Mobility Spectrometry Detectors: Determination of Accurate and Precise Reduced Mobility Values

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-11-01

Front view of the drift gas showerhead assembly showing the Faraday plate and insulating ceramic cemented in the center, (left) the drift gas...drift gas was preheated using a heater built in-house at WSU, which consisted of an 8 in. length of 1/8 in. stainless steel tubing wrapped with 3 ft...gate halves were then cemented together with an array of parallel 0.003 in. o.d. Alloy 46 wires (California Fine Wire Company) were spaced between them

Optimization of consolidation parameters of 18Cr-ODS ferritic steel through microstructural and microtexture characterization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dash, Manmath Kumar; Mythili, R.; Dasgupta, Arup; Saroja, S.

2018-04-01

This paper reports the optimization of consolidation process based on the evolution of microstructure, microtexture and densification in 18%-Cr Oxide Dispersion Strengthened steel. The steel powder of composition Fe-18Cr-0.01C-2W-0.25Ti-0.35Y2O3 has been consolidated by cold isostatic pressing (CIP) for green compaction after mechanical milling. Sintering (1000-1250 °C) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at 1150 °C has been employed to achieve good densification on compacted CIP specimen. The effect of sintering temperatures on densification behavior was evaluated and sintering at 1150°C was identified to be optimum for achieving good compaction (92% density) and homogeneous polygonal microstructure with a uniform distribution of fine pores. In addition, HIP of CIP product at 1150°C was found to yield a more homogeneous microstructure as compared to sintered product with 97% density. A static/dynamic recrystallization associated with (1 1 1) texture is observed during consolidation process. A statistical comparison has been made based on frequency of grain boundary distribution and associated texture with its theoretical attributes.

Characterization of Residual Stress as a Function of Friction Stir Welding Parameters in Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) Steel MA956

DOE PAGES

Brewer, Luke N.; Bennett, Martin S.; Baker, B. W.; ...

2015-09-08

This article characterizes the residual stresses generated by friction stir welding of oxide dispersion strengthened steel MA956 over a series of welding conditions. A plate of MA956 steel was friction stir welded at three conditions: 500 rpm/25 millimeters per minute (mmpm), 400 rpm/50 mmpm and 400 rpm/100 mmpm. The residual stresses across these welds were measured using both x-ray and neutron diffraction techniques. Longitudinal residual stresses up to eighty percent of the yield strength were observed for the 400 rpm/100 mmpm condition. Increasing the traverse rate while holding the rotational speed fixed increased the residual stress levels in the stirmore » zone and at the stir zone-thermomechanically affected zone interface. The stress profiles displayed the characteristic M shape, and the asymmetry between advancing and retreating stress peaks was limited, occurring mainly on the root side of the weld. The large magnitude of the stresses was maintained throughout the thickness of the plates.« less

Prevention of the Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome After Liver Transplantation: A Multidisciplinary Perspective.

PubMed

Crismale, J F; Meliambro, K A; DeMaria, S; Bronster, D B; Florman, S; Schiano, T D

2017-10-01

The osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is a serious neurologic condition that occurs in the setting of rapid correction of hyponatremia. It presents with protean manifestations, from encephalopathy to the "locked-in" syndrome. ODS can complicate liver transplantation (LT), and its incidence may increase with the inclusion of serum sodium as a factor in the Mayo End-Stage Liver Disease score. A comprehensive understanding of risk factors for the development of ODS in the setting of LT, along with recommendations to mitigate the risk of ODS, are necessary. The literature to date on ODS in the setting of LT was reviewed. Major risk factors for the development of ODS include severe pretransplant hyponatremia (serum sodium [SNa] < 125 mEq/L), the magnitude of change in SNa pre- versus posttransplant, higher positive intraoperative fluid balance, and the presence of postoperative hemorrhagic complications. Strategies to reduce the risk of ODS include correcting hyponatremia pretransplant via fluid restriction and/or ensuring an appropriate rate of increase from the preoperative SNa via close attention to fluid and electrolyte management both during and after surgery. Multidisciplinary management involving transplant hepatology, nephrology, neurology, surgery, and anesthesiology/critical care is key to performing LT safely in patients with hyponatremia. © 2017 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.

Designing Assessment Strategies for Organization Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nielsen, Warren R.; Kimberly, John R.

1976-01-01

Argues that systematic empirical assessment of organizational development (OD) interventions is important and can have benefits both for subject organizations and organizational researchers. Discusses suggested criteria for effective assessment of OD interventions. (For availability see EA 507 198.) (JG)

Planning for organization development in operations control centers.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-06-01

The first step in a proposed program of organization development (OD) was to assess organizational processes within the : Technical Operations Services (TechOps) Operations Control Centers (OCCs). The aim of the OD program was to : improve effectiven...

Are Emissions of Restricted Halocarbons in the USA and Canada Still Globally Significant?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hurst, D. F.; Romashkin, P. A.; Hall, B. D.; Elkins, J. W.; Lin, J. C.; Gerbig, C.; Daube, B. C.; Wofsy, S. C.

2004-12-01

The global manufacture of halocarbons regulated by the Montreal Protocol has dropped substantially in response to the January 1, 1996, production phase-out deadline (1994 for halons) for developed (Article 5) countries like the United States and Canada. Contemporary emissions of these ozone-depleting substances (ODS) emanate from ongoing production in developing countries and releases of banked halocarbons world-wide. ODS emissions in developing nations can be appraised from reported production figures, but not so for developed nations where recent manufacture is negligible. Emissions in the United States and Canada are increasingly difficult to estimate because of limited information about bank sizes and release rates in the post-production era. In addition, regional- or national-scale emission estimates should no longer be derived wholly from localized measurements because of the potentially patchy spatial distributions of modern emissions. We estimate ODS emissions in the USA and Canada from >1000 simultaneous, in situ measurements each of CO and six restricted halocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and halon-1211) in and above the planetary boundary layer during the 2003 CO2 Budget and Regional Airborne - North America (COBRA-NA 2003) study. The data obtained during 87 flight hours are geographically extensive (>30,000 km) including two 11,000 km flight circuits across both countries. More than 50 pollution "events" with statistically significant ODS:CO emission ratios were sampled, and for each event we have determined a flux footprint using the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model. The model also calculates footprint-weighted average population densities and CO fluxes which we convert to footprint-weighted average ODS fluxes using the measured ODS:CO emission ratios. Statistically robust relationships between footprint-averaged ODS fluxes and population densities for several ODS indicate that population-based extrapolations of these relationships to national levels are warranted. Emission estimates for the USA and Canada in 2003 will be presented and compared to the magnitudes of global emissions.

Small angle neutron scattering analyses and high temperature mechanical properties of nano-structured oxide dispersion strengthened steels produced via cryomilling

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, Jeoung Han; Byun, Thak Sang; Shin, Eunjoo

2015-08-17

Three oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steels are produced in order to investigate the effect of the mechanical alloying (MA) temperature on the microstructural evolution and high temperature mechanical properties. The microstructural evolution with different MA conditions is examined using small angle neutron scattering. As the MA temperature decreases, the density of the nanoclusters below 10 nm increases and their mean diameter decreases. A low temperature during MA leads to a high strength in the compression tests performed at 500 *C; however, this effect disappears in testing at 900 *C. The milling process at *70 *C exhibits excellent high fracture toughness, whichmore » is better than the benchmark material 14YWT-SM10. However, the *150 *C milling process results in significantly worse fracture toughness properties. The reasons for this strong temperature dependency are discussed.« less

Crystallographic relationship of YTaO4 particles with matrix in Ta-containing 12Cr ODS steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mao, Xiaodong; Kim, Tae Kyu; Kim, Sung Soo; Han, Young Soo; Oh, Kyu Hwan; Jang, Jinsung

2015-06-01

The crystallography of monoclinic YTaO4 particles and the atomic structure at the particle/ferrite matrix interface in Ta-containing 12Cr ODS steel have been examined by means of SAD and HRTEM. Three different peaks in size distribution of oxide particles were detected by SANS, with the peak positions at 1.5 nm, 9 nm, and 100 nm in size. The results show that many YTaO4 particles are semi-coherent with the matrix, and the habit plane determined in most cases is { 0 5 1 } O / /{ 0 1 1 } M . Orientation relationships of (0 5 1) O / /(1 bar 1 bar 0) M , [ 7 1 5 bar ] O / /[ 1 bar 1 1 ] M ; (1 2 1) O / /(1 1 0) M , [ 2 bar 1 0 ] O / /[ 0 0 1 ] M ; (0 5 1) O / /(0 1 1) M , [ 7 1 5 bar ] O / /[ 0 1 bar 1 ] M and (0 5 bar 1) O / /(1 bar 1 bar 0) M , [ 3 bar 1 5 ] O / /[ 1 bar 1 3 ] M were found. These orientation relationships provide a very small misorientation between the specific planes of YTaO4 particles and {1 1 0} close packed planes of ferrite. Fine particles of around 4 nm in size exhibited incoherent relationship with the misfit angle of around 10° with the matrix. Observation on particles ranging from 7 to 50 nm in size revealed that the crystallographic relationship is semi-coherent between oxide particles and the matrix.

Developing an OD-Intervention Metric System with the Use of Applied Theory-Building Methodology: A Work/Life-Intervention Example

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morris, Michael Lane; Storberg-Walker, Julia; McMillan, Heather S.

2009-01-01

This article presents a new model, generated through applied theory-building research methods, that helps human resource development (HRD) practitioners evaluate the return on investment (ROI) of organization development (OD) interventions. This model, called organization development human-capital accounting system (ODHCAS), identifies…

A Holistic Equilibrium Theory of Organization Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yang, Baiyin; Zheng, Wei

2005-01-01

This paper proposes a holistic equilibrium theory of organizational development (OD). The theory states that there are three driving forces in organizational change and development--rationality, reality, and liberty. OD can be viewed as a planned process of change in an organization so as to establish equilibrium among these three interacting…

Low cost fabrication development for oxide dispersion strengthened alloy vanes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Perkins, R. J.; Bailey, P. G.

1978-01-01

Viable processes were developed for secondary working of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys to near-net shapes (NNS) for aircraft turbine vanes. These processes were shown capable of producing required microstructure and properties for vane applications. Material cost savings of 40 to 50% are projected for the NNS process over the current procedures which involve machining from rectangular bar. Additional machining cost savings are projected. Of three secondary working processes evaluated, directional forging and plate bending were determined to be viable NNS processes for ODS vanes. Directional forging was deemed most applicable to high pressure turbine (HPT) vanes with their large thickness variations while plate bending was determined to be most cost effective for low pressure turbine (LPT) vanes because of their limited thickness variations. Since the F101 LPT vane was selected for study in this program, development of plate bending was carried through to establishment of a preliminary process. Preparation of ODS alloy plate for bending was found to be a straight forward process using currently available bar stock, providing that the capability for reheating between roll passes is available. Advanced ODS-NiCrAl and ODS-FeCrAl alloys were utilized on this program. Workability of all alloys was adequate for directional forging and plate bending, but only the ODS-FeCrAl had adequate workability for shaped preform extrustion.

The Effects of an Intergroup Development OD Intervention as Conditioned by the Life Cycle State of Organizations: A Laboratory Experiment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Randolph, W. Alan; Posner, Barry Z.

1982-01-01

Explored the effectiveness of an intergroup development organization development (OD) intervention at different stages of an organization's life cycle through four simulated organizations. Results suggest intergroup development interventions can be effective at any life stage, but impacts will be felt in different outcome measures and perceptual…

Uhv compatible chopper system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Voss, D.E.; Cohen, S.A.

1979-11-01

A time-of-flight system utilizing a novel mechanical chopper has been developed to measure the energy spectrum of neutral deuterium atoms emitted from a tokamak plasma. The chopper system consists of a motor, a magnetically levitated shaft, and a chopper disc. The 20 g disc is rigidly attached to a 159 g shaft assembly and the set is supported against gravity in vacuum by permanent magnets and a stabilizing servo system. All components are uhv compatible to avoid contamination to the tokamak and to the detector. The 25.4 cm OD, .005 cm thick, 301 stainless steel chopper disc has 24 .025more » cm wide slots photoetched at an 11.4 cm radius. An effective aperture time of .55 ..mu..s is achieved during typical steady state operation at 22,500 rpm with a vacuum pressure of 2 x 10/sup -8/ torr.« less

Characteristics and Professional Concerns of Organization Development Practitioners.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Patten, Thomas H., Jr.; And Others

A study was undertaken of organization development (OD) programs, from the point of view of the organization members who plan and conduct them, to gain information for meaningful planning by the American Society for Training and Development (ASTD). A questionnaire was returned by 103 of 450 randomly selected OD practitioners. Most respondents had…

Optical Coherence Tomography Reflective Drusen Substructures Predict Progression to Geographic Atrophy in Age-related Macular Degeneration.

PubMed

Veerappan, Malini; El-Hage-Sleiman, Abdul-Karim M; Tai, Vincent; Chiu, Stephanie J; Winter, Katrina P; Stinnett, Sandra S; Hwang, Thomas S; Hubbard, G Baker; Michelson, Michelle; Gunther, Randall; Wong, Wai T; Chew, Emily Y; Toth, Cynthia A

2016-12-01

Structural and compositional heterogeneity within drusen comprising lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins have been previously described. We sought to detect and define phenotypic patterns of drusen heterogeneity in the form of optical coherence tomography-reflective drusen substructures (ODS) and examine their associations with age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-related features and AMD progression. Retrospective analysis in a prospective study. Patients with intermediate AMD (n = 349) enrolled in the multicenter Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) ancillary spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) study. Baseline SD OCT scans of 1 eye per patient were analyzed for the presence of ODS. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of ODS presence with AMD-related features visible on SD OCT and color photographs, including drusen volume, geographic atrophy (GA), and preatrophic features, were evaluated for the entire macular region. Similar associations were also made locally within a 0.5-mm-diameter region around individual ODS and corresponding control region without ODS in the same eye. Preatrophy SD OCT changes and GA, central GA, and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) from color photographs. Four phenotypic subtypes of ODS were defined: low reflective cores, high reflective cores, conical debris, and split drusen. Among the 349 participants, there were 307 eligible eyes and 74 (24%) had at least 1 ODS. The ODS at baseline were associated with (1) greater macular drusen volume at baseline (P < 0.001), (2) development of preatrophic changes at year 2 (P = 0.001-0.01), and (3) development of macular GA (P = 0.005) and preatrophic changes at year 3 (P = 0.002-0.008), but not development of CNV. The ODS at baseline in a local region were associated with (1) presence of preatrophy changes at baseline (P = 0.02-0.03) and (2) development of preatrophy changes at years 2 and 3 within the region (P = 0.008-0.05). Optical coherence tomography-reflective drusen substructures are optical coherence tomography-based biomarkers of progression to GA, but not to CNV, in eyes with intermediate AMD. Optical coherence tomography-reflective drusen substructures may be a clinical entity helpful in monitoring AMD progression and informing mechanisms in GA pathogenesis. Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Ophthalmology. All rights reserved.

Optical Coherence Tomography Reflective Drusen Substructures Predict Progression to Geographic Atrophy in Non-neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration

PubMed Central

Veerappan, Malini; El-Hage Sleiman, Abdul-Karim M.; Tai, Vincent; Chiu, Stephanie J.; Winter, Katrina P.; Stinnett, Sandra S.; Hwang, Thomas S.; Hubbard, G. Baker; Michelson, Michelle; Gunther, Randall; Wong, Wai T.; Chew, Emily Y.; Toth, Cynthia A.

2016-01-01

Purpose Structural and compositional heterogeneity within drusen, composed of lipid, carbohydrates, and proteins, have been previously described. We sought to detect and define phenotypic patterns of drusen heterogeneity in the form of optical coherence tomography–reflective drusen substructures (ODS) and examine their associations with age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-related features and AMD progression. Design Retrospective analysis in a prospective study. Participants Patients with intermediate AMD (n = 349) enrolled in the multicenter Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) ancillary spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) study. Methods Baseline SD OCT scans of 1 eye per patient were analyzed for presence of ODS. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of ODS presence with AMD-related features visible on SD OCT and color photographs, including drusen volume, geographic atrophy (GA), and preatrophic features, were evaluated for the entire macular region. Similar associations were also made locally within a 0.5-mm diameter region around individual ODS and corresponding control region without ODS in the same eye. Main Outcome Measures Preatrophy SD OCT changes and GA, central GA, and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) from color photographs. Results Four phenotypic subtypes of ODS were defined: low reflective cores, high reflective cores, conical debris, and split drusen. Of the 349 participants, there were 307 eligible eyes and 74 (24%) had at least 1 ODS. The ODS at baseline were associated with (1) greater macular drusen volume at baseline (P < 0.001), (2) development of preatrophic changes at year 2 (P = 0.001–0.01), and (3) development of macular GA (P = 0.005) and preatrophic changes at year 3 (P = 0.002–0.008), but not development of CNV. The ODS at baseline in a local region were associated with (1) presence of preatrophy changes at baseline (P = 0.02-0.03) and (2) development of preatrophy changes at years 2 and 3 within the region (P = 0.008-0.05). Conclusions Optical coherence tomography–reflective drusen substructures are optical coherence tomography–based biomarkers of progression to GA, but not to CNV, in eyes with intermediate AMD. Optical coherence tomography–reflective drusen substructures may be a clinical entity helpful in monitoring AMD progression and informing mechanisms in GA pathogenesis. PMID:27793356

European Society for Swallowing Disorders - European Union Geriatric Medicine Society white paper: oropharyngeal dysphagia as a geriatric syndrome.

PubMed

Baijens, Laura Wj; Clavé, Pere; Cras, Patrick; Ekberg, Olle; Forster, Alexandre; Kolb, Gerald F; Leners, Jean-Claude; Masiero, Stefano; Mateos-Nozal, Jesús; Ortega, Omar; Smithard, David G; Speyer, Renée; Walshe, Margaret

2016-01-01

This position document has been developed by the Dysphagia Working Group, a committee of members from the European Society for Swallowing Disorders and the European Union Geriatric Medicine Society, and invited experts. It consists of 12 sections that cover all aspects of clinical management of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) related to geriatric medicine and discusses prevalence, quality of life, and legal and ethical issues, as well as health economics and social burden. OD constitutes impaired or uncomfortable transit of food or liquids from the oral cavity to the esophagus, and it is included in the World Health Organization's classification of diseases. It can cause severe complications such as malnutrition, dehydration, respiratory infections, aspiration pneumonia, and increased readmissions, institutionalization, and morbimortality. OD is a prevalent and serious problem among all phenotypes of older patients as oropharyngeal swallow response is impaired in older people and can cause aspiration. Despite its prevalence and severity, OD is still underdiagnosed and untreated in many medical centers. There are several validated clinical and instrumental methods (videofluoroscopy and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing) to diagnose OD, and treatment is mainly based on compensatory measures, although new treatments to stimulate the oropharyngeal swallow response are under research. OD matches the definition of a geriatric syndrome as it is highly prevalent among older people, is caused by multiple factors, is associated with several comorbidities and poor prognosis, and needs a multidimensional approach to be treated. OD should be given more importance and attention and thus be included in all standard screening protocols, treated, and regularly monitored to prevent its main complications. More research is needed to develop and standardize new treatments and management protocols for older patients with OD, which is a challenging mission for our societies.

European Society for Swallowing Disorders – European Union Geriatric Medicine Society white paper: oropharyngeal dysphagia as a geriatric syndrome

PubMed Central

Baijens, Laura WJ; Clavé, Pere; Cras, Patrick; Ekberg, Olle; Forster, Alexandre; Kolb, Gerald F; Leners, Jean-Claude; Masiero, Stefano; Mateos-Nozal, Jesús; Ortega, Omar; Smithard, David G; Speyer, Renée; Walshe, Margaret

2016-01-01

This position document has been developed by the Dysphagia Working Group, a committee of members from the European Society for Swallowing Disorders and the European Union Geriatric Medicine Society, and invited experts. It consists of 12 sections that cover all aspects of clinical management of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) related to geriatric medicine and discusses prevalence, quality of life, and legal and ethical issues, as well as health economics and social burden. OD constitutes impaired or uncomfortable transit of food or liquids from the oral cavity to the esophagus, and it is included in the World Health Organization’s classification of diseases. It can cause severe complications such as malnutrition, dehydration, respiratory infections, aspiration pneumonia, and increased readmissions, institutionalization, and morbimortality. OD is a prevalent and serious problem among all phenotypes of older patients as oropharyngeal swallow response is impaired in older people and can cause aspiration. Despite its prevalence and severity, OD is still underdiagnosed and untreated in many medical centers. There are several validated clinical and instrumental methods (videofluoroscopy and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing) to diagnose OD, and treatment is mainly based on compensatory measures, although new treatments to stimulate the oropharyngeal swallow response are under research. OD matches the definition of a geriatric syndrome as it is highly prevalent among older people, is caused by multiple factors, is associated with several comorbidities and poor prognosis, and needs a multidimensional approach to be treated. OD should be given more importance and attention and thus be included in all standard screening protocols, treated, and regularly monitored to prevent its main complications. More research is needed to develop and standardize new treatments and management protocols for older patients with OD, which is a challenging mission for our societies. PMID:27785002

Transanal surgery for obstructed defecation syndrome: Literature review and a single-center experience

PubMed Central

Liu, Wei-Cheng; Wan, Song-Lin; Yaseen, SM; Ren, Xiang-Hai; Tian, Cui-Ping; Ding, Zhao; Zheng, Ken-Yan; Wu, Yun-Hua; Jiang, Cong-Qing; Qian, Qun

2016-01-01

Obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS) is a functional disorder commonly encountered by colorectal surgeons and gastroenterologists, and greatly affects the quality of life of patients from both societal and psychological aspects. The underlying anatomical and pathophysiological changes of ODS are complex. However, intra-rectal intussusception and rectocele are frequently found in patients with ODS and both are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of ODS. With the development of evaluation methods in anorectal physiology laboratories and radiology studies, a great variety of new operative procedures, especially transanal procedures, have been invented to treat ODS. However, no procedure has been proved to be superior to others at present. Each operation has its own merits and defects. Thus, choosing appropriate transanal surgical procedures for the treatment of ODS remains a challenge for all surgeons. This review provides an introduction of the current problems and options for treatment of ODS and a detailed summary of the essential assessments needed for patient evaluation before carrying out transanal surgery. Besides, an overview of the benefits and problems of current transanal surgical procedures for treatment of ODS is summarized in this review. A report of clinical experience of some transanal surgical techniques used in the authors’ center is also presented. PMID:27672293

Transanal surgery for obstructed defecation syndrome: Literature review and a single-center experience.

PubMed

Liu, Wei-Cheng; Wan, Song-Lin; Yaseen, S M; Ren, Xiang-Hai; Tian, Cui-Ping; Ding, Zhao; Zheng, Ken-Yan; Wu, Yun-Hua; Jiang, Cong-Qing; Qian, Qun

2016-09-21

Obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS) is a functional disorder commonly encountered by colorectal surgeons and gastroenterologists, and greatly affects the quality of life of patients from both societal and psychological aspects. The underlying anatomical and pathophysiological changes of ODS are complex. However, intra-rectal intussusception and rectocele are frequently found in patients with ODS and both are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of ODS. With the development of evaluation methods in anorectal physiology laboratories and radiology studies, a great variety of new operative procedures, especially transanal procedures, have been invented to treat ODS. However, no procedure has been proved to be superior to others at present. Each operation has its own merits and defects. Thus, choosing appropriate transanal surgical procedures for the treatment of ODS remains a challenge for all surgeons. This review provides an introduction of the current problems and options for treatment of ODS and a detailed summary of the essential assessments needed for patient evaluation before carrying out transanal surgery. Besides, an overview of the benefits and problems of current transanal surgical procedures for treatment of ODS is summarized in this review. A report of clinical experience of some transanal surgical techniques used in the authors' center is also presented.

An Organizational Development Handbook

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-09-01

their own sense about OD. For that reason, Richard Beckhard’s definition was selected for this handbook. Beckhard combined the philosophies of process ...and expert consultation. Briefly, process consultation is when the OD consultant assists and allows the client to discover his own answers of solutions...interventions in the organization’s process - es," using behavioral-science knowledge." [Ref. l:p. 9] It is a planned change effort. "An OD program

Applying Western Organization Development in China: Lessons from a Case of Success

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wang, Jia

2010-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore a successful case of a Chinese state-owned enterprise (SOE) as it applied western organization development (OD) approaches. Specifically, this study seeks to answer two questions: How has western organization development and change (OD/C) been applied in one Chinese SOE? and What lessons can be…

Examining subtypes of behavior problems among 3-year-old children, Part I: investigating validity of subtypes and biological risk-factors.

PubMed

Harvey, Elizabeth A; Friedman-Weieneth, Julie L; Goldstein, Lauren H; Sherman, Alison H

2007-02-01

This study examined 3-year-old children who were classified as hyperactive (HYP), oppositional-defiant (OD), hyperactive and oppositional defiant (HYP/OD), and non-problem based on mothers' reports of behavior. Using fathers,' teachers,' and observers' ratings of children's behavior, concurrent validity was excellent for the HYP/OD group, moderate for the HYP group, and poor for the OD group. As predicted, both the HYP/OD and HYP groups reported more prenatal/perinatal birth complications and a greater family history of hyperactivity than did non-problem children. Furthermore, the HYP/OD group showed a greater family history of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms than did non-problem children; however, the HYP group also showed a greater family history of ODD than did non-problem children. Results suggest that as early as age 3, these behavior subtypes appear to be linked to biologically-based risk-factors in ways that are consistent with theories of the development of ADHD.

Surface modification and deuterium retention in reduced-activation steels under low-energy deuterium plasma exposure. Part II: steels pre-damaged with 20 MeV W ions and high heat flux

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ogorodnikova, O. V.; Zhou, Z.; Sugiyama, K.; Balden, M.; Pintsuk, G.; Gasparyan, Yu.; Efimov, V.

2017-03-01

The reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels including Eurofer (9Cr) and oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels by the addition of Y2O3 particles investigated in Part I were pre-damaged either with 20 MeV W ions at room temperature at IPP (Garching) or with high heat flux at FZJ (Juelich) and subsequently exposed to low energy (~20-200 eV per D) deuterium (D) plasma up to a fluence of 2.9  ×  1025 D m-2 in the temperature range from 290 K to 700 K. The pre-irradiation with 20 MeV W ions at room temperature up to 1 displacement per atom (dpa) has no noticeable influence on the steel surface morphology before and after the D plasma exposure. The pre-irradiation with W ions leads to the same concentration of deuterium in all kinds of investigated steels, regardless of the presence of nanoparticles and Cr content. It was found that (i) both kinds of irradiation with W ions and high heat flux increase the D retention in steels compared to undamaged steels and (ii) the D retention in both pre-damaged and undamaged steels decreases with a formation of surface roughness under the irradiation of steels with deuterium ions with incident energy which exceeds the threshold of sputtering. The increase in the D retention in RAFM steels pre-damaged either with W ions (damage up to ~3 µm) or high heat flux (damage up to ~10 µm) diminishes with increasing the temperature. It is important to mention that the near surface modifications caused by either implantation of high energy ions or a high heat flux load, significantly affect the total D retention at low temperatures or low fluences but have a negligible impact on the total D retention at elevated temperatures and high fluences because, in these cases, the D retention is mainly determined by bulk diffusion.

CO + OH --> CO2 + H: The relative reaction rate of five CO isotopologues with OH and OD

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feilberg, K. L.; Nielsen, C. J.; Griffith, D. W.; Johnson, M. S.

2003-04-01

The reaction of carbon monoxide with the hydroxyl radical (CO + OH) plays a central role in tropospheric chemistry. While the analysis of stable isotope enrichment has been used to refine models of the sources and sinks of atmospheric CO and CO_2, less is known about the mechanism behind the enrichment [T. Röckmann et al., 1998]. We have previously reported the relative reaction rate of five CO isotopologues with OH radicals [K. L. Feilberg et al. 2002]; the present work is an expansion of the previous work in which the relative reaction rate with OD as well as with OH is measured using an improved technique. The hydroxyl radical was generated by the UV photolysis of ozone in the presence of hydrogen gas. The concentrations of the carbon monoxide isotopologues as a function of photolysis time is determined using a global fit of the rovibrationally resolved FTIR spectrum of the gas mixture in a stainless steel smog chamber. The observed inverse kinetic isotope effect is best understood in terms of the effect of isotopic substitution on the relative rate of unimolecular dissociation of the HOCO intermediate to reform reagents versus dissociate to products. In addition, we present the results of a quantum dressed classical mechanics calculation for the reaction CO + OD rightarrow CO_2 + D analogous to a previously published calculation for the reaction CO + OD rightarrow CO_2 + H [K. L. Feilberg et al. 2001]. References T. Röckmann, C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer, G. Saueressig, P. Bergamaschi, J. N. Crowley, H. Fischer and P. J. Crutzen, Science, 1998, 281, 544. K. L. Feilberg, C. J. Nielsen, D. W. T. Griffith and M. S. Johnson, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 4, 4687-4693, 2002. K. L. Feilberg, G. D. Billing and M. S. Johnson, Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 105(50), 11171, 2001.

Nutritional status of older patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia in a chronic versus an acute clinical situation.

PubMed

Carrión, Silvia; Roca, Maria; Costa, Alicia; Arreola, Viridiana; Ortega, Omar; Palomera, Elisabet; Serra-Prat, Mateu; Cabré, Mateu; Clavé, Pere

2017-08-01

Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a prevalent risk factor for malnutrition (MN) in older patients and both conditions are related to poor outcome. To explore the nutritional status in older patients with OD in a chronic and an acute clinical situation. We examined 95 older (≥70 years) patients with OD associated to chronic neurological diseases or aging, and 23 older patients with OD and acute community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with videofluoroscopy; and 15 older people without OD. We collected nutritional status, measured with the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA ® ), anthropometric measurements, and biochemistry and bioimpedance for body composition. Functional status was assessed with the Barthel index. 1) Taking into consideration patients with OD with chronic conditions, 51.1% presented a MNA ® ≤23.5; 16.7%, sarcopenia and a) reduced visceral and muscular protein compartments and fat compartment; b) muscular weakness c) intracellular water depletion, and d) reduced body weight. Patients with OD and MNA ® ≤23 needed higher levels of nectar viscosity for a safe swallow and had increased oropharyngeal residue at spoon-thick viscosity. 2) Patients with OD and CAP, 69.5%, presented an MNA ® ≤23.5 and 29.4% sarcopenia, the inflammatory response of the pneumonia adding to the more severe depletion in visceral protein and muscular mass. Prevalence of impaired nutritional status (malnutrition risk, and sarcopenia) among older patients with OD associated with either chronic or acute conditions is very high. In patients with OD and chronic diseases, poor nutritional status further impairs OD with an increase in oropharyngeal residue at spoon-thick viscosity. In the acute setting there is inflammation and an additional protein deficiency. These findings will help develop specific products both for OD and nutritional status in each specific clinical situation. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.

[Optic density of gastric content in the rapid assessment of pulmonary maturity of the newborn].

PubMed

Brandell, L; Sepúlveda, W H; Araneda, H; Mangiamarchi, M

1991-01-01

The authors studied the correlation between optical density at 650 nm (OD650) in paired samples of amniotic fluid and newborn gastric aspirate obtained from 50 pregnant women who underwent cesarean delivery and from their respective newborns. There was a good correlation between both samples (r = 0.92), which demonstrates that OD650 is a reliable method for studying neonatal pulmonary maturity, especially in those high-risk cases in which no prenatal study is available. None of the infants with mature readings (OD650 > or = 0.10) and 6 out of 13 infants with immature readings (OD650 < 0.10) developed RDS.

Managing crises through organisational development: a conceptual framework.

PubMed

Lalonde, Carole

2011-04-01

This paper presents a synthesis of the guiding principles in crisis management in accordance with the four configurational imperatives (strategy, structure, leadership and environment) defined by Miller (1987) and outlines interventions in organisational development (OD) that may contribute to their achievement. The aim is to build a conceptual framework at the intersection of these two fields that could help to strengthen the resilient capabilities of individuals, organisations and communities to face crises. This incursion into the field of OD--to generate more efficient configurations of practices in crisis management--seems particularly fruitful considering the system-wide application of OD, based on open-systems theory (Burke, 2008). Various interventions proposed by OD in terms of human processes, structural designs and human resource management, as well as strategy, may help leaders, members of organisations and civil society apply effectively, and in a more sustainable way, the crisis management guiding principles defined by researchers. © 2011 The Author(s). Disasters © Overseas Development Institute, 2011.

Development of high performance ODS alloys

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shao, Lin; Gao, Fei; Garner, Frank

2018-01-29

This project aims to capitalize on insights developed from recent high-dose self-ion irradiation experiments in order to develop and test the next generation of optimized ODS alloys needed to meet the nuclear community's need for high strength, radiation-tolerant cladding and core components, especially with enhanced resistance to void swelling. Two of these insights are that ferrite grains swell earlier than tempered martensite grains, and oxide dispersions currently produced only in ferrite grains require a high level of uniformity and stability to be successful. An additional insight is that ODS particle stability is dependent on as-yet unidentified compositional combinations of dispersoidmore » and alloy matrix, such as dispersoids are stable in MA957 to doses greater than 200 dpa but dissolve in MA956 at doses less than 200 dpa. These findings focus attention on candidate next-generation alloys which address these concerns. Collaboration with two Japanese groups provides this project with two sets of first-round candidate alloys that have already undergone extensive development and testing for unirradiated properties, but have not yet been evaluated for their irradiation performance. The first set of candidate alloys are dual phase (ferrite + martensite) ODS alloys with oxide particles uniformly distributed in both ferrite and martensite phases. The second set of candidate alloys are ODS alloys containing non-standard dispersoid compositions with controllable oxide particle sizes, phases and interfaces.« less

Organization Development and Change in Universities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Torraco, Richard J.; Hoover, Richard E.; Knippelmeyer, Sheri A.

2005-01-01

Organization development is an approach to planned change that is used in the private, public, and nonprofit sectors. However, relatively little is known about OD in universities. This paper examines the challenges associated with the use of OD in universities that may not be present in the private sector and other non-university settings. Five…

Organization Development: Change Strategies. New Directions for Community Colleges, Number 37.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hammons, James, Ed.

1982-01-01

The essays in this collection focus on various aspects of organization development (OD) and its application in educational institutions. First, Jim Hammons provides an overview of OD and its value to the community college. Then, Richard Woodman and William Muse describe techniques and methodologies that have been successful in improving work group…

The Effect of Organization Development Training on Goal Agreement Among School Faculty Members.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bartunek, Jean M.; Keys, Christopher B.

Teachers in schools receiving organization development (OD) training were expected to show greater agreement on school goals than control school teachers. Toward the end of one school year, faculty-administration teams from seven elementary schools attended OD training. During the next school year these teams conducted workshops for fellow…

Strengths, Opportunities, Aspirations, and Results: An Emerging Approach to Organization Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zarestky, Jill; Cole, Catherine S.

2017-01-01

Organization development (OD) interventions have typically relied on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) framework for strategic planning. The strengths, opportunities, aspirations, and results (SOAR) framework is a relatively new innovation in OD that may serve as a viable alternative to SWOT for those who wish to apply…

Tailoring Consultation in Organization Development for Particular Schools. An Occasional Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schmuck, Richard; And Others

This paper discusses characteristics of school organizations and strategies of organization development (OD) consultation as they relate to organizational change in schools. The basic premise of the paper is that any OD intervention in a school should be a somewhat unique series of events specifically tailored to the needs and characteristics of…

Process Consultation: Its Role in Organization Development.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schein, Edgar H.

This volume focuses on the process by which the consultant builds readiness for organizational development (OD) programs, actually conducts training, and works with the key individuals of an organization as part of an OD program. Part I describes in some detail the human processes in organizations--communication, functional roles of group members,…

An Account of Studies of Organizational Development in Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Runkel, Philip J.; Schmuck, Richard A.

Most organizational development (OD) projects in schools are never reported in the literature. This paper discusses benefits, outcomes, and success factors disclosed by the first large-scale quantitative survey of OD in schoools conducted by Fullan, Miles, and Taylor in 1978. The paper also explores other relevant studies published through early…

Statistical inferences for data from studies conducted with an aggregated multivariate outcome-dependent sample design

PubMed Central

Lu, Tsui-Shan; Longnecker, Matthew P.; Zhou, Haibo

2016-01-01

Outcome-dependent sampling (ODS) scheme is a cost-effective sampling scheme where one observes the exposure with a probability that depends on the outcome. The well-known such design is the case-control design for binary response, the case-cohort design for the failure time data and the general ODS design for a continuous response. While substantial work has been done for the univariate response case, statistical inference and design for the ODS with multivariate cases remain under-developed. Motivated by the need in biological studies for taking the advantage of the available responses for subjects in a cluster, we propose a multivariate outcome dependent sampling (Multivariate-ODS) design that is based on a general selection of the continuous responses within a cluster. The proposed inference procedure for the Multivariate-ODS design is semiparametric where all the underlying distributions of covariates are modeled nonparametrically using the empirical likelihood methods. We show that the proposed estimator is consistent and developed the asymptotically normality properties. Simulation studies show that the proposed estimator is more efficient than the estimator obtained using only the simple-random-sample portion of the Multivariate-ODS or the estimator from a simple random sample with the same sample size. The Multivariate-ODS design together with the proposed estimator provides an approach to further improve study efficiency for a given fixed study budget. We illustrate the proposed design and estimator with an analysis of association of PCB exposure to hearing loss in children born to the Collaborative Perinatal Study. PMID:27966260

Evaluation of consolidation method on mechanical and structural properties of ODS RAF steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Frelek-Kozak, M.; Kurpaska, L.; Wyszkowska, E.; Jagielski, J.; Jozwik, I.; Chmielewski, M.

2018-07-01

In the present work, the effects of the fabrication method on mechanical and structural properties of 12%Cr, 2%W, 0.25%Ti, 0.25%Y2O3 steels were investigated. Materials obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) and Hot Extrusion (HE) methods were studied. The microstructure was characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electron Backscatter Diffraction analysis (EBSD). Mechanical properties of the studied samples were evaluated by using Vickers micro hardness HV0.1, Small Punch Test (SPT) and nanoindentation (NI) methods. The analysis revealed that samples manufactured via HIP and SPS processes exhibit very similar properties, whereas SPS method produces material with slightly lower hardness. In addition, significantly lower mechanical properties of the specimens after HE process were observed. The study described in this article addresses also the problems of mechanical parameters measured in micro- and nano-scale experiments and aims to identify possible pitfalls related to the use of various manufacturing technologies.

Microstructure investigation of 13Cr-2Mo ODS steel components obtained by high voltage electric discharge compaction technique

DOE PAGES

Bogachev, Igor; Yudin, Artem; Grigoryev, Evgeniy; ...

2015-11-02

Refractory oxide dispersion strengthened 13Cr-2Mo steel powder was successfully consolidated to near theoretical density using high voltage electric discharge compaction. Cylindrical samples with relative density from 90% to 97% and dimensions of 10 mm in diameter and 10–15 mm in height were obtained. Consolidation conditions such as pressure and voltage were varied in some ranges to determine the optimal compaction regime. Three different concentrations of yttria were used to identify its effect on the properties of the samples. It is shown that the utilized ultra-rapid consolidation process in combination with high transmitted energy allows obtaining high density compacts, retaining themore » initial structure with minimal grain growth. The experimental results indicate some heterogeneity of the structure which may occur in the external layers of the tested samples due to various thermal and electromagnetic in-processing effects. As a result, the choice of the optimal parameters of the consolidation enables obtaining samples of acceptable quality.« less

Microstructure Investigation of 13Cr-2Mo ODS Steel Components Obtained by High Voltage Electric Discharge Compaction Technique.

PubMed

Bogachev, Igor; Yudin, Artem; Grigoryev, Evgeniy; Chernov, Ivan; Staltsov, Maxim; Khasanov, Oleg; Olevsky, Eugene

2015-11-02

Refractory oxide dispersion strengthened 13Cr-2Mo steel powder was successfully consolidated to near theoretical density using high voltage electric discharge compaction. Cylindrical samples with relative density from 90% to 97% and dimensions of 10 mm in diameter and 10-15 mm in height were obtained. Consolidation conditions such as pressure and voltage were varied in some ranges to determine the optimal compaction regime. Three different concentrations of yttria were used to identify its effect on the properties of the samples. It is shown that the utilized ultra-rapid consolidation process in combination with high transmitted energy allows obtaining high density compacts, retaining the initial structure with minimal grain growth. The experimental results indicate some heterogeneity of the structure which may occur in the external layers of the tested samples due to various thermal and electromagnetic in-processing effects. The choice of the optimal parameters of the consolidation enables obtaining samples of acceptable quality.

Obtaining optic disc center and pixel region by automatic thresholding methods on morphologically processed fundus images.

PubMed

Marin, Diego; Gegundez-Arias, Manuel E; Suero, Angel; Bravo, Jose M

2015-02-01

Development of automatic retinal disease diagnosis systems based on retinal image computer analysis can provide remarkably quicker screening programs for early detection. Such systems are mainly focused on the detection of the earliest ophthalmic signs of illness and require previous identification of fundal landmark features such as optic disc (OD), fovea or blood vessels. A methodology for accurate center-position location and OD retinal region segmentation on digital fundus images is presented in this paper. The methodology performs a set of iterative opening-closing morphological operations on the original retinography intensity channel to produce a bright region-enhanced image. Taking blood vessel confluence at the OD into account, a 2-step automatic thresholding procedure is then applied to obtain a reduced region of interest, where the center and the OD pixel region are finally obtained by performing the circular Hough transform on a set of OD boundary candidates generated through the application of the Prewitt edge detector. The methodology was evaluated on 1200 and 1748 fundus images from the publicly available MESSIDOR and MESSIDOR-2 databases, acquired from diabetic patients and thus being clinical cases of interest within the framework of automated diagnosis of retinal diseases associated to diabetes mellitus. This methodology proved highly accurate in OD-center location: average Euclidean distance between the methodology-provided and actual OD-center position was 6.08, 9.22 and 9.72 pixels for retinas of 910, 1380 and 1455 pixels in size, respectively. On the other hand, OD segmentation evaluation was performed in terms of Jaccard and Dice coefficients, as well as the mean average distance between estimated and actual OD boundaries. Comparison with the results reported by other reviewed OD segmentation methodologies shows our proposal renders better overall performance. Its effectiveness and robustness make this proposed automated OD location and segmentation method a suitable tool to be integrated into a complete prescreening system for early diagnosis of retinal diseases. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Detecting the optic disc boundary in digital fundus images using morphological, edge detection, and feature extraction techniques.

PubMed

Aquino, Arturo; Gegundez-Arias, Manuel Emilio; Marin, Diego

2010-11-01

Optic disc (OD) detection is an important step in developing systems for automated diagnosis of various serious ophthalmic pathologies. This paper presents a new template-based methodology for segmenting the OD from digital retinal images. This methodology uses morphological and edge detection techniques followed by the Circular Hough Transform to obtain a circular OD boundary approximation. It requires a pixel located within the OD as initial information. For this purpose, a location methodology based on a voting-type algorithm is also proposed. The algorithms were evaluated on the 1200 images of the publicly available MESSIDOR database. The location procedure succeeded in 99% of cases, taking an average computational time of 1.67 s. with a standard deviation of 0.14 s. On the other hand, the segmentation algorithm rendered an average common area overlapping between automated segmentations and true OD regions of 86%. The average computational time was 5.69 s with a standard deviation of 0.54 s. Moreover, a discussion on advantages and disadvantages of the models more generally used for OD segmentation is also presented in this paper.

Organizational Development for Thornlea; A Communication Package and Some Results

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Croft, John C.

1970-01-01

This case study discusses assumptions and objectives of organizational development (OD) in general, some background of a school which recently participated in a very brief taste of OD, some essential features of the package itself and some results, and some implications. Comments follow by Gilbert D. Moore, State University of New York, Buffalo,…

Assessment of an Organization Development Intervention in a Parochial High School.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gelula, Mark H.

This paper reports some findings observed in the course of an on-going study of some effects of an Organization Development (OD) intervention in a secondary level parochial school. Two types of data are reported. First, data commonly found in literature concerning OD in schools, those in the social psychological dimension. These included some…

Cause and motivation in cases of non-fatal drug overdoses in opiate addicts.

PubMed

Pfab, R; Eyer, F; Jetzinger, E; Zilker, Thomas

2006-01-01

Drug overdose (OD) is a frequent incident among opiate addicts. Survivors of ODs are at risk for additional and eventually fatal ODs. ODs may be classified as accidental (aOD) or deliberate (dOD). Investigations into the connection between OD and suicide attempts have led to insconsistent results. (1) to determine how many non-fatal ODs were dODs and how many were aODs; (2) to determine how many cases of dODs were motivated by explicit or by ambivalent suicidal intentions; (3) to determine how many cases of aODs had causes that might respond to preventative measures; (4) to compare the addiction histories of dODs and aODs; (5) to compare the drugs causing the ODs; and (6) to compare the severity of the ODs in both groups. Prospective study utilizing a standardized questionnaire to evaluate opiate-addicted patients admitted to our treatment unit for OD. All cases underwent standardized drug testing to identify drug use patterns. Seventy-four cases of OD underwent standardized interviews after awakening. Forty-three percent of the cases were dOD. Cases of dOD had significantly more OA in substitution programs, more previous ODs, and more often consumed methadone and cocaine. Among dODs, 22.5% had suicidal intention and 9.6% were ambivalent about committing suicide; background motivations were most often conflicts with spouses. Fifty-seven percent of the cases were aOD. Cases of aODs had significantly more potential lethal intoxications and had heroin detected more frequently. aODs happened with unexpected pure heroin (46%), in combination with alcohol (36%), as relapse after abstinence (40%) or after institutionalized treatment (19%). This group should be accessible for targeted education.

[Osmotic demyelination syndrome in Addison crisis and severe hyponatremia].

PubMed

Andersen, Signe Elisabeth Bødker; Stausbøl-Grøn, Brian; Rasmussen, Torsten Bloch

2008-12-08

Acute adrenal insufficiency is a life threatening disease with dehydration, hypotension, cerebral dysfunction and gastrointestinal symptoms accompanied by low plasma sodium and high plasma potassium. Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) can occur rarely following correction of plasma sodium. We describe a case with extremely low plasma sodium and subsequent development of ODS. Correction which is too slow may lead to cerebral oedema, brain stem herniation and low sodium encephalopathy. Correction which is too fast may cause ODS. The dilemma is accentuated by concomitant Addison crisis.

Pediatric PRK (PhotoRefractive Keratectomy) with Mitomycin C (MCC) for Persistent Anisometropic Amblyopia. A Case Report.

PubMed

Crawford, Courtney M; Frazier, Travis C; Torres, Mark F; Arnold, Robert W; Mazzoli, Robert A; Raymond, William R

2012-01-01

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with Mitomycin C (MMC) for the treatment of severe pediatric anisometropia and amblyopia resistant to more conservative treatment modalities. A 3 year-old-child, who at 18 months old underwent unilateral diode laser treatment for threshold ROP, developed 11 diopters of anisometropic myopia and secondary dense amblyopia of the Right Eye. Only after all conservative treatment options failed was he treated with PRK and MMC. Principal outcome measures included cycloplegic refraction, the amount of refractive correction, degree of corneal haze and change in visual acuity. On presentation: BCVA: 20/CF OD; 20/30 OS. CRNS: -11.50 diopters sphere OD; -0.50 diopters sphere OS. Unilateral PRK followed by application of MMC (0.2 mg/ml) for 1 min was performed under general anesthesia. Three-month postoperative findings include: VA: 20/30 OD; 20/25 OS. CRNS: +0.25 diopters sphere OD. At one year, the BCVA remained equal at the 20/30 level despite mild myopic regression OD. CRNS OD at one year was -1.25 +050 x 116. No corneal haze was appreciated. In this child, treatment with PRK and MMC safely reduced the anisometropia thus facilitating his visual rehabilitation. While encouraging, further study is required to verify the longer term results of this single case. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with Mitomycin C (MMC) for the treatment of severe pediatric anisometropia and amblyopia resistant to more conservative treatment modalities. A 3 year-old-child, who at 18 months old underwent unilateral diode laser treatment for threshold ROP, developed 11 diopters of anisometropic myopia and secondary dense amblyopia of the Right Eye. Only after all conservative treatment options failed was he treated with PRK and MMC. Principal outcome measures included cycloplegic refraction, the amount of refractive correction, degree of corneal haze and change in visual acuity. On presentation: BCVA: 20/CF OD; 20/30 OS. CRNS: -11.50 diopters sphere OD; -0.50 diopters sphere OS. Unilateral PRK followed by application of MMC (0.2 mg/ml) for 1 min was performed under general anesthesia. Three-month postoperative findings include: VA: 20/30 OD; 20/25 OS. CRNS: +0.25 diopters sphere OD. At one year, the BCVA remained equal at the 20/30 level despite mild myopic regression OD. CRNS OD at one year was -1.25 +050 x 116. No corneal haze was appreciated. In this child, treatment with PRK and MMC safely reduced the anisometropia thus facilitating his visual rehabilitation. While encouraging, further study is required to verify the longer term results of this single case.

Statistical inferences for data from studies conducted with an aggregated multivariate outcome-dependent sample design.

PubMed

Lu, Tsui-Shan; Longnecker, Matthew P; Zhou, Haibo

2017-03-15

Outcome-dependent sampling (ODS) scheme is a cost-effective sampling scheme where one observes the exposure with a probability that depends on the outcome. The well-known such design is the case-control design for binary response, the case-cohort design for the failure time data, and the general ODS design for a continuous response. While substantial work has been carried out for the univariate response case, statistical inference and design for the ODS with multivariate cases remain under-developed. Motivated by the need in biological studies for taking the advantage of the available responses for subjects in a cluster, we propose a multivariate outcome-dependent sampling (multivariate-ODS) design that is based on a general selection of the continuous responses within a cluster. The proposed inference procedure for the multivariate-ODS design is semiparametric where all the underlying distributions of covariates are modeled nonparametrically using the empirical likelihood methods. We show that the proposed estimator is consistent and developed the asymptotically normality properties. Simulation studies show that the proposed estimator is more efficient than the estimator obtained using only the simple-random-sample portion of the multivariate-ODS or the estimator from a simple random sample with the same sample size. The multivariate-ODS design together with the proposed estimator provides an approach to further improve study efficiency for a given fixed study budget. We illustrate the proposed design and estimator with an analysis of association of polychlorinated biphenyl exposure to hearing loss in children born to the Collaborative Perinatal Study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Regional oligodendrocytopathy and astrocytopathy precede myelin loss and blood-brain barrier disruption in a murine model of osmotic demyelination syndrome.

