DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Metcalf, R.L.

The proliferation of xenobiotic chemicals in the global environment poses living problems for each of us aboard {open_quotes}spaceship earth.{close_quotes} Seven case studies are presented that illustrate the magnitude of the problem that can result from waiting to identify toxic hazards until there have been decades of {open_quotes}human guinea pig{close_quotes} exposure. 25 refs., 5 tabs.

Pt/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalysts and Pt-Sn/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalysts prepared by two different methods: Hydrogen pressure effects in the reactions of n-hexane

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paal, Z.; Gyory, A.; Uszkurat, I.

Pt-Sn/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalysts were prepared using two different methods, namely, by {open_quotes}traditional{close_quotes} coimpregnation with H{sub 2}PtCl{sub 6} and SnCl{sub 4} and by a {open_quotes}new{close_quotes} method in which the bimetallic complex precursor [Pt(NH{sub 3}){sub 4}] [SnCl{sub 6}] is prepared on the support. Their catalytic activity and selectivity in n-hexane reactions were studied as a function of the hydrogen pressure (60-480 Torr) and compared with those of monometallic Pt/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalysts using H{sub 2}PtCl{sub 6} or [Pt(NH{sub 3}){sub 4}]Cl{sub 2} as Pt precursors. Pt/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} ex [Pt(NH{sub 3}){sub 4}]Cl{sub 2} showed very low dispersion and exhibited high selectivity inmore » reactions attributed to multiatomic ensembles. The results with bimetallic catalysts can be rationalized in terms of two phases being present, a PtSn alloy phase plus Pt in fine distribution. The {open_quotes}new{close_quotes} Pt-Sn/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} from the bimetallic precursor contains the two metals in a better dispersion, resulting in a larger number of atomically dispersed surface Pt active sites. This catalyst gave more isomers (and methylcyclopentane) and fewer fragments and less benzene than the {open_quotes}traditional{close_quotes} sample. The {open_quotes}new{close_quotes} Pt-Sn/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} sample possessed good long-term stability. The {open_quotes}traditional{close_quotes} sample lost some of its activity and its high hydrogenolysis selectivity during long use; i.e., it approached the catalytic properties of the {open_quotes}new{close_quotes} sample. Both samples are potential candidates as catalysts with high isomerizing and low aromatic selectivities (up to 75% isohexanes plus methylcyclopentane as opposed to a maximum of 20%, benzene). The results could be explained sufficiently with a geometric model, electronic interactions playing a less important role in the catalytic phenomena observed. 59 refs., 9 figs., 5 tabs.« less

Art form as an object of cognitive modeling (towards development of Vygotsky`s semiotic model)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dmitriev, V.; Perlovsky, L.I.

1996-12-31

We suggest a further development of Vygotsky`s esthetic-semiotic model. First, we discuss Vygotsky`s model originally developed for the analysis of Ivan Bunin`s story {open_quotes}Light Breath{close_quotes}. Vygotsky analyzes formal methods used by Bunin to achieve a specific esthetic effect of {open_quote}lightness{close_quotes} while describing {open_quotes}dirty{close_quotes} events of everyday life. According to Vygotsky, this effect is achieved by ordering of events in a non-linear fashion. Vygotsky creams an airy pattern of smooth lines connecting events of story that he first orders linearly in time. And, he insists that this airy pattern creates an impression of airy lightness. In the language of semiotics, themore » esthetic effect is created by a specific structural organization of signs. Second, we present our critique of Vygotsky`s model. Although, we do not agree with Vygotsky`s sometimes moralistic judgements, and we consider the dynamics between inner personal values and received moral values to be more complicated than implied in his judgements, our critique in this paper is limited to the structure of his semiotic model. We emphasize that Vygotsky`s model does not explicitly account for a hierarchy of multiple levels of semiotic analysis. His analysis regularly slips from one level to another: (1) a lever of cognitive perception by a regular reader is confused with a level of creative genius of a writer; (2) {open_quotes}open{close_quotes} time of real world is mixed up with {open_quote}closed{close_quote} time of the story; (3) events are not organized by the hierarchy of their importance, nor in real world, nor in the inner model of the personages, nor in the story.« less

The air transportation industry birthplace of reliability-centered maintenance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Matteson, T.D.

1996-08-01

The 1980s and 1970s provided a timely opportunity for examining and radically changing the process called {open_quotes}preventive maintenance{close_quotes} as it is applied to the aircraft used for scheduled air transportation. The Federal Aviation Administration and four major airlines, United, American, Pan American and Trans World, were the {open_quotes}principals{close_quotes} in that process. While United`s work with the FAA on the Boeing 737 had opened the door a crack, the Boeing 747 presented a major opportunity to radically improve the process for maintenance program design. That program was guided by the results of United`s analyses of failure data from operations of severalmore » fleets, each larger than 100 aircraft, and the concurrent experience of American, Pan American and Trans World. That knowledge provided the insights necessary to support an entirely different approach to maintenance program design. As a result, while United`s existing maintenance program required scheduled overhaul of 339 items on each DC-8, it required overhaul of only 8 items on the B-7471 Although the initial thrust of that work focused on components of active systems, there was concurrent work focused on items whose principal function was to carry the loads associated with operations. That program focused on the classification of structurally-significant items and their classification as {open_quotes}safe life{close_quotes} or {open_quotes}damage tolerant{close_quote} to determine what periodic replacements or repeated inspections were required. That work came to the attention of the Department of Defense which supported preparation of the book-length report by F. Stanley Nowlan and Howard F. Heap at United Airlines entitled {open_quote}Reliability-Centered maintenance{close_quotes}.« less

Tertiary tectonic in the Tehuantepec Isthmus, Mexico

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lopez, F.A.

1993-02-01

A microplate model in the basement was proposed according to photointerpretation of satellite imagery and supported with microtectonic studies in the Tehuantepec's Isthmus. The microplate is located in the northwestern part of the [open quotes]Sierra de Chiapas,[close quotes] and structurally has lineaments that correspond with sinestral wrench faults oriented northeast-southwest and dextral faults oriented northwest-southeast. In the front of the microplate, these faults are joined in an arc form. The microplate began its movement forward to the north in the middle Tertiary. This movement originated in a regional compressional stress that was younger to the north. The stress changed themore » orientation of the anticline axis from northwest-southeast to west-east. In its western limit, the stress produces a sinestral shear stress that built a rotational deformation in the [open quotes]Sierra Atravesada,[close quotes] and represents a superimposed tectonic block over an ancient (laramide) orogeny. This system has also produced other secondary transtensional effects oriented northwest-southeast, represented along the [open quotes]Depression Central del Istmo.[close quotes] The microplate has formed a tensional system opening the [open quotes]Superior, Inferior, and Mar Muerto[close quotes] lagoons. The microplate is strongly related with the relief, seismic activity, and the tectonics of the salt of the Tehuantepec's Isthmus.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roos, E.; Maier, V.; Nagel, G.

The break preclusion concept is based on {open_quotes}KTA rules{close_quotes}, {open_quotes}RSK guidelines{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}Rahmenspeziflkation Basissicherheit{close_quotes}. These fundamental rules containing for example requirements on material, design, calculation, manufacturing and testing procedures are explained and the technical realisation is shown by means of examples. The proof of the quality of these piping systems can be executed by means of fracture mechanics calculations by showing that in every case the leakage monitoring system already detect cracks which are clearly smaller than the critical crack. Thus the leak before break behavior and the break preclusion concept is implicitly affirmed. In order to further diminish conservativitiesmore » in the fracture mechanics procedures, specific research projects are executed which are explained in this contribution.« less

Answer to Question {number_sign}30 [{open_quote}{open_quote}How are positrons moderated?,{close_quote}{close_quote} Thomas D. Rossing, Am. J. Phys. {bold 63}(12), 1065 (1995)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Weber, M.; Lynn, K.G.

1996-07-01

The positrons from {beta}{sup +} decaying sources loss energyat a much faster rate than they annihilate. As the energy of the positrons drops, core excitations, plasmon excitation, electron/hole pair creation, and phonon scattering are the dominant processes of further energy loss.

Comparison of DOE and NIRMA approaches to configuration management programs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yang, E.Y.; Kulzick, K.C.

One of the major management programs used for commercial, laboratory, and defense nuclear facilities is configuration management. The safe and efficient operation of a nuclear facility requires constant vigilance in maintaining the facility`s design basis with its as-built condition. Numerous events have occurred that can be attributed to (either directly or indirectly) the extent to which configuration management principles have been applied. The nuclear industry, as a whole, has been addressing this management philosophy with efforts taken on by its constituent professional organizations. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the implementation plans for enhancing a configurationmore » management program as outlined in the U.S. Department of Energy`s (DOE`s) DOE-STD-1073-93, {open_quotes}Guide for Operational Configuration Management Program,{close_quotes} with the following guidelines developed by the Nuclear Information and Records Management Association (NIRMA): 1. PP02-1994, {open_quotes}Position Paper on Configuration Management{close_quotes} 2. PP03-1992, {open_quotes}Position Paper for Implementing a Configuration Management Enhancement Program for a Nuclear Facility{close_quotes} 3. PP04-1994 {open_quotes}Position Paper for Configuration Management Information Systems.{close_quotes}« less

A feasibility study to determine if there is a market for automatic meter-reading devices

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hilberg, G.R.

1996-08-01

For many utilities the cost of manually reading meters is increasing due to personnel expenses and equipment costs. The current system of manual meters provides little ability for the utility to reduce costs. To reduce meter reading costs the utility must automate the manual system and reduce personnel expenses. A water utility in San Diego county was studied to calculate the cost of reading individual water meters. This would allow for the selective replacement of {open_quotes}high-cost{close_quotes} meters to quickly reduce meter-reading costs while limiting the necessary capital investments. As the {open_quotes}high-cost{close_quotes} meters are selectively replaced, a utility with a significantmore » difference in individual meter reading costs could save three to five dollars per meter per year. This study showed that the {open_quotes}high-cost{close_quotes} meters were six times more expensive to read than the average meter. Additionally, AMR systems increase the information available to consumers and to the utility on usage patterns and problems. The challenge was to cost effectively identify the {open_quotes}high-cost{close_quotes} meters. The costs to collect these data were less than $500.« less

Negative ion production in large volume source with small deposition of cesium

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jacquot, C.; Pamela, J.; Riz, D.

1996-03-01

Experimental data on the enhancement of D{sup {minus}} (H{sup {minus}}) negative ion production due to cesium injection into a large volume multiampere negative ion source (MANTIS) are described. The directed deposition of small cesium amounts (5{endash}100 mg) from a compact, movable oven, placed into the central part of a MANTIS gas-discharge box was used. A calorimetrically measured D{sup {minus}} beam with an intensity up to 1.6 A and an extracted current density up to 4.2 mA/cm{sup 2} (beam energy 25 kV) was obtained. Exactly 30 mg of cesium provides at least one month of source operation (1000 pulses with amore » discharge pulse duration of 4 s). The effect of cesium on NI enhancement was immediately displayed after the distributed Cs deposition, but it needed some {open_quote}{open_quote}conditioning{close_quote}{close_quote} of cesium by tens of discharge pulses (or by several hours {open_quote}{open_quote}pause{close_quote}{close_quote}) in the case of a localized Cs deposition. No degradation of extraction-acceleration voltage holding on within the tested range of cesium injection was observed. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Institute of Physics.}« less

Rich, poor share stake in poverty, pollution link

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

DeCanio, S.J.

A dirty environment and poverty go together, and this link between environmental protection and economic development is creating a new basis for international cooperation, says Stephen J. DeCanio of the University of California at Santa Barbara. [open quotes]Both developed and developing countries have a stake in solving the development/environment impasse,[close quotes] DeCanio adds. [open quotes]Furthermore, the link between these problems offers a fresh opportunity to make progress on both fronts.[close quotes] He says environmental protection expenditures by developed countries can be used to promote the sustainable economic growth of those countries struggling to escape from poverty. The money could bemore » collected in several ways, he notes: from various types of environmental taxes, such as a carbon tax; from environmental user fees; from [open quotes]debt-for nature[close quotes] swaps; and from tradable emissions permits. Such mechanisms transfer resources to developing countries, where they can be applied to economic development-a desired objective, according to DeCanio. [open quotes]The benefits of equitable worldwide growth and development outweigh any temporary loss of wealth developed countries may experience as a result of environmental transfers,[close quotes] he asserts.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Swallow, E.C.

This paper discusses developments in light collection which had their origin in efforts to construct high performance gas Cerenkov detectors for precision studies of hyperon beta decays at the ZGS. The resulting devices, know generally as {open_quotes}compound parabolic concentrators,{close_quotes} have found applications ranging from nuclear and particle physics experiments to solar energy concentration, instrument illumination, and understanding the optics of visual receptors. Interest in these devices and the ideas underlying them stimulated the development of a substantial new subfield of physics: nonimaging optics. This progression provides an excellent example of some ways in which unanticipated - and often unanticipatable -more » applied science and {open_quotes}practical{close_quotes} devices naturally emerge from first-rate basic science. The characteristics of this process suggest that the term {open_quotes}spinoff{close_quotes} commonly used to denote it is misleading and in need of replacement.« less

BASF confirms plans for world-scale cracker on the Gulf Coast

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wood, A.

BASF Corp. has confirmed plans that it will build a world-scale cracker on the Gulf Coast. The company has completed preliminary work, and {open_quotes}the results of our project analysis have been extremely encouraging,{close_quotes} says chemicals president Carl A. Jennings. {open_quotes}We`ll proceed with high priority to have the cracker ready for startup in second-half 2000.{close_quotes} The company says it will select a location for the project by mid-1977. In addition to considering its sites at Geismar, LA; Freeport, TX; and Altamira, Mexico, BASF says that {open_quotes}cooperative arrangements{close_quotes} are being looked at. That could include locating the project at a different site,more » adjacent to a feedstock source, according to Jennings. He says the project could also include joint venture partners.« less

Refinery suppliers face tough times

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rotman, D.; Walsh, K.

1997-03-12

Despite a handful of bright spots in hydroprocessing and petrochemical sectors, economic woes plague much of the refinery and petrochemical catalysts business, as suppliers are feeling the impact of mature markets and refiners` ongoing cost cutting. Industry experts say the doldrums could spur further restructuring in the catalyst business, with suppliers scrambling for market share and jockeying for position in growing sectors. Expect further consolidation over the next several years, says Pierre Bonnifay, president of IFP Enterprises (New York). {open_quotes}There are still too many players for the mature [refinery catalyst] markets.{close_quotes} Others agree. {open_quotes}Only about seven [or] eight major suppliersmore » will survive,{close_quotes} says Robert Allsmiller, v.p./refinery and petrochemical catalysts at United Catalysts Inc. (UCI; Louisville, KY). {open_quotes}Who they [will be] is still up in the air.{close_quotes}« less

Ethanol mandate thrown out by appeals court

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Begley, R.

1995-05-10

In a victory for the oil industry, a federal appeals court has overturned EPA`s mandate for ethanol use in reformulated gasoline (REG), saying the agency lacks authority to require 30% of the oxygenate market be reserved for ethanol. EPA says the ruling does not prevent ethanols use in RFG - {open_quotes}It only says that EPA cannot dictate the recipe.{close_quotes} Charles DiBona, president of the American Petroleum Institute (API), says {open_quotes}API and its member companies are not opposed to the use of ethanol as an oxygenate. We oppose this illegal mandate.{close_quotes} Urvan Sternfels, president of the National Petroleum Refiners Association, says,more » {open_quotes}Mandating market shares for any product is unsound economic policy.{close_quotes} The two trade groups led the legal battle against the ethanol requirement.« less

Reformulated gasoline deal with Venezuela draws heat

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Begley, R.

A fight is brewing in Congress over a deal to let Venezuela off the hook in complying with the Clean Air Act reformulated gasoline rule. When Venezuela threatened to call for a GATT panel to challenge the rule as a trade barrier, the Clinton Administration negotiated to alter the rule, a deal that members of Congress are characterizing as {open_quotes}secret{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}back door.{close_quotes}

Informational temperature concept and the nature of self-organization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lin, Shu-Kun

1996-12-31

Self-organization phenomena are spontaneous processes. Their behavior should be governed by the second law of thermodynamics. The dissipative structure theory of the Prigogine school of thermodynamics claims that {open_quotes}order out of chaos{close_quotes} through {open_quotes}self-organization{close_quotes} and challenges the validity of the second law of thermodynamics. Unfortunately this theory is questionable. Therefore we have to reconsider the related fundamental theoretical problems. Informational entropy (S) and information (I) are related by S = S{sub max} - I, where S{sub max} is the maximum informational entropy. This conforms with the broadly accepted definition that entropy is the information loss. As informational entropy concept hasmore » been proved to be useful, it will be convenient to define an informational temperature, T{sub I}. This can be related to energy E and the informational entropy S. Information registration is a process of {Delta}I > 0, or {Delta}S < 0, and involves the energetically excited states ({Delta}E > 0). Therefore, T{sub I} is negative, and has the opposite sign of the conventional thermodynamic temperature, T. This concept is useful for clarifying the concepts of {open_quotes}order{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}disorder{close_quotes} of static structures and characterizing many typical information loss processes of self-organization.« less

Some questions concerning safety on emergency landing in dense layers of the atmosphere of radionuclide energy sources based on plutonium-238 for autonomous station {open_quote}{open_quote}MARS-94/96{close_quote}{close_quote}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Makhorin, O.I.; Pustovalov, A.A.; Zhabin, V.N.

1996-03-01

This paper describes results of investigations of questions concerning integrity keeping for an ampula containing radionuclide fuel (Pu-238) under conditions of emergency landing in dense layers of the atmosphere and under conditions of fire on launching pad. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Institute of Physics.}

Hydropower application of confined space regulations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Franseen, H.W.

1995-12-31

OSHA`s {open_quotes}Permit Required Confined Space{close_quotes} rules, 1910.146, became effective April 15, 1993. Their rules define a {open_quotes}confined space{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}permit required confined space{close_quotes}; provide general requirements for those entering the confined space, for the attendant and entry supervisor; define what a confined space program and permit system should be; and describe training requirements and rescue considerations. Tapoco Inc., began preparing confined space procedures in 1992 using Alcoa Engineering Standards and OSHA`s proposed rules. A joint union management team was formed, and this team began evaluating spaces which meet the confined space definition. In 1993, employees were trained, and all entriesmore » into spaces were done according to Alcoa`s and OSHA`s proposed rules. Rescue teams have been trained at each site. Some unique confined spaces and or unique entry conditions have been encountered which have required extensive evaluation.« less

Report on annual utility oil buyers conference

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stambler, K.

1994-08-01

What was discussed at this year`s Utility Oil Buyers` Conference is summarized. This year`s conference was held in Boston and there were over 200 attendees representing over 130 different companies from the utility, oil trading, consulting and inspection industries. Attendees for this year`s came from as far away as Italy and Argentina. The mood at this year`s conference was somber, as each sector is feeling the effects of the decline in residual fuel oil demand--due to natural gas displacement, non-utility generation and an economy that is still lethargic. The topics that were covered ranged from {open_quotes}Life after Order 636{close_quotes} tomore » {open_quotes}Does Residual Fuel Oil Have a Future in a Utility Steam Boiler?{close_quotes} to {open_quotes}The Future of Shipping after OPA of 1990.{close_quotes} In addition, there were several topics that have been or will be covered at this conference.« less

Health physics aspects of advanced reactor licensing reviews

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hinson, C.S.

1995-03-01

The last Construction Permit to be issued by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for a U.S. light water reactor (LWR) was granted in the late 1970s. In 1989 the NRC issued 10 CFR Part 52 which is intended to serve as a framework for the licensing of future reactor designs. The NRC is currently reviewing four different future on {open_quotes}next-generation{close_quotes} reactor designs. Two of these designs are classified as evolutionary designs (modified versions of current generation LWRs) and two are advanced designs (reactors incorporating simplified designs and passive means for accident mitigation). These {open_quotes}next-generation{close_quotes} reactor designs incorporate many innovativemore » design features which are intended to maintain personnel doses ALARA and ensure that the annual average collective dose at these reactors does not exceed 100 person-rems (1 person-sievert) per year. This paper discusses some of the ALARA design features which are incorporated in the four {open_quotes}next-generation{close_quotes} reactor designs incorporate many innovative design features which are intended to maintain personnel doses ALARA and ensure that the annual average collective dose at these reactors does not exceed 100 person-rems (1 person-sievert) per year. This paper discusses some of the ALARA design features which are incorporated in the four {open_quotes}next-generation{close_quotes} reactor designs currently being reviewed by the NRC.« less

Molecular deletion mapping of the Y chromosome in males with idiopathic azoospermia reveals a new class of microdeletions located in middle Yq11

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Farah, S.B.; Ramos, C.F.; Bortoletto, R.K.

1994-09-01

Microdeletions in proximal and distal Yq11 found {open_quotes}de novo{close_quotes} in males with idiopathic azoospermia or a severe oligospermia suggested that these Y mutations interrupt the gene structure(s) of a spermatogenesis function located in Yq11 and defined earlier as AZF. Using an extended interval map, dividing Yq11 into 22 subintervals (D1-D22) a third class of microdeletions could now be mapped in middle Yq11. It was found {open_quotes}de novo{close_quotes} in two sterile males with idiopathic azoospermia. Histological analysis of testes tissue sections of both males reveals arrest of spermatogenesis during the pachytene stage. Y-mutations in proximal Yq11 were usually associated to anmore » arrest of spermatogenesis before the proliferation phase of spermatogonia; the corresponding Y gene was defined as {open_quotes}AZFa{close_quotes}. It is, therefore, assumed that the new class of microdeletions, observed now in the middle of Yq11, disrupt another Y spermatogenesis gene expressed during the spermatocyte stage and defined earlier as {open_quotes}AZFb{close_quotes}. Experimental evidence presented during the meeting will try to confirm this view discussing a series of Y genes (AZFa,b,c,...) in Yq11 functioning at different stages during human spermatogenesis.« less

Sequence stratigraphic re-interpretation of [open quotes]stray[close quotes] sandstones in the Cretaceous Mancos Shale, Book Cliffs, Utah: Implications for exploration models

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hampson, G.J.; Howell, J.A.; Flint, S.S.

1996-01-01

The Mancos Shale, Book Cliffs, eastern Utah, represents the open marine mudstones of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway and contains a number of detached sandstone bodies ([open quotes]Mancos B[close quotes]) which are located 30-150 km down depositional dip from contemporaneous highstand shoreline deposits in the Blackhawk Formation. Examination of these [open quotes]stray[close quotes] sandstones reveals that they do not represent deep water deposition, as previously supposed, but instead comprise three shallow marine facies associations; (1) tidally-influenced fluvial channel fills, (2) fluvially-dominated delta front successions and (3) low-energy shorelines. Tidally-influenced fluvial channel fills are commonly stacked into multistorey bodies at discretemore » stratigraphic levels, thereby defining incised valley fill (IVF) networks. Fluvially-dominated deltas are eroded into by, and lie at the down-dip terminations of, IVFs and are therefore interpreted as falling stage and lowstand shorelines. Low-energy shorelines are inferred to lie along strike from these deltas. The above shallow marine deposits have been mapped at five discrete stratigraphic horizons, which can be either traced or projected up-dip to previously-documented IVFs in the Blackhawk Formation. Their paleocurrents imply that falling stage and lowstand shoreline trends were sub-parallel to mapped highstand shorelines, although there is evidence for a perpendicular lowstand shoreline trend in the east of the study area. This facies and sequence stratigraphic re-interpretation enables predictive exploration modelling of subsurface [open quotes]Mancos B[close quotes] gas reservoir sandstones.« less

Sequence stratigraphic re-interpretation of {open_quotes}stray{close_quotes} sandstones in the Cretaceous Mancos Shale, Book Cliffs, Utah: Implications for exploration models

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hampson, G.J.; Howell, J.A.; Flint, S.S.

1996-12-31

The Mancos Shale, Book Cliffs, eastern Utah, represents the open marine mudstones of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway and contains a number of detached sandstone bodies ({open_quotes}Mancos B{close_quotes}) which are located 30-150 km down depositional dip from contemporaneous highstand shoreline deposits in the Blackhawk Formation. Examination of these {open_quotes}stray{close_quotes} sandstones reveals that they do not represent deep water deposition, as previously supposed, but instead comprise three shallow marine facies associations; (1) tidally-influenced fluvial channel fills, (2) fluvially-dominated delta front successions and (3) low-energy shorelines. Tidally-influenced fluvial channel fills are commonly stacked into multistorey bodies at discrete stratigraphic levels, thereby definingmore » incised valley fill (IVF) networks. Fluvially-dominated deltas are eroded into by, and lie at the down-dip terminations of, IVFs and are therefore interpreted as falling stage and lowstand shorelines. Low-energy shorelines are inferred to lie along strike from these deltas. The above shallow marine deposits have been mapped at five discrete stratigraphic horizons, which can be either traced or projected up-dip to previously-documented IVFs in the Blackhawk Formation. Their paleocurrents imply that falling stage and lowstand shoreline trends were sub-parallel to mapped highstand shorelines, although there is evidence for a perpendicular lowstand shoreline trend in the east of the study area. This facies and sequence stratigraphic re-interpretation enables predictive exploration modelling of subsurface {open_quotes}Mancos B{close_quotes} gas reservoir sandstones.« less

A new structure related to the layered cuprates: The {open_quotes}1201{angstrom} shear-like phase Tl{sub 5}Ba{sub 3}Sr{sub 5}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 19}, third member of the series (TlA{sub 2}CuO{sub 5}){sub m}{center_dot}Tl{sub 2}A{sub 2}O{sub 4}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Letouze, F.; Martin, C.; Hervieu, M.

1997-01-01

A thallium cuprate, Tl{sub 5}Ba{sub 3}Sr{sub 5}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 19}, whose structure can be derived by systematically shearing the {open_quotes}1201{close_quotes} structure has been synthesized for the first time. It crystallizes in an orthorhombic cell with a=3.7536(2) {angstrom}, b=30.631(2) {angstrom}, c=9.219(1) {angstrom}, and A-type symmetry. This new structure consists of {open_quotes}1201{close_quotes} ribbons parallel to (010) which are three CuO{sub 6} octahedra wide and are interconnected through {open_quotes}Tl{sub 2}A{sub 2}O{sub 4}{close_quotes} ribbons whose cationic configuration is that of the rock salt structure. This phase can be considered to be the m = 3 member of a new series with the generic formulation (TlA{submore » 2}CuO{sub 5}){sub m} {center_dot} Tl{sub 2}A{sub 2}O{sub 4} with A = Ba, Sr.« less

Knowledge assistant for robotic environmental characterization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Feddema, J.; Rivera, J.; Tucker, S.

1996-08-01

A prototype sensor fusion framework called the {open_quotes}Knowledge Assistant{close_quotes} has been developed and tested on a gantry robot at Sandia National Laboratories. This Knowledge Assistant guides the robot operator during the planning, execution, and post analysis stages of the characterization process. During the planning stage, the Knowledge Assistant suggests robot paths and speeds based on knowledge of sensors available and their physical characteristics. During execution, the Knowledge Assistant coordinates the collection of data through a data acquisition {open_quotes}specialist.{close_quotes} During execution and postanalysis, the Knowledge Assistant sends raw data to other {open_quotes}specialists,{close_quotes} which include statistical pattern recognition software, a neural network,more » and model-based search software. After the specialists return their results, the Knowledge Assistant consolidates the information and returns a report to the robot control system where the sensed objects and their attributes (e.g., estimated dimensions, weight, material composition, etc.) are displayed in the world model. This report highlights the major components of this system.« less

Guaranteeing safety in spatially situated agents

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kohout, R.C.; Hendler, J.A.; Musliner, D.J.

1996-12-31

{open_quote}Mission-critical{close_quotes} systems, which include such diverse applications as nuclear power plant controllers, {open_quotes}fly-by-wire{close_quotes} airplanes, medical care and monitoring systems, and autonomous mobile vehicles, are characterized by the fact that system failure is potentially catastrophic. The high cost of failure justifies the expenditure of considerable effort at design-time in order to guarantee the correctness of system behavior. This paper examines the problem of guaranteeing safety in a well studied class of robot motion problems known as the {open_quotes}asteroid avoidance problem.{close_quotes} We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for ensuring safety in the simple version of this problem which occurs most frequently inmore » the literature, as well as sufficient conditions for a more general and realistic case. In doing so, we establish functional relationships between the number, size and speed of obstacles, the robot`s maximum speed and the conditions which must be maintained in order to ensure safety.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cheng, J.; Liu, C.; Koopman, W.J.

Ligation of the Fas cell-surface molecule induces apoptosis. Defective Fas-mediated apoptosis has been associated with spontaneous autoimmunity in mice. Using human Fas/Apo-1 cDNA as a probe, the authors have molecularly cloned and characterized the human Fas chromosomal gene. The gene consists of nine exons and spans more than 26 kilobases of DNA. The lengths of introns vary from > 14 kilobases at the 5` end of the gene to 152 base pairs upstream of the exon encoding the transmembrane domain. The domain structure of the human Fas is encoded by an exon or a set of exons. Primer extension analysismore » revealed three major transcription initiation sites. The promoter region lacked canonical {open_quotes}TATA{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}CAAT{close_quotes} boxes but was a {open_quotes}GC-rich{close_quotes} sequence, and contained consensus sequences for AP-1, GF-1, NY-Y, CP-2, EBP20, and c-myb. These data provide the first characterization of the human Fas gene and insight into its regulatory region. 54 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.« less

When intelligence is in control

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bellman, K.L.

Each time a discipline redefines itself, I look at it as a sign of growth, because often such redefinition means that there is new theory, new methods, or new {open_quotes}disciples{close_quote} from other disciplines who are stretching, enlarging, and deepening the field. Such is the case with semiotics. Deeply entwined with the concepts of {open_quotes}intelligent systems{close_quotes}, {open_quotes}intelligent control{close_quotes}, and complex systems theory, semiotics struggles to develop representations, notations (systems of representations), and models (functionally-oriented sets of related representations) to study systems that may or may not be usefully described as employing representations, notations, and models themselves. That last, of course, ismore » the main problem that semiotics faces. Semiotics, like psychology, philosophy, or any other self-referential discipline, is burdened by the eye attempting to study the eye or the mind studying the mind, or more to the point here, the modeler studying the modeling acts of others.« less

Deregulation 1993: Be careful what you wish for, you might get it

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Scotto, D.

This article tries to assess the response at the electric industry to deregulation. The industry most probably will consolidate to reduce operating costs and expand access to other transmission grids. In addition, the cheapest power likely will be [open quotes]dedicated[close quotes] to retail customers (namely, those under a franchise obligation), and [open quotes]residual[close quotes] generating capacity will be placed in the wholesale market. Surplus capacity (the most expensive capacity) could be dedicated to the wholesale sector, allowing market forces to decide the future price of incremental generation. The outcome will be influenced heavily by corporate restructuring initiatives, regulatory willingness ormore » opposition, legal victories by large-scale users, and transmission access policies at the state and federal levels. Changes is definitely underway, but [open quotes]what[close quotes] the industry will look like is unclear. The financial consequences of this change are more easily identified. Evidently, internal pricing pressures and the breakdown of regulatory pricing structures (a trend that has been underway for nearly a decade) have combined to produce a more risky industry. To compensate investors, capital markets could demand increases returns and different corporate structures. Many of the financial benefits currently enjoyed by utilities, such as lower earnings/coverage tests and greater debt leverage than other [open quotes]industrial[close quotes] corporations, may have to change. Stepping out from under the protection of the regulatory umbrella will carry certain costs.« less

Respirators, internal dose, and Oyster Creek

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Michal, R.

1996-06-01

This article looks at the experience of Oyster Creek in relaxing the requirements for the use of respirators in all facets of plant maintenance, on the overall dose received by plant maintenance personnel. For Roger Shaw, director of radiological controls for three years at GPU Nuclear Corporation`s Oyster Creek nuclear plant the correct dose balance is determined on a job-by-job basis: Does the job require a respirator, which is an effective means of decreasing worker inhalation of airborne radioactive particles? Will wearing a respirator slow down a worker, consequently increasing whole body radiation exposure by prolonging the time spent inmore » fields of high external radiation? How does respiratory protection affect worker safety and to what degree? While changes to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission`s 10CFR20 have updated the radiation protection requirements for the nuclear industry, certain of the revisions have been directed specifically at reducing worker dose, Shaw said. {open_quotes}It basically delineates that dose is dose,{close_quotes} Shaw said, {open_quotes}regardless of whether it is acquired externally or internally.{close_quotes} The revision of Part 20 changed the industry`s attitude toward internal dose, which had always been viewed negatively. {open_quotes}Internal dose was always seen as preventable by wearing respirators and by using engineering techniques such as ventilation control and decontamination,{close_quotes} Shaw said, {open_quotes}whereas external dose, although reduced where practical, was seen as a fact of the job.{close_quotes}« less

Department of Energy ALARA implementation guide. Response to the Health Physics Society

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Connelly, J.M.

1995-03-01

In the August 1993 Health Physics Society (HPS) newsletter, the HPS Scientific and Public Issues Committee published a Position Statement entitled {open_quotes}Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment.{close_quotes}. In this article, this HPS committee made the statement that they were deeply concerned by the trend for agencies to incorporate the ALARA concept as a regulatory requirements, without providing specific guidance as to what it means and how to implement it consistently. The HPS position paper was in response to the DOE notice on proposed rulemaking for Title 10 Code of Federal Regulations Part 834, {open_quotes}Radiation Protection of the Publicmore » and the Environment{close_quotes} (10 CFR 834). In the notice of proposed rulemaking for 10 CFR 834, the Department of Energy (DOE) defined ALARA as follows: {open_quotes}As used in this part, ALARA is not a dose limit, but rather a process which has the objective of attaining doses as far below the applicable limit of this part as is reasonably achievable{close_quotes} (10 CFR 834.2, p. 16283 of the Federal Register). The HPS position paper continues, {open_quotes}The section goes on to elaborate on what is meant by a process without providing sufficient guidance to assure uniform applicability of the process.{close_quotes}. Although this concern is directed towards the ALARA process as it relates to the environment, the Office of Health, which is responsible for occupational workers, shares the same definition for ALARA.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Huttrer, G.W.

This report summarizes the investigation and evaluation of several {open_quotes}compact{close_quotes} drill rigs which could be used for drilling geothermal production wells. Use of these smaller rigs would save money by reducing mobilization costs, fuel consumption, crew sizes, and environmental impact. Advantages and disadvantages of currently-manufactured rigs are identified, and desirable characteristics for the {open_quotes}ideal{close_quotes} compact rig are defined. The report includes a detailed cost estimate of a specific rig, and an evaluation of the cost/benefit ratio of using this rig. Industry contacts for further information are given.

Progress report No. 2, design of new pile area {open_quotes}G,{close_quotes} Project C-300, Atomic Energy Commission Directive HW-104

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lowe, P.E.

1950-01-16

This document is the progress report for the design and development of Pile Area {open_quotes}G{close_quotes}, to cover the period June 1, 1949 to December 31, 1949. This project represents the major effort of the Reactor Division of the Design and Construction Divisions. It is being pursued with the aim of being able to incorporate the major project objectives in a finished pile design if that design is begun about January, 1951.

Diffraction of electrons at intermediate energies: The role of phonons

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ascolani, H.; Zampieri, G.

1996-07-01

The intensity of electrons reflected {open_quote}{open_quote}elastically{close_quote}{close_quote} from crystalline surfaces presents two regimes: the low-energy or LEED regime ({lt}500 eV), in which the electrons are reflected along the Bragg directions, and the intermediate-energy or XPD/AED regime ({gt}500 eV), in which the maxima of intensity are along the main crystallographic axes. We present a model which explains this transition in terms of the excitation/absorption of phonons during the scattering. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Institute of Physics.}

[open quotes]Sonya[close quotes] explains

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Moss, N.

This article describes observations of Ruth Werner from when she was an agent of the Soviet espionage service (code name [open quotes]Sonya[close quotes]) as related in her interview with the author. The main topics covered in the interview include her opinion and relationship with Klaus Fuchs, the German-born British physicist who passed the secrets of the first atomic bomb to the Russians, and her views on German reunification. Ruth focuses her discussion on her dedication to making the world a better place and the disillusionment she has felt as she reminisces about her past.

Tank 241-C-112 vapor sampling and analysis tank characterization report. Revision 1

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Huckaby, J.L.

1995-05-31

Tank 241-C-112 headspace gas and vapor samples were collected and analyzed to help determine the potential risks to tank farm workers due to fugitive emissions from the tank. The drivers and objectives of waste tank headspace sampling and analysis are discussed in {open_quotes}Program Plan for the Resolution of Tank Vapor Issues.{close_quotes} Tank 241-C-112 was vapor sampled in accordance with {open_quotes}Data Quality Objectives for Generic In-Tank Health and Safety Issue Resolution.{close_quotes}

78 FR 19344 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Miami International Securities Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-29

..., priority quotes (as defined below), systemic changes, Trading Pauses and openings following a Trading Pause... obligations, openings, priority quotes (as defined below), systemic changes, Trading Pauses, and openings... Participants, are required to establish, maintain, and enforce written policies and procedures that are...

Thermal and time-temperature index (TTI) patterns during geologic evolution of north and central Gulf of Mexico

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lowrie, A.; Hamiter, R.; Fogarty, M.A.

1996-09-01

Regional thermal and Time-Temperature Index (TTI) contours were prepared for 12 dip paleo-tectonic reconstructions extending from central Arkansas to the central Gulf Basin. The first 9 reconstructions are based on back-stripping of Series-long sequences above the Louann Salt with the salt not restored. Additional reconstructions through Lower Jurassic set a geologic scenario prior to continental rifting. The reconstructions with salt not restored reveal a paleo-Sigsbee salt wedge, undergirding the Upper Jurassic to Pleistocene continental slope, has been a {open_quotes}permanent{close_quotes} ocean-side feature of the prograding margin, a salt-sediment geometry not in existent salt tectonic theories. Such a permanent and laterally migratingmore » {open_quotes}salt nose{close_quotes} provides an obstacle against which descending gravity-driven sediments can interact, creating reservoir-grade deposits against protruding salts features. The nose migration has left a lubricating layer of salt welds and other features. This salt-surrounded unit, beneath and downdip, may be termed a {open_quotes}salt-floored sub-basin{close_quotes} containing mostly {open_quotes}shallow{close_quotes} sediments of coastal plain, shelf, and slope genesis and growing through time. By Lower Cretaceous (131-96 mybp) times, the salt-floored basin updip from the then Sigsbee salt wedge was deep enough, approximately 5-7 km, that hydrocarbon maturation had begun. In the Upper Cretaceous (96-66 mybp), hydrocarbon maturation extended to sediments along flanks of the recently extinct mid-ocean ridge. From then to the present, ever more of the sedimentary volume has been subject to maturation.« less

In-plant management of hazardous waste

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hall, M.W.; Howell, W.L. Jr.

1995-12-31

One of the earliest sustainable technologies for the management of hazardous industrial wastes, and one of the most successful, is {open_quotes}In-Plant Control{close_quotes} Waste elimination, reuse and/or minimization can encourage improved utilization of resources, decreased environmental degradation and increased profits at individual industrial product ion sites, or within an industry. For new facilities and industries, putting such programs in place is relatively easy. Experience has shown, however, that this may be more difficult to initiate in existing facilities, especially in older and heavier industries. This task can be made easier by promoting a mutually respectful partnership between production and environmental interestsmore » within the facility or industry. This permits {open_quotes}common sense{close_quotes} thinking and a cooperative, proactive strategy for securing an appropriate balance between economic growth, environmental protection and social responsibility. Case studies are presented wherein a phased, incremental in-plant system for waste management was developed and employed to good effect, using a model that entailed {open_quotes}Consciousness, Commitment, Training, Recognition, Re-engineering and Continuous Improvement{close_quotes} to promote waste minimization or elimination.« less

Water key ingredient in Turkish farming

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aydin, M.