PubMed

Bouchat, Joanna; Couturier, Bruno; Marneffe, Catherine; Gankam-Kengne, Fabrice; Balau, Benoît; De Swert, Kathleen; Brion, Jean-Pierre; Poncelet, Luc; Gilloteaux, Jacques; Nicaise, Charles

2018-03-01

The osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is a non-primary inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system myelin that is often associated with a precipitous rise of serum sodium concentration. To investigate the physiopathology of ODS in vivo, we generated a novel murine model based on the abrupt correction of chronic hyponatremia. Accordingly, ODS mice developed impairments in brainstem auditory evoked potentials and in grip strength. At 24 hr post-correction, oligodendrocyte markers (APC and Cx47) were downregulated, prior to any detectable demyelination. Oligodendrocytopathy was temporally and spatially correlated with the loss of astrocyte markers (ALDH1L1 and Cx43), and both with the brain areas that will develop demyelination. Oligodendrocytopathy and astrocytopathy were confirmed at the ultrastructural level and culminated with necroptotic cell death, as demonstrated by pMLKL immunoreactivity. At 48 hr post-correction, ODS brains contained pathognomonic demyelinating lesions in the pons, mesencephalon, thalamus and cortical regions. These damages were accompanied by blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakages. Expression levels of IL-1β, FasL, TNFRSF6 and LIF factors were significantly upregulated in the ODS lesions. Quiescent microglial cells type A acquired an activated type B morphology within 24 hr post-correction, and reached type D at 48 hr. In conclusion, this murine model of ODS reproduces the CNS demyelination observed in human pathology and indicates ambiguous causes that is regional vulnerability of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, while it discards BBB disruption as a primary cause of demyelination. This study also raises new queries about the glial heterogeneity in susceptible brain regions as well as about the early microglial activation associated with ODS. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Organization Development and U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: A Thematic Meta-Synthesis of Approaches and Practice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Overstreet, Kirk E., Jr.

2017-01-01

Organization Development (OD) has been used in a variety of ways to improve organizations both large and small. Interestingly, the institutions that teach and conduct research on organizations have been slow to adopt or utilize OD approaches and practices in their own institutions. This dissertation will use a thematic meta-synthesis approach to…

RENZI SCORE FOR OBSTRUCTED DEFECATION SYNDROME - VALIDATION OF THE PORTUGUESE VERSION ACCORDING TO THE COSMIN CHECKLIST.

PubMed

Caetano, Ana Celia; Dias, Sara; Santa-Cruz, André; Rolanda, Carla

2018-01-01

Recently, the Obstructed Defecation Syndrome score (ODS score) was developed and validated by Renzi to assess clinical staging and to allow evaluation and comparison of the efficacy of treatment of this disorder. Our goal is to validate the Portuguese version of Renzi ODS score, according to the Consensus based Standards for the selection of the Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist. Following guidelines for cross-cultural validity, Renzi ODS score was translated into the Portuguese language. Then, a group of patients and healthy controls were invited to fill in the Renzi ODS score at baseline, after 2 weeks and 3 months, respectively. We assessed internal consistency, reliability and measurement error, content and construct validity, responsiveness and interpretability. A total of 113 individuals (77 patients; 36 healthy controls) completed the questionnaire. Seventy and 30 patients repeated the Renzi ODS score after 2 weeks and 3 months respectively. Factor analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the scale. Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.77 supported item's homogeneity. Weighted quadratic kappa of 0.89 established test-retest reliability. The smallest detectable change at the individual level was 2.66 and at the group level was 0.30. Renzi ODS score and the total (-0.32) and physical (-0.43) SF-36 scores correlated negatively. Patient and control's groups significantly differed (11 points). The change score of Renzi ODS score between baseline and 3 months correlated negatively with the clinical evolution (-0.86). ROC analysis showed minimal important change of 2.00 with AUC 0.97. Neither floor nor ceiling effects were observed. This work validated the Portuguese version of Renzi ODS score. We can now use this reliable, responsive, and interpretable (at the group level) tool to evaluate Portuguese ODS patients.

[Development and integration of the Oncological Documentation System ODS].

PubMed

Raab, G; van Den Bergh, M

2001-08-01

To simplify clinical routine and to improve medical quality without exceeding the existing resources. Intensifying communication and cooperation between all institutions of patients' health care. The huge amount of documentation work of physicians can no longer be done without modern tools of paperless data processing. The development of ODS was a tight cooperation between physician and technician which resulted in a mutual understanding and led to a high level of user convenience. - At present all cases of gynecology, especially gynecologic oncology can be documented and processed by ODS. Users easily will adopt the system as data entry within different program areas follows the same rules. In addition users can choose between an individual input of data and assistants guiding them through highly specific areas of documentation. ODS is a modern, modular structured and very fast multiuser database environment for in- and outpatient documentation. It automatically generates a lot of reports for clinical day to day business. Statistical routines will help the user reflecting his work and its quality. Documentation of clinical trials according to the GCP guidelines can be done by ODS using the internet or offline datasharing. As ODS is the synthesis of a computer based patient administration system and an oncological documentation database, it represents the basis for the construction of the electronical patient chart as well as the digital documentation of clinical trials. The introduction of this new technology to physicians and nurses has to be done slowly and carefully, in order to increase motivation and to improve the results.

In vitro evaluation of corrosion and cytotoxicity of orthodontic brackets.

PubMed

Costa, M T; Lenza, M A; Gosch, C S; Costa, I; Ribeiro-Dias, F

2007-05-01

The corrosion resistance of AISI 304 stainless steel (AISI 304 SS) and manganese stainless steel (low-nickel SS) brackets in artificial saliva was investigated. The cytotoxic effects of their corrosion products on L929 cell culture were compared by two assays, crystal violet, to evaluate cell viability, and MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), for cell metabolism and proliferation. The atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis of the corrosion products demonstrated that nickel and manganese ion concentrations were higher for the AISI 304 SS-bracket immersion solution as compared with the low-nickel SS brackets. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy demonstrated less corrosion resistance for the AISI 304 SS brackets. Although none of the bracket extracts altered L929 cell viability or morphology, the AISI 304 SS-bracket extracts decreased cellular metabolism slightly. The results indicated that the low-nickel SS presents better in vitro biocompatibility than AISI 304 SS brackets. Abbreviations used: AISI, American Iron and Steel Institute; EDS, energy-dispersive spectroscopy; OD, optical density; ISO, International Organization for Standardization; MTT, (3-{4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; NiSO(4), nickel sulfate; SEM, standard error of the mean; WHO, World Health Organization; and TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Status of FeCrAl ODS Irradiations in the High Flux Isotope Reactor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Field, Kevin G.; Howard, Richard H.

2016-08-19

FeCrAl oxide-dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys are an attractive sub-set alloy class of the more global FeCrAl material class for nuclear applications due to their high-temperature steam oxidation resistance and hypothesized enhanced radiation tolerance. A need currently exists to determine the radiation tolerance of these newly developed alloys. To address this need, a preliminary study was conducted using the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) to irradiate an early generation FeCrAl ODS alloy, 125YF. Preliminary post-irradiation examination (PIE) on these irradiated specimens have shown good radiation tolerance at elevated temperatures (≥330°C) but possible radiation-induced hardening and embrittlement at irradiations of 200°C tomore » a damage level of 1.9 displacement per atom (dpa). Building on this experience, a new series of irradiations are currently being conceptualized. This irradiation series called the FCAD irradiation program will irradiate the latest generation FeCrAl ODS and FeCr ODS alloys to significantly higher doses. These experiments will provide the necessary information to determine the mechanical performance of irradiated FeCrAl ODS alloys at light water reactor and fast reactor conditions.« less

Spinodal Decomposition in Multilayered Fe-Cr System: Kinetic Stasis and Wave Instability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maugis, Philippe; Colignon, Yann; Mangelinck, Dominique; Hoummada, Khalid

2015-08-01

Used as fuel cladding in the Gen IV fission reactors, ODS steels would be held at temperatures in the range of 350°C to 600°C for several months. Under these conditions, spinodal decomposition is likely to occur in the matrix, resulting in an increase of material brittleness. In this study, thin films consisting of a modulated composition in Fe and in Cr in a given direction have been elaborated. The time evolution of the composition profiles during aging at 500°C has been characterized by atom probe tomography, indicating an apparent kinetic stasis of the initial microstructure. A computer model has been developed on the basis of the Cahn-Hilliard theory of spinodal decomposition, associated with the mobility form proposed by Martin (1990). We make the assumption that the initial profile is very close to the amplitude-dependent critical wavelength. Our calculations show that the thin film is unstable relative to wavelength modulations, resulting in the observed kinetic stasis.

STS-71 hardware assembly view

NASA Image and Video Library

1994-12-02

S94-47810 (2 Dec. 1994) --- Lockheed Space Operations Company workers in the Extended Duration Orbiter (EDO) Facility, located inside the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), carefully hoist the Orbiter Docking System (ODS) from its shipping container into a test stand. The ODS was shipped in a horizontal position to the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) from contractor Rockwell Aerospace's Downey plant. Once the ODS is upright, work can continue to prepare the hardware for the first docking of the United States Space Shuttle and Russian Space Station MIR in 1995. The ODS contains both United States-made and Russian-made hardware. The black band is Russian-made thermal insulation protecting part of the docking mechanism, also Russian-made, called the Androgynous Peripheral Docking System (APDS). A red protective cap covers the APDS itself. Other elements of the ODS, most of it protected by white United States-made thermal insulation, were developed by Rockwell, which also integrated and checked out the assembled Russian-United States system.

First results from the commissioning of the BGO-OD experiment at ELSA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bella, Andreas

2014-11-01

The BGO-OD experiment at the ELSA accelerator facility in Bonn combines the highly segmented BGO calorimeter with a particle tracking magnetic spectrometer at forward angles. An extensive physics program using an energy tagged Bremsstrahlung photon beam is planned. The commissioning phase of the experiment is recently complete, enhancements for the BGO-OD experiment are nevertheless in development. Recent results from the analysis of the commissioning data, which includes particle track reconstruction in the forward spectrometer and momentum reconstruction with the BGO calorimeter are presented.

Solid State Audio/Speech Processor Analysis.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-03-01

techniques. The techniques were demonstrated to be worthwhile in an efficient realtime AWR system. Finally, microprocessor architectures were designed to...do not include custom chip development, detailed hardware design , construction or testing. ITTDCD is very encouraged by the results obtained in this...California, Berkley, was responsible for furnishing the simulation data of OD speech analysis techniques and for the design and development of the hardware OD

Rate of progression from first use to dependence on cocaine or opioids: a cross-substance examination of associated demographic, psychiatric, and childhood risk factors.

PubMed

Sartor, Carolyn E; Kranzler, Henry R; Gelernter, Joel

2014-02-01

A number of demographic factors, psychiatric disorders, and childhood risk factors have been associated with cocaine dependence (CD) and opioid dependence (OD), but little is known about their relevance to the rate at which dependence develops. Identification of the subpopulations at elevated risk for rapid development of dependence and the risk factors that accelerate the course of dependence is an important public health goal. Data were derived from cocaine dependent (n=6333) and opioid dependent (n=3513) participants in a multi-site study of substance dependence. Mean age was approximately 40 and 40% of participants were women; 51.9% of cocaine dependent participants and 29.5% of opioid dependent participants self-identified as Black/African-American. The time from first use to dependence was calculated for each substance and a range of demographic, psychiatric, and childhood risk factors were entered into ordinal logistic regression models to predict the (categorical) transition time to CD and OD. In both the cocaine and opioid models, conduct disorder and childhood physical abuse predicted rapid development of dependence and alcohol and nicotine dependence diagnoses were associated with slower progression to CD or OD. Blacks/African Americans were at greater risk than European Americans to progress rapidly to OD. Only a subset of factors known to be associated with CD and OD predicted the rate at which dependence developed. Nearly all were common to cocaine and opioids, suggesting that sources of influence on the timing of transitions to dependence are shared across the two substances. © 2013.

Evaluation of Pb-17Li compatibility of ODS Fe-12Cr-5Al alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Unocic, Kinga A.; Hoelzer, David T.

2016-10-01

The Dual Coolant Lead Lithium (DCLL: eutectic Pb-17Li and He) blanket concept requires improved Pb-17Li compatibility with ferritic steels in order to demonstrate acceptable performance in fusion reactors. As an initial step, static Pb-17at.%Li (Pb-17Li) capsule experiments were conducted on new oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) FeCrAl alloys ((1) Y2O3 (125Y), (2) Y2O3 + ZrO2 (125YZ), (3) Y2O3 + HfO2 (125YH), and (4) Y2O3 + TiO2 (125YT)) produced at ORNL via mechanical alloying (MA). Tests were conducted in static Pb-17Li for 1000 h at 700 °C. Alloys showed promising compatibility with Pb-17Li with small mass change after testing for 125YZ, 125YH and 125YT, while the 125Y alloy experienced the highest mass loss associated with some oxide spallation and subsequent alloy dissolution. X-ray diffraction methods identified the surface reaction product as LiAlO2 on all four alloys. A small decrease (∼1 at.%) in Al content beneath the oxide scale was observed in all four ODS alloys, which extended 60 μm beneath the oxide/metal interface. This indicates improvements in alloy dissolution by decreasing the amount of Al loss from the alloy. Scales formed on 125YZ, 125YH and 125YT were examined via scanning transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM) and revealed incorporation of Zr-, Hf-, and Ti-rich precipitates within the LiAlO2 product, respectively. This indicates an inward scale growth mechanism. Future work in flowing Pb-17Li is needed to further evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy in a test blanket module.

Evaluation of Pb-17Li compatibility of ODS Fe-12Cr-5Al alloys

DOE PAGES

Unocic, Kinga A.; Hoelzer, David T.

2016-07-09

The Dual Coolant Lead Lithium (DCLL: eutectic Pb–17Li and He) blanket concept requires improved Pb–17Li compatibility with ferritic steels in order to demonstrate acceptable performance in fusion reactors. As an initial step, static Pb-17at.%Li (Pb-17Li) capsule experiments were conducted on new oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) FeCrAl alloys ((1) Y 2O 3 (125Y), (2) Y 2O 3+ZrO 2 (125YZ), (3) Y 2O 3+HfO 2 (125YH), and (4) Y 2O 3+TiO 2 (125YT)) produced at ORNL via mechanical alloying (MA). Tests were conducted in static Pb–17Li for 1000 h at 700°C. Alloys showed promising compatibility with Pb–17Li with small mass change aftermore » testing for 125YZ, 125YH and 125YT, while the 125Y alloy experienced the highest mass loss associated with some oxide spallation and subsequent alloy dissolution. X-ray diffraction methods identified the surface reaction product as LiAlO 2 on all four alloys. A small decrease (~1 at.%) in Al content beneath the oxide scale was observed in all 4 ODS alloys, which extended through 60 μm beneath the oxide/metal interface. This indicates improvements in alloy dissolution by decreasing the amount of Al loss from the alloy. Scales formed on 125YZ, 125YH and 125YT were examined via scanning transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM) and revealed incorporation of Zr-, Hf-, and Ti-rich precipitates within the LiAlO2 product, respectively. This indicates an inward scale growth mechanism. Future work in flowing Pb–17Li is needed to further evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy in a test blanket module.« less

Manufacturing Experience for Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Alloys

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bennett, Wendy D.; Doherty, Ann L.; Henager, Charles H.

2016-09-22

This report documents the results of the development and the manufacturing experience gained at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratories (PNNL) while working with the oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) materials MA 956, 14YWT, and 9YWT. The Fuel Cycle Research and Development program of the Office of Nuclear Energy has implemented a program to develop a Uranium-Molybdenum metal fuel for light water reactors. ODS materials have the potential to provide improved performance for the U-Mo concept.

Testing the hypothesis that vitamin C deficiency is a risk factor for clozapine-induced agranulocytosis using guinea pigs and ODS rats.

PubMed

Ip, Julia; Wilson, John X; Uetrecht, Jack P

2008-04-01

The use of clozapine is limited by a relatively high incidence of drug-induced agranulocytosis. Clozapine is oxidized by bone marrow cells to a reactive nitrenium ion. Although many idiosyncratic drug reactions are immune-mediated, the fact that patients with a history of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis do not immediately develop agranulocytosis on rechallenge suggests that some other factor may be responsible for the idiosyncratic nature of this reaction. The reactive nitrenium ion is very rapidly reduced back to clozapine by vitamin C, and many schizophrenic patients are vitamin C deficient. We set out to test the hypothesis that vitamin C deficiency is a major risk factor for clozapine-induced agranulocytosis using a vitamin C deficient guinea pig model. Although the vitamin C deficient guinea pigs did not develop agranulocytosis, the amount of clozapine covalent binding in these animals was less than we had previously observed in samples from rats and humans. Therefore, we studied ODS rats that also cannot synthesize vitamin C. Vitamin C deficient ODS rats also did not develop agranulocytosis, and furthermore, although covalent binding in the bone marrow was greater than that in the guinea pig, it was not increased in the vitamin C deficient ODS rats relative to ODS rats that had adequate vitamin C in their diet. Therefore, it is very unlikely that vitamin C deficiency is a major risk factor for clozapine-induced agranulocytosis.

Change the System! School Psychologist as Organizational Consultant.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johnston, Janis Clark; Bernstein, Rhoda

Organizational development (OD) within school systems is productive work for the school psychologist. Basic to all OD is the principle of maximizing a system's resources. Following organizational change in the business world, schools can profit greatly from system changes which address today's "people problems." Outside consultants often provide…

Baloon-lofted pollutant sampling of open burning and open detonation: abstract

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. EPA has developed a balloon-lofted, ~10 kg instrument pack for sampling open burning (OB) and open detonation (OD) events for pollutants. The instrument pack, termed the “Flyer,” and its accompanying maneuverable balloon system, are intended to sample OB/OD plumes to de...

A Level-Headed Look: The Potential of OD-ROM in Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hiscox, Michael D.; Hiscox, Suzanne B.

1986-01-01

Reviews 15 potential uses of optical disc read-only memory (OD-ROM) in education, including instructional, curriculum, assessment, administrative, and counseling applications. Need for the product, cost of development, size of audience, critical competitor, and potential profitability to suppliers are noted for each application. (MBR)

Real-time estimation of transit OD patterns and delays using low cost-ubiquitous advanced technologies.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-04-01

The main objective of this project is to develop and conduct limited testing of novel sensors using Bluetooth technology : (BT) to estimate OD demands and station wait times for users of public transit stations. The NYU research team tested the : fea...

[Occupational morbidity among miners engaged into contemporary method of extracting copper-nickel ores in Kola Transpolar regions].

PubMed

Siurin, S A; Shilov, V V

2014-01-01

The risks for developing occupational pathology and its specific features were studied in 358 Kola Transpolar copper-nickel miners who were diagnosed with 722 cases of occupational diseases (OD) in the years 1990-2013. The highest risk for developing OD, which are dominated by the diseases of the musculoskeletal system, has been found in tunnellers (OR = 12,8) and operators of drilling rigs (OR = 10,4). A significant increase in the risk of OD has been established in miners with length of service at 11-15 years and over 25 years. The conclusion is made about the need to improve the technical, medical and organizational measures targetted at preventing health problems in this group of workers.

Neutron Exposure Parameters for the Dosimetry Capsule in the Heavy-Section Steel Irradiation Program Tenth Irradiation Series

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

C.A. Baldwin; F.B.K. Kam; I. Remec

1998-10-01

This report describes the computational methodology for the least-squares adjustment of the dosimetry data from the HSSI 10.OD dosimetry capsule with neutronics calculations. It presents exposure rates at each dosimetry location for the neutron fluence greater than 1.0 MeV, fluence greater than 0.1 MeV, and displacements per atom. Exposure parameter distributions are also described in terms of three- dimensional fitting functions. When fitting functions are used it is suggested that an uncertainty of 6% (1 o) should be associated with the exposure rate values. The specific activity of each dosimeter at the end of irradiation is listed in the Appendix.

Mind reading abilities in opiate-dependent patients: An exploratory study.

PubMed

Gandolphe, Marie-Charlotte; Lecluyse, Bérénice; Triquet, Claire; Brunelle, Emmanuel; Duparcq, Jean-Paul; Nandrino, Jean-Louis

2018-05-01

Impairments in social cognition have been described as playing a major role in the maintenance of addictive behavior in substance abusers. This study aimed to investigate the Theory of Mind (ToM) ability of opiate-dependent (OD) patients and to explore whether TOM ability was correlated with length of substance abuse, age at onset of substance abuse and length of abstinence. OD patients (N = 29) and non-dependent individuals (NDI) (N = 29) were submitted to the Theory of Mind Assessment Scale (Th.o.m.a.s.), a semi-structured interview, and to the Versailles-Lecture Intentionnelle en Situation (V-LIS), a movie paradigm in which participants have to infer the characters' intentions. The results confirmed a deficit in ToM ability in OD patients, with OD patients demonstrating poorer performance than NDI on both the V-LIS and the Th.o.m.a.s. The combination of perspective taking and reflecting on others' mental states was particularly difficult for OD patients. Furthermore, impairments in ToM abilities were not correlated with the age at onset of substance abuse or to the duration of substance abuse or abstinence. The results suggest OD patients may have impaired social cognition, demonstrating deficits in even basic social interaction skills, which may constitute a risk factor for addiction. These findings underline the importance of developing interventions to improve social cognition ability during the rehabilitation of OD patients. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Improved cortisol exposure-time profile and outcome in patients with adrenal insufficiency: a prospective randomized trial of a novel hydrocortisone dual-release formulation.

PubMed

Johannsson, G; Nilsson, A G; Bergthorsdottir, R; Burman, P; Dahlqvist, P; Ekman, B; Engström, B E; Olsson, T; Ragnarsson, O; Ryberg, M; Wahlberg, J; Biller, B M K; Monson, J P; Stewart, P M; Lennernäs, H; Skrtic, S

2012-02-01

Patients with treated adrenal insufficiency (AI) have increased morbidity and mortality rate. Our goal was to improve outcome by developing a once-daily (OD) oral hydrocortisone dual-release tablet with a more physiological exposure-time cortisol profile. The aim was to compare pharmacokinetics and metabolic outcome between OD and the same daily dose of thrice-daily (TID) dose of conventional hydrocortisone tablets. We conducted an open, randomized, two-period, 12-wk crossover multicenter trial with a 24-wk extension at five university hospital centers. The trial enrolled 64 adults with primary AI; 11 had concomitant diabetes mellitus (DM). The same daily dose of hydrocortisone was administered as OD dual-release or TID. We evaluated cortisol pharmacokinetics. Compared with conventional TID, OD provided a sustained serum cortisol profile 0-4 h after the morning intake and reduced the late afternoon and the 24-h cortisol exposure. The mean weight (difference = -0.7 kg, P = 0.005), systolic blood pressure (difference = -5.5 mm Hg, P = 0.0001) and diastolic blood pressure (difference: -2.3 mm Hg; P = 0.03), and glycated hemoglobin (absolute difference = -0.1%, P = 0.0006) were all reduced after OD compared with TID at 12 wk. Compared with TID, a reduction in glycated hemoglobin by 0.6% was observed in patients with concomitant DM during OD (P = 0.004). The OD dual-release tablet provided a more circadian-based serum cortisol profile. Reduced body weight, reduced blood pressure, and improved glucose metabolism were observed during OD treatment. In particular, glucose metabolism improved in patients with concomitant DM.

The role of high airway pressure and dynamic strain on ventilator-induced lung injury in a heterogeneous acute lung injury model.

PubMed

Jain, Sumeet V; Kollisch-Singule, Michaela; Satalin, Joshua; Searles, Quinn; Dombert, Luke; Abdel-Razek, Osama; Yepuri, Natesh; Leonard, Antony; Gruessner, Angelika; Andrews, Penny; Fazal, Fabeha; Meng, Qinghe; Wang, Guirong; Gatto, Louis A; Habashi, Nader M; Nieman, Gary F

2017-12-01

Acute respiratory distress syndrome causes a heterogeneous lung injury with normal and acutely injured lung tissue in the same lung. Improperly adjusted mechanical ventilation can exacerbate ARDS causing a secondary ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). We hypothesized that a peak airway pressure of 40 cmH 2 O (static strain) alone would not cause additional injury in either the normal or acutely injured lung tissue unless combined with high tidal volume (dynamic strain). Pigs were anesthetized, and heterogeneous acute lung injury (ALI) was created by Tween instillation via a bronchoscope to both diaphragmatic lung lobes. Tissue in all other lobes was normal. Airway pressure release ventilation was used to precisely regulate time and pressure at both inspiration and expiration. Animals were separated into two groups: (1) over-distension + high dynamic strain (OD + H DS , n = 6) and (2) over-distension + low dynamic strain (OD + L DS , n = 6). OD was caused by setting the inspiratory pressure at 40 cmH 2 O and dynamic strain was modified by changing the expiratory duration, which varied the tidal volume. Animals were ventilated for 6 h recording hemodynamics, lung function, and inflammatory mediators followed by an extensive necropsy. In normal tissue (N T ), OD + L DS caused minimal histologic damage and a significant reduction in BALF total protein (p < 0.05) and MMP-9 activity (p < 0.05), as compared with OD + H DS . In acutely injured tissue (ALI T ), OD + L DS resulted in reduced histologic injury and pulmonary edema (p < 0.05), as compared with OD + H DS . Both N T and ALI T are resistant to VILI caused by OD alone, but when combined with a H DS , significant tissue injury develops.

Outcomes Across the Value Chain for a Comprehensive Employee Health and Wellness Intervention: A Cohort Study by Degrees of Health Engagement.

PubMed

Long, D Adam; Reed, Roger W; Duncan, Ian

2016-07-01

Evaluate a large employer's wellness intervention by studying outcomes across the value chain, and testing Health Engagement's (HE) dose-response relationship to outcomes. Evaluation included 37 measures across eight outcomes domains (OD) using repeated measures, analysis of variance and logistic regression. Participants with higher HE had better pre-post percent changes than control: 1.7% higher for Motivation (OD1), 3.4% for Behavior (OD2), 1.0% for Emotion (OD3), 5.8% for Biometrics (OD4), 6.3% for Compliance (OD5), and 5.2% for Claims (OD6). They also had 0.5% less Productivity loss (OD7), and odds of Turnover (OD8) one-quarter to one-half that of control. A dose-response relationship with degrees of HE was also shown. Three outcomes domains (OD6 to OD8) can be monetized for cost-benefit analysis. Authors recommend, however, staying focused on driving HE and using metrics from all OD to assess value.

Development of ODS FeCrAl alloys for accident-tolerant fuel cladding

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dryepondt, Sebastien N.; Hoelzer, David T.; Pint, Bruce A.

2015-09-18

FeCrAl alloys are prime candidates for accident-tolerant fuel cladding due to their excellent oxidation resistance up to 1400 C and good mechanical properties at intermediate temperature. Former commercial oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) FeCrAl alloys such as PM2000 exhibit significantly better tensile strength than wrought FeCrAl alloys, which would alloy for the fabrication of a very thin (~250 m) ODS FeCrAl cladding and limit the neutronic penalty from the replacement of Zr-based alloys by Fe-based alloys. Several Fe-12-Cr-5Al ODS alloys where therefore fabricated by ball milling FeCrAl powders with Y2O3 and additional oxides such as TiO 2 or ZrO 2. Themore » new Fe-12Cr-5Al ODS alloys showed excellent tensile strength up to 800 C but limited ductility. Good oxidation resistance in steam at 1200 and 1400 C was observed except for one ODS FeCrAl alloy containing Ti. Rolling trials were conducted at 300, 600 C and 800 C to simulate the fabrication of thin tube cladding and a plate thickness of ~0.6mm was reached before the formation of multiple edge cracks. Hardness measurements at different stages of the rolling process, before and after annealing for 1h at 1000 C, showed that a thinner plate thickness could likely be achieved by using a multi-step approach combining warm rolling and high temperature annealing. Finally, new Fe-10-12Cr-5.5-6Al-Z gas atomized powders have been purchased to fabricate the second generation of low-Cr ODS FeCrAl alloys. The main goals are to assess the effect of O, C, N and Zr contents on the ODS FeCrAl microstructure and mechanical properties, and to optimize the fabrication process to improve the ductility of the 2nd gen ODS FeCrAl while maintaining good mechanical strength and oxidation resistance.« less

Transdermal skin patch based on reduced graphene oxide: A new approach for photothermal triggered permeation of ondansetron across porcine skin.

PubMed

Teodorescu, Florina; Quéniat, Gurvan; Foulon, Catherine; Lecoeur, Marie; Barras, Alexandre; Boulahneche, Samia; Medjram, Mohmaed Salah; Hubert, Thomas; Abderrahmani, Amar; Boukherroub, Rabah; Szunerits, Sabine

2017-01-10

The development of a skin-mounted patch capable of controlled transcutaneous delivery of therapeutics through thermal activation provides a unique solution for the controlled release of active principles over long-term periods. Here, we report on a flexible transdermal patch for photothermal triggered release of ondansetron (ODS), a commonly used drug for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and used as model compound here. To achieve this, a dispersion of ODS-loaded reduced graphene oxide (rGO-ODS) nanosheets were deposited onto Kapton to produce a flexible polyimide-based patch. It is demonstrated that ODS loaded Kapton/rGO patches have a high drug delivery performance upon irradiation with a continuous laser beam at 980nm for 10min due to an induced photothermal heating effect. The ability of ODS impregnated Kapton/rGO patches as transdermal delivery scaffolds for ODS across the skin is in addition investigated using porcine ear skin as a model. We show that the cumulative quantity and flux of ODS passing the skin are highly depending on the laser power density used. At 5Wcm -2 irradiation, the ODS flux across pig skin was determined to be 1.6μgcm -2 h -1 comparable to other approaches. The use of tween 20 as skin enhancer could significantly increase the ODS flux to 13.2μgcm -2 h -1 . While the skin penetration enhancement is comparable to that obtained using other well-known permeation enhancers, the actual superiority and interest of the proposed approach is that the Kapton/rGO photoactivatable skin patch can be loaded with any drugs and therapeutics of interest, making the approach extremely versatile. The on demand delivery of drugs upon local laser irradiation and the possibility to reload the interface with the drug makes this new drug administration route very appealing. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Combined osmodehydration and high pressure processing on the enzyme stability and antioxidant capacity of a grapefruit jam

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

A combined osmodehydration process and high pressure treatment (OD-HHP) was developed for grapefruit jam preservation. The inactivation kinetics of pectinmethylesterase (PME) and peroxidase (POD) in the osmodehydrated (OD) jam treated by combined thermal (45-75°C) and high pressure (550–700 MPa) pro...

Pool boiling of water-Al2O3 and water-Cu nanofluids on horizontal smooth tubes

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Experimental investigation of heat transfer during pool boiling of two nanofluids, i.e., water-Al2O3 and water-Cu has been carried out. Nanoparticles were tested at the concentration of 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1% by weight. The horizontal smooth copper and stainless steel tubes having 10 mm OD and 0.6 mm wall thickness formed test heater. The experiments have been performed to establish the influence of nanofluids concentration as well as tube surface material on heat transfer characteristics at atmospheric pressure. The results indicate that independent of concentration nanoparticle material (Al2O3 and Cu) has almost no influence on heat transfer coefficient while boiling of water-Al2O3 or water-Cu nanofluids on smooth copper tube. It seems that heater material did not affect the boiling heat transfer in 0.1 wt.% water-Cu nanofluid, nevertheless independent of concentration, distinctly higher heat transfer coefficient was recorded for stainless steel tube than for copper tube for the same heat flux density. PMID:21711741

A study of early corrosion behaviors of FeCrAl alloys in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lim, Jun; Nam, Hyo On; Hwang, Il Soon; Kim, Ji Hyun

2010-12-01

Lead and lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) alloy have been increasingly receiving attention as heavy liquid metal coolants (HLMC) for future nuclear energy systems. The compatibility of structural materials and components with lead-bismuth eutectic liquid at high temperature is one of key issues for the commercialization of lead fast reactors. In the present study, the corrosion behaviors of iron-based alumina-forming alloys (Kanthal-AF®, PM2000, MA956) were investigated by exposing to stagnant LBE environments at 500 °C and 550 °C for up to 500 h. After exposures, the thickness and chemistry of the oxide layer on the specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. As a result, the oxide characteristics and the corrosion resistance were compared. In this study, it was shown that the corrosion resistance of FeCrAl ODS steels (PM2000, MA956) are superior to that of FeCrAl ferritic steel (Kanthal-AF®) in higher temperature LBE.

TEM characterization of irradiated microstructure of Fe-9%Cr ODS and ferritic-martensitic alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Swenson, M. J.; Wharry, J. P.

2018-04-01

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of irradiation dose and dose rate on defect cluster (i.e. dislocation loops and voids) evolution in a model Fe-9%Cr oxide dispersion strengthened steel and commercial ferritic-martensitic steels HCM12A and HT9. Complimentary irradiations using Fe2+ ions, protons, or neutrons to doses ranging from 1 to 100 displacements per atom (dpa) at 500 °C are conducted on each alloy. The irradiated microstructures are characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Dislocation loops exhibit limited growth after 1 dpa upon Fe2+ and proton irradiation, while any voids observed are small and sparse. The average size and number density of loops are statistically invariant between Fe2+, proton, and neutron irradiated specimens at otherwise fixed irradiation conditions of ∼3 dpa, 500 °C. Therefore, we conclude that higher dose rate charged particle irradiations can reproduce the neutron irradiated loop microstructure with temperature shift governed by the invariance theory; this temperature shift is ∼0 °C for the high sink strength alloys studied herein.

Influence of Powder Outgassing Conditions on the Chemical, Microstructural, and Mechanical Properties of a 14 wt% Cr Ferritic ODS Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sornin, D.; Giroux, P.-F.; Rigal, E.; Fabregue, D.; Soulas, R.; Hamon, D.

2017-11-01

Oxide dispersion-strengthened ferritic stainless steels are foreseen as fuel cladding tube materials for the new generation of sodium fast nuclear reactors. Those materials, which exhibit remarkable creep properties at high temperature, are reinforced by a dense precipitation of nanometric oxides. This precipitation is obtained by mechanical alloying of a powder and subsequent consolidation. Before consolidation, to obtain a fully dense material, the powder is vacuumed to outgas trapped gases and species adsorbed at the surface of the powder particles. This operation is commonly done at moderate to high temperature to evacuate as much as possible volatile species. This paper focuses on the influence of outgassing conditions on some properties of the further consolidated materials. Chemical composition and microstructural characterization of different materials obtained from various outgassing cycles are compared. Finally, impact toughness of those materials is evaluated by using Charpy testing. This study shows a significant influence of the outgassing conditions on the mechanical properties of the consolidated material. However, microstructure and oxygen contents seem poorly impacted by the various outgassing conditions.

Virtual Hubs for facilitating access to Open Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mazzetti, Paolo; Latre, Miguel Á.; Ernst, Julia; Brumana, Raffaella; Brauman, Stefan; Nativi, Stefano

2015-04-01

In October 2014 the ENERGIC-OD (European NEtwork for Redistributing Geospatial Information to user Communities - Open Data) project, funded by the European Union under the Competitiveness and Innovation framework Programme (CIP), has started. In response to the EU call, the general objective of the project is to "facilitate the use of open (freely available) geographic data from different sources for the creation of innovative applications and services through the creation of Virtual Hubs". In ENERGIC-OD, Virtual Hubs are conceived as information systems supporting the full life cycle of Open Data: publishing, discovery and access. They facilitate the use of Open Data by lowering and possibly removing the main barriers which hampers geo-information (GI) usage by end-users and application developers. Data and data services heterogeneity is recognized as one of the major barriers to Open Data (re-)use. It imposes end-users and developers to spend a lot of effort in accessing different infrastructures and harmonizing datasets. Such heterogeneity cannot be completely removed through the adoption of standard specifications for service interfaces, metadata and data models, since different infrastructures adopt different standards to answer to specific challenges and to address specific use-cases. Thus, beyond a certain extent, heterogeneity is irreducible especially in interdisciplinary contexts. ENERGIC-OD Virtual Hubs address heterogeneity adopting a mediation and brokering approach: specific components (brokers) are dedicated to harmonize service interfaces, metadata and data models, enabling seamless discovery and access to heterogeneous infrastructures and datasets. As an innovation project, ENERGIC-OD will integrate several existing technologies to implement Virtual Hubs as single points of access to geospatial datasets provided by new or existing platforms and infrastructures, including INSPIRE-compliant systems and Copernicus services. ENERGIC OD will deploy a set of five Virtual Hubs (VHs) at national level in France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain and an additional one at the European level. VHs will be provided according to the cloud Software-as-a-Services model. The main expected impact of VHs is the creation of new business opportunities opening up access to Research Data and Public Sector Information. Therefore, ENERGIC-OD addresses not only end-users, who will have the opportunity to access the VH through a geo-portal, but also application developers who will be able to access VH functionalities through simple Application Programming Interfaces (API). ENERGIC-OD Consortium will develop ten different applications on top of the deployed VHs. They aim to demonstrate how VHs facilitate the development of new and multidisciplinary applications based on the full exploitation of (open) GI, hence stimulating innovation and business activities.

Potential risk indicators of retained placenta and other diseases in multiparous cows.

PubMed

Qu, Y; Fadden, A N; Traber, M G; Bobe, G

2014-07-01

Retained placenta (RP), defined as fetal membranes not being expelled within 24 h after calving, is a costly disease in multiparous dairy cows that has been linked to immune suppression, infections, elevated lipid mobilization, and depleted status of antioxidants including α-tocopherol, and that increases the risk of other diseases (OD) in early lactation. Early detection of cows at increased risk of developing RP, OD, or both in early lactation could improve treatment success and result in improved milk production and reproductive performance. To identify risk indicators of RP, OD, or both, we used a nested case-control design and compared multiparous dairy cows that developed RP (n=32) with cows that remained healthy (H; n=32) or cows that developed OD (n=32) in early lactation. We compared peripartal body condition score (BCS) as well as serum concentrations of α-tocopherol, metabolites [β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), cholesterol, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and urea N], haptoglobin, and macrominerals (i.e., calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus) on d -21, -14, -7, -3, -1, 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 postpartum. In addition, average serum concentrations were calculated for each cow for the last 3 wk prepartum, for 3 and 2 wk prepartum combined, for the last week prepartum, and for the morning after calving and compared between groups. The RP cows had lower BCS than the H or OD cows until 2 wk postpartum. During the prepartal periods, RP and OD cows had lower α-tocopherol concentrations (corrected or not for cholesterol concentration) and higher NEFA and BHBA concentrations than H cows. Thus, lower prepartal BCS could be an early predictor for RP risk, and lower α-tocopherol concentrations and higher NEFA and BHBA concentrations could be early predictors for disease. Copyright © 2014 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Supported transition metal catalysts for para- to ortho-hydrogen conversion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brooks, Christopher J.; Wang, Wei; Eyman, Darrell P.

1994-01-01

The main goal of this study was to develop and improve on existing catalysts for the conversion of ortho- to para-hydrogen. Starting with a commercially available Air Products nickel silicate, which had a beta value of 20, we were trying to synthesize catalysts that would be an improvement to AP. This was accomplished by preparing silicates with various metals as well as different preparation methods. We also prepared supported ruthenium catalysts by various techniques using several metal precursors to improve present technology. What was also found was that the activation conditions prior to catalytic testing was highly important for both the silicates and the supported ruthenium catalysts. While not the initial focus of the research, we made some interesting observations into the adsorption of H2 on ruthenium. This helped us to get a better understanding of how ortho- to para-H2 conversion takes place, and what features in a catalyst are important to optimize activity. Reactor design was the final area in which some interesting conclusions were drawn. As discussed earlier, the reactor catalyst bed must be constructed using straight 1/8 feet OD stainless steel tubing. It was determined that the use of 1/4 feet OD tubing caused two problems. First, the radius from the center of the bed to the wall was too great for thermal equilibrium. Since the reaction of ortho- to para-H2 is exothermic, the catalyst bed center was warmer than the edges. Second, the catalyst bed was too shallow using a 1/4 feet tube. This caused reactant blow-by which was thought to decrease the measured activity when the flow rate was increased. The 1/8 feet tube corrected both of these concerns.

Effectiveness and Safety of Sofosbuvir/Ledipasvir and Paritaprevir/ritonavir/Ombitasvir + Dasabuvir in Patients with Chronic Kidney Diseases: Results from ERCHIVES

PubMed Central

Butt, Adeel; Ren, Yanjie; Puenpatom, Amy; Arduino, Jean Marie; Kumar, Ritesh; Abou-Samra, Abdul-Badi

2017-01-01

Abstract Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was a relative contraindication to HCV treatment in the interferon/ribavirin era due to poor tolerability and lower efficacy. Our aim was to determine the effectiveness treatment completion, and safety of sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (SOF/LDV) and paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir/dasabuvir (PrOD) regimens in persons with CKD. Methods We identified all persons started on a SOF/LDV or PrOD regimen in ERCHIVES before 30 April 2016. We excluded those with missing HCV genotype, or eGFR values. We determined treatment completion, sustained virologic response (SVR) rates and proportion of persons with worseningrenal function or developing grade 3/4 anemia. Results We identified 9,837 persons on SOF/LDV, 3,826 on SOF/LDV+RBV, 1,017 on PrOD and 2,944 on PrOD+RBV. Genotype 1a was the predominant genotype for SOF/LDV+RBV (77.3% no RBV; 70.0% with RBV) and PrOD+RBV (79.5%) groups, while only 4.3% of PrOD with no RBV group were genotype 1a. Among treated patients, the prevalence of patients with stage 4–5 CKD was 0.8% (SOF/LDV + RBV), 1.1% (SOF/LDVno RBV), 2.2% (PrOD +RBV) and 5.4% (PrOD no RBV). Among 13,663 total persons on SOF/LDV, 67.8% completed treatment while the treatment completion rate of those on PrOD was 74.0% (N = 2,932/3,961) (Table 1). The overall SVR rates of persons on SOF/LDV or PrOD regimens were 96.3%. A drop in treatment completion rates was seen in CKD stage 4–5 and those on PrOD+RBV, but the impact of RBV on SVR was unclear. While about one-third of the persons with a CKD stage 1–2 experienced a >10 mL/minute/1,73m2, about 15% decline among those with CKD stage 3. The incidence of grade3/4 anemia by CKD stages increased significantly across the treatment groups. Grade 3/4 anemia ranged from 9.7% (SOF/LDV) to 21.8% (PrOD) among patients with CKD stage 4–5 (Table 2). Conclusion SVR rates among persons treated with SOF/LDV or PrOD were high in the CKD population despite 22% not completing the treatment regimen. Incidence of grade3/4 anemia increased significantly in CKD stage 4–5 across the treatment groups. Disclosures A. Butt, Merck: Investigator, Grant recipient.A. Puenpatom, Merck: Employee, Salary. J. M. Arduino, Merck: Employee, Salary. R. Kumar, Merck: Employee, Salary

Evaluation of Microbolometer-Based Thermography for Gossamer Space Structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miles, Jonathan J.; Blandino, Joseph R.; Jenkins, Christopher H.; Pappa, Richard S.; Banik, Jeremy; Brown, Hunter; McEvoy, Kiley

2005-01-01

In August 2003, NASA's In-Space Propulsion Program contracted with our team to develop a prototype on-board Optical Diagnostics System (ODS) for solar sail flight tests. The ODS is intended to monitor sail deployment as well as structural and thermal behavior, and to validate computational models for use in designing future solar sail missions. This paper focuses on the thermography aspects of the ODS. A thermal model was developed to predict local sail temperature variations as a function of sail tilt to the sun, billow depth, and spectral optical properties of front and back sail surfaces. Temperature variations as small as 0.5 C can induce significant thermal strains that compare in magnitude to mechanical strains. These thermally induced strains may result in changes in shape and dynamics. The model also gave insight into the range and sensitivity required for in-flight thermal measurements and supported the development of an ABAQUS-coupled thermo-structural model. The paper also discusses three kinds of tests conducted to 1) determine the optical properties of candidate materials; 2) evaluate uncooled microbolometer-type infrared imagers; and 3) operate a prototype imager with the ODS baseline configuration. (Uncooled bolometers are less sensitive than cooled ones, but may be necessary because of restrictive ODS mass and power limits.) The team measured the spectral properties of several coated polymer samples at various angles of incidence. Two commercially available uncooled microbolometer imagers were compared, and it was found that reliable temperature measurements are feasible for both coated and uncoated sides of typical sail membrane materials.

Long-term efficacy and safety of once-daily mesalazine granules for the treatment of active ulcerative colitis

PubMed Central

Böhm, Stephan Karl; Kruis, Wolfgang

2014-01-01

In 1977, 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) was discovered as a therapeutically active moiety of sulfasalazine (SASP) and was launched for topical and oral therapy of ulcerative colitis (UC) in 1984. As a first-step, delivery systems had to be developed to protect 5-ASA against absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract, resulting in different and competing strategies (azo compounds, controlled release, and pH-dependent release). In a second step, at the beginning of the new century, coinciding with the expiration of patent protection for the first 5-ASA formulations, two component composite release mechanisms (pH-dependent and controlled release) were developed. Furthermore, the drug was formulated as granules instead of tablets, allowing higher unit strengths compared with tablets. Neither Salofalk Granu-Stix®, nor MMX 5-ASA, nor Pentasa® granules have initially been developed for once-daily (OD) dosing. A review of the achievements of 20 years of 5-ASA development has demonstrated that 5-ASA has equal efficacy compared with SASP at best, that there are no measurable differences in efficacy between various 5-ASA preparations, and that in a group of patients tolerating SASP, adverse event profiles of SASP and 5-ASA did not differ significantly, with SASP being the far cheaper substance. Therefore, drug adherence came into focus as a new goal for improving UC therapy. Although adherence is a complex and multifactorial construct, a simple dosing schedule may contribute to higher drug adherence and better efficacy of treatment. Simultaneously, the US 5-ASA market, estimated to be worth US$1.4 billion, is expected to grow continuously. Naturally, this very competitive market is not only driven by scientific progress but also by commercial interests. Thus, patents for minor changes to the formulation may serve as protection against drug companies trying to launch generic versions. Randomized controlled trials performed on OD dosing in induction of remission have demonstrated that OD administration of 5-ASA is as effective as conventional dosing in mild to moderate active UC. The three 5-ASA products MMX, Salofalk®, and Pentasa® employed in those studies so far have not shown differences in efficacy between OD and conventional dosing. No differences regarding safety outcomes have been detected between OD and conventional dosing, including incidence of adverse events, serious adverse events, or withdrawal from treatment due to an adverse event. Although the majority of patients prefer OD dosing to conventional dosing, it was not possible to detect differences in adherence between OD and multiple dose regimens in the clinical trial setting. Well-designed and controlled large-scale community-based studies are necessary to further investigate and prove the point of improved long-term adherence and treatment efficacy in OD dosing. PMID:25285021

Preparation of C18 composite solid-phase microextraction fiber and its application to the determination of organochlorine pesticides in water samples.

PubMed

Li, Siyan; Lu, Chengwei; Zhu, Fang; Jiang, Ruifen; Ouyang, Gangfeng

2015-05-11

In this work, a C18 composite solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber was prepared with a new method and applied to the analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water sample. A stainless steel wire (o.d. 127 μm) was used as the substrate, and a mixture of the C18 particle (3.5 μm) and the 184 silicone was used as the coating material. During the process of fiber preparation, a section of capillary column was used to fix the mixture onto the stainless steel wire and to ensure the constant of coating thickness. The prepared fiber showed excellent thermal stability and solvent resistance. By coupling with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the fiber exhibited wide linearity (2-500 ng L(-1)) and good sensitivity for the determination of six OCPs in water samples, the OCPs tested included hexachlorobezene, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, o,p-DDT, p,p-DDT and mirex. Not only the extraction performance of the newly prepared fiber was more than seven times higher than those of commercial fibers, the limits of detections (LODs) (0.059-0.151 ng L(-1)) for OCPs achieved under optimized conditions were also lower than those of reported SPME methods. The fiber was successfully applied to the determination of OCPs in real water samples by using developed SPME-GC-MS method. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sensory experience modifies feature map relationships in visual cortex

PubMed Central

Cloherty, Shaun L; Hughes, Nicholas J; Hietanen, Markus A; Bhagavatula, Partha S

2016-01-01

The extent to which brain structure is influenced by sensory input during development is a critical but controversial question. A paradigmatic system for studying this is the mammalian visual cortex. Maps of orientation preference (OP) and ocular dominance (OD) in the primary visual cortex of ferrets, cats and monkeys can be individually changed by altered visual input. However, the spatial relationship between OP and OD maps has appeared immutable. Using a computational model we predicted that biasing the visual input to orthogonal orientation in the two eyes should cause a shift of OP pinwheels towards the border of OD columns. We then confirmed this prediction by rearing cats wearing orthogonally oriented cylindrical lenses over each eye. Thus, the spatial relationship between OP and OD maps can be modified by visual experience, revealing a previously unknown degree of brain plasticity in response to sensory input. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13911.001 PMID:27310531

Human Resource Executives' Perceptions and Measurement of the Strategic Impact of Work/Life Initiatives

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morris, Michael Lane; Heames, Joyce Thompson; McMillan, Heather S.

2011-01-01

Given the stresses associated with today's demanding workplaces, work/life (w/l) initiatives continue to grow in importance as an organizational development (OD) intervention. In a period of increasing accountability, it is important for scholars and practitioners to demonstrate how OD interventions, like w/l initiatives, can be used as a…

Comparison of the efficacy and safety between interspinous process distraction device and open decompression surgery in treating lumbar spinal stenosis: a meta analysis.

PubMed

Hong, Peiwei; Liu, Yao; Li, Hedong

2015-02-01

The present study performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of interspinous process distraction device (IPD) compared with open decompression surgery (ODS) in treating lumbar spinal stenosis. Literatures were searched in the databases including Cochrane Library, Pubmed, OvidSP, Sciencedirect, Web of Science, and Springerlin. Published reviews were checked to track missed original research papers. The quality and bias of publications with randomized controlled trial were evaluated using the tool for assessing risk of bias in the Cochrane handbook. The quality and bias of publications with cohort trial were evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The grades of literatures were evaluated with the guidelines of Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Totally, 21 publications matched the inclusion criteria, including 20 different clinical trials and 54,138 patients. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in improvement rate, Oswestry disability index questionnaire (ODI) score, and visual analog scale (VAS) score of back pain or leg pain between IPD group and ODS group. The postoperation complication rate, perioperation blood loss, hospitalization time, and operation time were lower/shorter in IPD group than ODS group. However, the reoperation rate in IPD group was higher than ODS group. The results indicated that IPD has better effects and less complication than ODS. However, because of the higher reoperation rate in IPD than ODS, we failed to conclude that IPD could replace ODS as golden standard but may be a viable alternative in treating lumbar spinal stenosis.

Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale (R-ODS) for immune-mediated peripheral neuropathies.

PubMed

van Nes, S I; Vanhoutte, E K; van Doorn, P A; Hermans, M; Bakkers, M; Kuitwaard, K; Faber, C G; Merkies, I S J

2011-01-25

To develop a patient-based, linearly weighted scale that captures activity and social participation limitations in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), and gammopathy-related polyneuropathy (MGUSP). A preliminary Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale (R-ODS) containing 146 activity and participation items was constructed, based on the WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, literature search, and patient interviews. The preliminary R-ODS was assessed twice (interval: 2-4 weeks; test-retest reliability studies) in 294 patients who experienced GBS in the past (n = 174) or currently have stable CIDP (n = 80) or MGUSP (n = 40). Data were analyzed using the Rasch unidimensional measurement model (RUMM2020). The preliminary R-ODS did not meet the Rasch model expectations. Based on disordered thresholds, misfit statistics, item bias, and local dependency, items were systematically removed to improve the model fit, regularly controlling the class intervals and model statistics. Finally, we succeeded in constructing a 24-item scale that fulfilled all Rasch requirements. "Reading a newspaper/book" and "eating" were the 2 easiest items; "standing for hours" and "running" were the most difficult ones. Good validity and reliability were obtained. The R-ODS is a linearly weighted scale that specifically captures activity and social participation limitations in patients with GBS, CIDP, and MGUSP. Compared to the Overall Disability Sum Score, the R-ODS represents a wider range of item difficulties, thereby better targeting patients with different ability levels. If responsive, the R-ODS will be valuable for future clinical trials and follow-up studies in these conditions.

[Oocyte donation in France and national balance sheet (GEDO). Different European approaches].

PubMed

Letur-Könirsch, H

2004-02-01

Oocyte donation (OD), a technique successfully used in Assisted reproductive techniques (ART), has been effective for 20 years as the palliative treatment of certain exocrine ovarian failures. Its indications have also been extended to cover some genetic diseases and documented occult ovarian insufficiency. In France, after an extensive judicial and ethical deliberation, OD was deemed legal and its practice was proscribed in the Bioethics Laws 94-653 and 94-654 of 29 July 1994. Its essential underlying principles are: voluntary, free, anonymous and confidential OD; according to a French decree to meet safety concerns, OD-derived embryos must be quarantined for six months. In vitro fertilization (IVF) programs using donated oocytes are conducted in authorized centers under the responsibility of physicians authorized to retrieve and manipulate donated oocytes. The managers of these programs are the system's keystone, as their role includes, among other, the verification of indications, legal documents, public health safety, anonymous pairing of donor and recipient, and the collection of outcome data. At present, depending of the year, French programs have achieved 17-22% clinical pregnancy rates from transferred OD-derived frozen-thawed embryos, and follow-up studies reported excellent results concerning family relationships, and the physical and psychological development of the children. However, difficulties encountered in the daily practice of OD have led concerned physicians to form the Study group for OD (GEDO) to explore different topics with the aim of improving the overall management of this form of ART. We discussed these points herein, in comparison with the approaches of other European countries.

46 CFR 280.9 - Special rules for last year of ODS agreement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Special rules for last year of ODS agreement. 280.9... LINER OPERATORS § 280.9 Special rules for last year of ODS agreement. (a) Reduction in payment of ODS. ODS payable during the last year of any ODS agreement shall be reduced, as provided in paragraph (b...

The National Institutes of Health Investment in Research on Botanicals

PubMed Central

Coates, Paul M.; Meyers, Catherine M.

2010-01-01

The Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) and the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) were both established by Congress in the 1990’s. ODS aims to strengthen knowledge and understanding of dietary supplements (DS). NCCAM promotes exploration of complementary and alternative medicine in the context of rigorous science. Together, they developed the Botanical Research Centers Program to promote interdisciplinary study of botanicals, particularly those found in DS, by supporting research activities ranging from plant and characterization to preclinical and early-phase clinical studies. These Centers are part of the coordinated efforts of ODS and NCCAM to enhance botanical research. PMID:21075178

Separation of V(V)-4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinolato complex from a large excess reagent using an ODS cartridge for high-performance liquid chromatography.

PubMed

Takahashi, Toru; Kaneko, Emiko; Yotsuyanagi, Takao

2006-12-01

A selective off-line preconcentration technique for the V(V) complex with 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol has been developed and successfully applied to the determination of V(V) in an air-borne sample. The target complex was separated from excess reagent using an ODS cartridge and water as the eluent. The complex was then concentrated on another ODS cartridge using tetrabutylammonium bromide and eluted with methanol; the eluate was applied to a one-drop concentration/HPLC. A detection limit as low as (6.05 +/- 0.82)x 10(-11) M (5 ppt) was achieved.

Rapid screening for inflammatory neuropathies by standardized clinical criteria

PubMed Central

Tramontozzi, Louis A.

2016-01-01

Abstract Background: Delay in recognition and treatment of inflammatory neuropathies increases morbidity and mortality. We have developed and standardized 3 clinical screening criteria that rapidly detect inflammatory neuropathies. Methods: We reviewed all patients with definite large fiber neuropathy in 2 different patient populations: 1 from a private neurology clinic and the other from a tertiary care center. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those with an inflammatory neuropathy and those with a noninflammatory neuropathy. We specifically noted the 3 key neuropathy characteristics: onset, distribution, and associated systemic features (ODS). We studied the sensitivity and specificity of ODS in differentiating between inflammatory and noninflammatory neuropathies. Results: A total of 206 patients were included: 51 from the private clinic and 155 from the tertiary care center. The sensitivity of using ODS in detecting an inflammatory neuropathy was 96% and the specificity was 85%. The positive predictive value of ODS was 0.8 and negative predictive value was 0.97. Conclusions: Rapid screening for inflammatory neuropathies by ODS clinical criteria is highly sensitive and has a high negative predictive value for noninflammatory neuropathies. ODS uses simple clinical criteria to rapidly screen for patients with a potentially treatable form of neuropathy and accelerate their diagnostic evaluation. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class IV evidence that 3 neuropathy characteristics—onset, distribution, and associated systemic features—accurately identify patients with inflammatory neuropathies. PMID:29443273

Surgical intervention in central toxic keratopathy.

PubMed

Tu, Kyaw L; Aslanides, Ioannis M

2012-05-03

Purpose. To report management and outcome of 3 cases of bilateral central toxic keratopathy (CTK). Methods. A retrospective chart review on 3 laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis patients who developed CTK within a short time of one another. Results. Patient A had flap lifts and irrigation (FL+I) twice in the right eye (OD) on postoperative day 1 at diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) stage 3 and once each on days 1 (at DLK stage 3) and 5 (at CTK) for the left eye (OS). She attained 20/20 unaided visual acuity (UVA) OD at 1 month. Her UVA OS remained at 20/32 but best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) gradually improved to 20/25 at 8 months. Patient B had right FL+I on day 3 and left FL+I on day 5 (both for CTK). His OS achieved full visual potential (20/25 UVA) by 1 month but UVA OD was reduced to 20/25 (preoperative BCVA 20/20) at 8 months. Patient C had medical management only. Her preoperative BCVA OD of 20/33 fell to 20/50 postoperative UCVA/BCVA; OS regained full visual potential of 20/40 between 2 and 8 months. Patient A's OD did not develop a full-blown CTK; instead an arrested CTK resulted. All except that one eye had initial hyperopic/astigmatic errors that gradually lessened. Artemis II imaging confirmed early stromal loss posterior to the flap with stroma regaining some thickness over the following months. Conclusions. Surgical intervention in cases of CTK may improve clinical outcomes.

Detectability of the impacts of ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse gases upon stratospheric ozone accounting for nonlinearities in historical forcings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bandoro, Justin; Solomon, Susan; Santer, Benjamin D.; Kinnison, Douglas E.; Mills, Michael J.

2018-01-01

We perform a formal attribution study of upper- and lower-stratospheric ozone changes using observations together with simulations from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. Historical model simulations were used to estimate the zonal-mean response patterns (fingerprints) to combined forcing by ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs), as well as to the individual forcing by each factor. Trends in the similarity between the searched-for fingerprints and homogenized observations of stratospheric ozone were compared to trends in pattern similarity between the fingerprints and the internally and naturally generated variability inferred from long control runs. This yields estimated signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios for each of the three fingerprints (ODS, GHG, and ODS + GHG). In both the upper stratosphere (defined in this paper as 1 to 10 hPa) and lower stratosphere (40 to 100 hPa), the spatial fingerprints of the ODS + GHG and ODS-only patterns were consistently detectable not only during the era of maximum ozone depletion but also throughout the observational record (1984-2016). We also develop a fingerprint attribution method to account for forcings whose time evolutions are markedly nonlinear over the observational record. When the nonlinearity of the time evolution of the ODS and ODS + GHG signals is accounted for, we find that the S/N ratios obtained with the stratospheric ODS and ODS + GHG fingerprints are enhanced relative to standard linear trend analysis. Use of the nonlinear signal detection method also reduces the detection time - the estimate of the date at which ODS and GHG impacts on ozone can be formally identified. Furthermore, by explicitly considering nonlinear signal evolution, the complete observational record can be used in the S/N analysis, without applying piecewise linear regression and introducing arbitrary break points. The GHG-driven fingerprint of ozone changes was not statistically identifiable in either the upper- or lower-stratospheric SWOOSH data, irrespective of the signal detection method used. In the WACCM simulations of future climate change, the GHG signal is statistically identifiable between 2020 and 2030. Our findings demonstrate the importance of continued stratospheric ozone monitoring to improve estimates of the contributions of ODS and GHG forcing to global changes in stratospheric ozone.

Coaching, HRD, and OD: Towards Three "Silo" Fields of Practice or a Single "Unified" Profession?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ellinger, Andrea D.; Hamlin, Robert G.; Beattie, Rona S.

2008-01-01

During the past few years, the growth of an emergent "coaching industry" in many countries has resulted in some scholars calling for the development of a "coaching profession." Yet, contemporary HRD and OD professionals conceive of coaching as a necessary area of expertise. This paper reports the results of a qualitative study of different…

Recent Progress on the Conversion of Surplus Picric Acid/Explosive D to Higher Value Products

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

R.Mitchell, A; Hsu, P C; Coburn, M D

2004-07-06

The global demilitarization of nuclear and conventional munitions is producing millions of pounds of surplus energetic materials. Historically, energetic materials (high explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics) have been disposed of by open burning/open detonation (OB/OD). The use of OB/OD is becoming unacceptable due to public concerns and increasingly stringent environmental regulations. Clearly, there is a great need to develop environmentally sound and cost-effective alternatives to OB/OD. The conversion of surplus picric acid and/or ammonium picrate (Explosive D) to1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6- trinitrobenzene (TATB) has been subject of extensive process development studies at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). LLNL, under the direction and sponsorship ofmore » the U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center (DAC), is developing a process for the conversion of picric acid to TATB on a larger scale. In FY 03, a 10 g per batch process was developed with good results. Development for a one pound per batch system is required as part of overall scale up process for producing TATB from the surplus feedstocks.« less

Automatic optic disc segmentation based on image brightness and contrast

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Shijian; Liu, Jiang; Lim, Joo Hwee; Zhang, Zhuo; Tan, Ngan Meng; Wong, Wing Kee; Li, Huiqi; Wong, Tien Yin

2010-03-01

Untreated glaucoma leads to permanent damage of the optic nerve and resultant visual field loss, which can progress to blindness. As glaucoma often produces additional pathological cupping of the optic disc (OD), cupdisc- ratio is one measure that is widely used for glaucoma diagnosis. This paper presents an OD localization method that automatically segments the OD and so can be applied for the cup-disc-ratio based glaucoma diagnosis. The proposed OD segmentation method is based on the observations that the OD is normally much brighter and at the same time have a smoother texture characteristics compared with other regions within retinal images. Given a retinal image we first capture the ODs smooth texture characteristic by a contrast image that is constructed based on the local maximum and minimum pixel lightness within a small neighborhood window. The centre of the OD can then be determined according to the density of the candidate OD pixels that are detected by retinal image pixels of the lowest contrast. After that, an OD region is approximately determined by a pair of morphological operations and the OD boundary is finally determined by an ellipse that is fitted by the convex hull of the detected OD region. Experiments over 71 retinal images of different qualities show that the OD region overlapping reaches up to 90.37% according to the OD boundary ellipses determined by our proposed method and the one manually plotted by an ophthalmologist.

Economic evaluation of laboratory testing strategies for hospital-associated Clostridium difficile infection.

PubMed

Schroeder, Lee F; Robilotti, Elizabeth; Peterson, Lance R; Banaei, Niaz; Dowdy, David W

2014-02-01

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in health care settings, and for patients presumed to have CDI, their isolation while awaiting laboratory results is costly. Newer rapid tests for CDI may reduce this burden, but the economic consequences of different testing algorithms remain unexplored. We used decision analysis from the hospital perspective to compare multiple CDI testing algorithms for adult inpatients with suspected CDI, assuming patient management according to laboratory results. CDI testing strategies included combinations of on-demand PCR (odPCR), batch PCR, lateral-flow diagnostics, plate-reader enzyme immunoassay, and direct tissue culture cytotoxicity. In the reference scenario, algorithms incorporating rapid testing were cost-effective relative to nonrapid algorithms. For every 10,000 symptomatic adults, relative to a strategy of treating nobody, lateral-flow glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)/odPCR generated 831 true-positive results and cost $1,600 per additional true-positive case treated. Stand-alone odPCR was more effective and more expensive, identifying 174 additional true-positive cases at $6,900 per additional case treated. All other testing strategies were dominated by (i.e., more costly and less effective than) stand-alone odPCR or odPCR preceded by lateral-flow screening. A cost-benefit analysis (including estimated costs of missed cases) favored stand-alone odPCR in most settings but favored odPCR preceded by lateral-flow testing if a missed CDI case resulted in less than $5,000 of extended hospital stay costs and <2 transmissions, if lateral-flow GDH diagnostic sensitivity was >93%, or if the symptomatic carrier proportion among the toxigenic culture-positive cases was >80%. These results can aid guideline developers and laboratory directors who are considering rapid testing algorithms for diagnosing CDI.

Coagulopathy and traumatic shock: Characterizing hemostatic function during the critical period prior to fluid resuscitation

PubMed Central

White, Nathan J.; Martin, Erika J.; Brophy, Donald F.; Ward, Kevin R.

2009-01-01

Aims Identifying early changes in hemostatic clot function as a result of tissue injury and hypoperfusion may provide important information regarding the mechanisms of traumatic coagulopathy. A combat-relevant swine model was used to investigate the development of coagulopathy during trauma by monitoring hemostatic function during increasing severity of shock. Methods Swine were injured (soft tissue + femur fracture) and hemorrhaged while continuously monitoring Oxygen Debt (OD) by indirect calorimetry at the airway. Hemostatic function was assessed by Thrombelastography (TEG), prothrombin time (PT), partial Thromboplastin time (PTT), and fibrinogen concentration and compared before hemorrhage (D0) and during shock when OD= 40 and 80 ml/kg. An instrumented sham group was used for comparison. Results N=23 swine (n=18 hemorrhage, n=5 sham) weighing 45+/−6 Kg were studied after removing an average of 34+/−14% of blood volume during hemorrhage. Hgb, Hct, platelet counts, PT and PTT did not change with increasing OD (p>0.05). Fibrinogen was reduced significantly by OD=40 ml/kg (mean diff =−59.9 mg/dl, 95% CI diff [−95.1, −24.6]). TEG parameters representing clot initiation (R) and polymerization (K and Alpha Angle) did not change with increasing OD during shock (p>0.053). Clot strength (MA) was reduced in the hemorrhage group by OD=80 ml/kg (mean diff = −4.1 mm, 95% CI diff [−7.4, −0.8]). Conclusion In this swine model of traumatic shock, fibrinogen was significantly reduced and an isolated reduction in clot strength (MA) was found with increasing OD. Fibrinogen consumption and altered platelet function may account for the earliest changes in hemostatic function during traumatic shock. PMID:19854556

Economic Evaluation of Laboratory Testing Strategies for Hospital-Associated Clostridium difficile Infection

PubMed Central

Robilotti, Elizabeth; Peterson, Lance R.; Banaei, Niaz; Dowdy, David W.

2014-01-01

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in health care settings, and for patients presumed to have CDI, their isolation while awaiting laboratory results is costly. Newer rapid tests for CDI may reduce this burden, but the economic consequences of different testing algorithms remain unexplored. We used decision analysis from the hospital perspective to compare multiple CDI testing algorithms for adult inpatients with suspected CDI, assuming patient management according to laboratory results. CDI testing strategies included combinations of on-demand PCR (odPCR), batch PCR, lateral-flow diagnostics, plate-reader enzyme immunoassay, and direct tissue culture cytotoxicity. In the reference scenario, algorithms incorporating rapid testing were cost-effective relative to nonrapid algorithms. For every 10,000 symptomatic adults, relative to a strategy of treating nobody, lateral-flow glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)/odPCR generated 831 true-positive results and cost $1,600 per additional true-positive case treated. Stand-alone odPCR was more effective and more expensive, identifying 174 additional true-positive cases at $6,900 per additional case treated. All other testing strategies were dominated by (i.e., more costly and less effective than) stand-alone odPCR or odPCR preceded by lateral-flow screening. A cost-benefit analysis (including estimated costs of missed cases) favored stand-alone odPCR in most settings but favored odPCR preceded by lateral-flow testing if a missed CDI case resulted in less than $5,000 of extended hospital stay costs and <2 transmissions, if lateral-flow GDH diagnostic sensitivity was >93%, or if the symptomatic carrier proportion among the toxigenic culture-positive cases was >80%. These results can aid guideline developers and laboratory directors who are considering rapid testing algorithms for diagnosing CDI. PMID:24478478

Employment and financial burden of families with preschool children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders in urban China: results from a descriptive study.

PubMed

Ou, Jian-Jun; Shi, Li-Juan; Xun, Guang-Lei; Chen, Chen; Wu, Ren-Rong; Luo, Xue-Rong; Zhang, Feng-Yu; Zhao, Jing-Ping

2015-01-22

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects many aspects of family life, such as social and economic burden. Little investigation of this phenomenon has been carried out in China. We designed this study to evaluate the employment and financial burdens of families with ASD-diagnosed preschoolers. Four hundred and fifty-nine nuclear families of children with ASD, 418 with some other disability (OD) and 424 with typically developing (TD) children were recruited for this study. Employment and financial burdens of families were evaluated using a structured questionnaire; logistic regression was used to examine differences in job change measures by group, and ordinal logistic regression was used to investigate the association between household income and group. Fifty-eight percent of families with ASD children and 19% of families with OD children reported that childcare problems had greatly affected their employment decisions, compared with 9% of families with TD children (p < 0.001). Age of child, parental education and parental age notwithstanding, having a child with ASD and having a child with OD were both associated with increased odds of reporting that childcare greatly interfered with employment (ASD, OR: 15.936; OD, OR: 2.502; all p < 0.001) and decreased the odds of living in a higher-income household (ASD, estimate = -1.271; OD, estimate = -0.569; all p < 0.001). The average loss of annual income associated with having a child with ASD was Chinese RenMinBi (RMB) 44,077 ($7,226), compared with RMB 20,788 ($3,408) for families of OD children. ASD is associated with severe employment and financial burdens, much more than for OD, in families with preschool children.

Changing epidemiology of intentional antidepressant drug overdose in Victoria, Australia.

PubMed

Wong, Anselm; Taylor, David McD; Ashby, Karen; Robinson, Jeff

2010-08-01

To determine the epidemiology of intentional antidepressant drug overdose (OD), over an extended time period, in Victoria, Australia. Retrospective epidemiological study of all cases reported to the Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset (VEMD) January 1998 to December 2007 and calls to the Victorian Poisons Information Centre (VPIC) June 2005 to September 2008. 5467 VEMD cases were analysed. 3169 (57.9%) cases involved selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and 1149 (21%) involved tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Sertraline (1252, 22.9% cases) was the most common drug. During 2001, the peak year of OD, there were 8.8 OD/100 000 population in the SSRI group and 3.8 OD/100 000 population in the TCA group. Trends over the study period showed increasing SSRI and 'other' newer antidepressant prescription rates and decreases for TCA and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI). However, the risks of OD in all drug classes were similar and OD/100 000 prescriptions trended downwards for all drug classes over time. 1833 VPIC calls were analysed. Calls relating to SSRIs were the most common yet SSRI OD was associated with significantly fewer symptoms (p < 0.001) and fewer patients with Poisoning Severity Score classifications of moderate or severe (p < 0.01). Antidepressant OD patterns are changing. Antidepressant OD incidence is following prescribing trends. The risk of OD is similar for all drug classes. Absolute numbers of OD and OD/100 000 prescriptions are decreasing for all drug classes.

Early alcohol exposure impairs ocular dominance plasticity throughout the critical period.

PubMed

Medina, Alexandre E; Ramoa, Ary S

2005-06-09

Animal models of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) have revealed an impairment of sensory neocortex plasticity. Here, we examine whether early alcohol exposure leads to a permanent impairment of ocular dominance plasticity (OD) or to an alteration in the timing of the critical period. Ferrets were exposed to alcohol during a brief period of development prior to eye opening and effects of monocular deprivation examined during early, mid and late critical period. Single-unit electrophysiology revealed markedly reduced OD plasticity at every age examined. This finding provides evidence that early alcohol exposure does not affect the timing or duration of the critical period of OD plasticity and suggests an enduring impairment of neural plasticity in FAS.

46 CFR 282.20 - Amount of subsidy payable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Rates. Daily ODS rates shall be used to quantify the amount of ODS payable. The daily ODS rate... items is the daily amount of ODS payable for approved vessel operating days, excluding reduced crew... the daily wage ODS rate to conform to the complement remaining on the vessel. The man-day reduction...

Life sciences Spacelab Mission Development test 3 (SMD 3) data management report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moseley, E. C.

1977-01-01

Development of a permanent data system for SMD tests was studied that would simulate all elements of the shuttle onboard, telemetry, and ground data systems that are involved with spacelab operations. The onboard data system (ODS) and the ground data system (GDS) were utilized. The air-to-ground link was simulated by a hardwired computer-to-computer interface. A patch board system was used on board to select experiment inputs, and the downlink configuration from the ODS was changed by a crew keyboard entry to support each experiment. The ODS provided a CRT display of experiment parameters to enable the crew to monitor experiment performance. An onboard analog system, with recording capability, was installed to handle high rate data and to provide a backup to the digital system. The GDS accomplished engineering unit conversion and limit sensing, and provided realtime parameter display on CRT's in the science monitoring area and the test control area.

Fast localization of optic disc and fovea in retinal images for eye disease screening

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, H.; Barriga, S.; Agurto, C.; Echegaray, S.; Pattichis, M.; Zamora, G.; Bauman, W.; Soliz, P.

2011-03-01

Optic disc (OD) and fovea locations are two important anatomical landmarks in automated analysis of retinal disease in color fundus photographs. This paper presents a new, fast, fully automatic optic disc and fovea localization algorithm developed for diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening. The optic disc localization methodology comprises of two steps. First, the OD location is identified using template matching and directional matched filter. To reduce false positives due to bright areas of pathology, we exploit vessel characteristics inside the optic disc. The location of the fovea is estimated as the point of lowest matched filter response within a search area determined by the optic disc location. Second, optic disc segmentation is performed. Based on the detected optic disc location, a fast hybrid level-set algorithm which combines the region information and edge gradient to drive the curve evolution is used to segment the optic disc boundary. Extensive evaluation was performed on 1200 images (Messidor) composed of 540 images of healthy retinas, 431 images with DR but no risk of macular edema (ME), and 229 images with DR and risk of ME. The OD location methodology obtained 98.3% success rate, while fovea location achieved 95% success rate. The average mean absolute distance (MAD) between the OD segmentation algorithm and "gold standard" is 10.5% of estimated OD radius. Qualitatively, 97% of the images achieved Excellent to Fair performance for OD segmentation. The segmentation algorithm performs well even on blurred images.

A Safe Place to Stay Sharp: Action Learning Meets Cooperative Inquiry in the Service of NHS OD Capacity Building

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Traeger, James; Norgate, Carolyn

2015-01-01

This is an account of practice. It explores the meeting point between action learning and action research, as a way of doing capacity building in organisational development (OD) in the NHS in the UK. The authors were part of a short cooperative inquiry (Heron, J. 1996. "Co-operative Inquiry: Research into the Human Condition." London:…

Protecting the ozone layer.

PubMed

Munasinghe, M; King, K

1992-06-01

Stratospheric ozone layer depletion has been recognized as a problem by the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the 1987 Montreal Protocol (MP). The ozone layer shields the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation (UV-B), which is more pronounced at the poles and around the equator. Industrialized countries have contributed significantly to the problem by releasing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons into the atmosphere. The effect of these chemicals, which were known for their inertness, nonflammability, and nontoxicity, was discovered in 1874. Action to deal with the effects of CFCs and halons was initiated in 1985 in a 49-nation UN meeting. 21 nations signed a protocol limiting ozone depleting substances (ODS): CFCs and halons. Schedules were set based on each country's use in 1986; the target phaseout was set for the year 2000. The MP restricts trade in ODSs and weights the impact of substances to reflect the extent of damage; i.e., halons are 10 times more damaging than CFCs. ODS requirements for developing countries were eased to accommodate scarce resources and the small fraction of ODS emissions. An Interim Multilateral Fund under the Montreal Protocol (IMFMP) was established to provide loans to finance the costs to developing countries in meeting global environmental requirements. The IMFMP is administered by the World Bank, the UN Environmental Program, and the UN Development Program. Financing is available to eligible countries who use .3 kg of ODS/person/year. Rapid phaseout in developed countries has occurred due to strong support from industry and a lower than expected cost. Although there are clear advantages to rapid phaseout, there were no incentives included in the MP for rapid phaseout. Some of the difficulties occur because the schedules set minimum targets at the lowest possible cost. Also, costs cannot be minimized by a country-specific and ODS-specific process. The ways to improve implementation in scheduling and incremental costs are indicated.

Forecasting the short-term passenger flow on high-speed railway with neural networks.

PubMed

Xie, Mei-Quan; Li, Xia-Miao; Zhou, Wen-Liang; Fu, Yan-Bing

2014-01-01

Short-term passenger flow forecasting is an important component of transportation systems. The forecasting result can be applied to support transportation system operation and management such as operation planning and revenue management. In this paper, a divide-and-conquer method based on neural network and origin-destination (OD) matrix estimation is developed to forecast the short-term passenger flow in high-speed railway system. There are three steps in the forecasting method. Firstly, the numbers of passengers who arrive at each station or depart from each station are obtained from historical passenger flow data, which are OD matrices in this paper. Secondly, short-term passenger flow forecasting of the numbers of passengers who arrive at each station or depart from each station based on neural network is realized. At last, the OD matrices in short-term time are obtained with an OD matrix estimation method. The experimental results indicate that the proposed divide-and-conquer method performs well in forecasting the short-term passenger flow on high-speed railway.

Use of disposable reactors to generate inoculum cultures for E. coli production fermentations.

PubMed

Mahajan, Ekta; Matthews, Timothy; Hamilton, Ryan; Laird, Michael W

2010-01-01

Disposable technology is being used more each year in the biotechnology industry. Disposable bioreactors allow one to avoid expenses associated with cleaning, assembly and operations, as well as equipment validation. The WAVE bioreactor is well established for Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) production, however, it has not yet been thoroughly tested for E. coli production because of the high oxygen demand and temperature maintenance requirements of that platform. The objective of this study is to establish a robust process to generate inoculum for E. coli production fermentations in a WAVE bioreactor. We opted not to evaluate the WAVE system for production cultures because of the high cell densities required in our current E. coli production processes. Instead, the WAVE bioreactor 20/50 system was evaluated at laboratory scale (10-L) to generate inoculum with target optical densities (OD(550)) of 15 within 7-9 h (pre-established target for stainless steel fermentors). The maximum settings for rock rate (40 rpm) and angle (10.5) were used to maximize mass transfer. The gas feed was also supplemented with additional oxygen to meet the high respiratory demand of the culture. The results showed that the growth profiles for the inoculum cultures were similar to those obtained from conventional stainless steel fermentors. These inoculum cultures were subsequently inoculated into 10-L working volume stainless steel fermentors to evaluate the inocula performance of two different production systems during recombinant protein production. The results of these production cultures using WAVE inocula showed that the growth and recombinant protein production was comparable to the control data set. Furthermore, an economic analysis showed that the WAVE system would require less capital investment for installation and operating expenses would be less than traditional stainless steel systems. (c) 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers

Progress in developing analytical and label-based dietary supplement databases at the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements

PubMed Central

Dwyer, Johanna T.; Picciano, Mary Frances; Betz, Joseph M.; Fisher, Kenneth D.; Saldanha, Leila G.; Yetley, Elizabeth A.; Coates, Paul M.; Milner, John A.; Whitted, Jackie; Burt, Vicki; Radimer, Kathy; Wilger, Jaimie; Sharpless, Katherine E.; Holden, Joanne M.; Andrews, Karen; Roseland, Janet; Zhao, Cuiwei; Schweitzer, Amy; Harnly, James; Wolf, Wayne R.; Perry, Charles R.

2013-01-01

Although an estimated 50% of adults in the United States consume dietary supplements, analytically substantiated data on their bioactive constituents are sparse. Several programs funded by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health enhance dietary supplement database development and help to better describe the quantitative and qualitative contributions of dietary supplements to total dietary intakes. ODS, in collaboration with the United States Department of Agriculture, is developing a Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (DSID) verified by chemical analysis. The products chosen initially for analytical verification are adult multivitamin-mineral supplements (MVMs). These products are widely used, analytical methods are available for determining key constituents, and a certified reference material is in development. Also MVMs have no standard scientific, regulatory, or marketplace definitions and have widely varying compositions, characteristics, and bioavailability. Furthermore, the extent to which actual amounts of vitamins and minerals in a product deviate from label values is not known. Ultimately, DSID will prove useful to professionals in permitting more accurate estimation of the contribution of dietary supplements to total dietary intakes of nutrients and better evaluation of the role of dietary supplements in promoting health and well-being. ODS is also collaborating with the National Center for Health Statistics to enhance the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey dietary supplement label database. The newest ODS effort explores the feasibility and practicality of developing a database of all dietary supplement labels marketed in the US. This article describes these and supporting projects. PMID:25346570

Complete Status Report Documenting Development of Friction Stir Welding for Joining Thin Wall Tubing of ODS Alloys

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hoelzer, David T.; Bunn, Jeffrey R.; Gussev, Maxim N.

The development of friction stir welding (FSW) for joining thin sections of the advanced oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) 14YWT ferritic alloy was initiated in Fuel Cycle Research and Development (FCRD), now the Nuclear Technology Research and Development (NTRD), in 2015. The first FSW experiment was conducted in late FY15 and successfully produced a bead-on-plate stir zone (SZ) on a 1 mm thick plate of 14YWT (SM13 heat). The goal of this research task is to ultimately demonstrate that FSW is a feasible method for joining thin wall (0.5 mm thick) tubing of 14YWT.

Creep and tensile properties of several oxide-dispersion-strengthened nickel-base alloys at 1365 K

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wittenberger, J. D.

1977-01-01

The tensile properties at room temperature and at 1365 K and the tensile creep properties at low strain rates at 1365 K were measured for several oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloys. The alloys examined included ODS Ni, ODS Ni-20Cr, and ODS Ni-16Cr-Al. Metallography of creep tested, large grain size ODS alloys indicated that creep of these alloys is an inhomogeneous process. All alloys appear to possess a threshold stress for creep. This threshold stress is believed to be associated with diffusional creep in the large grain size ODS alloys and normal dislocation motion in perfect single crystal (without transverse low angle boundaries) ODS alloys. Threshold stresses for large grain size ODS Ni-20Cr and Ni-16Cr-Al type alloys are dependent on the grain aspect ratio. Because of the deleterious effect of prior creep on room temperature mechanical properties of large grain size ODS alloys, it is speculated that the threshold stress may be the design limiting creep strength property.

Use of near-infrared spectroscopy to identify traumatic intracranial hemotomas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robertson, Claudia S.; Gopinath, Shankar; Chance, Britton

1997-01-01

Delayed intracranial hematomas are an important treatable cause of secondary brain injury in patients with head trauma. Early identification and treatment of these mass lesions, which appear or enlarge after the initial CT scan, may improve neurological outcome. Serial examinations using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to detect the development of delayed hematomas were performed in 305 patients. The difference in optical density ((Delta) OD) at 760 nm between the normal and the hematoma side was measured on admission and then serially during the first three to five days after injury. On admission, the (Delta) OD was highly predictive of the initial findings on CT scan. Patients with an epidural, subdural, or intracerebral hematoma had significantly greater (Delta) OD in the involved brain region than patients with diffuse brain injury. For the extracerebral hematomas, the (Delta) OD was significantly related to the size of the hematoma (r2 equals 0.55 and 0.77 for subdural and epidural hematomas, respectively). Fifty-nine (19%) of the patients developed some type of late hematoma: there was an intracerebral hematoma in 29 patients, an extracerebral hematoma in 7 patients, and a postoperative hematoma in 23 patients. Thirty-three of the late hematomas were large enough to require surgical evacuation. The hematomas appeared between 2 and 72 h after admission. In 55 of the 59 patients, an increase in the (Delta) OD to greater than 0.10 occurred prior to an increase in intracranial pressure or a change in the neurological examination. Early diagnosis using NIRS may allow early treatment and reduce secondary injury caused by delayed hematomas.

Thermal and Irradiation Creep Behavior of a Titanium Aluminide in Advanced Nuclear Plant Environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Magnusson, Per; Chen, Jiachao; Hoffelner, Wolfgang

2009-12-01

Titanium aluminides are well-accepted elevated temperature materials. In conventional applications, their poor oxidation resistance limits the maximum operating temperature. Advanced reactors operate in nonoxidizing environments. This could enlarge the applicability of these materials to higher temperatures. The behavior of a cast gamma-alpha-2 TiAl was investigated under thermal and irradiation conditions. Irradiation creep was studied in beam using helium implantation. Dog-bone samples of dimensions 10 × 2 × 0.2 mm3 were investigated in a temperature range of 300 °C to 500 °C under irradiation, and significant creep strains were detected. At temperatures above 500 °C, thermal creep becomes the predominant mechanism. Thermal creep was investigated at temperatures up to 900 °C without irradiation with samples of the same geometry. The results are compared with other materials considered for advanced fission applications. These are a ferritic oxide-dispersion-strengthened material (PM2000) and the nickel-base superalloy IN617. A better thermal creep behavior than IN617 was found in the entire temperature range. Up to 900 °C, the expected 104 hour stress rupture properties exceeded even those of the ODS alloy. The irradiation creep performance of the titanium aluminide was comparable with the ODS steels. For IN617, no irradiation creep experiments were performed due to the expected low irradiation resistance (swelling, helium embrittlement) of nickel-base alloys.

Microstructure and Charpy impact properties of 12 14Cr oxide dispersion-strengthened ferritic steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oksiuta, Z.; Baluc, N.

2008-02-01

This paper describes the microstructure and Charpy impact properties of 12-14 Cr ODS ferritic steels fabricated by mechanical alloying of pure Fe, Cr, W, Ti and Y 2O 3 powders in a Retsch ball mill in argon atmosphere, followed by hot isostatic pressing at 1100 °C under 200 MPa for 4 h and heat treatment at 850 °C for 1 h. Weak Charpy impact properties were obtained in the case of both types of as-hipped materials. In the case of 14Cr materials, the weak Charpy properties appeared related to a bimodal grain size distribution and a heterogeneous dislocation density between the coarse and fine grains. No changes in microstructure were evidenced after heat treatment at 850 °C. Significant improvement in the transition temperature and upper shelf energy of 12Cr materials was obtained by heat treatment at 850 °C for 1 h, which was attributed to the formation of smaller grains, homogenous in size and containing fewer dislocations, with respect to the as-hipped microstructure. This modified microstructure results in a good compromise between strength and Charpy impact properties.

The optical depth sensor (ODS) for column dust opacity measurements and cloud detection on martian atmosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toledo, D.; Rannou, P.; Pommereau, J.-P.; Foujols, T.

2016-08-01

A lightweight and sophisticated optical depth sensor (ODS) able to measure alternatively scattered flux at zenith and the sum of the direct flux and the scattered flux in blue and red has been developed to work in martian environment. The principal goals of ODS are to perform measurements of the daily mean dust opacity and to retrieve the altitude and optical depth of high altitude clouds at twilight, crucial parameters in the understanding of martian meteorology. The retrieval procedure of dust opacity is based on the use of radiative transfer simulations reproducing observed changes in the solar flux during the day as a function of 4 free parameters: dust opacity in blue and red, and effective radius and effective width of dust size distribution. The detection of clouds is undertaken by looking at the time variation of the color index (CI), defined as the ratio between red and blue ODS channels, at twilight. The retrieval of altitude and optical depth of clouds is carried out using a radiative transfer model in spherical geometry to simulate the CI time variation at twilight. Here the different retrieval procedures to analyze ODS signals, as well as the results obtained in different sensitivity analysis are presented and discussed.

Producing a Climate-Quality Database of Global Upper Ocean Profile Temperatures - The IQuOD (International Quality-controlled Ocean Database) Project.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sprintall, J.; Cowley, R.; Palmer, M. D.; Domingues, C. M.; Suzuki, T.; Ishii, M.; Boyer, T.; Goni, G. J.; Gouretski, V. V.; Macdonald, A. M.; Thresher, A.; Good, S. A.; Diggs, S. C.

2016-02-01

Historical ocean temperature profile observations provide a critical element for a host of ocean and climate research activities. These include providing initial conditions for seasonal-to-decadal prediction systems, evaluating past variations in sea level and Earth's energy imbalance, ocean state estimation for studying variability and change, and climate model evaluation and development. The International Quality controlled Ocean Database (IQuOD) initiative represents a community effort to create the most globally complete temperature profile dataset, with (intelligent) metadata and assigned uncertainties. With an internationally coordinated effort organized by oceanographers, with data and ocean instrumentation expertise, and in close consultation with end users (e.g., climate modelers), the IQuOD initiative will assess and maximize the potential of an irreplaceable collection of ocean temperature observations (tens of millions of profiles collected at a cost of tens of billions of dollars, since 1772) to fulfil the demand for a climate-quality global database that can be used with greater confidence in a vast range of climate change related research and services of societal benefit. Progress towards version 1 of the IQuOD database, ongoing and future work will be presented. More information on IQuOD is available at www.iquod.org.

Risperidone oral disintegrating mini-tablets: A robust-product for pediatrics.

PubMed

El-Say, Khalid M; Ahmed, Tarek A; Abdelbary, Maged F; Ali, Bahaa E; Aljaeid, Bader M; Zidan, Ahmed S

2015-12-01

This study was aimed at developing risperidone oral disintegrating mini-tablets (OD-mini-tablets) as age-appropriate formulations and to assess their suitability for infants and pediatric use. An experimental Box-Behnken design was applied to assure high quality of the OD-mini-tablets and reduce product variability. The design was employed to understand the influence of the critical excipient combinations on the production of OD-mini-tablets and thus guarantee the feasibility of obtaining products with dosage form uniformity. The variables selected were mannitol percent in Avicel (X1), swelling pressure of the superdisintegrant (X2), and the surface area of Aerosil as a glidant (X3). Risperidone-excipient compatibilities were investigated using FTIR and the spectra did not display any interaction. Fifteen formulations were prepared and evaluated for pre- and post-compression characteristics. The prepared OD-mini-tablet batches were also assessed for disintegration in simulated salivary fluid (SSF, pH 6.2) and in reconstituted skimmed milk. The optimized formula fulfilled the requirements for crushing strength of 5 kN with minimal friability, disintegration times of 8.4 and 53.7 s in SSF and skimmed milk, respectively. This study therefore proposes the risperidone OD-mini-tablet formula having robust mechanical properties, uniform and precise dosing of medication with short disintegration time suitable for pediatric use.

Automated oestrus detection using multimetric behaviour recognition in seasonal-calving dairy cattle on pasture.

PubMed

Brassel, J; Rohrssen, F; Failing, K; Wehrend, A

2018-06-11

To evaluate the performance of a novel accelerometer-based oestrus detection system (ODS) for dairy cows on pasture, in comparison with measurement of concentrations of progesterone in milk, ultrasonographic examination of ovaries and farmer observations. Mixed-breed lactating dairy cows (n=109) in a commercial, seasonal-calving herd managed at pasture under typical farming conditions in Ireland, were fitted with oestrus detection collars 3 weeks prior to mating start date. The ODS performed multimetric analysis of eight different motion patterns to generate oestrus alerts. Data were collected during the artificial insemination period of 66 days, commencing on 16 April 2015. Transrectal ultrasonographic examinations of the reproductive tract and measurements of concentrations of progesterone in milk were used to confirm oestrus events. Visual observations by the farmer and the number of theoretically expected oestrus events were used to evaluate the number of false negative ODS alerts. The percentage of eligible cows that were detected in oestrus at least once (and were confirmed true positives) was calculated for the first 21, 42 and 63 days of the insemination period. During the insemination period, the ODS generated 194 oestrus alerts and 140 (72.2%) were confirmed as true positives. Six confirmed oestrus events recognised by the farmer did not generate ODS alerts. The positive predictive value of the ODS was 72.2 (95% CI=65.3-78.4)%. To account for oestrus events not identified by the ODS or the farmer, four theoretical missed oestrus events were added to the false negatives. Estimated sensitivity of the automated ODS was 93.3 (95% CI=88.1-96.8)%. The proportion of eligible cows that were detected in oestrus during the first 21 days of the insemination period was 92/106 (86.8%), and during the first 42 and 63 days of the insemination period was 103/106 (97.2%) and 105/106 (99.1%), respectively. The ODS under investigation was suitable for oestrus detection in dairy cows on pasture and showed a high sensitivity of oestrus detection. Multimetric analysis of behavioural data seems to be the superior approach to developing and improving ODS for dairy cows on pasture. Due to a high proportion of false positive alerts, its use as a stand-alone system for oestrus detection cannot be recommended. As it is the first time the system was investigated, testing on other farms would be necessary for further validation.

Comprehensive two-dimensional HPLC to study the interaction of multiple components in Rheum palmatum L. with HSA by coupling a silica-bonded HSA column to a silica monolithic ODS column.

PubMed

Hu, Lianghai; Li, Xin; Feng, Shun; Kong, Liang; Su, Xingye; Chen, Xueguo; Qin, Feng; Ye, Mingliang; Zou, Hanfa

2006-04-01

A mode of comprehensive 2-D LC was developed by coupling a silica-bonded HSA column to a silica monolithic ODS column. This system combined the affinity property of the HSA column and the high-speed separation ability of the monolithic ODS column. The affinity chromatography with HSA-immobilized stationary phase was applied to study the interaction of multiple components in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) with HSA according to their affinity to protein in the first dimension. Then the unresolved components retained on the HSA column were further separated on the silica monolithic ODS column in the second dimension. By hyphenating the 2-D separation system to diode array detector and MS detectors, the UV and molecular weight information of the separated compounds can also be obtained. The developed separation system was applied to analysis of the extract of Rheum palmatum L., a number of low-abundant components can be separated on a single peak from the HSA column after normalization of peak heights. Six compounds were preliminarily identified according to their UV and MS spectra. It showed that this system was very useful for biological fingerprinting analysis of the components in TCMs and natural products.

Influence of Texture on Impact Toughness of Ferritic Fe-20Cr-5Al Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steel

PubMed Central

Sánchez-Gutiérrez, Javier; Chao, Jesus; Vivas, Javier; Galvez, Francisco; Capdevila, Carlos

2017-01-01

Fe-based oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels are oriented to applications where high operating temperatures and good corrosion resistance is paramount. However, their use is compromised by their fracture toughness, which is lower than other competing ferritic-martenstic steels. In addition, the route required in manufacturing these alloys generates texture in the material, which induces a strong anisotropy in properties. The V-notched Charpy tests carried out on these alloys, to evaluate their impact toughness, reveal that delaminations do not follow the path that would be expected. There are many hypotheses about what triggers these delaminations, but the most accepted is that the joint action of particles in the grain boundaries, texture induced in the manufacturing process, and the actual microstructure of these alloys are responsible. In this paper we focused on the actual role of crystallographic texture on impact toughness in these materials. A finite elements simulation is carried out to solely analyze the role of texture and eliminate other factors, such as grain boundaries and the dispersed particles. The work allows us to conclude that crystallographic texture plays an important role in the distribution of stresses in the Charpy specimens. The observed delaminations might be explained on the basis that the crack in the grain, causing the delamination, is directly related to the shear stresses τ12 on both sides of the grain boundary, while the main crack propagation is a consequence of the normal stress to the crack. PMID:28773104

SU-E-T-135: Investigation of Commercial-Grade Flatbed Scanners and a Medical- Grade Scanner for Radiochromic EBT Film Dosimetry.

PubMed

Syh, J; Patel, B; Syh, J; Wu, H; Rosen, L; Durci, M; Katz, S; Sibata, C

2012-06-01

To evaluate the characteristics of commercial-grade flatbed scanners and medical-grade scanners for radiochromic EBT film dosimetry. Performance aspects of a Vidar Dosimetry Pro Advantage (Red), Epson 750 Pro, Microtek ArtixScan 1800f, and Microtek ScanMaker 8700 scanner for EBT2 Gafchromic film were evaluated in the categories of repeatability, maximum distinguishable optical density (OD) differentiation, OD variance, and dose curve characteristics. OD step film by Stouffer Industries containing 31 steps ranging from 0.05 to 3.62 OD was used. EBT films were irradiated with dose ranging from 20 to 600 cGy in 6×6 cm 2 field sizes and analyzed 24 hours later using RIT113 and Tomotherapy Film Analyzer software. Scans were performed in transmissive mode, landscape orientation, 16-bit image. The mean and standard deviation Analog to Digital (A/D) scanner value was measured by selecting a 3×3 mm 2 uniform area in the central region of each OD step from a total of 20 scans performed over several weeks. Repeatability was determined from the variance of OD step 0.38. Maximum distinguishable OD was defined as the last OD step whose range of A/D values does not overlap with its neighboring step. Repeatability uncertainty ranged from 0.1% for Vidar to 4% for Epson. Average standard deviation of OD steps ranged from 0.21% for Vidar to 6.4% for ArtixScan 1800f. Maximum distinguishable optical density ranged from 3.38 for Vidar to 1.32 for ScanMaker 8700. A/D range of each OD step corresponds to a dose range. Dose ranges of OD steps varied from 1% for Vidar to 20% for ScanMaker 8700. The Vidar exhibited a dose curve that utilized a broader range of OD values than the other scanners. Vidar exhibited higher maximum distinguishable OD, smaller variance in repeatability, smaller A/D value deviation per OD step, and a shallower dose curve with respect to OD. © 2012 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

In Situ Materials Study in Hot Hydrothermal Vent Fluid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holland, P. M.; Schindele, W. J.; Holland, C. E.; Lilley, M. D.; Olson, E. J.

2004-12-01

We are developing methods and technology for in situ sampling and analysis of volatiles from hot hydrothermal vent fluids inside the mixing boundary. These fluids can reach temperatures of up to 400° C and are known to be corrosive to most materials. While titanium has been the material of choice for contact with these fluids, we wanted to assess whether other materials, such as Hastelloy or nickel might be suitable for in situ sampling from hydrothermal vents. For the present study, small (1/16" o.d.) tubes of chemically pure titanium, Hastelloy C, and Nickel 200 were prepared, using 316 stainless steel as a control. These were placed in an assembly with other test items, and inserted into the hydrothermal vent Sully in the Main Endeavor Field on the Juan de Fuca Plate in June 2003 by the Jason II ROV operated from the R/V Thompson. The assembly was retrieved 46 days later after exposure to approximately 360° C hydrothermal vent fluid at a depth of 2200 m. Inspection showed the stainless steel to be completely eroded away and nickel to be extensively corroded, however both the Hastelloy and titanium tubes were in excellent condition with the 0.030" i.d. passages in the tubes remaining open. Other test items included a miniature titanium filtered inlet fitting containing an 80 mesh titanium screen made of 0.004" (0.1 mm) chemically pure titanium wire, an Inconel washer and a sapphire ball. Apart from some discoloration, there appeared to be no significant degradation in these materials apart from signs of etching on the sapphire.

Prenatal Vitamins: OK for Women Who Aren't Pregnant?

MedlinePlus

... fact sheet: Folate. Office of Dietary Supplements. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/. Accessed March 20, ... fact sheet: Iron. Office of Dietary Supplements. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/. Accessed March ...

High Temperature Mechanical Properties, Fractography and Synchrotron Studies of ATF clad materials from the UCSB-NSUF Irradiations.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Saleh, Tarik A.; Maloy, Stuart Andrew; Romero, Tobias J.