1995-12-31

Turkey, like most other Mediterranean countries, is an arid country, notes Mehmet Aydin, professor of soil science at Cukorova University in Adama, Turkey. And like most other Mediterranean countries, Aydin adds, Turkey is experiencing a population beam. In the past three decades, this increase in population has put a strain on the land. The boom, in fact, {open_quotes}has led to overgrazing, more intense cultivation, and greater harvest of shrubs and trees for firewood.{close_quotes} In 1987, the Turkish government launched the Southeastern Anatolian Development Project. Its goal is to bring irrigation and hydroelectric power to the area along the banks ofmore » the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. {open_quotes}When the project is complete, it will carry irrigation water to an estimated 4 million acres and create some 26 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year,{close_quotes} Aydin notes. The Southeastern Anatolian Development Project {open_quotes}will usher in an era of modern agriculture for Turkish farmers, one based on high-yield systems that are as sustainable as they are productive,{close_quotes} Aydin concludes.« less

Knowledge assistant: A sensor fusion framework for robotic environmental characterization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Feddema, J.T.; Rivera, J.J.; Tucker, S.D.

1996-12-01

A prototype sensor fusion framework called the {open_quotes}Knowledge Assistant{close_quotes} has been developed and tested on a gantry robot at Sandia National Laboratories. This Knowledge Assistant guides the robot operator during the planning, execution, and post analysis stages of the characterization process. During the planning stage, the Knowledge Assistant suggests robot paths and speeds based on knowledge of sensors available and their physical characteristics. During execution, the Knowledge Assistant coordinates the collection of data through a data acquisition {open_quotes}specialist.{close_quotes} During execution and post analysis, the Knowledge Assistant sends raw data to other {open_quotes}specialists,{close_quotes} which include statistical pattern recognition software, a neuralmore » network, and model-based search software. After the specialists return their results, the Knowledge Assistant consolidates the information and returns a report to the robot control system where the sensed objects and their attributes (e.g. estimated dimensions, weight, material composition, etc.) are displayed in the world model. This paper highlights the major components of this system.« less

EDF experience with {open_quotes}hot spot{close_quotes} management

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guio, J.M. de

1995-03-01

During the past few years, {open_quotes}hot spots{close_quotes} due to the presence of particles of metal activated during their migration through the reactor core, have been detected at several French pressurized water reactor (PWR) units. These {open_quotes}hot spots,{close_quotes} which generate very high dose rates (from about 10 Gy/h to 200 G/h) are a significant factor in increase occupational exposures during outrates. Of particular concern are the difficult cases which prolong outage duration and increase the volume of radiological waste. Confronted with this situation, Electricite de France (EDF) has set up a national research group, as part of its ALARA program, tomore » establish procedures and techniques to avoid, detect, and eliminate of hot spots. In particular, specific processes have been developed to eliminate these hot spots which are most costly in terms of occupational exposure due to the need for reactor maintenance. This paper sets out the general approach adopted at EDF so far to cope with the problem of hot spots, illustrated by experience at Blayais 3 and 4.« less

The anaerobic digestion process

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rivard, C.J.; Boone, D.R.

1996-01-01

The microbial process of converting organic matter into methane and carbon dioxide is so complex that anaerobic digesters have long been treated as {open_quotes}black boxes.{close_quotes} Research into this process during the past few decades has gradually unraveled this complexity, but many questions remain. The major biochemical reactions for forming methane by methanogens are largely understood, and evolutionary studies indicate that these microbes are as different from bacteria as they are from plants and animals. In anaerobic digesters, methanogens are at the terminus of a metabolic web, in which the reactions of myriads of other microbes produce a very limited rangemore » of compounds - mainly acetate, hydrogen, and formate - on which the methanogens grow and from which they form methane. {open_quotes}Interspecies hydrogen-transfer{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}interspecies formate-transfer{close_quotes} are major mechanisms by which methanogens obtain their substrates and by which volatile fatty acids are degraded. Present understanding of these reactions and other complex interactions among the bacteria involved in anaerobic digestion is only now to the point where anaerobic digesters need no longer be treated as black boxes.« less

Long-term predictions using natural analogues

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ewing, R.C.

1995-09-01

One of the unique and scientifically most challenging aspects of nuclear waste isolation is the extrapolation of short-term laboratory data (hours to years) to the long time periods (10{sup 3}-10{sup 5} years) required by regulatory agencies for performance assessment. The direct validation of these extrapolations is not possible, but methods must be developed to demonstrate compliance with government regulations and to satisfy the lay public that there is a demonstrable and reasonable basis for accepting the long-term extrapolations. Natural systems (e.g., {open_quotes}natural analogues{close_quotes}) provide perhaps the only means of partial {open_quotes}validation,{close_quotes} as well as data that may be used directlymore » in the models that are used in the extrapolation. Natural systems provide data on very large spatial (nm to km) and temporal (10{sup 3}-10{sup 8} years) scales and in highly complex terranes in which unknown synergisms may affect radionuclide migration. This paper reviews the application (and most importantly, the limitations) of data from natural analogue systems to the {open_quotes}validation{close_quotes} of performance assessments.« less

Panel urges cloning ethics boards

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marshall, E.

1997-01-03

A 7-month review of the system that guides U.S. policy on the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) of the Human Genome Project has concluded that it is time for a radical overhaul. A report completed last month recommends that a high-level policy board be created in the office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services to help develop policies on such sensitive issues as genetic privacy, antidiscrimination legislation, public education on genetic risks, and the regulation of genetic testing. If accepted, the proposal-from a review panel chaired by attorney Mark Rothstein of the University of Houston and geneticistmore » M. Anne Spence of the University of California, Irvine-would create a new panel of 15 to 18 members to serve as {open_quotes}a public forum for discussion of ... critical issues.{close_quotes} This panel would replace the current advisory body, known as the ELSI Working Group, and end what the report calls a {open_quotes}discordance{close_quotes} between the broad scope of the Working Group and the {open_quotes}very limited focus{close_quotes} of the research program under which it operates.« less

Private sector cautious on Pemex reorganization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sissell, K.

1997-03-19

Private sector interest in the privatization of the petrochemical subsidiaries of Mexico`s state oil company Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex) will hinge on the government`s decisions on minority ownership, says Raul Millares, president of Aniq, the Mexican chemical industry association. The murkiest issues are how the subsidiaries will be operated and what rights minority owners will have. {open_quotes}The question is who is going to manage the subsidiaries on a day-to-day basis,{close_quotes} says Millares. {open_quotes}There is a lot of doubt as to whether private companies will be able to get the flexibility they need.{close_quotes}

Boundary reflection matrices for nonsimply laced affine Toda field theories

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, J.D.

The boundary reflection matrices for nonsimply laced affine Toda field theories defined on a half line with the Neumann boundary condition are investigated. The boundary reflection matrices for some pairs of the models are evaluated up to one loop order by perturbation theory. Then the exact boundary reflection matrices which are consistent with the one loop result are found under the assumption of {open_quote}{open_quote}duality{close_quote}{close_quote} and tested against algebraic consistency such as the boundary bootstrap equation and boundary crossing-unitarity relation. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tendera, P.

At present there are two NPPs equipped with PWR units in Czech Republic. The Dukovany NPP is about ten years in operation (four units 440 MW - WWER model 213) and Temelin NPP is under construction (two units 1000 MW-WWER model 320). Both NPPs were built to Soviet design and according to Soviet regulations and standards but most of equipment for primary circuits was supplied by home manufactures. The objective for the Czech LBB programme is to prove the LBB status of the primary piping systems of these NPPs and the LBB concept is a part of strategy to meetmore » western style safety standards. The reason for the Czech LBB project is a lack of some standard safety facilities, too. For both Dukovany and Temolin NPPs a full LBB analysis should be carried out. The application of LBB to the piping system should be also a cost effective means to avoid installations of pipe whip restraints and jet shields. The Czech regulatory body issued non-mandatory requirement {open_quotes}Leak Before Break{close_quotes} which is in compliance with national legal documents and which is based on the US NRC Regulatory Procedures and US standards (ASME, CODE, ANSI). The requirement has been published in the document {open_quotes}Safety of Nuclear Facilities{close_quotes} No. 1/1991 as {open_quotes}Requirements on the Content and Format of Safety Reports and their Supplements{close_quotes} and consists of two parts (1) procedure for obtaining proof of evidence {open_quotes}Leak Before Break{close_quotes} (2) leak detection systems for the pressurized reactor primary circuit. At present some changes concerning both parts of the above document will be introduced. The reasons for this modifications will be presented.« less

A new approach to fracture modelling in reservoirs using deterministic, genetic and statistical models of fracture growth

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rawnsley, K.; Swaby, P.

1996-08-01

It is increasingly acknowledged that in order to understand and forecast the behavior of fracture influenced reservoirs we must attempt to reproduce the fracture system geometry and use this as a basis for fluid flow calculation. This article aims to present a recently developed fracture modelling prototype designed specifically for use in hydrocarbon reservoir environments. The prototype {open_quotes}FRAME{close_quotes} (FRActure Modelling Environment) aims to provide a tool which will allow the generation of realistic 3D fracture systems within a reservoir model, constrained to the known geology of the reservoir by both mechanical and statistical considerations, and which can be used asmore » a basis for fluid flow calculation. Two newly developed modelling techniques are used. The first is an interactive tool which allows complex fault surfaces and their associated deformations to be reproduced. The second is a {open_quotes}genetic{close_quotes} model which grows fracture patterns from seeds using conceptual models of fracture development. The user defines the mechanical input and can retrieve all the statistics of the growing fractures to allow comparison to assumed statistical distributions for the reservoir fractures. Input parameters include growth rate, fracture interaction characteristics, orientation maps and density maps. More traditional statistical stochastic fracture models are also incorporated. FRAME is designed to allow the geologist to input hard or soft data including seismically defined surfaces, well fractures, outcrop models, analogue or numerical mechanical models or geological {open_quotes}feeling{close_quotes}. The geologist is not restricted to {open_quotes}a priori{close_quotes} models of fracture patterns that may not correspond to the data.« less

An EXAFS study on the so-called {open_quotes}Co-Mo-S{close_quotes} phase in Co/C and CoMo/C, compared with a Moessbauer emission spectroscopy study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Craje, M.W.J.; Kraan, A.M. van der; Louwers, S.P.A.

1992-06-25

EXAFS was used in this paper to study 4 sulfided catalysts that have the same structure as their {sup 57}Co counterparts characterized by Mossbauer emission spectroscopy. The {open_quotes}Co-Mo-S{close_quotes} phase in Co/C is similar to CoMo/C due to a very highly dispersed Co species. Without Mo, the sulfidic Co results in a Co{sub 9}S{sub 8} phase during sulfidation at 673K, Mo prevents Co sintering in CoMo/C. 37 refs., 6 figs., 2 tabs.

Wholesale bakeries: A small-business guide. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

Commercial baking is thought to be one of the world`s oldest industries, with evidence of commercial bakeries dating back to the Egyptians. In the late 19th century, technological innovations such as the development of {open_quotes}tame{close_quotes} yeast and the mechanization of bread kneading enabled mass production of baked goods. As a result, larger {open_quotes}wholesale{close_quotes} baking facilities began to replace smaller local bakeries. Today, there are over 3000 wholesale bakeries across the United States. This report is intended to provide information on the bakery business from the perspective of processes, issues, and challenges faced, including energy consumption of electrically driven equipment.

Environmental, health, and safety issues for the petroleum geologist

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mathis, R.E.

1993-09-01

As the oil and gas industry moves toward the twenty-first century, professional within the industry must adjust to changes placed upon them from within and without. The role of the geologist is changing, as is the focal point of attention. Environmental issues require scrutiny of those zones once passed by with little or no interest while exploring for oil and gas reservoirs at deeper and deeper horizons; shallow zones of fresh or usable water are now often the main focus of attention. Has my training prepared me for being the company [open quotes]hydrologist[close quotes] or [open quotes]environmental expert[close quotes] Whatmore » does this new role mean for me Am I to be the [open quotes]Designated Jailee[close quotes] What should I know Environmental Assessment, site characterization, permissible exposure limit, time weighted average, and like terms are new to the ears of most petroleum geologists. These and other environmental health and safety terms impact the profession. What geologists may be expected to do in regard to them are issues of major concern. This paper will try to answer these questions and more.« less

Routine inspection effort required for verification of a nuclear material production cutoff convention

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dougherty, D.; Fainberg, A.; Sanborn, J.

On 27 September 1993, President Clinton proposed {open_quotes}... a multilateral convention prohibiting the production of highly enriched uranium or plutonium for nuclear explosives purposes or outside of international safeguards.{close_quotes} The UN General Assembly subsequently adopted a resolution recommending negotiation of a non-discriminatory, multilateral, and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty (hereinafter referred to as {open_quotes}the Cutoff Convention{close_quotes}) banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons. The matter is now on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament, although not yet under negotiation. This accord would, in effect, place all fissile material (defined as highly enriched uranium and plutonium) produced aftermore » entry into force (EIF) of the accord under international safeguards. {open_quotes}Production{close_quotes} would mean separation of the material in question from radioactive fission products, as in spent fuel reprocessing, or enrichment of uranium above the 20% level, which defines highly enriched uranium (HEU). Facilities where such production could occur would be safeguarded to verify that either such production is not occurring or that all material produced at these facilities is maintained under safeguards.« less

A simplified financial model for automatic meter reading

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ward, S.M.

1994-01-15

The financial model proposed here (which can be easily adapted for electric, gas, or water) combines aspects of [open quotes]life cycle,[close quotes] [open quotes]consumer value[close quotes] and [open quotes]revenue based[close quotes] approaches and addresses intangible benefits. A simple value tree of one-word descriptions clarifies the relationship between level of investment and level of value, visually relating increased value to increased cost. The model computes the numerical present values of capital costs, recurring costs, and revenue benefits over a 15-year period for the seven configurations: manual reading of existing or replacement standard meters (MMR), manual reading using electronic, hand-held retrievers (EMR),more » remote reading of inaccessible meters via hard-wired receptacles (RMR), remote reading of meters adapted with pulse generators (RMR-P), remote reading of meters adapted with absolute dial encoders (RMR-E), offsite reading over a few hundred feet with mobile radio (OMR), and fully automatic reading using telephone or an equivalent network (AMR). In the model, of course, the costs of installing the configurations are clearly listed under each column. The model requires only four annualized inputs and seven fixed-cost inputs that are rather easy to obtain.« less

SRS stainless steel beneficial reuse program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Boettinger, W.L.

1997-02-01

The US Department of Energy`s (DOE) Savannah River Site (SRS) has thousands of tons of stainless steel radioactive scrap metal (RSNI). Much of the metal is volumetrically contaminated. There is no {open_quotes}de minimis{close_quotes} free release level for volumetric material, and therefore no way to recycle the metal into the normal commercial market. If declared waste, the metal would qualify as low level radioactive waste (LLW) and ultimately be dispositioned through shallow land buried at a cost of millions of dollars. The metal however could be recycled in a {open_quotes}controlled release{close_quote} manner, in the form of containers to hold other typesmore » of radioactive waste. This form of recycle is generally referred to as {open_quotes}Beneficial Reuse{close_quotes}. Beneficial reuse reduces the amount of disposal space needed and reduces the need for virgin containers which would themselves become contaminated. Stainless steel is particularly suited for long term storage because of its resistance to corrosion. To assess the practicality of stainless steel RSM recycle the SRS Benficial Reuse Program began a demonstration in 1994, funded by the DOE Office of Science and Technology. This paper discusses the experiences gained in this program.« less

Nuclear power grows in China`s energy mix

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, Xavier

1996-07-01

China`s rapid economic growth in the past two decades has caused the nations`s demand for electricity to exceed its capacity. AS of 1992, with power shortages as high as 25 percent, {open_quotes}power plant operators were often forced to resort to rolling brownouts to avoid complete system breakdowns,{close_quotes} says Xavier Chen, an assistant professor with the Asian Institute of Technology`s Energy Program in Bangkok, Thailand. To keep pace with China`s economic development, Chen estimates that {open_quotes}China must increase its electricity capacity 6 to 8 percent a year each year into the foreseeable future.{close_quotes} For now, coal is transported to power plantsmore » in the rapidly developing eastern coastal provinces at great expense. Chen also notes that the environmental disadvantages of coal make it a less desirable source of energy than nuclear. Development of nuclear energy is likely to go forward for another reason: In China, there is much less opposition to nuclear power plants than in other developing nations. {open_quotes}Nuclear energy likely will plan an important role in China`s future energy mix and help close the gap between electricity production and demand,{close_quotes} Chen says.« less

IAEA international studies on irradiation embrittlement of reactor pressure vessel steels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brumovsky, M.; Steele, L.E.

1997-02-01

In last 25 years, three phases a Co-operative Research Programme on Irradiation Embrittlement of Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels has been organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency. This programme started with eight countries in 1971 and finally 16 countries took part in phase III of the Programme in 1983. Several main efforts were put into preparation of the programme, but the principal task was concentrated on an international comparison of radiation damage characterization by different laboratories for steels of {open_quotes}old{close_quotes} (with high impurity contents) and {open_quotes}advanced{close_quotes} (with low impurity contents) types as well as on development of small scale fracturemore » mechanics procedures applicable to reactor pressure vessel surveillance programmes. This year, a new programme has been opened, concentrated mostly on small scale fracture mechanics testing.« less

Comment on [open quotes]Nonlocality, counterfactuals, and quantum mechanics[close quotes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stapp, H.P.

A recent proof [H. P. Stapp, Am. J. Phys. [bold 65], 300 (1997)], formulated in the symbolic language of modal logic, claims to show that contemporary quantum theory, viewed as a set of rules that allow us to calculate statistical predictions among certain kinds of observations, cannot be imbedded in any rational framework that conforms to the principles that (1) the experimenters[close quote] choices of which experiments they will perform can be considered to be free choices, (2) outcomes of measurements are unique, and (3) the free choices just mentioned have no backward-in-time effects of any kind. This claim ismore » similar to Bell[close quote]s theorem, but much stronger, because no reality assumption alien to quantum philosophy is used. The paper being commented on [W. Unruh, Phys. Rev. A [bold 59], 126 (1999)] argues that some such reality assumption has been [open quotes]smuggled[close quotes] in. That argument is examined here and shown, I believe, to be defective. [copyright] [ital 1999] [ital The American Physical Society]« less

{open_quotes}Media-On-Demand{close_quotes} multimedia electronic mail: A tool for collaboration on the web

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tsoi, Kei Nam; Rahman, S.M.

1996-12-31

Undoubtedly, multimedia electronic mail has many advantages in exchanging information electronically in a collaborative work. The existing design of e-mail systems architecture is inefficient in exchanging multimedia message which has much larger volume, and requires more bandwidth and storage space than the text-only messages. This paper presents an innovative method for exchanging multimedia mail messages in a heterogeneous environment to support collaborative work over YAW on the Internet. We propose a {open_quotes}Parcel Collection{close_quotes} approach for exchanging multimedia electronic mail messages. This approach for exchanging multimedia electronic mail messages integrates the current WWW technologies with the existing electronic mail systems.

High resolution x-ray CMT: Reconstruction methods

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brown, J.K.

This paper qualitatively discusses the primary characteristics of methods for reconstructing tomographic images from a set of projections. These reconstruction methods can be categorized as either {open_quotes}analytic{close_quotes} or {open_quotes}iterative{close_quotes} techniques. Analytic algorithms are derived from the formal inversion of equations describing the imaging process, while iterative algorithms incorporate a model of the imaging process and provide a mechanism to iteratively improve image estimates. Analytic reconstruction algorithms are typically computationally more efficient than iterative methods; however, analytic algorithms are available for a relatively limited set of imaging geometries and situations. Thus, the framework of iterative reconstruction methods is better suited formore » high accuracy, tomographic reconstruction codes.« less

The economics of stranded investment - a two-way street

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cearley, R.; McKinzie, L.

In the transition to deregulation, the risk, costs and benefits of utility assets are transferred from the customer to the investor, creating potential stranded benefits as well as stranded costs. Investors may be better or worse off depending on whether an asset`s cost is below or above market. Regulators can minimize unintended wealth transfers by compensating each potential loser in the transition. The amount of investment stranded - i.e., the portion of plant that is above market value - does seem to be a murky issue. This article sets a framework for evaluating stranded investment and traces the possible welfaremore » effects of different policies to address it. It defines {open_quote}stranded costs,{close_quote} {open_quote}stranded investment,{close_quote} and {open_quote}stranded benefits.{close_quote} It addresses their interrelationship, and shows that the redefinition of property rights during the transition to a competitive market is what leads to stranded investment. The elimination of the utility`s exclusive franchise - i.e., its obligation to serve and customers` obligation to pay - leads to the redefinition of those property rights as they pertain to the costs, benefits and risks associated with existing utility generation. Finally, the authors address the possible welfare implications from this transition.« less

{open_quotes}Horizontal{close_quotes} gene transfer from a transgenic potato line to a bacterial pathogen (Erwinia chrysanthemi) occurs - if at all - at an extremely low frequency

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schlueter, K.; Fuetterer, J.; Potrykus, I.

1995-10-01

The frequency of possible {open_quotes}horizontal{close_quotes} gene transfer between a plant and a tightly associated bacterial pathogen was studied in a model system consisting of transgenic Solanum tuberosum, containing a {beta}-lactamase gene linked to a pBR322 origin of replication, and Erwinia chrysanthemi. This experimental system offers optimal conditions for the detection of possible horizontal gene transfer events, even when they occur at very low frequency. Horizontal gene transfer was not detected under conditions mimicking a {open_quotes}natural{close_quotes} infection. The gradual, stepwise alteration of artificial, positive control conditions to idealized natural conditions, however, allowed the characterization of factors that affected gene transfer, andmore » revealed a gradual decrease of the gene transfer frequency from 6.3 x 10{sup -2} under optimal control conditions to a calculated 2.0 x 10{sub -17} under idealized natural conditions. These data, in combination with other published studies, argue that horizontal gene transfer is so rare as to be essentially irrelevant to any realistic assessment of the risk involved in release experiments involving transgenic plants. 22 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.« less

New bomb, no mission

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mello, G.

1997-05-01

The cold war may be over, but the nuclear arms race has not quite ended. The United States is fielding a new nuclear weapon-a bomb that was used to threaten Libya, a non-nuclear nation, even before it was deployed. The B61 {open_quotes}mod-11{close_quotes} gravity bomb is the first nuclear capability added to the US arsenal since 1989. It was developed and deployed secretly, without public or congressional debate, and in apparent contradiction to official domestic and international assurances that no new nuclear weapons were being developed in the United States. The B61-11`s unique earth-penetrating characteristic and wide range of yields allowmore » it to threaten otherwide indestructible targets from the air-or, in Pentagonese, to hold such targets {open_quotes}at risk.{close_quotes} That makes the B61-11 a uniquely useful warfighting tool. The 1,200-pound B61-11 replaces the B53, a 8,900-pound, nine-megaton bomb that was developed as a {open_quotes}city buster{close_quotes} and was later designated as a substitute for an earth-penetrating weapon. The B53 was deliverable only by vulnerable B-52s; in contrast, the smaller and lighter B61-11 can be delivered the the stealthier B-2A bomber, or even by F16 fighters.« less

Methanex sticks to its knitting

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Morris, G.D.L.

1997-04-30

Methanex was created just six years ago by the breakup of Ocelot Industries (Calgary, AB), a conglomerate with too many different business and too much debt. Those demons have since been banished, but management remains obsessive about focused, low-cost operations and a squeaky-clean balance sheet. The results show in a company that is generally admired, occasionally resented, and always speculated about. The top two questions are what it will do with its cash hoard,more » $$413 million as of first-quarter 1997, and when it will diversify. Pierre Choquette, who became president in December 1994, hears the questions often but says he is more amused by them than irritated, because the answers are so obvious. {open_quotes}We review the situation at every board meeting, but usually we prefer to have the liquid assets - it gives you a lot of advantages - and to reinvest in the core business,{close_quotes} says Choquette. {open_quotes}We paid $$275 million for our second plant in Chile, which we just completed, and the third one now under construction will cost about $300 million. I sit on a nonchemical company`s board, and we wonder at every downturn, {open_quote}How are we going to survive?{close_quote} [Having a cushion] is a lot nicer.{close_quotes}« less

Lethal pallister-killian syndrome: Phenotypic similarity with fryns syndrome

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ignacio Rodriquez, J.; Garcia, I.; Alvarez, J.

1994-11-01

The Pallister-Killian syndrome is a sporadic multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by {open_quotes}coarse{close_quotes} face, profound mental retardation, and epilepsy. Chromosomes of peripheral lymphocytes are usually normal, but tissue cultures show varying degrees of mosaicism for isochromosome 12p. In babies who die neonatally of severe malformations, including diaphragmatic hernia, and who also have a {open_quotes}coarse{close_quotes} face, acral hypoplasia, and other internal anomalies, Fryns syndrome is more likely to be suspected than Pallister-Killian syndrome, especially if karyotyping is unavailable or if peripheral lumphocytes have a normal chromosome constitution. An initial diagnosis of Fryns syndrome had to be modified in 3 successive newbornmore » infants since chromosome analysis or in situ hybridization with a chromosome 12 probe on kidney tissue demonstrated the mosaic aneuploidy characteristic of Pallister-Killian syndrome. These 3 patients confirm that a similar pattern of malformations can be present in both conditions at birth. It consists of {open_quotes}coarse{close_quotes} face, acral hypoplasia, diaphragmatic hernia, and other defects. Newborn infants who present this phenotype, but lack a conclusively normal chromosome test, may not have Fryns syndrome. A diagnosis of Fryns syndrome should be made carefully to avoid the risk of inappropriate genetic counseling. 31 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.« less

Gist: A scientific graphics package for Python

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Busby, L.E.

1996-05-08

{open_quotes}Gist{close_quotes} is a scientific graphics library written by David H. Munro of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). It features support for three common graphics output devices: X Windows, (Color) PostScript, and ANSI/ISO Standard Computer Graphics Metafiles (CGM). The library is small (written directly to Xlib), portable, efficient, and full-featured. It produces X versus Y plots with {open_quotes}good{close_quotes} tick marks and tick labels, 2-dimensional quadrilateral mesh plots with contours, vector fields, or pseudo color maps on such meshes, with 3-dimensional plots on the way. The Python Gist module utilizes the new {open_quotes}Numeric{close_quotes} module due to J. Hugunin and others. It ismore » therefore fast and able to handle large datasets. The Gist module includes an X Windows event dispatcher which can be dynamically added (e.g., via importing a dynamically loaded module) to the Python interpreter after a simple two-line modification to the Python core. This makes fast mouse-controlled zoom, pan, and other graphic operations available to the researcher while maintaining the usual Python command-line interface. Munro`s Gist library is already freely available. The Python Gist module is currently under review and is also expected to qualify for unlimited release.« less

Stochastic dynamics in a two-dimensional oscillator near a saddle-node bifurcation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Inchiosa, M. E.; In, V.; Bulsara, A. R.

We study the oscillator equations describing a particular class of nonlinear amplifier, exemplified in this work by a two-junction superconducting quantum interference device. This class of dynamic system is described by a potential energy function that can admit minima (corresponding to stable solutions of the dynamic equations), or {open_quotes}running states{close_quotes} wherein the system is biased so that the potential minima disappear and the solutions display spontaneous oscillations. Just beyond the onset of the spontaneous oscillations, the system is known to show significantly enhanced sensitivity to very weak magnetic signals. The global phase space structure allows us to apply a centermore » manifold technique to approximate analytically the oscillatory behavior just past the (saddle-node) bifurcation and compute the oscillation period, which obeys standard scaling laws. In this regime, the dynamics can be represented by an {open_quotes}integrate-fire{close_quotes} model drawn from the computational neuroscience repertoire; in fact, we obtain an {open_quotes}interspike interval{close_quotes} probability density function and an associated power spectral density (computed via Renewal theory) that agree very well with the results obtained via numerical simulations. Notably, driving the system with one or more time sinusoids produces a noise-lowering injection locking effect and/or heterodyning.« less

LLNL demonstration of liquid gun propellant destruction in a 0.1 gallon per minute scale reactor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cena, R.J.; Thorsness, C.B.; Coburn, T.T.

1994-06-01

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has built and operated a pilot plant for processing oil shale using recirculating hot solids. This pilot plant, was adapted in 1993 to demonstrate the feasibility of decomposing a liquid gun propellant (LGP), LP XM46, a mixture of 76% HAN (NH{sub 3}OHNO{sub 3}) and 24% TEAN (HOCH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}){sub 3} NHNO{sub 3} diluted 1:3 in water. In the Livermore process, the LPG is thermally treated in a moving packed bed of ceramic spheres, where TEAN and HAN decompose, forming a suite of gases including: methane, carbon monoxide, oxygen, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and molecular nitrogen.more » The ceramic spheres are circulated and heated, providing the energy required for thermal decomposition. The authors performed an extended one day (8 hour) test of the solids recirculation system, with continuous injection of approximately 0.1 gal/min of LGP, diluted 1:3 in water, for a period of eight hours. The apparatus operated smoothly over the course of the eight hour run during which 144 kg of solution was processed, containing 36 kg of LGP. Continuous on-line gas analysis was invaluable in tracking the progress of the experiment and quantifying the decomposition products. The reactor was operated in two modes, a {open_quotes}Pyrolysis{close_quotes} mode, where decomposition products were removed from the moving bed reactor exit, passing through condensers to a flare, and in a {open_quotes}Combustion{close_quotes} mode, where the products were oxidized in air lift pipe prior to exiting the system. In the {open_quotes}Pyrolysis{close_quotes} mode, driver gases were recycled producing a small, concentrated stream of decomposition products. In the {open_quotes}Combustion mode{close_quotes}, the driver gases were not recycled, resulting in 40 times higher gas flow rates and correspondingly lower concentrations of nitrogen bearing gases.« less

Task 1.6 - mixed waste. Topical report, April 1, 1994--September 30, 1995

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

For fifty years, the United States was involved in a nuclear arms race of immense proportions. During the majority of this period, the push was always to design new weapons, produce more weapons, and increase the size of the arsenal, maintaining an advantage over the opposition in order to protect U.S. interests. Now that the {open_quotes}Cold War{close_quotes} is over, we are faced with the imposing tasks of dismantling, cleaning up, and remediating the wide variety of problems created by this arms race. An overview of the current status of the total remediation effort within the DOE is presented in themore » DOE publication {open_quotes}ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 1995{close_quotes} (EM 1995). Not all radioactive waste is the same though; therefore, a system was devised to categorize the different types of radioactive waste. These categories are as follows: spent fuel; high-level waste; transuranic waste; low-level waste; mixed waste; and uranium-mill tailings. Mixed waste is defined to be material contaminated with any of these categories of radioactive material plus an organic or heavy metal component. However, for this discussion, {open_quotes}mixed waste{close_quote} will pertain only to low-level mixed waste which consists of low-level radioactive waste mixed with organic solvents and or heavy metals. The area of {open_quotes}mixed-waste characterization, treatment, and disposal{close_quotes} is listed on page 6 of the EM 1995 publication as one of five focus areas for technological development, and while no more important than the others, it has become an area of critical concern for DOE. Lacking adequate technologies for treatment and disposal, the DOE stockpiled large quantities of mixed waste during the 1970s and 1980s. Legislative changes and the need for regulatory compliance have now made it expedient to develop methods of achieving final disposition for this stockpiled mixed waste.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Young, I.

Singapore`s Economic Development Board (EDB) will team up with Mobil and Exxon in separate feasibility studies for the country`s third steam cracker project. Mobil recently announced it had signed a memorandum of understanding with EDB and Jurong Town Corp. to study a Smore » $$1.5-billion project for an 800,000-m.t./year ethylene plant for completion in about 2001. Exxon now intends to launch its own parallel study, with EDB also involved. {open_quotes}Both feasibility studies will be carried out separately and at the same time,{close_quotes} an EDB spokesperson tells CW. {open_quotes}EDB, as a developmental agency, will provide Mobil and Exxon with the necessary facilitation and support.{close_quotes} Exxon`s original plan had been to study a slightly smaller cracker, with capacity of about 650,000 m.t./year. Both companies are involved in aromatics production in Singapore. Both cracker studies are expected to take 12-15 months to complete. Sources do not rule out the possibility of Mobil and Exxon then teaming up for the project or both US majors going ahead with their own plants. {open_quotes}Exxon Chemical is being considered as a possible partner in the third plant,{close_quotes} confirms EDB assistant managing director Gong Wee Lik. {open_quotes}More petrochemical complexes could be built if conditions remain favorable-there`s no reason to stop at three,{close_quotes} he adds. Singapore`s second ethylene plant, a joint venture involving Shell and a Japanese consortium, is already under construction and is scheduled to start production in 1997. Its initial planned capacity is for 428,000 m.t./year of ethylene and 214,000 m.t./year of propylene. The plant will be built on Pulau Ayer Merbau, which is the site of the existing S$$2-billion complex built in 1984 and producing 450,000 m.t./year of ethylene and 225,000 m.t./year of propylene.« less

Common knowledge: Now you have it, now you don`t?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fagin, R.; Halpern, J.Y.; Moses, Y.

The notion of common knowledge, where everyone knows, everyone knows that everyone knows, etc., has proven to be fundamental in various disciplines, including Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, Economics, and Psychology. This key notion was first studied by the philosopher David Lewis in the context of conventions. Lewis pointed out that in order for something to be a convention, it must in fact be common knowledge among the members of a group. (For example, the convention that green means {open_quotes}go{close_quotes} and red means {open_quotes}stop{close_quotes} is presumably common knowledge among the drivers in our society.) Common knowledge also arises in discourse understanding. Supposemore » Ann asks Bob {open_quotes}What did you think of the movie?{close_quotes} referring to a showing of Monkey Business they have just seen. Not only must Ann and Bob both know that {open_quotes}the movie{close_quotes} refers to Monkey Business, but Ann must know that Bob knows, Bob must know that Ann knows that Bob knows, and so on. In fact, by a closer analysis of this situation, it can be shown that there must be common knowledge of what movie is meant in order for Bob to answer the question appropriately. Finally, common knowledge also turns out to be a prerequisite for agreement and coordinated action in distributed systems. This is precisely what makes it such a crucial notion in the analysis of interacting groups of agents. On the other hand, in practical settings common knowledge is impossible to achieve. This puts us in a somewhat paradoxical situation, in that we claim both that common knowledge is a prerequisite for agreement and coordinated action and that it cannot be attained. We discuss two answers to this paradox: Modeling the world with a coarser granularity, and relaxing the requirements for coordination.« less

Introduction of artificial pinning centre in {open_quotes}Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8}{close_quotes} ceramics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Majewski, P.; Aldinger, F.; Elschner, S.

1994-12-31

Considering the phase equilibrium diagram of the system Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3}-SrO-CaO-CuO, single phase {open_quotes}Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8}{close_quotes} ceramics have been transformed by a simple annealing procedure into multi phase samples. The transformation results in the formation of second phases and in an increase of the intra grain critical current density at 1 T of five times. This increase is believed to express improved pinning properties of the superconducting crystals. The prepared pinning centres are believed to be e.g. coherent precipitates (Guinier-Preston-zones) within the superconducting crystals.

Theoretical motivation for gravitation experiments on ultra-low energy antiprotons and antihydrogen

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nieto, M.M.

1995-12-31

It is known that the generally accepted theories of gravity and quantum mechanics are fundamentally incompatible. Thus, when one tries to combine these theories, one must beware of physical pitfalls. Modern theories of quantum gravity are trying to overcome these problems. Any ideas must confront the present agreement with general relativity, but yet be free to wonder about not understood phenomena, such as the dark matter problem. This all has led some {open_quotes}intrepid{close_quotes} theorists to consider a new gravitational regime, that of antimatter. Even more {open_quotes}daring{close_quotes} experimentalists are attempting, or considering attempting, the measurement of the gravitational force on antimatter,more » including low-energy antiprotons and, perhaps most enticing, antihydrogen.« less

US PWR steam generator management: An overview

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Welty, C.S. Jr.

1997-02-01

This paper provides an overview on the status of steam generator management activities in US PWRs, and includes: (1) an overview of the impact of steam generator problems; (2) a brief discussion of historical damage trends and the current damage mechanism of most concern; (3) a discussion of the elements of {open_quotes}steam generator management{close_quotes}; and (4) a description of the approach being followed to implement a degradation-specific protocol for tubing inspection and repair. This paper was prepared in conjunction with another paper presented during the Plenary Session of this Conference, {open_quotes}Steam Generator Degradation: Current Mitigation Strategies for Controlling Corrosion{close_quotes}, andmore » is provided as a supplement to that material.« less

Quantum Privacy Amplification and the Security of Quantum Cryptography over Noisy Channels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Deutsch, D.; Ekert, A.; Jozsa, R.

1996-09-01

Existing quantum cryptographic schemes are not, as they stand, operable in the presence of noise on the quantum communication channel. Although they become operable if they are supplemented by classical privacy-amplification techniques, the resulting schemes are difficult to analyze and have not been proved secure. We introduce the concept of quantum privacy amplification and a cryptographic scheme incorporating it which is provably secure over a noisy channel. The scheme uses an {open_quote}{open_quote}entanglement purification{close_quote}{close_quote} procedure which, because it requires only a few quantum controlled-not and single-qubit operations, could be implemented using technology that is currently being developed. {copyright} {ital 1996 Themore » American Physical Society.}« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roberts, M.

The European chemical industry, facing growing political support for the European Commission`s latest version of the carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2})-energy tax, has renewed its attacks on the proposed law. Simon de Bree, chairman of DSM and president of the European Chemical Industry Council (Cefic; Brussels), last week wrote to Jacques Santer, president of the commission, and Solana Madariaga, current president of Europe Union`s (EU) Council of Ministers, saying the tax was {open_quotes}totally unacceptable and irresponsible in terms of EU competitiveness.{close_quotes} He says it {open_quotes}has nothing to do anymore with the protection of the environment and has instead become a normalmore » additional taxation, disguised, for opportunistic reasons, as an environmental protection measurement.{close_quotes}« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Grabow, P.C.

It is apparent that the computer has had and is having a profound effect on everyone`s life. However, it is not always apparent what these effects are, where they originate, what direction they are taking us, or what controls them. Unfortunately, discussions concerning these issues often lack needed context -- terminology and ideas that help one uncover the underlying reality. This paper attempts to provide some of that context by introducing Jacques Ellul`s concept of {open_quotes}technique{close_quotes} -- encompassing much more than the computer. Many of these ideas grew out of {open_quotes}The Cultural Impact of the Computer{close_quotes}, a senior-level course taughtmore » by the author at Baylor University. The need for such context became evident when preparing for that course.« less

Fullerene discoverers win nobel prize

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rotman, D.

1996-10-16

Two Rice University (Houston) chemists, Robert F. Curl and Richard E. Smalley, and a scientist at the University of Sussex (Brighton, U.K.), Harold W. Kroto, have won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the joint discovery of buckminsterfullerenes - soccer ball-shaped carbon molecules. The novel form of carbon, which was initially synthesized by the scientists in 1985 as C{sub 60} and C{sub 70} has led to the development of {open_quotes}an entirely new branch of chemistry... with consequences in such diverse areas as astrochemistry, superconductivity, and material chemistry/physics,{close_quotes} according to the Swedish Academy of Sciences (Stockholm). For chemists, the structuremore » is {open_quotes}uniquely beautiful and satisfying,{close_quotes} the academy says.« less

Report on {open_quotes}audit of internal controls over special nuclear materials{close_quotes}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1996-04-01

The Department of Energy (Department) is responsible for safeguarding a significant amount of plutonium, uranium-233 and enriched uranium - collectively referred to as special nuclear materials - stored in the United States. The Department`s office of Nonproliferation and National Security has overall management cognizance for developing policies for safeguarding these materials, while other Headquarters program offices have {open_quotes}landlord{close_quotes} responsibilities for the sites where the materials are stored, and the Department`s operations and field offices provide onsite management of contractor operations. The Department`s management and operating contractors, under the direction of the Department, safeguard and account for the special nuclear materialmore » stored at Department sites.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rotman, D.