2015-02-23

A variety of tensile samples of Ferritic and Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS or nanostructured ferritic) steels were placed the ATR reactor over 2 years achieving doses of roughly 4-6 dpa at temperatures of roughly 290°C. Samples were shipped to Wing 9 in the CMR facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory and imaged then tested in tension. This report summarizes the room temperature tensile tests, the elevated temperature tensile tests (300°C) and fractography and reduction of area calculations on those samples. Additionally small samples were cut from the undeformed grip section of these tensile samples and sent to the NSLS synchrotronmore » for high energy X-ray analysis, initial results will be described here.« less

Advances in joining newer structural materials; Proceedings of the International Conference, Montreal, Canada, July 23-25, 1990

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

The present conference on advances in joining novel structural materials encompasses such material types as ceramics, plastics and composites, and new metallic materials. Specific issues addressed include the use of conductor electric explosion to join ceramics, the effects of brazing temperature on joint properties of SiC-fiber-reinforced Al-alloy-matrix composites, the in situ structure control of composite materials, and the weldability of polymeric materials that are heterogeneous as to chemical nature from the standpoint of morphology. Also addressed are the joining of the Al-Li alloy 8090, diffusion bonding of a creep-resistant Fe-ODS alloy, the adhesive bonding of zinc-coated steel sheets, welds in thermoplastic composite materials, and hot-melt joints for carbon-fiber-reinforced composites.

Capabilities to improve corrosion resistance of fuel claddings by using powerful laser and plasma sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borisov, V. M.; Trofimov, V. N.; Sapozhkov, A. Yu.; Kuzmenko, V. A.; Mikhaylov, V. B.; Cherkovets, V. Ye.; Yakushkin, A. A.; Yakushin, V. L.; Dzhumayev, P. S.

2016-12-01

The treatment conditions of fuel claddings of the E110 alloy by using powerful UV or IR laser radiation, which lead to the increase in the corrosion resistance at the high-temperature ( T = 1100°C) oxidation simulating a loss-of-coolant accident, are determined. The possibility of the complete suppression of corrosion under these conditions by using pulsed laser deposition of a Cr layer is demonstrated. The behavior of protective coatings of Al, Al2O3, and Cr planted on steel EP823 by pulsed laser deposition, which is planned to be used in the BREST-OD-300, is studied. The methods of the almost complete suppression of corrosion in liquid lead to the temperature of 720°C are shown.

Advanced ODS FeCrAl alloys for accident-tolerant fuel cladding

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dryepondt, Sebastien N; Unocic, Kinga A; Hoelzer, David T

2014-09-01

ODS FeCrAl alloys are being developed with optimum composition and properties for accident tolerant fuel cladding. Two oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) Fe-15Cr-5Al+Y2O3 alloys were fabricated by ball milling and extrusion of gas atomized metallic powder mixed with Y2O3 powder. To assess the impact of Mo on the alloy mechanical properties, one alloy contained 1%Mo. The hardness and tensile properties of the two alloys were close and higher than the values reported for fine grain PM2000 alloy. This is likely due to the combination of a very fine grain structure and the presence of nano oxide precipitates. The nano oxide dispersionmore » was however not sufficient to prevent grain boundary sliding at 800 C and the creep properties of the alloys were similar or only slightly superior to fine grain PM2000 alloy. Both alloys formed a protective alumina scale at 1200 C in air and steam and the mass gain curves were similar to curves generated with 12Cr-5Al+Y2O3 (+Hf or Zr) ODS alloys fabricated for a different project. To estimate the maximum temperature limit of use for the two alloys in steam, ramp tests at a rate of 5 C/min were carried out in steam. Like other ODS alloys, the two alloys showed a significant increase of the mas gains at T~ 1380 C compared with ~1480 C for wrought alloys of similar composition. The beneficial effect of Yttrium for wrought FeCrAl does not seem effective for most ODS FeCrAl alloys. Characterization of the hardness of annealed specimens revealed that the microstructure of the two alloys was not stable above 1000 C. Concurrent radiation results suggested that Cr levels <15wt% are desirable and the creep and oxidation results from the 12Cr ODS alloys indicate that a lower Cr, high strength ODS alloy with a higher maximum use temperature could be achieved.« less

Incentives for orphan drug research and development in the United States.

PubMed

Seoane-Vazquez, Enrique; Rodriguez-Monguio, Rosa; Szeinbach, Sheryl L; Visaria, Jay

2008-12-16

The Orphan Drug Act (1983) established several incentives to encourage the development of orphan drugs (ODs) to treat rare diseases and conditions. This study analyzed the characteristics of OD designations, approvals, sponsors, and evaluated the effective patent and market exclusivity life of orphan new molecular entities (NMEs) approved in the US between 1983 and 2007. Primary data sources were the FDA Orange Book, the FDA Office of Orphan Drugs Development, and the US Patent and Trademark Office. Data included all orphan designations and approvals listed by the FDA and all NMEs approved by the FDA during the study period. The FDA listed 1,793 orphan designations and 322 approvals between 1983 and 2007. Cancer was the main group of diseases targeted for orphan approvals. Eighty-three companies concentrated 67.7% of the total orphan NMEs approvals. The average time from orphan designation to FDA approval was 4.0 +/- 3.3 years (mean +/- standard deviation). The average maximum effective patent and market exclusivity life was 11.7 +/- 5.0 years for orphan NME. OD market exclusivity increased the average maximum effective patent and market exclusivity life of ODs by 0.8 years. Public programs, federal regulations, and policies support orphan drugs R&D. Grants, research design support, FDA fee waivers, tax incentives, and orphan drug market exclusivity are the main incentives for orphan drug R&D. Although the 7-year orphan drug market exclusivity provision had a positive yet relatively modest overall effect on effective patent and market exclusivity life, economic incentives and public support mechanisms provide a platform for continued orphan drug development for a highly specialized market.

A Behavioral Framework for Managing Massive Airline Flight Disruptions through Crisis Management, Organization Development, and Organization Learning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Larsen, Tulinda Deegan

In this study the researcher provides a behavioral framework for managing massive airline flight disruptions (MAFD) in the United States. Under conditions of MAFD, multiple flights are disrupted throughout the airline's route network, customer service is negatively affected, additional costs are created for airlines, and governments intervene. This study is different from other studies relating to MAFD that have focused on the operational, technical, economic, financial, and customer service impacts. The researcher argues that airlines could improve the management of events that led to MAFD by applying the principles of crisis management where the entire organization is mobilized, rather than one department, adapting organization development (OD) interventions to implement change and organization learning (OL) processes to create culture of innovation, resulting in sustainable improvement in customer service, cost reductions, and mitigation of government intervention. At the intersection of crisis management, OD, and OL, the researcher has developed a new conceptual framework that enhances the resiliency of individuals and organizations in responding to unexpected-yet-recurring crises (e.g., MAFD) that impact operations. The researcher has adapted and augmented Lalonde's framework for managing crises through OD interventions by including OL processes. The OD interventions, coupled with OL, provide a framework for airline leaders to manage more effectively events that result in MAFD with the goal of improving passenger satisfaction, reducing costs, and preventing further government intervention. Further research is warranted to apply this conceptual framework to unexpected-yet-recurring crises that affect operations in other industries.

Comparative analysis of the scope of European Union paediatric investigation plans with corresponding orphan designations.

PubMed

Ecker, Andrea; Mariz, Segundo; Naumann-Winter, Frauke; Norga, Koenraad; Barisic, Ingeborg; Girard, Thomas; Tomasi, Paolo; Mentzer, Dirk; Sepodes, Bruno

2018-05-01

Market forces may not be sufficient to stimulate research and development of medicines for small patient populations, such as children and patients with rare diseases. Both the European Union Orphan and Paediatric Regulations were introduced to address the unmet public health needs of these smaller patient populations through the use of incentives, rewards and obligations. Developers for new medicines for rare diseases must agree a paediatric investigation plan (PIP) or waiver with the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Paediatric Committee (PDCO), and can also apply for an orphan designation (OD) from the EMA's Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products (COMP). The scope of both the OD and the PIP (or waiver) is defined by the agreed condition. The aim of this study was to analyse the approach of PDCO and COMP in defining the appropriate condition for a PIP or OD, respectively, in order to investigate potential challenges in the paediatric development of orphan medicines which have to meet the requirements of both legislations. A comparative analysis of PIP conditions and OD conditions was performed for medicines that have been reviewed by both Committees. We found that in the substantial majority of cases there is no divergence between the conclusions of COMP and PDCO with regard to the condition for which a medicine is to be developed. These findings demonstrate that a collaborative approach allows both Regulations to work synergistically to foster pharmaceutical development for rare diseases in childhood. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

2nd Gen FeCrAl ODS Alloy Development For Accident-Tolerant Fuel Cladding

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dryepondt, Sebastien N.; Massey, Caleb P.; Edmondson, Philip D.

Extensive research at ORNL aims at developing advanced low-Cr high strength FeCrAl alloys for accident tolerant fuel cladding. One task focuses on the fabrication of new low Cr oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) FeCrAl alloys. The first Fe-12Cr-5Al+Y 2O 3 (+ ZrO 2 or TiO 2) ODS alloys exhibited excellent tensile strength up to 800 C and good oxidation resistance in steam up to 1400 C, but very limited plastic deformation at temperature ranging from room to 800 C. To improve alloy ductility, several fabrication parameters were considered. New Fe-10-12Cr-6Al gas-atomized powders containing 0.15 to 0.5wt% Zr were procured and ballmore » milled for 10h, 20h or 40h with Y2O3. The resulting powder was then extruded at temperature ranging from 900 to 1050 C. Decreasing the ball milling time or increasing the extrusion temperature changed the alloy grain size leading to lower strength but enhanced ductility. Small variations of the Cr, Zr, O and N content did not seem to significantly impact the alloy tensile properties, and, overall, the 2nd gen ODS FeCrAl alloys showed significantly better ductility than the 1st gen alloys. Tube fabrication needed for fuel cladding will require cold or warm working associated with softening heat treatments, work was therefore initiated to assess the effect of these fabrications steps on the alloy microstructure and properties. This report has been submitted as fulfillment of milestone M3FT 16OR020202091 titled, Report on 2nd Gen FeCrAl ODS Alloy Development for the Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy, Advanced Fuel Campaign of the Fuel Cycle R&D program.« less

Anosmia and olfactory outcomes following paediatric traumatic brain injury.

PubMed

Bakker, Kathleen; Catroppa, Cathy; Anderson, Vicki

2016-01-01

Research into olfactory dysfunction (OD) following paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is limited. The current study investigated the frequency of OD following paediatric TBI and the relationship between OD and injury characteristics including severity, site of impact and cause of injury. It was hypothesized that children with moderate/severe TBI would demonstrate greater OD than those with mild TBI. Thirty-seven children aged 8-16 with TBI were recruited to a prospective longitudinal study at a metropolitan children's hospital. Olfactory assessment, using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, was completed at 0-3 months post-injury. Nineteen per cent of participants demonstrated impaired olfaction, while a small number (5%) were anosmic. A significant relationship between OD and severity of injury was found. No other injury variables demonstrated a significant relationship with olfactory outcomes. OD was relatively common in this paediatric TBI cohort and the hypothesized relationship with severity of injury was supported. It is recommended that information about OD after TBI be routinely provided to children and families. Further research is needed in larger cohorts to support the implementation of routine clinical assessment, understand the relationship between OD and other injury characteristics, determine the functional implications of OD and document recovery trajectories.

Brokered virtual hubs for facilitating access and use of geospatial Open Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mazzetti, Paolo; Latre, Miguel; Kamali, Nargess; Brumana, Raffaella; Braumann, Stefan; Nativi, Stefano

2016-04-01

Open Data is a major trend in current information technology scenario and it is often publicised as one of the pillars of the information society in the near future. In particular, geospatial Open Data have a huge potential also for Earth Sciences, through the enablement of innovative applications and services integrating heterogeneous information. However, open does not mean usable. As it was recognized at the very beginning of the Web revolution, many different degrees of openness exist: from simple sharing in a proprietary format to advanced sharing in standard formats and including semantic information. Therefore, to fully unleash the potential of geospatial Open Data, advanced infrastructures are needed to increase the data openness degree, enhancing their usability. In October 2014, the ENERGIC OD (European NEtwork for Redistributing Geospatial Information to user Communities - Open Data) project, funded by the European Union under the Competitiveness and Innovation framework Programme (CIP), has started. In response to the EU call, the general objective of the project is to "facilitate the use of open (freely available) geographic data from different sources for the creation of innovative applications and services through the creation of Virtual Hubs". The ENERGIC OD Virtual Hubs aim to facilitate the use of geospatial Open Data by lowering and possibly removing the main barriers which hampers geo-information (GI) usage by end-users and application developers. Data and services heterogeneity is recognized as one of the major barriers to Open Data (re-)use. It imposes end-users and developers to spend a lot of effort in accessing different infrastructures and harmonizing datasets. Such heterogeneity cannot be completely removed through the adoption of standard specifications for service interfaces, metadata and data models, since different infrastructures adopt different standards to answer to specific challenges and to address specific use-cases. Thus, beyond a certain extent, heterogeneity is irreducible especially in interdisciplinary contexts. ENERGIC OD Virtual Hubs address heterogeneity adopting a mediation and brokering approach: specific components (brokers) are dedicated to harmonize service interfaces, metadata and data models, enabling seamless discovery and access to heterogeneous infrastructures and datasets. As an innovation project, ENERGIC OD integrates several existing technologies to implement Virtual Hubs as single points of access to geospatial datasets provided by new or existing platforms and infrastructures, including INSPIRE-compliant systems and Copernicus services. A first version of the ENERGIC OD brokers has been implemented based on the GI-Suite Brokering Framework developed by CNR-IIA, and complemented with other tools under integration and development. It already enables mediated discovery and harmonized access to different geospatial Open Data sources. It is accessible by users as Software-as-a-Service through a browser. Moreover, open APIs and a Javascript library are available for application developers. Six ENERGIC OD Virtual Hubs have been currently deployed: one at regional level (Berlin metropolitan area) and five at national-level (in France, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain). Each Virtual Hub manager decided the deployment strategy (local infrastructure or commercial Infrastructure-as-a-Service cloud), and the list of connected Open Data sources. The ENERGIC OD Virtual Hubs are under test and validation through the development of ten different mobile and Web applications.

Forecasting the Short-Term Passenger Flow on High-Speed Railway with Neural Networks

PubMed Central

Xie, Mei-Quan; Li, Xia-Miao; Zhou, Wen-Liang; Fu, Yan-Bing

2014-01-01

Short-term passenger flow forecasting is an important component of transportation systems. The forecasting result can be applied to support transportation system operation and management such as operation planning and revenue management. In this paper, a divide-and-conquer method based on neural network and origin-destination (OD) matrix estimation is developed to forecast the short-term passenger flow in high-speed railway system. There are three steps in the forecasting method. Firstly, the numbers of passengers who arrive at each station or depart from each station are obtained from historical passenger flow data, which are OD matrices in this paper. Secondly, short-term passenger flow forecasting of the numbers of passengers who arrive at each station or depart from each station based on neural network is realized. At last, the OD matrices in short-term time are obtained with an OD matrix estimation method. The experimental results indicate that the proposed divide-and-conquer method performs well in forecasting the short-term passenger flow on high-speed railway. PMID:25544838

Ion chromatography for determination of nitrite and nitrate in seawater using monolithic ODS columns.

PubMed

Ito, Kazuaki; Takayama, Yohichi; Makabe, Nobuyuki; Mitsui, Ryo; Hirokawa, Takeshi

2005-08-12

A fast and highly sensitive ion chromatographic method using monolithic ODS columns was developed for the determination of nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) in seawater. Two monolithic ODS columns (50 mm x 4.6 mm i.d. + 100 mm x 4.6 mm i.d.) connected in series were coated and equilibrated with 5 mM cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) aqueous solution. The column efficiency with 0.5 M NaCl as the mobile phase did not decrease in spite of the increase in flow rate of the mobile phase. Thus, good chromatograms were obtained within 3 minutes for NO2- and NO3 in artificial seawater without interferences by coexisting ions. The detection limit (S/N = 3) with UV detection at 225 nm was 0.8 and 1.6 microg/L for NO2- and NO3-, respectively. The characteristics of the monolithic CTA(+)-coated ODS columns were discussed. The present method was successfully applied to the fast and sensitive determination of NO2- and NO3- in real seawater samples.

Development of ODS FeCrAl for compatibility in fusion and fission energy applications

DOE PAGES

Pint, Bruce A.; Dryepondt, Sebastien N.; Unocic, Kinga A.; ...

2014-11-15

In this paper, oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) FeCrAl alloys with 12–15% Cr are being evaluated for improved compatibility with Pb-Li for a fusion energy application and with high temperature steam for a more accident-tolerant light water reactor fuel cladding application. A 12% Cr content alloy showed low mass losses in static Pb-Li at 700°C, where a LiAlO 2 surface oxide formed and inhibited dissolution into the liquid metal. All the evaluated compositions formed a protective scale in steam at 1200°C, which is not possible with ODS FeCr alloys. However, most of the compositions were not protective at 1400°C, which ismore » a general and somewhat surprising problem with ODS FeCrAl alloys that is still being studied. More work is needed to optimize the alloy composition, microstructure and oxide dispersion, but initial promising tensile and creep results have been obtained with mixed oxide additions, i.e. Y 2O 3 with ZrO 2, HfO 2 or TiO 2.« less

The Orphan Disease Networks

PubMed Central

Zhang, Minlu; Zhu, Cheng; Jacomy, Alexis; Lu, Long J.; Jegga, Anil G.

2011-01-01

The low prevalence rate of orphan diseases (OD) requires special combined efforts to improve diagnosis, prevention, and discovery of novel therapeutic strategies. To identify and investigate relationships based on shared genes or shared functional features, we have conducted a bioinformatic-based global analysis of all orphan diseases with known disease-causing mutant genes. Starting with a bipartite network of known OD and OD-causing mutant genes and using the human protein interactome, we first construct and topologically analyze three networks: the orphan disease network, the orphan disease-causing mutant gene network, and the orphan disease-causing mutant gene interactome. Our results demonstrate that in contrast to the common disease-causing mutant genes that are predominantly nonessential, a majority of orphan disease-causing mutant genes are essential. In confirmation of this finding, we found that OD-causing mutant genes are topologically important in the protein interactome and are ubiquitously expressed. Additionally, functional enrichment analysis of those genes in which mutations cause ODs shows that a majority result in premature death or are lethal in the orthologous mouse gene knockout models. To address the limitations of traditional gene-based disease networks, we also construct and analyze OD networks on the basis of shared enriched features (biological processes, cellular components, pathways, phenotypes, and literature citations). Analyzing these functionally-linked OD networks, we identified several additional OD-OD relations that are both phenotypically similar and phenotypically diverse. Surprisingly, we observed that the wiring of the gene-based and other feature-based OD networks are largely different; this suggests that the relationship between ODs cannot be fully captured by the gene-based network alone. PMID:21664998

46 CFR 282.31 - Subsidy billing procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

.... (a) Subsidy voucher—(1) Form. Requests for payment of ODS shall be submitted on a public voucher... affidavit. (1) The following schedules shall be used for calculating the amount of ODS payable: Schedule A (Company) ODSA No. ODS Accrued During Fiscal Year 198__ ODS Payable for the Month of Current voucher...

46 CFR 280.3 - Standards governing award of an ODS agreement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards governing award of an ODS agreement. 280.3 Section 280.3 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION REGULATIONS AFFECTING... LINER OPERATORS § 280.3 Standards governing award of an ODS agreement. No ODS agreement, including any...

Analysis of corrosion layers on protective coatings and high temperature materials in simulated service environments of modern power plants using SNMS, SIMS, SEM, TEM, RBS and X-ray diffraction studies.

PubMed

Nickel, H; Quadakkers, W J; Singheiser, L

2002-10-01

In three different examples, the effects of the oxidation behaviour as well as the microstructural stability of high temperature materials and protective coatings was determined by combining the results of kinetic studies with extensive analytical investigations using, among other techniques, SNMS, SIMS, SEM, TEM, Rutherford back scattering (RBS) as well as X-ray diffraction. 1). The effect of water vapour on the oxidation behaviour of 9% Cr steels in simulated combustion gases has been determined. The effects of O2 and H2O content on the oxidation behaviour of 9% Cr steel in the temperature range 600-800 degrees C showed that in dry oxygen a protective scale was formed with an oxidation rate controlled by diffusion in the protective scale. In the presence of water vapour, after an incubation period, the scales became non-protective as a result of a change in the oxidation limiting process. The destruction of the protective scale by water vapour does not only depend on H2O content but also on the H2O/O2-ratio. 2). The increase of component surface temperature in modern gas turbines leads to an enhanced oxidation attack of the blade coating. Improvements in corrosion resistance and longer lifetime thermal barrier coatings in gas turbines have been achieved by improvement of the high temperature properties of MCrAlY coatings by additions of minor alloying elements such as yttrium, silicon and titanium. 3). The use of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys provides excellent creep resistance up to much higher temperatures than can be achieved with conventional wrought or cast alloys in combination with suitable high temperature oxidation/corrosion resistance. Investigation of the growth mechanisms of protective chromia and alumina scales were examined by a two-stage oxidation method with 18O tracer. The distribution of the oxygen isotopes in the oxide scale was determined by SIMS and SNMS. The results show the positive influence of a Y2O3 dispersion on the oxidation resistance of the ODS alloys and its effect on growth mechanisms.

Research and Development of Heavy Gauge X80 Pipeline Plate Utilizing Optimized Rolling and Cooling Process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Shaopo; Li, Jiading; Ding, Wenhua; Zhang, Hai

This paper reports on the experience with the production of 27/33 mm X80 heavy wall thicknesses, large OD (48") in Shouqin Steel Co., Ltd. (SQS). Considering the technology capability of the plate mill in SQS, a optimized rolling and cooling process was developed to achieve stable heavy gauge X80 mechanical properties. The importance of the slab reheating process and rolling schedule will be discussed in the paper. In addition, the per pass reductions logic used during recrystallized rough rolling, and special emphasis on the reduction of the final roughing pass prior to the intermediate holding resulting in a fine uniform prior austenite microstructure will be discussed. The optimized cooling process application after finish rolling guarantees the steady control of the final bainitic microstructure with optimum M/A phase for heavy gauge X80 plates. The plates produced by this process achieved good flatness and excellent mechanical properties. SQS has produced 10000 tons 27mm X80 for the Middle Asia C Line Project and 1000 tons 33mm X80 for the 3rd West-to-East Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Project in 2013-2014. The products utilizing optimized rolling and cooling process showed extremely excellent low temperature toughness.

Mammography dosimetry using an in-house developed polymethyl methacrylate phantom.

PubMed

Sharma, Reena; Sharma, Sunil Dutt; Mayya, Y S; Chourasiya, G

2012-08-01

Phantom-based measurements in mammography are well-established for quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) procedures involving equipment performance and comparisons of X-ray machines. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is among the best suitable materials for simulation of the breast. For carrying out QA/QC exercises in India, a mammographic PMMA phantom with engraved slots for keeping thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLD) has been developed. The radiation transmission property of the developed phantom was compared with the commercially available phantoms for verifying its suitability for mammography dosimetry. The breast entrance exposure (BEE), mean glandular dose (MGD), percentage depth dose (PDD), percentage surface dose distribution (PSDD), calibration testing of automatic exposure control (AEC) and density control function of a mammography machine were measured using this phantom. MGD was derived from the measured BEE following two different methodologies and the results were compared. The PDD and PSDD measurements were carried out using LiF: Mg, Cu, P chips. The in-house phantom was found comparable with the commercially available phantoms. The difference in the MGD values derived using two different methods were found in the range of 17.5-32.6 %. Measured depth ranges in the phantom lie between 0.32 and 0.40 cm for 75 % depth dose, 0.73 and 0.92 cm for 50 % depth dose, and 1.54 and 1.78 cm for 25 % depth dose. Higher PSDD value was observed towards chest wall edge side of the phantom, which is due to the orientation of cathode-anode axis along the chest wall to the nipple direction. Results obtained for AEC configuration testing shows that the observed mean optical density (O.D) of the phantom image was 1.59 and O.D difference for every successive increase in thickness of the phantom was within±0.15 O.D. Under density control function testing, at -2 and -1 density settings, the variation in film image O.D was within±0.15 O.D of the normal density setting '0' and at +2 and +1 density setting, it was observed to be within±0.30 O.D. This study indicates that the locally made PMMA TLD slot phantom can be used to measure various mammography QC parameters which are essentially required for better outcomes in mammography.

Neurogenic [corrected] and oropharyngeal dysphagia.

PubMed

Rofes, Laia; Clavé, Pere; Ouyang, Ann; Scharitzer, Martina; Pokieser, Peter; Vilardell, Natalia; Ortega, Omar

2013-10-01

Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a swallowing disorder caused by congenital abnormalities and structural damage and disease-associated damage of the oral cavity, pharynx, and upper esophageal sphincter. Patients with OD lack the protective mechanisms necessary for effective swallowing, exhibiting difficulty controlling food in the mouth and initiating a swallow, leading to choking, coughing, and nasal regurgitation. OD is a major risk factor for malnutrition, dehydration, and aspiration pneumonia. The following on OD includes commentaries on the application of simulation of oropharyngeal transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and maneuvers like the Shaker exercise to improve the safety and efficacy of swallow in OD patients; the prevalence of esophageal pathologies in OD patients and the need to evaluate the esophagus, esophagogastric junction, and stomach; and strategies for clinical screening to detect OD and aspiration among high-risk patients and to improve oral health care, maintain nutrition and hydration, and prevent aspiration pneumonia. © 2013 New York Academy of Sciences.

Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale for patients with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN-R-ODS).

PubMed

Binda, D; Vanhoutte, E K; Cavaletti, G; Cornblath, D R; Postma, T J; Frigeni, B; Alberti, P; Bruna, J; Velasco, R; Argyriou, A A; Kalofonos, H P; Psimaras, D; Ricard, D; Pace, A; Galiè, E; Briani, C; Dalla Torre, C; Lalisang, R I; Boogerd, W; Brandsma, D; Koeppen, S; Hense, J; Storey, D; Kerrigan, S; Schenone, A; Fabbri, S; Rossi, E; Valsecchi, M G; Faber, C G; Merkies, I S J; Galimberti, S; Lanzani, F; Mattavelli, L; Piatti, M L; Bidoli, P; Cazzaniga, M; Cortinovis, D; Lucchetta, M; Campagnolo, M; Bakkers, M; Brouwer, B; Boogerd, W; Grant, R; Reni, L; Piras, B; Pessino, A; Padua, L; Granata, G; Leandri, M; Ghignotti, I; Plasmati, R; Pastorelli, F; Heimans, J J; Eurelings, M; Meijer, R J; Grisold, W; Lindeck Pozza, E; Mazzeo, A; Toscano, A; Russo, M; Tomasello, C; Altavilla, G; Penas Prado, M; Dominguez Gonzalez, C; Dorsey, S G

2013-09-01

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common neurological side-effect of cancer treatment and may lead to declines in patients' daily functioning and quality of life. To date, there are no modern clinimetrically well-evaluated outcome measures available to assess disability in CIPN patients. The objective of the study was to develop an interval-weighted scale to capture activity limitations and participation restrictions in CIPN patients using the Rasch methodology and to determine its validity and reliability properties. A preliminary Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale (pre-R-ODS) comprising 146 items was assessed twice (interval: 2-3 weeks; test-retest reliability) in 281 CIPN patients with a stable clinical condition. The obtained data were subjected to Rasch analyses to determine whether model expectations would be met, and if necessarily, adaptations were made to obtain proper model fit (internal validity). External validity was obtained by correlating the CIPN-R-ODS with the National Cancer Institute-Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC) neuropathy scales and the Pain-Intensity Numeric-Rating-Scale (PI-NRS). The preliminary R-ODS did not meet Rasch model's expectations. Items displaying misfit statistics, disordered thresholds, item bias or local dependency were systematically removed. The final CIPN-R-ODS consisting of 28 items fulfilled all the model's expectations with proper validity and reliability, and was unidimensional. The final CIPN-R-ODS is a Rasch-built disease-specific, interval measure suitable to detect disability in CIPN patients and bypasses the shortcomings of classical test theory ordinal-based measures. Its use is recommended in future clinical trials in CIPN. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

46 CFR 252.41 - Subsidy billing procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... for payment of ODS shall be submitted on a public voucher, Standard Forms 1034 and 1034A, which can be... schedules shall be used for calculating the amount of ODS payable: Schedule A (Company) ODSA No. ODS Accrued During Fiscal Year 19__ ODS Payable for the Month of Current voucher Previous voucher Total Total accrued...

46 CFR 252.30 - Amount of subsidy payable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Subsidy Rates § 252.30 Amount of subsidy payable. (a) Daily rates. Daily ODS rates shall be used to quantify the amount of ODS payable except for the ODS rates applicable to maintenance and repair expenses, as described separately in § 252.32. The daily ODS rate represents the cost differential between the...

Diagnostic Efficiency of Symptoms for Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Waldman, Irwin D.; Lilienfeld, Scott O.

1991-01-01

Examined diagnostic efficiency of symptoms for experimentally diagnosed oppositional defiant disorder (OD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 102 elementary-age boys. Findings from teacher ratings revealed that, on average, ADHD symptoms were as useful as OD symptoms as exclusion criteria for OD, whereas OD symptoms were nearly…

Recent advances in orthostatic hypotension presenting orthostatic dizziness or vertigo.

PubMed

Kim, Hyun-Ah; Yi, Hyon-Ah; Lee, Hyung

2015-11-01

Orthostatic hypotension (OH), a proxy for sympathetic adrenergic failure, is the most incapacitating sign of autonomic failure. Orthostatic dizziness (OD) is known to be the most common symptom of OH. However, recent studies have demonstrated that 30-39 % of patients with OH experienced rotatory vertigo during upright posture (i.e., orthostatic vertigo, OV), which challenges the dogma that OH induces dizziness and not vertigo. A recent population-based study on spontaneously occurring OD across a wide age range showed that the one-year and lifetime prevalence of OD was 10.9 and 12.5 %, respectively. Approximately 83 % of patients with OD had at least one abnormal autonomic function test result. So far, 11 subtypes of OD have been proposed according to the pattern of autonomic dysfunction, and generalized autonomic failure of sympathetic adrenergic and parasympathetic cardiovagal functions was the most common type. Four different patterns of OH, such as classic, delayed, early, and transient type have been found in patients with OD. The head-up tilt test and Valsalva maneuver should be performed for a comprehensive evaluation of sympathetic adrenergic failure in patients with OD/OV. This review summarizes current advances in OH presenting OD/OV, with a particular focus on the autonomic dysfunction associated with OD.

Lower mitochondrial proton leak and decreased glutathione redox in primary muscle cells of obese diet-resistant versus diet-sensitive humans.

PubMed

Thrush, A Brianne; Zhang, Rui; Chen, William; Seifert, Erin L; Quizi, Jessica K; McPherson, Ruth; Dent, Robert; Harper, Mary-Ellen

2014-11-01

Weight loss success in response to energy restriction is highly variable. This may be due in part to differences in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. The objective of the study was to determine whether mitochondrial function, content, and oxidative stress differ in well-matched obese individuals in the upper [obese diet sensitive (ODS)] vs lower quintiles [obese diet resistant (ODR)] for rate of weight loss. Primary myotubes derived from muscle biopsies of individuals identified as ODS or ODR were studied. Compliant ODS and ODR females who completed in the Ottawa Hospital Weight Management Program and identified as ODS and ODR participated in this study. Eleven ODS and nine ODR weight-stable females matched for age, body mass, and body mass index participated in this study. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained and processed for muscle satellite cell isolation. Mitochondrial respiration, content, reactive oxygen species, and glutathione redox ratios were measured in the myotubes of ODS and ODR individuals. Mitochondrial proton leak was increased in myotubes of ODS compared with ODR (P < .05). Reduced and oxidized glutathione was decreased in the myotubes of ODR vs ODS (P < .05), indicating a more oxidized glutathione redox state. There were no differences in myotube mitochondrial content, uncoupling protein 3, or adenine nucleotide translocase levels. Lower rate of mitochondrial proton leak in muscle is a cell autonomous phenomenon in ODR vs ODS individuals, and this is associated with a more oxidized glutathione redox state in ODR vs ODS myotubes. The muscle of ODR subjects may thus have a lower capacity to adapt to oxidative stress as compared with ODS.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Battum, LJ van; Heukelom, S

Purpose This study investigates the origin of lateral optical density (OD) variation for Gafchromic film (EBT and EBT2) scanned in transmission mode with Epson flatbed scanners (1680 Expression Pro and 10000XL). Effects investigated are: cross talk, optical path length and polarization. Methods Cross talk has been examined with triangular shaped light-transmission sheets with OD ranging from 0 to opaque. Optical path length has been studied with absorptive and reflective OD-filters (OD range 0.2 to 2.0). Dependency on light-polarization on the scanner read out has been investigated using linear polarizer sheets. All experiments have been performed at centre scanner position (normmore » point) and at several lateral scan positions, without and with (un)irradiated EBT-film. Dose values used ranged between 0.2 to 9 Gy, yielding an OD-range between 0.25 to 1.1. Results The lateral OD variation is dose dependent and increases up to 14% at most lateral position for dose up to 9 Gy. Cross talk effect contributes to 0.5% in clinical used OD ranges but equals 2% for extreme high dose gradients. Film induced optical path length will effect the lateral OD variation up to 3% at most lateral points. Light polarization is inherent present in these scanners due to multiple reflection on mirrors. In addition film induced polarization is the most important effect generating the observed lateral OD variation. Both Gafchromic film base and sensitive layer have polarizing capabilities; for the sensitive layer its influence is dose dependent. Conclusions Lateral OD variation origins from optical physics (i.e. polarization and reflection) related to scanner and film construction. Cross talk can be ignored in film dosimetry for clinical used dose values and gradients. Therefore it is recommended to determine the lateral OD variation per film type and scanner.« less

Analysis of filter tuning techniques for sequential orbit determination

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, T.; Yee, C.; Oza, D.

1995-01-01

This paper examines filter tuning techniques for a sequential orbit determination (OD) covariance analysis. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in sequential OD, primarily due to the successful flight qualification of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) Onboard Navigation System (TONS) using Doppler data extracted onboard the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) spacecraft. TONS computes highly accurate orbit solutions onboard the spacecraft in realtime using a sequential filter. As the result of the successful TONS-EUVE flight qualification experiment, the Earth Observing System (EOS) AM-1 Project has selected TONS as the prime navigation system. In addition, sequential OD methods can be used successfully for ground OD. Whether data are processed onboard or on the ground, a sequential OD procedure is generally favored over a batch technique when a realtime automated OD system is desired. Recently, OD covariance analyses were performed for the TONS-EUVE and TONS-EOS missions using the sequential processing options of the Orbit Determination Error Analysis System (ODEAS). ODEAS is the primary covariance analysis system used by the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Flight Dynamics Division (FDD). The results of these analyses revealed a high sensitivity of the OD solutions to the state process noise filter tuning parameters. The covariance analysis results show that the state estimate error contributions from measurement-related error sources, especially those due to the random noise and satellite-to-satellite ionospheric refraction correction errors, increase rapidly as the state process noise increases. These results prompted an in-depth investigation of the role of the filter tuning parameters in sequential OD covariance analysis. This paper analyzes how the spacecraft state estimate errors due to dynamic and measurement-related error sources are affected by the process noise level used. This information is then used to establish guidelines for determining optimal filter tuning parameters in a given sequential OD scenario for both covariance analysis and actual OD. Comparisons are also made with corresponding definitive OD results available from the TONS-EUVE analysis.

Orbit Determination of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter: Status and Recent Development

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neumann, G. A.; Mazarico, E.; Goossens, S. J.; Nicholas, J. B.; Wagner, R.; Speyerer, E. J.; Smith, D. E.; Zuber, M. T.

2016-12-01

The LRO mission has been operated since June 2009, and the productivity of its seven instruments has led to a wealth of new data and scientific results. The high-resolution data acquired benefit from precise orbit determination (OD), alleviating human intervention in their geolocation and co-registration. The initial position knowledge requirement (50 meters) was met with radio tracking data from the primary NASA White Sands ground station supported by USN, after combination with LOLA altimetric crossovers. LRO-specific gravity field solutions were thus determined and allowed radio-only OD to perform adequately, although secular inclination changes required frequent updates. The high-accuracy gravity fields from GRAIL, with <10 km resolution, further improved the radio-only orbit reconstruction quality. However, it is in part limited by the 0.3-0.5 mm/s measurement noise level in the S-band. One-way tracking through Laser Ranging can supplement the tracking available for OD with 28 Hz ranges with 20 cm single-shot precision, but is available only on the nearside. The LOLA altimetric data afford accurate, independent information about LRO's orbit, with a very different geometry that includes coverage over the lunar farside. With LOLA's highest-quality topographic model of the Moon and the Kaguya Terrain Camera stereo-derived elevation model, and their combination named SLDEM2015, another altimetric measurement is now possible to use in OD. This `direct altimetry' tracking type was developed to calibrate the laser boresight pointing of the IceSAT/GLAS altimeter, as differences in geolocated height of profiles with respect to an ocean surface reference geoid were primarily attributed to pointing errors. We extended this technique to short-scale, high-resolution targets, and can now use the SLDEM2015 topographic model as a basemap to match individual LOLA tracks during OD, adjusting both spacecraft position and pointing to minimize the discrepancies. Comparisons with the radio-only orbits through the mission are used to evaluate the benefit of this new tracking data type, which might be used for the OD of future lunar orbiters carrying a laser altimeter. LROC NAC images provide independent accuracy estimation, through the repeated views taken of anthropogenic features for instance.

46 CFR 280.4 - Standards governing payment of ODS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards governing payment of ODS. 280.4 Section 280.4... Standards governing payment of ODS. (a) Full payment. Except to the extent otherwise provided in § 280.8, ODS shall be paid in full to the operator for vessel operations on the inbound and outbound legs of...

46 CFR 282.24 - Protection and indemnity insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Subsidy Per Voyage Day ($27,336,900÷3,500 days)=$7,810.54 Ratio P&I Deductible ODS to Wage ODS $287.85÷$7,810.54=3.69% T.R. 98 ship type Daily wage ODS 1/1/85 Ratio P&I ded. to wage ODS (percent) Daily P&I ded. ODS 1/1/85 C4-A $9,000 ×3.69 $332.10 C5-B 9,300 ×3.69 343.17 C6-C 9,600 ×3.69 354.24 (ii) In...

46 CFR 252.34 - Protection and indemnity insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... subsidy per voyage day ($27,336,900÷3,500 days)=$7,810.54. Ratio P&I deductible ODS to wage ODS $287.85÷$7,810.54=3.69%. T.R. 98 ship type Daily wage ODS 1/1/85 Ratio P&I ded. to wage ODS (pct) Daily P&I ded. ODS 1/1/85 C4-A $9,000 ×3.69 $332.10 C5-B 9,300 ×3.69 343.17 C6-C 9,600 ×3.69 354.34 (ii) In cases...

Comparative study between two animal models of extrapyramidal movement disorders: prevention and reversion by pecan nut shell aqueous extract.

PubMed

Trevizol, Fabiola; Benvegnú, Dalila M; Barcelos, Raquel C S; Pase, Camila S; Segat, Hecson J; Dias, Verônica Tironi; Dolci, Geisa S; Boufleur, Nardeli; Reckziegel, Patrícia; Bürger, Marilise E

2011-08-01

Acute reserpine and subchronic haloperidol are animal models of extrapyramidal disorders often used to study parkinsonism, akinesia and tardive dyskinesia. In humans, these usually irreversible and disabling extrapyramidal disorders are developed by typical antipsychotic treatment, whose pathophysiology has been related to oxidative damages development. So far, there is no treatment to prevent these problems of the psychiatric clinic, and therefore further studies are needed. Here we used the animal models of extrapyramidal disorders cited above, which were performed in two distinct experiments: orofacial dyskinesia (OD)/catalepsy induced by acute reserpine and subchronic haloperidol after (experiment 1) and before (experiment 2) oral treatment with pecan shell aqueous extract (AE), a natural and promissory antioxidant. When administered previously (exp.1), the AE prevented OD and catalepsy induced by both reserpine and haloperidol. When reserpine and haloperidol were administered before the extract (exp.2), the animals developed OD and catalepsy all the same. However, the orofacial parameter (but not catalepsy) in both animal models was reversed after 7 and 14 days of AE treatment. These results indicate that, acute reserpine and subchronic haloperidol administrations induced similar motor disorders, although through different mechanisms, and therefore are important animal models to study the physiopathology of extrapyramidal disorders. Comparatively, the pecan shell AE was able to both prevent and reverse OD but only to prevent catalepsy. These results reinforce the role of oxidative stress and validate the two animal models used here. Our findings also favor the idea of prevention of extrapyramidal disorders, rather than their reversal. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Capabilities to improve corrosion resistance of fuel claddings by using powerful laser and plasma sources

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Borisov, V. M., E-mail: borisov@triniti.ru; Trofimov, V. N.; Sapozhkov, A. Yu.

2016-12-15

The treatment conditions of fuel claddings of the E110 alloy by using powerful UV or IR laser radiation, which lead to the increase in the corrosion resistance at the high-temperature (T = 1100°C) oxidation simulating a loss-of-coolant accident, are determined. The possibility of the complete suppression of corrosion under these conditions by using pulsed laser deposition of a Cr layer is demonstrated. The behavior of protective coatings of Al, Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, and Cr planted on steel EP823 by pulsed laser deposition, which is planned to be used in the BREST-OD-300, is studied. The methods of the almost complete suppressionmore » of corrosion in liquid lead to the temperature of 720°C are shown.« less

Oxidation and hot corrosion of coated and bare oxide dispersion strengthened superalloy MA-755E

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Glasgow, T. K.; Santoro, G. J.

1981-01-01

Cyclic hot corrosion and oxidation of an experimental oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) superalloy MA-755E were conducted in a hot gas stream at Mach 0.3. The response of the ODS alloy, bare or with protective coatings, was similar to that of a conventional cast alloy, IN-792, in hot corrosion at 900 C. However, during oxidation at 1100 and 1150 C the ODS alloy differed from the cast alloy by developing a greater amount of subsurface porosity. Compared with a diffused aluminide coating, an electron beam vapor deposited NiCrAlY coating offered superior oxidation protection and decreased porosity formation. In additional testing, the tendency to form porosity was associated with the large grains of recrystallized powder metallurgy alloys but was independent of the presence of an oxide dispersion.

History of Resistance Welding Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Cladding and other High Temperature Materials at Center for Advanced Energy Studies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Larry Zirker; Nathan Jerred; Dr. Indrajit Charit

2012-03-01

Research proposal 08-1079, 'A Comparative Study of Welded ODS Cladding Materials for AFCI/GNEP,' was funded in 2008 under an Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (AFCI) Research and Development Funding Opportunity, number DE-PS07-08ID14906. Th proposal sought to conduct research on joining oxide dispersion strengthen (ODS) tubing material to a solid end plug. This document summarizes the scientific and technical progress achieved during the project, which ran from 2008 to 2011.

The interfacial orientation relationship of oxide nanoparticles in a hafnium-containing oxide dispersion-strengthened austenitic stainless steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miao, Yinbin, E-mail: miao2@illinois.edu; Mo, Kun; Cui, Bai

2015-03-15

This work reports comprehensive investigations on the orientation relationship of the oxide nanoparticles in a hafnium-containing austenitic oxide dispersion-strengthened 316 stainless steel. The phases of the oxide nanoparticles were determined by a combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy–electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atom probe tomography and synchrotron X-ray diffraction to be complex Y–Ti–Hf–O compounds with similar crystal structures, including bixbyite Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}, fluorite Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}–HfO{sub 2} solid solution and pyrochlore (or fluorite) Y{sub 2}(Ti,Hf){sub 2−x}O{sub 7−x}. High resolution transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the particle–matrix interfaces. Two different coherency relationships along with one axis-parallel relation between themore » oxide nanoparticles and the steel matrix were found. The size of the nanoparticles significantly influences the orientation relationship. The results provide insight into the relationship of these nanoparticles with the matrix, which has implications for interpreting material properties as well as responses to radiation. - Highlights: • The oxide nanoparticles in a hafnium-containing austenitic ODS were characterized. • The nanoparticles are Y–Hf–Ti–O enriched phases according to APT and STEM–EDS. • Two coherency and an axis-parallel orientation relationships were found by HR-TEM. • Particle size has a prominent effect on the orientation relationship (OR). • Formation mechanism of the oxide nanoparticles was discussed based on the ORs.« less

Thulium fiber laser lithotripsy using a muzzle brake fiber tip

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hutchens, Thomas C.; Gonzalez, David A.; Irby, Pierce B.; Fried, Nathaniel M.

2017-02-01

The Thulium fiber laser (TFL) is being explored as an alternative to Holmium:YAG laser for lithotripsy. TFL beam profile allows coupling of higher power into smaller fibers than multimode Holmium laser beam, without proximal fiber tip degradation. A smaller fiber provides more space in ureteroscope working channel for increased saline irrigation and allows maximum ureteroscope flexion. However, distal fiber tip burnback increases as fiber diameter decreases. Previous studies utilizing hollow steel sheaths around recessed distal fiber tips reduced fiber burnback, but increased retropulsion. In this study, a "fiber muzzle brake" was tested for reducing fiber burnback and stone retropulsion. TFL lithotripsy studies were performed at 1908 nm, 35 mJ, 500 μs, and 300 Hz using a 100-μm-core fiber. The optimal stainless steel muzzle brake tip tested consisted of a 1-cm-long, 560-μm-OD, 360-μm-ID tube with 275-μm thru hole located 250-μm from the distal end. The fiber tip was recessed a distance of 500 μm. Stone phantom retropulsion, fiber tip burnback, and calcium oxalate stone ablation studies were performed, ex vivo. Small stones with a mass of 40 +/- 4 mg and 4-mm-diameter were ablated over a 1.5-mm sieve in 25 +/- 4 s (n=10), without distal fiber tip burnback. Reduction in stone phantom retropulsion distance by 50% and 85% was observed when using muzzle brake tips versus 100-μm-core bare fibers and hollow steel tip fibers. The muzzle brake fiber tip provided efficient stone ablation, reduced stone retropulsion, and minimal fiber degradation during TFL lithotripsy.

Synthesis Oxide Dispersion Strengthening Stainless Steel doped with Nano Zirconia by Mechanical Alloying

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pawawoi; Widiansyah, Irfan; Hadi Prajitno, Djoko

2017-01-01

The oxide dispersion strengthening stainless steel of Fe-11.5wt%Cr and Fe-11.5wt%Cr-1%ZrO2 alloy by mechanical alloying method were synthesized by planetary ball milling. The methods employed for study were designing of Fe-11.5wt%Cr and Fe-11.5wt%Cr-1%ZrO2 proportion of composition alloy which is plotted to Schaffler diagram to get ferritic/martensitic stainless steel. After MA the ODS powders were compaction with pressure 80kg/mm2 and followed by sintering at the temperature of 900,1000 and 1100º C under high purity argon atmosphere for 1 hour. Characterization by XRD is used to examination phase present. Optical microscopy and SEM is used to get image microstructures. XRD analysis resulting the ferritic and martensitic is a major and minor phase respectively. There are not significant differences in the microstructure between Fe-11.5wt%Cr and Fe-11.5wt%Cr-1wt%ZrO2. An increase in the sintering temperature shift the microstructure from dendritic to equaxed. EDS examination showed that zirconia exit in the alloy Fe-11.5wt%Cr-1wt%ZrO2.The addition of 1 % nano-zirconia (ZrO2) into Fe-Cr alloy while milling process was resulted a higher Hardness Vickers Values rather than without zirconia addition. Average value of Hardness Vickers values was resulted 135.5 HV for Fe-11.5wt%Cr whereas 138.4 HV for Fe-11.5wt%Cr-1wt%ZrO2.

[Relationship between Occlusal Discomfort Syndrome and Occlusal Threshold].

PubMed

Munakata, Motohiro; Ono, Yumie; Hayama, Rika; Kataoka, Kanako; Ikuta, Ryuhei; Tamaki, Katsushi

2016-03-01

Occlusal dysesthesia has been defined as persistent uncomfortable feelings of intercuspal position continuing for more than 6 months without evidence of physical occlusal discrepancy. The problem often occurs after occlusal intervention by dental care. Although various dental treatments (e. g. occlusal adjustment, orthodontic treatment and prosthetic reconstruction) are attempted to solve occlusal dysesthesia, they rarely reach a satisfactory result, neither for patients nor dentists. In Japan, these symptoms are defined by the term "Occlusal discomfort syndrome" (ODS). The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of ODS with the simple occlusal sensory perceptive and discriminative test. Twenty-one female dental patients with ODS (mean age 55.8 ± 19.2 years) and 21 age- and gender-matched dental patients without ODS (mean age 53.1 ± 16.8 years) participated in the study. Upon grinding occlusal registration foils that were stacked to different thicknesses, participants reported the thicknesses at which they recognized the foils (recognition threshold) and felt discomfort (discomfort threshold). Although there was no significant difference in occlusal recognition thresholds between the two patient groups, the discomfort threshold was significantly smaller in the patients with ODS than in those without ODS. Moreover, the recognition threshold showed an age-dependent increase in patients without ODS, whereas it remained comparable between the younger (< 60 years old) and elderly (60 years old or more) patient subgroups with ODS. These results suggest that occlusal discomfort threshold rather than recognition threshold is an issue in ODS. The foil grinding procedure is a simple and useful method to evaluate occlusal perceptive and discriminative abilities in patients with ODS.

Diagnosis of occlusal dysesthesia utilizing prefrontal hemodynamic activity with slight occlusal interference.

PubMed

Ono, Yumie; Ishikawa, Yu; Munakata, Motohiro; Shibuya, Tomoaki; Shimada, Atsushi; Miyachi, Hideo; Wake, Hiroyuki; Tamaki, Katsushi

2016-11-01

Clinical diagnosis of occlusal dysesthesia (OD), also referred to as phantom bite syndrome, is currently based on the absence of objective occlusal discrepancy despite the persistent complaint of uncomfortable bite sensation. We previously demonstrated that the subjective feeling of occlusal discomfort generated by artificial occlusal interference can be objectively evaluated using prefrontal hemodynamic activity in young healthy individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dental patients with and without OD show distinct prefrontal activity during grinding behavior with an occlusal interference. Six dental patients with OD (OD group) and eight patients without OD (control group) grinded piled occlusal strips placed between their first molars and reported their perception and discomfort thresholds during continuous monitoring of prefrontal hemodynamic activity with a portable functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Although patients without OD showed the typical hemodynamic pattern of increased oxyhemoglobin and reduced deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) concentration, those with OD showed persistent incremental increases of HHb concentration that began at the loading of occlusal strips on their molars before they executed grinding. The intensities of the task-related HHb activities showed statistically significant differences between OD and control groups, particularly at channel 3, arranged over the left frontal pole cortex. When the discrimination criterion was set using the intensity values of channel 3 from both groups, the overall accuracy of the OD discrimination was 92.9%. Although physiological interpretation has yet to be elucidated, the task-related response of an increase in HHb may be a useful neuronal signature to characterize dental patients with OD.