Exxon chemical says it has made linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) using metallocene catalysts at its world-scale gas-phase plant in Mont Belvieu, TX. Exxon also says it has received a broad US patent that covers the use of metallocenes in gas-phase reactors that use condensing mode technology and that it plans to license the know-how. The moves, say industry experts, greatly strengthen Exxon`s position in metallocenes, particularly in pushing metallocene-based PE into commodity markets. The use of gas-phase technology {open_quotes}had to happen{close_quotes} to allow metallocene polymers to compete as commodities, says David Highfield, v.p. at Catalyst Consultants (Spring House, PA). {open_quotes}It`smore » very important and very significant in widening the scope of [metallocene] technology.{close_quotes}« less

Thesis - keeping the management system {open_quotes}live{close_quotes} and reaching the workforce

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Primrose, M.J.; Bentley, P.D.; Graaf, G.C. van der

1996-12-31

Previous papers given to SPE conferences have described the Shell Group approach to Safety Management Systems and to Safety Cases. Their extension to HSE MS and to HSE Cases has also been addressed. Since 1984 the Enhanced Safety Management (ESM) programme within Shell companies has led to a significant improvement in the management of safety but it was only when structured management systems (based upon an understanding of the business processes) were introduced that true integration of HSE as a line responsibility became a reality. This paper describes the THESIS software package and the way that management systems have beenmore » made {open_quote}live{close_quote} and how workforce involvement can be demonstrated.« less

Orphan radon daughters at Denver Radium site

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Holub, R.F.; Droullard, R.F.; Davis, T.H.

During 18 mo of sampling airborne radioactively at a National Priority List ({open_quotes}Superfund{close_quotes}) site in metroPOlitan Denver, Bureau of mines personnel discovered radon daughters that are not supported by the parent radon gas. We refer to them as {open_quotes}orphan{close_quotes} daughters because the parent, radon, is not present in sufficient concentration to support the measured daughter products. Measurements of the {open_quotes}orphan{close_quotes} daughters were made continuously, using the Bureau-developed radon and working-level (radon-daughter) monitors. The data showed high equilibrium ratios, ranging from 0.7 to 3.5, for long periods of time. Repeated, high-volume, 15-min grab samples were made, using the modified Tsivoglou method,more » to measure radon daughters, to which thoron daughters contributed 26 {+-} 12%. On average 28 {+-} 6% of the particulate activity was contributed by thoron daughters. Most samples were mixtures in which the {sup 218}Po concentration was lower than that of {sup 214}Pb and {sup 214}Bi, in agreement with the high-equilibrium factors obtained from the continuous sampling data. In view of the short half-life of radon progeny, we conclude that the source of the orphan daughters is not far from the Superfund sites. The mechanism of this phenomenon is not understood at this time, but we will discuss its possible significance in evaluating population doses.« less

Oil and gas: Oilfield class actions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McArthur, J.B.

1997-06-01

The use of class actions is getting alot of attention in the oilfield. Plaintiffs have filed class actions challenging two of the most rooted industry practices, oil posted prices and deregulated natural gas affiliate deduction and charges. The classes will include tens or hundreds of thousands of plaintiffs and may transform two of the industry`s most settled practices. The emotions surrounding the class action risk obscuring the fact that it is an old and oft-used tool in oilfield litigation. The class action {open_quotes}provides a means by which, where a large group of persons are interested in a matter, one ormore » more may sue or be sued as representatives of the class without needing to join every member of the class.{close_quotes} The procedure avoids waste by combining scattered disputes, even if some injured might sue individually, and it enables plaintiffs who could not afford to sue to be represented anyway. The lawyers draw their fees from any recovery. Almost all oilpatch class actions are brought to resolve a {open_quotes}common question{close_quotes} under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3) or state counterparts. The rule`s {open_quotes}opt-out{close_quotes} provisions give class actions a tremendous boost because members stay in unless they take steps to get out. This article discusses present and future class actions.« less

Conversion of (Meth)acrylic acids to methane granular sludge: Initiation by specific anerobic microflora

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shtarkman, N.B.; Obraztova, A.Y.; Laurinavichyus, K.S.

1995-03-01

The role of a specific anaerobic microflora in the initiation of degradation of (meth)acrylic acids to methane by granular sludge from a UASB reactor was investigated. Associations of anaerobic bacteria isolated from the anaerobic sludge, which was used for a long time for treatment of wastewater from (meth)acrylate production, were able to realize the initial stage of (meth)acrylic acid decomposition, i.e., a conversion of acrylic and methacrylic acids to propionic and isobutyric acids, respectively. When added to granules, these association played a role of an {open_quotes}initiator{close_quotes} of the degradation process, which was then continued by the granular sludge microflora utilizingmore » propionate and isobutyrate. Some characteristics of the granules adapted to propionate or isobutyrate are presented. The rates of propionate and isobutyrate consumption by adapted granules is, respectively, 21 and 53 times higher than the values obtained for nonadapted granules. A combined use of {open_quotes}initiating{close_quotes} bacteria and adapted granules provided degradation of (meth)acrylic acids with a maximum methane yield. The possibility is discussed of employing the granules, which are adapted to short-chain fatty acids, and the {open_quotes}initiating{close_quotes} bacteria, which accomplish the initial steps of the organic material decomposition to lower fatty acids, for the conversion of various chemical compounds to methane. 10 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Stacking pattern and stratigraphic model of reservoirs from a modern analogue to ancient deltaic and siliciclastic deposits: Golfe du Lion, SE France

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tesson, M.; Bernard, G.; Georges, A.

1995-08-01

The {open_quotes}Golfe du Lion{close_quotes} Pleistocene shelf deposits are used as modern analogues of ancient deltaic and shallow water siliciclastic deposits. At least 6 cyclic superimposed sedimentary packages constituting a seaward thickening wedge are documented, including major progradational clinoforms units bounded by regional unconformities, with their updip terminations. Seismic correlations and geometry models, together with age dating and facies analysis of the uppermost units have been used at regional scale. They allowed to differentiate allocyclic from autocyclic events, to improve our knowledge of the nature of tectonic control on architecture, and to rely the different seismic units, inside the packages, tomore » the environmental changes from interglacial highstand to glacial lowstand in 4 to 5th order cycles. An alternative model of {open_quotes}forced regression{close_quotes} during sea level lowstand was documented and validated. The different illustrated sedimentary units, related to specific parts of the relative sea level curve along a short duration/high amplitude cycle, are: (i) the {open_quotes}forced regression{close_quotes} deposits (ii) the late lowstand massive sands onto the outer shelf (iii) the early transgressive backstepping (?) beach sands, (iii) the late transgressive backslapping parasequences. The sand content inferred from the seismic facies, comforted with the uppermost units facies from data cores, is in agreement with this model.« less

Green electricity: It`s in the eye of the beholder

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rodgers, L.M.

Some people want to know what {open_quotes}green power{close_quotes} means - and, by extension, {open_quotes}environmentally friendly{close_quotes}. Does that mean low emissions, including nuclear energy? Is renewable energy automatically green? Should the simple fact of compliance with all standards imposed by the Environmental Protection Agency afford the right to advertise power generation as green? Consumers, agencies and state and federal officials want truth in advertising. Proponents of alternative generation claim consumers are willing to pay more for cleaner, greener energy. Residential customers of Detroit Edison, for instance, pay more than $6.50 additional per month to support solar energy. In Colorado, the Governor`smore » Office of Energy Conservation is using special funds to help offset the additional cost it takes to power the governors` home with wind. Only clear industry guidelines can ensure that everyone is actually getting what they`re paying for. Green power certification is proceeding on several different fronts. Commissions and legislatures are mandating resource disclosure of generation sources. Legislation at both the state and federal level are investigating the use of renewable portfolio standards. The Federal Trade Commission is considering establishing voluntary guidelines for electricity advertising like those already established for other retail products in the FTCs 1992 {open_quotes}Guides for the Use of Environmental Marketing Claims{close_quotes} (16 CFR 260).« less

Model curriculum outline for Alternatively Fueled Vehicle (AFV) automotive technician training in light and medium duty CNG and LPG

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

This model curriculum outline was developed using a turbo-DACUM (Developing a Curriculum) process which utilizes practicing experts to undertake a comprehensive job and task analysis. The job and task analysis serves to establish current baseline data accurately and to improve both the process and the product of the job through constant and continuous improvement of training. The DACUM process is based on the following assumptions: (1) Expert workers are the best source for task analysis. (2) Any occupation can be described effectively in terms of tasks. (3) All tasks imply knowledge, skills, and attitudes/values. A DACUM panel, comprised of sixmore » experienced and knowledgeable technicians who are presently working in the field, was given an orientation to the DACUM process. The panel then identified, verified, and sequenced all the necessary job duty areas and tasks. The broad duty categories were rated according to relative importance and assigned percentage ratings in priority order. The panel then rated every task for each of the duties on a scale of 1 to 3. A rating of 3 indicates an {open_quotes}essential{close_quotes} task, a rating of 2 indicates an {open_quotes}important{close_quotes} task, and a rating of 1 indicates a {open_quotes}desirable{close_quotes} task.« less

Evidence for a chromosome 22q susceptibility locus for some schizophrenics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pulver, A.E.; Wolyniec, P.; Nestadt, G.

Recent reports from linkage studies suggests that in some families there may be a gene associated with schizophrenia on chromosome 22q. Given the probable heterogeneity of schizophrenia, further exploration of this region was undertaken. The region was examined for candidate genes and diseases reported to have some psychiatric manifestations. Studies were initiated to examine the the potential phenotypic and molecular similarity between schizophrenia and velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS), a syndrome associated with an interstitial deletion of 22q11.2. Phenotypic expression: (1) psychiatric evaluations of VCFS patients and their relatives found a high rate of DSM III-R schizophrenia in the patients and ofmore » psychotic illness in their 2nd and 3rd degree relatives. (2) 160 schizophrenic patients from the Maryland Epidemiology Sample (MES) were evaluated for the presence of typical facies seen in VCFS. Rating a 5-point scale, {open_quotes}5{close_quotes} being most likely, 15 (9.4%) were rated {open_quotes}5{close_quotes} and 27 (16.9%) were rated {open_quotes}4{close_quotes} for the VCFS-like facial features. Molecular characteristics: fluorescent in situ hybridization methods (FISH) identified 3 schizophrenics among 60 in the MES with the microdeletion of probe sc11.lab commonly deleted in VCFS subjects. This work provides a model for the mapping of complex phenotypes such schizophrenia using both genetic and epidemiological methods.« less

Critical fiber length technique for composite manufacturing processes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sivley, G.N.; Vandiver, T.L.; Dougherty, N.S.

1996-12-31

An improved injection technique for composite structures has been cooperatively developed by the U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM) and Rockwell International (RI). This process simultaneously injects chopped fiberglass fibers and an epoxy resin matrix into a mold. Four injection techniques: (1){open_quotes}Little Willie{close_quotes} RTM system, (2) Pressure Vat system, (3) Pressure Vat system with vacuum assistance, and (4) Injection gun system, were investigated for use with a 304.8 mm x 304.8 mm x 5.08 mm (12 in x 12 in x 0.2 in) flat plaque mold. The driving factors in the process optimization included: fiber length, fiber weight, matrix viscosity, injectionmore » pressure, flow rate, and tool design. At fiber weights higher than 30 percent, the injection gun appears to have advantages over the other systems investigated. Results of an experimental investigation are reviewed in this paper. The investigation of injection techniques is the initial part of the research involved in a developing process, {open_quotes}Critical Fiber Length Technique{close_quotes}. This process will use the data collected in injection experiment along with mechanical properties derived from coupon test data to be incorporated into a composite material design code. The {open_quotes}Critical Fiber Length Technique{close_quotes} is part of a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) established in 1994 between MICOM and RI.« less

Physical and transcriptional map in the CMT 1A region

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chevillard, C.; Passage, E.; Cudrey, C.

1994-09-01

The Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) has been mapped to the proximal short arm of chromosome 17. CMT1A is the most frequent of the motor and sensory peripheral neuropathies and is associated with a duplication of a 1.5 Mb fragment in proximal 17p12. Several groups have proposed that the gene coding for peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP-22) as the candidate gene for CMT1A. We have recently published a {open_quote}MegaYAC{close_quote} contig of 6 Mb which covers the CMT1A critical region. In order to isolate new genes localized in this region, we used a {open_quote}physical trapping {close_quote} strategy derived from the direct cDNAmore » selection technique developed by Parimoo et al. This approach has allowed us to construct cDNA {open_quotes}minilibraries{close_quotes} using YAC DNA from the CMT1A region. One of the clones in these minilibraries has been mapped back to the CMT1A duplication. Other potentially interesting clones are in the process of further characterization. Furthermore, we have mapped several Genethon microsatellites in the 6 Mb YAC contig and some are located in the CMT1A duplicated region. These highly polymorphic markers should prove useful for diagnostic testing in CMT1A.« less

Multifunction devices and their impacts on energy use

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Amorosano, D.

1995-12-01

Integrated multifunctional office equipment will have ramifications for energy efficiency and use. Specifically discussed here is Canon`s Digital Imaging System, also known as the GP55 Series, currently under development. Integrated office equipment combines the capabilities of single-function, stand-alone devices, increasing efficiency by eliminating steps in the production and distribution of documents. Canon and other vendors are now introducing these products into the office equipment industry in response to four trends: (1) Implementation of local area networks (LANs). It`s estimated that by 1997, 73% of all personal computers (PCs) in offices will be networked in some way. Vendors are looking tomore » tie their office equipment into that network connection and shared-resource capability. (2) Adoption of the {open_quotes}More with less{close_quotes} attitude by most companies is forcing new approaches to the way in which they increase efficiency. (3) Continuing workgroup requirements for both electronic and hard copy input/output capabilities. (4) Persistence of the {open_quotes}Sneaker{close_quotes} network. Research commissioned by Canon has shown that in spite of LAN penetration, this {open_quotes}Sneakernet{close_quotes} is still significant, meaning that users must still leave their desks an average of 11 times a day to make copies, send faxes, etc. The idea behind integrated technology is to eliminate those steps in the document processing procedure.« less

The enforcement provisions of the Clean Air Act - not the same old Section 113

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Benthul, H.R.

1996-08-01

The Clean Air Act ({open_quotes}CAA{close_quotes}) of 1990 was in many respects a major overhaul of the previous versions of the Clean Air Act although it retained most of the preexisting major programs such as the basic National Ambient Air Quality Standards ({open_quotes}NAAQS{close_quotes}) scheme, PSD, new source performance standards, regulation of toxic air pollutants, and the like. The 1990 Act strengthened the enforcement provisions of the Act by enhancing the enforcement powers of the Environmental Protection Agency ({open_quotes}EPA{close_quotes}) of {section}113. For example, the criminal enforcement provisions of {section}113 are expanded both in the range of punishment and in the kinds ofmore » activities which are subject to criminal enforcement. Moreover, the Act now contains a number of additional enforcement provisions in addition to those found in {section}113. The purpose of this paper is to discuss both the {section}113 provision and as well, identify those enforcement provisions found outside {section}113. The latter provisions will be taken up first and addressed by Titles of the Act. The discussion of specific sections and subsections of the CAA are necessarily brief and in the nature of highlighting of particular features; like the rest of the CAA, careful reading and analysis is a requirement for full understanding.« less

Finding a [open quotes]proposal[close quotes] for major federal action consistent with the purposes of NEPA: Does Blue Ocean Preservation Society v. Watkins breathe new life into the law

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chang, V.

Blue Ocean Preservation Society vs. Watkins (BOPS), the subject of this casenote, exemplifies the need for consideration of the environmental consequences of an agency action. The geothermal energy project which was the subject of that litigation involved sensitive, highly controversial and cultural concerns. BOPS illustrates the most compelling case for requiring preparation of an EIS before the decision to undertake agency action. This article addresses the question of what constitutes a [open quotes]proposal[close quotes] for purposes of compelling federal agencies to prepare EIS's pursuant to NEPA. Specifically, this casenote examines the method by which the Court found a proposal formore » major federal action in BOPS.« less

Lighting

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Audin, L.

1994-12-31

EPAct covers a vast territory beyond lighting and, like all legislation, also contains numerous {open_quotes}favors,{close_quotes} compromises, and even some sleight-of-hand. Tucked away under Title XIX, for example, is an increase from 20% to 28% tax on gambling winnings, effective January 1, 1993 - apparently as a way to help pay for new spending listed elsewhere in the bill. Overall, it is a landmark piece of legislation, about a decade overdue. It remains to be seen how the Federal Government will enforce upgrading of state (or even their own) energy codes. There is no mention of funding for {open_quotes}energy police{close_quotes} inmore » EPAct. Merely creating such a national standard, however, provides a target for those who sincerely wish to create an energy-efficient future.« less

LLNL Small-Scale Friction sensitivity (BAM) Test

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Simpson, L.R.; Foltz, M.F.

1996-06-01

Small-scale safety testing of explosives, propellants and other energetic materials, is done to determine their sensitivity to various stimuli including friction, static spark, and impact. Testing is done to discover potential handling problems for either newly synthesized materials of unknown behavior, or materials that have been stored for long periods of time. This report describes the existing {open_quotes}BAM{close_quotes} Small-Scale Friction Test, and the methods used to determine the friction sensitivity pertinent to handling energetic materials. The accumulated data for the materials tested is not listed here - that information is in a database. Included is, however, a short list ofmore » (1) materials that had an unusual response, and (2), a few {open_quotes}standard{close_quotes} materials representing the range of typical responses usually seen.« less

3-D architecture modeling using high-resolution seismic data and sparse well control: Example from the Mars {open_quotes}Pink{close_quotes} reservoir, Mississippi Canyon Area, Gulf of Mexico

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chapin, M.A.; Tiller, G.M.; Mahaffie, M.J.

1996-12-31

Economic considerations of the deep-water turbidite play, in the Gulf of Mexico and elsewhere, require large reservoir volumes to be drained by relatively few, very expensive wells. Deep-water development projects to date have been planned on the basis of high-quality 3-D seismic data and sparse well control. The link between 3-D seismic, well control, and the 3-D geological and reservoir architecture model are demonstrated here for Pliocene turbidite sands of the {open_quotes}Pink{close_quotes} reservoir, Prospect Mars, Mississippi Canyon Areas 763 and 807, Gulf of Mexico. This information was used to better understand potential reservoir compartments for development well planning.

Tendency towards maximum complexity in a nonequilibrium isolated system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Calbet, Xavier; Lopez-Ruiz, Ricardo

2001-06-01

The time evolution equations of a simplified isolated ideal gas, the {open_quotes}tetrahedral{close_quotes} gas, are derived. The dynamical behavior of the Lopez-Ruiz{endash}Mancini{endash}Calbet complexity [R. Lopez-Ruiz, H. L. Mancini, and X. Calbet, Phys. Lett. A >209, 321 (1995)] is studied in this system. In general, it is shown that the complexity remains within the bounds of minimum and maximum complexity. We find that there are certain restrictions when the isolated {open_quotes}tetrahedral{close_quotes} gas evolves towards equilibrium. In addition to the well-known increase in entropy, the quantity called disequilibrium decreases monotonically with time. Furthermore, the trajectories of the system in phase space approach themore » maximum complexity path as it evolves toward equilibrium.« less

The results of the investigations of Russian Research Center - {open_quotes}Kurchatov Institute{close_quotes} on molten salt applications to problems of nuclear energy systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Novikov, V.M.

1995-10-01

The results of investigations on molten salt (MS) applications to problems of nuclear energy systems that have been conducted in Russian Research {open_quotes}Kurchatov Institute{close_quotes} are presented and discussed. The spectrum of these investigations is rather broad and covers the following items: physical characteristics of molten salt nuclear energy systems (MSNES); nuclear and radiation safety of MSNES; construction materials compatible with MS of different compositions; technological aspects of MS loops; in-reactor loop testing. It is shown that main findings of completed program support the conclusion that there are no physical nor technological obstacles on way of MS application to different nuclearmore » energy systems.« less

Deposition of {open_quotes}unattached{close_quotes} radon daughters in models of human nasal and oral airways

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Strong, J.C.; Swift, D.L.

In order to estimate accurately an effective dose equivalent for exposures to radon daughters, knowledge of their deposition in the lung is required. However, the nose and mouth are effective filters for removing aerosol particles, especially in the range of sizes of {open_quotes}unattached{close_quotes} radon daughters. Therefore, it is equally important to have reliable data on deposition in this region of the respiratory tract. We will describe our work in studying nasal and oral deposition of {open_quotes}unattached{close_quotes} radon daughters in casts of these airways. Several hollow casts of adult and child nasal and oral airways were fabricated at The John Hopkinsmore » University from layers of Perspect{trademark} (an acrylic plastic). The shapes of the airway passages were obtained from nuclear magnetic resonance sectional images of healthy subjects. The casts were exposed to radon gas and daughters produced by flushing filtered air through a commercially available {sup 226}Ra source. The gas stream was drawn through a 1.4-L cylindrical tube to allow measurable growth of {sup 218}Po activity before it was passed through casts of both nasal passages or the oral cavity. The deposition of {open_quotes}unattached{close_quotes} {sup 218}Po was measured by comparing the activity collected on filters mounted in series and in parallel with a cast. Measurements were made at various flow rates (Q; 4 to 20 L min{sup -1}). The diffusion coefficient (D) of {sup 218}Po was measured each time the flow rate was changed, by replacing the cast with a stainless steel gauze screen and measuring the activity penetrating the screen. The measured diffusion coefficient ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 cm{sup 2} s{sup -1} and was found to vary with the residence time of {sup 218}Po in the growth tube. The deposition efficiency ({eta}) of {sup 218}Po measured in these casts ranged from 50 to 70%, and was similar to values we found previously, using casts of nasal and oral airways from cadavers.« less

Inside story on the legal challenge to EPA`s municipal waste combustor rule: The mouse that roared, Round 1

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jenkins, L.S.

1997-12-01

An article in the Deseret News, one of two general circulation newspapers in Salt Lake City, Utah, dated December 13, 1996, reported that {open_quotes}David{close_quotes} took on {open_quotes}Goliath{close_quotes} and won. The article referred to the Davis County Solid Waste Management and Energy Recovery Special Service District`s (the {open_quotes}District{close_quotes}) victory on its challenge to the EPA`s municipal waste combustor rules. On December 6, 1996, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that the EPA violated the plain language of Section 129 of the Clean Air Act, when it wrote size categories for municipal waste combustors ({open_quotes}MWCs{close_quotes})more » based on aggregate plant capacity, rather than unit capacity. The District argued that Congress divided the universe of MWC units into two categories: those with unit capacities above 250 tons per day, and those with unit capacities equal to or less than 250 tons per day. The EPA, however, had set the dividing line at 248 tons per day aggregate plant capacity in its municipal waste combustor rule. The Court said this was wrong. The Deseret News report certainly echoed the feelings of the District. Those of you familiar with the EPA, the process of judicial review of administrative rule making, and the Biblical story of David and Goliath, however, will quickly see that this is not the best metaphor to describe what happened. When David slew Goliath, that was the end of Goliath. He didn`t get back up. Of course, that will not happen to the EPA in the Davis County case. Like an 800-pound gorilla, it will always get back up after being challenged by a mouse. This paper tells the story of the challenge to the MWC rule from the District`s perspective. The District has not been popular with either the EPA or many industry players. But, the District was faced with a real problem that, given the District`s location and the local economy, forced its hand in this case.« less

FFTF Asbestos Location Tracking Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Reynolds, J.A.

1994-09-15

An Asbestos Location Tracking Program was prepared to list, locate, and determine Asbestos content and to provide baseline {open_quotes}good faith{close_quotes} for yearly condition inspections for the FFTF Plant and buildings and grounds.

Williams syndrome starts making sense

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ashkenas, J.

1996-10-01

1996 may be marked as a transitional year in the study of Williams syndrome (WS), when the causes of this complex condition and a practical way to investigate began to come into focus. WS presents a remarkable collection of symptoms that affect blood vessels, growth, intelligence, and behavior. WS commonly leads to infantile hypercalcemia, retardation of growth, prematurely wrinkled skin, supraventricular aortic stenosis (SVAS), and sensitivity to loud noise. Children with this condition are often mentally retarded, with distinctive {open_quotes}elfin{close_quotes} facial features, a hoarse voice, and an {open_quotes}engaging{close_quotes} personality. Their cognitive deficits may be minimal or profound but typically involvemore » a specific pattern of strengths and weaknesses, with better-than-average face recognition but little ability to recognize how parts of patterns that they see fit into a whole. 36 refs.« less

Electrokinetic decontamination of concrete. Final report, August 3, 1993--September 15, 1996

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1998-12-31

The ELECTROSORB{reg_sign} {open_quotes}C{close_quotes} process is an electrokinetic process for decontaminating concrete. ELECTROSORB{reg_sign} {open_quotes}C{close_quotes} uses a carpet-like extraction pad which is placed on the contaminated concrete surface. An electrolyte solution is circulated from a supporting module. This module keeps the electrolyte solution clean. The work is advancing through the engineering development stage with steady progress toward a full scale demonstration unit which will be ready for incorporation in the DOE Large Scale Demonstration Program by Summer 1997. A demonstration was carried out at the Mound Facility in Miamisburg, Ohio, in June 1996. Third party verification by EG&G verified the effectiveness ofmore » the process. Results of this work and the development work that proceeded are described herein.« less

{open_quotes}Full steam ahead{close_quotes} (a historical review of geothermal power development in the Philippines)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gazo, F.M.

1997-12-31

The Philippine geothermal energy development is now considered in a state of maturity. After more than 20 years of geothermal experience, the total geothermal installed capacity in the Philippines reached 1,455 MW (1996) or about 12% of the total installed power plant capacity. This also enabled the Philippines to become the second largest producer of geothermal energy in the world. The country`s track record in harnessing geothermal energy is considered a revelation, as it continues with its vision of {open_quotes}full steam ahead{close_quotes}, originally conceived when commercial geothermal operation started in 1973. It is thus proper and timely to refer tomore » historical highlights and experiences in geothermal energy development for planning and implementation of the country`s geothermal energy program.« less

How to manage without being a manager

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sweeney, M.A.

1997-06-01

In the author`s current position at Sandia National Laboratories within the Pulsed Power Sciences Center, much of the author`s time is spent in composing short (one page) technical reports and long (> 20 page) technical contracts and program plans for transmission to the Department of Energy and to upper management and also in reviewing long technical documents for accuracy. A major requirement of these efforts is to complete them on a timely basis, often within a few hours or a few days. In this talk, the author reveals some communication {open_quotes}secrets{close_quotes} that have been learned. The idea behind these twelvemore » {open_quotes}secrets{close_quotes} is to get the answers you, as a nonmanager, need quickly from a manager without creating stress either on your part or the manager`s part.« less

Plutonium storage criteria

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chung, D.; Ascanio, X.

1996-05-01

The Department of Energy has issued a technical standard for long-term (>50 years) storage and will soon issue a criteria document for interim (<20 years) storage of plutonium materials. The long-term technical standard, {open_quotes}Criteria for Safe Storage of Plutonium Metals and Oxides,{close_quotes} addresses the requirements for storing metals and oxides with greater than 50 wt % plutonium. It calls for a standardized package that meets both off-site transportation requirements, as well as remote handling requirements from future storage facilities. The interim criteria document, {open_quotes}Criteria for Interim Safe Storage of Plutonium-Bearing Solid Materials{close_quotes}, addresses requirements for storing materials with less thanmore » 50 wt% plutonium. The interim criteria document assumes the materials will be stored on existing sites, and existing facilities and equipment will be used for repackaging to improve the margin of safety.« less

De novo direct duplication of chromosome segment 22q11.2-q13.1

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fujimoto, Atsuko; Lin, Ming S.

Lindsay et al. [1995] reported a case of de novo duplication of the segment 22q11-q12. Molecular cytogenetics studies showed that the segment includes the regions responsible for the {open_quotes}cat eye,{close_quotes} DiGeorge, and velo-cardio-facial syndrome, and extends distal to the breakpoint cluster region. The phenotype was milder than that of complete trisomy 22 and der(22)t(11;22) (q23;q11) syndrome and was similar in type and severity to that of {open_quotes}cat eye{close_quotes} syndrome (CES). They suggested that trisomy of gene(s) responsible for the CES might have a predominant phenotypic effect over other genes present in the region duplicated in their patient. 3 refs., 2more » figs.« less

Some comments on space flight and radiation limits

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thornton, W E

Setting limits on human exposure to space-related radiation involves two very different processes - the appropriate hard science, and certain emotional aspects and expectations of the groups involved. These groups include the general public and their elected politicians, the astronauts and flight crews, and NASA managers, each group with different expectations and concerns. Public and political views of human space flight and human radiation exposures are often poorly informed and are often based on emotional reactions to current events which may be distorted by {open_quotes}experts{close_quotes} and the media. Career astronauts` and cosmonauts` views are much more realistic about the risksmore » involved and there is a willingness on their part to accept increased necessary risks. However, there is a concern on their part about career-threatening dose limits, the potential for overexposures, and the health effects from all sources of radiation. There is special concern over radiation from medical studies. This last concern continues to raise the question of {open_quotes}voluntary{close_quotes} participation in studies involving radiation exposure. There is greatly diversity in spaceflight crews and their expectations; and {open_quotes}official{close_quotes} Astronaut Office positions will reflect strong management direction. NASA management has its own priorities and concerns and this fact will be reflected in their crucial influence on radiation limits. NASA, and especially spaceflight crews, might be best served by exposure limits which address all sources of spaceflight radiation and all potential effects from such exposure.« less

An analysis of the equivalent dose calculation for the remainder tissues

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zankl, M.; Drexler, G.

1995-09-01

In the 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, the risk-weighted quantity {open_quotes}effective dose equivalent{close_quotes} was replaced by a similar quantity, {open_quotes}effective dose.{close_quotes} Among other alterations, the selection of the organs and tissues contributing to the risk-weighted quantity and their respective weighting factors were changed, including a modified definition of the so-called {open_quotes}remainder.{close_quotes} Close consideration of this latter definition shows that is causes certain ambiguities are unexpected effects which are dealt with in the following. For several geometries of external photon irradiation, the numerical differences of two possible methods of evaluating the remainder dose from the doses tomore » ten single organs, namely as arithmetic mean or as mass weighted average, are assessed. It is shown that deviation from these averaging procedures, as prescribed for these cases where a remainder organ receives a higher dose than an organ with a specified weighting factor, cause discontinuities in the energy dependence of the remainder dose and, consequently, also non-additivity of this quantity. These problems are discussed, and it is shown that, although the numerical consequences for the calculation of the effective dose are small, this unsatisfactory situation needs clarification. One approach might be to abolish some of the ICRP guidance relating to the appropriate tissue weighting factors for the remainder tissues and organs and to make other guidance more precise. 14 refs., 12 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Did the Mississippian Lodgepole buildup at Dickinson Field (North Dakota) form as a gas seep ({open_quotes}vent{close_quotes}) community?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Longman, M.W.

1996-10-01

The Lower Mississippian Lodgepole carbonate buildup reservoir at Dickinson Field in Stark County, North Dakota, has been widely reported as being a Waulsortian (or Waulsortian-like) mound. The term {open_quotes}Waulsortian mound{close_quotes} is used for a variety of Early Mississippian carbonate buildups that share a number of features including an abundance of carbonate mud, a {open_quotes}framework{close_quotes} of organisms such as fenestrate bryozoans and crinoids that tended to trap or baffle sediment, and a general absence of marine-cemented reef framework. Although the age of the Lodgepole mound at Dickinson Field qualifies it to be a Waulsortian mound, petrographic study of cores reveals thatmore » the reservoir rocks are quite unlike those in true Waulsortian mounds. Instead of being dominated by carbonate mud, the Lodgepole mound core is dominated by marine cement. Furthermore, ostracods and microbial limestones are common in the mound core where they occur with crinoid debris and small amounts of bryozoan, coral, and brachiopod debris. The abundant microbial limestones and marine cement indicate that the Dickinson mound formed as a lithified reef on the sea floor rather than as a Waulsortian mud mound. The microbial limestones, marine cement, and common ostracods in the mount core, and the fact that the mound nucleated almost directly o top of the Bakken Shale, suggest that the Dickinson Lodgepole mound formed at the site of a submarine spring and gas seep.« less

Comment on [open quotes]Weathering, plants, and the long-term carbon cycle[close quotes] by Robert A. Berner

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jackson, T.A.

1993-05-01

Berner (1992) has asserted that Jackson and Keller (1970a) misinterpreted the conspicuous reddish crust which forms on young lava flows in areas of rock surface colonised by the lichen Stereocaulon vulcani (but not in adjacent areas of bare rock) in regions of high rain fall on the Island of Hawaii. Jackson (1968) and Jackson and Keller (1970a,b) concluded from the results of a thorough interdisiplinary investigation employing a wide spectrum of techniques and information that his reddish coating, is an intensely leached weathering crust formed in situ, and that biochemical activities of the lichen or its associated microflora not onlymore » accelerate the chemical weathering of the rock by orders of magnitude but also determine the specific mineralogical and chemical properties of the weathering products. Berner, however, maintained that the reddish crust is in reality a deposit of [open quotes]wind-blown soil dust[close quotes] entrapped by a sticky organic substance secreted by the lichen. Berner fixed his attention on just one aspect of the many-sided body of interrelated data on which the conclusions of Jackson and Keller are founded-the observation that the weathering crust is much thicker on lichen-covered rock surfaces than on lichen-free [open quotes]control[close quotes] areas of the same rock. The totality of published evidence overwhelmingly supports the conclusions of Jackson and Keller an demonstrates that Berner's rival hypothesis is untenable.« less

Texas lignite mining: Groundwater and slope stability control in the nineties and beyond

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lawrence J.

As lignite mining in Texas approaches and exceeds depths of 200 feet below ground level, rising costs demand that innovative mining approaches be used in order to maintain the economic viability of lignite mining. Groundwater and slope stability problems multiply at these depths, resulting in increasing focus on how to control these costs. Dewatering costs are consistently rising for the lignite industry, as deeper mining encounters more and larger saturated sand bodies. These sands require dewatering in order to improve slope stability. Planning and analysis become more important as the number of wells grows beyond what can be managed withmore » a simple {open_quotes}cookie-cutter{close_quotes} approach. Slope stability plays an increasing role in mining concerns as deeper lignite is recovered. Slope stability causes several problems, including loss of lignite, increased rehandle, and hazards to personnel and equipment. Traditional lignite mine planning involved a fairly {open_quotes}generic{close_quotes} pit design with one design highwall angle, one design spoil angle, and little geotechnical evaluation of the deposit. This {open_quotes}one mine-one design{close_quotes} approach, while cost-effective in the past, is now being replaced by a more critical analysis of the design requirements of each area. Geotechnical evaluation plays an increasing role in the planning and operational aspects of lignite mining. Laboratory core sample test results can be used for slope stability modeling, in order to obtain more accurate design and operational information.« less

Pt-black catalysts sintered at different temperatures: Surface analysis and activity in reactions of n-hexane

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paal, Z.; Xu, X.L.; Paal-Lukacs, J.

Pt-black catalysts sintered at 473 and 633 K ({open_quotes}Pt-473{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}Pt-633{close_quotes}), respectively, have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and analyzed by XPS, UPS, and AES after carrying out n-hexane reactions. The analysis has been repeated after O{sub 2}-H{sub 2} regeneration in the preparation chamber of the UHV apparatus. The surface of the blacks contains some carbon and oxygen impurities even after regeneration. Both Pt-473 and Pt-633 show high Pt 4f line intensity. Decomposition of the C 1s line reveals a higher amount of oxidized carbon polymers on Pt-633. This sample is free from lattice strain. The likely higher abundance ofmore » exposed hexagonal symmetry faces, namely the (111) plane and analogous stepped and kinked structures, may be one of the reasons why fragmentation and aromatization are favored on Pt-633, as opposed to the higher selectivity of isomerization and C{sub 5}-cyclization on Pt-473. The higher amount of oxidized carbonaceous polymer overlayer (serving as {open_quotes}hydrogen catcher{close_quotes}) on Pt-633 as well as the less-retained hydrogen by its crystallites without lattice strain may also contribute to the different selectivity and hydrogen pressure response of the n-hexane reaction over the two samples. Product ratios are suggested as an additional diagnostic tool for characterizing the hydrogen availability on the catalysts. 59 refs., 9 figs., 5 tabs.« less

Regulation, competition in natural gas industry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

O`Neill, R.P.; Whitmore, C.S.

1995-08-01

Conventional regulatory and rate-making tools are not adequate to deal with today`s natural-gas market, according to Richard P. O`Neill and Charles S. Whitmore of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission in Washington, D.C. {open_quotes}Competitive market forces can substitute for many activities that traditionally have been regulated,{close_quotes} say O`Neill and Whitmore. {open_quotes}However, market-based solutions are only effective if traditional regulations is replaced by institutions that foster competition.{close_quotes} The transition to the era of open access to the transmission network, and thus to wellhead competition, started in the mid-1980s. More recently, change has also occurred in the industry`s communication and control activities. Pipelinesmore » now make more use of electronic communication and control, which will spread into pricing and capacity-release markets. Current trends and new policies for greater gas use make forecasting as difficult now as it has been for the past 20 years. O`Neill and Whitmore conclude that development of efficient institutions, therefore, should be the most important task of regulatory bodies.« less

Ukraine nuclear power struggles for survival

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kramchenkov, V.M.; Launer, M.K.

1996-07-01

The breakup of the former Soviet Union left Ukraine`s nuclear power industry in the lurch. Rampant inflation and the consequent skyrocketing price of fossil fuels has given Ukrain`s nuclear industry a greater share of the energy pie, say Vladimir M. Kramchenkov, deputy head of the technical department at the Zaporozhe nuclear station in Energodar, Ukraine, and Michael K. Launer, professor of Russian at Florida State University in Tallahassee. But with the economy in a downward spiral, conditions in the nuclear industry are getting worse rather than better. {open_quotes}Manufacturers don`t pay transporters; and employers often don`t pay workers for several monthsmore » at a time,{close_quotes} the authors note. The authors conclude that while nuclear power will be vital to Ukrain`s industrial strength, {open_quotes}the economic woes currently plaguing Ukraine-including persistent, rampant inflation-will continue to affect every aspect of Ukrainian society, including the energy sector.{close_quotes}« less

Hitaveita Reykjavikur and the Nesjavellir geothermal co-generation power plant

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lund, J.W.

1996-11-01

When Ingolfur Arnarson sighted land on the voyage which would make him the first settler in Iceland, he threw the pillars of his high seat overboard and relied on the gods to direct him to where he should settle. His slaves found them washed ashore in a bay where {open_quotes}smoke{close_quotes} rose out of the ground. Therefore, they call it Reykjavik, {open_quotes}Smoky Bay.{close_quotes} But the smoke after which Iceland`s capital is named was not the result of a fire, but was rather steam rising from hot springs. Ancient records only mention the use of geothermal springs for washing and bathing. Themore » best known examples are the Thvottalaugar (Washing pools) in what is now Laugardalur in Reykjavik, and the hot pool where saga writer Snorri Sturluson bathed at his farm in Reykholt in western Iceland.« less

Gas may be answer to world`s fuel needs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nakicenovic, N.; Nolan, L.

1995-08-01

Natural gas could become the major energy source of the 21st century, serving as a {open_quotes}bridge{close_quotes} fuel from the use of fossil fuels today to renewable energy sources tomorrow, say Nebojsa Nakicenovic and Lucy Nolan. Nakicenovic is a project leader and Nolan is a former research assistant for the Environmentally Compatible Energy Strategies Project at an Austrian research institute. The use of nuclear energy will by stymied by public opposition, costs, and waste-storage problems; renewable energy technology, on the other hand, must still overcome many technological barriers. Natural gas, then, is likely to become our next dominant energy source. {open_quotes}Themore » development of a methane economy, led by increased use of natural gas, could provide another important step in the world`s century-old stride toward a carbon-free economy,{close_quotes} the authors conclude.« less

Lessons of the North Korean crisis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mazarr, M.J.

1993-07-01

The crisis involving North Korea`s suspected nuclear weapon program is over, at least for now. Pyongyang has agreed to suspend its decision to withdraw from the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and to assume its obligations allowing continued International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspections of its nuclear facilities, although it has yet to accept IAEA {open_quotes}special{close_quotes} inspections of suspect nuclear sites. In exchange, North Korea obtained a few specific commitments from the United States - nuclear non-aggression, for example - as well as hints of longer-term benefits such as high-level US-North Korean talks extending to other topics, the cancellation of themore » US-South Korean {open_quotes}Team Spirit{close_quotes} military exercise, the right to reciprocal inspections in South Korea and an influx of South Korean and Japanese investment, provided North Korea meets its obligations under the NPT.« less

NICS report links VOCs to respiratory problems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kirschner, E.

1992-04-22

Children who live near the chemical plants of Kanawha Valley, WV, suffer more acute and chronic respiratory aliments than those farther away, says a Harvard University School of Public Health report. In the $1-million, five-year study commissioned by the National Institute for Chemical Studies (NICS:Charleston, WV) and funded by the Environmental Protection Agency, proximity to chemical plants that emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was linked to higher incidence of asthma, acute eye irritation, shortness of breath, and chronic cough. The researchers say they adjusted for most other factors, such as parental smoking and petroleum. {open_quotes}The research hypothesis was whether childrenmore » in the valley had more symptoms,{close_quotes} says NICS president Paul Hill. {open_quotes}Yes, there is a difference.{close_quotes} The study showed that some ailments were up to 28% more prevalent in children in the valley than in other Kanawha County children.« less

Synchrotron x-ray diffraction studies of the structural properties of electrode materials in operating battery cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thurston, T.R.; Jisrawi, N.M.; Mukerjee, S.

Hard x rays from a synchrotron source were utilized in diffraction experiments which probed the bulk of electrode materials while they were operating {ital in} {ital situ} in battery cells. Two technologically relevant electrode materials were examined; an {ital AB}{sub 2}-type anode in a nickel{endash}metal{endash}hydride cell and a LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} cathode in a Li-ion {open_quote}{open_quote}rocking chair{close_quote}{close_quote} cell. Structural features such as lattice expansions and contractions, phase transitions, and the formation of multiple phases were easily observed as either hydrogen or lithium was electrochemically intercalated in and out of the electrode materials. The relevance of this technique for future studiesmore » of battery electrode materials is discussed. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Institute of Physics.}« less

Environment Eu agrees on cut in greenhouse gases

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1997-03-12

In an unexpected development, the European Union`s (EU) Council of Environment Ministers has agreed to a 2010 deadline for a 15% reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases. The agreement outlines the European Commission`s strategy for the reduction of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}), to be negotiated in the UN conference on climate change to be held in Kyoto, Japan in December (CW, Feb. 26, p. 8). The European Chemical Industry Council (Cefic) says the commission`s target could curb competitiveness and even lead to the closure of some plants. {open_quotes}It`s certainly a target that is unrealistic--2010 is too close.more » Industry needs more time to adjust, assuming that it can at all,{close_quotes} Cefic environment counselor Claude Culem tells CW. {open_quotes}It [is] obviously a unilateral decision [made] by the commission with little [consideration] for industry.{close_quotes}« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marenco, S.; Kraut, M.A.; Soher, B.J.

To ascertain whether local changes in signal intensity seen with functional MRI (fMRI) were related to regional blood flow changes with PET, 45 normal male volunteers (ages 31-49) underwent both procedures during resting and bilateral visual stimulation. A single 4mm thick fMRI slice over the calcarine fissure was acquired with a gradient echo 60,60,40{prime} (TR,TE,{alpha}), on a GE Signa 1.5 T. Sixty images were acquired over 366 sec. The visual stimulator was turned on and off at intervals of 36 sec, with a stimulating frequency of 8 Hz. ROIs were drawn around clusters of pixels with high z-scores (pixel value-meanmore » over whole acquisition/SD). Several ROIs were drawn in each subject. Percent change in signal intensity was calculated as the intensity in the average of six {open_quotes}on{close_quotes} images over the average of six {open_quotes}off{close_quotes} images 100.« less

{open_quotes}Quadrupoled{close_quotes} materials for second-order nonlinear optics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hubbard, S.F.; Petschek, R.G.; Singer, K.D.

1997-10-01

We describe a new approach to second-order nonlinear optical materials, namely quadrupoling. This approach is valid in the regime of Kleinman (full permutation) symmetry breaking, and thus requires a two- or three dimensional microscopic nonlinearity at wavelengths away from material resonances. This {open_quotes}quadrupolar{close_quotes} nonlinearity arises from the second rank pseudotensor of the rotationally invariant representation of the second-order nonlinear optical tensor. We have experimentally investigated candidate molecules comprised of chiral camphorquinone derivatives by measuring the scalar invariant associated with the rank two pseudotensor using hyper-Rayleigh scattering. We have found sizable scalar figures of merit for several compounds using light formore » which the second harmonic wavelengths are greater than 100 nm longer than the absorption peak location. At these wavelengths, the quadrupolar scalar is as large as the polar (EFISH) scalar of p-nitroaniline. Prospects for applications are discussed.« less

Evaluation of selective vs. point-source perforating for hydraulic fracturing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Underwood, P.J.; Kerley, L.

1996-12-31

This paper is a case history comparing and evaluating the effects of fracturing the Reef Ridge Diatomite formation in the Midway-Sunset Field, Kern County, California, using {open_quotes}select-fire{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}point-source{close_quotes} perforating completions. A description of the reservoir, production history, and fracturing techniques used leading up to this study is presented. Fracturing treatment analysis and production history matching were used to evaluate the reservoir and fracturing parameters for both completion types. The work showed that single fractures were created with the point-source (PS) completions, and multiple fractures resulted from many of the select-fire (SF) completions. A good correlation was developed between productivitymore » and the product of formation permeability, net fracture height, bottomhole pressure, and propped fracture length. Results supported the continued development of 10 wells using the PS concept with a more efficient treatment design, resulting in substantial cost savings.« less

De novo tandem duplication of chromosome segement 22q11-q12: Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular characterization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lindsay, E.A.; Shaffer, L.G.; Carrozzo, R.

We report on a case of duplication of the segment 22q11-q12 due to a de novo duplication. Molecular cytogenetics studies demonstrated this to be a tandem duplication, flanked proximally by the marker D22Z4, a centromeric alpha satellite DNA repeat, and distally by D22S260, an anonymous DNA marker proximal to the Ewing sarcoma breakpoint. The segment includes the regions responsible for the {open_quotes}cat-eye{close_quotes}, Di George, and velo-cardio-facial syndromes and extends distal to the breakpoint cluster region (BCR). The clinical picture is dominated by the cardiac defects and includes findings reminiscent of {open_quotes}cat-eye{close_quotes} syndrome. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that the proximalmore » 22q region contains dosage-sensitive genes involved in development. 20 refs., 3 figs.« less

Ecosystem behavior at Bermuda Station [open quotes]S[close quotes] and ocean weather station [open quotes]India[close quotes]: A general circulation model and observational analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fasham, M.J.R.; Sarmiento, J.L.; Slater, R.D.

1993-06-01

One important theme of modern biological oceanography has been the attempt to develop models of how the marine ecosystem responds to variations in the physical forcing functions such as solar radiation and the wind field. The authors have addressed the problem by embedding simple ecosystem models into a seasonally forced three-dimensional general circulation model of the North Atlantic ocean. In this paper first, some of the underlying biological assumptions of the ecosystem model are presented, followed by an analysis of how well the model predicts the seasonal cycle of the biological variables at Bermuda Station s' and Ocean Weather Stationmore » India. The model gives a good overall fit to the observations but does not faithfully model the whole seasonal ecosystem model. 57 refs., 25 figs., 5 tabs.« less

Partial purification of coriolus versicolor's extracellular polyphenol oxidase (PPO)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Moore, N.L.; Dashek, W.V.

1993-05-01

Coriolus versicolor, a white-rot basidiomycete, secretes ligno-celluloytic enzymes. Because these are valuable to paper-pulp agricultural industries, trials are in progress to substrate induce these enzymes enhance their secretions. Reported are attempts to develop an extracellular PPO (o-diphenols to 0-diquinones) purification protocol applicable to [open quote]batch-cultured[close quote] C. versicolor. Whereas dialysis (MW [open quote]cut-off[close quote], 14,000) of 13 day growth medium (GM) resulted in 2.17 fold PPO spc. act. increase, dialysis plus a 0-30% (NH[sub 4])[sub 2]SO[sub 4] [open quote]cut[close quote] yielded a 3.27 fold enhancement. Subsequent GM chromatography on DEAE CM-Sephadexes revealed that PPO exchanged with DEAE's counterion without enhancingmore » spc. act. Gel filtration of GM commercial PPOs on G-150 resulted in similar elutions indicating a substitute for ion exchange chromatography. Time-dependent fungal growth in liquid medium followed by viscometry utilizing CMC revealed a GM endocellulase 2 days after inoculation an activity rise to day 12. Filteration of Onozuka cellulase on G-150 yielded an elution profile similar to those of GM authentic PPO's compounding C. versicolor's PPO purification. SDS-PAGE of dialyzed GM revealed 4 proteins, one of which was removed by the (NH[sub 4])[sub 2]SO[sub 4]. The m[sub TS] of commercial Sigma's PPO Onozuka cellulase were 0.76 0.59, respectively, for comparison to C. versicolor's PPO. Affinity, hydroxylapatite hydrophobic interaction chromatographies may yield a single SDS-PAGE PPO band.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gay, B.; Portman, C.

Oil reserves two miles beneath the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in northern Alaska could stimulate the economy, reduce US petroleum imports, create jobs, and improve the US trade balance, insist Becky Gay and Carl Portman of the non-profit Resource Development Council for Alaska, Inc. Efforts to tap these oil reserves would be confined to the coastal plain. The rest of the refuge would remain unaffected. US Department of the Interior geologists estimate that the coastal plain could produce as much as 1 million barrels of crude oil per day for at least 25 years. Thatmore » level of production would represent 12 percent of current domestic production. [open quotes]It also could increase the gross national product more than $50 billion by 2005 and save the United States more than $14 billion annually in imports,[close quotes] Gay and Portman write. And, they say, these rewards would come at only a modest price in terms of loss of wilderness. [open quotes]While it is impossible to develop without environmental impact, environmental protection and oil development in the arctic are not mutually exclusive,[close quotes] the authors contend. They claim that advances in drilling, construction, and operating practices have reduced the environmental impact associated with oil development in Alaska. Those opposed to oil exploration in ANWR contend that energy conservation measures such as higher gasoline mileage for automobiles may offset the need for additional Alaskan oil. The authors insist, however, that even [open quotes]the most sincere efforts by consumers to conserve would still leave a sizable gap between the energy America produces and the energy it consumes.[close quotes]« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The New York Power Authority (NYPA) and Entergy Corp. of New Orleans, La., announced recently the signing of a memorandum of understanding as a step toward a contract for Entergy to provide management services to NYPA`s two nuclear power plants. The agreement is the first of its kind. NYPA is the nation`s largest state-owned electric utility and supplier of one-quarter of New York`s electricity. Its nuclear plants are Indian Point 3 (IP3) in Buchanan, Westchester County, and James A. FitzPatrick in Scriba, Oswego County. Entergy is a utility holding company and its subsidiary, Entergy Operations Inc., is widely recognized asmore » one of the leading nuclear operators in the United States. {open_quotes}NYPA`s nuclear plants are assets that belong to the people of New York,{close_quotes} said C.D. {open_quotes}Rapp{close_quotes} Rappleyea, NYPA`s chairman and CEO. {open_quotes}Our alliance with Entergy can provide the people of this state with added assurance that these plants will operate with the highest level of safety and efficiency.{close_quotes} FitzPatrick, an 800 MW boiling water reactor, has operated since 1975 and IP3, a 980 MW pressurized water reactor, since 1976. Although both are currently running well, they have had problems in recent years, and IP3 is on the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission`s (NRC) list of plants requiring increased regulatory attention. Entergy operated both types of reactors, has three single-unit sites like NYPA`s and is experienced in operating plants for different utility owners.« less

ALARA and planning of interventions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rocaboy, A.

1995-03-01

The implementation of ALARA programs implies integration of radiation protection criterion at all stages of outage management. Within the framework of its ALARA policy, Electricide de France (EDF) has given an incentive to all of its nuclear power plants to develop {open_quotes}good practices{close_quotes} in this domain, and to exchange their experience by the way of a national feed back file. Among the developments in the field of outage organization, some plants have focused on the planning stage of activities because of its influence on the radiological conditions of interventions and on the good succession of tasks within the radiological controlledmore » areas. This paper presents the experience of Chinon nuclear power plant. At Chinon, we are pursuing this goal through careful outage planning. We want the ALARA program during outages to be part of the overall maintenance task planning. This planning includes the provision of the availability of every safety-related component, and of the variations of water levels in hthereactor and steam generators to take advantage of the shield created by the water. We have developed a computerized data base with the exact position of all the components in the reactor building in order to avoid unnecessary interactions between different tasks performed in the same room. A common language between Operation and Maintenance had been established over the past years, using {open_quotes}Milestones and Corridors{close_quotes}. A real time dose rate counting system enables the Radiation Protection (RP) Department to do an accurate and efficient follow up during the outage for all the {open_quotes}ALARA{close_quotes} maintenance tasks.« less

Schizophrenia: A genome scan targets chromosomes 3p and 8p as potential sites of susceptibility genes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pulver, A.E.; Lasseter, V.K.; Kasch, L.

Using a systematically ascertained sample of 57 families, each having 2 or more members with a consensus diagnosis of schizophrenia (DSM-III-R criteria), we have carried out linkage studies of 520 loci, covering approximately 70% of the genome for susceptibility loci for schizophrenia. A two-stage strategy based on lod score thresholds from simulation studies of our sample identified regions for further exploration. In each region, a dense map of highly informative dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms (heterozygosity greater than .70) was analyzed using dominant, recessive, and {open_quotes}affected only{close_quotes} models and nonparametric sib pair identity-by-descent methods. For one region, 8p22-p21, affected sib-pair analyses gavemore » a P value = .0001, corresponding to a lod score approximately equal to 3.00. For 8p22-p21, the maximum two-point lod score occurred using the {open_quotes}affected only{close_quotes} recessive model (Z{sub max} = 2.35; {theta}{sub M} = {theta}{sub F}); allowing for a constant sex difference in recombination fractions found in reference pedigrees, Z{sub max} = 2.78 ({theta}{sub M}/{theta}{sub F} = 3). For a second region, 3p26-p24, the maximum two-point lod score was 2.34 ({open_quotes}affected only{close_quotes} dominant model), and the affected sib-pair P value was .01. These two regions are worthy of further exploration as potential sites of susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. 59 refs., 2 figs., 4 tabs.« less

Alcohol synthesis in a high-temperature slurry reactor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roberts, G.W.; Marquez, M.A.; McCutchen, M.S.

1995-12-31

The overall objective of this contract is to develop improved process and catalyst technology for producing higher alcohols from synthesis gas or its derivatives. Recent research has been focused on developing a slurry reactor that can operate at temperatures up to about 400{degrees}C and on evaluating the so-called {open_quotes}high pressure{close_quotes} methanol synthesis catalyst using this reactor. A laboratory stirred autoclave reactor has been developed that is capable of operating at temperatures up to 400{degrees}C and pressures of at least 170 atm. The overhead system on the reactor is designed so that the temperature of the gas leaving the system canmore » be closely controlled. An external liquid-level detector is installed on the gas/liquid separator and a pump is used to return condensed slurry liquid from the separator to the reactor. In order to ensure that gas/liquid mass transfer does not influence the observed reaction rate, it was necessary to feed the synthesis gas below the level of the agitator. The performance of a commercial {open_quotes}high pressure {close_quotes} methanol synthesis catalyst, the so-called {open_quotes}zinc chromite{close_quotes} catalyst, has been characterized over a range of temperature from 275 to 400{degrees}C, a range of pressure from 70 to 170 atm., a range of H{sub 2}/CO ratios from 0.5 to 2.0 and a range of space velocities from 2500 to 10,000 sL/kg.(catalyst),hr. Towards the lower end of the temperature range, methanol was the only significant product.« less

High performance systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vigil, M.B.

1995-03-01

This document provides a written compilation of the presentations and viewgraphs from the 1994 Conference on High Speed Computing given at the High Speed Computing Conference, {open_quotes}High Performance Systems,{close_quotes} held at Gleneden Beach, Oregon, on April 18 through 21, 1994.

Moral distancing and the use of information technologies: The seven temptations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rubin, R.

1994-12-31

There are many causes for unethical behavior among individuals who use information technologies. This article suggests that some of these reasons may be directly related to the characteristics of the technologies themselves. This is not to suggest that individuals are not responsible for their actions, but to identify factors about technology that may divert ethical attention. The diverting characteristics are identified as the {open_quote}Seven Temptations{open_quotes}.

Comment on {open_quotes}Spontaneous Wave Pattern Formation in Vibrated Granular Materials{close_quotes}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bizon, C.; Shattuck, M.D.; Newman, J.T.

1997-12-01

A Comment on the Letter by Keiko M. Aoki and Tetsuo Akiyama, Phys.Rev.Lett.{bold 77}, 4166 (1996). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}

The effect of wave-particle interactions on the polar wind O{sup +}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barakat, A.R.; Barghouthi, I.A.

1994-10-15

The escape of the polar wind plasma is an important element in the ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling. Both theory and observations indicate that the wave-particle interactions (WPI) play a significant role in the dynamics of ion outflow along open geomagnetic field lines. A Monte Carlo simulation was developed in order to include the effect of the WPI in addition to the factors that are traditionally included in the {open_quote}classical{close_quote} polar wind (i.e. gravity, electrostatic field, and divergence of geomagnetic field lines). The ion distribution function (f{sub j}), as well as the profiles of its moments (density, drift velocity, temperature, etc.) were foundmore » for different levels of WPI, that is, for different values of the normalized diffusion rate in the velocity space (D{sub {perpendicular}{sub j}}). Although the model included O{sup +}, H{sup +} and electrons, the authors presented only the results related to the O{sup +} ions. They found that (1) both the density and drift velocity of O{sup +} increased with the WPI strength, and consequently, the O{sup +} escape flux was enhanced by a factor of up to 10{sup 5}; (2) The O{sup +} ions could be energized up to a few electron volts; (3) for moderate and high levels of WPI (D{sub {perpendicular}}(O{sup +})>1), the distribution function f(O{sup +}) displayed very pronounced conic features at altitudes around 3R{sub E}. Finally, the interplay between the downward body force, the upward mirror force, and the perpendicular heating resulted in the formation of the {open_quotes}pressure cooker{close_quotes} effect. This phenomena explained some interesting features of their solution, such as, the peak in the O{sup +} temperature, and the formation of {open_quotes}ears{close_quotes} and conics for f(O{sup +}) around 2.5R{sub E}. 10 refs., 2 figs.« less

Program for training a measurement technician

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gates, A.L.

In the early 1970`s when the price of gas went from an average of 17 cents per thousand cubic feet tomore » $$2.00 and the words {open_quote}take or pay{close_quote} became prevalent, many companies started thinking about advanced training programs. Many organizations, such as ours, had basically used the {open_quotes}hands on or the on the job training approach.{close_quote} Utilization of these methods often fostered bad habits, as well as, a lack of standardization in our organization. Additional price increases for gas became the standard until the bottom fell out of the oil patch around 1983. Other factors in the early 1980`s generated the need for greater training efforts that have not slowed down as of yet, and the greatest factor has been technology. Remote terminal units, flow computers, transducers, analog 10`s, audit trails, MMBTU`s, real time measurement, Therm Titrators and Danalizers are just a few of the terms or items that we started utilizing in the early eighties that we now generally accept in our day to day activities. However; as we have moved through these stages, there appears to be even a greater sense of urgency to become better trained. Gas prices are now less than $$1.00 per thousand. Open access moves greater volumes with considerably less margins just so we can get in on the action. These new measuring stations at transportation connects have reached complexities never imagined before requiring measurement technicians to posses knowledge and skills that simply cannot be acceptable as {open_quote}getting by.{close_quote} The smallest errors can mean losses in the thousands of dollars each day if not corrected, and they are totally unacceptable by those we do business with in a complex industry as ours today. In periods such as the gas industry is facing today, it is easy to enter periods of austerity, make budget cuts and generally reduce effective training programs.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Taylor, L.H.

In its beginning, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Environmental Management (EM) viewed private industry as lacking adequate technology know-how to meet demands of hazardous and radioactive waste problems at the DOE`s laboratories and nuclear weapons production facilities. In November 1989, EM`s Office of Technology Development (recently renamed the Office of Science and Technology) embarked on a bold program of developing and demonstrating {open_quotes}innovative{close_quotes} waste cleanup technologies that would be safer, faster, more effective, and less expensive than the {open_quotes}baseline{close_quotes} commercial methods. This program has engaged DOE sites, national laboratories, and universities to produce preferred solutions to the problems of handling and treating DOE wastes. More recently, much of this work has shifted to joint efforts with private industry partners to accelerate the use of newly developed technologies and to enhance existing commercial methods. To date, the total funding allocation to the Office of Science and Technology program has been aboutmore » $2.8 billion. If the technology applications` projects of the EM Offices of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management are included, the total funding is closer to $$4 billion. Yet, the environmental industry generally has not been very receptive to EM`s innovative technology offerings. And, essentially the same can be said for DOE sites. According to the U.S. General Accounting Office in an August 1994 report, {open_quotes}Although DOE has spent a substantial amount to develop waste cleanup technologies, little new technology finds its way into the agency`s cleanup actions{close_quotes}. The DOE Baseline Environmental Management Report estimated cleanups of DOE`s Cold War legacy of wastes to require the considerable cost of $$226 billion over a period of 75 years. 1 tab.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kegel, T.M.

Calibration laboratories are faced with the need to become accredited or registered to one or more quality standards. One requirement common to all of these standards is the need to have in place a measurement assurance program. What is a measurement assurance program? Brian Belanger, in Measurement Assurance Programs: Part 1, describes it as a {open_quotes}quality assurance program for a measurement process that quantifies the total uncertainty of the measurements (both random and systematic components of error) with respect to national or designated standards and demonstrates that the total uncertainty is sufficiently small to meet the user`s requirements.{close_quotes} Rolf Schumachermore » is more specific in Measurement Assurance in Your Own Laboratory. He states, {open_quotes}Measurement assurance is the application of broad quality control principles to measurements of calibrations.{close_quotes} Here, the focus is on one important part of any measurement assurance program: implementation of statistical process control (SPC). Paraphrasing Juran`s Quality Control Handbook, a process is in statistical control if the only observed variations are those that can be attributed to random causes. Conversely, a process that exhibits variations due to assignable causes is not in a state of statistical control. Finally, Carrol Croarkin states, {open_quotes}In the measurement assurance context the measurement algorithm including instrumentation, reference standards and operator interactions is the process that is to be controlled, and its direct product is the measurement per se. The measurements are assumed to be valid if the measurement algorithm is operating in a state of control.{close_quotes} Implicit in this statement is the important fact that an out-of-control process cannot produce valid measurements. 7 figs.« less

Dabhol resumes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Burr, M.T.

1997-01-01

Shockwaves were felt throughout the global business community when political forces in India stalled out the Dabhol power project. Lenders and investors felt even less secure about the risks involved with developing infrastructure projects in emerging economies, and Dabhol came to symbolize the sinkholes that lie in wait for even the best-devised projects with the strongest sponsors. The project resumed in early December, however, after the Bombay High Court dismissed the only remaining lawsuit filed against Dabhol Power Co. Now, the Dabhol project is set to become an example of how a project can succeed in a big way ifmore » it has developers with integrity, skill, flexibility, and--above all--a great deal of patience. Originally a 695 MW facility, Dabhol was renegotiated so the complex totals 2,450 MW, with one 740 MW phase and another 1,710 MW phase. {open_quotes}The additional capacity allowed us to recover the costs we incurred during cancellation,{close_quotes} says Rebecca Mark, CEO of Enron Development Corp. in Houston, Texas. {open_quotes}We reduced rates for the second phase, and we`ll handle it on a competitive basis when it comes to specifying equipment.{close_quotes} Enron is the lead developer of the project, with an 80 percent equity stake. GE Capital of Stamford, Conn., USA, and Bechtel Enterprises of San Francisco, Calif., each hold a 10 percent share in the project. {open_quotes}The changes in the project have had little effect on the financing arrangements. Additional project costs which resulted from the delays were funded by the equity group, and the debt levels and terms remain consistent with those of the original closing,{close_quotes} says Everett Smith III, executive vice president and director-international, for GE Capital Services Structured Finance Group.« less

Genetic epidemiology of gallbladder disease in Mexican Americans and cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase gene variation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lin, J.P.; Hanis, C.L.; Boerwinkle, E.

1994-09-01

Among Mexican Americans the prevalence of gallbladder disease is markedly elevated. Previous data from both genetic admixture and family studies indicate that there is genetic component to the occurrence of gallbladder disease in Mexican Americans. However, prior to this study no formal genetic analysis of gallbladder disease had been carried out nor had any contributing gene been identified. The results of complex segregation analysis in a sample of 232 Mexican Americans with age- and gender-specific effects influencing the occurrence of gallbladder disease. The estimated frequency of the allele increasing susceptibility was 0.39. The lifetime probabilities that an individual will bemore » affected by gallbladder disease were 1.0, 0.54, and 0.00 for females of genotypes {open_quotes}AA{close_quotes}, {open_quotes}Aa{close_quotes}, and {open_quotes}aa{close_quotes}, respectively, and 0.68, 0.30, and 0.00 for males, respectively. Human cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis. The results of an association study in both a random sample and a matched case/control sample showed that there is a significant association between cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase gene variation and the occurrence of gallbladder disease in Mexican Americans males but not in females. For loci in the 5{prime}-end of the cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase gene, the frequency of the susceptibility alleles was twice as high in gallbladder disease patients compared to controls. The results of a linkage analysis provide evidence that the cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase gene and the inferred gallbladder disease gene are genetically linked.« less

An interactive drilling simulator for teaching and research

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cooper, G.A.; Cooper, A.G.; Bihn, G.

1995-12-31

An interactive program has been constructed that allows a student or engineer to simulate the drilling of an oil well, and to optimize the drilling process by comparing different drilling plans. The program operates in a very user-friendly way, with emphasis on menu and button-driven commands. The simulator may be run either as a training program, with exercises that illustrate various features of the drilling process, as a game, in which a student is set a challenge to drill a well with minimum cost or time under constraints set by an instructor, or as a simulator of a real situationmore » to investigate the merit of different drilling strategies. It has three main parts, a Lithology Editor, a Settings Editor and the simulation program itself. The Lithology Editor allows the student, instructor or engineer to build a real or imaginary sequence of rock layers, each characterized by its mineralogy, drilling and log responses. The Settings Editor allows the definition of all the operational parameters, ranging from the drilling and wear rates of particular bits in specified rocks to the costs of different procedures. The simulator itself contains an algorithm that determines rate of penetration and rate of wear of the bit as drilling continues. It also determines whether the well kicks or fractures, and assigns various other {open_quotes}accident{close_quotes} conditions. During operation, a depth vs. time curve is displayed, together with a {open_quotes}mud log{close_quotes} showing the rock layers penetrated. If desired, the well may be {open_quotes}logged{close_quotes} casings may be set and pore and fracture pressure gradients may be displayed. During drilling, the total time and cost are shown, together with cost per foot in total and for the current bit run.« less

Energy vulnerability relationships

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shaw, B.R.; Boesen, J.L.

The US consumption of crude oil resources has been a steadily growing indicator of the vitality and strength of the US economy. At the same time import diversity has also been a rapidly developing dimension of the import picture. In the early 1970`s, embargoes of crude oil from Organization of Producing and Exporting Countries (OPEC) created economic and political havoc due to a significant lack of diversity and a unique set of economic, political and domestic regulatory circumstances. The continued rise of imports has again led to concerns over the security of our crude oil resource but threats to thismore » system must be considered in light of the diversity and current setting of imported oil. This report develops several important issues concerning vulnerability to the disruption of oil imports: (1) The Middle East is not the major supplier of oil to the United States, (2) The US is not vulnerable to having its entire import stream disrupted, (3) Even in stable countries, there exist vulnerabilities to disruption of the export stream of oil, (4) Vulnerability reduction requires a focus on international solutions, and (5) DOE program and policy development must reflect the requirements of the diverse supply. Does this increasing proportion of imported oil create a {open_quotes}dependence{close_quotes}? Does this increasing proportion of imported oil present a vulnerability to {open_quotes}price shocks{close_quotes} and the tremendous dislocations experienced during the 1970`s? Finally, what is the vulnerability of supply disruptions from the current sources of imported oil? If oil is considered to be a finite, rapidly depleting resource, then the answers to these questions must be {open_quotes}yes.{close_quotes} However, if the supply of oil is expanding, and not limited, then dependence is relative to regional supply sources.« less

Nuclear criticality safety calculational analysis for small-diameter containers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

LeTellier, M.S.; Smallwood, D.J.; Henkel, J.A.

This report documents calculations performed to establish a technical basis for the nuclear criticality safety of favorable geometry containers, sometimes referred to as 5-inch containers, in use at the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant. A list of containers currently used in the plant is shown in Table 1.0-1. These containers are currently used throughout the plant with no mass limits. The use of containers with geometries or material types other than those addressed in this evaluation must be bounded by this analysis or have an additional analysis performed. The following five basic container geometries were modeled and bound all container geometriesmore » in Table 1.0-1: (1) 4.32-inch-diameter by 50-inch-high polyethylene bottle; (2) 5.0-inch-diameter by 24-inch-high polyethylene bottle; (3) 5.25-inch-diameter by 24-inch-high steel can ({open_quotes}F-can{close_quotes}); (4) 5.25-inch-diameter by 15-inch-high steel can ({open_quotes}Z-can{close_quotes}); and (5) 5.0-inch-diameter by 9-inch-high polybottle ({open_quotes}CO-4{close_quotes}). Each container type is evaluated using five basic reflection and interaction models that include single containers and multiple containers in normal and in credible abnormal conditions. The uranium materials evaluated are UO{sub 2}F{sub 2}+H{sub 2}O and UF{sub 4}+oil materials at 100% and 10% enrichments and U{sub 3}O{sub 8}, and H{sub 2}O at 100% enrichment. The design basis safe criticality limit for the Portsmouth facility is k{sub eff} + 2{sigma} < 0.95. The KENO study results may be used as the basis for evaluating general use of these containers in the plant.« less

Colombia: A source of hydrocarbons for the world

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Olivella, J.B.

1993-02-01

Colombia progressively has become attractive to those exploring for oil. The policy established by the government in 1974 has attracted large-, medium-, and small-sized companies to come to the country in search for petroleum and gas reserves in the 780,000 km[sup 2] which encompass its 13 sedimentary basins. The dynamics with which association contracts can be signed with the state company Ecopetrol, has been a decisive factor in the success of its oil policy, a success reflected in the existence of over 90 contracts in force and the involvement of more than 40 foreign oil companies in operations in Colombia.more » Historically, exploration was carried out to search for hydrocarbons in known zones and in pursuit of traditional structures, which brought both, great discoveries and resounding failures. State of the art in exploration has permitted a better understanding of the geological phenomena which have led to the accumulation of hydrocarbons. Ecopetrol has begun to explore with the new [open quotes]play concepts[close quotes] taking into account aspects never before considered, weighing risk factors against the possibility of discovering important quantities of hydrocarbons in [open quotes]frontier regions.[close quotes] These new ideas allow the construction of geological models before deciding to drill. This [open quotes]new focus[close quotes] is based on global geological analogies. We can say, for example, that the important hydrocarbon discoveries in the Eastern Plains alongside the Colombian Eastern Range foothill, have been the result of geological concepts evolution, now managed with highly adaptable designing and planning with universal criteria. All along its 1200 km appears to be the area of greatest oil potential.« less

3D architecture modeling of reservoir compartments in a Shingled Turbidite Reservoir using high-resolution seismic data and sparse well control, example from Mars {open_quotes}Pink{close_quotes} reservoir, Mississippi Canyon Area, Gulf of Mexico

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chapin, M.A.; Mahaffie, M.J.; Tiller, G.M.

1996-12-31

Economics of most deep-water development projects require large reservoir volumes to be drained with relatively few wells. The presence of reservoir compartments must therefore be detected and planned for in a pre-development stage. We have used 3-D seismic data to constrain large-scale, deterministic reservoir bodies in a 3-D architecture model of Pliocene-turbidite sands of the {open_quotes}E{close_quotes} or {open_quotes}Pink{close_quotes} reservoir, Prospect Mars, Mississippi Canyon Areas 763 and 807, Gulf of Mexico. Reservoir compartmentalization is influenced by stratigraphic shingling, which in turn is caused by low accommodation space predentin the upper portion of a ponded seismic sequence within a salt withdrawal mini-basin.more » The accumulation is limited by updip onlap onto a condensed section marl, and by lateral truncation by a large scale submarine erosion surface. Compartments were suggested by RFT pressure variations and by geochemical analysis of RFT fluid samples. A geological interpretation derived from high-resolution 3-D seismic and three wells was linked to 3-D architecture models through seismic inversion, resulting in a reservoir all available data. Distinguishing subtle stratigraphical shingles from faults was accomplished by detailed, loop-level mapping, and was important to characterize the different types of reservoir compartments. Seismic inversion was used to detune the seismic amplitude, adjust sandbody thickness, and update the rock properties. Recent development wells confirm the architectural style identified. This modeling project illustrates how high-quality seismic data and architecture models can be combined in a pre-development phase of a prospect, in order to optimize well placement.« less

3D architecture modeling of reservoir compartments in a Shingled Turbidite Reservoir using high-resolution seismic data and sparse well control, example from Mars [open quotes]Pink[close quotes] reservoir, Mississippi Canyon Area, Gulf of Mexico

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chapin, M.A.; Mahaffie, M.J.; Tiller, G.M.

1996-01-01

Economics of most deep-water development projects require large reservoir volumes to be drained with relatively few wells. The presence of reservoir compartments must therefore be detected and planned for in a pre-development stage. We have used 3-D seismic data to constrain large-scale, deterministic reservoir bodies in a 3-D architecture model of Pliocene-turbidite sands of the [open quotes]E[close quotes] or [open quotes]Pink[close quotes] reservoir, Prospect Mars, Mississippi Canyon Areas 763 and 807, Gulf of Mexico. Reservoir compartmentalization is influenced by stratigraphic shingling, which in turn is caused by low accommodation space predentin the upper portion of a ponded seismic sequence withinmore » a salt withdrawal mini-basin. The accumulation is limited by updip onlap onto a condensed section marl, and by lateral truncation by a large scale submarine erosion surface. Compartments were suggested by RFT pressure variations and by geochemical analysis of RFT fluid samples. A geological interpretation derived from high-resolution 3-D seismic and three wells was linked to 3-D architecture models through seismic inversion, resulting in a reservoir all available data. Distinguishing subtle stratigraphical shingles from faults was accomplished by detailed, loop-level mapping, and was important to characterize the different types of reservoir compartments. Seismic inversion was used to detune the seismic amplitude, adjust sandbody thickness, and update the rock properties. Recent development wells confirm the architectural style identified. This modeling project illustrates how high-quality seismic data and architecture models can be combined in a pre-development phase of a prospect, in order to optimize well placement.« less

Battelle developing reefs to ease habitat losses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1993-04-01

Artificial reefs may be the answer to solving a worldwide problem of declining fish habitats, or they may only be good for creating fishing spots. Researchers at Battelle's Ocean Sciences Laboratory in Duxbury, Massachusetts, are studying artificial reefs in the Delaware River to determine if they are a solution to habitat losses in estuaries and coastal regions. [open quotes]Right now, we don't know if the fish are using the reefs simply as a grazing land, and then moving on, or if they're using the areas to colonize,[close quotes] said researcher Karen Foster. [open quotes]Ultimately, we hope to find they aremore » colonizing.[close quotes] In 1989, Battelle researchers placed 16 prefabricated concrete reefs 45 feet deep in Delaware Bay. The reefs were placed in clusters of four, and monitoring began the following year. The federal government ordered the reefs placed in the bay as a mitigation technique for fish habitat that was lost when the river was dredged for navigational purposes. Researchers examined the reefs twice last summer. It will take five years, Foster said, before researchers can determine if the reefs are increasing the fish population. Early tests show, however, the populations of mussels, sponges, corals, and anemones increased by up to 150 percent over an area of bay bottom where the reefs were placed. Divers take crustacean samples from the reefs, and fish are caught near the reefs for examination. Researchers dissect the fish stomachs and analyze the contents to determine if they have been feeding at the reefs. [open quotes]If we find blue mussels in the stomach of the fish, that's great because we know that blue mussels are growing on the reef,[close quotes] Foster said.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rafi, M.A.; Luzi, P.; Hershberger, M.

Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GCL) or Krabbe disease is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from a deficiency of galactocerebrosidase (GALC) activity. The typical human patient presents with symptoms of spasticity, developmental delay and irritability by 6 months of age. Older patients, including adults, are also diagnosed with this disorder. While patients from all ethnic groups are included within the more than 230 patients diagnosed in this laboratory, many trace their ancestry to Northern Europe. Patients are easy to diagnose by their low GALC activity. However, carriers are difficult to identify due to a large overlap in the {open_quotes}control{close_quotes} and carrier ranges.more » With our cloning of the GALC gene we have undertaken a study to identify mutations causing GCL in some of our families. We have identified a C to T transition at position {open_quotes}502{close_quotes} (counting form the A of the initiation codon) in about 65% of the mutant alleles in patients with Northern European ancestry. Identification of an intron 32 nucleotides downstream from the site of the mutation permits amplification of genomic DNA samples and rapid cycle sequencing. This mutation was found primarily in classic infantile patients, however it was found in the heterozygous state in a juvenile patient and in an African-American patient. This mutation changes the codon for arginine to one for cysteine, and computer analysis predicts a significant change in the secondary structure of this multi-subunit enzyme. A G to A transition at position {open_quotes}694{close_quotes} was found in the homozygous state in another infantile patient from a consanguineous mating. We are in the process of looking for this mutation in other patients. It is hoped that a few mutations will be found to be responsible for infantile Krabbe disease so that carrier identification can be improved for some families.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Taylor, C.S.