Diagnosis of occlusal dysesthesia utilizing prefrontal hemodynamic activity with slight occlusal interference

PubMed Central

Ishikawa, Yu; Munakata, Motohiro; Shibuya, Tomoaki; Shimada, Atsushi; Miyachi, Hideo; Wake, Hiroyuki; Tamaki, Katsushi

2016-01-01

Clinical diagnosis of occlusal dysesthesia (OD), also referred to as phantom bite syndrome, is currently based on the absence of objective occlusal discrepancy despite the persistent complaint of uncomfortable bite sensation. We previously demonstrated that the subjective feeling of occlusal discomfort generated by artificial occlusal interference can be objectively evaluated using prefrontal hemodynamic activity in young healthy individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dental patients with and without OD show distinct prefrontal activity during grinding behavior with an occlusal interference. Six dental patients with OD (OD group) and eight patients without OD (control group) grinded piled occlusal strips placed between their first molars and reported their perception and discomfort thresholds during continuous monitoring of prefrontal hemodynamic activity with a portable functional near‐infrared spectroscopy. Although patients without OD showed the typical hemodynamic pattern of increased oxyhemoglobin and reduced deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) concentration, those with OD showed persistent incremental increases of HHb concentration that began at the loading of occlusal strips on their molars before they executed grinding. The intensities of the task‐related HHb activities showed statistically significant differences between OD and control groups, particularly at channel 3, arranged over the left frontal pole cortex. When the discrimination criterion was set using the intensity values of channel 3 from both groups, the overall accuracy of the OD discrimination was 92.9%. Although physiological interpretation has yet to be elucidated, the task‐related response of an increase in HHb may be a useful neuronal signature to characterize dental patients with OD. PMID:29744159

Open disclosure: ethical, professional and legal obligations, and the way forward for regulation.

PubMed

Finlay, Angus J F; Stewart, Cameron L; Parker, Malcolm

2013-05-06

Open disclosure (OD) after adverse health care events is the subject of a national standard that has been implemented in state health policy documents, and is included in the Medical Board of Australia's code of conduct for doctors. Nevertheless, doctors have been slow to embrace the practice of OD. There is a strong ethical case for implementing OD in the primary interests of patients, and additionally from a medicolegal risk management point of view. There are no statutory requirements in relation to OD, but common law judgments have imposed a duty of OD in tort and contract. There are a number of barriers to the better uptake and implementation of OD, including perceptions of legal risk, lack of education and training, reluctance to admit error, uncertainty concerning what and how much to disclose, and the variations in state and territory "apology laws". The implementation of OD could be improved by making apology laws consistent across jurisdictions, including providing "blanket" cover for admissions of fault; by preventing insurers voiding contracts when apologies are made, either through self-regulation or legislation; and by inserting OD obligations into different structures within the health system.

Effects of sonochemical treatment on meteoritic nanodiamonds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fisenko, Anatolii V.; Verchovsky, Sasha B.; Shiryaev, Andrei A.; Semjonova, Luba F.

2017-01-01

A nanodiamond-rich fraction (NDF) separated from the Orgueil meteorite was subjected to a high-intensity ultrasonic treatment in a weakly acidic aqueous solution. After sedimentation by centrifugation, two fractions of grains (suspension, designated as OD7C and sediment, designated as OD7D) with different properties have been obtained. The following effects of the sonication were revealed from comparison of the contents and isotope compositions of C, N, and Xe released during stepped pyrolysis and combustion of the fractions OD7C and OD7D, the initial NDF and two grain-size fractions (OD10 and OD15) produced without sonication (a) surface layer of the sonicated diamond grains is modified to different extent in comparison with nontreated ones, (b) in some grains concentrations of the bulk N and Xe a reduced significantly, and (c) nondiamond nitrogen containing phases (e.g., Si3N4) have been destroyed. It is suggested that combined effects of the sonication and centrifugation observed for the fractions OD7C and OD7D are due to differences in surface chemistry of the nanodiamond grains, which statistically influences behavior of nanoparticles during the sonication resulting in their preferential modification in the different reaction zones of the cavitating fluid.

Status of advanced fuel candidates for Sodium Fast Reactor within the Generation IV International Forum

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

F. Delage; J. Carmack; C. B. Lee

2013-10-01

The main challenge for fuels for future Sodium Fast Reactor systems is the development and qualification of a nuclear fuel sub-assembly which meets the Generation IV International Forum goals. The Advanced Fuel project investigates high burn-up minor actinide bearing fuels as well as claddings and wrappers to withstand high neutron doses and temperatures. The R&D outcome of national and collaborative programs has been collected and shared between the AF project members in order to review the capability of sub-assembly material and fuel candidates, to identify the issues and select the viable options. Based on historical experience and knowledge, both oxidemore » and metal fuels emerge as primary options to meet the performance and the reliability goals of Generation IV SFR systems. There is a significant positive experience on carbide fuels but major issues remain to be overcome: strong in-pile swelling, atmosphere required for fabrication as well as Pu and Am losses. The irradiation performance database for nitride fuels is limited with longer term R&D activities still required. The promising core material candidates are Ferritic/Martensitic (F/M) and Oxide Dispersed Strengthened (ODS) steels.« less

Elevated Temperature Compressive Strength Properties of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened NiAl After Cryo-milling and Roasting in Nitrogen

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Whittenberger, J. Daniel; Grahle, Peter; Arzt, Eduard; Hebsur, Mohan

1998-01-01

In an effort to superimpose two different elevated temperature strengthening mechanisms in NiAl, several lots of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) NiAl powder have been cryo-milled in liquid nitrogen to introduce AlN particles at the grain boundaries. As an alternative to cryo-milling, one lot of ODS NiAl was roasted in nitrogen to produce AlN. Both techniques resulted in hot extruded AlN-strengthened, ODS NiAl alloys which were stronger than the base ODS NiAl between 1200 and 1400 K. However, neither the cryo-milled nor the N2-roasted ODS NiAl alloys were as strong as cryo-milled binary NiAl containing like amounts of AlN. The reason(s) for the relative weakness of cryo-milled ODS NiAl is not certain; however the lack of superior strength in N2-roasted ODS NiAl is probably due to its relatively large AlN particles.

The efficacy and tolerability of three different regimens of tafenoquine versus primaquine for post-exposure prophylaxis of Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Southwest Pacific.

PubMed

Elmes, N J; Nasveld, P E; Kitchener, S J; Kocisko, D A; Edstein, M D

2008-11-01

Tafenoquine is being developed for radical cure and post-exposure prophylaxis of Plasmodium vivax malaria. In an open-label study, 1512 Australian Defence Force personnel received one of three tafenoquine 3 d regimens [400 mg once daily (od), 200 mg twice daily (bid), 200 mg od] or daily primaquine (22.5 mg) plus doxycycline (100 mg) over 14 d in Bougainville and in Timor-Leste for post-exposure prophylaxis. The relapse rate of subjects treated in Bougainville with tafenoquine (n=173) was 1.2% (200 mg bid x 3 d) and 2.3% (400 mg od x 3 d), while primaquine plus doxycycline (n=175) was 3.4%. For subjects treated in Timor-Leste with tafenoquine (n=636), the relapse rate was 4.9% (200 mg od x 3 d), 5.3% (200 mg bid x 3 d) and 11.0% (400 mg od x 3d), while primaquine plus doxycycline (n=289) was 10.0%. The most frequent adverse events reported across all groups were nausea, abdominal distress and diarrhoea. There was a dose-dependent reduction in adverse events with a reduced dose of tafenoquine, with the lowest dose (total 600 mg over 3 d) producing rates of adverse events equivalent to that of primaquine plus doxycycline. The much shorter dosing regimen of tafenoquine should increase compliance, which is often suboptimal with primaquine after leaving an endemic area. [Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Number 12607000588493].

Helping organizations help others: organization development as a facilitator of social change.

PubMed

Boyd, Neil M

2011-01-01

This article explores organization development (OD) interventions and their likelihood of increasing social change outcomes in public agencies. The central argument of this work is that public and nonprofit organizations can deliver better social outcomes by systematically engaging in OD interventions. An in-depth survey was conducted in 3 agencies of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania at the end of the gubernatorial administration of Tom Ridge (1995-2002). During his administration, Governor Ridge led the agencies of Pennsylvania government through a large-scale change effort to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery to the citizens of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The change effort was a remarkable event for the Commonwealth because no other governor in the history of the state had attempted to conceptualize and deliver a comprehensive large-scale change management initiative. The successes and setbacks served as a fertile context to shed light on the following research question: Do OD interventions increase the likelihood that public organizations will deliver better social outcomes? This question is important in that public organizations may need to engage in organization development activities to improve their internal operations, which in turn may help them provide exemplary social outcomes to those whom they serve. In short, organization development interventions might allow public organizations to help themselves to help others.

Prehospital Naloxone Administration as a Public Health Surveillance Tool: A Retrospective Validation Study.

PubMed

Lindstrom, Heather A; Clemency, Brian M; Snyder, Ryan; Consiglio, Joseph D; May, Paul R; Moscati, Ronald M

2015-08-01

Abuse or unintended overdose (OD) of opiates and heroin may result in prehospital and emergency department (ED) care. Prehospital naloxone use has been suggested as a surrogate marker of community opiate ODs. The study objective was to verify externally whether prehospital naloxone use is a surrogate marker of community opiate ODs by comparing Emergency Medical Services (EMS) naloxone administration records to an independent database of ED visits for opiate and heroin ODs in the same community. A retrospective chart review of prehospital and ED data from July 2009 through June 2013 was conducted. Prehospital naloxone administration data obtained from the electronic medical records (EMRs) of a large private EMS provider serving a metropolitan area were considered a surrogate marker for suspected opiate OD. Comparison data were obtained from the regional trauma/psychiatric ED that receives the majority of the OD patients. The ED maintains a de-identified database of narcotic-related visits for surveillance of narcotic use in the metropolitan area. The ED database was queried for ODs associated with opiates or heroin. Cross-correlation analysis was used to test if prehospital naloxone administration was independent of ED visits for opiate/heroin ODs. Naloxone was administered during 1,812 prehospital patient encounters, and 1,294 ED visits for opiate/heroin ODs were identified. The distribution of patients in the prehospital and ED datasets did not differ by gender, but it did differ by race and age. The frequency of naloxone administration by prehospital providers varied directly with the frequency of ED visits for opiate/heroin ODs. A monthly increase of two ED visits for opiate-related ODs was associated with an increase in one prehospital naloxone administration (cross-correlation coefficient [CCF]=0.44; P=.0021). A monthly increase of 100 ED visits for heroin-related ODs was associated with an increase in 94 prehospital naloxone administrations (CCF=0.46; P=.0012). Frequency of naloxone administration by EMS providers in the prehospital setting varied directly with frequency of opiate/heroin OD-related ED visits. The data correlated both for short-term frequency and longer term trends of use. However, there was a marked difference in demographic data suggesting neither data source alone should be relied upon to determine which populations are at risk within the community.

Automation of orbit determination functions for National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-supported satellite missions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mardirossian, H.; Beri, A. C.; Doll, C. E.

1990-01-01

The Flight Dynamics Facility (FDF) at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) provides spacecraft trajectory determination for a wide variety of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-supported satellite missions, using the Tracking Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) and Ground Spaceflight and Tracking Data Network (GSTDN). To take advantage of computerized decision making processes that can be used in spacecraft navigation, the Orbit Determination Automation System (ODAS) was designed, developed, and implemented as a prototype system to automate orbit determination (OD) and orbit quality assurance (QA) functions performed by orbit operations. Based on a machine-resident generic schedule and predetermined mission-dependent QA criteria, ODAS autonomously activates an interface with the existing trajectory determination system using a batch least-squares differential correction algorithm to perform the basic OD functions. The computational parameters determined during the OD are processed to make computerized decisions regarding QA, and a controlled recovery process is activated when the criteria are not satisfied. The complete cycle is autonomous and continuous. ODAS was extensively tested for performance under conditions resembling actual operational conditions and found to be effective and reliable for extended autonomous OD. Details of the system structure and function are discussed, and test results are presented.

Automation of orbit determination functions for National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-supported satellite missions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mardirossian, H.; Heuerman, K.; Beri, A.; Samii, M. V.; Doll, C. E.

1989-01-01

The Flight Dynamics Facility (FDF) at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) provides spacecraft trajectory determination for a wide variety of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-supported satellite missions, using the Tracking Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) and Ground Spaceflight and Tracking Data Network (GSTDN). To take advantage of computerized decision making processes that can be used in spacecraft navigation, the Orbit Determination Automation System (ODAS) was designed, developed, and implemented as a prototype system to automate orbit determination (OD) and orbit quality assurance (QA) functions performed by orbit operations. Based on a machine-resident generic schedule and predetermined mission-dependent QA criteria, ODAS autonomously activates an interface with the existing trajectory determination system using a batch least-squares differential correction algorithm to perform the basic OD functions. The computational parameters determined during the OD are processed to make computerized decisions regarding QA, and a controlled recovery process isactivated when the criteria are not satisfied. The complete cycle is autonomous and continuous. ODAS was extensively tested for performance under conditions resembling actual operational conditions and found to be effective and reliable for extended autonomous OD. Details of the system structure and function are discussed, and test results are presented.

Automation of film densitometry for application in personal monitoring.

PubMed

Taheri, M; Movafeghi, A; Rastkhah, N

2011-03-01

In this research work, a semi-automatic densitometry system has been developed for large-scale monitoring services by use of film badge dosemeters. The system consists of a charge-coupled device (CCD)-based scanner that can scan optical densities (ODs) up to 4.2, a computer vision algorithm to improve the quality of digitised films and an analyser program to calculate the necessary information, e.g. the mean OD of region of interest and radiation doses. For calibration of the system, two reference films were used. The Microtek scanner International Color Consortium (ICC) profiler is applied for determining the colour attributes of the scanner accurately and a reference of the density step tablet, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM) is used for calibrating the automatic conversion of gray-level values to OD values in the range of 0.2-4.0 OD. The system contributes to achieve more objectives and reliable results. So by applying this system, we can digitise a set of 20 films at once and calculate their relative doses less than about 4 min, and meanwhile it causes to avoid disadvantages of manual process and to enhance the accuracy of dosimetry.

UV-Vis-NIR spectroelectrochemical and in situ conductance studies of unusual stability of n- and p-doped poly(dimethyldioctylquaterthiophene-alt-oxadiazole) under high cathodic and anodic polarizations.

PubMed

Pomerantz, Z; Levi, M D; Salitra, G; Demadrille, R; Fisyuk, A; Zaban, A; Aurbach, D; Pron, A

2008-02-21

Combined CV studies and UV-Vis-NIR spectroelectrochemical investigations revealed an unusual stability of the p- and n-doped PMOThOD in the wide potential window of 4 V. The n-doping process occurs in this polymer down to -2.7 V (vs. Ag/Ag+) in a non-destructive way with the characteristic development of the omega3 transition as a function of the doping level. In situ electronic transport studies revealed a high conductivity of the n-doped polymer which implies high mobility of the negatively charged carriers in the freshly doped PMOThOD film electrodes. An increase in the cathodic polarization, long-term cycling of the film electrodes, especially of higher thickness, results in a growing contribution of the negatively charged carriers trapping to the redox properties of the PMOThOD. The trapping of the charged carriers reduces gradually the electronic conductance of the PMOThOD film, but its effect on the redox-capacity of the film (in a typical scan rates range up to 50 mV s(-1)) is only minor.

Occupational diseases in the automotive industry in Czechia - Geographic and medical context.

PubMed

Jarolímek, Jan; Urban, Pavel; Pavlínek, Petr; Dzurova, Dagmar

2017-05-08

The automotive industry represents the most important industrial sector in Czechia. The objective of this study has been to analyze the occurrence of occupational diseases (OD) in the automotive industry during the period from 2001 till 2014. Data on OD cases was retrieved from the National Registry of OD. Further, we conducted a survey in automotive companies with focus on occupational health services and positions of the companies in global production networks (GPNs). An analysis of OD distribution in the automotive industry was performed (age, gender, company size and its role in GPNs, regional distribution of studied companies, and regional unemployment rate), and was accompanied by assessment of the quality and range of occupational health services. Employees older than 40 years old have nearly 2.5 times higher probability of OD occurrence as compared with employees younger than 40 years old (odds ratio (OR) = 2.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.05-2.85). Occupational diseases occurrence probability was 3 times higher for women than for men (OR = 3.01, 95% CI: 2.55-3.55). Occupational diseases incidence rates increased with the size of the company (0 OD/10 000 employees in micro enterprises to 57 OD/10 000 employees in large enterprises). A particularly steep rise in OD incidents in the automotive industry was observed in the Plzeň Region between 2001 and 2011. An association between OD incidents and the unemployment rate was not statistically confirmed. A statistically significant increase in OD incidents dependent on company size may be arguably attributed to a higher quality of occupational medical services in bigger companies, which ensures better detection and diagnosis of OD. In the Plzeň Region, the rapid increase in OD incidents was mainly caused by a change in the production process of automobile textiles in one factory due to the introduction of a glue containing isocyanates, which are potent allergising agents. This led to an increase in occupational allergic diseases - bronchial asthma in particular. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(3):455-468. This work is available in Open Access model and licensed under a CC BY-NC 3.0 PL license.

Oncology drugs for orphan indications: how are HTA processes evolving for this specific drug category?

PubMed

Adkins, Elizabeth M; Nicholson, Lindsay; Floyd, David; Ratcliffe, Mark; Chevrou-Severac, Helene

2017-01-01

Orphan drugs (ODs) are intended for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of rare diseases. Many cancer subtypes, including all childhood cancers, are defined as rare diseases, and over one-third of ODs are now intended to treat oncology indications. However, market access for oncology ODs is becoming increasingly challenging; ODs are prone to significant uncertainty around their cost-effectiveness, while payers must balance the need for these vital innovations with growing sensitivity to rising costs. The objective of this review was to evaluate different mechanisms that have been introduced to facilitate patient access to oncology ODs in five different countries (Australia, Canada, England, France, and Sweden), using eight oncology ODs and non-orphan oncology drugs as examples of their application. A targeted literature review of health technology assessment (HTA) agency websites was undertaken to identify country-specific guidance and HTA documentation for recently evaluated oncology ODs and non-orphan oncology drugs. None of these countries were found to have explicit HTA criteria for the assessment of ODs, and therefore, oncology ODs are assessed through the usual HTA process. However, distinct and additional processes are adopted to facilitate access to oncology ODs. Review of eight case-study drugs showed that these additional assessment processes were rarely used, and decisions were largely driven by proving cost-effectiveness using standard incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) thresholds. The predominant implication arising from this study is that application of standard HTA criteria to oncology ODs in many countries fails to take into account any uncertainties around their clinical- and cost-effectiveness, resulting in disparities in HTA reimbursement decisions based on differences in addressing or accepting uncertainty. In order to address this issue, HTA agencies should adopt a more flexible approach to cost-effectiveness, as typified by the Tandvårds-och Läkemedelsförmånsverket in Sweden, which takes into account the small patient numbers involved, limited budget impact, and high unmet medical needs.

Oncology drugs for orphan indications: how are HTA processes evolving for this specific drug category?

PubMed Central

Adkins, Elizabeth M; Nicholson, Lindsay; Floyd, David; Ratcliffe, Mark; Chevrou-Severac, Helene

2017-01-01

Orphan drugs (ODs) are intended for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of rare diseases. Many cancer subtypes, including all childhood cancers, are defined as rare diseases, and over one-third of ODs are now intended to treat oncology indications. However, market access for oncology ODs is becoming increasingly challenging; ODs are prone to significant uncertainty around their cost-effectiveness, while payers must balance the need for these vital innovations with growing sensitivity to rising costs. The objective of this review was to evaluate different mechanisms that have been introduced to facilitate patient access to oncology ODs in five different countries (Australia, Canada, England, France, and Sweden), using eight oncology ODs and non-orphan oncology drugs as examples of their application. A targeted literature review of health technology assessment (HTA) agency websites was undertaken to identify country-specific guidance and HTA documentation for recently evaluated oncology ODs and non-orphan oncology drugs. None of these countries were found to have explicit HTA criteria for the assessment of ODs, and therefore, oncology ODs are assessed through the usual HTA process. However, distinct and additional processes are adopted to facilitate access to oncology ODs. Review of eight case-study drugs showed that these additional assessment processes were rarely used, and decisions were largely driven by proving cost-effectiveness using standard incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) thresholds. The predominant implication arising from this study is that application of standard HTA criteria to oncology ODs in many countries fails to take into account any uncertainties around their clinical- and cost-effectiveness, resulting in disparities in HTA reimbursement decisions based on differences in addressing or accepting uncertainty. In order to address this issue, HTA agencies should adopt a more flexible approach to cost-effectiveness, as typified by the Tandvårds-och Läkemedelsförmånsverket in Sweden, which takes into account the small patient numbers involved, limited budget impact, and high unmet medical needs. PMID:28652787

Occupational syncarcinogenesis in the skin - combined effects of two carcinogens from the German occupational disease list.

PubMed

Dickel, Heinrich; Blome, Otto; Dickel, Beate; Bruckner, Thomas; Stockfleth, Eggert; Soemantri, Silas Paras

2016-12-01

Though scientifically undisputed, cutaneous syncarcinogenesis is not reflected in German occupational disease (OD) regulations, which tend to be guided by the tenet of monocausality. Recognition of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and its precursor lesions as OD requires individual assessment as to whether the requirements pursuant to either OD 5103 (occupational exposure to natural UV radiation) or OD 5102 (occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are fulfilled. Retrospective analysis of 28 patients (median age 72.5 years) with NMSC and respective precursor lesions who had been occupationally exposed to natural UV radiation and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. All cases had undergone expert medical assessment between September 2012 and September 2015. According to our assessments, all 28 cases met the occupational requirements pursuant to OD 5103 and 5102. In 26 cases (93 %), we recommended recognition of skin cancer as occupational disease pursuant to both OD 5103 and OD 5102. The competent occupational insurance association (BG) followed our recommendation in four cases. In eight cases, recognition was solely based on OD 5103; in ten cases, only on OD 5102. Four cases were denied recognition. Following adequate cumulative occupational exposure to natural UV light as well as occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, NMSC or its precursor lesions arising in UV-exposed areas should be reported to the competent occupational insurance association as "OD 5103 and 5102 in terms of syncarcinogenesis". Apart from the fact that the ensuing recognition proceedings will be able to more adequately reflect real-life workplace conditions, filing a report pursuant to both ODs also allows for recognition of basal cell carcinoma as occupational disease. According to current regulations, this would not be possible, if the assessment were solely based on OD 5103. © 2016 Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft (DDG). Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Preeclampsia in autologous and oocyte donation pregnancy: is there a different pathophysiology?

PubMed

Lashley, Lisa E E L O; Buurma, Aletta; Swings, Godelieve M J S; Eikmans, Michael; Anholts, Jacqueline D H; Bakker, Jaap A; Claas, Frans H J

2015-06-01

Oocyte donation (OD) is a specific method of artificial reproductive technology that is accompanied by a higher risk of preeclampsia during pregnancy. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying preeclampsia in OD pregnancies is thought to differ from preeclampsia in autologous pregnancies. As preeclampsia in autologous pregnancies is suggested to be associated with complement activation, we studied C4d deposition, circulating complement components and placental complement regulatory proteins in preeclamptic OD pregnancies. Women with uncomplicated and preeclamptic pregnancies after OD or spontaneous conception were selected. We stained the placentas for C4d, marker for complement activation, measured complement factors C1q, C3 and C4 in maternal sera and quantified the placental mRNA expression of complement regulatory proteins CD46, CD55 and CD59. A significantly (p < 0.03) higher incidence of C4d deposition was observed in placentas from women with preeclampsia compared with uncomplicated pregnancies, both OD and autologous. The level of complement factors in serum did not differ between the groups. Children born in the autologous preeclampsia group were significantly lower in birth weight (p < 10th percentile) compared with the preeclamptic OD group. In addition, the placental mRNA expression level of complement regulatory proteins was significantly lower in uncomplicated and preeclamptic OD compared with the autologous pregnancies. In line with autologous preeclampsia pregnancies, there is excessive activation of complement in preeclamptic OD pregnancies. However, in contrast to autologous pregnancies this is not associated with counterbalancing upregulation of complement regulatory proteins. Furthermore, C4d deposition in OD pregnancies is not related to the severity of preeclampsia, suggesting another trigger or regulatory mechanism of placental C4d deposition in preeclamptic OD pregnancies. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Frontal Metabolite Concentration Deficits in Opiate Dependence Relate to Substance Use, Cognition, and Self-Regulation

PubMed Central

Murray, Donna E; Durazzo, Timothy C; Schmidt, Thomas P; Abé, Christoph; Guydish, Joseph; Meyerhoff, Dieter J

2016-01-01

Objective Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) in opiate dependence showed abnormalities in neuronal viability and glutamate concentration in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Metabolite levels in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) or orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and their neuropsychological correlates have not been investigated in opiate dependence. Methods Single-volume proton MRS at 4 Tesla and neuropsychological testing were conducted in 21 opiate-dependent individuals (OD) on buprenorphine maintenance therapy. Results were compared to 28 controls (CON) and 35 alcohol-dependent individuals (ALC), commonly investigated treatment-seekers providing context for OD evaluation. Metabolite concentrations were measured from ACC, DLPFC, OFC and parieto-occipital cortical (POC) regions. Results Compared to CON, OD had lower concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamate (Glu), creatine +phosphocreatine (Cr) and myo-Inositol (mI) in the DLPFC and lower NAA, Cr, and mI in the ACC. OD, ALC, and CON were equivalent on metabolite levels in the POC and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration did not differ between groups in any region. In OD, prefrontal metabolite deficits in ACC Glu as well as DLPFC NAA and choline containing metabolites (Cho) correlated with poorer working memory, executive and visuospatial functioning; metabolite deficits in DLPFC Glu and ACC GABA and Cr correlated with substance use measures. In the OFC of OD, Glu and choline-containing metabolites were elevated and lower Cr concentration related to higher nonplanning impulsivity. Compared to 3 week abstinent ALC, OD had significant DLPFC metabolite deficits. Conclusion The anterior frontal metabolite profile of OD differed significantly from that of CON and ALC. The frontal lobe metabolite abnormalities in OD and their neuropsychological correlates may play a role in treatment outcome and could be explored as specific targets for improved OD treatment. PMID:27695638

A review of occupational disease surveillance systems in Modernet countries.

PubMed

Carder, M; Bensefa-Colas, L; Mattioli, S; Noone, P; Stikova, E; Valenty, M; Telle-Lamberton, M

2015-11-01

To improve occupational health public policies and to facilitate coordinated research within the European Union to reduce the incidence of occupational diseases (ODs), it is important to know what OD surveillance systems exist and how they compare. Monitoring trends in occupational diseases and tracing new and emerging risks in a network (Modernet) participants are well placed to provide this information as most either contribute data to and/or are involved in the management of OD systems. To identify and describe OD surveillance systems in Modernet countries with the longer-term objective of identifying a core template to be used on a large scale. A questionnaire sent to Modernet participants, seeking structured information about the OD surveillance system(s) in their country. Overall 14 countries (70%) provided information for 33 OD systems, among them 11 compensation-based (CB) systems. Six countries provided information for non-CB systems reporting for any type of OD. The other systems reported either only ODs from a prescribed list, or specific diagnoses or diagnostic groups, with reports to most schemes being physician-based. Data collected varied but all systems collected diagnosis, age, gender, date reported and occupation (and/or industry) and most collected information on exposure. This review provides information beneficial to both policy makers and researchers by identifying data sources useable to measure OD trends in European countries and opening the way to future work, both on trend comparisons within Europe and on the definition of a core template to extend OD surveillance on a larger scale. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Occupational Medicine. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Oxidation And Hot Corrosion Of ODS Alloy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lowell, Carl E.; Barrett, Charles A.

1993-01-01

Report reviews oxidation and hot corrosion of oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloys, intended for use at high temperatures. Classifies environmental resistances of such alloys by rates of growth of oxides, volatilities of oxides, spalling of oxides, and limitations imposed by hot corrosion. Also discusses environmentally resistant coatings for ODS materials. Concludes ODS NICrAl and FeCrAl alloys highly resistant to oxidation and corrosion and can be used uncoated.

The oxidation and corrosion of ODS alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lowell, Carl E.; Barrett, Charles A.

1990-01-01

The oxidation and hot corrosion of high temperature oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys are reviewed. The environmental resistance of such alloys are classified by oxide growth rate, oxide volatility, oxide spalling, and hot corrosion limitations. Also discussed are environmentally resistant coatings for ODS materials. It is concluded that ODS NiCrAl and FeCrAl alloys are highly oxidation and corrosion resistant and can probably be used uncoated.

Combustion Engineering, Inc. [LMFBR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1980-01-01

Four (4) 3 '' O.D. x 0.470'' nominal wall thickness (NWT) hot rotary pierced/roll reduced modified AOD/ESR tube hollows were cold pilger reduced through one pass to 2'' O.D. x 0.250'' NWT tubing. Two (2) additional hollows of same size and process history were cold pilger reduced through one pass to 2 1/8'' O.D. x 0.200'' NWT. Six (6) 3 3/4'' O.D. x 0.600'' NWT hot extruded tube hollows were cold pilger reduced through two passes to 2'' O.D. x 0.250'' NWT tubing. Four of the extrusions represented duplex AOD/ESR melting practice and two extrusions represented AOD melting practice. Twelvemore » (12) pieces of 2 1/8'' O.D. x 0.200'' NWT x approx. 9' long tubing were final heat treated, straightened, and ultrasonically tested. Twelve (12) more pieces of 2 1/8'' O.D. tubing have been solution austenitized (1177/sup 0/C) and are to be reaustenitized (1066/sup 0/C), tempered (760/sup 0/C), straightened, and ultrasonically inspected. All 2'' O.D. x 0.250'' NWT tubing is in the solution austenitized condition. Creep and stress rupture testing has continued on aged material from CarTech heat 91887 and on unaged material from CarTech heat 30182A.« less

Profile differences between overdose and non-overdose suicide attempts in a multi-ethnic Asian society.

PubMed

Ho, Cyrus S H; Ong, Y L; Tan, Gabriel H J; Yeo, S N; Ho, Roger C M

2016-11-08

This study explores differences in characteristics of overdose (OD) and non-overdose (NOD) suicide attempts in Singapore. Four hundred eighty-five medical records of people who attempted suicide were extracted from a local general hospital patient database and classified into OD and NOD groups. Differences in socio-demographic factors, suicide characteristics and hospital admission types between both groups were examined. Indians were more likely than the Chinese and Malays to employ OD method in their attempts. More suicide attempts in the OD group than NOD group were self-reported. The most likely place for suicide attempts for both groups was at home, though more NOD suicide attempts were in public areas as compared to the OD group. Analgesics were the most used substance in the OD group. Those who attempted suicide using OD had a higher number of psychiatric ward admissions than the NOD group. Risk and protective factors varied between both groups. Differences in socio-demographics, suicide characteristics and admission characteristics between OD and NOD groups were observed. Recommendations for suicide prevention in the community are discussed. Further studies on the mediators and moderators of these trends and characteristics of suicide attempts are necessary to ensure maximal efficacy of prevention and management.

Vitamin C deficiency exerts paradoxical cardiovascular effects in osteogenic disorder Shionogi (ODS) rats.

PubMed

Vergely, Catherine; Goirand, Françoise; Ecarnot-Laubriet, Aline; Renard, Céline; Moreau, Daniel; Guilland, Jean-Claude; Dumas, Monique; Rochette, Luc

2004-04-01

Vitamin C is considered to be a very efficient water-soluble antioxidant, for which several new cardiovascular properties were recently described. The aim of this study was to determine in vivo the effects of a severe depletion of vitamin C on cardiac and vascular variables and reperfusion arrhythmias. For this purpose, we used a mutant strain of Wistar rats, osteogenic disorder Shionogi (ODS). After 15 d of consuming a vitamin C-deficient diet, ODS rats had a 90% decrease in plasma and tissue levels of ascorbate compared with ODS vitamin C-supplemented rats and normal Wistar rats. However, plasma antioxidant capacity, proteins, alpha-tocopherol, urate, catecholamines, lipids, and nitrate were not influenced by the vitamin C deficiency in ODS rats. Moreover, there was no difference between ODS vitamin C-deficient and -supplemented rats in heart rate and arterial pressure. After 5 min of an in vivo regional myocardial ischemia, various severe arrhythmias were observed, but their intensities were not modified by vitamin C in vitamin C-deficient ODS rats. The vascular reactivity, measured in vitro on thoracic arteries, was not altered by ascorbate deficiency in ODS rats. These unexpected results suggest that unidentified compensatory mechanisms play a role in maintaining normal cardiac function and vascular reactivity in vitamin C-deficient rats.

Nogo Receptor 1 Confines a Disinhibitory Microcircuit to the Critical Period in Visual Cortex.

PubMed

Stephany, Céleste-Élise; Ikrar, Taruna; Nguyen, Collins; Xu, Xiangmin; McGee, Aaron W

2016-10-26

A characteristic of the developing mammalian visual system is a brief interval of plasticity, termed the "critical period," when the circuitry of primary visual cortex is most sensitive to perturbation of visual experience. Depriving one eye of vision (monocular deprivation [MD]) during the critical period alters ocular dominance (OD) by shifting the responsiveness of neurons in visual cortex to favor the nondeprived eye. A disinhibitory microcircuit involving parvalbumin-expressing (PV) interneurons initiates this OD plasticity. The gene encoding the neuronal nogo-66-receptor 1 (ngr1/rtn4r) is required to close the critical period. Here we combined mouse genetics, electrophysiology, and circuit mapping with laser-scanning photostimulation to investigate whether disinhibition is confined to the critical period by ngr1 We demonstrate that ngr1 mutant mice retain plasticity characteristic of the critical period as adults, and that ngr1 operates within PV interneurons to restrict the loss of intracortical excitatory synaptic input following MD in adult mice, and this disinhibition induces a "lower PV network configuration" in both critical-period wild-type mice and adult ngr1 -/- mice. We propose that ngr1 limits disinhibition to close the critical period for OD plasticity and that a decrease in PV expression levels reports the diminished recent cumulative activity of these interneurons. Life experience refines brain circuits throughout development during specified critical periods. Abnormal experience during these critical periods can yield enduring maladaptive changes in neural circuits that impair brain function. In the developing visual system, visual deprivation early in life can result in amblyopia (lazy-eye), a prevalent childhood disorder comprising permanent deficits in spatial vision. Here we identify that the nogo-66 receptor 1 gene restricts an early and essential step in OD plasticity to the critical period. These findings link the emerging circuit-level description of OD plasticity to the genetic regulation of the critical period. Understanding how plasticity is confined to critical periods may provide clues how to better treat amblyopia. Copyright © 2016 the authors 0270-6474/16/3611006-07$15.00/0.

Factors associated with success of market authorisation applications for pharmaceutical drugs submitted to the European Medicines Agency.

PubMed

Regnstrom, Jan; Koenig, Franz; Aronsson, Bo; Reimer, Tatiana; Svendsen, Kristian; Tsigkos, Stelios; Flamion, Bruno; Eichler, Hans-Georg; Vamvakas, Spiros

2010-01-01

To identify factors associated with success of Market Authorisation Applications (MAAs) for pharmaceutical drugs submitted to the European Medicines Agency (EMEA), with an emphasis on the Scientific Advice (SA) given by the Committee for Human Medicinal Products (CHMP). MAAs with a CHMP decision (outcome) between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2007 were included in the analysis. Factors evaluated were: company size, orphan drug (OD) status, product type, existence of SA, compliance with SA, therapeutic area and year of outcome. Compliance with SA was retrospectively assessed with reference to three critical clinical variables in pivotal studies: choice of primary endpoint, selection of control and statistical methods. Of 188 MAAs with an outcome, 137 (72.9%) were approved, whereas 51 (27.1%) were not approved or were withdrawn by the company. In the simple logistic regression analysis, company size [odds ratio (OR) 2.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.92; 4.56, p < 0.0001) was positively correlated with a positive outcome, whereas OD status (OD vs. non-OD: OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.19; 0.77, p = 0.0067) was negatively correlated. A total of 59 (31.4%) MAAs had obtained SA related to one or more of the three critical variables. Thirty-nine of these were assessed as being compliant with SA. Obtaining an SA per se was not associated with outcome (SA vs. no-SA: OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.49; 1.88, p = 0.92), but complying with SA was significantly associated with positive outcome (compliant with SA vs. no-SA: OR 14.71, 95% CI 1.95; 111.2; non-compliant with SA vs. no-SA: OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.06; 0.47, p < 0.0001). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that company size and SA compliance were independent predictors of outcome. The proportion of the MAAs that had received SA increased from 22% in 2004 to 47% in 2007. Company size and product type were associated with the frequency of requesting SA (26, 33 and 46% for small, medium-sized and large companies, respectively; 16, 39 and 48% for known chemical substances, new chemical substances and biologics, respectively). Factors related to compliance with SA were company size and OD status (25, 60 and 84% for small, medium-sized, and large companies, respectively; 77 and 38% for non-OD and OD status, respectively). The strong association between company size and outcome suggests that resources and experience in drug development and obtaining regulatory approval are critical factors for a successful MAA. In addition, obtaining and complying with SA appears to be a predictor of outcome. Based on this analysis, companies, particularly smaller ones and those developing orphan drugs, are recommended to engage in a dialogue with European regulators via the SA procedure. Obtaining SA early in development and at major transition points as well as compliance with the advice given by the CHMP are recommended.

Octadecylsilane hybrid silicas prepared by the sol-gel method: morphological and textural aspects.

PubMed

Brambilla, Rodrigo; Pires, Gilvan P; dos Santos, João H Z; Lacerda Miranda, Márcia S

2007-08-15

A series of octadecylsilane-modified silicas was prepared by the sol-gel method through the hydrolysis and cocondensation of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) with octadecyltriethoxysilane (ODS). The ODS:TEOS ratio was varied between 0:100 and 100:0. The resulting carbon content was between 2.5 and 53.4%. In the case of pure ODS, the resulting silica presented 68.6% of C. Hybrid silicas were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and (29)Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Spheres of ca. 0.5-1.0 microm were obtained in the case of hydrolysis of pure TEOS. The combination of ODS:TEOS ratio yielded systems combining spherical and lamellar patterns zones. Monitoring the particle growth, it seems that spherical particles grow around lamellar zones, these latter concentrating the organosilicon moieties. The degree of cross-linking of ODS moieties was shown to be dependent on the ODS addition time and stirring speed.

Generalizing the transition from amplitude to oscillation death in coupled oscillators.

PubMed

Zou, Wei; Senthilkumar, D V; Koseska, Aneta; Kurths, Jürgen

2013-11-01

Amplitude death (AD) and oscillation death (OD) are two structurally different oscillation quenching types in coupled nonlinear oscillators. The transition from AD to OD has been recently realized due to the interplay between heterogeneity and coupling strength [A. Koseska et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 024103 (2013)]. We identify here the transition from AD to OD in nonlinear oscillators with couplings of distinct natures. It is demonstrated that the presence of time delay in the coupling cannot induce such a transition in identical oscillators, but it can indeed facilitate its occurrence with a low degree of heterogeneity. Moreover, it is further shown that the AD to OD transition is reliably observed in identical oscillators with dynamic and conjugate couplings. The coexistence of AD and OD and rich stable OD configurations after the transition are revealed, which are of great significance for potential applications in physics, biology, and control studies.

Simultaneous macula detection and optic disc boundary segmentation in retinal fundus images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Girard, Fantin; Kavalec, Conrad; Grenier, Sébastien; Ben Tahar, Houssem; Cheriet, Farida

2016-03-01

The optic disc (OD) and the macula are important structures in automatic diagnosis of most retinal diseases inducing vision defects such as glaucoma, diabetic or hypertensive retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. We propose a new method to detect simultaneously the macula and the OD boundary. First, the color fundus images are processed to compute several maps highlighting the different anatomical structures such as vessels, the macula and the OD. Then, macula candidates and OD candidates are found simultaneously and independently using seed detectors identified on the corresponding maps. After selecting a set of macula/OD pairs, the top candidates are sent to the OD segmentation method. The segmentation method is based on local K-means applied to color coordinates in polar space followed by a polynomial fitting regularization step. Pair scores are updated, resulting in the final best macula/OD pair. The method was evaluated on two public image databases: ONHSD and MESSIDOR. The results show an overlapping area of 0.84 on ONHSD and 0.90 on MESSIDOR, which is better than recent state of the art methods. Our segmentation method is robust to contrast and illumination problems and outputs the exact boundary of the OD, not just a circular or elliptical model. The macula detection has an accuracy of 94%, which again outperforms other macula detection methods. This shows that combining the OD and macula detections improves the overall accuracy. The computation time for the whole process is 6.4 seconds, which is faster than other methods in the literature.

Chemical engineering and structural and pharmacological characterization of the α-scorpion toxin OD1.

PubMed

Durek, Thomas; Vetter, Irina; Wang, Ching-I Anderson; Motin, Leonid; Knapp, Oliver; Adams, David J; Lewis, Richard J; Alewood, Paul F

2013-01-01

Scorpion α-toxins are invaluable pharmacological tools for studying voltage-gated sodium channels, but few structure-function studies have been undertaken due to their challenging synthesis. To address this deficiency, we report a chemical engineering strategy based upon native chemical ligation. The chemical synthesis of α-toxin OD1 was achieved by chemical ligation of three unprotected peptide segments. A high resolution X-ray structure (1.8 Å) of synthetic OD1 showed the typical βαββ α-toxin fold and revealed important conformational differences in the pharmacophore region when compared with other α-toxin structures. Pharmacological analysis of synthetic OD1 revealed potent α-toxin activity (inhibition of fast inactivation) at Nav1.7, as well as Nav1.4 and Nav1.6. In addition, OD1 also produced potent β-toxin activity at Nav1.4 and Nav1.6 (shift of channel activation in the hyperpolarizing direction), indicating that OD1 might interact at more than one site with Nav1.4 and Nav1.6. Investigation of nine OD1 mutants revealed that three residues in the reverse turn contributed significantly to selectivity, with the triple OD1 mutant (D9K, D10P, K11H) being 40-fold more selective for Nav1.7 over Nav1.6, while OD1 K11V was 5-fold more selective for Nav1.6 than Nav1.7. This switch in selectivity highlights the importance of the reverse turn for engineering α-toxins with altered selectivity at Nav subtypes.

Biomechanical and morphological peculiarities of the rectum in patients with obstructed defecation syndrome.

PubMed

Brunenieks, Ints; Pekarska, Katrina; Kasyanov, Vladimir; Groma, Valerija

2017-01-01

The morphological and biomechanical peculiarities of the rectum observed in obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS) are not completely understood. The biomechanical properties and morphological features of the rectum in patients with ODS in correlation with the status of the enteric nervous system (ENS) were evaluated. Uniaxial tensile tests on the rectum samples of patients with ODS and controls were performed; collagenous constituents were assessed by Reticulin and Masson's trichrome stainings; the expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), S100 and CD117 labeling of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) were investigated by immunohistochemistry. In both groups, the ultimate stress in the posterior rectal wall was statistically significantly higher compared to the anterior one. The ultimate strain was higher in ODS compared to controls. The tangential modulus of elasticity was significantly higher in the control group than in the ODS one, both in the anterior and posterior walls. A significantly higher density of collagen demonstrated throughout the wall was evidenced in controls compared to ODS. The mucosal muscular compartment was significantly thicker but more disorganized in the patients group. The enteric S100-positive glial cells were significantly reduced in number in the anterior wall, but elevated in the posterior wall of the rectum in ODS simultaneously demonstrating the higher numbers of ICCs within the entire muscular layer and myenteric. The biomechanical and morphological results show that the rectal wall in patients with ODS is more deformable and less rigid compared to controls. The results of biomechanical properties and morphological changes in the human rectum are essential when choosing the method of ODS treatment.

Laminar development of receptive fields, maps and columns in visual cortex: the coordinating role of the subplate.

PubMed

Grossberg, Stephen; Seitz, Aaron

2003-08-01

How is development of cortical maps in V1 coordinated across cortical layers to form cortical columns? Previous neural models propose how maps of orientation (OR), ocular dominance (OD), and related properties develop in V1. These models show how spontaneous activity, before eye opening, combined with correlation learning and competition, can generate maps similar to those found in vivo. These models have not discussed laminar architecture or how cells develop and coordinate their connections across cortical layers. This is an important problem since anatomical evidence shows that clusters of horizontal connections form, between iso-oriented regions, in layer 2/3 before being innervated by layer 4 afferents. How are orientations in different layers aligned before these connections form? Anatomical evidence demonstrates that thalamic afferents wait in the subplate for weeks before innervating layer 4. Other evidence shows that ablation of the cortical subplate interferes with the development of OR and OD columns. The model proposes how the subplate develops OR and OD maps, which then entrain and coordinate the development of maps in other lamina. The model demonstrates how these maps may develop in layer 4 by using a known transient subplate-to-layer 4 circuit as a teacher. The model subplate also guides the early clustering of horizontal connections in layer 2/3, and the formation of the interlaminar circuitry that forms cortical columns. It is shown how layer 6 develops and helps to stabilize the network when the subplate atrophies. Finally the model clarifies how brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) manipulations may influence cortical development.

High-throughput sequencing technology to reveal the composition and function of cecal microbiota in Dagu chicken.

PubMed

Xu, Yunhe; Yang, Huixin; Zhang, Lili; Su, Yuhong; Shi, Donghui; Xiao, Haidi; Tian, Yumin

2016-11-04

The chicken gut microbiota is an important and complicated ecosystem for the host. They play an important role in converting food into nutrient and energy. The coding capacity of microbiome vastly surpasses that of the host's genome, encoding biochemical pathways that the host has not developed. An optimal gut microbiota can increase agricultural productivity. This study aims to explore the composition and function of cecal microbiota in Dagu chicken under two feeding modes, free-range (outdoor, OD) and cage (indoor, ID) raising. Cecal samples were collected from 24 chickens across 4 groups (12-w OD, 12-w ID, 18-w OD, and 18-w ID). We performed high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes V4 hypervariable regions to characterize the cecal microbiota of Dagu chicken and compare the difference of cecal microbiota between free-range and cage raising chickens. It was found that 34 special operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in OD groups and 4 special OTUs in ID groups. 24 phyla were shared by the 24 samples. Bacteroidetes was the most abundant phylum with the largest proportion, followed by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The OD groups showed a higher proportion of Bacteroidetes (>50 %) in cecum, but a lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in both 12-w old (0.42, 0.62) and 18-w old groups (0.37, 0.49) compared with the ID groups. Cecal microbiota in the OD groups have higher abundance of functions involved in amino acids and glycan metabolic pathway. The composition and function of cecal microbiota in Dagu chicken under two feeding modes, free-range and cage raising are different. The cage raising mode showed a lower proportion of Bacteroidetes in cecum, but a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio compared with free-range mode. Cecal microbiota in free-range mode have higher abundance of functions involved in amino acids and glycan metabolic pathway.

Color deconvolution. Optimizing handling of 3D unitary optical density vectors with polar coordinates.

PubMed

Bigras, Gilbert

2012-06-01

Color deconvolution relies on determination of unitary optical density vectors (OD(3D)) derived from pure constituent stains initially defined as intensity vectors in RGB space. OD(3D) can be defined in polar coordinates (phi, theta, radius); always being equal to one, radius can be ignored. Easier handling of unitary optical density 2D vectors (OD(2D)) is shown. OD(2D) pure stains used in anatomical pathology were assessed as centroid values (phi, theta) with a measure of variance: inertia based on arc lengths between centroid value and sampled points. These variables were plotted on a stereographic projection plane. In order to assess pure stains OD(2D), different methods of sampling RGB pixels were tested and compared: (2) direct sampling of nuclei from preparations using (a) composite H&E and (b) hematoxylin only and (2) for any pure stain RGB image, different associated 8-bit masks (saturation, brightness and RGB average) were used for sampling and compared. Behaviors of phi, theta and inertia were obtained by moving threshold in 8-bit mask histograms. Phi and theta stability were tested against variable light intensity during image acquisition and by using 2 different image acquisition systems. The more saturated RGB pixels are, the more stable phi, theta and inertia values are obtained. Different commercial hematoxylins have distinct OD(2D) characteristics. UltraView DAB stain shows high inertia and is angularly closer to usual counterstains than ultraView Red stain, which also has a lower inertia. Superior accuracy is expected from the latter stain. Phi and theta OD(2D) values are sensitive to light intensity variation, to the used imaging system and to the used objectives. An ImageJ plugin was designed to plot and interactively modify OD(2D) values with instant update of color deconvolution allowing heuristic segmentation. Utilization of polar OD(2D) eases statistical characterization of OD(3D) vectors: conditions of optimal sampling were demonstrated and various factors influencing OD(2D) stability were explored. Stereographic projection plane allows intuitive visualization of OD(3D) vectors as well as heuristic vectorial modification. All findings are not restricted to anatomical pathology but can be applied to bright field microscopy and subtractive color applications in general.

Hindering factors and suggestions related to organ donation decisions: perspective of the Taiwan Ali-Shan Tsou aboriginal tribe.