Kenaf`s story is now being told in the fields of South Texas and Southern Louisiana as new fiber processing operation are responding to the public`s demand for more environmentally sound sources of fiber and farmer`s desperate pleas for additional production options. Despite the title, this paper focuses primarily on the {open_quotes}demand{close_quotes} pull from the market place that brings the new crop production/processing system together. Kenaf, an annual hibiscus crop, has been cultivated for several centuries in Asia and Africa, mostly as a substitute for jute fiber in the world`s cordage industry. The crop was first seriously considered in the Americasmore » when jute supplies from Asia were cut off by the War in the Pacific. In the 1960s the US Department of Agriculture selected kenaf as the most promising annual crop source of fiber for the pulp and paper industry. Industry took a look but it wasn`t their priority and the initial USDA effort ceased in the late 1970s. However, almost at the same time some newspaper publishers, who had been following the USDA work, intervened to keep things going. Kenaf International was formed in 1981 as system-oriented company determined to finally put things together on a commercial basis. The company focused on both ends (market and production), hoping to fill in the middle as it went forward. The primary objective at first was to introduce kenaf as an annually renewable fiber source for newsprint manufacturers. That eventually proved to be a very big bite for a small organization to chew, and Kenaf International (and its associates) soon {open_quotes}discovered{close_quotes} other aspects of kenaf`s potential as it pursued its goals. This is where we join The Kenaf Story {open_quotes}in progress.{close_quotes}« less

Implementing virtual reality interfaces for the geosciences

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bethel, W.; Jacobsen, J.; Austin, A.

1996-06-01

For the past few years, a multidisciplinary team of computer and earth scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has been exploring the use of advanced user interfaces, commonly called {open_quotes}Virtual Reality{close_quotes} (VR), coupled with visualization and scientific computing software. Working closely with industry, these efforts have resulted in an environment in which VR technology is coupled with existing visualization and computational tools. VR technology may be thought of as a user interface. It is useful to think of a spectrum, ranging the gamut from command-line interfaces to completely immersive environments. In the former, one uses the keyboard to enter threemore » or six-dimensional parameters. In the latter, three or six-dimensional information is provided by trackers contained either in hand-held devices or attached to the user in some fashion, e.g. attached to a head-mounted display. Rich, extensible and often complex languages are a vehicle whereby the user controls parameters to manipulate object position and location in a virtual world, but the keyboard is the obstacle in that typing is cumbersome, error-prone and typically slow. In the latter, the user can interact with these parameters by means of motor skills which are highly developed. Two specific geoscience application areas will be highlighted. In the first, we have used VR technology to manipulate three-dimensional input parameters, such as the spatial location of injection or production wells in a reservoir simulator. In the second, we demonstrate how VR technology has been used to manipulate visualization tools, such as a tool for computing streamlines via manipulation of a {open_quotes}rake.{close_quotes} The rake is presented to the user in the form of a {open_quotes}virtual well{close_quotes} icon, and provides parameters used by the streamlines algorithm.« less

Flexible ultrasonic pipe inspection apparatus

DOEpatents

Jenkins, C.F.; Howard, B.D.

1994-01-01

Pipe crawlers, pipe inspection {open_quotes}rabbits{close_quotes} and similar vehicles are widely used for inspecting the interior surfaces of piping systems, storage tanks and process vessels for damaged or flawed structural features. This paper describes the design of a flexible, modular ultrasonic pipe inspection apparatus.

Comment on {open_quotes}Correlation between Compact Radio Quasars and Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays{close_quotes}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hoffman, C.M.

1999-09-01

A Comment on the Letter by Glennys R. Farrar and Peter L. Biermann, Phys. Rev. Lett. {bold 81}, 3579 (1998). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}

Rochester area interactive telecommunications network (RAITN): A partnership in Rochester between educators and industry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

O`Leary, C.T.

Primarily funded by Rochester Telephone Corporation, the RAITN system connects five area high schools, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), and State University of New York at Brockport. Monroe No. 1 Board of Cooperative Educational Services coordinates the interactive programming which may originate from any of the sites. Course offerings on the network range from full credit college courses to high schools sharing unique classes to increase each partners` breadth of educational options. Special events dealing with a variety of interest areas such as teen health issues, professional development, guest speakers and political leaders, and multicultural diversity topics fill out themore » schedule of interactive programming. {open_quotes}Electronic field trips{close_quotes} allow students and staff to {open_quotes}virtually attend{close_quotes} seminars, science fairs, and teleconferences held at RIT without leaving their schools. Internet connectivity and a new group of high school, university and industry partners are the next additions to the network.« less

Myth-building: The [open quotes]Islamic[close quotes] bomb

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hoodbhoy, P.

1993-06-01

The [open quotes]Islamic Bomb[close quotes] is roughly understood to be a nuclear weapon aquired for broad ideological reasons--a weapon that supposedly belongs to the Muslim [ital ummah] or community and, as such, is the ultimate expression of Islamic solidarity. Concern about the Islamic bomb is at the heart of the intense effort to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to Muslim countries. The official justification is a general one: proliferation must be curbed globally. But unofficially, the Islamic bomb gets special attention. The reasons behind this special attention are described in this article. The reasons include fear of terrorism, ofmore » a [ital jihad] willing to indiscriminately use nuclear weapons in hope of a reward in the Hereafter, and of the transfer of nuclear arms from nuclear to non-nuclear Muslim countries in times of crisis. Possibilities for controlling the proliferation of nuclear weapons in Muslim countries are addressed. Reasons are cited as to why various Muslim countries wish to acquire nuclear weapons.« less

Translocation 4p;21q identified by FISH in a case previously described as {open_quotes}presumptive monosomy 21{close_quotes}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yao, Xiu-Lan; Jenkins, E.C.

1994-10-01

Recently, Lopez-Pajares et al. (1993) reported identification of a translocation between the short arm of a chromosome 5 and the long arm of a chromosome 21 in a patient who was thought to be monosomy 21. This study is the first application of a chromosome 21 painting probe, pBS-21, and fluorescent in situ chromosome hybridization (FISH) to revise an earlier diagnosis of monosomy 21. We have now restudied skin fibroblast cultures, GM00137B, that are still available from another patient previously described as {open_quotes}presumptive monosomy 21{close_quotes} and have found that this case also has a translocation involving chromosomes 21 and 4.more » The authors urge that all previous cases of what appeared to be monosomy 21 should be re-examined with FISH to confirm or revise the original diagnosis so that genetic counseling of the family may be updated. 3 refs., 3 figs.« less

Recent developments in energy resources law

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roady, S.E.; Panzik, S.J.

On July 18, 1995, the House of Representatives voted to cut EPA`s fiscal 1996 budget by approximately $2.4 billion. While the House action is generally regarded as {open_quotes}extreme,{close_quotes} and the final outcome of the environmental budget battle remains uncertain at the time of this writing, the action is, nevertheless, a sign that the complexion of environmental regulation is changing. This article presents a brief overview of significant developments in the environmental arena during the past year. When considered together, these developments appear to signal a change from the historical adversarial approach to environmental regulation toward a more integrated and cooperativemore » strategy. Yet it would be inaccurate to characterize these changes solely as pragmatic responses to an altered political climate. Rather, the developments represent, in large part, the {open_quotes}next steps{close_quotes} in a system of environmental regulation that has been evolving over the past twenty-five years. 43 refs.« less

The optimisation of occupational potential exposures - preliminary considerations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Crouail, P.; Guimaraes, L.

1995-03-01

One of the major innovation brought about the ICRP 60 recommendations and emphasized by the ICRP 64 publication, is the introduction of the concept of potential exposures into the system of radiological protection. Potential exposures are characterized by {open_quotes}probability of occurrence lesser than unity{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}radiological risks exceeding normal levels{close_quotes} where normal must be interpreted as not exceeding the planned routine exposures. It is then necessary to develop consensual methods to look for and choose the optimum scenarios (i.e. those for which probability of events and possible consequences have been reduced as low as reasonably achievable). Moreover, the boundaries formore » the unacceptable levels of risks for workers should be defined, as well as reasonable risk indicators. The aim of this paper is to discuss the actual changes in the field of occupational radiological protection, induced by the potential exposure concept with particular emphasize on the optimization of protection.« less

Ponderosa Pine reclamation at the Rosebud Mine

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martin, P.R.

1990-12-31

The first operational plantings of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were made on the Rosebud Mine near Colstrip, Montana in November of 1985. This paper discusses the five {open_quotes}R`s{close_quotes} of pine reclamation. These include the Reasons for planting ponderosa pine, ponderosa pine Research efforts and results, present Reclamation methods and materials, the Results of pine reclamation to date and the relationship of these results to the final bond Release criteria. Over 14,000 pine seedlings have been planted to date. They have been 1-0 to 3-0 bare root or 1-0 to 2-0 containerized stock. Plantings have been done by hand, with augersmore » and (primarily) with a modified Soil Conservation Service tree planter on {open_quotes}tree{close_quotes} and regular soils with and without animal damage protection in spring and fall. Percent survival has varied greatly from field to field influenced by record drought, wildlife, severe grasshopper depredation, cattle grazing and wildlife usage.« less

Substrate effect on the magnetic microstructure of La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} thin films studied by magnetic force microscopy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Desfeux, R.; Bailleul, S.; Da Costa, A.

2001-06-04

Colossal magnetoresistive La{sub 0.7}Sr{sub 0.3}MnO{sub 3} thin films have been grown under tensile strains on (100)-SrTiO{sub 3} substrates and compressive strains on (100)-LaAlO{sub 3} and (110)-NdGaO{sub 3} substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Using magnetic force microscopy (MFM), a {open_quotes}feather-like{close_quotes} magnetic pattern, characteristic of films with an in-plane magnetization, is observed for films deposited on both SrTiO{sub 3} and NdGaO{sub 3} while a {open_quotes}bubble{close_quotes} magnetic pattern, typical of films with an out-of-plane magnetization, is recorded for LaAlO{sub 3}. We show that the shape of the magnetic pattern imaged by MFM is fully correlated to the easy direction of the magnetization inmore » the film. {copyright} 2001 American Institute of Physics.« less

Development of the simulation system {open_quotes}IMPACT{close_quotes} for analysis of nuclear power plant severe accidents

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Naitoh, Masanori; Ujita, Hiroshi; Nagumo, Hiroichi

1997-07-01

The Nuclear Power Engineering Corporation (NUPEC) has initiated a long-term program to develop the simulation system {open_quotes}IMPACT{close_quotes} for analysis of hypothetical severe accidents in nuclear power plants. IMPACT employs advanced methods of physical modeling and numerical computation, and can simulate a wide spectrum of senarios ranging from normal operation to hypothetical, beyond-design-basis-accident events. Designed as a large-scale system of interconnected, hierarchical modules, IMPACT`s distinguishing features include mechanistic models based on first principles and high speed simulation on parallel processing computers. The present plan is a ten-year program starting from 1993, consisting of the initial one-year of preparatory work followed bymore » three technical phases: Phase-1 for development of a prototype system; Phase-2 for completion of the simulation system, incorporating new achievements from basic studies; and Phase-3 for refinement through extensive verification and validation against test results and available real plant data.« less

Ernst potentials for vacuum Bianchi models

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Breton, N.

The authors derive Ernst potentials for vacuum Bianchi I through VII models. A scheme to find inhomogeneous generalizations of such models by using generating techniques which incorporate electromagnetic fields or gravitational wave perturbations to a [open quotes]seed[close quotes] Bianchi solution is presented. 35 refs., 2 tabs.

Further patient with Angelman syndrome due to paternal disomy of chromosome 15 and a milder phenotype

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gillessen-Kaesbach, G.; Passarge, E.; Horsthemke, B.

1995-04-10

This {open_quotes}Letter to the Editor{close_quotes} decribes a patient with Angelman syndrome due to paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15 and a milder phenotype compared to Angelman syndrome patients with a 15q deletion. 10 refs., 1 fig.

The information retrieval system of {open_quotes}heat abd nass transfer{close_quotes} software complexes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tsitsin, A.G.

A project is discussed which is aimed at creating the International Center for certification of software complexes (SC), intended to for soling various heat and mass transfer problems. Information on the experience gained in the operation of an information retrieval SC system is presented.

Spin and precision electroweak physics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marciano, W.J.

1994-12-01

A perspective on fundamental parameters and precision tests of the Standard Model is given. Weak neutral current reactions are discussed with emphasis on those processes involving (polarized) electrons. The role of electroweak radiative corrections in determining the top quark mass and probing for {open_quotes}new physics{close_quotes} is described.

New meters open new business opportunities for Blue Earth

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mashaw, R.

1996-07-01

Competition in the electric utility industry isn`t a concern only for the big boys. Small utilities, too, are giving increasing attention to measures that will improve their competitiveness through paring costs and improving service. Blue Earth, Minn., Light and Water Department, with approximately 2,200 electric meters, is a prime example of a small utility that thinks big. {open_quotes}We conducted a customer survey to determine what our customers want from us in terms of service,{close_quotes} said General Manager Jeffrey Jansen. {open_quotes}To meet those needs we`ve begun to sell a new fiberglass, high-efficiency electric water heater; offer rent or purchase of uninterruptiblemore » power systems to provide back-up for sensitive electronics if an outage occurs; and we`re even selling bottled water. We`re also going to offer budget billing as of August 1, because our customers wanted that option.{close_quotes} Recognizing that providing excellent customer service is only part of the competitiveness equation, Blue Earth has also looked for ways to cut costs. Its latest effort has been the implementation of a new hand-held meter reading system, which Jansen expects to provide substantial savings, and offer opportunities for adding new services in the future.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, B.D.; Apel, W.A.; Walton, M.R.

Conceptually, biofilters are vapor phase bioreactors that rely on microorganisms in the bed medium to oxidize contaminants in off-gases flowing through the bed to less hazardous compounds. In the most studied and utilized systems reduced compounds such as fuel hydrocarbons are enzymatically oxidized to compounds such as carbon dioxide and water. In these types of reactions the microorganisms in the bed oxidize the contaminant and transfer the electrons to oxygen which is the terminal electron acceptor in the process. In essence the contaminant is the carbon and energy source for the microorganisms in the bed medium and through this catabolicmore » process oxygen is reduced to water. An example of this oxidation process can be seen during the degradation of benzene and similar aromatic compounds. Aromatics are initially attacked by a dioxygenase enzyme which oxidizes the compounds to a labile dihydrodiole which is spontaneously converted to a catechol. The dihydroxylated aromatic rings is then opened by oxidative {open_quotes}ortho{close_quotes} or {open_quotes}meta{close_quotes} cleavage yielding cis, cis-muconic acid or 2-hydroxy-cis, cis-muconic semialdehyde, respectively. These organic compounds are further oxidized to carbon dioxide or are assimilated for cellular material. This paper describes the conversion of carbon tetrachloride using methanol as the primary carbon and energy source.« less

Secure communications using quantum cryptography

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hughes, R.J.; Buttler, W.T.; Kwiat, P.G.

1997-08-01

The secure distribution of the secret random bit sequences known as {open_quotes}key{close_quotes} material, is an essential precursor to their use for the encryption and decryption of confidential communications. Quantum cryptography is an emerging technology for secure key distribution with single-photon transmissions, nor evade detection (eavesdropping raises the key error rate above a threshold value). We have developed experimental quantum cryptography systems based on the transmission of non-orthogonal single-photon states to generate shared key material over multi-kilometer optical fiber paths and over line-of-sight links. In both cases, key material is built up using the transmission of a single-photon per bit ofmore » an initial secret random sequence. A quantum-mechanically random subset of this sequence is identified, becoming the key material after a data reconciliation stage with the sender. In our optical fiber experiment we have performed quantum key distribution over 24-km of underground optical fiber using single-photon interference states, demonstrating that secure, real-time key generation over {open_quotes}open{close_quotes} multi-km node-to-node optical fiber communications links is possible. We have also constructed a quantum key distribution system for free-space, line-of-sight transmission using single-photon polarization states, which is currently undergoing laboratory testing. 7 figs.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schulz, H.

In the updating of the Guidelines for PWR`s of the {open_quotes}Reaktor-Sicherheitskommission{close_quotes} (RSK) in 1981 the requirements on the design have been changed with respect to the postulated leaks and breaks in the primary pressure boundary. The major change was a revision in the requirements for pipe whip protection. As a logical consequence of the {open_quotes}concept of basic safety{close_quotes} a guillotine type break or any other break type resulting in a large opening is not postulated any longer for the calculation of reaction and jet forces. As an upper limit for a leak an area of 0, 1 A (A =more » open cross section of the pipe) is postulated. This decision was based on a general assessment of the present PWR system design in Germany. Since then a number of piping systems have been requalified in the older nuclear power plants to comply with the break preclusion concept. Also a number of extensions of the concept have been developed to cover also leak-assumptions for branch pipes. Furthermore due considerations have been given to other aspects which could contribute to a leak development in the primary circuit, like vessel penetrations, manhole covers, flanges, etc. Now the break preclusion concept originally applied to the main piping has been developed into an integrated concept for the whole pressure boundary within the containment and will be applied also in the periodic safety review of present nuclear power plants.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Demin, S.N.; Buldakov, L.A.; Ternovsky, I.A.

Effects of radiation, chemical, and social factors on the level of disease incidence of populations in the vicinity of the atomic industry plant releases from Production association-{open_quotes}Mayak{close_quotes} was considered. The regressional equations have been received on the basis of connection of the disease with chemical and social factors. No significant connection with radiation factors have been found.

Erratum: Letter to the Editor: Exclusion of primary congenital glaucoma (buphthalmos) from two candidate regions of chromosome arm 6p and chromosome 11

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1996-03-01

This {open_quotes}Letter to the Editor{close_quotes} is the reprint of a corrected table from a previous paper about the exclusion of primary congenital glaucoma from two candidate regions of chromosome arm 6p and chromosome 11.

76 FR 13688 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; C2 Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-14

... class-by-class basis which electronic allocation algorithm \\6\\ would apply for rotations. Currently Rule... opening price (with multiple quotes and orders being ranked in accordance with the allocation algorithm in... and quotes ranked in accordance with the allocation algorithm in effect for the class). Any remaining...

Lessons learned from case studies of inhalation exposures of workers to radioactive aerosols

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hoover, M.D.; Fencl, A.F.; Newton, G.J.

1995-12-01

Various Department of Energy requirements, rules, and orders mandate that lessons learned be identified, evaluated, shared, and incorporated into current practices. The recently issued, nonmandatory DOE standard for Development of DOE Lessons Learned Program states that a DOE-wide lessons learned program will {open_quotes}help to prevent recurrences of negative experiences, highlight best practices, and spotlight innovative ways to solve problems or perform work more safely, efficiently, and cost effectively.{close_quotes} Additional information about the lessons learned program is contained in the recently issued DOE handbook on Implementing U.S. Department of Energy Lessons Learned Programs and in October 1995 DOE SAfety Notice onmore » Lessons Learned Programs. This report summarizes work in progress at ITRI to identify lessons learned for worker exposures to radioactive aerosols, and describes how this work will be incorporated into the DOE lessons learned program, including a new technical guide for measuring, modeling, and mitigating airborne radioactive particles. Follow-on work is focusing on preparation of {open_quotes}lessons learned{close_quotes} training materials for facility designers, managers, health protection professionals, line supervisors, and workers.« less

Geochemical study of groundwater at Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico and Kirtland Air Force Base

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Grand Junction Projects Office (GJPO) and its contractor, Rust Geotech, support the Kirtland Area Office by assisting Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico (Sandia/NM) with remedial action, remedial design, and technical support of its Environmental Restoration Program. To aid in determining groundwater origins and flow paths, the GJPO was tasked to provide interpretation of groundwater geochemical data. The purpose of this investigation was to describe and analyze the groundwater geochemistry of the Sandia/NM Kirtland Air Force Base (KAFB). Interpretations of groundwater origins are made by using these data and the results of {open_quotes}mass balance{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}reactionmore » path{close_quote} modeling. Additional maps and plots were compiled to more fully comprehend the geochemical distributions. A more complete set of these data representations are provided in the appendices. Previous interpretations of groundwater-flow paths that were based on well-head, geologic, and geochemical data are presented in various reports and were used as the basis for developing the models presented in this investigation.« less

Fritzsch-Xing mass matrices, V{sub td}, and the CP-violating phase {delta}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gill, P.S.; Gupta, M.

1997-09-01

Natural four zeros texture mass matrices recently proposed by Fritzsch and Xing are investigated by including {open_quotes}nonleading{close_quotes} corrections in the context of the latest data regarding m{sub t}{sup pole} and V{sub CKM} matrix elements. Apart from accommodating m{sub t}{sup pole} in the range 175{plus_minus}15GeV, {vert_bar}V{sub cb}{vert_bar} and {vert_bar}V{sub ub}/V{sub cb}{vert_bar}=0.08{plus_minus}0.02, the analysis with maximal CP violation predicts {vert_bar}V{sub td}{vert_bar}=0.005{endash}0.013. Further, the CP-violating phase angle {delta} can be restricted to the ranges (i) 22{degree}{endash}45{degree} and (ii) 95{degree}{endash}130{degree}, concretizing the ambiguity regarding the phase of the CKM matrix. Furthermore, we find that nonleading calculations are important when the {open_quotes}Cabibbo triangle{close_quotes} is tomore » be linked to the unitarity triangle. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less

Nuclear waste`s human dimension

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Erikson, K.; Colglazier, E.W.; White, G.F.

1994-12-31

The United States has pinned its hopes for a permanent underground repository for its high-level nuclear wastes on Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Nevertheless, the Department of Energy`s (DOE) site research efforts have failed {open_quotes}to adequately consider human behavior and emotions,{close_quotes} write Kai Erikson of Yale University, E. William Colglazier of the National Academy of Sciences, and Gilbert F. White of the University of Colorado. The authors maintain that it is impossible to predict changes in geology, seismology, and hydrology that may affect the Yucca Mountain area over the next 1,000 years. Predicting human behavior in that time frame remains even moremore » daunting, they insist. They admit that {open_quotes}DOE...has been given the impossible assignment to take tens of thousands of metric tons of the most hazardous materials ever created and, in the face of growing opposition, entomb them so that they will do little harm for thousands of years.{close_quotes} The researchers suggest that the government seek a secure, retrievable storage arrangement while it continues its search for safer long-term options.« less

Volcanic episodes near Yucca Mountain as determined by paleomagnetic studies as Lathrop Wells, Crater Flat, and Sleeping Butte, Nevada

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Champion, D.E.

1991-12-31

It has been suggested that mafic volcanism in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, is both recent (20 ka) and a product of complex {open_quotes}polycyclic{close_quotes} eruptions. This pattern of volcanism, as interpreted by some workers at the Lathrop Wells volcanic complex, comprises a sequence of numerous small-volume eruptions that become more tephra-producing over time. Such sequences are thought to occur over timespans as long as 100,000 years. However, paleomagnetic studies of the tephra and lava flows from mafic volcanoes near Yucca Mountain fail to find evidence of repeated eruptive activity over timespans of 10{sup 3} to 10{sup 5} years, evenmore » though samples have been taken that represent approximately 95% of the products of these volcanoes. Instead, the eruptions seem to have occurred as discrete episodes at each center and thus can be considered to be {open_quotes}monogenetic.{close_quotes} Dates of these episodes have been obtained by the proven radiometric-geochronometer methods of K-Ar or {sup 40}Ar/{sup 39}Ar dating.« less

{open_quotes}Airborne Research Australia (ARA){close_quotes} a new research aircraft facility on the southern hemisphere

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hacker, J.M.

1996-11-01

{open_quotes}Airborne Research Australia{close_quotes} (ARA) is a new research aircraft facility in Australia. It will serve the scientific community of Australia and will also make its aircraft and expertise available for commercial users. To cover the widest possible range of applications, the facility will operate up to five research aircraft, from a small, low-cost platform to medium-sized multi-purpose aircraft, as well as a unique high altitude aircraft capable of carrying scientific loads to altitudes of up to 15km. The aircraft will be equipped with basic instrumentation and data systems, as well as facilities to mount user-supplied instrumentation and systems internally andmore » externally on the aircraft. The ARA operations base consisting of a hangar, workshops, offices, laboratories, etc. is currently being constructed at Parafield Airport near Adelaide/South Australia. The following text reports about the current state of development of the facility. An update will be given in a presentation at the Conference. 6 figs.« less

Kauai Test Facility hazards assessment document

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Swihart, A

1995-05-01

The Department of Energy Order 55003A requires facility-specific hazards assessment be prepared, maintained, and used for emergency planning purposes. This hazards assessment document describes the chemical and radiological hazards associated with the Kauai Test Facility, Barking Sands, Kauai, Hawaii. The Kauai Test Facility`s chemical and radiological inventories were screened according to potential airborne impact to onsite and offsite individuals. The air dispersion model, ALOHA, estimated pollutant concentrations downwind from the source of a release, taking into consideration the toxicological and physical characteristics of the release site, the atmospheric conditions, and the circumstances of the release. The greatest distance to themore » Early Severe Health Effects threshold is 4.2 kilometers. The highest emergency classification is a General Emergency at the {open_quotes}Main Complex{close_quotes} and a Site Area Emergency at the Kokole Point Launch Site. The Emergency Planning Zone for the {open_quotes}Main Complex{close_quotes} is 5 kilometers. The Emergency Planning Zone for the Kokole Point Launch Site is the Pacific Missile Range Facility`s site boundary.« less

Depositional patterns and structural styles - Hackberry Salt Dome, Cameron Parish, Louisiana

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Spencer, J.A.; Sharpe, C.L.; Gillham, T.H.

The west and east Hackberry fields of north-central Cameron Parish, Louisiana, are associated with a large southeast-plunging salt ridge. Episodes of salt movement influenced the depositional patterns and reservoir trap styles of the Oligocene and Miocene age section. The Oligocene lower Hackberry channels were influenced by the salt, resulting in the {open_quotes}Manchester-Holmwood{close_quotes} channel system skirting the east and south flanks of the salt and the {open_quotes}Choupique{close_quotes} channel system skirting the west flank of the salt. The depositional patterns and structural bed dips of the younger Oligocene Camerina (A) to Marginulina section demonstrate a major period of salt movement and erosion.more » The resulting truncation of the Camerina (A) sands, sealed by overlying shales, provides the dominant trap style for the majority of the fields` reservoirs. This same general period of salt movement influenced the orientation of the Oligocene Camerina (A) - Miogypsinoides expansion fault systems of the prolific Miogypsinoides embayment. The Sweet Lake salt dome, downthrown to this expansion system, probably represents a southeast extension of this ancestral salt ridge.« less

Hypothesis: {open_quotes}Rogue cell{close_quotes}-type chromosomal damage in lymphocytes is associated with infection with the JC human polyoma virus and has implications for oncopenesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Neel, J.V.; Glover, T.; Burgess, A.

The hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers against the JC and BK polyoma viruses (JCV and BKV, respectively) are significantly elevated in individuals exhibiting {open_quotes}rogue{close_quotes} cells among their cultured lymphocytes. However, the elevation is so much greater with respect to JCV that the BKV elevation could readily be explained by cross reactivity to the capsid protein of these two closely related viruses. The JCV exhibits highly sequence homology with the simian papovavirus, simian virus 40 (SV40), and inoculation of human fetal brain cells with JCV produces polyploidy and chromosomal damage very similar to that produced by SV40. We suggest, by analogy withmore » the effects of SV40, that these changes are due to the action of the viral large tumor antigen, a pluripotent DNA binding protein that acts in both transcription and replication. The implications of these findings for oncogenesis are briefly discussed. 45 refs., 1 fig., 3 tabs.« less

Linkage of early-onset osteoarthritis and chondrocalcinosis to human chromosome 8q

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Baldwin, C.T.; Farrer, L.A.; Adair, R.

Calcium pyrophosphate-deposition disease (CPDD), also called {open_quotes}chondrocalcinosis{close_quotes} or {open_quotes}pseudogout{close_quotes}, is a disorder characterized by the deposition of calcium-containing crystals in joint tissue, which leads to arthritis-like symptoms. The presence of these crystals in joint tissue is a common finding in the elderly, and, in this population, there is a poor correlation with joint pain. In contrast, early-onset CPDD has been described in several large families in which the disease progresses to severe degenerative osteoarthritis (OA). In these families, an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance is observed, with an age at onset between the 2nd and 5th decades of life. Inmore » this report, we describe a large New England family with early-onset CPDD and severe degenerative OA. We found genetic linkage between the disease in this family and chromosome 8q, with a multipoint lod score of 4.06. These results suggest that a defective gene at this location causes the disease in this family. 29 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.« less

Toxicological benchmarks for screening potential contaminants of concern for effects on soil and litter invertebrates and heterotrophic process

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Will, M.E.; Suter, G.W. II

1994-09-01

One of the initial stages in ecological risk assessments for hazardous waste sites is the screening of contaminants to determine which of them are worthy of further consideration as {open_quotes}contaminants of potential concern.{close_quotes} This process is termed {open_quotes}contaminant screening.{close_quotes} It is performed by comparing measured ambient concentrations of chemicals to benchmark concentrations. Currently, no standard benchmark concentrations exist for assessing contaminants in soil with respect to their toxicity to soil- and litter-dwelling invertebrates, including earthworms, other micro- and macroinvertebrates, or heterotrophic bacteria and fungi. This report presents a standard method for deriving benchmarks for this purpose, sets of data concerningmore » effects of chemicals in soil on invertebrates and soil microbial processes, and benchmarks for chemicals potentially associated with United States Department of Energy sites. In addition, literature describing the experiments from which data were drawn for benchmark derivation. Chemicals that are found in soil at concentrations exceeding both the benchmarks and the background concentration for the soil type should be considered contaminants of potential concern.« less

Methanol shutdowns cause anxiety

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thomas, N.

1996-10-23

European methanol players face an anxious few weeks as unscheduled outages combine with planned turnarounds to make an increasingly tight market. Global markets are also described as tightening, with production problems widely reported in North America. Several European producers were in the middle of shutdown periods when problems at Condea`s 400,000-m.t./year unit at Wesseling, Germany reportedly caused production to run at only 50% of capacity. In addition, the methanol plant at the Leuna refinery is said to be operating at only 60% of capacity, and one producer has had to extend a turnaround period. River levels in Germany are alsomore » low, putting pressure on shipments from Rotterdam. {open_quotes}This is a very difficult situation and we`re living hand to mouth,{close_quotes} says one producer. Producer sources report bids from consumers up to DM280/m.t. T2 fob Rotterdam, but they are unable to obtain extra product. Derivatives makers may also face problems: One methyl tert-butyl ether producer predicts prices {open_quotes}may hit the roof{close_quotes} once feedstock sourcing problems hit home.« less

Resonances in the cumulative reaction probability for a model electronically nonadiabatic reaction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Qi, J.; Bowman, J.M.

1996-05-01

The cumulative reaction probability, flux{endash}flux correlation function, and rate constant are calculated for a model, two-state, electronically nonadiabatic reaction, given by Shin and Light [S. Shin and J. C. Light, J. Chem. Phys. {bold 101}, 2836 (1994)]. We apply straightforward generalizations of the flux matrix/absorbing boundary condition approach of Miller and co-workers to obtain these quantities. The upper adiabatic electronic potential supports bound states, and these manifest themselves as {open_quote}{open_quote}recrossing{close_quote}{close_quote} resonances in the cumulative reaction probability, at total energies above the barrier to reaction on the lower adiabatic potential. At energies below the barrier, the cumulative reaction probability for themore » coupled system is shifted to higher energies relative to the one obtained for the ground state potential. This is due to the effect of an additional effective barrier caused by the nuclear kinetic operator acting on the ground state, adiabatic electronic wave function, as discussed earlier by Shin and Light. Calculations are reported for five sets of electronically nonadiabatic coupling parameters. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Institute of Physics.}« less

Perspectives of co-operation with the World Bank towards elimination of low emission sources in Krakow

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Goerlich, K.

1995-12-31

I am not going to speak about or for the World Bank. More time and a different scope of the conference would be needed in order to more deeply assess the role of the World Bank and other international lenders and donors in the environmental and energy sectors in Poland. I am going to stay within the context of the Krakow Clean Fossil Fuels and Energy Efficiency Project financed by the US AID and managed by the US DOE (called here for simplicity the Krakow Programme). However, in order to assess a role of the World Bank and other internationalmore » lenders and donors in the pro-environment transformation of the energy systems of Krakow, one needs to briefly discuss: the possibilities and confinements related to the {open_quotes}technology{close_quotes} of disbursement of the financial resources by the multilateral development banks (MDB`s) in Poland, the type of results obtained within the {open_quotes}Krakow Programme{close_quotes} and a concept of involving American commercial companies to implement the clean-air policy for Krakow.« less

Business Development Corporation, Inc.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jasek, S.

1995-12-31

Business Development Corporation, Inc., is a company specializing in opportunity seeking and business development activities in the {open_quotes}new{close_quotes} post communist Central and Eastern Europe, with particular emphasis on the Republics of Poland and Slovakia. The company currently focuses its expertise on strategic investing and business development between Central Europe and the United States of America. In Poland and Slovakia, the company specializes in developing large scale energy and environmental {open_quotes}infrastructure{close_quotes} development projects on the federal, state, and local level. In addition, the company assists large state owned industries in the transformation and privatization process. Business Development Corporation has assisted andmore » continues to assist in projects of national importance. The staff of experts advise numerous large Polish and Slovak companies, most owned or in the process of privatization, on matters of restructuring, finance, capital structure, strategic parternships or investors, mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures with U.S. based firms. The company also assists and advises on a variety of environmental and energy matters in the public and private sector.« less

CRADA opportunities in removal of particulates from hot-gas streams by filtration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, D H

1995-06-01

Our analyses of samples and operating data from the Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC), cyclone, and filtration units of the Tidd Clean Coal demonstration facility show that calcined dolomitic sorbent reacted with SO{sub 2} (and O{sub 2}) to form Sulfates (CaSO{sub 4} and CaMgn [SO{sub 4}]n+1) not only in the PFBC bed, but also in the filtration vessel. Analyses of limited data from the journal literature suggest that the filter-vessel reactions may have produced sulfate {open_quotes}necks,{close_quotes} which bonded the particles together, thus substantially increasing the critical angle of repose and shear tensile strengths of the filtered powders. This proposed mechanismmore » rationalizes the {open_quotes}bridging{close_quotes} and other particle-accumulation problems that caused filter breakage. Engineering services potentially available to resolve these problems include elucidation and modeling of ex-situ and in-situ filter-vessel chemistry, measurement and modeling of particulate materials properties, and measurement and modeling of cleaning back-pulse aerodynamics and cleaning efficiencies.« less

Effects of sorbents in sorption of agrochemical

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jayasundera, T.; Jayasundera, S.

1996-10-01

Sorption to soil materials is a key process controlling the fate of agrochemicals in the environment. Batch experiments were performed to determine sorption coefficients of metolachlor, alachlor and linuron onto clays, natural organic matter (NOM) coated-clays, and organic sorbents. Our results indicate that the partition coefficient K{sub d} is a function of both sorbent and sorbate properties. The carbon referenced sorption coefficient (K{sub oc}) decreased with increasing polarity of the organic sorbent. Adsorption isotherms onto clays and NOM coated-clays conformed to a Freunlich equation. Studies indicate that at low NOM surface coverage, interactions between NOM and clay surfaces could reducemore » the surface affinity for agrochemical adsorption. Our results suggest that sorption cannot be simply defined as {open_quotes}adsorption{close_quotes} or {open_quotes}partitioning{close_quotes}, but rather there is a continuum of possible interactions. The more polar the solute, the more likely it is that interactions other than hydrophobic will contribute to sorption, causing the currently used K{sub oc}-K{sub ow} correlations to fail.« less

Mixtures of a coal combustion by-product and composted yard wastes for use as soil substitutes and amendments. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eckert, D.J.; McCoy, E.L.; Danneberger, T.K.

Mixtures of coal combustion by-product (CCBP) and yard waste compost (with and without sand), and mixtures of CCBP and soil, were evaluated for use as soil substitutes and amendments for production of container-grown ornamental shrubs and trees, and for establishment and production of forage-groundcover species. Species evaluated were azalea (Rhododendron spp.), burning bush (Euonymous alatus), red maple (Acer rubrum), yew (Taxus spp.), tall fescue (Festuca arundi nacea, cv. {open_quotes}Chesapeake{close_quotes}), alfalfa, and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L., cv. {open_quotes}Bronco{close_quotes}). All ornamental species failed to grow when planted in CCBP/compost mixtures when the CCBP concentration was greater than 30 percent by volume.more » Plant toxicity due to high concentrations of soluble salts and boron was responsible for the poor plant performance. When CCBP was used as a soil amendment at concentrations less than 30 percent, growth of tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass was not affected by the mixture, and alfalfa yield increased at CCBP mixtures up to 20 percent.« less

Achieving high performance on the Intel Paragon

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Greenberg, D.S.; Maccabe, B.; Riesen, R.

1993-11-01

When presented with a new supercomputer most users will first ask {open_quotes}How much faster will my applications run?{close_quotes} and then add a fearful {open_quotes}How much effort will it take me to convert to the new machine?{close_quotes} This paper describes some lessons learned at Sandia while asking these questions about the new 1800+ node Intel Paragon. The authors conclude that the operating system is crucial to both achieving high performance and allowing easy conversion from previous parallel implementations to a new machine. Using the Sandia/UNM Operating System (SUNMOS) they were able to port a LU factorization of dense matrices from themore » nCUBE2 to the Paragon and achieve 92% scaled speed-up on 1024 nodes. Thus on a 44,000 by 44,000 matrix which had required over 10 hours on the previous machine, they completed in less than 1/2 hour at a rate of over 40 GFLOPS. Two keys to achieving such high performance were the small size of SUNMOS (less than 256 kbytes) and the ability to send large messages with very low overhead.« less

Basic research for the future: Opportunities in microbiology for the coming decade

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Payne, W.J.

1996-12-31

Not since Leeuwenhoek reported finding {open_quotes}animalcules{close_quotes} in a variety of natural materials have research opportunities in microbiology looked so promising. Researchers have developed methods to analyze the historic and evolutionary progression of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The significance of the remarkable diversity found in the microbial realm is just beginning to emerge. Biotechnology companies are exploiting microorganisms in remarkable ways. Seemingly new, devastating pathogens have appeared and {open_quotes}old{close_quotes} pathogens have become resistant to antiobiotics. All these factors serve to invigorate interest in microbiology. Seldom have the challenges seemed more intense or more exciting. Recognizing the significance of these issues, themore » American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium of experts in the microbiological sciences May 4-7, 1996, in Washington, D.C. The colloquim sought primarily to identify those research areas most clearly deserving future attention, those most likely to provide optimal return on scientific and monetary investment, and those offering the greatest promise for solving critical problems over the coming decade.« less

Abandoning wells working group

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The primary objective of this working group is to identify major technical, regulatory, and environmental issues that are relevant to the abandonment of offshore wellbores. Once the issues have been identified, the working group also has the objective of making recommendations or providing potential solutions for consideration. Areas for process improvement will be identified and {open_quotes}best practices{close_quotes} will be discussed and compared to {open_quotes}minimum standards.{close_quotes} The working group will primarily focus on wellbore abandonment in the Gulf of Mexico. However, workshop participants are encouraged to discuss international issues which may be relevant to wellbore abandonment practices in the Gulf ofmore » Mexico. The Abandoning Wells Group has identified several major areas for discussion that have concerns related to both operators and service companies performing wellbore abandonments in the Gulf of Mexico. The following broad topics were selected for the agenda: (1) MMS minimum requirements and state regulations. (2) Co-existence of best practices, new technology, and P & A economics. (3) Liability and environmental issues relating to wellbore abandonment.« less

Reactive flow model development for PBXW-126 using modern nonlinear optimization methods

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Murphy, M.J.; Simpson, R.L.; Urtiew, P.A.