PubMed

Chen, A N; Chen, K F; Chang, P C; Shih, F Jong; Chen, C R; Shih, F-Jin; Huang, C-Y

2014-05-01

Ali-San Tsou (AST) is one of leading aboriginal tribes in Taiwan with traditional godly beliefs related to life and death. Lacking related knowledge, health professionals (HPs) often failed to help them reach good dying or organ donation (OD). This study aimed to explore hindering factors and suggestions related to OD for good dying from Taiwan AST's own perspective. An explorative qualitative design was employed using a purposive sample of the AST tribes from Taiwan. Data were collected with AST residents by face-to-face interviews and analyzed by content analysis. Thirty AST residents (16 females and 14 males) with ages ranging from 28 to 78 (mean, 54.5) years completed interviews. Of them, 85% reported various diseases. In this study 73% were Catholics and Christians, 17% held traditional godly believes, and 10% had no religious affiliation. Eight hindering factors were reported: (1) limited information about organs and OD; (2) no qualified organs for donation; (3) worry about lack of forgiveness by ancestors; (4) tribe elders who might not accept concept of OD; (5) intact bodies were required at home during spirit-companion rituals; (6) earth burial with intact bodies was preferred; (7) bodies due to accidental and bad death were impermissible for OD; and (8) worry about possession by the donor's spirit. Seven suggestions were also reported for HPs to enhance AST's OD decisions: (1) starting with friendship and a caring relationship; (2) providing spiritual support from reverent religions; (3) stressing good deeds and honoring tribe folks by OD; (4) avoiding accidental/bad death; (5) providing relevant modern medical knowledge of human organs and OD; (6) introducing OD as part of a good-dying care plan; and (7) demonstrating a respectful discussion mindset about OD. Eight hindering factors and 7 types of suggestions for enhancing AST aboriginal people's OD decisions were first explored in this project. In the future, HPs are encouraged to invite AST to share the concepts of OT and try to clarify the related concerns with respect for their cultural contexts. With mutual respect, the efforts of sharing and integrating OD into good-dying care would be more possible. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Improving accuracy of cell and chromophore concentration measurements using optical density

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background UV–vis spectrophotometric optical density (OD) is the most commonly-used technique for estimating chromophore formation and cell concentration in liquid culture. OD wavelength is often chosen with little thought given to its effect on the quality of the measurement. Analysis of the contributions of absorption and scattering to the measured optical density provides a basis for understanding variability among spectrophotometers and enables a quantitative evaluation of the applicability of the Beer-Lambert law. This provides a rational approach for improving the accuracy of OD measurements used as a proxy for direct dry weight (DW), cell count, and pigment levels. Results For pigmented organisms, the choice of OD wavelength presents a tradeoff between the robustness and the sensitivity of the measurement. The OD at a robust wavelength is primarily the result of light scattering and does not vary with culture conditions; whereas, the OD at a sensitive wavelength is additionally dependent on light absorption by the organism’s pigments. Suitably robust and sensitive wavelengths are identified for a wide range of organisms by comparing their spectra to the true absorption spectra of dyes. The relative scattering contribution can be reduced either by measurement at higher OD, or by the addition of bovine serum albumin. Reduction of scattering or correlation with off-peak light attenuation provides for more accurate assessment of chromophore levels within cells. Conversion factors between DW, OD, and colony-forming unit density are tabulated for 17 diverse organisms to illustrate the scope of variability of these correlations. Finally, an inexpensive short pathlength LED-based flow cell is demonstrated for the online monitoring of growth in a bioreactor at culture concentrations greater than 5 grams dry weight per liter which would otherwise require off-line dilutions to obtain non-saturated OD measurements. Conclusions OD is most accurate as a time-saving proxy measurement for biomass concentration when light attenuation is dominated by scattering. However, the applicability of OD-based correlations is highly dependent on the measurement specifications (spectrophotometer model and wavelength) and culture conditions (media type; growth stage; culture stress; cell/colony geometry; presence and concentration of secreted compounds). These variations highlight the importance of treating literature conversion factors as rough approximations as opposed to concrete constants. There is an opportunity to optimize measurements of cell pigment levels by considering scattering and absorption-dependent wavelengths of the OD spectrum. PMID:24499615

Microbial screening for quinolones residues in cow milk by bio-optical method.

PubMed

Appicciafuoco, Brunella; Dragone, Roberto; Frazzoli, Chiara; Bolzoni, Giuseppe; Mantovani, Alberto; Ferrini, Anna Maria

2015-03-15

The use of antibiotics on lactating cows should be monitored for the possible risk of milk contamination with residues. Accordingly, Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) are established by the European Commission to guarantee consumers safety. As pointed out by Dec 2002/657/EC, screening is the first step in the strategy for antibiotic residue control, thus playing a key role in the whole control procedure. However, current routine screening methods applied in milk chain still fail to detect residues of quinolones at concentrations of interest. This paper reports the findings of a new bio-optical method for the screening of quinolones residues in bovine milk, based on E. coli ATCC 11303 growth inhibition. The effect of blank and spiked cow milk samples (aliquots equivalents to 0.8%, v/v) is evaluated in Mueller Hinton Broth (MHb) and MHb enriched with MgSO4 2% (MHb-Mg) inoculated with the test strain at the concentration of 10(4)CFU/mL. The presence of quinolones inhibits the cellular growth in MHb, while this effect is neutralized in MHb-Mg allowing both detection and presumptive identification of quinolones. Growth of the test strain is monitored at 37 °C in a Bioscreen C automated system, and Optical Density (OD) at 600 nm is recorded every 10 min after shaking for 10s. Growth curves (OD vs. time) of E. coli ATCC 11303 are assessed in milk samples, with and without quinolones, and their differences in terms of ΔOD (ΔOD600nm=ODMHb-Mg-ODMHb) are calculated. The presence of quinolones is detected by the cellular growth inhibition (OD vs time, none increase in the value OD) and presumptively identified through the increase of the slope of ΔOD600nm curve (ΔOD vs. time), after about 3h of incubation. The detection limit for ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin is at the level of MRL, for marbofloxacin is at 2-fold the MRL whereas for danofloxacin is at 4-fold the MRL. Although the sensitivity of the method could be further improved and the procedure automated, it is a promising step forward to integrate screening assays into the control process and, in particular, to fill in the gap for quinolones; moreover, these technological developments contribute to the One Health perspective through the monitoring of safe and correct use of veterinary antibiotics. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Comparison of Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Behavior in Two Similar Ferritic Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Alloys.

PubMed

Chao, Jesus; Rementeria, Rosalia; Aranda, Maria; Capdevila, Carlos; Gonzalez-Carrasco, Jose Luis

2016-07-29

The ductile-to-brittle transition (DBT) behavior of two similar Fe-Cr-Al oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) stainless steels was analyzed following the Cottrell-Petch model. Both alloys were manufactured by mechanical alloying (MA) but by different forming routes. One was manufactured as hot rolled tube, and the other in the form of hot extruded bar. The two hot forming routes considered do not significantly influence the microstructure, but cause differences in the texture and the distribution of oxide particles. These have little influence on tensile properties; however, the DBT temperature and the upper shelf energy (USE) are significantly affected because of delamination orientation with regard to the notch plane. Whereas in hot rolled material the delaminations are parallel to the rolling surface, in the hot extruded material, they are randomly oriented because the material is transversally isotropic.

Radiation-sustained nanocluster metastability in oxide dispersion strengthened materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ribis, J.; Bordas, E.; Trocellier, P.; Serruys, Y.; de Carlan, Y.; Legris, A.

2015-12-01

ODS materials constitute a new promising class of structural materials for advanced fission and fusion energy application. These Fe-Cr based ferritic steels contain ultra-high density of dispersion-strengthening nanoclusters conferring excellent mechanical properties to the alloy. Hence, guarantee the nanocluster stability under irradiation remain a critical issue. Nanoclusters are non-equilibrium multicomponent compounds (YTiCrO) forming through a complex nucleation pathway during the elaboration process. In this paper, it is proposed to observe the response of these nanoclusters when the system is placed far from equilibrium by means of ion beam. The results indicate that the Y, Ti, O and Cr atoms self-organized so that nanoclusters coarsened but maintain their non-equilibrium chemical composition. It is discussed that the radiation-sustained nanocluster metastability emerges from cooperative effects: radiation-induced Ostwald ripening, permanent creation of vacancies in the clusters, and fast Cr diffusion mediated by interstitials.

Comparison of Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Behavior in Two Similar Ferritic Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Alloys

PubMed Central

Chao, Jesus; Rementeria, Rosalia; Aranda, Maria; Capdevila, Carlos; Gonzalez-Carrasco, Jose Luis

2016-01-01

The ductile-to-brittle transition (DBT) behavior of two similar Fe-Cr-Al oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) stainless steels was analyzed following the Cottrell–Petch model. Both alloys were manufactured by mechanical alloying (MA) but by different forming routes. One was manufactured as hot rolled tube, and the other in the form of hot extruded bar. The two hot forming routes considered do not significantly influence the microstructure, but cause differences in the texture and the distribution of oxide particles. These have little influence on tensile properties; however, the DBT temperature and the upper shelf energy (USE) are significantly affected because of delamination orientation with regard to the notch plane. Whereas in hot rolled material the delaminations are parallel to the rolling surface, in the hot extruded material, they are randomly oriented because the material is transversally isotropic. PMID:28773764

In vivo prostacyclin biosynthesis and effects of different aspirin regimens in patients with essential thrombocythaemia.

PubMed

Cavalca, V; Rocca, B; Squellerio, I; Dragani, A; Veglia, F; Pagliaccia, F; Porro, B; Barbieri, S S; Tremoli, E; Patrono, C

2014-07-03

Essential thrombocythaemia (ET) is characterised by enhanced platelet generation and thrombosis. Once daily (od) aspirin incompletely inhibits platelet thromboxane (TX)A2 production in ET. A twice daily (bid) dosing is necessary to fully inhibit TXA2. Whether this dosing regimen affects in vivo prostacyclin (PGI2) biosynthesis is unknown. PGI2 biosynthesis was characterised in 50 ET patients on enteric-coated (EC) aspirin 100 mg od, by measuring its urinary metabolite, 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1α (PGI-M). Moreover, in a crossover study 22 patients poorly responsive to standard aspirin based on serum TXB2 levels (≥4 ng/ml) were randomised to different seven-day aspirin regimens: EC aspirin 100 mg od, 100 mg bid, 200 mg od, or plain aspirin 100 mg od. PGI-M measured 24 hours after the last aspirin intake (EC, 100 mg od) was similar in patients and healthy subjects both on (n=10) and off (n=30) aspirin. PGI-M was unrelated to in vivo TXA2 biosynthesis, and not affected by EC aspirin 100 mg bid or 200 mg od as compared to EC 100 mg od. PGI2 biosynthesis in aspirin-treated ET patients appears unrelated to TXA2 biosynthesis, and not affected by an improved aspirin regimen, demonstrating its vascular safety for future trials.

Occupational diseases in Murmansk Oblast: 1980-2010.

PubMed

Dudarev, Alexey A; Talykova, Liudmila V; Odland, Jon Øyvind

2013-01-01

Official statistics tend to underestimate the incidence of occupational disease (OD) nationally and regionally in Russia. The general aim was to obtain an accurate estimate of ODs in Murmansk Oblast in 1980-2010 and to determine the rate of specific types of ODs among cohorts of workers who had been exposed to the hazardous factors causing the disease. Data were retrieved from the Murmansk Oblast ODs database for the oblast and 2 enterprises--Apatite JSC and Kolskaya MSC--which contributed to more than half of the ODs in the oblast in 1980-2010. The total number of ODs and 5 specific categories (musculoskeletal, respiratory, nervous diseases, hearing loss and vibration disease) were analysed. THE TOTAL RATE OF ODS AMONG WORKERS OF MAIN SHOPS IN BOTH ENTERPRISES WHO WERE ACTUALLY EXPOSED TO HARMFUL FACTORS WERE EXTREMELY HIGH: the rate for Apatite JSC was 25 times higher than in Russia and 15 times higher than in Murmansk Oblast, while the rate for Kolskaya MSC was about 30 and 20 times greater than in Russia and in Murmansk Oblast, respectively; in the 2000s the difference reached 100-150 times. The rise in reported ODs in both enterprises corresponded to the time when intensive medical examinations were conducted by the Kola Research Laboratory for Occupational Health (KRLOH) in Kirovsk. A similar pattern was also observed for the sub-categories of musculoskeletal, respiratory, nervous diseases, hearing loss and vibration disease. It is likely that the true burden of OD is even higher due to misdiagnosis, reluctance of workers concerned about job security to present for care and the lack of reliable information on working conditions needed to establish a causal link between disease and occupational exposure. As with many other regions across Russia, ODs in Murmansk Oblast are grossly underestimated. Serious problems exist in the Russian occupational health care system and the collection of occupational health statistics that require urgent, fundamental reform.

Cwf16p Associating with the Nineteen Complex Ensures Ordered Exon Joining in Constitutive Pre-mRNA Splicing in Fission Yeast

PubMed Central

Sasaki-Haraguchi, Noriko; Ikuyama, Takeshi; Yoshii, Shogo; Takeuchi-Andoh, Tomoko; Frendewey, David; Tani, Tokio

2015-01-01

Exons are ligated in an ordered manner without the skipping of exons in the constitutive splicing of pre-mRNAs with multiple introns. To identify factors ensuring ordered exon joining in constitutive pre-mRNA splicing, we previously screened for exon skipping mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe using a reporter plasmid, and characterized three exon skipping mutants named ods1 (ordered splicing 1), ods2, and ods3, the responsible genes of which encode Prp2/U2AF59, U2AF23, and SF1, respectively. They form an SF1-U2AF59-U2AF23 complex involved in recognition of the branch and 3′ splice sites in pre-mRNA. In the present study, we identified a fourth ods mutant, ods4, which was isolated in an exon-skipping screen. The ods4 + gene encodes Cwf16p, which interacts with the NineTeen Complex (NTC), a complex thought to be involved in the first catalytic step of the splicing reaction. We isolated two multi-copy suppressors for the ods4-1 mutation, Srp2p, an SR protein essential for pre-mRNA splicing, and Tif213p, a translation initiation factor, in S. pombe. The overexpression of Srp2p suppressed the exon-skipping phenotype of all ods mutants, whereas Tif213p suppressed only ods4-1, which has a mutation in the translational start codon of the cwf16 gene. We also showed that the decrease in the transcriptional elongation rate induced by drug treatment suppressed exon skipping in ods4-1. We propose that Cwf16p/NTC participates in the early recognition of the branch and 3′ splice sites and cooperates with the SF1-U2AF59-U2AF23 complex to maintain ordered exon joining. PMID:26302002

Oncogenetics service and the Brazilian public health system: the experience of a reference Cancer Hospital.

PubMed

Palmero, Edenir I; Galvão, Henrique C R; Fernandes, Gabriela C; Paula, André E de; Oliveira, Junea C; Souza, Cristiano P; Andrade, Carlos E; Romagnolo, Luis G C; Volc, Sahlua; C Neto, Maximiliano; Sabato, Cristina; Grasel, Rebeca; Mauad, Edmundo; Reis, Rui M; Michelli, Rodrigo A D

2016-05-13

The identification of families at-risk for hereditary cancer is extremely important due to the prevention potential in those families. However, the number of Brazilian genetic services providing oncogenetic care is extremely low for the continental dimension of the country and its population. Therefore, at-risk patients do not receive appropriate assistance. This report describes the creation, structure and management of a cancer genetics service in a reference center for cancer prevention and treatment, the Barretos Cancer Hospital (BCH). The Oncogenetics Department (OD) of BCH offers, free of charge, to all patients/relatives with clinical criteria, the possibility to perform i) genetic counseling, ii) preventive examinations and iii) genetic testing with the best quality standards. The OD has a multidisciplinary team and is integrated with all specialties. The genetic counseling process consists (mostly) of two visits. In 2014, 614 individuals (371 families) were seen by the OD. To date, over 800 families were referred by the OD for genetic testing. The support provided by the Oncogenetics team is crucial to identify at-risk individuals and to develop preventive and personalized behaviors for each situation, not only to the upper-middle class population, but also to the people whose only possibility is the public health system.

A polymerase chain reaction enzyme immunoassay for diagnosing infection caused by Aspergillus fumigatus.

PubMed Central

Golbang, N; Burnie, J P; Matthews, R C

1999-01-01

AIM: To develop a polymerase chain reaction enzyme immunoassay (PCR-EIA) to measure levels of circulating aspergillus DNA in invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. METHODS: The PCR reaction was based on primers from the 18s rRNA gene. Binding of the product to a streptavidin coated microtitration plate was mediated by a biotinylated capture probe. The product was digoxigenylated during PCR and this was the tag to which antibody was bound in the subsequent EIA. RESULTS: The optical density (OD) endpoint was < 0.1 in 10 sera from neutropenic patients with no evidence of invasive aspergillosis, and in 10 sera from nonneutropenic patients with bacterial pneumonia (group 1). The OD from five of 12 patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) (group 2), three with an aspergilloma (group 3), and five with possible invasive aspergillosis (group 4) was > or = 0.1. In 63 sera from 33 cases of proven invasive aspergillosis (group 5) an OD > or = 0.1 was achieved in 48 sera from 30 patients. The maximum OD was 0.510. The level fell in survivors and gradually rose in fatal cases. CONCLUSIONS: This assay validated the concept of diagnosing invasive aspergillosis by measuring levels of circulating fungal DNA in serum. PMID:10562808

The level of orally ingested vitamin C affected the expression of vitamin C transporters and vitamin C accumulation in the livers of ODS rats.

PubMed

Sone, Yasuko; Ueta, Etsuko; Kodama, Satoru; Sannoumaru, Yasuko; Miyake, Noriko; Sone, Hirohito; Fujiwara, Yoko; Otsuka, Yuzuru; Kondo, Kazuo; Inagaki, Masahiro; Namba, Eiji; Kurata, Tadao; Suzuki, Emiko

2011-01-01

We investigated the effects of vitamin C administration on vitamin C-specific transporters in ODS/ShiJcl-od/od rat livers. The vitamin C-specific transporter levels increased in the livers of the rats not administered vitamin C and decreased in the livers of those administered vitamin C at 100 mg/d, indicating that these transporter levels can be influenced by the amount of vitamin C administered.

The influence of the European paediatric regulation on marketing authorisation of orphan drugs for children

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background Drug development for rare diseases is challenging, especially when these orphan drugs (OD) are intended for children. In 2007 the EU Paediatric Drug Regulation was enacted to improve the development of high quality and ethically researched medicines for children through the establishment of Paediatric Investigation Plans (PIPs). The effect of the EU Paediatric Drug Regulation on the marketing authorisation (MA) of drugs for children with rare diseases was studied. Methods Data on all designated orphan drugs, their indication, MA, PIPs and indication group (adult or child) were obtained from the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The outcome and duration of the process from orphan drug designation (ODD) to MA, was compared, per indication, by age group. The effect of the Paediatric Drug Regulation, implemented in 2007, on the application process was assessed with survival analysis. Results Eighty-one orphan drugs obtained MA since 2000 and half are authorised for (a subgroup of) children; another 34 are currently undergoing further investigations in children through agreed PIPs. The Paediatric Drug Regulation did not significantly increase the number of ODDs with potential paediatric indications (58% before vs 64% after 2007 of ODDs, p = 0.1) and did not lead to more MAs for ODs with paediatric indications (60% vs 43%, p = 0.22). ODs authorised after 2007 had a longer time to MA than those authorised before 2007 (Hazard ratio (95% CI) 2.80 (1.84-4.28), p < 0.001); potential paediatric use did not influence the time to MA (Hazard ratio (95% CI) 1.14 (0.77-1.70), p = 0.52). Conclusions The EU Paediatric Drug Regulation had a minor impact on development and availability of ODs for children, was associated with a longer time to MA, but ensured the further paediatric development of drugs still off-label to children. The impact of the Paediatric Drug Regulation on research quantity and quality in children through PIPs is not yet clear. PMID:25091201

The influence of the European paediatric regulation on marketing authorisation of orphan drugs for children.

PubMed

Kreeftmeijer-Vegter, Annemarie Rosan; de Boer, Anthonius; van der Vlugt-Meijer, Roselinda H; de Vries, Peter J

2014-08-05

Drug development for rare diseases is challenging, especially when these orphan drugs (OD) are intended for children. In 2007 the EU Paediatric Drug Regulation was enacted to improve the development of high quality and ethically researched medicines for children through the establishment of Paediatric Investigation Plans (PIPs). The effect of the EU Paediatric Drug Regulation on the marketing authorisation (MA) of drugs for children with rare diseases was studied. Data on all designated orphan drugs, their indication, MA, PIPs and indication group (adult or child) were obtained from the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The outcome and duration of the process from orphan drug designation (ODD) to MA, was compared, per indication, by age group. The effect of the Paediatric Drug Regulation, implemented in 2007, on the application process was assessed with survival analysis. Eighty-one orphan drugs obtained MA since 2000 and half are authorised for (a subgroup of) children; another 34 are currently undergoing further investigations in children through agreed PIPs. The Paediatric Drug Regulation did not significantly increase the number of ODDs with potential paediatric indications (58% before vs 64% after 2007 of ODDs, p = 0.1) and did not lead to more MAs for ODs with paediatric indications (60% vs 43%, p = 0.22). ODs authorised after 2007 had a longer time to MA than those authorised before 2007 (Hazard ratio (95% CI) 2.80 (1.84-4.28), p < 0.001); potential paediatric use did not influence the time to MA (Hazard ratio (95% CI) 1.14 (0.77-1.70), p = 0.52). The EU Paediatric Drug Regulation had a minor impact on development and availability of ODs for children, was associated with a longer time to MA, but ensured the further paediatric development of drugs still off-label to children. The impact of the Paediatric Drug Regulation on research quantity and quality in children through PIPs is not yet clear.

Sensitivity and specificity of the Eating Assessment Tool and the Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test for clinical evaluation of oropharyngeal dysphagia.

PubMed

Rofes, L; Arreola, V; Mukherjee, R; Clavé, P

2014-09-01

Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is an underdiagnosed digestive disorder that causes severe nutritional and respiratory complications. Our aim was to determine the accuracy of the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) and the Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test (V-VST) for clinical evaluation of OD. We studied 120 patients with swallowing difficulties and 14 healthy subjects. OD was evaluated by the 10-item screening questionnaire EAT-10 and the bedside method V-VST, videofluoroscopy (VFS) being the reference standard. The V-VST is an effort test that uses boluses of different volumes and viscosities to identify clinical signs of impaired efficacy (impaired labial seal, piecemeal deglutition, and residue) and impaired safety of swallow (cough, voice changes, and oxygen desaturation ≥3%). Discriminating ability was assessed by the AUC of the ROC curve and sensitivity and specificity values. According to VFS, prevalence of OD was 87%, 75.6% with impaired efficacy and 80.9% with impaired safety of swallow including 17.6% aspirations. The EAT-10 showed a ROC AUC of 0.89 for OD with an optimal cut-off at 2 (0.89 sensitivity and 0.82 specificity). The V-VST showed 0.94 sensitivity and 0.88 specificity for OD, 0.79 sensitivity and 0.75 specificity for impaired efficacy, 0.87 sensitivity and 0.81 specificity for impaired safety, and 0.91 sensitivity and 0.28 specificity for aspirations. Clinical methods for screening (EAT-10) and assessment (V-VST) of OD offer excellent psychometric proprieties that allow adequate management of OD. Their universal application among at-risk populations will improve the identification of patients with OD at risk for malnutrition and aspiration pneumonia. © 2014 The Authors. Neurogastroenterology & Motility published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Sensitivity and specificity of the Eating Assessment Tool and the Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test for clinical evaluation of oropharyngeal dysphagia

PubMed Central

Rofes, L; Arreola, V; Mukherjee, R; Clavé, P

2014-01-01

Background Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is an underdiagnosed digestive disorder that causes severe nutritional and respiratory complications. Our aim was to determine the accuracy of the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) and the Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test (V-VST) for clinical evaluation of OD. Methods We studied 120 patients with swallowing difficulties and 14 healthy subjects. OD was evaluated by the 10-item screening questionnaire EAT-10 and the bedside method V-VST, videofluoroscopy (VFS) being the reference standard. The V-VST is an effort test that uses boluses of different volumes and viscosities to identify clinical signs of impaired efficacy (impaired labial seal, piecemeal deglutition, and residue) and impaired safety of swallow (cough, voice changes, and oxygen desaturation ≥3%). Discriminating ability was assessed by the AUC of the ROC curve and sensitivity and specificity values. Key Results According to VFS, prevalence of OD was 87%, 75.6% with impaired efficacy and 80.9% with impaired safety of swallow including 17.6% aspirations. The EAT-10 showed a ROC AUC of 0.89 for OD with an optimal cut-off at 2 (0.89 sensitivity and 0.82 specificity). The V-VST showed 0.94 sensitivity and 0.88 specificity for OD, 0.79 sensitivity and 0.75 specificity for impaired efficacy, 0.87 sensitivity and 0.81 specificity for impaired safety, and 0.91 sensitivity and 0.28 specificity for aspirations. Conclusions & Inferences Clinical methods for screening (EAT-10) and assessment (V-VST) of OD offer excellent psychometric proprieties that allow adequate management of OD. Their universal application among at-risk populations will improve the identification of patients with OD at risk for malnutrition and aspiration pneumonia. PMID:24909661

Reimbursed Price of Orphan Drugs: Current Strategies and Potential Improvements.

PubMed

Mincarone, Pierpaolo; Leo, Carlo Giacomo; Sabina, Saverio; Sarriá-Santamera, Antonio; Taruscio, Domenica; Serrano-Aguilar, Pedro Guillermo; Kanavos, Panos

2017-01-01

The pricing and reimbursement policies for pharmaceuticals are relevant to balance timely and equitable access for all patients, financial sustainability, and reward for valuable innovation. The proliferation of high-cost specialty medicines is particularly true in rare diseases (RDs) where the pricing mechanism is characterised by a lack of transparency. This work provides an overall picture of current strategies for the definition of the reimbursed prices of orphan drugs (ODs) and highlights some potential improvements. Current strategies and suggestions are presented along 4 dimensions: (1) comprehensive value assessment, (2) early dialogs among relevant stakeholders, (3) innovative reimbursement approaches, and (4) societal participation in producing ODs. Comprehensive value assessment could be achieved by clarifying the approach of distributive justice to adopt, ensuring a representative participation of stakeholders, and with a broad consideration of value-bearing factors. With respect to early dialogs, cross-border cooperation can be determinant to companies and agencies. The cost-benefit ratio of early dialogs needs to be demonstrated and the "regulatory capture" effect should be monitored. Innovative reimbursement approaches were developed to balance the need for evidence-based decisions with the timely access to innovative drugs. The societal participation in producing ODs needs to be recognised in a collaborating framework where adaptive agreements can be developed with mutual satisfaction. Such agreements could also impact on coverage and reimbursement decisions as additional elements for the determination of a comprehensive societal value of ODs. Further research is needed to investigate the highlighted open challenges so that RDs will not remain, in practical terms, orphan diseases. © 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Mean curvature and texture constrained composite weighted random walk algorithm for optic disc segmentation towards glaucoma screening.

PubMed

Panda, Rashmi; Puhan, N B; Panda, Ganapati

2018-02-01

Accurate optic disc (OD) segmentation is an important step in obtaining cup-to-disc ratio-based glaucoma screening using fundus imaging. It is a challenging task because of the subtle OD boundary, blood vessel occlusion and intensity inhomogeneity. In this Letter, the authors propose an improved version of the random walk algorithm for OD segmentation to tackle such challenges. The algorithm incorporates the mean curvature and Gabor texture energy features to define the new composite weight function to compute the edge weights. Unlike the deformable model-based OD segmentation techniques, the proposed algorithm remains unaffected by curve initialisation and local energy minima problem. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified with DRIVE, DIARETDB1, DRISHTI-GS and MESSIDOR database images using the performance measures such as mean absolute distance, overlapping ratio, dice coefficient, sensitivity, specificity and precision. The obtained OD segmentation results and quantitative performance measures show robustness and superiority of the proposed algorithm in handling the complex challenges in OD segmentation.

Oxymetazoline plus dexpanthenol in nasal congestion.

PubMed

Jagade, Mohan V; Langade, Deepak G; Pophale, Rupesh R; Prabhu, Arun

2008-12-01

To compare the efficacy and tolerability of Oxymetazoline 0.05 % plus Dexpanthanol 5% versus Xylometazoline 0.1 % nasal drops in patients with nasal congestion due to allergic rhinitis and following nasal surgery. An investigator-blind, randomized, controlled, phase IV clinical trial conducted in 100 patients with acute allergic rhinitis or patients post-nasal surgery. Patients received either Oxymetazoline 0.05% with Dexpanthanol 5% (OD) or Xylometazoline 0.1% (XO) nasal drops. Relief from nasal congestion was significantly better in the OD group then in the XO group (mean nasal scores 1.24 vs 1.86). Significantly more improvement in sneezing and decrease in nasal discharge was seen in the OD group than the XO group. Nasal irritation in the OD group was significantly less as compared to XO group (0.38 v/s 1.12 on second day and 0.10 vs 0.36 on the fourth day). The recovery time for OD group was 1.08 hours, which was significantly (46 min) lesser than that of the XO group. Rebound congestion was significantly less in OD as compared to XO group (6.25% vs 82.98%). 93.75% of the physicians in the OD group and 51.28% in XO group reported response to therapy as good to excellent. 95.83% patients in the OD group and only 52.91% patients in the XO group rated tolerability to therapy as good to excellent. Oxymetazoline and dexpanthenol combination has a better efficacy, shorter recovery time, causes lesser rebound congestion and has better tolerability than xylometazoline.

Drugs Related to Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Older People.

PubMed

Miarons, Marta; Campins, Lluís; Palomera, Elisabet; Serra-Prat, Mateu; Cabré, Mateu; Rofes, Laia

2016-10-01

Scientific evidence on the impact of medication on the physiology of swallowing is scarce and mainly based on clinical case reports. To evaluate the association between oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) and chronic exposure to medication in older patients admitted to the acute geriatric unit (AGU) of a secondary hospital, we performed a retrospective cross-sectional study of 966 patients admitted to an AGU from 2008 to 2011. We reviewed (a) diagnosis of OD (assessed with the volume-viscosity swallow test, V- VST); (b) chronic patient medication classified by anatomical, therapeutic, chemical codes; and (c) demographic and clinical data. A univariate analysis was performed to determine which medications were associated with OD. A multivariate analysis adjusting for confounding clinical factors was performed to identify which of those medications were independently associated with OD. The age of patients included was 85.3 ± 6.37 years and 59.4 % were women. A total of 41.9 % presented OD. We found a possible protective effect of beta blocking agents on OD after the multivariate analysis (OR 0.54, 95 % CI 0.35-0.85). None of the categories of drugs was associated with an altered swallowing function after adjusting for confounding variables. The present study is the first one to widely investigate the association between drugs and OD, increasing understanding of their association. The role of beta blockers in OD needs to be further studied as their potentially beneficial effects on the swallowing function in older patients could help to prevent complications.

[Expression of collagen and elastin fibers in the rectum of patients with obstructed defecation syndrome and its significance].

PubMed

Li, Juan; Lin, Hongcheng; Ren, Donglin

2015-12-01

To detect the expression of collagen and elastin fibers in the rectum of patients with obstructive defecation syndrome (ODS), and to explore the possible role of these fibers in the pathogenesis of ODS. The rectum specimens of 20 patients with ODS were collected. These patients had undergone stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) surgery in our hospital since 2012. Full-thickness rectal specimens were stained with Masson and EVG staining to show collagen and elastin fibers. As the control, rectum specimens of 20 patients with severe prolapsed hemorrhoids also undergoing STARR surgery in our hospital during the same period were collected. Masson staining showed that the structure of collagen fibers in submucosa was slender, area decreased [(13.88±7.02)% vs. (30.98±3.46)%, P<0.01], and the expression level was significantly lower in ODS group compared with control group. EVG staining also showed that collagen fiber area of ODS patients was reduced compared with control group [(17.18±7.24)% vs. (27.04±9.65)%, P<0.01]. Meanwhile EVG staining revealed that elastic fibers were fragmented in ODS group and the expression level was lower compared with control group [(1.20±1.39)% vs. (1.47±1.06)%], whereas the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). The expression level of collagen fibers in patients with ODS is significantly reduced, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of ODS.

Modulation of Cyclodextrin Particle Amphiphilic Properties to Stabilize Pickering Emulsion.

PubMed

Xi, Yongkang; Luo, Zhigang; Lu, Xuanxuan; Peng, Xichun

2018-01-10

Cyclodextrins have been proven to form complexes with linear oil molecules and stabilize emulsions. Amphiphilic properties of cyclodextrin particles were modulated through esterification reaction between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and octadecenyl succinic anhydride (ODSA) under alkaline conditions. ODS-β-CD particles with degree of substitution (DS) of 0.003, 0.011, and 0.019 were obtained. The introduced hydrophobic long chain that was linked within β-CD cavity led to the change of ODS-β-CD in terms of morphological structure, surface charge density, size, and contact angle, upon which the properties and stability of the emulsions stabilized by ODS-β-CD were highly dependent. The average diameter of ODS-β-CD particles ranged from 449 to 1484 nm. With the DS increased from 0.003 to 0.019, the contact angle and absolute zeta potential value of these ODS-β-CD particles improved from 25.7° to 47.3° and 48.1 to 62.8 mV, respectively. The cage structure of β-CD crystals was transformed to channel structure, then further to amorphous structure after introduction of the octadecenyl succinylation chain. ODS-β-CD particles exhibited higher emulsifying ability compared to β-CD. The resulting Pickering emulsions formed by ODS-β-CD particles were more stable during storage. This study investigates the ability of these ODS-β-CD particles to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions with respect to their amphiphilic character and structural properties.

Effect of deuteration on hydrogen bonding: A comparative concentration dependent Raman and DFT study of pyridine in CH3OH and CD3OD and pyrimidine in H2O and D2O

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, Anurag; Gangopadhyay, Debraj; Popp, Jürgen; Singh, Ranjan K.

2012-12-01

The relative effect of hydrogen bonding of pyrimidine (Pyr) in H2O/D2O and pyridine (Py) in CH3OH/CD3OD has been analyzed using Raman Difference Spectroscopic (RDS) technique and DFT calculations. This study is focused on analyzing the concentration dependent variation of linewidth, peak position and intensity of ring breathing mode of Py and Pyr. The ring breathing mode of Pyr in H2O and D2O has three components; due to free Pyr, lighter complexes of mPyr + nH2O/D2O and heavier complexes of mPyr + nH2O/D2O. The pyridine molecules, however, show only two components in CH3OH and CD3OD. Of these two components, one corresponds to free Py and the other inhomogeneously broadened profile corresponds to all mPy + nCH3OH/CD3OD complexes. The variation of peak position and linewidth establishes the role of dipole moment of complexes and the diffusion in the mixture. In case of CD3OD solution splitting was observed in ˜1030 cm-1 band of Py, where an additional band at ˜1034 cm-1 appears at x(Py) ⩽ 0.4. However, this band remains single at all concentrations in case of CH3OH solvent.

Ginger Orally Disintegrating Tablets to Improve Swallowing in Older People.

PubMed

Hirata, Ayumu; Funato, Hiroki; Nakai, Megumi; Iizuka, Michiro; Abe, Noriaki; Yagi, Yusuke; Shiraishi, Hisashi; Jobu, Kohei; Yokota, Junko; Hirose, Kahori; Hyodo, Masamitsu; Miyamura, Mitsuhiko

2016-01-01

We previously prepared and pharmaceutically evaluated ginger orally disintegrating (OD) tablets, optimized the base formulation, and carried out a clinical trial in healthy adults in their 20 s and 50s to measure their effect on salivary substance P (SP) level and improved swallowing function. In this study, we conducted clinical trials using the ginger OD tablets in older people to clinically evaluate the improvements in swallowing function resulting from the functional components of the tablet. The ginger OD tablets were prepared by mixing the excipients with the same amount of mannitol and sucrose to a concentration of 1% ginger. Eighteen healthy older adult volunteers aged 63 to 90 were included in the swallowing function test. Saliva was collected before and 15 min after administration of the placebo and ginger OD tablets. Swallowing endoscopy was performed by an otolaryngologist before administration and 15 min after administration of the ginger OD tablets. A scoring method was used to evaluate the endoscopic swallowing. Fifteen minutes after taking the ginger OD tablets, the salivary SP amount was significantly higher than prior to ingestion or after taking the placebo (p<0.05). Among 10 subjects, one scored 1-3 using the four evaluation criteria. Overall, no aspiration occurred and a significant improvement in the swallowing function score was observed (p<0.05) after taking the ginger OD tablets. Our findings showed that the ginger OD tablets increased the salivary SP amount and improved swallowing function in older people with appreciably reduced swallowing function.

A Comparative Study of Welded ODS Cladding materials for AFCI/GNEP Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Indrajit Charit; Megan Frary; Darryl Butt

2011-03-31

This research project involved working on the pressure resistance welding of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys which will have a large role to play in advanced nuclear reactors. The project also demonstrated the research collaboration between four universities and one nation laboratory (Idaho National Laboratory) with participation from an industry for developing for ODS alloys. These alloys contain a high number density of very fine oxide particles that can impart high temperature strength and radiation damage resistance suitable for in-core applications in advanced reactors. The conventional fusion welding techniques tend to produce porosity-laden microstructure in the weld region and leadmore » to the agglomeration and non-uniform distribution of the neededoxide particles. That is why two solid state welding methods - pressure resistance welding (PRW) and friction stir welding (FSW) - were chosen to be evaluated in this project. The proposal is expected to support the development of Advanced Burner Reactors (ABR) under the GNEP program (now incorporated in Fuel Cycle R&D program). The outcomes of the concluded research include training of graduate and undergraduate students and get them interested in nuclear related research.« less

Large Format Multifunction 2-Terabyte Optical Disk Storage System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaiser, David R.; Brucker, Charles F.; Gage, Edward C.; Hatwar, T. K.; Simmons, George O.

1996-01-01

The Kodak Digital Science OD System 2000E automated disk library (ADL) base module and write-once drive are being developed as the next generation commercial product to the currently available System 2000 ADL. Under government sponsorship with the Air Force's Rome Laboratory, Kodak is developing magneto-optic (M-O) subsystems compatible with the Kodak Digital Science ODW25 drive architecture, which will result in a multifunction (MF) drive capable of reading and writing 25 gigabyte (GB) WORM media and 15 GB erasable media. In an OD system 2000 E ADL configuration with 4 MF drives and 100 total disks with a 50% ration of WORM and M-O media, 2.0 terabytes (TB) of versatile near line mass storage is available.

46 CFR 252.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-differential subsidy (ODS) means, except as the operator and the United States government should agree upon a... contracts with the United States government under Title VI of the Act to receive ODS. (m) Reduced crew... for determining the amount of ODS that is to be paid for an item of subsidizable expense. (q...

46 CFR 381.8 - Subsidized vessel participation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... from MARAD an amount for the operating-differential subsidy (ODS) likely to be paid for the carriage of... subsidized bidders; (2) Deriving “augmented bids” for the subsidized operators by adding the ODS amount to... on MARAD's calculation of anticipated costs (less ODS in the case of a subsidized vessel) for the...

46 CFR 280.8 - Certain ODS agreement provisions not affected.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Certain ODS agreement provisions not affected. 280.8 Section 280.8 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION REGULATIONS AFFECTING... LINER OPERATORS § 280.8 Certain ODS agreement provisions not affected. The provisions of this part are...

Emergence of amplitude and oscillation death in identical coupled oscillators.

PubMed

Zou, Wei; Senthilkumar, D V; Duan, Jinqiao; Kurths, Jürgen

2014-09-01

We deduce rigorous conditions for the onset of amplitude death (AD) and oscillation death (OD) in a system of identical coupled paradigmatic Stuart-Landau oscillators. A nonscalar coupling and high frequency are beneficial for the onset of AD. In strong contrast, scalar diffusive coupling and low intrinsic frequency are in favor of the emergence of OD. Our finding contributes to clearly distinguish intrinsic geneses for AD and OD, and further substantially corroborates that AD and OD are indeed two dynamically distinct oscillation quenching phenomena due to distinctly different mechanisms.

The effect of endodontic materials on the optical density of dyes used in marginal leakage studies.

PubMed

Kubo, Claudio Hideki; Valera, Marcia Carneiro; Gomes, Ana Paula Martins; Mancini, Maria Nadir Gasparoto; Camargo, Carlos Henrique Ribeiro

2008-01-01

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the exposure of different endodontic materials to different dye solutions by evaluating the optical density of the dye solutions. Seventy-five plastic tubes were filled with one of the following materials: AH Plus, Sealapex, Portland cement, MTA (Angelus and Pro Root) and fifteen control plastic tubes were not. Each specimen of material and control was immersed in a container with 1 ml of each dye solution. A 0.1 ml-dye solution aliquote was removed before immersion and after 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours of each specimen immersion to record its optical density (OD) in a spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA and Tukey tests (5%). No significant difference was found among any of the solution OD values for AH Plus cement. Portland cement promoted different OD values after 12 hours of immersion. MTA-Angelus cement presented different OD values only for 2% rhodamine B and the MTA-Pro Root cement presented different OD values in all 2% rhodamine B samples. Sealapex cement promoted a reduction in the India Ink OD values. Dye evaluation through OD seems to be an interesting method to select the best dye solution to use in a given marginal leakage study.

Revisiting flow maps: a classification and a 3D alternative to visual clutter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gu, Yuhang; Kraak, Menno-Jan; Engelhardt, Yuri

2018-05-01

Flow maps have long been servicing people in exploring movement by representing origin-destination data (OD data). Due to recent developments in data collecting techniques the amount of movement data is increasing dramatically. With such huge amounts of data, visual clutter in flow maps is becoming a challenge. This paper revisits flow maps, provides an overview of the characteristics of OD data and proposes a classification system for flow maps. For dealing with problems of visual clutter, 3D flow maps are proposed as potential alternative to 2D flow maps.

Novel dextran-spermine conjugates as transfecting agents: comparing water-soluble and micellar polymers.

PubMed

Eliyahu, H; Makovitzki, A; Azzam, T; Zlotkin, A; Joseph, A; Gazit, D; Barenholz, Y; Domb, A J

2005-03-01

Recently, a novel cationic polymer, dextran-spermine (D-SPM) was developed for gene delivery. An efficient transfection was obtained using this polycation for a variety of genes and cell lines in serum-free or serum-poor medium. However, transfection using the water-soluble D-SPM-based polyplexes decreased with increasing serum concentration in cell culture in a concentration-dependent manner, reaching 95% inhibition at 50% serum in the cell growth medium. In order to overcome this obstacle, oleyl derivatives of D-SPM (which form micelles in aqueous phase) were synthesized at 1, 10, and 20 mol% of oleyl moiety to polymer epsilon-NH2 to form N-oleyl-D-SPM (ODS). Polyplexes based on ODS transfected well in medium containing 50% serum. Comparison with polyplexes based on well-established polymers (branched and linear polyethyleneimine) and with DOTAP/Cholesterol lipoplexes showed that regarding beta-galactosidase transgene expression level and cytotoxicity in tissue culture, the D-SPM and ODS compare well with the above polyplexes and lipoplexes. Intracellular trafficking using FITC-labeled ODS and Rhodamine-labeled pGeneGrip plasmid cloned with hBMP2 monitored by confocal microscopy revealed that during the transfection process the fluorescent-labeled polymer concentrates in the Golgi apparatus and around the nucleus, while the cell cytoplasm was free of fluorescent particles, suggesting that the polyplexes move in the cell toward the nucleus by vesicular transport through the cytoplasm and not by a random diffusion. We found that the plasmids penetrate the cell nucleus without the polymer. Preliminary results in zebra fish and mice demonstrate the potential of ODS to serve as an efficient nonviral vector for in vivo transfection.

Optic disc segmentation for glaucoma screening system using fundus images.

PubMed

Almazroa, Ahmed; Sun, Weiwei; Alodhayb, Sami; Raahemifar, Kaamran; Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan

2017-01-01

Segmenting the optic disc (OD) is an important and essential step in creating a frame of reference for diagnosing optic nerve head pathologies such as glaucoma. Therefore, a reliable OD segmentation technique is necessary for automatic screening of optic nerve head abnormalities. The main contribution of this paper is in presenting a novel OD segmentation algorithm based on applying a level set method on a localized OD image. To prevent the blood vessels from interfering with the level set process, an inpainting technique was applied. As well an important contribution was to involve the variations in opinions among the ophthalmologists in detecting the disc boundaries and diagnosing the glaucoma. Most of the previous studies were trained and tested based on only one opinion, which can be assumed to be biased for the ophthalmologist. In addition, the accuracy was calculated based on the number of images that coincided with the ophthalmologists' agreed-upon images, and not only on the overlapping images as in previous studies. The ultimate goal of this project is to develop an automated image processing system for glaucoma screening. The disc algorithm is evaluated using a new retinal fundus image dataset called RIGA (retinal images for glaucoma analysis). In the case of low-quality images, a double level set was applied, in which the first level set was considered to be localization for the OD. Five hundred and fifty images are used to test the algorithm accuracy as well as the agreement among the manual markings of six ophthalmologists. The accuracy of the algorithm in marking the optic disc area and centroid was 83.9%, and the best agreement was observed between the results of the algorithm and manual markings in 379 images.

Creep and stress rupture of a mechanically alloyed oxide dispersion and precipitation strengthened nickel-base superalloy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Howson, T. E.; Tien, J. K.; Mervyn, D. A.

1980-01-01

The creep and stress rupture behavior of a mechanically alloyed oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) and gamma-prime precipitation strengthened nickel-base alloy (alloy MA 6000E) was studied at intermediate and elevated temperatures. At 760 C, MA 6000E exhibits the high creep strength characteristic of nickel-base superalloys and at 1093 C the creep strength is superior to other ODS nickel-base alloys. The stress dependence of the creep rate is very sharp at both test temperatures and the apparent creep activation energy measured around 760 C is high, much larger in magnitude than the self-diffusion energy. Stress rupture in this large grain size material is transgranular and crystallographic cracking is observed. The rupture ductility is dependent on creep strain rate, but usually is low. These and accompanying microstructural results are discussed with respect to other ODS alloys and superalloys and the creep behavior is rationalized by invoking a recently-developed resisting stress model of creep in materials strengthened by second phase particles.

Evaluating inhibition conditions in high-solids anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste.

PubMed

Schievano, Andrea; D'Imporzano, Giuliana; Malagutti, Luca; Fragali, Emilio; Ruboni, Gabriella; Adani, Fabrizio

2010-07-01

High-solids anaerobic digestion (HSAD) processes, when applied to different types of organic fractions of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), may easily be subjected to inhibition due to organic overloading. In this study, a new approach for predicting these phenomena was proposed based on the estimation of the putrescibility (oxygen consumption in 20 h biodegradation, OD(20)) of the organic mixtures undergoing the HSAD process. Different wastes exhibiting different putrescibility were subjected to lab-scale batch-HSAD. Measuring the organic loading (OL) as volatile solids (VS) was found unsuitable for predicting overload inhibition, because similar VS contents corresponded to both inhibited and successful trials. Instead, the OL calculated as OD(20) was a very good indicator of the inhibiting conditions (inhibition started for OD(20)>17-18 g O(2)kg(-1)). This new method of predicting inhibition in the HSAD process of diverse OFMSW may be useful for developing a correct approach to the technology in very different contexts. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Home-based exercise for elderly patients with intermittent claudication limited by osteoarticular disorders - feasibility and effectiveness of a low-intensity programme.

PubMed

Lamberti, Nicola; Straudi, Sofia; Lissia, Efisio; Cavazzini, Lorenza; Buja, Sergio; Manfredini, Roberto; Basaglia, Nino; Manfredini, Fabio

2018-04-01

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common cardiovascular pathology affecting mobility in elderly. Osteoarticular diseases (ODs), responsible for functional limitations and confounding leg symptoms, may interfere with exercise therapy. This study evaluates the feasibility and effectiveness of a structured home-based exercise programme on rehabilitative outcomes in a cohort of elderly PAD patients with and without coexisting ODs. Patients were enrolled from 2002 to 2016 in an exercise programme prescribed and controlled at the hospital and based on two daily 10-minute home walking sessions below the self-selected speed. The presence and localization of ODs at baseline were derived from consultation of medical documents. The ankle-brachial index and functional outcomes, defined as speed at the onset of claudication and attainable maximal speed by an incremental treadmill test, were assessed at baseline and discharge. Feasibility was determined according to dropout rate, number of visits, duration of the programme, and adherence. A total of 1,251 PAD patients were enrolled (931 men; 71 ± 9 years; 0.63 ± 0.19 ankle-brachial index). Eight hundred sixty-four patients were free of ODs (ODfree PAD , 69 %), whereas 387 were affected by ODs (OD PAD , 31 %), predominantly located in the spine (72 %). In the logistic regression models, the presence of ODs was associated with female sex, overweight, sedentary and/or driving professions. At discharge, OD PAD and ODfree PAD did not differ in dropout rates (12 % each), programme duration (378 ± 241 vs. 390 ± 260 days), number of visits (7 ± 3 each), and adherence (80 % each). Similar improvements for OD PAD and ODfree PAD were observed for the ankle-brachial index (0.06 ± 0.12 each), the speed at onset of claudication (0.7 ± 0.7 vs. 0.7 ± 0.8 kmh-1; p = 0.70), and maximal speed (0.4 ± 0.6 vs. 0.4 ± 0.6 kmh-1; p = 0.77). Equally satisfactory rehabilitative outcomes were observed in elderly patients with claudication limited by ODs who completed a well-tolerated, low-impact structured exercise programme.

Environmental enrichment accelerates ocular dominance plasticity in mouse visual cortex whereas transfer to standard cages resulted in a rapid loss of increased plasticity.

PubMed

Kalogeraki, Evgenia; Pielecka-Fortuna, Justyna; Löwel, Siegrid

2017-01-01

In standard cage (SC) raised mice, experience-dependent ocular dominance (OD) plasticity in the primary visual cortex (V1) rapidly declines with age: in postnatal day 25-35 (critical period) mice, 4 days of monocular deprivation (MD) are sufficient to induce OD-shifts towards the open eye; thereafter, 7 days of MD are needed. Beyond postnatal day 110, even 14 days of MD failed to induce OD-plasticity in mouse V1. In contrast, mice raised in a so-called "enriched environment" (EE), exhibit lifelong OD-plasticity. EE-mice have more voluntary physical exercise (running wheels), and experience more social interactions (bigger housing groups) and more cognitive stimulation (regularly changed labyrinths or toys). Whether experience-dependent shifts of V1-activation happen faster in EE-mice and how long the plasticity promoting effect would persist after transferring EE-mice back to SCs has not yet been investigated. To this end, we used intrinsic signal optical imaging to visualize V1-activation i) before and after MD in EE-mice of different age groups (from 1-9 months), and ii) after transferring mice back to SCs after postnatal day 130. Already after 2 days of MD, and thus much faster than in SC-mice, EE-mice of all tested age groups displayed a significant OD-shift towards the open eye. Transfer of EE-mice to SCs immediately abolished OD-plasticity: already after 1 week of SC-housing and MD, OD-shifts could no longer be visualized. In an attempt to rescue abolished OD-plasticity of these mice, we either administered the anti-depressant fluoxetine (in drinking water) or supplied a running wheel in the SCs. OD-plasticity was only rescued for the running wheel- mice. Altogether our results show that raising mice in less deprived environments like large EE-cages strongly accelerates experience-dependent changes in V1-activation compared to the impoverished SC-raising. Furthermore, preventing voluntary physical exercise of EE-mice in adulthood immediately precludes OD-shifts in V1.

Environmental enrichment accelerates ocular dominance plasticity in mouse visual cortex whereas transfer to standard cages resulted in a rapid loss of increased plasticity

PubMed Central

Pielecka-Fortuna, Justyna; Löwel, Siegrid

2017-01-01

In standard cage (SC) raised mice, experience-dependent ocular dominance (OD) plasticity in the primary visual cortex (V1) rapidly declines with age: in postnatal day 25–35 (critical period) mice, 4 days of monocular deprivation (MD) are sufficient to induce OD-shifts towards the open eye; thereafter, 7 days of MD are needed. Beyond postnatal day 110, even 14 days of MD failed to induce OD-plasticity in mouse V1. In contrast, mice raised in a so-called “enriched environment” (EE), exhibit lifelong OD-plasticity. EE-mice have more voluntary physical exercise (running wheels), and experience more social interactions (bigger housing groups) and more cognitive stimulation (regularly changed labyrinths or toys). Whether experience-dependent shifts of V1-activation happen faster in EE-mice and how long the plasticity promoting effect would persist after transferring EE-mice back to SCs has not yet been investigated. To this end, we used intrinsic signal optical imaging to visualize V1-activation i) before and after MD in EE-mice of different age groups (from 1–9 months), and ii) after transferring mice back to SCs after postnatal day 130. Already after 2 days of MD, and thus much faster than in SC-mice, EE-mice of all tested age groups displayed a significant OD-shift towards the open eye. Transfer of EE-mice to SCs immediately abolished OD-plasticity: already after 1 week of SC-housing and MD, OD-shifts could no longer be visualized. In an attempt to rescue abolished OD-plasticity of these mice, we either administered the anti-depressant fluoxetine (in drinking water) or supplied a running wheel in the SCs. OD-plasticity was only rescued for the running wheel- mice. Altogether our results show that raising mice in less deprived environments like large EE-cages strongly accelerates experience-dependent changes in V1-activation compared to the impoverished SC-raising. Furthermore, preventing voluntary physical exercise of EE-mice in adulthood immediately precludes OD-shifts in V1. PMID:29073219

Bacterial community shift during the startup of a full-scale oxidation ditch treating sewage.

PubMed

Chen, Yajun; Ye, Lin; Zhao, Fuzheng; Xiao, Lin; Cheng, Shupei; Zhang, Xu-Xiang

2016-10-06

Oxidation ditch (OD) is one of the most widely used processes for treating municipal wastewater. However, the microbial communities in the OD systems have not been well characterized and little information about the shift of bacterial community during the startup process of the OD systems is available. In this study, we investigated the bacterial community changes during the startup period (over 100 days) of a full-scale OD. The results showed that the bacterial community dramatically changed during the startup period. Similar to the activated sludge samples in other studies, Proteobacteria (accounting for 26.3%~48.4%) was the most dominant bacterial phylum in the OD system but its relative abundance declined nearly 40% during the startup process. It was also found that Planctomycetes proliferated greatly (from 4.79% to 13.5%) and finally replaced Bacteroidetes as the second abundant phylum in the OD system. Specifically, some bacteria affiliated with Flavobacterium genus of exhibited remarkable decreasing trends, while bacterial species belonging to OD1 candidate division and Saprospiraceae family were found to increase during the startup process. Despite of the bacterial community shift, the organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in the effluent were always in low concentrations, suggesting the functional redundancy of the bacterial community. Moreover, by comparing with the bacterial community in other municipal wastewater treatment bioreactors, some potentially novel bacterial species were found to be present in the OD system. Collectively, this study improved our understandings of bacterial community structure and the microbial ecology during the startup of full-scale wastewater treatment bioreactor.

Protective factors can mitigate behavior problems after prenatal cocaine and other drug exposures.

PubMed

Bada, Henrietta S; Bann, Carla M; Whitaker, Toni M; Bauer, Charles R; Shankaran, Seetha; Lagasse, Linda; Lester, Barry M; Hammond, Jane; Higgins, Rosemary

2012-12-01

We determined the role of risk and protective factors on the trajectories of behavior problems associated with high prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE)/polydrug exposure. The Maternal Lifestyle Study enrolled 1388 children with or without PCE, assessed through age 15 years. Because most women using cocaine during pregnancy also used other substances, we analyzed for the effects of 4 categories of prenatal drug exposure: high PCE/other drugs (OD), some PCE/OD, OD/no PCE, and no PCE/no OD. Risks and protective factors at individual, family, and community levels that may be associated with behavior outcomes were entered stepwise into latent growth curve models, then replaced by cumulative risk and protective indexes, and finally by a combination of levels of risk and protective indexes. Main outcome measures were the trajectories of externalizing, internalizing, total behavior, and attention problems scores from the Child Behavior Checklist (parent). A total of 1022 (73.6%) children had known outcomes. High PCE/OD significantly predicted externalizing, total, and attention problems when considering the balance between risk and protective indexes. Some PCE/OD predicted externalizing and attention problems. OD/no PCE also predicted behavior outcomes except for internalizing behavior. High level of protective factors was associated with declining trajectories of problem behavior scores over time, independent of drug exposure and risk index scores. High PCE/OD is a significant risk for behavior problems in adolescence; protective factors may attenuate its detrimental effects. Clinical practice and public health policies should consider enhancing protective factors while minimizing risks to improve outcomes of drug-exposed children.

Occupational Dermatoses by Type of Work in Greece

PubMed Central

Zorba, Eleni; Karpouzis, Antony; Zorbas, Alexandros; Bazas, Theodore; Zorbas, Sam; Alexopoulos, Elias; Zorbas, Ilias; Kouskoukis, Konstantinos; Konstandinidis, Theodoros

2013-01-01

Background To elucidate the relationship between seven occupational dermatoses (ODs) and 20 types of work in Greece. Methods This was a prevalence epidemiologic study of certain ODs among 4,000 workers employed in 20 types of enterprise, in 104 companies, in 2006–2012, using data from company medical records, questionnaires, occupational medical, and special examinations. The χ2 test was applied to reveal statistically significant relationships between types of enterprises and occurrence of ODs. Results A high percentage (39.9%) of employees included in the study population suffered from ODs. The highest prevalence rates were noted among hairdressers (of contact dermatitis: 30%), cooks (of contact dermatitis: 29.5%), bitumen workers (of acne: 23.5%), car industry workers (of mechanical injury: 15%), construction workers (of contact urticaria: 29.5%), industrial cleaning workers (of chemical burns: 13%), and farmers (of malignant tumors: 5.5%). We observed several statistical significant correlations between ODs (acute and chronic contact dermatitis, urticaria, mechanical injury, acne, burns, skin cancer) and certain types of enterprises. There was no statistically significant correlation between gender and prevalence of ODs, except for dermatoses caused by mechanical injuries afflicting mainly men [χ2 (1) = 13.40, p < 0.001] and for chronic contact dermatitis [χ2 (1) = 5.53, p = 0.019] afflicting mainly women. Conclusion Prevalence of ODs is high in Greece, contrary to all official reports by the Greek National Institute of Health. There is a need to introduce a nationwide voluntary surveillance system for reporting ODs and to enhance skin protection measures at work. PMID:24106644

Internal Delorme's Procedure for Treating ODS Associated With Impaired Anal Continence.

PubMed

Liu, Weicheng; Sturiale, Alessandro; Fabiani, Bernardina; Giani, Iacopo; Menconi, Claudia; Naldini, Gabriele

2017-12-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the medium-term outcomes of internal Delorme's procedure for treating obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS) patients with impaired anal continence. In a retrospective study, 41 ODS patients who underwent internal Delorme's procedure between 2011 and 2015 were divided into 3 subgroups according to their associated symptoms of impaired continence, as urgency, passive fecal incontinence and both, before study. Then the patients' preoperative statuses, perioperative complications, and postoperative outcomes were investigated and collected from standardized questionnaires, including Altomare ODS score, Fecal Incontinence Severity Index (FISI), Patient Assessment of Constipation-Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAC-QoL), and Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale (FIQLS). All results with a 2-tailed P < .05 were considered statistically significant. At an average 2.8 years of follow-up, there were significant improvements ( P < .01) in Altomare ODS score, FISI, PAC-QoL, and FIQLS in all patients when comparing scores from before the operation with those at the final follow-up. Similar results were also observed in both the urgency subgroup and passive fecal incontinence subgroup, but there were no statistically significant improvements ( P > .05) in Altomare ODS score, FISI, PAC-QoL, or FIQLS in the urgency and passive fecal incontinence subgroups. Anorectal manometry showed the mean value of anal resting pressure increased 20%. Additionally, no major complications occurred. Internal Delorme's procedure is effective without major morbidity for treating ODS associated with urgency or passive fecal incontinence, but it may be less effective for treating ODS associated with both urgency and passive fecal incontinence.

Prevalence of pelvic floor symptoms in female patients attending the two-week wait clinic with suspected colorectal cancer.

PubMed

Bennett, J; Greenwood, A; Durdey, P; Glancy, D

2016-07-01

Introduction The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of pelvic floor symptoms in women referred to a colorectal two-week wait (2WW) clinic with suspected colorectal cancer. Methods A questionnaire assessing faecal incontinence (FI) (Wexner score) and obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS) (Renzi score) was offered to 98 consecutive female patients attending a colorectal 2WW clinic at a single trust. Results Overall, 56 (57%) of the 98 patients had significant ODS and/or FI (scores >9/20), 33 (34%) had ODS and 40 (41%) had FI. Seventeen patients (17%) had both ODS and FI. Analysis of the 63 patients referred with a change in bowel habit (CIBH) showed 40 (63%) to be Renzi and/or Wexner positive compared with 16 (46%) of the 35 patients who presented without CIBH (p=0.095, Fisher's exact test). Further analysis showed that 31 (78%) of the 40 patients with FI presented with CIBH compared with 32 (55%) of the 58 without FI (p=0.032). In terms of ODS, 23 (70%) of the 33 patients with ODS presented with CIBH compared with 40 (62%) of the 65 without ODS (p=0.506). Conclusions Over half of the female patients attending our colorectal 2WW clinic had significant pelvic floor dysfunction (FI/ODS), which may account for their symptoms (especially in the CIBH referral category). While it is important for malignancy to be excluded, many patients may benefit from investigation and management of their pelvic floor dysfunction as the cause for their presenting symptoms.

Occupational dermatoses by type of work in Greece.

PubMed

Zorba, Eleni; Karpouzis, Antony; Zorbas, Alexandros; Bazas, Theodore; Zorbas, Sam; Alexopoulos, Elias; Zorbas, Ilias; Kouskoukis, Konstantinos; Konstandinidis, Theodoros

2013-09-01

To elucidate the relationship between seven occupational dermatoses (ODs) and 20 types of work in Greece. This was a prevalence epidemiologic study of certain ODs among 4,000 workers employed in 20 types of enterprise, in 104 companies, in 2006-2012, using data from company medical records, questionnaires, occupational medical, and special examinations. The χ(2) test was applied to reveal statistically significant relationships between types of enterprises and occurrence of ODs. A high percentage (39.9%) of employees included in the study population suffered from ODs. The highest prevalence rates were noted among hairdressers (of contact dermatitis: 30%), cooks (of contact dermatitis: 29.5%), bitumen workers (of acne: 23.5%), car industry workers (of mechanical injury: 15%), construction workers (of contact urticaria: 29.5%), industrial cleaning workers (of chemical burns: 13%), and farmers (of malignant tumors: 5.5%). We observed several statistical significant correlations between ODs (acute and chronic contact dermatitis, urticaria, mechanical injury, acne, burns, skin cancer) and certain types of enterprises. There was no statistically significant correlation between gender and prevalence of ODs, except for dermatoses caused by mechanical injuries afflicting mainly men [χ(2) (1) = 13.40, p < 0.001] and for chronic contact dermatitis [χ(2) (1) = 5.53, p = 0.019] afflicting mainly women. Prevalence of ODs is high in Greece, contrary to all official reports by the Greek National Institute of Health. There is a need to introduce a nationwide voluntary surveillance system for reporting ODs and to enhance skin protection measures at work.

ENTRAINMENT AND EFFICIENCY STUDIES IN A SMALL DIAMETER BUBBLECAP PLATE COLUMN

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chrones, J.

1952-07-01

Efficiency and entrainment studies were made in a 4inch diameter bubblecap plate column using a plate spacing of 4 inches. The plates contained one bubblecap each, and were designed so taat they could be easily inserted in a single length of 4 inch OD stainless steel tubing. An entrainment of 10% was obtained for the water-steam system at a column vapor velocity of 1.9 fps or a vapor mass rate of 255 pounds of steam per hour per square foot. This entraimnent value is gener ally accepted as the maximum allowable without impairing the plate efficiency appreciably. This low entrainmentmore » may be partly due to the small column diameter with the walls acting as entrainanent separators. The Murphree vapor plate efficiency, as measured for alcohol-water, was found to depend on the slope of the equilibrium line and the mass velocity factor V / sub v//sup 0.5/. An empirical equation was developed relating these factors. Fow low values of the slope of the equilibrium line (2 or less it was noted, that for practical purposes, the actual point efficiency on the plates was equal to the measured Murphree vapor plate efficiency regardless of the degree of mixing on the plate. (auth)« less

77 FR 5193 - Retrospective Review Under E.O. 13563: Shipping-Removal of Obsolete Regulations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-02

... Program, which replaced the Operating-Differential Subsidy (ODS) Program. Therefore, the regulations pertaining to the ODS Program and the Construction-Differential (CDS) Program are no longer in use. In... regulations 46 CFR parts 251, 252, 276, 280, 281,282, and 283. The regulations related to the ODS Program are...

46 CFR 280.11 - Example of calculation and sample report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... subsidized under an ODS agreement made in accordance with § 280.3. Total annual subsidy payable for Company A... carriage of competitive cargo. Accordingly, total ODS payable to Company A for voyages terminated during... of service ODS payable $400,000 (Outbound freight revenue, $4 million, divided by total gross revenue...

Comparison of a polymeric pseudostationary phase in EKC with ODS stationary phase in RP-HPLC.

PubMed

Ni, Xinjiong; Zhang, Min; Xing, Xiaoping; Cao, Yuhua; Cao, Guangqun

2018-01-01

Poly(stearyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (P(SMA-co-MAA)) was induced as pseudostationary phase (PSP) in electrokinetic chromatography (EKC). The n-octadecyl groups in SMA were the same as that in octadecylsilane (ODS) C18 column. Thus, the present work focused on the comparison of selectivity between polymeric PSP and ODS stationary phase (SP), and the effect of organic modifiers on the selectivity of polymeric PSP and ODS SP. 1-butanol could directly interacted with PSP as a Class I modifier, and improved both of the methylene selectivity and polar group selectivity. When the analysis times were similar, the polymeric PSP exhibited better methylene selectivity and polar group selectivity. Although the hydrophobic groups were similar, the substituted benzenes elution order was different between polymeric PSP and ODS SP. Linear solvation energy relationships (LSER) model analysis found that polymeric PSP and ODS SP exhibited two same key factors in selectivity: hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding acidity. But polymeric PSP exhibited relatively strong n- and π-electrons interaction to the analytes. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Quantitative isotopic measurements of gas-phase alcohol mixtures using a broadly tunable swept external cavity quantum cascade laser

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brumfield, B. E.; Phillips, M. C.

A swept-ECQCL is used for broadband IR spectroscopy of isotopic mixtures of CH3OH, CH3OD, CH3CH2OH, and CH3CH2OD in a static gas cell over a wavelength range of 9.5 to 10.4 µm. A weighted least squares fitting approach with quantitative library spectra illustrates that significant spectral congestion does not negatively impact the ability for in situ quantification of large isotopic species in a mixture. The noise equivalent concentrations for CH3OH, CH3OD, CH3CH2OH, and CH3CH2OD are 19 ppbv x m, 28 ppbv x m, 450 ppbv x m, and 330 ppbv x m respectively for a 50 second integration time. Based onmore » the observed NECs, isotopic precisions of 0.07‰ and 0.79‰ for a 50 s integration time are calculated for measurements of the [MeOD]/[MeOH] and [EtOD]/[EtOH] isotope ratios , respectively, for the species concentrations in the gas cell.« less

Flight dynamics facility operational orbit determination support for the ocean topography experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bolvin, D. T.; Schanzle, A. F.; Samii, M. V.; Doll, C. E.

1991-01-01

The Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX/POSEIDON) mission is designed to determine the topography of the Earth's sea surface across a 3 yr period, beginning with launch in June 1992. The Goddard Space Flight Center Dynamics Facility has the capability to operationally receive and process Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) tracking data. Because these data will be used to support orbit determination (OD) aspects of the TOPEX mission, the Dynamics Facility was designated to perform TOPEX operational OD. The scientific data require stringent OD accuracy in navigating the TOPEX spacecraft. The OD accuracy requirements fall into two categories: (1) on orbit free flight; and (2) maneuver. The maneuver OD accuracy requirements are of two types; premaneuver planning and postmaneuver evaluation. Analysis using the Orbit Determination Error Analysis System (ODEAS) covariance software has shown that, during the first postlaunch mission phase of the TOPEX mission, some postmaneuver evaluation OD accuracy requirements cannot be met. ODEAS results also show that the most difficult requirements to meet are those that determine the change in the components of velocity for postmaneuver evaluation.

Recent progresses in outcome-dependent sampling with failure time data.

PubMed

Ding, Jieli; Lu, Tsui-Shan; Cai, Jianwen; Zhou, Haibo

2017-01-01

An outcome-dependent sampling (ODS) design is a retrospective sampling scheme where one observes the primary exposure variables with a probability that depends on the observed value of the outcome variable. When the outcome of interest is failure time, the observed data are often censored. By allowing the selection of the supplemental samples depends on whether the event of interest happens or not and oversampling subjects from the most informative regions, ODS design for the time-to-event data can reduce the cost of the study and improve the efficiency. We review recent progresses and advances in research on ODS designs with failure time data. This includes researches on ODS related designs like case-cohort design, generalized case-cohort design, stratified case-cohort design, general failure-time ODS design, length-biased sampling design and interval sampling design.

Recent progresses in outcome-dependent sampling with failure time data

PubMed Central

Ding, Jieli; Lu, Tsui-Shan; Cai, Jianwen; Zhou, Haibo

2016-01-01

An outcome-dependent sampling (ODS) design is a retrospective sampling scheme where one observes the primary exposure variables with a probability that depends on the observed value of the outcome variable. When the outcome of interest is failure time, the observed data are often censored. By allowing the selection of the supplemental samples depends on whether the event of interest happens or not and oversampling subjects from the most informative regions, ODS design for the time-to-event data can reduce the cost of the study and improve the efficiency. We review recent progresses and advances in research on ODS designs with failure time data. This includes researches on ODS related designs like case–cohort design, generalized case–cohort design, stratified case–cohort design, general failure-time ODS design, length-biased sampling design and interval sampling design. PMID:26759313

Detection of OD towards the low-mass protostar IRAS 16293-2422

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parise, B.; Du, F.; Liu, F.-C.; Belloche, A.; Wiesemeyer, H.; Güsten, R.; Menten, K. M.; Hübers, H.-W.; Klein, B.

2012-06-01

Context. Although water is an essential and widespread molecule in star-forming regions, its chemical formation pathways are still not very well constrained. Observing the level of deuterium fractionation of OH, a radical involved in the water chemical network, is a promising way to infer its chemical origin. Aims: We aim at understanding the formation mechanisms of water by investigating the origin of its deuterium fractionation. This can be achieved by observing the abundance of OD towards the low-mass protostar IRAS 16293-2422, where the HDO distribution is already known. Methods: Using the GREAT receiver on board SOFIA, we observed the ground-state OD transition at 1391.5 GHz towards the low-mass protostar IRAS 16293-2422. We also present the detection of the HDO 111-000 line using the APEX telescope. We compare the OD/HDO abundance ratio inferred from these observations with the predictions of chemical models. Results: The OD line is detected in absorption towards the source continuum. This is the first detection of OD outside the solar system. The SOFIA observation, coupled to the observation of the HDO 111-000 line, provides an estimate of the abundance ratio OD/HDO ~ 17-90 in the gas where the absorption takes place. This value is fairly high compared with model predictions. This may be reconciled if reprocessing in the gas by means of the dissociative recombination of H2DO+ further fractionates OH with respect to water. Conclusions: The present observation demonstrates the capability of the SOFIA/GREAT instrument to detect the ground transition of OD towards star-forming regions in a frequency range that was not accessible before. Dissociative recombination of H2DO+ may play an important role in setting a high OD abundance. Measuring the branching ratios of this reaction in the laboratory will be of great value for chemical models. Figure 5 is available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org

Activity-Based Protein Profiling of Ammonia Monooxygenase in Nitrosomonas europaea

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bennett, Kristen; Sadler, Natalie C.; Wright, Aaron T.

Nitrosomonas europaeais an aerobic nitrifying bacterium that oxidizes ammonia (NH 3) to nitrite (NO 2 ₋) through the sequential activities of ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) and hydroxylamine dehydrogenase (HAO). Many alkynes are mechanism-based inactivators of AMO, and here we describe an activity-based protein profiling method for this enzyme using 1,7-octadiyne (17OD) as a probe. Inactivation of NH 4 +-dependent O 2uptake byN. europaeaby 17OD was time- and concentration-dependent. The effects of 17OD were specific for ammonia-oxidizing activity, andde novoprotein synthesis was required to reestablish this activity after cells were exposed to 17OD. Cells were reacted with Alexa Fluor 647 azide usingmore » a copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) (click) reaction, solubilized, and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and infrared (IR) scanning. A fluorescent 28-kDa polypeptide was observed for cells previously exposed to 17OD but not for cells treated with either allylthiourea or acetylene prior to exposure to 17OD or for cells not previously exposed to 17OD. The fluorescent polypeptide was membrane associated and aggregated when heated with β-mercaptoethanol and SDS. The fluorescent polypeptide was also detected in cells pretreated with other diynes, but not in cells pretreated with structural homologs containing a single ethynyl functional group. The membrane fraction from 17OD-treated cells was conjugated with biotin-azide and solubilized in SDS. Streptavidin affinity-purified polypeptides were on-bead trypsin-digested, and amino acid sequences of the peptide fragments were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Peptide fragments from AmoA were the predominant peptides detected in 17OD-treated samples. In-gel digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–tandem time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) analyses also confirmed that the fluorescent 28-kDa polypeptide was AmoA.« less

Hydrophilization of Magnetic Nanoparticles with Modified Alternating Copolymers. Part 1: The Influence of the Grafting

PubMed Central

Bronstein, Lyudmila M.; Shtykova, Eleonora V.; Malyutin, Andrey; Dyke, Jason C.; Gunn, Emily; Gao, Xinfeng; Stein, Barry; Konarev, Peter V.; Dragnea, Bogdan; Svergun, Dmitri I.

2010-01-01

Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) with a diameter 21.6 nm were coated with poly(maleic acid-alt-1-octadecene) (PMAcOD) modified with grafted 5,000 Da poly(ethyelene glycol) (PEG) or short ethylene glycol (EG) tails. The coating procedure utilizes hydrophobic interactions of octadecene and oleic acid tails, while the hydrolysis of maleic anhydride moieties as well as the presence of hydrophilic PEG (EG) tails allows the NP hydrophilicity. The success of the NP coating was found to be independent of the degree of grafting which was varied between 20 and 80% of the –MacOD-units, but depended on the length of the grafted tail. The NP coating and hydrophilization did not occur when the modified copolymer contained 750 Da PEG tails independently of the grafting degree. To explain this phenomenon the micellization of the modified PMAcOD copolymers in water was analyzed by small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). The PMAcOD molecules with the grafted 750 Da PEG tails form compact non-interacting disk-like micelles, whose stability apparently allows for no interactions with the NP hydrophobic shells. The PMAcOD containing the 5,000 Da PEG and EG tails form much larger aggregates capable of an efficient coating of the NPs. The coated NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential measurements, and thermal gravimetry analysis. The latter method demonstrated that the presence of long PEG tails in modified PMAcOD allows the attachment of fewer macromolecules (by a factor of ~20) compared to the case of non-modified or EG modified PMAcOD, emphasizing the importance of PEG tails in NP hydrophilization. The NPs coated with PMAcOD modified with 60% (towards all –MAcOD- units) of the 5,000 PEG tails bear a significant negative charge and display good stability in buffers. Such NPs can be useful as magnetic cores for virus-like particle formation. PMID:21221425

Incidence rates of occupational diseases in the Dutch construction sector, 2010-2014.

PubMed

van der Molen, Henk F; de Vries, Sanne C; Stocks, S Jill; Warning, Jan; Frings-Dresen, Monique H W

2016-05-01

To estimate incidence and trends in incidence of occupational diseases (ODs) in the Dutch construction sector. In a dynamic prospective cohort over a 5-year period (2010-2014), ODs assessed by occupational physicians (OPs) participating in a voluntary construction workers health surveillance (WHS) were reported to the Netherlands Centre for Occupational Diseases (NCOD). ODs were defined as a disease with a specific clinical diagnosis (International Classification of Diseases) that was predominantly caused by work-related factors as assessed by an OP. Annual incidences were determined for the total number of ODs and six frequently occurring OD groups. Trends in incidence were estimated using a multilevel negative binominal regression model. In 2014 the incidence of all OD was 12 964 per 100 000 workers and there was no significant change in incidence between 2010 and 2014 (3%; 95% CI -2% to +9%). Hearing loss (8125 per 100 000 workers) and musculoskeletal disorders (2081 per 100 000 workers) were the most frequently occurring ODs. Noise-induced hearing loss (+7%; 95% CI 1% to 13%) and contact dermatitis (+19%; 95% CI 6% to 33%) showed increasing trends. There was no statistically significant change in the incidence of low back pain, arthrosis, repetitive strain injuries, distress/burnout and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma. In total, 13% of workers participating in WHS in the Dutch construction industry during 2014 had an OD diagnosed and reported by an OP. Over a 5-year period the annual incidence of reported ODs showed a statistically non-significant increase. Incidences in noise-induced hearing loss and contact dermatitis showed statistically significant increasing trends, 7% and 19%, respectively. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

Activity-Based Protein Profiling of Ammonia Monooxygenase in Nitrosomonas europaea

PubMed Central

Bennett, Kristen; Sadler, Natalie C.; Wright, Aaron T.; Yeager, Chris

2016-01-01

Nitrosomonas europaea is an aerobic nitrifying bacterium that oxidizes ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO2−) through the sequential activities of ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) and hydroxylamine dehydrogenase (HAO). Many alkynes are mechanism-based inactivators of AMO, and here we describe an activity-based protein profiling method for this enzyme using 1,7-octadiyne (17OD) as a probe. Inactivation of NH4+-dependent O2 uptake by N. europaea by 17OD was time- and concentration-dependent. The effects of 17OD were specific for ammonia-oxidizing activity, and de novo protein synthesis was required to reestablish this activity after cells were exposed to 17OD. Cells were reacted with Alexa Fluor 647 azide using a copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) (click) reaction, solubilized, and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and infrared (IR) scanning. A fluorescent 28-kDa polypeptide was observed for cells previously exposed to 17OD but not for cells treated with either allylthiourea or acetylene prior to exposure to 17OD or for cells not previously exposed to 17OD. The fluorescent polypeptide was membrane associated and aggregated when heated with β-mercaptoethanol and SDS. The fluorescent polypeptide was also detected in cells pretreated with other diynes, but not in cells pretreated with structural homologs containing a single ethynyl functional group. The membrane fraction from 17OD-treated cells was conjugated with biotin-azide and solubilized in SDS. Streptavidin affinity-purified polypeptides were on-bead trypsin-digested, and amino acid sequences of the peptide fragments were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Peptide fragments from AmoA were the predominant peptides detected in 17OD-treated samples. In-gel digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–tandem time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) analyses also confirmed that the fluorescent 28-kDa polypeptide was AmoA. PMID:26826234

Development of a Poly-ε-Lysine Contact Lens as a Drug Delivery Device for the Treatment of Fungal Keratitis.

PubMed

Gallagher, Andrew G; McLean, Keri; Stewart, Rosalind M K; Wellings, Don A; Allison, Heather E; Williams, Rachel L

2017-09-01

The purpose of this study was to develop a more efficient drug delivery device to overcome the limitations of current drop therapy for the treatment of fungal keratitis. Amphotericin B (AmpB), 0 to 30 μg/mL, was associated with a poly-ε-lysine (pεK) hydrogel. Fungicidal effect against Candida albicans was assessed at 18 and 42 hours by optical density (OD600) and growth on agar. Tear film dilution effect was mimicked by storage of AmpB pεK gels in 3.4 mL sterile PBS for 24 hours prior to fungal incubation. Drug elution over 96 hours was evaluated by HPLC, and drug stability was tested while associated with the gel by OD600 up to 48 hours. Lack of cytotoxicity toward the HCE-T corneal epithelial cell line was assessed over 7 days. AmpB pεK gels show fungicidal activity in normal conditions (0.057 OD600, SD 0.003, P < 0.005) and in the presence of horse serum (0.048 OD600, SD 0.028 P < 0.005) at 18 hours. The drug release profile was above therapeutic levels (0.188 μg/mL) for up to 72 hours. Tear dilution had no significant effect at higher concentrations of AmpB (3 to 10 μg/mL). AmpB pεK gels were not cytotoxic to the HCE-T cell line. We demonstrated that AmpB pεK gels confer sustained therapeutic antifungal activity for at least 48 hours without corneal epithelial cell line cytotoxicity, suggesting their potential for in vivo use as an antifungal bandage contact lens. This could avoid the need for intensive topical medication in the treatment of fungal keratitis.

Evaluation of palatability of 10 commercial amlodipine orally disintegrating tablets by gustatory sensation testing, OD-mate as a new disintegration apparatus and the artificial taste sensor.

PubMed

Uchida, Takahiro; Yoshida, Miyako; Hazekawa, Mai; Haraguchi, Tamami; Furuno, Hiroyuki; Teraoka, Makoto; Ikezaki, Hidekazu

2013-09-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the palatability of 10 formulations (the original manufacturer's formulation and nine generics) of amlodipine orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) by means of human gustatory sensation testing, disintegration/dissolution testing and the evaluation of bitterness intensity using a taste sensor. Initially, the palatability, dissolution and bitterness intensity of the ODTs were evaluated in gustatory sensation tests. Second, the disintegration times of the ODTs were measured using the OD-mate, a newly developed apparatus for measuring the disintegration of ODTs, and lastly, the bitterness intensities were evaluated using an artificial taste sensor. Using factor analysis, the factors most affecting the palatability of amlodipine ODTs were found to be disintegration and taste. There was high correlation between the disintegration times of the 10 amlodipine ODTs estimated in human gustatory testing and those found using the OD-mate. The bitterness intensities of amlodipine ODTs 10, 20 and 30 s after starting the conventional brief dissolution test and the values determined by the taste sensor were highly correlated with the bitterness intensities determined in gustatory sensation testing. The OD-mate and the taste sensor may be useful for predicting the disintegration and bitterness intensity of amlodipine ODTs in the mouth. © 2013 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.

A Two-Stage Algorithm for Origin-Destination Matrices Estimation Considering Dynamic Dispersion Parameter for Route Choice

PubMed Central

Wang, Yong; Ma, Xiaolei; Liu, Yong; Gong, Ke; Henricakson, Kristian C.; Xu, Maozeng; Wang, Yinhai

2016-01-01

This paper proposes a two-stage algorithm to simultaneously estimate origin-destination (OD) matrix, link choice proportion, and dispersion parameter using partial traffic counts in a congested network. A non-linear optimization model is developed which incorporates a dynamic dispersion parameter, followed by a two-stage algorithm in which Generalized Least Squares (GLS) estimation and a Stochastic User Equilibrium (SUE) assignment model are iteratively applied until the convergence is reached. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm, the proposed approach is implemented in a hypothetical network using input data with high error, and tested under a range of variation coefficients. The root mean squared error (RMSE) of the estimated OD demand and link flows are used to evaluate the model estimation results. The results indicate that the estimated dispersion parameter theta is insensitive to the choice of variation coefficients. The proposed approach is shown to outperform two established OD estimation methods and produce parameter estimates that are close to the ground truth. In addition, the proposed approach is applied to an empirical network in Seattle, WA to validate the robustness and practicality of this methodology. In summary, this study proposes and evaluates an innovative computational approach to accurately estimate OD matrices using link-level traffic flow data, and provides useful insight for optimal parameter selection in modeling travelers’ route choice behavior. PMID:26761209

About the RAD Program

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA serves as a technical clearinghouse on responsible appliance disposal program development and implementation; calculates annual and cumulative program benefits in terms of ODS and GHG emission savings and equivalents, etc.

Latent Profiles of Externalizing Psychopathology and Their Relation to Children's Aggression and Social Behavior.

PubMed

Andrade, Brendan F; Wade, Mark

2016-01-01

This study identified profiles of clinic-referred children with disruptive behavior and determined the association between identified profiles and children's aggression, peer problems, and prosocial skills. Parents and teachers of 208 children (163 boys) aged 6 to 12 years (Mage = 8.80, SD = 1.75) completed measures to assess children's callous-unemotional (CU) traits, inattentive-impulsive-overactive (IO) and oppositional-defiant (OD) behavior, aggression, and social behaviors. Latent class analysis was used to identify the profiles, and the pseudoclass draw method to test the equality of means for each of the aggression and social behavioral outcomes across the latent classes. Five profiles were identified: (1) Low (35.6% of children), with relatively low levels of CU traits and IO and OD behavior; (2) Low-Moderate (30.8%), with low-moderate levels of CU traits, low IO and moderate OD behavior; (3) Moderate (21.6%), with moderate levels of CU traits and IO and moderate-high OD behavior; (4) Moderate-High (7.2%), with moderate-high levels of CU traits, high IO and moderate-high OD behavior; and (5) High (4.8%), with high levels of CU traits, IO and OD behavior. Children categorized into profiles showed important differences in level of aggression and social behavior. The overlap between CU traits, IO, and OD behavior add to understanding of child psychopathology that influences behavior and clinical outcomes.

The comparison of microstructures and mechanical properties between 14Cr-Al and 14Cr-Ti ferritic ODS alloys

DOE PAGES

Zhang, Guangming; Zhou, Zhangjian; Mo, Kun; ...

2016-03-03

In this study, two kinds of 14Cr ODS alloys (14Cr-Al and 14Cr-Ti) were investigated to reveal the different effects between Al and Ti on the microstructures and mechanical properties of 14Cr ferritic ODS alloys. The microstructure information such as grains, minor phases of these two alloys has been investigated by high-energy X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction tensile test was applied to investigate the mechanical properties of these two alloys. The lattice strains of different phases through the entire tensile deformation process in these two alloys were analyzed to calculate their elastic stresses.more » From the comparison of elastic stress, the strengthening capability of Y 2Ti 2O 7 is better than TiN in 14Cr-Ti, and the strengthening capability of YAH is much better than YAM and AlN in 14Cr-Al ODS. The dislocation densities of 14Cr-Ti and 14Cr-Al ODS alloys during tensile deformation were also examined by modified Williamson-Hall analyses of peak broadening, respectively. In conclusion, the different increasing speed of dislocation density with plastic deformation reveals the better strengthening effect of Y-Ti-O particles in 14Cr-Ti ODS than that of Y-Al-O particles in 14Cr-Al ODS alloy.« less

Effect of microwave drying and oven drying on the water activity, color, phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity of coconut husk (Cocos nucifera L.).

PubMed

Valadez-Carmona, Lourdes; Cortez-García, Rosa María; Plazola-Jacinto, Carla Patricia; Necoechea-Mondragón, Hugo; Ortiz-Moreno, Alicia

2016-09-01

The coconut ( Cocos nucifera L.) husk is basically composed by fiber and pith material and remained under-utilized. This is an important source of phenolic compounds that could be used as functional ingredients. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of: oven-drying (OD) and microwave drying (MD), on the water activity, color, phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity of coconut husk. The OD was performed at 60 °C for 12 h and MD was performed at 900 W for 10 min. The total phenolic content (TPC) in fresh coconut husk was 64.2 mg GAE/g dry wt and significant higher than observed after OD and MD of 35.8 and 45.5 mg GAE/g dry wt, respectively. Ten phenols were identified in fresh and dehydrated coconut husks. The husk MD showed an increase in the content of gallic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, ferulic and syringic acids and epicatechin compared with the fresh; while coconut husk OD and MD, showed a decrease in the content of vanillic acid, vanillin, catequin and kaempferol. The antioxidant activity decreased after both OD and MD. However, MD resulted in a better antioxidant activity in husk than OD. MD of husk resulted into better retention of preserved color, TPC and TFC than OD.

Diagnostic potential of monoclonal antibodies developed against C-terminal polypeptide of P. falciparum Histidine Rich Protein2 (PfHRP2) in malaria infected patients from India.

PubMed

Verma, Reena; Chandy, Sara; Jayaprakash, N S; Manoharan, Anand; Vijayalakshmi, M A; Venkataraman, Krishnan

2017-09-01

Malaria, caused by Plasmodium falciparum has become a major health burden in most tropical and developing countries. P. falciparum Histidine Rich Protein2 (PfHRP2), which exhibits polymorphism, is being widely used as a diagnostic marker. Recently, we reported the development of monoclonal antibodies against conserved C-terminal 105 amino acids of PfHRP2 for malaria diagnosis. Now, in this study, the diagnostic performance of two anti-C-terminal PfHRP2 mAbs (b10c1 and Aa3c10) were evaluated with 100 blood samples from clinically identified malaria patients from seven different geographical centers in India. Sandwich ELISA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and statistical tools were used for the evaluation of the performance of the anti-C-terminal PfHRP2 mAb. These mAbs detected P. falciparum (mean OD value 1.525 ± 0.56) malaria with great accuracy with no cross reactivity with P. Plasmodium vivax (mean OD value 0.285 ± 0.051) and normal healthy control samples (mean OD value 0.185 ± 0.06) in Sandwich ELISA assay. The samples which were RDT negative for P. falciparum were also reactive in Sandwich ELISA with mean OD value of (1.303 ± 0.532). The amount of PfHRP2 antigen in the patients' blood sample was quantified and categorized into three distinct groups having the HRP2 antigen in high, intermediate and low amounts. The presence of Pfhrp2 gene was also confirmed by PCR analysis. The sensitivity and specificity of the mAb were found to be 95 and 96% respectively. These data strongly suggest that the anti-C-terminal PfHRP2 mAbs b10c1 and Aa3c10 have merits for improvising the existing malarial diagnostics.

The steel scrap age.

PubMed

Pauliuk, Stefan; Milford, Rachel L; Müller, Daniel B; Allwood, Julian M

2013-04-02

Steel production accounts for 25% of industrial carbon emissions. Long-term forecasts of steel demand and scrap supply are needed to develop strategies for how the steel industry could respond to industrialization and urbanization in the developing world while simultaneously reducing its environmental impact, and in particular, its carbon footprint. We developed a dynamic stock model to estimate future final demand for steel and the available scrap for 10 world regions. Based on evidence from developed countries, we assumed that per capita in-use stocks will saturate eventually. We determined the response of the entire steel cycle to stock saturation, in particular the future split between primary and secondary steel production. During the 21st century, steel demand may peak in the developed world, China, the Middle East, Latin America, and India. As China completes its industrialization, global primary steel production may peak between 2020 and 2030 and decline thereafter. We developed a capacity model to show how extensive trade of finished steel could prolong the lifetime of the Chinese steelmaking assets. Secondary steel production will more than double by 2050, and it may surpass primary production between 2050 and 2060: the late 21st century can become the steel scrap age.

Prevalence, populations and pheno- and genotypic characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from ready-to-eat vegetables marketed in São Paulo, Brazil.

PubMed

Sant'Ana, Anderson S; Igarashi, Maria Crystina; Landgraf, Mariza; Destro, Maria Teresa; Franco, Bernadette D G M

2012-04-02

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen of great concern due to the high fatality rates of listeriosis. The consumption of RTE vegetables has increased in Brazil over the last two decades, but little is known about the risks associated to the consumption of these products. This study evaluated the prevalence and counts of L. monocytogenes in 512 packages of ready-to-eat vegetables marketed in São Paulo. The isolates were characterized for their serotypes, ribotypes, positivity for virulence genes inlA, inlC and inlJ, resistance to chlorine, growth rate variability and capability to form biofilm on stainless steel (AISI 304, #4) coupons. L. monocytogenes was detected in 3.1% of the samples. Only five samples presented countable levels, with counts between 1.0×10(1) and 2.6×10(2)CFU/g. Isolates belonged to serotypes 1/2b or 4b and most were positive for genes inlC and inlJ. Ribotypable isolates were grouped into four groups: 1038 (69.4%), 19175 (11.3%), 19191 (17.7%) and 18604 (one isolate). Most isolates survived to exposure to 125 ppm of a chlorine-based disinfectant for 3 min. All isolates were capable to attach to the coupons, reaching counts above 4 log(10) CFU/cm(2) and the growth rate (μ) at 25°C of the majority of the isolates varied between 0.1 and 0.2 log OD/h, but for few strains the μ was as high as 0.26 log OD/h. Results of this survey indicate that RTE vegetables may be vehicles of L. monocytogenes strains with limited variation in serotype, ribotype and virulence factors but varying significantly in resistance to chlorine disinfectants, capability of forming biofilm and growth rate. Data obtained is of foremost importance to serve as baseline for the development of scientific-based policies to control the incidence of L. monocytogenes in RTE vegetables in Brazil. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

C-C1-04: How to Win Friends and Influence People with the SAS Output Delivery System

PubMed Central

Tolbert, William

2010-01-01

Background and Aims: Long-time SAS users remember the days when SAS output was embarrassingly ugly. Version 7 saw the introduction of the Output Delivery System (ODS). ODS has matured into a very capable subsystem that gives users powerful reporting options. This presentation will highlight useful features and outline a macro-based system for handling multiple ODS destinations simultaneously. Nowadays there is no excuse for ugly SAS output! When building reports, SAS users should think about the needs of those using the reports. Some people just want to review frequency tables, and are happy to do so on a monitor. Others want to be able to print data for review in a meeting. And, there are always those that want to work with the data in a spreadsheet. Consider the ideal formats for each of the users outlined above. For the casual data browser, HTML output is ideal. For printing, PDF is preferred. And for the additional analysis, Excel is a popular option. With ODS, we can meet all of these needs. Methods: Because ODS permits opening multiple output destinations simultaneously, a single procedure can be used to generate data in HTML, PDF, and Excel at once. The presentation will demonstrate the following: o- basic ODS syntax for HTML, PDF, and Excel output o- custom HTML table of contents o- using the ExcelXP tagset for multi-tab spreadsheets o- a custom macro for managing multiple ODS destinations simultaneously o- simple PROC Template code for easy customization o- techniques for consistent output from multiple platforms. Results: The techniques outlined here have been well-received in a variety of business reporting environments. Conclusions: The SAS ODS provides a wide array of reporting options. Don’t limit yourself to just one type of output.

A pilot study on disturbed gastric myoelectric activity in obstructed defecation syndrome.

PubMed

Farid, Mohamed; Emile, Sameh Hany; Haleem, Magdy; El-Hak, Nabil Gad

2018-07-01

Electrogastrography (EGG) is a noninvasive technique for recording gastric myoelectric activity. The aim of this study was to measure and record gastric myoelectric activity in patients with obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS) and to compare their results with those of normal individuals. Forty-two patients (22 male) with ODS and a mean age of 41.02 y were enrolled in this prospective study after thorough clinical and physiologic assessment. Eleven normal subjects (six female) with a mean age of 39.2 ± 8.4 y were assigned to the control group. Both patients and controls were subjected to surface EGG in fasting and postprandial states. Data were recorded and analyzed via a computer system to reveal the EGG pattern in both groups. Abnormalities in the EGG were found in 24 (57.1%) of the 42 patients with ODS. EGG in ODS patients showed alterations in the fasting state in the form of a significant decrease of the normal gastric slow wave (P = 0.03) and a nonsignificant increase in gastric dysrhythmias. The EGG alterations of ODS patients were significantly improved in the postprandial state as the normal gastric slow waves significantly (P = 0.006) increased and the gastric bradycardia declined significantly (P = 0.02). No significant differences were observed in the power distribution between the ODS patients and the healthy controls. Patients with ODS showed an altered EGG pattern compared with that of healthy control subjects. The alterations in ODS patients were more clearly observed during the fasting state and improved significantly after eating. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

HPLC separation of triacylglycerol positional isomers on a polymeric ODS column.

PubMed

Kuroda, Ikuma; Nagai, Toshiharu; Mizobe, Hoyo; Yoshimura, Nobuhito; Gotoh, Naohiro; Wada, Shun

2008-07-01

A polymeric ODS column was applied to the resolution of triacylglycerol positional isomers (TAG-PI), i.e. 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol (OPO) and 1,2-dioleoyl-3-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol (OOP), with a recycle HPLC system. To investigate the ODS column species and the column temperatures for the resolution of a TAG-PI pair, a mixture of OPO and OOP was subjected to an HPLC system equipped with a non-endcapped polymeric, endcapped monomeric, endcapped intermediate, or non-endcapped monomeric ODS column at three different column temperatures (40, 25, or 10 degrees C). Only the non-endcapped polymeric ODS column achieved the separation of OPO and OOP, and the lowest column temperature (10 degrees C) showed the best resolution for them. The other pair of TAG-PI, a mixture of 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol (POP) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol (PPO) was also subjected to the system equipped with a non-endcapped polymeric or monomeric ODS column at five different column temperatures (40, 32, 25, 17, and 10 degrees C). Thus, POP and PPO were also separated on only the non-endcapped polymeric ODS column at 25 degrees C. However, no clear peak appeared at 10 degrees C. These results would indicate that the polymeric ODS stationary phase has an ability to recognize the structural differences between TAG-PI pairs. Also, the column temperature is a very important factor for separating the TAG-PI pair, and the optimal temperature would relate to the solubility of TAG-PI in the mobile phase. Furthermore, the recycle HPLC system provided measurements for the separation and analysis of TAG-PI pairs.

Sol-gel open tubular ODS columns with reversed electroosmotic flow for capillary electrochromatography.

PubMed

Hayes, J D; Malik, A

2001-03-01

Sol-gel chemistry was successfully used for the fabrication of open tubular columns with surface-bonded octadecylsilane (ODS) stationary-phase coating for capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC). Following column preparations, a series of experiments were performed to investigate the performance of the sol-gel coated ODS columns in OT-CEC. The incorporation of N-octadecyldimethyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride as one of the sol-gel precursors played an important role in the electrochromatographic performance of the prepared columns. This chemical reagent possesses a chromatographically favorable, bonded ODS moiety, in conjunction with three methoxy groups allowing for sol-gel reactivity. In addition, a positively charged nitrogen atom is present in the molecular structure of this reagent and provides a positively charged capillary surface responsible for the reversed electroosmotic flow (EOF) in the columns during CEC operation. Comparative studies involving the EOF within such sol-gel ODS coated and uncoated capillaries were performed using acetonitrile and methanol as the organic modifiers in the mobile phase. The use of a deactivating reagent, phenyldimethylsilane, in the sol-gel solution was evaluated. Efficiency values of over 400,000 theoretical plates per meter were achieved in CEC on a 64 cm x 25 microm i.d. sol-gel ODS open tubular column. Test mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene derivatives, and aromatic aldehydes and ketones were used to evaluate the CEC performances of both nondeactivated and deactivated open tubular sol-gel columns. The effects of mobile-phase organic modifier contents and pH on EOF in such columns were evaluated. The prepared sol-gel ODS columns are characterized by switchable electroosmotic flow. A pH value of approximately 8.5 was found correspond to the isoelectric point for the prepared sol-gel ODS coatings.

Distinction of synthetic dl-α-tocopherol from natural vitamin E (d-α-tocopherol) by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Enhanced selectivity of a polymeric C18 stationary phase at low temperature and/or at high pressure.

PubMed

Yui, Yuko; Miyazaki, Shota; Ma, Yan; Ohira, Masayoshi; Fiehn, Oliver; Ikegami, Tohru; McCalley, David V; Tanaka, Nobuo

2016-06-10

Separation of diastereomers of dl-α-tocopherol was studied by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using three types of stationary phases, polymeric ODS, polymeric C30, and monomeric ODS. Polymeric ODS stationary phase (Inertsil ODS-P, 3mmID, 20cm) was effective for the separation of the isomers created by the presence of three chiral centers on the alkyl chain of synthetic dl-α-tocopherol. Considerable improvement of the separation of isomers was observed on ODS-P phase at high pressure and at low temperature. Complete separation of four pairs of diastereomers was achieved at 12.0°C, 536bar, while three peaks were observed when the separation was carried out either at 12.0°C at low pressure or at 20°C at 488bar. Higher temperature (30.0°C) with the ODS-P phase resulted in only partial separation of the diastereomers even at high pressure. Only slight resolution was observed for the mixture of diastereomers with the C30 stationary phase (Inertsil C30) at 12.0°C and 441bar, although the stationary phase afforded greater resolution for β- and γ-tocopherol than ODS-P. A monomeric C18 stationary phase did not show any separation at 12.0°C and 463bar. The results suggest that the binding site of the polymeric ODS-P phase is selective for flexible alkyl chains that provided the longest retention for the natural form, (R,R,R) form, and the enantiomer, (S,S,S) form, of dl-α-tocopherol. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Evaluation and reporting of enzyme immunoassay determinations of antibody to herpes simplex virus in sera and cerebrospinal fluid.