1995-08-01

The initiation and detonation behavior of PBXW-126 has been characterized and is described. PBXW-126 is a composite explosive consisting of approximately equal amounts of RDX, AP, AL, and NTO with a polyurethane binder. The three term ignition and growth of reaction model parameters (ignition + two growth terms) have been found using nonlinear optimization methods to determine the {open_quotes}best{close_quotes} set of model parameters. The ignition term treats the initiation of up to 0.5% of the RDX The first growth term in the model treats the RDX growth of reaction up to 20% reacted. The second growth term treats the subsequentmore » growth of reaction of the remaining AP/AL/NTO. The unreacted equation of state (EOS) was determined from the wave profiles of embedded gauge tests while the JWL product EOS was determined from cylinder expansion test results. The nonlinear optimization code, NLQPEB/GLO, was used to determine the {open_quotes}best{close_quotes} set of coefficients for the three term Lee-Tarver ignition and growth of reaction model.« less

Reinjected water return at Miravalles geothermal reservoir, Costa Rica: Numerical modelling and observations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Parini, M.; Laudiano, M.; Acuna, J.A.

1996-12-31

The first 55 MW power plant at Miravalles started operation in March, 1994. During the first few months of production, a gradual increase in chloride content was observed in some production wells. The cause was assumed to be a rapid return of injectate from two injection wells located fairly near to the main production area. A tracer test was performed and showed a relatively rapid breakthrough, confirming the assumption made. Numerical modeling was then carried out to try to reproduce the observed behavior. The reservoir was modelled with an idealized three-dimensional network of fractures embedded into a low permeability matrix.more » The {open_quotes}two waters{close_quotes} feature of TOUGH2 simulator was used. The numerical simulation showed good agreement with observations. A {open_quotes}porous medium{close_quotes} model with equivalent hydraulic characteristics was unable to reproduce the observations. The fractured model, when applied to investigate the mid and long term expected behavior, indicated a reservoir cooling risk associated to the present injection scheme. Work is currently underway to modify this scheme.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Walker, R.B.; Gessel, S.P.; Held, E.E.

During the 1950`s and 1960`s, the Laboratory of Radiation Biology at the University of Washington carried out an intensive study of this Atoll, which was contaminated with radioactive fallout from the {open_quotes}Bravo shot{close_quotes} in 1954. This study involved many aspects of the environment and the plant and animal life: soils, land plants, marine life, birds, geology and hydrology, and human diets as well. In much of the research, the fortuitiously present radioactive isotopes, especially {sup 137}Cs and {sup 90}Sr, were tracers. Although the term {open_quotes}ecosystem study{close_quotes} was not in vogue at that time, it is clear that this was anmore » early use of the ecosystem approach. Soil types and their development, the distribution of mineral elements in plants and soils, including predominant radionuclides, distribution and growth of native terrestrial plants in relation to topography and salinity, some aspects of the human diets, micronutrient nutrition of the coconut palm, island and islet development and stability, were given attention in the studies. Some of the findings in the various areas of study will be presented and discussed. 32 refs., 2 figs., 8 tabs.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Palmer, K.

If the price of electricity falls, consumption may well rise. Will air quality suffer as a result? That`s a distinct possibility, says Karen Palmer, a fellow at Resources for the Future in Washington, D.C. In the short run, companies may rely on dirtier, cheaper, coal-fired plants to respond to increased demand, Palmer says. Eventually, though, older plants will have to be retired, and they may be replaced with more efficient, natural-gas-fired units, or even renewable solar or wind-driven plants. {open_quotes}However, absent a rapid rise in the rate of growth of electricity demand, hastened introduction of new gas-fired or renewables facilitiesmore » is unlikely,{close_quotes} Palmer says. In the meantime, voluntary and mandatory caps on emissions will not necessarily be abandoned. For example, 37 Eastern states have banded together to cap emissions of nitrogen oxides and establish an emissions-trading program. {open_quotes}In short, regulations will continue to prompt a reduction in air-pollution levels regardless of the competitive pressures experienced by utilities in this new environment,{close_quotes} Palmer says.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Elias, D.F.; Corbin, W.E.

Mercury, or quicksilver, and its major ore cinnabar (HgS) have been known for thousands of years. Health effects from mercury such as dementia were known as early as the late 19th century ({open_quotes}mad as a hatter{close_quotes}). In the 1960`s and 1970`s, reported levels of mercury in tuna reawakened public awareness of mercury pollution. In the 1970`s, major epidemics of acute mercury poisoning were reported in Japan and Iraq. These incidents highlighted the extreme health risks, such as kidney damage, birth defects, and death, associated with severe mercury poisoning. Fetuses and young children are particularly vulnerable since mercury poisoning can damagemore » growing neural tissues. Recently, the perception of mercury as a dangerous pollutant has been on the rise. Advisories warning the public to avoid or reduce the consumption of freshwater fish caught in specific waterbodies due to mercury contamination have been issued in numerous states. The discovery of mercury in {open_quotes}pristine{close_quotes} lakes in the United States, Canada, and Scandinavia, remote from industry and any known mercury sources, has focused attention on atmospheric emissions of mercury as potential significant sources of mercury.« less

In the driver`s seat

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1997-03-01

At the 1996 North American Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NAEVI) Conference in San Diego, there were plenty of electric vehicles, plenty of people who could sell you electric vehicles, and plenty of people who had plans to roll out entire lines of electric vehicles. Several companies offered EV retrofits and have been offering them for years. Some companies would put electronics in a {open_quotes}glider{close_quotes} (the empty chassis and body of another manufacturer`s car). Some bigger companies had EVs that were {open_quotes}ground-up{close_quotes} vehicles--original EVs built without using another manufacturer`s glider. The biggest companies--Ford, Chrysler, Honda, Toyota, and Nissan--all had EVs that weremore » well on their way to moving past the prototype stage and into real line production for the 1998 model year. But only one car targeted to the general population was actually available to retail customers from a major automaker; only one car had entered the market as a true production vehicle. General Motors` EV1, available through 26 Saturn Corporation retail facilities in Los Angeles, San Diego, Phoenix, and Tucson. The EV1 goes 0 to 60 miles per hour in less than nine seconds. It has a range potential of 70 miles (in the city) to 90 miles (on the highway). Among other things, it has air-conditioning, a CD player, power windows and doors, cruise control, airbags, and intermittent wipers. You can choose from red, dark green, and blue-silver. Plus, it has keyless entry and ignition (in EV terms, {open_quotes}vehicle activation{close_quotes}) and a tire-pressure monitoring system. And it`s all electric. It has a portable 110-volt charger hook-up in the trunk when you don`t have access to a stationary 220-volt MagneCharge charger. The convenience charger takes about 15 hours for a full charge; the stationary one, 3 to 4 hours.« less

Measured energy savings and performance of power-managed personal computers and monitors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nordman, B.; Piette, M.A.; Kinney, K.

1996-08-01

Personal computers and monitors are estimated to use 14 billion kWh/year of electricity, with power management potentially saving $600 million/year by the year 2000. The effort to capture these savings is lead by the US Environmental Protection Agency`s Energy Star program, which specifies a 30W maximum demand for the computer and for the monitor when in a {open_quote}sleep{close_quote} or idle mode. In this paper the authors discuss measured energy use and estimated savings for power-managed (Energy Star compliant) PCs and monitors. They collected electricity use measurements of six power-managed PCs and monitors in their office and five from two othermore » research projects. The devices are diverse in machine type, use patterns, and context. The analysis method estimates the time spent in each system operating mode (off, low-, and full-power) and combines these with real power measurements to derive hours of use per mode, energy use, and energy savings. Three schedules are explored in the {open_quotes}As-operated,{close_quotes} {open_quotes}Standardized,{close_quotes} and `Maximum` savings estimates. Energy savings are established by comparing the measurements to a baseline with power management disabled. As-operated energy savings for the eleven PCs and monitors ranged from zero to 75 kWh/year. Under the standard operating schedule (on 20% of nights and weekends), the savings are about 200 kWh/year. An audit of power management features and configurations for several dozen Energy Star machines found only 11% of CPU`s fully enabled and about two thirds of monitors were successfully power managed. The highest priority for greater power management savings is to enable monitors, as opposed to CPU`s, since they are generally easier to configure, less likely to interfere with system operation, and have greater savings. The difficulties in properly configuring PCs and monitors is the largest current barrier to achieving the savings potential from power management.« less

Heavy ion-induced lesions in DNA: A theoretical model for the initial induction of DNA strand breaks and chromatin breaks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schmidt, J.B.

1993-01-01

A theoretical model has been developed and used to calculate yields and spatial distributions of DNA strand breaks resulting from the interactions of heavy ions with chromatin in aqueous systems. The three dimensional spatial distribution of ionizing events has been modeled for charged particles as a function of charge and velocity. Chromatin has been modeled as a 30 nm diameter solenoid of nucleosomal DNA. The Monte Carlo methods used by Chatterjee et al. have been applied to DNA in a chromatin conformation. Refinements to their methods include: a combined treatment of primary and low energy (<2 keV) secondary electron interactions,more » an improved low energy delta ray model, and the combined simulation of direct energy deposition on the DNA and attack by diffusing hydroxyl radicals. Individual particle tracks are treated independently, which is assumed to be applicable to low fluence irradiations in which multiple particle effects are negligible. Single strand break cross section [open quotes]hooks[close quotes] seen in experiments at very high LET appear to be due to the collapsing radial extent of the track, as predicted in the [open quotes]deep sieve[close quotes] hypothesis proposed by Tobias et al. Spatial distributions of lesions produced by particles have been found to depend on chromatin structure. In the future, heavy ions may be used as a tool to probe the organization of DNA in chromatin. A Neyman A-binomial variation of the [open quotes]cluster model[close quotes] for the distribution of chromatin breaks per irradiated cell has been theoretically tested. The model includes a treatment of the chromatin fragment detection technique's resolution, which places a limitation on the minimum size of fragments which can be detected. The model appears to fit some of the experimental data reasonably well. However, further experimental and theoretical refinements are desirable.« less

Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors in 300 patients following injection of I-123 mIBG or 1-131 mIBG prepared from a {open_quotes}cold kit{close_quotes}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Karesh, S.M.; Henkin, R.E.

1994-05-01

During the past 6 years, we have performed approximately 300 scans for neuroendocrine tumors in an extremely varied patient base, with 65% of patients receiving I-123 mIBG and 35%, I-131 mIBG. Imaging was performed at 24-72 hr, depending upon the isotope used. The most common clinical indication was for pheochromocytoma (>90%), followed by neuroblastoma, paraganglioma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and carcinoid tumors. Radiolabeling was performed by a modification of Mock`s procedure. The radioiodide was added to a very stable {open_quotes}cold kit{close_quotes} developed in-house. The kit contains 1 ml of water for injection, 2 mg of mIBG hemisulfate, and 12more » mg of ammonium sulfate. After 2 heating cycles, a yield >85% and a radiochemical purity {>=}96% were routinely obtained. Overall preparation time, including determination of radiochemical purity, is approximately 2.5 hr. The only equipment required is a thermostatically controlled block heater. Biodistribution of our I-131 product was indistinguishable from that distributed by the Nuclear Pharmacy at the University of Michigan, as was the radiochemical purity; the diagnostic efficacy matched that reported in the literature. The image quality obtained using I-123 mIBG was definitely superior, due to both the much higher count rate and the ideal imaging energy of I-123. On one occasion, the I-131 scan was equivocal, whereas the I-123 scan in the same patient was clearly positive. Retrospectively, for studies performed with I-123 mIBG using the {open_quotes}cold kit{close_quotes} method, the specificity and sensitivity both exceed 90%, correlating well with multiple studies reported in the literature. The preparation of I-123 mIBG in-house using this technique is recommended.« less

Motivations for the introduction of new environmental technology

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Palmer, J.R.

1994-09-01

While I am not a social scientist or psychologist, it is my personal observation that there are three principal motives which cause companies (and also individuals) to contribute to the common good of society. These three motives are love, fear, and greed. Of course companies and people are motivated toward positive action by many other factors such as survival, hunger, and motivated by other negative factors such as hate and revenge, but with respect to taking actions which benefit persons other than themselves, I contend that the principal factors which motivate such behavior are the three cited. Before proceeding further,more » let me point out that while the term {open_quotes}greed{close_quotes} has a lot of negative connotations associated with it, it can be a strong driving force for the common good. Our treasured capitalistic economic system is based upon it. Of course greed can also be a strong driving force for social destruction. Monopolies and dictatorships are also based upon greed. The trick therefore is to extract the potential social benefits from greed without causing it to turn upon the society and devour it. While I could use a more euphemistic term than greed, such as {open_quotes}profit motive{close_quotes}, to describe this motivating factor, I have chosen to stick with the term {open_quotes}greed{close_quotes} because it cuts to the level of basic human instincts, and it adds some spice to an otherwise dull subject. Let me also assure you that I am not using the term in a cynical manner. I believe that it can be a very positive force (in fact, I contend, the most effective force) in promoting the introduction of new environmental technology. But, before getting into that, let us first examine the role of the other two motives for maximizing the common environmental good: love and fear.« less

Engineering analyses of large precision cathode strip chambers for GEM

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Horvath, J.A.; Belser, F.C.; Pratuch, S.M.

Structural analyses of large precision cathode strip chambers performed up to the date of this publication are documented. Mechanical property data for typical chamber materials are included. This information, originally intended to be an appendix to the {open_quotes}CSC Structural Design Bible,{close_quotes} is presented as a guide for future designers of large chambers.

Natural analog studies: Licensing perspective

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bradbury, J.W.

1995-09-01

This report describes the licensing perspective of the term {open_quotes}natural analog studies{close_quotes} as used in CFR Part 60. It describes the misunderstandings related to its definition which has become evident during discussions at the U.S Nuclear Regulatory Commission meetings and tries to clarify the appropriate applications of natural analog studies to aspects of repository site characterization.

The {open_quotes}obligation to serve{close_quotes} and a competitive electric industry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Colton, R.D.

1997-11-01

This report presents an assessment of what the ``obligation to serve`` might look like in a competitive electric industry. Broadly, this research has three objectives: to define the ``duty to serve`` of a competitive electric industry; to identify those companies to whom that duty applies; and to explain how that duty protects residual classes.

78 FR 26821 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-08

... make the STP modifiers available to algorithms used by Floor brokers to route interest to the Exchange..., pegging e- Quotes, and g-Quotes entered into the matching engine by an algorithm on behalf of a Floor... algorithms removes impediments to and perfects the mechanism of a free and open market because there is a...

Electron-impact excitation of the 1{sup 1}{ital S}{r_arrow}3{sup 1}{ital P} and 1{sup 1}{ital S}{r_arrow}4{sup 1}{ital P} transitions in helium

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Khakoo, M.A.; Roundy, D.; Rugamas, F.

1996-11-01

The method of electron-photon coincidence is used to {open_quote}{open_quote}resolve{close_quote}{close_quote} the electron-impact excitation of the {ital n}{sup 1}{ital P} levels ({ital n}=3 and 4) from nearby levels. Experimentally determined ratios of the differential cross sections for the electron-impact excitation of 1{sup 1}{ital S}{r_arrow}2{sup 1}{ital P}, to 1{sup 1}{ital S}{r_arrow}3{sup 1}{ital P}, and 4{sup 1}{ital P} transitions are presented at 30-, 40-, and 80-eV incident electron energies. Differential cross sections for the 1{sup 1}{ital S}{r_arrow}3{sup 1}{ital P} and 1{sup 1}{ital S}{r_arrow}4{sup 1}{ital P} transitions are derived by normalizing these ratios to available experimental differential cross sections for the 1{sup 1}{ital S}{r_arrow}2{sup 1}{italmore » P} transition. The ratios and differential cross sections are compared to available theoretical and semiempirical data. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less

Science of consciousness and the hard problem

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stapp, H.P.

1996-05-22

Quantum theory is essentially a rationally coherent theory of the interaction of mind and matter, and it allows our conscious thoughts to play a causally efficacious and necessary role in brain dynamics. It therefore provides a natural basis, created by scientists, for the science of consciousness. As an illustration it is explained how the interaction of brain and consciousness can speed up brain processing, and thereby enhance the survival prospects of conscious organisms, as compared to similar organisms that lack consciousness. As a second illustration it is explained how, within the quantum framework, the consciously experienced {open_quotes}I{close_quotes} directs the actionsmore » of a human being. It is concluded that contemporary science already has an adequate framework for incorporating causally efficacious experimential events into the physical universe in a manner that: (1) puts the neural correlates of consciousness into the theory in a well defined way, (2) explains in principle how the effects of consciousness, per se, can enhance the survival prospects of organisms that possess it, (3) allows this survival effect to feed into phylogenetic development, and (4) explains how the consciously experienced {open_quotes}I{close_quotes} can direct human behaviour.« less

DOE examines taxing issue in new report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kaplan, D.

1994-01-13

Contrary to conventional wisdom, the federal tax code generally serves as an incentive for renewable energy production, not a barrier, the Department of Energy concluded in a report released Monday. Largely because depreciation schedules are shorter for renewable projects than for conventional plants - about five years compared to 20 - federal taxes and credits are a boon for the renewable projects of both investor-owned utilities (IOUs) and non-utility generators (NUGs). But a renewable energy leader dubbed the report [open quotes]idiotic[close quotes] for not examining the full fuel cycle. Such an examination would show that federal policy actually favored fossilmore » fuels over renewables. Nonetheless, in what it termed a [open quotes]surprising[close quotes] finding, DOE said only federal income taxes on hydro and waste biomass IOU projects acted as barriers to renewable energy development. All seven renewables examines in the report benefitted from federal tax treatment of NUGs. However, when all local, state and federal taxes were included for IOUs, the report said five of the seven renewables faced barriers greater than conventional technologies. For NUGs though, renewables still have an advantage when all taxes are considered.« less

Interpretation of mutation induction by accelerated heavy ions in bacteria

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kozubek, S.; Ryznar, L.; Horneck, G.

In this report, a quantitative interpretation of mutation induction cross sections by heavy charged particles in bacterial cells is presented. The approach is based on the calculation of the fraction of energy deposited by indirect hits in the sensitive structure. In these events the particle does not pass through the sensitive volume, but this region is hit by {delta} rays. Four track structure models, developed by Katz, Chatterjee et al, Kiefer and Straaten and Kudryashov et al., respectively, were used for the calculations. With the latter two models, very good agreement of the calculations with experimental results on mutagenesis inmore » bacteria was obtained. Depending on the linear energy transfer (LET{infinity}) of the particles, two different modes of mutagenic action of heavy ions are distinguished: {open_quotes}{delta}-ray mutagenesis,{close_quotes} which is related to those radiation qualities that preferentially kill the cells in direct hits (LET{infinity} {ge} 100 keV/{mu}m), and {open_quotes}track core mutagenesis,{close_quotes} which arises from direct hits and is observed for lighter ions or ions with high energy (LET{infinity} {le} 100 keV/{mu}m). 37 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.« less

World`s energy appetite may crave nuclear power

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fulkerson, W.; Anderson, T.D.

1996-07-01

As scientists come to agree that global warming is a real phenomenon, it may be time to jumpstart the stalled nuclear industry. World population is expected to double by the end of the 21st century, and the lion`s share of growth will be in developing nations. {open_quotes}More people and more economic activity will require more energy,{close_quotes} say William Fulkerson, a senior fellow at the Joint Institute for Energy and the Environment in Knoxville, Tennessee, and Truman D. Anderson, formerly director of planning at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. There are only three viable options to fossil fuel plants, the authors say:more » nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and such renewable energy sources as solar and wind. The advantages of nuclear energy are well known, the authors say. {open_quotes}It emits no greenhouse gases, and potentially it can be expanded almost without limit anywhere in the world, providing the controversies that surround it can be resolved.{close_quotes} However, to garner public acceptance, a new generation of supersafe nuclear reactors, invulnerable to terrorism and conversion to weapons, will need to be developed, the authors say.« less

Availability of nuclear decay data in electronic form, including beta spectra not previously published

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eckerman, K.F.; Westfall, R.J.; Ryman, J.C.

1994-10-01

The unabridged data used in preparing ICRP Publication 38 (1983) and a monograph of the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) Committee are now available in electronic form. The {open_quotes}ICRP38 collection{close_quotes} contains data on the energies and intensities of radiations emitted by 825 radionuclides (those in ICRP Publication 38 plus 13 from the MIRD monograph), and the {open_quotes}MIRD collection{close_quotes} contains data on 242 radionuclides. Each collection consists of a radiations data file and a beta spectra data file. The radiations data file contains the complete listing of the emitted radiations, their types, mean or unique energies, and absolute intensities for eachmore » radionuclide, the probability that a beta particle will be emitted with kinetic energies defined by a standard energy grid. Although summary information from the radiation data files has been published, neither the unabridged data nor the beta spectra have been published. These data files and a data extraction utility, which runs on a personal computer, are available from the Radiation Shielding Information Center at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 13 refs., 1 fig., 6 tabs.« less

Whose genome is it, anyway?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marshall, E.

1996-09-27

The genome program has issued guidelines to ensure that sequencing is done on DNA from diverse sources who have given informed consent and are anonymous. Most current sources don`t meet those criteria. It may be the first question every nonexpert asks on learning about the Human Genome Project: Whose genome are we studying, anyway? It sounds naive, says one government scientist-so naive, in fact, that {open_quotes}we chuckle as we explain that we aren`t sequencing anyone`s genome in particular; we`re sequencing a representative genome{close_quotes} made up of a mosaic of DNA from a variety of anonymous sources. And Bruce Birren, amore » clone-maker now at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology`s (MIT`s) Whitehead Center for Genome Research says: {open_quotes}We spent many years pooh-poohing the question{close_quotes} of whose genome would be stored in the database. But now that labs have begun working on large stretches of human DNA-aiming to identify all 3 billion base pairs in the genetic code-the question no longer seems to laughable. To the distress of program managers in Bethesda, Maryland, the initial sources of DNA are not as diverse or as anonymous as they had assumed.« less

Calcination/dissolution chemistry development Fiscal year 1995

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Delegard, C.H.

1995-09-01

The task {open_quotes}IPC Liaison and Chemistry of Thermal Reconstitution{close_quotes} is a $300,000 program that was conducted in Fiscal Year (FY) 1995 with U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Research and Development (EM-53) Efficient Separations and Processing Crosscutting Program supported under technical task plan (TTP) RL4-3-20-04. The principal investigator was Cal Delegard of the Westinghouse Hanford Company (WHC). The task encompassed the following two subtasks related to the chemistry of alkaline Hanford Site tank waste: (1) Technical Liaison with the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Science (IPC/RAS) and its research into the chemistry of transuranic elementsmore » (TRU) and technetium (Tc) in alkaline media. (2) Laboratory investigation of the chemistry of calcination/dissolution (C/D) (or thermal reconstitution) as an alternative to the present reference Hanford Site tank waste pretreatment flowsheet, Enhanced Sludge Washing (ESW). This report fulfills the milestone for the C/D subtask to {open_quotes}Provide End-of-Year Report on C/D Laboratory Test Results{close_quotes} due 30 September 1995. A companion report, fulfilling the milestone to provide an end-of-year report on the IPC/RAS liaison, also has been prepared.« less

Reactive flow model development for PBXW-126 using modern nonlinear optimization methods

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Murphy, M.J.; Simpson, R.L.; Urtiew, P.A.

1996-05-01

The initiation and detonation behavior of PBXW-126 has been characterized and is described. PBXW-126 is a composite explosive consisting of approximately equal amounts of RDX, AP, AL, and NTO with a polyurethane binder. The three term ignition and growth of reaction model parameters (ignition+two growth terms) have been found using nonlinear optimization methods to determine the {open_quotes}best{close_quotes} set of model parameters. The ignition term treats the initiation of up to 0.5{percent} of the RDX. The first growth term in the model treats the RDX growth of reaction up to 20{percent} reacted. The second growth term treats the subsequent growth ofmore » reaction of the remaining AP/AL/NTO. The unreacted equation of state (EOS) was determined from the wave profiles of embedded gauge tests while the JWL product EOS was determined from cylinder expansion test results. The nonlinear optimization code, NLQPEB/GLO, was used to determine the {open_quotes}best{close_quotes} set of coefficients for the three term Lee-Tarver ignition and growth of reaction model. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Institute of Physics.}« less

The interplanetary magnetic field B[sub y] effects on large-scale field-aligned currents near local noon: Contributions from cusp part and noncusp part

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yamauchi, M.; Lundin, R.; Woch, J.

1993-04-01

latitudinals develop a model to account for the effect of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) B[sub y] component on the dayside field-aligned currents (FACs). As part of the model the FACs are divided into a [open quotes]cusp part[close quotes] and a [open quotes]noncusp part[close quotes]. The authors then propose that the cusp part FACs shift in the longitudinal direction while the noncusplike part FACs shift in both longitudinal and latitudinal directions in response to the y component of the IMF. If combined, it is observed that the noncusp part FAC is found poleward of the cusp part FAC system whenmore » the y component of the IMF is large. These two FAC systems flow in the same direction. They reinforce one another, creating a strong FAC, termed the DPY-FAC. The model also predicts that the polewardmost part of the DPY-FAC flows on closed field lines, even in regions conventionally occupied by the polar cap. Results of the model are successfully compared with particle and magnetic field data from Viking missions.« less

The use of artificially intelligent agents with bounded rationality in the study of economic markets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rajan, V.; Slagle, J.R.

The concepts of {open_quote}knowledge{close_quote} and {open_quote}rationality{close_quote} are of central importance to fields of science that are interested in human behavior and learning, such as artificial intelligence, economics, and psychology. The similarity between artificial intelligence and economics - both are concerned with intelligent thought, rational behavior, and the use and acquisition of knowledge - has led to the use of economic models as a paradigm for solving problems in distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) and multi agent systems (MAS). What we propose is the opposite; the use of artificial intelligence in the study of economic markets. Over the centuries various theories ofmore » market behavior have been advanced. The prevailing theory holds that an asset`s current price converges to the risk adjusted value of the rationally expected dividend stream. While this rational expectations model holds in equilibrium or near-equilibrium conditions, it does not sufficiently explain conditions of market disequilibrium. An example of market disequilibrium is the phenomenon of a speculative bubble. We present an example of using artificially intelligent agents with bounded rationality in the study of speculative bubbles.« less

Dual annular rotating [open quotes]windowed[close quotes] nuclear reflector reactor control system

DOEpatents

Jacox, M.G.; Drexler, R.L.; Hunt, R.N.M.; Lake, J.A.

1994-03-29

A nuclear reactor control system is provided in a nuclear reactor having a core operating in the fast neutron energy spectrum where criticality control is achieved by neutron leakage. The control system includes dual annular, rotatable reflector rings. There are two reflector rings: an inner reflector ring and an outer reflector ring. The reflectors are concentrically assembled, surround the reactor core, and each reflector ring includes a plurality of openings. The openings in each ring are capable of being aligned or non-aligned with each other. Independent driving means for each of the annular reflector rings is provided so that reactor criticality can be initiated and controlled by rotation of either reflector ring such that the extent of alignment of the openings in each ring controls the reflection of neutrons from the core. 4 figures.

Ethics in the driver, Mosaic is the vehicle, and network instruction is the precious cargo

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Woodbury, M.; Schmitz, J.

1994-12-31

The College of Agriculture at the University of Illinois had an ambitious goal: train 500 incoming freshman students how to take advantage of their computer network privileges without placing undue demands on their time. Because the College already had outstanding computer facilities and expertise, the Department of Academic Programs chose AIM lab to handle the task. AIM stands for Agriculture Instructional Media, and the staff, led by John Schmitz, searched for the most helpful message, meaning, and means to deliver the project. John and I created and developed the computer tutorial, and because both of us are enthused about {open_quotes}themore » Net{close_quotes} and being good citizens in the cyber community, we built ethics into our design from the earliest stages. You can examine our team`s product on the Web at/http://gopher.ag.uiuc.edu/WWW/AIM/Discovery/Net/intro.html. To give a brief overview of our message to the students, and the University community which will also share in our work, here is the wording from the opening Mosaic screen, a clear statement of the goals of our project: We believe that access to the Internet is a privilege. You need a basic knowledge of the {open_quotes}rules of the road{close_quotes} in order to be a good citizen of the Internet community. You should be required to earn a driver`s license to use the Information Superhighway.« less

Comment on {open_quotes}Experimental determination of the thermal conductivity of molten CaMgSi{sub 2}O{sub 6} and the transport of heat through magmas{close_quotes} by Don Snyder, Elizabeth Gier, and Ian Carmichael

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carrigan, C.; McBirney, A.

1997-07-01

A comparative evaluation is made of various experiments and techniques for measuring the thermal properties of molten silicates. Sources of errors for measurements of Snyder et al are discussed. (AIP) {copyright} {ital 1997 American Geophysical Union.}

Sulfidation of Co/Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] and CoMo/Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] catalysts studied by Moessbauer emission spectroscopy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Craje, M.W.J.; Kraan, A.M. van der; Beer, V.H.J. de

1993-10-01

The structure of hydrodesulfurization catalysts is relevant to many industries. The sulfidation of uncalcined and calcined alumina-supported cobalt and cobalt-molybdenum catalysts was systematically studied by means of in situ Moessbauer emission spectroscopy (MES) at room temperature. The spectra obtained during the stepwise sulfidation of the uncalcined catalysts clearly resemble those observed for carbon-supported ones. Hence, the interpretation of the spectra of the alumina-supported catalysts is based on the conclusions drawn from the MES studies of the carbon-supported catalysts, which are less complex because Co ions do not diffuse into the support. It is demonstrated that not only in sulfided CoMo/Al[submore » 2]O[sub 3], but also in sulfided Co/Al[sub 2]O[sub 3], catalysts Co-sulfide species with a [open quotes]Co-Mo-S[close quotes]-type quadrupole splitting can be formed. It is concluded that the Co-sulfide species formed in sulfided Co/Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] and CoMo/Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] catalysts are essentially the same, only the particle size and ordering of the Co-sulfide species may differ, as in the case of Co/C and CoMo/C catalysts. The function of the Mo, which is present as MoS[sub 2], is merely to stabilize very small Co-sulfide particles, which in the limit contain only one single Co atom. Furthermore, it turns out that the value of the electric quadrupole splitting (Q.S. value) of the Co-sulfide phase in the sulfided catalysts depends on the sulfiding temperature and Co content. This observation leads to the conclusion that large Q.S. values point to the presence of very small Co-sulfide entities or particles (the lower limit being [open quotes]particles[close quotes] containing only one Co atom, such as proposed in the [open quotes]Co-Mo-S[close quotes] model), whereas small Q.S. values point to the presence of large Co-sulfide particles (the upper limit being crystalline Co[sub 9]S[sub 8]). 28 refs., 7 figs., 6 tabs.« less

Engineering problems in ensuring the strength and reliability of the new generation of aircraft engines

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Boguslaev, V.A.

1995-11-01

The {open_quotes}Motor Sich{close_quotes} plant - formerly the Zaporozh`e Engine Plant - has been a major contributor to the genesis and development of the domestic aviation industry. More than 20,000 engines made at the plant are currently operating in 18 domestic models of airplanes and helicopters, while roughly 4000 of the factory`s engines are in use abroad. Also, 998 mobile gas-turbine power plants of the PAES-2500 type are presently in service in and outside the CIS. Successes such as these are the result of the tremendous effort put forth by plant personnel and close collaboration with aircraft designers and buyers andmore » scientific-research institutes on engine manufacture, operation, and servicing. Their contributions have made it possible to improve the strength and reliability of engines AI-20, AI-241 AI-25, AI-25TL, and TVZ-117. These models are renowned most of all for their durability, surpassing comparable foreign makes with respect to length of service. Engines AI-20, AI-24, and AI-25 have an average service life of 200,000 h, versus the 50,000 h life of foreign counterparts {open_quotes}Tyne,{close_quotes} {open_quotes}Dart,{close_quotes} and TE.731. At present, engine model D-18T is still not the equal of comparable foreign-made engines in terms of reliability and service life. This can be attributed to both to the problems associated with designing high-thrust engines and to the lack of adequate diagnostic systems. After several problems are resolved, new-generation engines D-36, D-136, and D-18 will provide new levels of reliability and durability. The durability of the D-36 is presently limited by the life of the casing of the combustor (6053 cycles) and the disks of the low- and high-pressure compressors (6500-7000 cycles). The life of the D-18T is restricted mainly by the life of the rotor blades in the high-pressure turbine, defects in the disks of the high-pressure compressor, and other problems.« less

A performance goal-based seismic design philosophy for waste repository facilities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hossain, Q.A.

1994-12-31

A performance goal-based seismic design philosophy, compatible with DOE`s present natural phenomena hazards mitigation and {open_quotes}graded approach{close_quotes} philosophy, has been proposed for high level nuclear waste repository facilities. The rationale, evolution, and the desirable features of this method have been described. Why and how the method should and can be applied to the design of a repository facility are also discussed.

A phenomenological model for systematization and prediction of doping limits in II{endash}VI and I{endash}III{endash}VI{sub 2} compounds

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, S.B.; Wei, S.; Zunger, A.

1998-03-01

Semiconductors differ widely in their ability to be doped. As their band gap increases, it is usually possible to dope them either n or p type, but not both. This asymmetry is documented here, and explained phenomenologically in terms of the {open_quotes}doping pinning rule.{close_quotes} {copyright} {ital 1998 American Institute of Physics.}

Minimizing the risks created by an emissions inventory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Oppenfeld, R.R. von; Evans, D.M.; Vamos, J.C.

Emissions inventories are required under the federal Clean Air Act ({open_quotes}Act{close_quotes}). Sources must identify emissions points and the types of air pollutants emitted, and quantify by measurement, modeling, or estimation the amount of each pollutant. The emissions inventory is an information gathering tool, providing regulatory agencies and the public with an overview of pollutants that may be emitted. Emission inventories are not reports of precise measurements of emissions and may be misunderstood, misinterpreted or misused. The emissions inventory and the underlying documentation are potential evidence in enforcement actions under the Act and other federal and state environmental laws. Readily availablemore » to the public, emission inventories may also be used in citizen suits, toxic tort actions and other types of civil actions for damages. Practical as well as legal mechanisms allow regulated entities to minimize the possibility that an emissions inventory or its underlying documentation will be a {open_quotes}smoking gun.{close_quotes} Practical tools include use of qualifying or disclaimer language in the final inventory. The inventory effort can be planned and executed to minimize the risk of misuse and to bring the effort within privileges, such as the self-evaluative privilege, statutory audit privileges, the attorney-client privilege or the attorney work product privilege.« less

Expansion in a contracting industry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Prichard, S.L.

1995-08-01

Many organizations have faced the distasteful task of downsizing, but it was probably dressed up in the euphemistic term {open_quotes}rightsizing{close_quotes}. Most of us would agree that our companies are not the correct size, but why is the {open_quotes}right{close_quotes} size always smaller and not larger? Mergers and acquisitions have also had their effects on many of our colleagues, if not us ourselves. Both of these circumstances have led to fundamental changes in organizational structures and power centers. As a business group flattens the hierarchy, there are fewer steps between those who do and those who manage. Work groups may now bemore » constructed into teams based upon products or customers rather than in their functional areas, such as accounting or sales. Employee empowerment may not be the magic pill that many had hoped for, but it has altered how our businesses operate at practically every level. And as our individual businesses change, the very structure of the energy industry is changing as well. I know many people wish for the dust to settle, see who is left to compete with, and put all this uncomfortable change behind us. This is not about to happen any time soon. Utilities will be the next to feel the intense pressure to change.« less

A decision tool for selecting trench cap designs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paige, G.B.; Stone, J.J.; Lane, L.J.

1995-12-31

A computer based prototype decision support system (PDSS) is being developed to assist the risk manager in selecting an appropriate trench cap design for waste disposal sites. The selection of the {open_quote}best{close_quote} design among feasible alternatives requires consideration of multiple and often conflicting objectives. The methodology used in the selection process consists of: selecting and parameterizing decision variables using data, simulation models, or expert opinion; selecting feasible trench cap design alternatives; ordering the decision variables and ranking the design alternatives. The decision model is based on multi-objective decision theory and uses a unique approach to order the decision variables andmore » rank the design alternatives. Trench cap designs are evaluated based on federal regulations, hydrologic performance, cover stability and cost. Four trench cap designs, which were monitored for a four year period at Hill Air Force Base in Utah, are used to demonstrate the application of the PDSS and evaluate the results of the decision model. The results of the PDSS, using both data and simulations, illustrate the relative advantages of each of the cap designs and which cap is the {open_quotes}best{close_quotes} alternative for a given set of criteria and a particular importance order of those decision criteria.« less

Dancing with the regulations - Part Deux

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nitschke, R.L.

1995-12-31

The disposal of low-level radioactive waste (LLW) in the United States has long been subjected to two very similar regulations depending upon the location. Disposal sites located on Department of Energy (DOE) Reservations are subject to DOE Order 5820.2A {open_quotes}Radioactive Waste Management,{close_quotes} while disposal sites located elsewhere are subject to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulation 10 CFR 61 {open_quotes}Licensing Requirements for Land Disposal of Radioactive Waste.{close_quotes} While life was not necessarily good, there was only one sheet of music to dance to. Recently a new player, named CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act), has ridden into those DOEmore » towns, and for those whose disposal facilities lie within or adjacent to Superfund sites, she has brought along a different drum to dance to. This paper discusses the differences and similarities between the different dance partners and their associated musical scores (i.e., the performance assessment (PA) required by the DOE order and the baseline risk assessment (BRA) required by CERCLA). The paper then provides a brief discussion on the latest dancer to cut in: the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board (DNFSB). This discussion should help to alleviate the confusion while dancing on the LLW disposal regulatory ballroom floor.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Argo, P.E.; DeLapp, D.; Sutherland, C.D.

TRACKER is an extension of a three-dimensional Hamiltonian raytrace code developed some thirty years ago by R. Michael Jones. Subsequent modifications to this code, which is commonly called the {open_quotes}Jones Code,{close_quotes} were documented by Jones and Stephensen (1975). TRACKER incorporates an interactive user`s interface, modern differential equation integrators, graphical outputs, homing algorithms, and the Ionospheric Conductivity and Electron Density (ICED) ionosphere. TRACKER predicts the three-dimensional paths of radio waves through model ionospheres by numerically integrating Hamilton`s equations, which are a differential expression of Fermat`s principle of least time. By using continuous models, the Hamiltonian method avoids false caustics and discontinuousmore » raypath properties often encountered in other raytracing methods. In addition to computing the raypath, TRACKER also calculates the group path (or pulse travel time), the phase path, the geometrical (or {open_quotes}real{close_quotes}) pathlength, and the Doppler shift (if the time variation of the ionosphere is explicitly included). Computational speed can be traded for accuracy by specifying the maximum allowable integration error per step in the integration. Only geometrical optics are included in the main raytrace code; no partial reflections or diffraction effects are taken into account. In addition, TRACKER does not lend itself to statistical descriptions of propagation -- it requires a deterministic model of the ionosphere.« less

Characterization of genetic deletions in Becker muscular dystrophy using monoclonal antibodies against a deletion-prone region of dystrophin

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thanh, L.T.; Man, Nguyen Thi; Morris, G.E.

1995-08-28

We have produced a new panel of 20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against a region of the dystrophin protein corresponding to a deletion-prone region of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene (exons 45-50). We show that immunohistochemistry or Western blotting with these {open_quotes}exon-specific{close_quotes} mAbs can provide a valuable addition to Southern blotting or PCR methods for the accurate identification of genetic deletions in Becker muscular dystrophy patients. The antibodies were mapped to the following exons: exon 45 (2 mAbs), exon 46 (6), exon 47 (1), exons 47/48 (4), exons 48-50 (6), and exon 50 (1). PCR amplification of single exons or groupsmore » of exons was used both to produce specific dystrophin immunogens and to map the mAbs obtained. PCR-mediated mutagenesis was also used to identify regions of dystrophin important for mAb binding. Because the mAbs can be used to characterize the dystrophin produced by individual muscle fibres, they will also be useful for studying {open_quotes}revertant{close_quotes} fibres in Duchenne muscle and for monitoring the results of myoblast therapy trials in MD patients with deletions in this region of the dystrophin gene. 27 refs., 7 figs., 3 tabs.« less

Ratios of transfer coefficients for radiocesium transport in ruminants

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Assimakopoulos, P.A.; Ioannides, K.G.; Karamanis, D.

1995-09-01

A corollary of the multiple-compartment model for the transport of trace elements through animals was tested for cows, goats, and sheep. According to this corollary, for a given body {open_quotes}compartment{close_quotes} k of the animal (soft tissue, lung, liver, etc.), the ratio a(k)=f(k)/f(blood) of the transfer coefficients f, should exhibit similar values for physiologically similar animals. In order to verify this prediction, two experiments were performed at the Agricultural Research Station of Ioannina and at the facilities of Ria Pripyat in Pripyat, Ukranine. Eight animals in the first experiment and eighteen in the second were housed in individual pens and weremore » artificially contaminated with a constant daily dose of radiocesium until equilibrium was reached. the animals were then sacrificed and transfer coefficients f(k) to twelve body {open_quotes}compartments{close_quotes} k were measured. These data were used to calculate the ratios a(k). The results were in accordance with predictions of the model and average values of a(k) were extracted for ruminants. It is concluded that these values may be employed for the prediction of animal contamination in any body compartment through the measurement of blood samples. 7 refs., 8 tabs.« less

Characterization of beryllium-boron-bearing materials by Parallel Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (PEELS)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Garvie, L.A.J.; Buseck, P.R.; Rez, P.

The stoichiometry of a set of commercial and laboratory-synthesized Be-B-bearing materials was determined by parallel electron energy-loss spectroscopy (PEELS). The Be and B K edges are well separated in energy, allowing easy determination of the elemental ratios. PEELS analyses of materials with reported compositions of {open_quotes}Be{sub 2}B{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}Be{sub 2}B{sub 3}{close_quotes} provided stoichiometries near Be{sub 2.8}B and Be{sub 4}B{sub 5}, respectively. We confirmed an earlier report of Be{sub 0.6({+-}0.1)} B{sub 5.9({+-}0.7)}C, a material with the {alpha}-rhombohedral B structure. We also synthesized and characterized Be{sub 0.5({+-}0.1)}B{sub 4.9({+-}0.3)}N, a new ternary material with the {alpha}-rhombohedral B structure with refined hexagonal cell parametersmore » of a{sub h} = 5.487(5) {alpha} and c{sub h} = 12.486(14) {angstrom}. By comparison of the features at the core-loss edges of Be{sub 0.5({+-}0.1)} B{sub 4.9({+-}0.3)}N, we conclude the most N forms N{sub 2} pairs between the icosahedra and Be substitutes for B within the icosahedra.« less

Radon abate: Who should pay

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Henderson, Z.P.

Radon is blamed for thousands of deaths from lung cancer annually. This radioactive gas most often seeps into buildings through structural defects. The cost of protecting tenants and homeowners from the health risks of radon adds to the cost of housing, particularly for those who can least afford it. Tenants and people whose homes need repair are at higher risk for radon exposure than are people living in well-constructed and well-maintained homes. Renters are at particular risk, says Joseph Laquatra, associate professor of design and environmental analysis, because they are powerless to implement radon mitigation. Moreover, they could be hurtmore » financially if landlords were forced to upgrade buildings in an attempt to reduce radon levels. [open quotes]A balance has to be struck,[close quotes] Laquatra says, [open quotes]between making rental units safer and not reducing the availability of affordable housing for people with low incomes.[close quotes] In a study of housing in central and western New York State, Laquatra and Peter Chi, professor of consumer economics and housing, found that up to 66 percent of rental units had excessive radon levels, versus 41 percent of owner-occupied homes costing less than $40,000 and 36 percent of homes worth more than $40,000.« less

DOE Radiation Research Program is floundering - NAS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lobsenz, G.

1994-04-20

The Energy Department's radiation health effects research program is floundering in a morass of administrative confusion due to an ill-considered 1990 joint management agreement between DOE and the Health and Human Services Department, a National Academy of Sciences panel says. The NAS panel said the [open quotes]administrative difficulties[close quotes] created by the DOE-HHS agreement appear to be [open quotes]stifling creativity and efficiency within DOE's Epidemiology Research Program, delaying the completion and publication of research.[close quotes] The panel also expressed concern that DOE has failed to adequately fund or staff its health research office, and that the department had no mastermore » research plan to identify research needs or set forth uniform, scientifically rigorous data collection procedures. The panel said DOE's lack of commitment was particularly evident in its failure to set up an effective health surveillance program for its nuclear work force. In addition, the panel said DOE had fallen short on promises to create a comprehensive computer bank of health research data that would be continually updated with new information gleaned from an ongoing worker surveillance program. While recommending enhancements, the NAS panel emphasized that DOE's health research program would not be able to function effectively until the department revamped its joint management agreement with HHS.« less

Working session 1: Tubing degradation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kharshafdjian, G.; Turluer, G.

1997-02-01

A general introductory overview of the purpose of the group and the general subject area of SG tubing degradation was given by the facilitator. The purpose of the session was described as to {open_quotes}develop conclusions and proposals on regulatory and technical needs required to deal with the issues of SG tubing degradation.{close_quotes} Types, locations and characteristics of tubing degradation in steam generators were briefly reviewed. The well-known synergistic effects of materials, environment, and stress and strain/strain rate, subsequently referred to by the acronym {open_quotes}MESS{close_quotes} by some of the group members, were noted. The element of time (i.e., evolution of thesemore » variables with time) was emphasized. It was also suggested that the group might want to consider the related topics of inspection capabilities, operational variables, degradation remedies, and validity of test data, and some background information in these areas was provided. The presentation given by Peter Millet during the Plenary Session was reviewed; Specifically, the chemical aspects and the degradation from the secondary side of the steam generator were noted. The main issues discussed during the October 1995 EPRI meeting on secondary side corrosion were reported, and a listing of the potential SG tube degradations was provided and discussed.« less

North Dakota`s Dickinson Lodgepole play - an update

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

LeFever, J.A.

1996-06-01

North Dakota`s Dickinson Lodgepole play began in February 1993 with the drilling and completion of Conoco`s No.74 Dickinson State well. The serendipitous discovery was found while drilling an in-field wildcat. Production is from a 294-ft-thick {open_quotes}Waulsortian-like{close_quotes} carbonate buildup in the Lodgepole Formation (Mississippian). Conoco estimated the ultimate recovery from this feature to be 7.86 million barrels of oil and 3.7 billion cubic feet of gas at the time of unitization. The field is currently under pressure maintenance by waterflood. The activity associated with the {open_quotes}mound{close_quotes} was primarily a land acquisition and a seismic play until the second quarter of 1995.more » Activity in the play accelerated with the discovery of Duncan - No.1-11 Knopik that tested 2707 BOPD from a new buildup (now Eland Field). This discovery not only increased interest but also increased the number of companies involved in the play. Currently, five fields are producing from carbonate buildups. Cumulative production through July, 1995 is 1.5 MBO, 835 MMCFG, and 15,990 BW. There is a high potential for this play to expand from the Dickinson area around the perimeter of the Williston Basin.« less

Novel molecular variants of the Na-Cl cotransporter gene are responsible for Gitelman syndrome

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mastroianni, N.; De Fusco, M.; Casari, G.

1996-11-01

A hereditary defect of the distal tubule accounts for the clinical features of Gitelman syndrome (GS), an autosomal recessive disease characterized by hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic alkalosis, and hypocalciuria. Recently, we cloned the cDNA coding for the human Na-Cl thiazide-sensitive cotransporter (TSC; also known as {open_quotes}NCCT{close_quotes} or {open_quotes}SLC12A3{close_quotes}) as a possible candidate for GS, and Simon et al., independently, described rotation in patients with GS. Now, we show 12 additional mutations consistent with a loss of function of the Na-Cl cotransporter in GS. Two missense replacements, R09W and P349L, are common to both studies and could represent ancient mutations. The othermore » mutations include three deletions, two insertions, and six missense mutations. When all mutations from both studies are considered, missense mutations seem to be more frequently localized within the intracellular domains of the molecule, rather than in transmembrane or extracellular domains. One family, previously reported as a GS form with dominant inheritance, has proved to be recessive, with the affected child being a compound heterozygote. A highly informative intragenic tetranucleotide marker, useful for molecular diagnostic studies, has been identified at the acceptor splice site of exon 9. 12 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Search for unstable DNA in schizophrenia families with evidence for genetic anticipation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Petronis, A.; Vincent, J.B.; Tatuch, Y.

Evidence for genetic anticipation has recently become an important subject of research in clinical psychiatric genetics. Renewed interest in anticipation was evoked by molecular genetic findings of a novel type of mutation termed {open_quotes}unstable DNA.{close_quotes} The unstable DNA model can be construed as the {open_quotes}best fit{close_quotes} for schizophrenia twin and family epidemiological data. We have performed a large-scale Southern blot hybridization, asymmetrical PCR-based, and repeat expansion-detection screening for (CAG){sub n}/(CTG){sub n} and (CCG){sub n}/(CGG){sub n} expansions in eastern Canadian schizophrenia multiplex families demonstrating genetic anticipation. There were no differences in (CAG){sub n}/(CTG){sub n} and (CCG){sub n}/(CGG){sub n} pattern distribution eithermore » between affected and unaffected individuals or across generations. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that large (CAG){sub n}/(CTG){sub n} or (CCG){sub n}/(CGG){sub n} expansions are the major etiologic factor in schizophrenia. A separate set of experiments directed to the analysis of small (30-130 trinucleotides), Huntington disease-type expansions in individual genes is required in order to fully exclude the presence of (CAG){sub n}/(CTG){sub n}- or (CCG){sub n}/(CGG){sub n}-type unstable mutation. 38 refs., 2 figs.« less

Oil geochemistry of the northern Llanos Basin, Colombia. A model for migration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ramon, J.C.; Dzou, L.

1996-12-31

The chemical composition of 23 crude oils and one oil seep from Llanos Basin, Colombia were studied in detail by geochemical methods in order to understand their genetic relationship. A filling history model is proposed to explain the observed composition variations in Llanos Basin oils. Geochemical fingerprinting indicates that there are six families of crude oils. The biomarker compositions have been used to identify characteristics of the source rocks. The Llanos oils contain marine algal- derived {open_quotes}C30 steranes{close_quotes} (i.e., 24-n-propylcholestanes), which are diagnostic for oils generated from marine Cretaceous source rocks. A significant HC-contribution from a Tertiary source is alsomore » indicated by the presence of high concentration of the {open_quotes}flowering plant{close_quotes}-markers oleanane, bicadinanes and oleanoids. Low DBT/Phen, %sulfur values and high diasteranes concentration indicate that the source rock is clay-rich. Biomarker maturity parameters indicate a wide range of source-rock thermal maturities from early to late oil window. Heavy biodegradation has been particularly common among the first oils to fill reservoirs in central Llanos oil fields. The older altered heavy oils were mixed with a second pulse of oil explaining the wide range of oil gravities measured in the central Llanos Basin.« less

Granular superconductors and their intrinsic and extrinsic surface impedance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Halbritter, J.

1995-12-01

High-frequency experiments depend sensitively on homogeneous and inhomogeneous {open_quotes}defects{close_quotes} in the normal and superconducting state. As homogeneous effects, the intrinsic scattering time is of great theoretical importance above 0.1 THz in the surface impedance Z. Of practical importance are the planar defects, {open_quotes}the weak links (WL),{close_quotes} which interrupt the rf shielding currents and thus enhance Z{sub eff}. In the superconducting state, the Josephson current j{sub cJ} crosses the WL in parallel with the normal, leakage current j{sub bl}. The latter explains the observed, finite rf residual losses R{sub res}(T{approx}0) quantitatively and as a function of material parameters, temperature T, fieldmore » H, and frequency {omega} for Nb, NbN, and cuprate superconductors. With increasing field, Z deteriorates like H{sup 2} up to H{sub c1J}{approx}0.1-10 mT, JF dynamics dominates Z with hysteresis losses and reactive components. The nonlinear JF effects are enforced by thinfilm edge enhancements limiting the performance of various devices by enhanced dissipation, reactance, and flux noise. A method is presented which is able to separate electron dynamics at the WL from their strength and distribution.« less

Use of geostatistic techniques to describe a reservoir to be submitted into a secondary recovery process field case: {open_quotes}Eocene B-Inferior/VLG-3659, Ceuta, Venezuela{close_quotes}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hernandez, T.; Poquioma, W.

1997-08-01

This study presents the results of an integrated reservoir study of the Eocene B-Inferior/VLG-3659, Area 7, Ceuta filed. This field located in the Maracaibo Lake in the western side of Venezuela. The objective was to evaluating the feasibility to implement a secondary recovery project by means of water flooding. Core information was used for this study (194 ft), PVT analysis, RFI, build-up and statistic`s pressure analysis, modem logs and production history data. Using geostatistical techniques (Kriging) it was defined a low uncertainty geological model that was validated by means of a black oil simulator (Eclipse). The results showed a goodmore » comparison of historical pressure of the reservoir against those obtained from the model, without the need of {open_quotes}history matching{close_quotes}. It means without modifying neither the initial rock properties nor reservoir fluids. The results of this study recommended drilling in two new locations, also the reactivation of four producing wells and water flooding under peripherical array by means of four injection wells, with the recovery of an additional 30.2 MMSTB. The economical evaluation shows an internal return rate of 31.4%.« less

A perspective on the proliferation risks of plutonium mines

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lyman, E.S.

1996-05-01

The program of geologic disposal of spent fuel and other plutonium-containing materials is increasingly becoming the target of criticism by individuals who argue that in the future, repositories may become low-cost sources of fissile material for nuclear weapons. This paper attempts to outline a consistent framework for analyzing the proliferation risks of these so-called {open_quotes}plutonium mines{close_quotes} and putting them into perspective. First, it is emphasized that the attractiveness of plutonium in a repository as a source of weapons material depends on its accessibility relative to other sources of fissile material. Then, the notion of a {open_quotes}material production standard{close_quotes} (MPS) ismore » proposed: namely, that the proliferation risks posed by geologic disposal will be acceptable if one can demonstrate, under a number of reasonable scenarios, that the recovery of plutonium from a repository is likely to be as difficult as new production of fissile material. A preliminary analysis suggests that the range of circumstances under which current mined repository concepts would fail to meet this standard is fairly narrow. Nevertheless, a broad application of the MPS may impose severe restrictions on repository design. In this context, the relationship of repository design parameters to easy of recovery is discussed.« less

Automatic scanning and measuring using POLLY

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fields, T.

1993-07-01

The HPD and PEPR automatic measuring systems, which have been described by B. Powell and I. Pless at this conference, were developed in the 1960`s to be used for what would now be called {open_quotes}batch processing.{close_quotes} That is, an entire reel of bubble chamber film containing interesting events whose tracks had been rough-digitized would be processed in an extended run by a dedicated computer/precision digitizer hardware system, with no human intervention. Then, at a later time, events for which the precision measurement did not appear to be successful would be handled with some type of {open_quotes}fixup{close_quotes} station or process. Bymore » contrast, the POLLY system included from the start, not only a computer and a precision CRT measuring device, but also a human operator who could have convenient two-way interactions with the computer and could also view the picture directly. Inclusion of a human as a key part of the system had some important beneficial effects, as has been described in the original papers. In this note the author summarizes those effects, and also points out connections between the POLLY system philosophy and subsequent developments in both high energy physics data analysis and computing systems.« less

The development and performance of smud grid-connected photovoltaic projects

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Osborn, D.E.; Collier, D.E.

1995-11-01

The utility grid-connected market has been identified as a key market to be developed to accelerate the commercialization of photovoltaics. The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) has completed the first two years of a continuing commercialization effort based on two years of a continuing commercialization effort based on the sustained, orderly development of the grid-connected, utility PV market. This program is aimed at developing the experience needed to successfully integrate PV as distributed generation into the utility system and to stimulate the collaborative processes needed to accelerate the cost reductions necessary for PV to be cost-effective in these applications bymore » the year 2000. In the first two years, SMUD has installed over 240 residential and commercial building, grid-connected, rooftop, {open_quotes}PV Pioneer{close_quotes} systems totaling over 1MW of capacity and four substation sited, grid-support PV systems totaling 600 kW bringing the SMUD distributed PV power systems to over 3.7 MW. The 1995 SMUD PV Program will add another approximately 800 kW of PV systems to the District`s distributed PV power system. SMUD also established a partnership with its customers through the PV Pioneer {open_quotes}green pricing{close_quotes} program to advance PV commercialization.« less

Probabilistic pipe fracture evaluations for leak-rate-detection applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rahman, S.; Ghadiali, N.; Paul, D.

1995-04-01

Regulatory Guide 1.45, {open_quotes}Reactor Coolant Pressure Boundary Leakage Detection Systems,{close_quotes} was published by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in May 1973, and provides guidance on leak detection methods and system requirements for Light Water Reactors. Additionally, leak detection limits are specified in plant Technical Specifications and are different for Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) and Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs). These leak detection limits are also used in leak-before-break evaluations performed in accordance with Draft Standard Review Plan, Section 3.6.3, {open_quotes}Leak Before Break Evaluation Procedures{close_quotes} where a margin of 10 on the leak detection limit is used in determining the crackmore » size considered in subsequent fracture analyses. This study was requested by the NRC to: (1) evaluate the conditional failure probability for BWR and PWR piping for pipes that were leaking at the allowable leak detection limit, and (2) evaluate the margin of 10 to determine if it was unnecessarily large. A probabilistic approach was undertaken to conduct fracture evaluations of circumferentially cracked pipes for leak-rate-detection applications. Sixteen nuclear piping systems in BWR and PWR plants were analyzed to evaluate conditional failure probability and effects of crack-morphology variability on the current margins used in leak rate detection for leak-before-break.« less

Practical approaches for health care: Indoor air quality management

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Turk, A.R.; Poulakos, E.M.

1996-05-01

The management of indoor air quality (IAQ) is of interest to building occupants, managers, owners, and regulators alike. Whether by poor design, improper attention, inadequate maintenance or the intent to save energy, many buildings today have significantly degraded IAQ levels. Acceptable IAQ is defined by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) in Standard 62-1989 {open_quotes}Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality{close_quotes} as {open_quotes}air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80 percent or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction.{close_quotes}more » ASHRAE`s definition not only addresses the chemical compounds that may be present in the air, but it also recognizes a need to address both physiological and psychosocial comfort. The second step is to conduct a performance review of the HVAC systems based on equipment design specifications and guidelines for acceptable IAQ. And the third step is to identify potential chemical, physical and biological sources that are known to contribute to adverse air quality. Upon completion of these three steps, you will able to identify the more significant contributors to IAQ problems and establish applications for prevention and mitigation.« less

Environmental justice and healthy communities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1995-12-01

The environmental justice movement has come a long way since its birth a decade ago in rural and mostly African American Warren County, North Carolina. The selection of Warren County for a PCB landfill, they brought national attention to waste facility siting inequities and galvanized African American church and civil rights leaders` support for environmental justice. The demonstrations also put {open_quotes}environmental racism{close_quotes} on the map and challenged the myth that African Americans are not concerned about or involved in environmental issues. Grassroots groups, after decades of struggle, have grown to become the core of the multi-issue, multiracial, and multi-regional environmentalmore » justice movement. Diverse community-based groups have begun to organize and link their struggles to issues of civil and human rights, land rights and sovereignty, cultural survival , racial and social justice, and sustainable development. The impetus for getting environmental justice on the nations`s agenda has come from an alliance of grassroots activists, civil rights leaders, and a few academicians who questioned the foundation of the current environmental protection paradigm--where communities of color receive unequal protection. Whether urban ghettos and barrios, rural {open_quotes}poverty pockets,{close_quotes} Native American reservations, or communities in the Third World, grassroots groups are demanding an end to unjust and nonsustainable environmental and development policies.« less

A population-based study of familial Alzheimer disease: Linkage to chromosomes 14, 19, and 21

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duijn, C.M. van; Hofman, A.; Hendriks, L.

1994-10-01

Linkage of Alzheimer disease (AD) to DNA markers on chromosomes 14, 19, and 21 was studied in 10 families in which the disease was apparently inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Families were derived from a Dutch population-based epidemiologic study of early-onset AD. Although in all probands the onset of AD was at or before age 65 years, the mean age at onset was after age 65 years in four families (referred to as {open_quotes}LOAD{close_quotes}). Among the six families with early-onset AD (referred to as {open_quotes}EOAD,{close_quotes} i.e., mean age of onset of AD of relatives was at or before agemore » 65 years), conclusive linkage to 14q24.3 was found in one family with a very early onset (around 47 years), while linkage to the same region was excluded in two other families. For the LOAD families, predominantly negative lod scores were obtained, and the overall lod score excluded linkage to chromosome 14. The results with markers on chromosome 19 and chromosome 21 were not conclusive for EOAD and LOAD. The findings of our study confirm genetic heterogeneity within familial EOAD. 50 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.« less

The national labs and their future

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Crease, R.P.

National laboratories of the USA, born with the atomic age and raised to prominence by the need for scientific superiority during the long Cold War, are facing the most critical challenge: how best to support the nation's current need to improve its international competitiveness through superior technology The charge that the national laboratories are [open quotes]Cold War relics[close quotes] that have outlived their usefulness is based on a misunderstanding of their mission, says Robert P. Crease, historian for Brookhaven National laboratory. Three of the labs-Los Alamos, Sandia, and Lawrence Livermore- are weapons laboratories and their missions must change. Oak Ridge,more » Argonne, and Brookhaven laboratories are multipurpose: basic research facilities with a continuing role in the world of science The national laboratory system traces its origins to the Manhattan Project. Over the next half-century, America's national labs grew into part of the most effective scientific establishment in the world, a much-copied model for management of large-scale scientific programs. In the early years, each lab defined a niche in the complex world of reactors, accelerators, and high-energy proton and electron physics. In the 1970s, several labs worked on basic energy sciences to help solve a national energy crisis. Today, the labs are pressured to do more applied research-research to transfer to the private sector and will have to respond by devising more effective ways of coordinating basic and applied research. But, Crease warns, [open quotes]It also will be essential that any commitment to applied research not take place at the cost of reducing the wellspring of basic research from which so much applied research flows. [open quotes]Making a solid and persuasive case for the independent value of basic research, and for their own role in that enterprise, may be the most important task facing the laboratories in their next half-century,[close quotes].« less

Depositional environment and distribution of Late Cretaceous [open quotes]source rocks[close quotes] from Costa Rica to West Africa

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Erlich, R.N.; Sofer, Z.; Pratt, L.M.

1993-02-01

Late Cretaceous [open quotes]source rocks[close quotes] from Costa Rica, western and eastern Venezuela, and Trinidad were studied using organic and inorganic geochemistry, biostratigraphy, and sedimentology in order to determine their depositional environments. Bulk mineralogy and major element geochemistry for 304 samples were combined with Rock Eval data and extract biomaker analysis to infer the types and distributions of the various Late Cretaceous productivity systems represented in the dataset. When data from this study are combined with published and proprietary data from offshore West Africa, Guyana/Suriname, and the central Caribbean, they show that these Late Cretaceous units can be correlated bymore » their biogeochemical characteristics to establish their temporal and spatial relationships. Paleogeographic maps constructed for the early to late Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian to middle Santonian, and late Santonian to latest Campanian show that upwelling and excessive fluvial runoff were probably the dominant sources of nutrient supply to the coastal productivity systems. The late Santonian to Maastrichtian rocks examined in this study indicate that organic material was poorly preserved after deposition, even though biologic productivity remained constant or changed only slightly. A rapid influx of oxygenated bottom water may have occurred following the opening of a deep water connection between the North and South Atlantic oceans, and/or separation of India from Africa and the establishment of an Antarctic oceanic connection. This study suggests that the most important factors that controlled source rock quality in northern South America were productivity, preservation, degree of clastic dilution, and subsurface diagenesis.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Burwood, R.; Fortems, G.; Mycke, B.

Deposited under lacustrine conditions during the rift-phase opening of the southern Atlantic, the lower Congo Bucomazi Formation is a highly productive source rock sequence. Reaching considerable thickness (1.8 km), a heterogeneous organofacies reflects both rapid accumulation and changing conditions during Early Cretaceous Barremian sedimentation. As a component of organofacies, low resolution studies showed kerogen kinetic parameters (Ea/A) varied widely according to the gross paleoenvironmental conditions prevailing during deposition. As a a general trend, refractory (type I, higher Ea) kerogens of the [open quotes]basin fill[close quotes] Organic Rich Zone (ORZ) give way to more labile (type II, lower Ea) assemblages inmore » the up-section [open quotes]sheet drape[close quotes] sediments. At higher resolution, a considerable fine structure in Ea fluctuation, presumably reflecting micropaleoenvironment control, becomes evident. Using Ea values assembled for the Bucomazi type section, subsidence modeling for a Ponta Vermelha depocenter section showed a wide disparity in behavior. Being more representative of the sheet-drape episode, type II assemblages matured earlier, at lesser overburdens, and provided the initial hydrocarbon charge. For the ORZ assemblages, the dominant type I component was of retarded maturation, only becoming productive at commensurately greater overburdens. Cumulatively, these events merge to provide an extended period of hydrocarbon generation with implications for production of aggregate oils of varied emplacement histories. Significantly, the net effect of the observed Ea contrast results in the less prolific (but more labile) uppermost Bucomazi assuming a more important charging role than the ORZ of superior source richness. The latter can only realize its full potential under the greatest overburdens attainable in the most subsident depocenters.« less

Mineralogical conversion of asbestos containing materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pulsford, S.K.; Foltz, A.D.; Ek, R.B.

The principal objective of the Technical Task Plan (TTP) is to demonstrate a thermal-chemical mineralogical asbestos conversion unit at the Hanford Site, which converts non-radiological asbestos containing materials (ACMs) into an asbestos-free material. The permanent thermal-chemical mineralogical conversion of ACMs to a non-toxic, non-hazardous, potentially marketable end product should not only significantly reduce the waste stream volumes but terminate the {open_quotes}cradle to grave{close_quotes} ownership liabilities.

Nature of plant stimulators in the production of Acetobacter xylinum ({open_quotes}Tea fungas{close_quotes}) biofilm used in skin therapy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fontana, J.D.; Franco, V.C.; Lyra, I.N.

1991-12-31

Caffeine and related xanthines were identified as potent stimulators for the bacterial cellulose production in A. xylinum. These compounds are present in several plants whose infusions are useful as culture-medium supplements for this acetobacterium. The proposed target for these native purine-like inhibitory substances is the novel diguanyl nucleotide phosphodiesterase(s) that participates in the bacterial cellulogenic complex.

Procedure for contact electrical resistance measurements as developed for use at Sandia National Laboratories

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Finch, J.L.

1994-06-01

Military Specifications call out general procedures and guidelines for conducting contact resistance measurements on chemical conversion coated panels. This paper deals with a test procedure developed at Sandia National Laboratories used to conduct contact electrical resistance on non-chromated conversion coated test panels. MIL-C-81706 {open_quotes}Chemical Conversion Materials For Coating Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys{close_quotes} was the reference specification used for guidance.

Ernst Young study of the economic effects of the Canadian Nuclear Industry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Going, T.; Roberts, M.; Harrison, S.

A major independent study was completed recently by Ernst Young on behalf of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL). The [open quotes]Study of the Economic Effects of the Canadian Nuclear Industry[close quotes] is the first attempt to provide a cumulative and comprehensive assessment of the contribution to the Canadian economy made by the industry from business activities in Canada and abroad since commercial development began in the 1950s.

A paper form processing system with an error correcting function for reading handwritten Kanji strings

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Katsumi Marukawa; Kazuki Nakashima; Masashi Koga

1994-12-31

This paper presents a paper form processing system with an error correcting function for reading handwritten kanji strings. In the paper form processing system, names and addresses are important key data, and especially this paper takes up an error correcting method for name and address recognition. The method automatically corrects errors of the kanji OCR (Optical Character Reader) with the help of word dictionaries and other knowledge. Moreover, it allows names and addresses to be written in any style. The method consists of word matching {open_quotes}furigana{close_quotes} verification for name strings, and address approval for address strings. For word matching, kanjimore » name candidates are extracted by automaton-type word matching. In {open_quotes}furigana{close_quotes} verification, kana candidate characters recognized by the kana OCR are compared with kana`s searched from the name dictionary based on kanji name candidates, given by the word matching. The correct name is selected from the results of word matching and furigana verification. Also, the address approval efficiently searches for the right address based on a bottom-up procedure which follows hierarchical relations from a lower placename to a upper one by using the positional condition among the placenames. We ascertained that the error correcting method substantially improves the recognition rate and processing speed in experiments on 5,032 forms.« less

Organical residue and agriculture like energetic reservoir: Study of economic and environmental effects in electricity production from biomass in Venice county

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bertoni, G.; Tromboni, S.

1996-12-31

The study proposes, through a technical analysis of feasibility, the individulation of a concrete solution that allows an reduction of pollution`s fonts that they burden on the Venice`s basin. This area, for his particular formation and position, contains a strongs intrinsic brittleness that progressively gets worse because of organic nature environmental pollution. This particularly forms of pollution are provoked by the agricultural activity and by other economic activity. This study examine an alternative and integrated system to utilize organic material coming from livestock farming, urban communities and various production activities that gravitates on the Venice`s logoon. This research exploits anmore » innovative context where {open_quotes}waste implementation{close_quotes} by different methodologies is none of the most powerful means to defend the environment and to recuperate their potential energetical resources. In the present study we will try to transform the current concept of {open_quotes}eliminating and destroying{close_quotes} into a more progressive one where organic wastes take the role of raw material to be converted in energy. The loss of a high quantity of the potential energy that they present can be avoided by technologies and know-how, now available, by which we are able to transform such latent energy in alternative forms that can be directly utilized.« less

Simulation of hydrostatic water level measuring system for pressure vessels with the ATHLET-code

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hampel, R.; Vandreier, B.; Kaestner, W.

1996-11-01

The static and dynamic behavior of measuring systems determine the value indicated by the measuring systems in relation to the true operating conditions. This paper demonstrates the necessity to involve the behavior of measuring systems in accident analysis with the thermohydraulic code ATHLET (developed by GRS Germany) by the example of hydrostatic water level measurement for horizontal steam generators on NPP (VVER). The modelling of a comparison vessel for the level measuring system with high sensitivity and a limited range of measurement (narrow-range level measuring system) by using ATHLET components and the checking of the function of the module weremore » realized. A good correspondence (maximal deviation 3%) between the measured and calculated narrow-range water level by the module was obtained for a realized post calculation of a measured operational transient in a NPP (VVER). The research carried out was sponsored by the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology within the projects {open_quotes}Basic research of process and system behaviour of NPP, control technique for accident management{close_quotes} (Project number 150 0855/7) and the project RS 978. The research work appertains to the theoretic and experimental work of institute {open_quotes}Institut fuer ProzeBtechnik, ProzeBautomatisierung und MeBtechnik (IPM){close_quotes} for accident analysis and accident management.« less

Five schools of thought about complexity: Implications for design and process science

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Warfield, J.N.

1996-12-31

The prevalence of complexity is a fact of life in virtually all aspects of system design today. Five schools of thought concerning complexity seem to be present in areas where people strive to gain more facility with difficult issues: (1) Interdisciplinary or Cross-Disciplinary {open_quotes}approaches{close_quotes} or {open_quotes}methods{close_quotes} (fostered by the Association for Integrative Studies, a predominantly liberal-arts faculty activity), (2) Systems Dynamics (fostered by Jay Forrester, Dennis Meadows, Peter Senge, and others closely associated with MIT), (3) Chaos Theory (arising in small groups in many locations), (4) Adaptive Systems Theory (predominantly associated with the Santa Fe Institute), and (5) The Structure-Basedmore » school (developed by the author, his colleagues and associates). A comparison of these five schools of thought will be offered, in order to show the implications of them upon the development and application of design and process science. The following criteria of comparison will be used: (a) how complexity is defined, (b) analysis versus synthesis, (c) potential for acquiring practical competence in coping with complexity, and (d) relationship to underlying formalisms that facilitate computer assistance in applications. Through these comparisons, the advantages and disadvantages of each school of thought can be clarified, and the possibilities of changes in the educational system to provide for the management of complexity in system design can be articulated.« less

Clean Air Act, TRI drive emission reduction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Heller, K.

1994-06-22

When asked to rank priority environmental engineering projects, many chemical firms put emissions reduction first. The chief motivators are the need to comply with rules governing major sources of hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAA), along with the need to reduce the volumes of chemicals on EPA`s Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). Deep-welling of toxics is getting special attention as the practice adds considerably to TRI numbers. {open_quotes}We want to eliminate our air toxics so that we can get entirely out of the [CAA] Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) requirements,{close_quotes} says Thomas Zosel, manager/pollutionmore » prevention programs for 3M (St. Paul, MN). He estimates that 3M`s 1993 total research expenditures for environmental improvements were at least $200 million, out of an annual research budget of a little more than $1 billion. And, he says, the spending level is not expected to drop. Among its many efforts, 3M is striving to move away from solvents in all of its processes. To help reach that goal, the company developed a {open_quotes}waste measurement metric{close_quotes} that calculates the wastes produced by each of the company`s 50 operating divisions. In the case of Magic Tape, the company eliminated solvent emission by switching to a water-based adhesive that does not require a solvent.« less

Comparative study of viscoelastic properties using virgin yogurt

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dimonte, G.; Nelson, D.; Weaver, S.

We describe six different tests used to obtain a consistent set of viscoelastic properties for yogurt. Prior to yield, the shear modulus {mu} and viscosity {eta} are measured nondestructively using the speed and damping of elastic waves. Although new to foodstuffs, this technique has been applied to diverse materials from metals to the earth{close_quote}s crust. The resultant shear modulus agrees with {mu}{approximately}E/3 for incompressible materials, where the Young{close_quote}s modulus E is obtained from a stress{endash}strain curve in compression. The tensile yield stress {tau}{sub o} is measured in compression and tension, with good agreement. The conventional vane and cone/plate rheometers measuredmore » a shear stress yield {tau}{sub os}{approximately}{tau}{sub o}/{radical} (3) , as expected theoretically, but the inferred {open_quotes}apparent{close_quotes} viscosity from the cone/plate rheometer is much larger than the wave measurement due to the finite yield ({tau}{sub os}{ne}0). Finally, we inverted an open container of yogurt for 10{sup 6} s{gt}{eta}/{mu} and observed no motion. This demonstrates unequivocally that yogurt possesses a finite yield stress rather than a large viscosity. We present a constitutive model with a pre-yield viscosity to describe the damping of the elastic waves and use a simulation code to describe yielding in complex geometry. {copyright} {ital 1998 Society of Rheology.}« less

Keeping tabs on seagrass beds

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kuhl, D.E.; Sargent, F.J.; Leary, T.J.

1997-06-01

Seagrasses form the foundation of complex, fragile communities that include marine and estuarine animals, especially larval and juvenile fish, providing critical shelter and sustenance. Seagrasses also have a role in providing habitat for waterfowl, marine turtles and manimals. In addition, seagrasses improve water quality by stabilizing mobile sediments and converting some pollutants into plant biomass. The issue of propeller scarring or propeller dredging in seagrass beds has received much attention since 1990. The scarring of seagrass results from personal watercraft. Heightened interest has instigated numerous monitoring and mapping projects on propeller scarring and regrowth characteristics within seagrasses. The study areasmore » selected for this paper are located within Tampa Bay, Florida. Specifically, they are Shell Island and Miquel Bay. Spatial monitoring for the extent of seagrass scarring in the Tampa Bay region was conducted in two ways, a regional (general) approach and a site specific (detailed) approach. Regional monitoring assessed the status of seagrass in Tampa Bay and identified {open_quote}hot spots{close_quote}. After identifying {open_quote}hot spots{close_quote}, boat surveys were used to confirm or deny the initial assessment. This poster involves the design of a propeller scarring monitoring program using several methods: Hi8 video, digital cameras, film cameras, and differential GPS combined with Arcview. A pilot program to evaluate the adequacy of these monitoring devices and the recommendation of specific actions in areas of severe propeller scarring will be presented.« less

Biomass resources in California

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tiangco, V.M.; Sethi, P.S.

1993-12-31

The biomass resources in California which have potential for energy conversion were assessed and characterized through the project funded by the California Energy Commission and the US Department of Energy`s Western Regional Biomass Energy Program (WRBEP). The results indicate that there is an abundance of biomass resources as yet untouched by the industry due to technical, economic, and environmental problems, and other barriers. These biomass resources include residues from field and seed crops, fruit and nut crops, vegetable crops, and nursery crops; food processing wastes; forest slash; energy crops; lumber mill waste; urban wood waste; urban yard waste; livestock manure;more » and chaparral. The estimated total potential of these biomass resource is approximately 47 million bone dry tons (BDT), which is equivalent to 780 billion MJ (740 trillion Btu). About 7 million BDT (132 billion MJ or 124 trillion Btu) of biomass residue was used for generating electricity by 66 direct combustion facilities with gross capacity of about 800 MW. This tonnage accounts for only about 15% of the total biomass resource potential identified in this study. The barriers interfering with the biomass utilization both in the on-site harvesting, collection, storage, handling, transportation, and conversion to energy are identified. The question whether these barriers present significant impact to biomass {open_quotes}availability{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}sustainability{close_quotes} remains to be answered.« less

EPA evaluates air, water controls

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fairley, P.

1996-06-05

Water and air pollution controls make significant contribution to the economy`s health, according to two EPA reports. Clean water provides billions of dollars in benefits to US industries, says a recently released study; and the agency`s draft report on the benefits of air pollution identifiesmore » $$20 in medical costs avoided for every dollar spent on pollution controls. The Clean Water Industry Coalition (CWIC) says the water report reaffirms the need to {open_quotes}modernize{close_quotes} the Clean Water Act (CWA), but EPA administrator Carol Browner says a CWA {open_quotes}rollback{close_quotes} supported by CWIC and passed by House Republicans last May would have jeopardized industries that depend on clean water by weakening effluent standards. Browner denies that the benefits of clean water as identified by the EPA report would have protected water standards from the bill`s cost-benefit requirements. A draft EPA report on clean air leaked by the American Lung Association estimates that tailpipe and smokestack controls for air pollution saved 79,000 lives and resulted in 15 million fewer respiratory illnesses in 1990 alone. The report assesses the costs and benefits of the Clean Air Act from 1970 to 1990. The cost of federal, state, and local regulations were estimated at $$436 billion over the 20-year span, whereas direct benefits of reduced pollution totaled $6.8 trillion.« less

A comparative study of sludges from Athabasca and northern Holland

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Muszalski, P.; Hornof, V.; Kotlyar, L.

1995-12-31

The tailings produced during bitumen separation from Athabasca oil sands have a high water holdings capacity. While chemical treatment will increase the rate of settling of these tailings it has little effect on the final degree of solids consolidation. These characteristics have been attributed to the presence of ultra fine (< 0.2 {mu}m), aluminosilicate clays. Ultra fines readily flocculate to form gels within which both fine and coarse particles may be embedded. In this work a comparison has been made between the properties of fine tailings from a bitumen extraction plant with those of {open_quotes}difficult{close_quotes} sludges from other extractive industries.more » The {open_quotes}difficult{close_quotes} sludges, from plants in northern Holland, were supplied, courtesy of Suncor Inc. There was a similarity between the amount and size distribution of solids in all the samples tested. However, as evidenced by a greater degree of stability to mechanical stress, the structure of the Dutch sludges was stronger than that observed for the Suncor material. This property has been attributed to the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) or humic material, which is noted for its aggregation and binding properties. In the presence of such organic matter specific chemical interactions between colloidal particles and organic molecules, rather than DLVO interactions, are of primary importance.« less

Why bankers force feed the coal market: Differential economics among fuels, between coals, and within coal blends make coal forecasting a very hazardous profession indeed

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tinsley, C.R.