PubMed Central

Cremer, N E; Cossen, C K; Hanson, C V; Shell, G R

1982-01-01

Several methods for evaluating and reporting enzyme immunoassay (EIA) determinations of antibody to herpes simplex virus derived from one dilution of single serum samples were studied. An EIA ratio method for serological evidence of current infection from paired serum samples was also evaluated. Optical density (OD) of the reaction at a 1:100 serum dilution and estimated titers obtained by reference of the OD of the serum dilution to a standard curve were compared to the corresponding plotted EIA titer obtained by titration to endpoint. Neither the OD per se nor the estimated titer was completely predictive of the plotted titer (correlation coefficient [r] of 0.824 and 0.817, respectively), and they provided only a semiquantitative measurement of antibody concentration. For an antibody status report, however, OD would be sufficient if related to the cutoff value as an EIA index (OD of sample divided by cutoff OD for positive specimens). The OD of the EIA reaction at a single dilution (1:5) of cerebrospinal fluid, on the other hand, correlated quite well with the titer obtained by titration (r = 0.950). For serological diagnosis of current infection, the OD ratio of convalescence-phase/acute-phase sera was determined at several dilutions. A ratio of greater than or equal to 1.54 was calculated as a reliable index for a significant rise in antibody concentration and compatible with current infection. By determining the convalescent-phase/acute-phase serum ratio at two dilutions, 1:100 and 1:1,000, the EIA ratio method appeared to be a sensitive as or more sensitive than, complement fixation in diagnosing current infection. PMID:6284791

77 FR 27468 - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development Notice of Closed...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-10

... National Institute of Child Health & Human Development Notice of Closed Meeting Pursuant to section 10(d... Institute of Child Health and Human Development Special Emphasis Panel; Topics in Development, Signaling... Review, OD, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, 6100...

Meteoroid/orbital debris impact damage predictions for the Russian space station MIR

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Christiansen, E. L.; Hyde, J. L.; Lear, D.

1997-01-01

Components of the Mir space station have been exposed to the meteoroid/orbital debris (M/OD) environment for up to 11 years. During this period, no M/OD impact perforation of the pressure shell of the manned modules were reported. The NASA standard M/OD analysis code BUMPER was used to predict the probability of M/OD impact damage to various components of Mir. The analysis indicates a 1 in 2.2 chance that a M/OD impact would have caused a penetration resulting in a pressure leak of the Mir modules since its launch up to the February 1997. For the next five years, the estimated odds become 1 in 3. On an annual basis, penetration risks are 60 percent higher, on the average, in the next five years due to the larger size of Mir and the growth in the orbital debris population.

A flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence study of the formation of O(D-1) in the photolysis of water and reaction of O(D-1) with H2, Ar and He

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stief, L. J.; Payne, W. A.; Klemm, R. B.

1974-01-01

The relative importance of two primary processes in the photolyis of water: (1) H2O + h (nu) yields H + OH, and (2) H2O + h (nu) yields H2 + OD-1 were determined in a direct manner by time resolved detection (via resonance fluorescence) of H and O formed in processes 1 and 2 respectively. The initially formed OD-1 was deactivated to ground state OP-3 prior to detection via resonance fluorescence. The relative quantum yields for processes 1 and 2 are 0.89 and 0.11 for the wavelength interval 105 to 145nm and = to or greater than 0.99, and = to or less than 0.01 for the wavelength interval 145 to 185nm. Rate constants at 300 K for the reactions OD-1 + H2, + Ar, and + He are presented.

Driving technology for improving motion quality of active-matrix organic light-emitting diode display

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Jongbin; Kim, Minkoo; Kim, Jong-Man; Kim, Seung-Ryeol; Lee, Seung-Woo

2014-09-01

This paper reports transient response characteristics of active-matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) displays for mobile applications. This work reports that the rising responses look like saw-tooth waveform and are not always faster than those of liquid crystal displays. Thus, a driving technology is proposed to improve the rising transient responses of AMOLED based on the overdrive (OD) technology. We modified the OD technology by combining it with a dithering method because the conventional OD method cannot successfully enhance all the rising responses. Our method can improve all the transitions of AMOLED without modifying the conventional gamma architecture of drivers. A new artifact is found when OD is applied to certain transitions. We propose an optimum OD selection method to mitigate the artifact. The implementation results show the proposed technology can successfully improve motion quality of scrolling texts as well as moving pictures in AMOLED displays.

Use of commercial and social sources of alcohol by underage drinkers: the role of pubertal timing.

PubMed

Storvoll, Elisabet E; Pape, Hilde; Rossow, Ingeborg

2008-01-01

We have explored whether alcohol use and procurement of alcohol from commercial and social sources vary with pubertal timing. A sub-sample of 9291 Norwegian minors (13-17 year-olds) was extracted from a nationwide school survey (response rate: 92%). Adolescents who had matured early (early developers, EDs) reported higher consumption and more alcohol-related harm than those who had matured late (late developers, LDs) or at the "normal" time (on time developers, ODs). Purchases from on-premise and off-premise outlets were much more important sources of alcohol for EDs than for ODs and LDs - both in relative and absolute terms. Moreover, EDs were somewhat more likely to obtain alcohol from social sources. Taken together, the findings indicate that adolescents who mature early have access to a larger variety of sources of alcohol than adolescents who mature later - which in turn may explain their increased level of drinking.

Development of a Calibration Strip for Immunochromatographic Assay Detection Systems.

PubMed

Gao, Yue-Ming; Wei, Jian-Chong; Mak, Peng-Un; Vai, Mang-I; Du, Min; Pun, Sio-Hang

2016-06-29

With many benefits and applications, immunochromatographic (ICG) assay detection systems have been reported on a great deal. However, the existing research mainly focuses on increasing the dynamic detection range or application fields. Calibration of the detection system, which has a great influence on the detection accuracy, has not been addressed properly. In this context, this work develops a calibration strip for ICG assay photoelectric detection systems. An image of the test strip is captured by an image acquisition device, followed by performing a fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithm and maximin-distance algorithm for image segmentation. Additionally, experiments are conducted to find the best characteristic quantity. By analyzing the linear coefficient, an average value of hue (H) at 14 min is chosen as the characteristic quantity and the empirical formula between H and optical density (OD) value is established. Therefore, H, saturation (S), and value (V) are calculated by a number of selected OD values. Then, H, S, and V values are transferred to the RGB color space and a high-resolution printer is used to print the strip images on cellulose nitrate membranes. Finally, verification of the printed calibration strips is conducted by analyzing the linear correlation between OD and the spectral reflectance, which shows a good linear correlation (R² = 98.78%).

Orbital Debris Modeling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liou, J. C.

2012-01-01

Presentation outlne: (1) The NASA Orbital Debris (OD) Engineering Model -- A mathematical model capable of predicting OD impact risks for the ISS and other critical space assets (2) The NASA OD Evolutionary Model -- A physical model capable of predicting future debris environment based on user-specified scenarios (3) The NASA Standard Satellite Breakup Model -- A model describing the outcome of a satellite breakup (explosion or collision)

Measuring of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. A correlation of the optical measurements with colony forming units

PubMed Central

Peñuelas-Urquides, Katia; Villarreal-Treviño, Licet; Silva-Ramírez, Beatriz; Rivadeneyra-Espinoza, Liliana; Said-Fernández, Salvador; de León, Mario Bermúdez

2013-01-01

The quantification of colony forming units (cfu), turbidity, and optical density at 600 nm (OD600) measurements were used to evaluate Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. Turbidity and OD600 measurements displayed similar growth curves, while cfu quantification showed a continuous growth curve. We determined the cfu equivalents to McFarland and OD600 units. PMID:24159318

Measuring of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. A correlation of the optical measurements with colony forming units.

PubMed

Peñuelas-Urquides, Katia; Villarreal-Treviño, Licet; Silva-Ramírez, Beatriz; Rivadeneyra-Espinoza, Liliana; Said-Fernández, Salvador; de León, Mario Bermúdez

2013-01-01

The quantification of colony forming units (cfu), turbidity, and optical density at 600 nm (OD600) measurements were used to evaluate Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. Turbidity and OD600 measurements displayed similar growth curves, while cfu quantification showed a continuous growth curve. We determined the cfu equivalents to McFarland and OD600 units.

Examining Subtypes of Behavior Problems among 3-Year-Old Children, Part I: Investigating Validity of Subtypes and Biological Risk-Factors

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harvey, Elizabeth A.; Friedman-Weieneth, Julie L.; Goldstein, Lauren H.; Sherman, Alison H.

2007-01-01

This study examined 3-year-old children who were classified as hyperactive (HYP), oppositional-defiant (OD), hyperactive and oppositional defiant (HYP/OD), and non-problem based on mothers' reports of behavior. Using fathers', teachers', and observers' ratings of children's behavior, concurrent validity was excellent for the HYP/OD group, moderate…

High Velocity Oxidation and Hot Corrosion Resistance of Some ODS Alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lowell, C. E.; Deadmore, D. L.

1977-01-01

Several oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys were tested for cyclic, high velocity, oxidation, and hot corrosion resistance. These results were compared to the resistance of an advanced, NiCrAl coated superalloy. An ODS FeCrAl were identified as having sufficient oxidation and hot corrosion resistance to allow potential use in an aircraft gas turbine without coating.

Citrullinated Chemokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-10-01

fluids (SFs) compared to osteoarthritis (OA) and other inflammatory rheumatic diseases (OD) SFs, and its concentration correlates with RA disease ...osteoarthritis (OA), and other inflammatory rheumatic disease (OD) synovial fluids (SFs). The correlation between the citrullinated chemokine levels and...Objectives: Specific Aim 1: To determine how citrullinated chemokines compare in RA, vs. OA, vs. other rheumatic diseases (OD), vs. NLs. Major Task 1

Filter Strategies for Mars Science Laboratory Orbit Determination

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thompson, Paul F.; Gustafson, Eric D.; Kruizinga, Gerhard L.; Martin-Mur, Tomas J.

2013-01-01

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) spacecraft had ambitious navigation delivery and knowledge accuracy requirements for landing inside Gale Crater. Confidence in the orbit determination (OD) solutions was increased by investigating numerous filter strategies for solving the orbit determination problem. We will discuss the strategy for the different types of variations: for example, data types, data weights, solar pressure model covariance, and estimating versus considering model parameters. This process generated a set of plausible OD solutions that were compared to the baseline OD strategy. Even implausible or unrealistic results were helpful in isolating sensitivities in the OD solutions to certain model parameterizations or data types.

Properties of oxide dispersion strengthened alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Whittenberger, J. Daniel

1989-01-01

A contrast is drawn between the behavior of ODS alloys' matrix compositions and that of more conventional alloys. Mechanical property enhancements associated with ODS alloys are accounted for by both the presence of the dispersoids and, in some cases, the smaller size and number of secondary phases. Data obtained for ODS materials to date indicate the presence of three different threshold stresses, due to dislocation-particle interactions, diffusional creep/grain boundary sliding, and, in the case of the MA 956 ODS alloy, crack nucleation and growth processes. It is critical to establish which threshold stress is in effect, since the latter two stresses can result in failure by cracking.

Localization of optic disc and fovea in retinal images using intensity based line scanning analysis.

PubMed

Kamble, Ravi; Kokare, Manesh; Deshmukh, Girish; Hussin, Fawnizu Azmadi; Mériaudeau, Fabrice

2017-08-01

Accurate detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) mainly depends on identification of retinal landmarks such as optic disc and fovea. Present methods suffer from challenges like less accuracy and high computational complexity. To address this issue, this paper presents a novel approach for fast and accurate localization of optic disc (OD) and fovea using one-dimensional scanned intensity profile analysis. The proposed method utilizes both time and frequency domain information effectively for localization of OD. The final OD center is located using signal peak-valley detection in time domain and discontinuity detection in frequency domain analysis. However, with the help of detected OD location, the fovea center is located using signal valley analysis. Experiments were conducted on MESSIDOR dataset, where OD was successfully located in 1197 out of 1200 images (99.75%) and fovea in 1196 out of 1200 images (99.66%) with an average computation time of 0.52s. The large scale evaluation has been carried out extensively on nine publicly available databases. The proposed method is highly efficient in terms of quickly and accurately localizing OD and fovea structure together compared with the other state-of-the-art methods. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Calibration of Al/Si order variations in anorthite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carpenter, M. A.; Angel, R. J.; Finger, L. W.

1990-07-01

New single crystal diffraction data for natural and heat-treated anorthite crystals (Angel et al. 1990) allow the determination of their states of Al/Si order in terms of a macroscopic order parameter, Q OD , for the MediaObjects/410_2005_BF01575624_f1.tif transition. Numerical values of Q OD obtained from estimates of site occupancies are shown to vary with the scalar spontaneous strain, ɛ s , as ɛ s ∝ Q {/OD 2}, and with the ratio of the sums of type b (superlattice) reflections and type a (sublattice) reflections as ΣI b/ ΣI a ∝ Q {/OD 2}. An empirical calibration for pure anorthite is obtained givingQ_{OD} = 10.1left( 5 right)sqrt {\\varepsilon _s } varies between ˜ 0.92 and ˜ 0.87 in samples equilibrated at T≤1300° C, but then falls off relatively rapidly with increasing temperature, reaching ˜ 0.7 near the melting point (˜ 1557° C). The observed temperature dependence does not conform to the predictions of the simplest single order parameter models; coupling of Q OD with Q of the MediaObjects/410_2005_BF01575624_f2.tif transition is suspeeted.

Role of enterocele in the obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS): a new radiological point of view.

PubMed

Morandi, C; Martellucci, J; Talento, P; Carriero, A

2010-08-01

The aim of this study was to understand the role of enterocele in the pathogenesis of the obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS) a new defecographic classification based on function. A total of 597 patients (551 women, 46 men) who underwent cinedefecography between November 2001 and November 2005 were studied. A total of 567 (95%) underwent cinedefecography as they had symptoms of ODS. Enterocele was classified into three types. Enterocele was found in 127 (23%) female and one (2.2%) male patients. Thirty-eight (6.9%) patients had type A, 38(6.9%) type B, and 27(4.9%) type C enterocele. A total of 24 patients (4.35%) had sigmoidocele. In patients with type C enterocele, the finding of a radiological pattern of ODS was higher (26/27) than that in the other groups (A + B + Sigmoidocele) (23/100) (P < 0.001). An obstructed evacuation pattern was found in 49 (38.5%) patients with enterocele and in 148 (34.9%) patients in the control group. Type C enterocele is often associated with a radiological pattern of ODS and usually presents as an isolated condition. Type B is less frequently associated with ODS and is more frequently accompanied by other pathological conditions.

A phase I study of LY317615 (enzastaurin) and temozolomide in patients with gliomas (EORTC trial 26054)

PubMed Central

Rampling, Roy; Sanson, Marc; Gorlia, Thiery; Lacombe, Denis; Lai, Christina; Gharib, Myriam; Taal, Walter; Stoffregen, Clemens; Decker, Rodney; van den Bent, Martin J.

2012-01-01

We report a phase 1 study to examine the safety and recommended dose of the oral protein kinase C-beta inhibitor (anti-angiogenic) enzastaurin in combination with single-agent temozolomide. The study was conducted in patients with recurrent glioblastoma or newly diagnosed disease that was not treatable with standard (chemo)radiotherapy. Patients were treated with standard dose temozolomide (200 mg/m2 for 5 days every 4 weeks) together with daily oral enzastaurin. Three dose levels of enzastaurin were investigated: 250 mg daily (OD), 500 mg OD, and 250 mg twice daily (BID). Dose-limiting toxicity was determined in the first 2 cycles, but treatment continued until limiting toxicity or disease progression was identified. Twenty-eight patients were enrolled. No dose-limiting toxicity was noted at 250 mg OD or 500 mg OD. However, at 250 mg BID, 2 dose-limiting episodes of thrombocytopenia were noted. The recommended dose for enzastaurin in combination with standard 4-weekly temozolomide is therefore 500 mg OD. The pharmacokinetics of enzastaurin in combination with temozolomide was evaluated. Temozolomide did not appear to effect enzastaurin exposures at the 250 mg or 500 mg OD dose levels. PMID:22291006

Where OD for Schools Needs To Go.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schmuck, Richard A.

Since evaluations have shown that organizational development is a plausible and useful vehicle for improving school climate, it needs to be extended in various ways, including (1) further scientific study of organizational development in schools; (2) more research into the processes and effects of organizational development training; and (3)…

Collaborative Knowledge Production Model in the Field of Organizational Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ramstad, Elise

2008-01-01

The paper proposes a framework for collaborative knowledge production in order to enhance the amount and quality of knowledge in the field of organizational development (OD). We distinguish three types of actors that offer development services for work organizations: academic R&D units, training and educational institutes and management…

The Optical Depth Sensor (ODS) for Mars atmosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toledo, D.; Rannou, P.; Pommereau, J.-P.; Sarkissian, A.; Foujols, T.

2015-10-01

A small and sophisticated optical depth sensor (ODS) has been designed to work in both Martian and Earth environments. The principal goal of ODS is to carry out the opacity due to the Martian dust as well as to characterize the high altitude clouds at twilight, crucial parameters in understanding of Martian meteorology. The instrument was initially designed for the failed MARS96 Russian mission, and also was included in the payload of several other missions [1]. Until recently, it was selected (NASA/ESA AO) in the payload of the atmospheric package DREAMS onboard the MARS 2016 mission. But following a decision of the CNES, it is no more included in the payload. In order to study the performance of ODS under a wide range of conditions as well as its capable to provide daily measurements of both dust optical thickness and high altitude clouds properties, the instrument has participated in different terrestrial campaigns. A good performance of ODS prototype (Figure 1) on cirrus clouds detection and in dust opacity estimation was previously archived in Africa during 2004-2005 and in Brasil from 2012 to nowadays. Moreover, a campaign in the arctic is expected before 2016 where fifteen ODSs will be part of an integrated observing system over the Arctic Ocean, allowing test the ODS performance in extreme conditions. In this presentation we present main principle of the retrieval, the instrumental concept, the result of the tests performed and the principal objectives of ODS in Mars.

Optical Depth Sensor (ODS) for the measurement of dust and clouds properties in the Mars atmosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toledo, D.; Rannou, P.; Pommereau, J.-P.; Sarkissian, A.; Foujols, T.

2014-04-01

A small and sophisticated optical depth sensor (ODS) has been designed to work in both Martian and Earth environments. The principal goal of ODS is to carry out the opacity due to the Martian dust as well as to characterize the high altitude clouds at twilight, crucial parameters in understanding of Martian meteorology. The instrument was initially designed for the failed MARS96 Russian mission, and also was included in the payload of several other missions [1]. Until recently, it was selected (NASA/ESA AO) in the payload of the atmospheric package DREAMS onboard the MARS 2016 mission. But following a decision of the CNES, it is no more included in the payload. In order to study the performance of ODS under a wide range of conditions as well as its capable to provide daily measurements of both dust optical thickness and high altitude clouds properties, the instrument has participated in different terrestrial campaigns. A good performance of ODS prototype (Figure 1) on cirrus clouds detection and in dust opacity estimation was previously archived in Africa during 2004-2005 and in Brasil from 2012 to nowadays. Moreover, a campaign in the arctic is expected before 2016 where fifteen ODSs will be part of an integrated observing system over the Arctic Ocean, allowing test the ODS performance in extreme conditions. In this presentation we present main principle of the retrieval, the instrumental concept, the result of the tests performed and the principal objectives of ODS in Mars.

The Optical Depth Sensor (ODS) for Mars atmosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Toledo, D.; Rannou, P.; Pommereau, J.-P.; Sarkissian, A.; Foujols, T.

2013-09-01

A small and sophisticated optical depth sensor (ODS) has been designed to work in the martian atmosphere. The principal goal of ODS is to carry out the opacity due to the Martian dust as well as to characterize the high altitude clouds at twilight, crucial parameters in understanding of Martian meteorology. The instrument was initially designed for the failed MARS96 Russian mission, and also was included in the payload of several other missions [1]. Until recently, it was selected (NASA/ESA AO) in the payload of the atmospheric package DREAMS onboard the MARS 2016 mission. But following a decision of the CNES, it is no more included in the payload. In order to study the performance of ODS under a wide range of conditions as well as its capable to provide daily measurements of both dust optical thickness and high altitude clouds, the instrument has participated in different terrestrial campaigns. A good performance of ODS prototype (Figure 1) on cirrus clouds detection and in dust opacity estimation was previously archived in Africa during 2004-2005 and in Brasil from 2012 to nowadays. Moreover, a campaign in the arctic is expected before 2016 where fifteen ODSs will be part of an integrated observing system over the Arctic Ocean, allowing test the ODS performance in extreme conditions. In this presentation we present main principle of the retrieval, the instrumental concept, the result of the tests performed and the principal objectives of ODS in Mars.

77 FR 12860 - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development; Notice of Closed...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-02

... Institute of Child Health and Human Development Special Emphasis Panel, Autism Centers of Excellence... National Institute of Child Health & Human Development; Notice of Closed Meetings Pursuant to section 10(d..., OD, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health And Human Development, NIH, 6100...

Past research and fabrication conducted at SCK•CEN on ferritic ODS alloys used as cladding for FBR's fuel pins

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

De Bremaecker, Anne

2012-09-01

In the 1960s in the frame of the sodium-cooled fast breeders, SCK•CEN decided to develop claddings made with ferritic stainless materials because of their specific properties, namely a higher thermal conductivity, a lower thermal expansion, a lower tendency to He-embrittlement, and a lower swelling than the austenitic stainless steels. To enhance their lower creep resistance at 650-700 °C arose the idea to strengthen the microstructure by oxide dispersions. This was the starting point of an ambitious programme where both the matrix and the dispersions were optimized. A purely ferritic 13 wt% Cr matrix was selected and its mechanical strength was improved through addition of ferritizing elements. Results of tensile and stress-rupture tests showed that Ti and Mo were the most beneficial elements, partly because of the chi-phase precipitation. In 1973 the optimized matrix composition was Fe-13Cr-3.5Ti-2Mo. To reach creep properties similar to those of AISI 316, different dispersions and methods were tested: internal oxidation (that was not conclusive), and the direct mixing of metallic and oxide powders (Al2O3, MgO, ZrO2, TiO2, ZrSiO4) followed by pressing, sintering, and extrusion. The compression and extrusion parameters were determined: extrusion as hollow at 1050 °C, solution annealing at 1050 °C/15 min, cleaning, cold drawing to the final dimensions with intermediate annealings at 1050 °C, final annealing at 1050 °C, straightening and final aging at 800 °C. The choice of titania and yttria powders and their concentrations were finalized on the basis of their out-of-pile and in-pile creep and tensile strength. As soon as a resistance butt welding machine was developed and installed in a glove-box, fuel segments with PuO2 were loaded in the Belgian MTR BR2. The fabrication parameters were continuously optimized: milling and beating, lubrication, cold drawing (partial and final reduction rates, temperature, duration, atmosphere and furnace). Specific non-destructive tests (ultrasonic and eddy currents) were also developed. In-pile creep in argon and in liquid sodium was deeply studied on pressurized segments irradiated up to 75 dpaNRT. Finally two fuel assemblies cladded with such ODS alloys were irradiated in Phenix to the max dose of 90 dpa. Creep deformation and swelling were limited but the irradiation-induced embrittlement became acute. The programme was stopped shortly after the Chernobyl disaster, before the embrittlement problem was solved.

Development of Low Temperature Inverted Angle for LPG Carrier Using Slab

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Doo, Wonchul; Lee, Chulwon; Cho, Sungkyu

Hyundai Steel Company had developed the inverted angles as second only to the Japan steel maker in 1992. Current market share of Hyundai Steel Company is second position after JFE Steel Corporation. Main application of the inverted angles is the reinforcement of shipbuilding as the stiffener of hull. Hyundai Steel Company has also been developing the low temperature steel grade applied for LPG carrier's cargo tank and secondary barrier using slab. This steel grade require the guarantee of -60°C impact toughness and weldability.

Once versus three times daily dosing of oral budesonide for active Crohn's disease: a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised trial.

PubMed

Dignass, Axel; Stoynov, Simeon; Dorofeyev, Andrey E; Grigorieva, Galina A; Tomsová, Eva; Altorjay, István; Tuculanu, Daniel; Bunganič, Ivan; Pokrotnieks, Juris; Kupčinskas, Limas; Dilger, Karin; Greinwald, Roland; Mueller, Ralph

2014-09-01

Oral budesonide 9 mg/day represents first-line treatment of mild-to-moderately active ileocolonic Crohn's disease. However, there is no precise recommendation for budesonide dosing due to lack of comparative data. A once-daily (OD) 9 mg dose may improve adherence and thereby efficacy. An eight-week, double-blind, double-dummy randomised trial compared budesonide 9 mg OD versus 3mg three-times daily (TID) in patients with mild-to-moderately active ileocolonic Crohn's disease. Primary endpoint was clinical remission defined as CDAI <150 at week 8 (last observation carried forward). The final intent-to-treat population comprised 471 patients (238 [9 mg OD], 233 [3 mg TID]). The confirmatory population for the primary endpoint analysis was the interim per protocol population (n=377; 188 [9 mg OD], 189 [3mg TID]), in which the primary endpoint was statistically non-inferior with budesonide 9 mg OD versus 3 mg TID. Clinical remission was achieved in 71.3% versus 75.1%, a difference of -3.9% (95% CI [-14.6%; 6.4%]; p=0.020 for non-inferiority). The mean (SD) time to remission was 21.9 (13.8) days versus 21.4 (14.6) days with budesonide 9 mg OD versus 3 mg TID, respectively. In a subpopulation of 122 patients with baseline SES-CD ulcer score ≥1, complete mucosal healing occurred in 32.8% (21/64) on 9 mg OD and 41.4% (24/58) on 3mg TID; deep remission (mucosal healing and clinical remission) was observed in 26.6% (17/64) and 32.8% (19/58) of patients, respectively. Treatment-emergent suspected adverse drug reactions were reported in 4.6% of 9 mg OD and 4.7% of 3 mg TID patients. Budesonide at the recommended dose of 9 mg/day can be administered OD without impaired efficacy and safety compared to 3mg TID dosing in mild-to-moderately active Crohn's disease. Copyright © 2014 European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hypervelocity Impact Testing of International Space Station Meteoroid/Orbital Debris Shielding Using an Inhibited Shaped Charge Launcher

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kerr, Justin H.; Grosch, Donald

2001-01-01

Engineers at the NASA Johnson Space Center have conducted hypervelocity impact (HVI) performance evaluations of spacecraft meteoroid and orbital debris (M/OD) shields at velocities in excess of 7 km/s. The inhibited shaped charge launcher (ISCL), developed by the Southwest Research Institute, launches hollow, circular, cylindrical jet tips to approximately 11 km/s. Since traditional M/OD shield ballistic limit performance is defined as the diameter of sphere required to just perforate or spall a spacecraft pressure wall, engineers must decide how to compare ISCL derived data with those of the spherical impactor data set. Knowing the mass of the ISCL impactor, an equivalent sphere diameter may be calculated. This approach is conservative since ISCL jet tips are more damaging than equal mass spheres. A total of 12 tests were recently conducted at the Southwest Research Institute (SWRI) on International Space Station M/OD shields. Results of these tests are presented and compared to existing ballistic limit equations. Modification of these equations is suggested based on the results.

A rapid analytical method for predicting the oxygen demand of wastewater.

PubMed

Fogelman, Shoshana; Zhao, Huijun; Blumenstein, Michael

2006-11-01

In this study, an investigation was undertaken to determine whether the predictive accuracy of an indirect, multiwavelength spectroscopic technique for rapidly determining oxygen demand (OD) values is affected by the use of unfiltered and turbid samples, as well as by the use of absorbance values measured below 200 nm. The rapid OD technique was developed that uses UV-Vis spectroscopy and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to indirectly determine chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels. It was found that the most accurate results were obtained when a spectral range of 190-350 nm was provided as data input to the ANN, and when using unfiltered samples below a turbidity range of 150 NTU. This is because high correlations of above 0.90 were obtained with the data using the standard COD method. This indicates that samples can be measured directly without the additional need for preprocessing by filtering. Samples with turbidity values higher than 150 NTU were found to produce poor correlations with the standard COD method, which made them unsuitable for accurate, real-time, on-line monitoring of OD levels.

Experimental occlusal disharmony - A promoting factor for anxiety in rats under chronic psychological stress.

PubMed

Tang, Xuan; Li, Jian; Jiang, Ting; Han, Shu-Hui; Yao, Dong-Yuan

2017-04-03

Clinically, patients under chronic psychological stress (PS) appear to be more susceptible to occlusal disharmony (OD) compared with those without PS. OD was proved to introduce anxiety-like stress. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate whether OD would affect psychological stress-induced anxiety and its underlying mechanisms. Chronic PS was induced by a communication box, and OD was produced by bonding a 0.3mm-thick crown on the right maxillary first molar of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Sixty-seven rats were randomly divided into 8 groups: (A) chronic PS plus OD group (n=6); (B) chronic PS plus sham OD group (n=6); (C) chronic PS only group (n=6); (D) OD group (n=6); (E) sham OD group (n=6); (F) control group (n=6); (G) naive group (n=6); (H) foot-shock group (n=25). Open-field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze test (EPM) were conducted on the 7th, 21th, 35th day to measure the anxiety level of each group except naive and foot-shock group. In addition, corticosterone (CORT) level in serum, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-HT 2A receptor (5-HT 2A R) expressions in prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) areas were measured on the 35th day to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which the exacerbation occurred. The significant differences in OFT and EPM tests on day 21 or day 35 between groups (p<0.01) indicated the successful establishment of animal model of PS or OD. And there was a significant increase in CORT concentration in serum (p<0.01), 5-HT expressions in PFC, hippocampal DG areas and 5-HT 2A R expressions in PFC, hippocampal CA1 areas (p<0.05) in group A, B, C, D compared with group F. Similar results were also found in group A, B, C, D when compared with group G (p<0.05) except 5-HT expression in DG area in group C and D (p>0.05), together with a gradual decrease in values of all the parameters mentioned above from group A to group G. The significant changes in exploratory behaviors, serum CORT concentration, 5-HT and 5-HT 2A R expressions induced by OD in rats with or without chronic PS, and more obvious alterations in rats with chronic PS, may indicate that OD may be a promoting factor for anxiety through both peripheral and central pathways via the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and 5-HT system. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

High gas velocity oxidation and hot corrosion testing of oxide dispersion-strengthened nickel-base alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deadmore, D. L.; Lowell, C. E.

1975-01-01

Several oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) nickel-base alloys were tested in high velocity gases for cyclic oxidation resistance at temperatures to 1200 C and times to 500 hours and for hot corrosion resistance at 900 C for 200 hours. Nickel-chromium-aluminum ODS alloys were found to have superior resistance to oxidation and hot corrosion when compared to bare and coated nickel-chromium ODS alloys. The best of the alloys tested had compositions of nickel - 15.5 to 16 weight percent chromium with aluminum weight percents between 4.5 and 5.0. All of the nickel-chromium-aluminum ODS materials experienced small weight losses (less than 16 mg/sq cm).

A complex interaction of imprinted and maternal-effect genes modifies sex determination in Odd Sex (Ods) mice.

PubMed

Poirier, Christophe; Qin, Yangjun; Adams, Carolyn P; Anaya, Yanett; Singer, Jonathan B; Hill, Annie E; Lander, Eric S; Nadeau, Joseph H; Bishop, Colin E

2004-11-01

The transgenic insertional mouse mutation Odd Sex (Ods) represents a model for the long-range regulation of Sox9. The mutation causes complete female-to-male sex reversal by inducing a male-specific expression pattern of Sox9 in XX Ods/+ embryonic gonads. We previously described an A/J strain-specific suppressor of Ods termed Odsm1(A). Here we show that phenotypic sex depends on a complex interaction between the suppressor and the transgene. Suppression can be achieved only if the transgene is transmitted paternally. In addition, the suppressor itself exhibits a maternal effect, suggesting that it may act on chromatin in the early embryo.

A Complex Interaction of Imprinted and Maternal-Effect Genes Modifies Sex Determination in Odd Sex (Ods) Mice

PubMed Central

Poirier, Christophe; Qin, Yangjun; Adams, Carolyn P.; Anaya, Yanett; Singer, Jonathan B.; Hill, Annie E.; Lander, Eric S.; Nadeau, Joseph H.; Bishop, Colin E.

2004-01-01

The transgenic insertional mouse mutation Odd Sex (Ods) represents a model for the long-range regulation of Sox9. The mutation causes complete female-to-male sex reversal by inducing a male-specific expression pattern of Sox9 in XX Ods/+ embryonic gonads. We previously described an A/J strain-specific suppressor of Ods termed Odsm1A. Here we show that phenotypic sex depends on a complex interaction between the suppressor and the transgene. Suppression can be achieved only if the transgene is transmitted paternally. In addition, the suppressor itself exhibits a maternal effect, suggesting that it may act on chromatin in the early embryo. PMID:15579706

Nickel-free austenitic stainless steels for medical applications.

PubMed

Yang, Ke; Ren, Yibin

2010-02-01

The adverse effects of nickel ions being released into the human body have prompted the development of high-nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steels for medical applications. Nitrogen not only replaces nickel for austenitic structure stability but also much improves steel properties. Here we review the harmful effects associated with nickel in medical stainless steels, the advantages of nitrogen in stainless steels, and emphatically, the development of high-nitrogen nickel-free stainless steels for medical applications. By combining the benefits of stable austenitic structure, high strength and good plasticity, better corrosion and wear resistances, and superior biocompatibility compared to the currently used 316L stainless steel, the newly developed high-nitrogen nickel-free stainless steel is a reliable substitute for the conventional medical stainless steels.

Nickel-free austenitic stainless steels for medical applications

PubMed Central

Yang, Ke; Ren, Yibin

2010-01-01

The adverse effects of nickel ions being released into the human body have prompted the development of high-nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steels for medical applications. Nitrogen not only replaces nickel for austenitic structure stability but also much improves steel properties. Here we review the harmful effects associated with nickel in medical stainless steels, the advantages of nitrogen in stainless steels, and emphatically, the development of high-nitrogen nickel-free stainless steels for medical applications. By combining the benefits of stable austenitic structure, high strength and good plasticity, better corrosion and wear resistances, and superior biocompatibility compared to the currently used 316L stainless steel, the newly developed high-nitrogen nickel-free stainless steel is a reliable substitute for the conventional medical stainless steels. PMID:27877320

Revisiting the destination ranking procedure in development of an Intervening Opportunities Model for public transit trip distribution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nazem, Mohsen; Trépanier, Martin; Morency, Catherine

2015-01-01

An Enhanced Intervening Opportunities Model (EIOM) is developed for Public Transit (PT). This is a distribution supply dependent model, with single constraints on trip production for work trips during morning peak hours (6:00 a.m.-9:00 a.m.) within the Island of Montreal, Canada. Different data sets, including the 2008 Origin-Destination (OD) survey of the Greater Montreal Area, the 2006 Census of Canada, GTFS network data, along with the geographical data of the study area, are used. EIOM is a nonlinear model composed of socio-demographics, PT supply data and work location attributes. An enhanced destination ranking procedure is used to calculate the number of spatially cumulative opportunities, the basic variable of EIOM. For comparison, a Basic Intervening Opportunities Model (BIOM) is developed by using the basic destination ranking procedure. The main difference between EIOM and BIOM is in the destination ranking procedure: EIOM considers the maximization of a utility function composed of PT Level Of Service and number of opportunities at the destination, along with the OD trip duration, whereas BIOM is based on a destination ranking derived only from OD trip durations. Analysis confirmed that EIOM is more accurate than BIOM. This study presents a new tool for PT analysts, planners and policy makers to study the potential changes in PT trip patterns due to changes in socio-demographic characteristics, PT supply, and other factors. Also it opens new opportunities for the development of more accurate PT demand models with new emergent data such as smart card validations.

Prime Contractors with Awards Over $25,000 by Name, Location, and Contract Number, Fiscal Year 87. Part 12. United Steel & Wire Company-Zynar, Incorporated.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-01-01

00 Z C. 4 9 > > t ’r z> >> > > > > I Z C0 0 K r . 50 F580 0 9000 > >> > > >> > > > 4444 Cd~dd > IL . *’% IP ~ ~ V -,~.: :<~ ID O* 0040C\\ t- O O1’INMN N...04 - CC 00 0 .4L 00000 . Ze) L) Sz0 Z3 :333 0%3 : m U3 0.w Ip w ? L) s u H U 0 7 Z 7- u cc 5 m 00 w~ > I w~ : < en 20 WI CW m : ) A e u0 000 00 WLLSW...ON a’ OD 0.0V .. N-0 t- 0 N 0DM a 0 4 N cc r0!0 w . Vw w w mw0wwm wc V m 0 0~. .0 0 0) Voz . Nw( g-) 00 m 1 0c 0 C00 00 N 0-Mm0mV 0 0 0 -Cmm e) 0 - V f

Dissimilar metals joint evaluation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wakefield, M. E.; Apodaca, L. E.

1974-01-01

Dissimilar metals tubular joints between 2219-T851 aluminum alloy and 304L stainless steel were fabricated and tested to evaluate bonding processes. Joints were fabricated by four processes: (1) inertia (friction) weldings, where the metals are spun and forced together to create the weld; (2) explosive welding, where the metals are impacted together at high velocity; (3) co-extrusion, where the metals are extruded in contact at high temperature to promote diffusion; and (4) swaging, where residual stresses in the metals after a stretching operation maintain forced contact in mutual shear areas. Fifteen joints of each type were prepared and evaluated in a 6.35 cm (2.50 in.) O.D. size, with 0.32 cm (0.13 in.) wall thickness, and 7.6 cm (3.0 in) total length. The joints were tested to evaluate their ability to withstand pressure cycle, thermal cycle, galvanic corrosion and burst tests. Leakage tests and other non-destructive test techniques were used to evaluate the behavior of the joints, and the microstructure of the bond areas was analyzed.

Effect of oven drying and freeze drying on the antioxidant and functional properties of protein hydrolysates derived from freshwater fish (Cirrhinus mrigala) using papain enzyme.

PubMed

Elavarasan, Krishnamoorthy; Shamasundar, Bangalore Aswathnarayan

2016-02-01

Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) was prepared from fresh water fish Cirrhinus mrigala using papain and dried in oven (OD-FPH) and freeze dryer (FD-FPH). The electron micrographs of FD-FPH samples showed porous structure. The browning intensity of OD-FPH samples was higher than the FD-FPH samples. The DPPH (2, 2 Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity and linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition activity of FPH were not affected by oven drying process. The sequential digestion of FPH with pepsin and pancreatin reduced the antioxidant properties in both OD-FPH and FD-FPH samples. The solubility of proteins in OD-FPH was lower at pH 5 while for that of FD-FPH it was at pH 7 with water as solvent. The surface active properties of FD-FPH samples were higher than OD-FPH samples. The oven drying of fish protein hydrolysates may be advocated considering the properties and cost of production.

1×3 optical drop splitter in a rod-type silicon photonic crystal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhuang, Dongxia; Chen, Xiyao; Li, Junjun; Lin, Guimin; Qiang, Zexuan; Qiu, Yishen; Li, Hui

2011-12-01

We report an 1×3 optical drop splitter (ODS) based on a self-collimation ring resonator (SCRR) in a rod-type silicon photonic crystal. The proposed 1×3 ODS consists of four beam splitters which are formed by changing the radius of one row of silicon rods. When the self-collimated light with resonance frequency is launched into the ODS, the light beam can be split into three parts come out from three drop ports while no light coming out from the through port. The splitting ratio of the three drop beams can be controlled by tuning the radii of the beam splitters. The FDTD method is employed to calculate the transmission of the 1×3 ODS. For the drop wavelength of 1550 nm, the free spectral range is 28.7 nm, which almost covers the whole optical communication C-band window. This 1×3 ODS may have applications in photonic integrated circuits.

Early effects of Lansoprazole orally disintegrating tablets on intragastric pH in CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers

PubMed Central

Yamagishi, Hatsushi; Koike, Tomoyuki; Ohara, Shuichi; Horii, Toru; Kikuchi, Ryousuke; Kobayashi, Shigeyuki; Abe, Yasuhiko; Iijima, Katsunori; Imatani, Akira; Suzuki, Kaori; Hishinuma, Takanori; Goto, Junichi; Shimosegawa, Tooru

2008-01-01

AIM: To compare rabeprazole (RPZ; 10 mg) with Lansoprazole orally disintegrating tablets (LPZ; 30 mg OD) in terms of antisecretory activity and blood drug concentration after a single dose. METHODS: Eight H pylori-negative cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 extensive metabolizers were assigned to receive a single oral dose of RPZ 10 mg or LPZ 30 mg OD. Twelve hour intragastric pH monitoring was performed on the day of treatment. Blood samples were also collected after the administration of each drug. RESULTS: LPZ 30 mg OD induced a significantly earlier rise in blood drug concentration than RPZ 10 mg; consequently, LPZ 30 mg OD induced a significantly earlier rise in median pH in the third and fourth hours of the study. CONCLUSION: In H pylori-negative CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers, LPZ 30 mg OD induced a significantly faster inhibition of gastric acid secretion than RPZ 10 mg. PMID:18395905

Design, fabrication and characterization of oxidized alginate-gelatin hydrogels for muscle tissue engineering applications.

PubMed

Baniasadi, Hossein; Mashayekhan, Shohreh; Fadaoddini, Samira; Haghirsharifzamini, Yasamin

2016-07-01

In this study, we reported the preparation of self cross-linked oxidized alginate-gelatin hydrogels for muscle tissue engineering. The effect of oxidation degree (OD) and oxidized alginate/gelatin (OA/GEL) weight ratio were examined and the results showed that in the constant OA/GEL weight ratio, both cross-linking density and Young's modulus enhanced by increasing OD due to increment of aldehyde groups. Furthermore, the degradation rate was increased with increasing OD probably due to decrement in alginate molecular weight during oxidation reaction facilitated degradation of alginate chains. MTT cytotoxicity assays performed on Wharton's Jelly-derived umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells cultured on hydrogels with OD of 30% showed that the highest rate of cell proliferation belong to hydrogel with OA/GEL weight ratio of 30/70. Overall, it can be concluded from all obtained results that the prepared hydrogel with OA/GEL weight ratio and OD of 30/70 and 30%, respectively, could be proper candidate for use in muscle tissue engineering. © The Author(s) 2016.

Comparative thermal fatigue resistance of several oxide dispersion strengthened alloys

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Whittenberger, J. D.; Bizon, P. T.

1981-01-01

The thermal fatigue resistance of several oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys has been evaluated through cyclic exposure in fluidized beds. The ODS nickel-base alloy MA 754 and ODS iron-base alloy MA 956 as well as four experimental ODS Ni-16Cr-4.5Al base alloys with and without Ta additions were examined. Both bare and coated alloys were subjected to up to 6000 cycles where each cycle consisted of a 3 minute immersion in a fluidized bed at 1130 C followed by a 3 minute immersion in a bed at 357 C. Testing revealed that the thermal fatigue resistance of the ODS nickel-base alloys was excellent and about equal to that of directionally solidified superalloys. However, the thermal fatigue resistance of MA 956 was found to be poor. Metallographic examination of tested specimens revealed that, in general, the post-test microstructures can be rationalized on the basis of previous diffusion, mechanical property, and oxidation studies.

Strangeness Photoproduction at the BGO-OD Experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jude, T. C.; Alef, S.; Bayadilov, D.; Beck, R.; Becker, M.; Bella, A.; Bielefeldt, P.; Boese, S.; Braghieri, A.; Brinkmann, K.; Cole, P.; Curciarello, F.; De Leo, V.; Di Salvo, R.; Dutz, H.; Elsner, D.; Fantini, A.; Freyermuth, O.; Friedrich, S.; Frommberger, F.; Ganenko, V.; Gervino, G.; Ghio, F.; Giardina, G.; Goertz, S.; Gridnev, A.; Gutz, E.; Hammann, D.; Hannappel, J.; Hartmann, P.; Hillert, W.; Ignatov, A.; Jahn, R.; Joosten, R.; Klein, F.; Koop, K.; Krusche, B.; Lapik, A.; Levi Sandri, P.; Lopatin, I. V.; Mandaglio, G.; Messi, F.; Messi, R.; Metag, V.; Moricciani, D.; Mushkarenkov, A.; Nanova, M.; Nedorezov, V.; Novinskiy, D.; Pedroni, P.; Reitz, B.; Romaniuk, M.; Rostomyan, T.; Rudnev, N.; Scheluchin, G.; Schmieden, H.; Stugelev, A.; Sumachev, V.; Tarakanov, V.; Vegna, V.; Walther, D.; Watts, D.; Zaunick, H.; Zimmermann, T.

BGO-OD is a newly commissioned experiment to investigate the internal structure of the nucleon, using an energy tagged bremsstrahlung photon beam at the ELSA electron facility. The setup consists of a highly segmented BGO calorimeter surrounding the target, with a particle tracking magnetic spectrometer at forward angles. BGO-OD is ideal for investigating meson photoproduction. The extensive physics programme for open strangeness photoproduction is introduced, and preliminary analysis presented.

Orbit Determination Strategy and Simulation Performance for OSIRIS-REx Proximity Operations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leonard, Jason M.; Antreasian, Peter G.; Jackman, Coralie D.; Page, Brian; Wibben, Daniel R.; Moreau, Michael C.

2017-01-01

The Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security Regolith Explorer (OSIRISREx)is a NASA New Frontiers mission to the near-earth asteroid Bennu that will rendez vousin 2018, create a comprehensive and detailed set of observations over several years, collect a regolith sample, and return the sample to Earth in 2023. The Orbit Determination (OD) team isa sub-section of the Flight Dynamics System responsible for generating precise reconstructions and predictions of the spacecraft trajectory. The OD team processes radiometric data, LIDAR, as well as center-finding and landmark-based Optical Navigation images throughout the proximity operations phase to estimate and predict the spacecraft location within several meters. Stringent knowledge requirements stress the OD teams concept of operations and procedures to produce verified and consistent high quality solutions for observation planning, maneuver planning, and onboard sequencing. This paper will provide insight into the OD concept of operations and summarize the OD performance expected during the approach and early proximity operation phases,based on our pre-encounter knowledge of Bennu. Strategies and methods used to compare and evaluate predicted and reconstructed solutions are detailed. The use of high fidelity operational tests during early 2017 will stress the teams concept of operations and ability to produce precise OD solutions with minimal turn-around delay.

Association of positive screening for dysphagia with nutritional status and long-term mortality in hospitalized elderly patients.

PubMed

Mañas-Martínez, Ana B; Bucar-Barjud, Marina; Campos-Fernández, Julia; Gimeno-Orna, José Antonio; Pérez-Calvo, Juan; Ocón-Bretón, Julia

2018-04-24

To assess the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) using the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) and its association with malnutrition and long-term mortality. A retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to the general internal medicine ward. In the first 48hours after hospital admission, OD was assessed using the EAT-10, and presence of malnutrition with the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF). Association of OD to malnutrition and long-term mortality was analyzed. Ninety patients with a mean age of 83 (SD: 11.8) years were enrolled. Of these, 56.7% were at risk of OD according to EAT-10. This group of patients had greater prevalence rates of malnutrition (88.2% vs. 48.7%; P=.001) and mortality (70% vs 35.9%; P=.001). During follow-up for 872.71 (SD: 642.89) days, risk of DO according to EAT-10 was an independent predictor of mortality factor in a multivariate analysis (HR: 2.8; 95%CI: 1.49-5.28; P=.001). The EAT-10 is a useful tool for screening OD. Adequate screening for OD is important because of its associated risks of malnutrition and long-term mortality. Copyright © 2018 SEEN y SED. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Donating blood and organs: using an extended theory of planned behavior perspective to identify similarities and differences in individual motivations to donate.

PubMed

Hyde, Melissa K; Knowles, Simon R; White, Katherine M

2013-12-01

Due to the critical shortage and continued need of blood and organ donations (ODs), research exploring similarities and differences in the motivational determinants of these behaviors is needed. In a sample of 258 university students, we used a cross-sectional design to test the utility of an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) including moral norm, self-identity and in-group altruism (family/close friends and ethnic group), to predict people's blood and OD intentions. Overall, the extended TPB explained 77.0% and 74.6% of variance in blood and OD intentions, respectively. In regression analyses, common contributors to intentions across donation contexts were attitude, self-efficacy and self-identity. Normative influences varied with subjective norm as a significant predictor related to OD intentions but not blood donation intentions at the final step of regression analyses. Moral norm did not contribute significantly to blood or OD intentions. In-group altruism (family/close friends) was significantly related to OD intentions only in regressions. Future donation strategies should increase confidence to donate, foster a perception of self as the type of person who donates blood and/or organs, and address preferences to donate organs to in-group members only.

Long-range activation of Sox9 in Odd Sex (Ods) mice.

PubMed

Qin, Yangjun; Kong, Ling-kun; Poirier, Christophe; Truong, Cavatina; Overbeek, Paul A; Bishop, Colin E

2004-06-15

The Odd Sex mouse mutation arose in a transgenic line of mice carrying a tyrosinase minigene driven by the dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) promoter region. The minigene integrated 0.98 Mb upstream of Sox9 and was accompanied by a deletion of 134 kb. This mutation causes female to male sex reversal in XX Ods/+ mice, and a characteristic eye phenotype of microphthalmia with cataracts in all mice carrying the transgene. Ods causes sex reversal in the absence of Sry by upregulating Sox9 expression and maintaining a male pattern of Sox9 expression in XX Ods/+ embryonic gonads. This expression, which begins at E11.5, triggers downstream events leading to the formation of a testis. We report here that the 134 kb deletion, in itself, is insufficient to cause sex reversal. We demonstrate that in Ods, the Dct promoter is capable of acting over a distance of 1 Mb to induce inappropriate expression of Sox9 in the retinal pigmented epithelium of the eye, causing the observed microphthalmia. In addition, it induces Sox9 expression in the melanocytes where it causes pigmentation defects. We propose that Ods sex reversal is due to the Dct promoter element interacting with gonad-specific enhancer elements to produce the observed male pattern expression of Sox9 in the embryonic gonads.