1993-07-01

When bankers try to assess which natural resources are [open quote]safe[close quote] lending targets for project financing, market risk-especially price volatility-is the primary concern. However, coal appears to provide the ingredients to lower this risk perception, namely: stable prices; ability to get long-term [open quotes]contracts[close quotes]; economic rent. Value of energy in thermal coal; direct link to GNP (steel) for coking/metallurgical coal; economies of scale-large unit mining operations; established seaborne trade infrastructure; huge reserves; and straightforward design, estimation, feasibility. Eighteen mine project financings in the 1965-1981 period were analyzed and it was found that of the three coal cases examined,more » two had problems. One of these never achieved the designed production level and the other came in three years late and 50% over budget. (Both were in North America). Of the 18 mines, 13 had severe problems. Despite this gloomy picture, no banks have lost money on their project financings since the sponsors gave direct credit support or injected new equity. In spite of this risky profile, banks again became hot-to-trot on project financings in the early 1980s and it is this era when the basket cases examined were financed to development.« less

Misclassification and linkage of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Type 2B

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vance, J.M.; Speer, M.C.; Stajich, J.M.

1996-07-01

Recently Kwon et al. published in the Journal their work describing linkage of a single large family with an inherited axonal neuropathy to chromosome 3, which they suggest is a second locus for Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) type 2 and subsequently named {open_quotes}CMT2B.{close_quotes} We think that the diagnostic classification of this family as CMT2 is incorrect, since the subjects have a severe sensory neuropathy that fits within the hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) type 1 classification of Dyck (1993). Abnormal sensory findings in CMT2 separate it from distal spinal muscular atrophy but are a minor component of clinical symptoms in mostmore » CMT patients, as CMT is primarily a motor neuropathy. When Kwon et al. state that {open_quotes}all [patients] had characteristic findings in their physical examinations, including... evidence of foot sores that were slow to heal, or amputated limbs related to the poorly healing foot ulcers,{close_quotes} it suggests that a different diagnosis is more appropriate. In our experience collecting data on >950 individuals in >60 CMT1, CMT2, CMTX and CMT4 families, we have not seen foot ulcers, osteomyelitis, or amputations. Ulcerations leading to osteomyelitis and amputations are usually associated with severe sensory neuropathies. 16 refs., 1 tab.« less

Strong correlation of elastin deletions, detected by FISH, with Williams syndrome: Evaluation of 235 patients

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lowery, M.C.; Brothman, L.J.; Leonard, C.O.

1995-07-01

Williams syndrome (WS) is generally characterized by mental deficiency, gregarious personality, dysmorphic facies, supravalvular aortic stenosis, and idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. Patients with WS show allelic loss of elastin (ELN), exhibiting a submicroscopic deletion, at 7q11.23, detectable by FISH. Hemizygosity is likely the cause of vascular abnormalities in WS patients. A series of 235 patients was studied, and molecular cytogenetic deletions were seen in 96% of patients with classic WS. Patients included 195 solicited through the Williams Syndrome Association (WSA), plus 40 clinical cytogenetics cases referred by primary-care physicians. Photographs and medical records of most WSA subjects were reviewed, and patientsmore » were identified as {open_quotes}classic{open_quotes} (n = 114) or{open_quotes}uncertain{close_quotes} (n = 39). An additional 42 WSA patients were evaluated without clinical information. FISH was performed with biotinylated ELN cosmids on metaphase cells from immortalized lymphoblastoid lines from WSA patients and after high-resolution banding analysis on clinical referral patients. An alpha-satellite probe for chromosome 7 was included in hybridizations, as an internal control. Ninety-six percent of the patients with classic WS showed a deletion in one ELN allele; four of these did not show a deletion. Of the uncertain WS patients, only 3 of 39 showed a deletion. Of the 42 who were not classified phenotypically, because of lack of clinical information, 25 patients (60%) showed a deletion. Thirty-eight percent (15/40) of clinical cytogenetics cases showed an ELN deletion and no cytogenetic deletion by banded analysis. These results support the usefulness of FISH for the detection of elastin deletions as an initial diagnostic assay for WS. 14 refs., 2 figs., 4 tabs.« less

Human factors in waste management - potential and reality

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thompson, J.S.

There is enormous potential for human factors contributions in the realm of waste management. The reality, however, is very different from the potential. This is particularly true for low-level and low-level mixed-waste management. The hazards are less severe; therefore, health and safety requirements (including human factors) are not as rigorous as for high-level waste. High-level waste management presents its own unique challenges and opportunities. Waste management is strongly driven by regulatory compliance. When regulations are flexible and open to interpretation and the environment is driven so strongly by regulatory compliance, standard practice is to drop {open_quotes}nice to have{close_quotes} features, likemore » a human factors program, to save money for complying with other requirements. The challenge is to convince decision makers that human factors can help make operations efficient and cost-effective, as well as improving safety and complying with regulations. A human factors program should not be viewed as competing with compliance efforts; in fact, it should complement them and provide additional cost-effective means of achieving compliance with other regulations. Achieving this synergy of human factors with ongoing waste management operations requires educating program and facility managers and other technical specialists about human factors and demonstrating its value {open_quotes}through the back door{close_quotes} on existing efforts. This paper describes ongoing projects at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in support of their waste management groups. It includes lessons learned from hazard and risk analyses, safety analysis reports, job and task analyses, operating procedure development, personnel qualification/certification program development, and facility- and job-specific training program and course development.« less

Convergence of electric, gas markets prompts cross-industry mergers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Warkentin, D.

1997-03-01

The upsurge in the number of mergers between electric utilities and natural gas companies over the last couple of years has largely resulted from two occurrences: the convergence of the two industries and the related concern many electric and gas companies have about becoming complete energy providers in order to vie for survival in an increasingly competitive atmosphere. According to a Prudential Securities Equity Research wrap-up report, {open_quotes}Electricity and Natural Gas: Two Deregulated Markets on a Merger Path,{close_quotes} a single market for energy has emerged, where Btus and killowatt hours are being blended together. The convergence of the electricity andmore » gas markets, the study said, is the reason for cross-industry mergers. Barry Abramson and M. Carol Coale, Prudential Securities senior energy and utilities analysts and authors of the report, said, {open_quotes}We believe that in the future, few large players will be content without a presence in both the electricity and gas markets. Hence, natural gas providers should continue to buy electric utilities, and vice versa, as deregulation advances.« less

CERA: 1996 To be watershed year for electric power industry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

O'Driscoll, M.

1994-05-03

How broadly regulators define open access transmission tops the list of six crucial events that Cambridge Energy Research Associates says will converge in 1996 and create a [open quotes]watershed[close quotes] period that will determine the electric power industry's direction for the next century. Those events likely will involve state regulators and lawmakers, and will be driven by a combination of lower fuel costs and surprising technological advances that make gas turbines more efficient, environmental imperatives and the growing support for competition over regulation. And while some see conventional utilities inevitably weakened because of these changes, it is possible they mightmore » emerge stronger. Besides open access transmission, the other events are: A second generation of independent power producers; A transformation of demand side management programs; Air pollution restrictions; Premature closure of nuclear plants; and Management of risks in long-term natural gas contracting.« less

Beyond the Schr{umlt o}dinger Equation: Quantum Motion with Traversal Time Control

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sokolovski, D.

1997-12-01

We study a quantum particle, for which the duration {tau} it spends in some region of space is controlled by a meter, e.g., a Larmor clock. The particle is described by a wave function {Psi}(x,t{vert_bar}{tau}) , with {vert_bar}{Psi}(x,t{vert_bar}{tau}){vert_bar}{sup 2} giving the distribution of the meter{close_quote}s readings at location x . The wave function satisfies the {open_quotes}clocked{close_quotes} Schr{umlt o}dinger equation, which we solve numerically for the cases of bound motion and wave packet scattering. The method is shown to be a natural extension of the conventional quantum mechanics. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hellemans, A.

Space beam weapons and unlimited energy from fusion may have been pipe dreams of the 1980s. But today these dreams are giving birth to practical laboratory tools: tabletop x-ray lasers that may open up whole new areas of chemistry and biology. The first x-ray lasers were energized by nuclear explosions or jolts of light from giant glass lasers built for fusion experiments-hardly bench-top equipment. Now, says Joseph Nilsen, a physicist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), {open_quotes}several small university-size places are actually making a lot of progress toward tabletop lasers people can use every day.{close_quotes} This article highlight progress towardsmore » cheap ubiquitous X-ray lasers as described at the 5th International Conference on X-ray Lasers.« less

Conference on the topic: {open_quotes}Exploration and production of petroleum and gas from chalk reservoirs worldwide{close_quotes}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kuznetsov, V.G.

1995-07-01

More than 170 delegates from 14 countries in Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia took part in a conference on the topic: Exploration and Production of Petroleum and Gas from Chalk Reservoirs Worldwide. The conference was held in Copenhagen, Denmark in September,1994, and was a joint meeting of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), and the European Association of Petroleum Geoscientists and Engineers (EAPG). In addition to the opening remarks, 25 oral and nine poster reports were presented. The topics included chalk deposits as reservoir rocks, the occurrence of chalk deposits worldwide, the North Sea oil and gas fields,more » and other related topics.« less

Comment on {open_quotes}Local frequency analysis and the structure of classical phase space of the LiNC/LiCN molecular system{close_quotes} [J. Chem. Phys. {bold 108}, 63 (1998)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martens, C.C.; Davis, M.J.; Ezra, G.S.

In this Comment, we correct a misunderstanding in the title paper concerning the accuracy of the fast Fourier transform method of local frequency analysis of Martens, Davis, and Ezra. We also discuss the application of the Martens{endash}Davis{endash}Ezra method to a two degree of freedom model of OSC. {copyright} {ital 1998 American Institute of Physics.}

Development of NRC inspection procedure 38703: Commercial-grade dedication

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Potapovs, U.; Pettis, R.L. Jr.

1994-12-31

The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the recently completed U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) inspection procedure 38703, {open_quotes}Commercial Grade Dedication,{close_quotes} which was issued on November 8, 1993. This procedure embodies the information gained from the NRC`s inspections and assessments of licensee procurement practices, a public workshop, industry feedback and public comments, and the NRC`s perspective of the industry`s response to the Nuclear Management and Resource Council (NUMARC) procurement initiatives.

Title list of documents made publicly available, June 1-30, 1997

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

This document is a monthly publication describing information received and published by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). This information includes (1) docketed material associated with civilian nuclear power plants and other uses of radioactive materials and (2) nondocketed material received and published by NRC pertinent to its role as a regulatory agency. As used here, {open_quotes}docketed{close_quotes} does not refer to Court dockets; it refers to the system by which NRC maintains its regulatory records.

Diamond turning of Si and Ge single crystals

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Blake, P.; Scattergood, R.O.

Single-point diamond turning studies have been completed on Si and Ge crystals. A new process model was developed for diamond turning which is based on a critical depth of cut for plastic flow-to-brittle fracture transitions. This concept, when combined with the actual machining geometry for single-point turning, predicts that {open_quotes}ductile{close_quotes} machining is a combined action of plasticity and fracture. Interrupted cutting experiments also provide a meant to directly measure the critical depth parameter for given machining conditions.

Using weeds to fight wastes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1992-10-01

Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory and New Mexico State University have discovered that jimson weed and wild tomato plants can remove the toxic wastes in wastewater associated with the production of trinitrotoluene (TNT). According to Wolfgang F. Mueller of New Mexico State, tissue-cultured cells of jimson weed rapidly absorb and break down toxic and carcinogenic elements in {open_quotes}pink water,{close_quotes} a by-product of the manufacture of TNT. Mueller and his colleagues have found similar results with the wild tomato plant.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gilmore, R.; Pei, X.; Moss, F.

We show how a topological model which describes the stretching and squeezing mechanisms responsible for creating chaotic behavior can be extracted from the neural spike train data. The mechanism we have identified is the same one ([open quotes]gateau roul[acute e],[close quotes] or jelly-roll) which has previously been identified in the Duffing oscillator [Gilmore and McCallum, Phys. Rev. E [bold 51], 935 (1995)] and in a YAG laser [Boulant [ital et al.], Phys. Rev. E [bold 55], 5082 (1997)]. [copyright] [ital 1999 American Institute of Physics.

International trends and issues

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Curtis, C

The nineteen (19) position statements in this paper represent Mr. Curtis` best efforts to capture Greenpeace`s views on ocean disposal or dumping of wastes and other harmful substances, including offshore oil and gas platforms. These statements, though, have not been formally approved as Greenpeace policies, although a number of them have appeared in Greenpeace documents or public statements. For this document, {open_quotes}dumping{close_quotes} refers to any deliberate disposal at sea of wastes or other matter, consistent with the London Convention.

An x-ray diffraction study of some mesoionic 2,3-diphenyltetrazoles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Luboradzki, R.; Kozminski, W.; Stefaniak, L.

1993-02-01

An X-my diffraction study is reported for four molecules of mesoionic 2,3-diphenyltetrazoles. The results confirm a dipolar [open quotes]mesoionic[close quotes] structure, aromatic character of the tetrazole ring and no conjugation between the phenyl and tetrazole rings. The geometry of the exocyclic group is discussed in detail. The molecular parameters of the compounds investigated are correlated with [sup 13]C and [sup 15]N nmr data. The results obtained are compared with similar structures which have already been studied.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

Exxon Chemical plans to debottleneck its gas cracker at Mossmorran, Scotland by 100,000 m.t./year. The plant - owned 50-50 by Exxon and Shell but operated by Exxon - will reach 800,000 m.t./year of capacity in mid-1988. The managing contract for the expansion has been awarded to AMEC Process and Energy (Grangemouth, U.K.). {open_quotes}This expansion will help meet the needs of a growing ethylene market in Europe, at significantly less than grassroot cost,{close_quotes} says Sherman Glass, v.p./basic chemicals at Exxon Chemical Europe (Brussels).

77 FR 35725 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Order Approving Proposed Rule Change, as...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-14

... open outcry market making. The Exchange therefore proposed to eliminate the 20% test and its associated... unwilling to invest the resources necessary for streaming quotes, and may exit open-outcry market making in... requirements for non-SQT ROTs accordingly to enable such non-SQT ROTs to continue making markets in open outcry...

Health Physics Positions Data Base: Revision 1

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kerr, G.D.; Borges, T.; Stafford, R.S.

1994-02-01

The Health Physics Positions (HPPOS) Data Base of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is a collection of NRC staff positions on a wide range of topics involving radiation protection (health physics). It consists of 328 documents in the form of letters, memoranda, and excerpts from technical reports. The HPPOS Data Base was developed by the NRC Headquarters and Regional Offices to help ensure uniformity in inspections, enforcement, and licensing actions. Staff members of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) have assisted the NRC staff in summarizing the documents during the preparation of this NUREG report. These summaries are also beingmore » made available as a {open_quotes}stand alone{close_quotes} software package for IBM and IBM-compatible personal computers. The software package for this report is called HPPOS Version 2.0. A variety of indexing schemes were used to increase the usefulness of the NUREG report and its associated software. The software package and the summaries in the report are written in the context of the {open_quotes}new{close_quotes} 10 CFR Part 20 ({section}{section}20.1001--20.2401). The purpose of this NUREG report is to allow interested individuals to familiarize themselves with the contents of the HPPOS Data Base and with the basis of many NRC decisions and regulations. The HPPOS summaries and original documents are intended to serve as a source of information for radiation protection programs at nuclear research and power reactors, nuclear medicine, and other industries that either process or use nuclear materials.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Upchurch, J.L.; Money, R.P.

On May 1, 1995 Phillips Petroleum`s Seastar Project began production as the first cluster-type subsea development in the Gulf of Mexico. Seastar production reached approximately 60 million cubic feet of gas per day (mmscfd) in November 1995 with the completion of a second {open_quotes}sales{close_quotes} line (a pipeline that transports the petroleum to shore) at the Vermilion Block 386-B host platform. Currently, the field is producing 40 to 50 mmscfd and plans are on schedule for the addition of a third producing well during the first quarter of 1997. All of the subsea equipment was installed using a drilling vessel andmore » onboard ROV support. The Seastar project began in 1987 when Phillips and its partners leased Garden Banks Blocks 70 and 71, located 110 miles south of Cameron Louisiana. The partnership drilled two wells in 1990 that discovered noncommercial hydrocarbon reserves. Following a reevaluation of the seismic data, Phillips assumed 100 percent ownership in the leases and drilled Garden Banks 71 No. 2, which discovered 350 feet of {open_quotes}pay{close_quotes} sand (oil resource) in March 1993. The initial phase of the project consisted of two satellite subsea trees tied back to a four-slot retrievable subsea manifold in 760 feet of water. Commingled gas production is delivered via dual subsea pipelines to a host platform processing facility in 300 feet of water 13 miles away in Vermilion Block 386-B, thence via sales lines to shore.« less

Hydrocarbon prospectivity assessment of the Southern Pattani Trough, Gulf of Thailand

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mountford, N.

The Pattani Trough is an elongate north to south basin in the Gulf of Thailand offshore area that developed from Oligocene times onward. Numerous hydrocarbon discoveries, mainly gas, have been made within the Tertiary stratigraphic section in areas adjacent to the depocenter of the basin, but only dry holes have been drilled on the extreme basin margins and flanking platform areas. The southern Pattani Trough represents a [open quotes]transition zone[close quotes] in terms of potential hydrocarbon prospectivity between the low potential/high exploration risk basin marginal areas, and the high potential/low exploration risk basin marginal area. The development of hydrocarbon accumulationmore » potential within the southern Pattani Trough can be related to a number of major controlling factors. These include structure, which on a regional scale shows a marked influence of tectonic regime on depositional system development, and on a more local scale determines trap development; stratigraphy, which determines reservoir geometry and potential hydrocarbon source rock facies distribution; petrology, which exerts a major control on depth related reservoir quality; overpressure development, which controls local migration pathways for generated hydrocarbons, and locally provides very efficient trap seals; geochemical factors, related to potential source facies distribution, hydrocarbon type; and thermal maturation of the section. The above factors have been combined to define low-, medium-, and high-risk exploration [open quotes]play fairways[close quotes] within the prospectivity transition zone of the southern Pattani Trough.« less

Strategic environmental management: The emergence of a new competitive requirement for American industry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liddie, D.A.

1995-09-01

The environmental management infrastructure that has evolved in the United States over the last 25 years or so, since {open_quotes}the environment{close_quotes} burst into the national consciousness with events like Love Canal and Earth Day in the early 1970s. Increasingly, U.S. businesses must successfully compete with those of other nations to survive. Organizational re-engineering, cycle-time management, concurrent engineering, and lean manufacturing are just a few examples of corporate efforts to become better global competitors. U.S. environmental management systems, with their various inefficiencies, can hardly be excluded from these improvement initiatives. Businesses must find ways to reduce or control their environmental costsmore » and, where possible, find ways that {open_quotes}environment{close_quotes} can add positive value to their goods and services. Secondly, although considerable progress has been made in some areas, such as the development of cleaner combustion technology, the net total impact on our global ecosystem continues to rise. Ozone depletion, global warming, reduction in biodiversity, and depletion of non-renewable natural resources are a few of the more frequently cited examples. With the Earth`s population growing at a rate of approximately 100 million people per year, these global impacts can be expected to intensify. Social, regulatory, and economic forces will increasingly be brought to bear in addressing these growing impacts on our environment. As such, the environmental protection mandates placed on corporations can also be expected to increase over time.« less

Relationship between cocaine-induced subjective effects and dopamine transporter occupancy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Volkow, N.D.; Fischman, M.; Wang, G.J.

The ability of cocaine to occupy the dopamine transporter has been linked to its reinforcing properties. However, such a relationship has not been demonstrated in humans. Methods: Positron Emission Tomography and [C-11]cocaine were used to estimate dopamine transporter occupancies after different doses of cocaine in 18 active cocaine abusers. The ratio of the distribution volume of [C-11]cocaine in striatum to that in cerebellum, which corresponds to Bmax/Kd +1 and is insensitive to changes in cerebral blood flow, was our measure of dopamine transporter availability. In parallel subjective effects were measured to assess the relationship between dopamine transporter occupancy and cocainesmore » behavioral effects. Intravenous cocaine produced a significant dose,-dependent blockade of dopamine transporters: 73 % for 0.6 mg/kg; 601/6 for 0.3 mg/kg; 48 % for 0.1 mg/kg iv and 40 % for 0.05 mg/kg. In addition, dopamine transporter occupancies were significantly correlated with cocaine plasma concentration (r = 0.55 p < 0.001). Cocaine also produced dose-dependent increases in self-reported ratings of {open_quotes}high{close_quotes} which were significantly correlated with the levels of dopamine transporter blockade. Discussion: These results provide the first documentation in humans that dopamine transporter occupancy is associated with cocaine induced subjective effects. They also suggest that dopamine transporter occupancies equal to or greater than 60% are required to produce significant effects on ratings of {open_quotes}high{close_quotes}.« less

Asphalt compatibility testing using the automated Heithaus titration test

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pauli, A.T.

1996-12-31

The Heithaus titration test or variations of the test have been used for over 35 years to predict compatibilities of blends of asphalts from different crude sources. Asphalt compatibility is determined from three calculated parameters that measure the state of peptization of an asphalt or asphalt blend. The parameter p{sub a} is a measure of the peptizability of the asphaltenes. The parameter p{sub a} is a measure of the peptizing power of the maltenes, and the parameter P, derived from p{sub a} and p{sub o} values, is a measure of the overall state of peptization of the asphalt or asphaltmore » blend. In Heithaus original procedure, samples of asphalt were dissolved in toluene and titrated with n-heptane in order to initiate flocculation. The onset of flocculation was detected either by photography or by spotting a filter paper with a small amount of the titrated solution. Recently, an {open_quotes}automated{close_quotes} procedure, after Hotier and Robin, has been developed for use with asphalt. In the automated method UV-visible spectrophotometric detection measures the onset of flocculation as a peak with the percent transmittance plotted as a function of the volume of titrating solvent added to a solution of asphalt. The automated procedure has proven to be less operator dependent and much faster than the original Heithaus procedure. Results from the automated procedure show the data to be consistent with results from the original, {open_quotes}classical{close_quotes} Heithaus procedure.« less

Development of multi-ampered D{sup {minus}} source for fusion applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jacquot, C.; Belchenko, Y.; Bucalossi, J.

1996-07-01

Large current and high current density deuterium negative ion sources are investigated on the MANTIS test bed with the objective of producing several amperes of D{sup {minus}} beams, at an accelerated current density in the range 10{endash}20 mA/cm{sup 2}, for possible application in future neutral beam injectors, e.g. ITER. As a first step, the DRAGON source, which was built by Culham Laboratory was tested on the MANTIS test bed in order to test this large source using only {open_quote}{open_quote}pure volume{close_quote}{close_quote} production of negative ions. The accelerated negative ion current is found to be a strong function of the source operatingmore » pressure and the arc power, and a significant isotopic effect is observed. The maximum accelerated currents are 1.3 A of H{sup {minus}} (3.3 mA/cm{sup 2}) and 0.5 A (1.3 mA/cm{sup 2}) at 110 kW of arc power. Cesium injection from a non conventional dispenser together with an improved extraction system, have significantly improved the D-current. A maximum of 14 mA/cm{sup 2} of D{sup {minus}1} are accelerated at 30 kV, which corresponds potentially, to more than 5 A for a full aperture extraction with an arc power of 140 kW (2250 A of arc current). {copyright} {ital 1996 American Institute of Physics.}« less

Using the network to achieve energy efficiency

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Giglio, M.

1995-12-01

Novell, the third largest software company in the world, has developed Netware Embedded Systems Technology (NEST). NEST will take the network deeper into non-traditional computing environments and will imbed networking into more intelligent devices. Ultimately, this will lead to energy efficiencies in the office. NEST can make point-of-sale terminals, alarm systems, televisions, traffic controls, printers, lights, fax machines, copiers, HVAC controls, PBX machines, etc., either intelligent or more intelligent than they are currently. The mission statement for this particular group is to integrate over 30 million new intelligent devices into the workplace and the home with Novell networks by 1997.more » Computing trends have progressed from mainframes in the 1960s to keys, security systems, and airplanes in the year 2000. In fact, the new Boeing 777 has NEST in it, and it also has network servers on board. NEST enables the embedded network with the ability to put intelligence into devices. This gives one more control of the devices from wherever one is. For example, the pharmaceutical industry could use NEST to coordinate what the consumer is buying, what is in the warehouse, what the manufacturing plant is tooled for, and so on. Through NEST technology, the pharmaceutical industry now uses a camera that takes pictures of the pills. It can see whether an {open_quotes}overdose{close_quotes} or {open_quotes}underdose{close_quotes} of a particular type of pill is being manufactured. The plant can be shut down and corrections made immediately.« less

The future of emissions trading in light of the acid rain experience

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McLean, B.J.; Rico, R.

1995-12-31

The idea of emissions trading was developed more than two decades ago by environmental economists eager to provide new ideas for how to improve the efficiency of environmental protection. However, early emissions trading efforts were built on the historical {open_quotes}command and control{close_quotes} infrastructure which has dominated U.S. environmental protection until today. The {open_quotes}command and control{close_quotes} model initially had advantages that were of a very pragmatic character: it assured large pollution reductions in a time when large, cheap reductions were available and necessary; and it did not require a sophisticated government infrastructure. Within the last five years, large-scale emission trading programsmore » have been successfully designed and started that are fundamentally different from the earlier efforts, creating a new paradigm for environmental control just when our understanding of environmental problems is changing as well. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the largest national-scale program--the Acid Rain Program--and from that experience, forecast when emission trading programs may be headed based on our understanding of the factors currently influencing environmental management. The first section of this paper will briefly review the history of emissions trading programs, followed by a summary of the features of the Acid Rain Program, highlighting those features that distinguish it from previous efforts. The last section addresses the opportunities for emissions trading (and its probable future directions).« less

A reflection on grid generation in the 90s: Trends, needs, and influences

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thompson, J.F.

In a book called Art and Physics: Parallel Visions in Space, Time & Light, I read that Newton made reference to {open_quotes}the glory of geometry{close_quotes}. This book goes on to point out that the development of perspective was a milestone in the history of art, suddenly opening the 2D canvas to the 3D world. In fact, Renaissance parents urged their children to become professional perspectivists because the skill was in such demand. Grid generation has analogously moved computational simulation from squares and circles into the real world. And, although I didn`t suggest the field to my kids, there has beenmore » some demand for a few such folks. But our measure of real success is actually in reducing that demand.« less

Development of a selective oxidation CO removal reactor for methanol reformate gas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Okada, Shunji; Takatani, Yoshiaki; Terada, Seijo

1996-12-31

This report forms part of a joint study on a PEFC propulsion system for surface ships, summarized in a presentation to this Seminar, entitled {open_quotes}Study on a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) Propulsion System for Surface Ships{close_quotes}, and which envisages application to a 1,500 DWT cargo vessel. The aspect treated here concerns laboratory-scale tests aimed at reducing by selective oxidation to a level below 10 ppm the carbon monoxide (CO) contained to a concentration of around 1% in reformate gas.

The INTERNET and the business of oil and gas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Erlewine, K.

1995-12-31

The INTERNET, from a commercial oil and gas viewpoint, represents a unique medium for distributing information about products and services to potential clients, for establishing contact and communicating with new and existent clients and for providing both technical and marketing support to client-bases. Currently, there are several hurdles to doing business on the INTERNET which are client-driven. Most professionals in oil and gas are extremely busy and don`t have time to navigate the {open_quotes}web{close_quotes}, and the rate of online literacy in oil and gas is relatively low.

Kinetic energy and the equivalence principle

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carlip, S.

1998-05-01

According to the general theory of relativity, kinetic energy contributes to gravitational mass. Surprisingly, the observational evidence for this prediction does not seem to be discussed in the literature. I reanalyze existing experimental data to test the equivalence principle for the kinetic energy of atomic electrons, and show that fairly strong limits on possible violations can be obtained. I discuss the relationship of this result to the occasional claim that {open_quotes}light falls with twice the acceleration of ordinary matter.{close_quotes} {copyright} {ital 1998 American Association of Physics Teachers.}

Biomass and nutrient dynamics associated with slash fires in neotropical dry forests

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kauffman, J.B.; Cummings, D.L.; Sanford, R.L. Jr.

1993-01-01

Unprecedented rates of deforestation and biomass burning in tropical dry forests are dramatically influencing biogeochemical cycles, resulting in resource depletion, declines in biodiversity, and atmospheric pollution. We quantified the effects of deforestation and varying levels of slash-fire severity on nutrient losses and redistribution in a second-growth tropical dry forest ([open quotes]Caatinga[close quotes]) near Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil. Total aboveground biomass prior to burning was [approx]74 Mg/ha. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were highest in litter, leaves attached to slash, and fine wood debris (

Clinical image: MRI during migraine with aura

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McNeal, A.C.

1996-03-01

Migraine refers to severe headaches that are usually unilateral, throbbing, and associated with nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. Migraine with aura (formerly called {open_quotes}classic migraine{close_quotes}) consists of the headache preceded or accompanied by neurological dysfunction. This dysfunction (aura) usually involves visual and sensory symptoms. The patient described herein experienced migraine with aura. MRI during and after the attack showed a reversible abnormality of the right posterior cerebral artery, with no parenchymal lesions. This appears to be the first report of abnormal MR vascular imaging during migraine with aura. 10 refs., 2 figs.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Flax, A.

The growing number of short- to medium-range ballistic missiles (SMBMs) in the inventories of many smaller states that have had recent or less recent armed conflicts with one another has been a source of concern to many countries. Inevitably this concern over ballistic missiles had been linked to their use as delivery vehicles for {open_quotes}weapons of mass destruction{close_quotes}, a category that now includes nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. But it can be argued that this categorization is not particularly useful as a point of departure for discussions of ballistic missile defense (BMD) against SMBMs.

Western Europe: Battery forecast report - status 1995 and outlook. Summary

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kellinghusen, G.

1996-09-01

This presentation will cover the following main topics: (1) The market situation and the market players; (2) The Western European starter battery market in 1995 and outlook and 3. New European starter battery coding system: European Type Number (ETN). The current situation in the Western Europe lead battery market has the following features: (a) Market globalization; (b) a dramatic erosion of prices; (c) the acceleration of technological change; (d) {open_quotes}time to market{close_quotes} as a new competitive dimension and, (e) a strong German currency in the foreseeable future.

Yucca blowup theory bombs, says study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Taubes, G.

The theory was explosive, but in its biggest test yet, it has fizzled. Last year, an unpublished paper circulated at the Los Alamos National Laboratory raised the possibility that the planned nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, might erupt in massive nuclear explosions. The scenario, which held that leaking waste could concentrate in the surrounding rock to form a {open_quotes}supercritical mass,{close_quotes} received heavy publicity. But a review released last week by the nuclear engineering department at the University of California, Berkeley, says it is not credible.

Follow-up report of potential linkage for schizophrenia on chromosome 22q: Part 3

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1995-04-24

The previously published results of a random search of the genome for susceptibility loci for schizophrenia showed a {open_quotes}hot spot{close_quotes} region on chromosome 22 (22q12-q13.1). We now have a sample of 57 families being genotyped and have completed analysis of 495 markers throughout the genome. From the results, no region of 22q can be excluded in our families, and the most likely region may be 22q11-q12. 4 refs., 1 tab.

Lead in contruction - compliance implications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Krentz, R.S.

When Federal OSHA adopted the Lead in Construction standard, the requirements of the standard affected not only the construction trades, but the environmental remediation and technology industries as well. Due to the prevalence of lead-based paint abatement activities and the handling of lead contaminated materials, the potential for significant exposures to construction workers and individuals performing remedial operations has resulted. While similar regulatory measures are being developed by other regulatory agencies, the focus of this paper is upon Federal OSHA 29 CFR 1926.62 {open_quotes}Lead in Construction.{close_quotes}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schearer, L.D.; Leduc, M.

Over 250 mW of CW laser emission at 1084 nm is obtained from Nd:LiNbO{sub 3} when the rod is end-pumped along the crystalline {open quote}{ital y}{close quote} axis by 1 W from a Kr{sup +} laser at 752 nm. The laser can be tuned over 3 nm at the 1084 nm peak with a thin, uncoated etalon in the cavity. Thresholds of 30 mW of absorbed pump power were obtained with a weak output coupler, rising to 220 mW with a 35% transmitting output mirror. No pump-induced photorefractive effects were observed.

Comninou contact zones for a crack parallel to an interface

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Joseph, P.F.; Gadi, K.S.; Erdogen, F.

One of the interesting features in studying the state of stress in elastic solids near singular points, is the so called complex singularity that gives rise to an apparent local oscillatory behavior in the stress and displacement fields. The region in which this occurs is very small, much smaller than any plastic zone would be, and therefore the oscillations can be ignored in practical applications. Nevertheless, it is a matter of interesting theoretical investigation. The Comninou model of a small contact zone near the crack tip appears to correct for this anomaly within the framework of the linear theory. Thismore » model seems to make sense out of a {open_quotes}solution{close_quotes} that violates the boundary conditions. Erdogan and Joseph, showed (to themselves anyway) that the Comninou model actually has a physical basis. They considered a crack parallel to an interface where the order of the singularity is always real. With great care in solving the singular integral equations, it was shown that as the crack approaches the interface, a pinching effect is observed at the crack tip. This pinching effect proves that in the limit as the crack approaches the interface, the correct way to handle the problem is to consider crack surface contact. In this way, the issue of {open_quotes}oscillations{close_quotes} is never encountered for the interface crack problem. In the present study, the value of h/a that corresponds to crack closure (zero value of the stress intensity factor) will be determined for a given material pair for tensile loading. An asymptotic numerical method for the solution of singular integral equations making use of is used to obtain this result. Results for the crack opening displacement near the tip of the crack and the behavior of the stress intensity factor for cracks very close to the interface are presented. Among other interesting issues to be discussed, this solution shows that the semi-infinite crack parallel to an interface is closed.« less

Alu repeats: A source for the genesis of primate microsatellites

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Arcot, S.S.; Batzer, M.A.; Wang, Zhenyuan

1995-09-01

As a result of their abundance, relatively uniform distribution, and high degree of polymorphism, microsatellites and minisatellites have become valuable tools in genetic mapping, forensic identity testing, and population studies. In recent years, a number of microsatellite repeats have been found to be associated with Alu interspersed repeated DNA elements. The association of an Alu element with a microsatellite repeat could result from the integration of an Alu element within a preexisting microsatellite repeat. Alternatively, Alu elements could have a direct role in the origin of microsatellite repeats. Errors introduced during reverse transcription of the primary transcript derived from anmore » Alu {open_quotes}master{close_quote} gene or the accumulation of random mutations in the middle A-rich regions and oligo(dA)-rich tails of Alu elements after insertion and subsequent expansion and contraction of these sequences could result in the genesis of a microsatellite repeat. We have tested these hypotheses by a direct evolutionary comparison of the sequences of some recent Alu elements that are found only in humans and are absent from nonhuman primates, as well as some older Alu elements that are present at orthologous positions in a number of nonhuman primates. The origin of {open_quotes}young{close_quotes} Alu insertions, absence of sequences that resemble microsatellite repeats at the orthologous loci in chimpanzees, and the gradual expansion of microsatellite repeats in some old Alu repeats at orthologous positions within the genomes of a number of nonhuman primates suggest that Alu elements are a source for the genesis of primate microsatellite repeats. 48 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.« less

A facility for studying the carcinogenic and synergistic effects of radon daughters and other agents in rodents

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Strong, J.C.; Walsh, M.

Although there is evidence to link lung cancer with radon exposures in miners, studies have not yet adequately demonstrated a link at domestic levels of exposure. Induction of cancer in animals after acute exposure to high levels of radon and radon daughters has been investigated by several laboratories. It is our intention to study the effects of radon and its daughters on rodents following both acute and chronic exposure. The studies will be extended to investigate the effects of other carcinogens in association with radon daughters. We will describe a facility in which rodents can be exposed continuously to radonmore » and its daughters for periods of up to several months. The facility consists of two exposure chambers with closed air circuits which are operated independently of each other. Aerosol generators provide controlled vector aerosols onto which radon daughters can attach. Particular attention has been paid to accurate measurements of the concentrations of radon gas and of individual radon daughters. Techniques have also been developed for measuring the {open_quotes}unattached{close_quotes} fraction, the activity size distribution of individual daughters, and the potential alpha energy. The environment within the facility will be adjusted to be comparable to that found in dwellings with regard to condensation nucleus concentration, {open_quotes}unattached{close_quotes} fraction, equilibrium factor, and activity size distribution. Other vapors and aerosols, such as tobacco smoke, can be introduced into one of the air circuits to study the combined effects of radiation and toxic chemical agents.« less

Oil and gas field code master list 1994

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

This is the thirteenth annual edition of the Energy Information Administration`s (EIA) Oil and Gas Field Code Master List. It reflects data collected through October 1994 and provides standardized field name spellings and codes for all identified oil and/or gas fields in the United States. The master field name spellings and codes are to be used by respondents when filing the following Department of Energy (DOE) forms: Form EIA-23, {open_quotes}Annual Survey of Domestic Oil and Gas Reserves,{close_quotes} filed by oil and gas well operators (field codes are required from larger operators only); Forms FERC 8 and EIA-191, {open_quotes}Underground Gas Storagemore » Report,{close_quotes} filed by natural gas producers and distributors who operate underground natural gas storage facilities. Other Federal and State government agencies, as well as industry, use the EIA Oil and Gas Field Code Master List as the standard for field identification. A machine-readable version of the Oil and Gas Field Code Master List is available from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161, (703) 487-4650. In order for the Master List to be useful, it must be accurate and remain current. To accomplish this, EIA constantly reviews and revises this list. The EIA welcomes all comments, corrections, and additions to the Master List. All such information should be given to the EIA Field Code Coordinator at (214) 953-1858. EIA gratefully acknowledges the assistance provides by numerous State organizations and trade associations in verifying the existence of fields and their official nomenclature.« less

Upper cretaceous (Austin Group) volcanic deposits as a hydrocarbon trap

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hutchinson, P.J.

1994-12-31

An Upper Cretaceous submarine igneous extrusion occurs in the subsurface of southwestern Wilson County, Texas. The Coniacian-Santonian-aged (Austin Group) volcanic eruption discharged large volumes of magnetite-rich olivine nephelinite that upon quenching formed an extensive nontronitic clay layer. This clay deposit formed a trapping mechanism for hydrocarbon beneath the volcano. Production from volcanic plugs is normally attributed to the shoal-water carbonate facies developed on top of the volcanic, the palagonite tuff ({open_quotes}serpentine{close_quotes}), and overlying sandstones. The heat energy of the volcano may have thermally matured the calcarous sediments of adjacent parts of the Austin Chalk. The normally grayish-colored suggesting thermal alteration.more » The overlying nontronite trapped mobile hydrocarbons, and this early emplacement of oil may have preserved some of the original porosity and permeability of the Austin Chalk. Austin Chalk-aged volcanic deposits produce hydrocarbons from stratigraphic traps within the volcanic material, within the porous beachrock, and structurally within overlying sandstones. The intruded Austin Chalk also behaves as a reservoir because the original porosity and permeability are maintained by early emplacement of oil and the overlying volcanic clay acts as a seal by preventing vertical migration. Marcelina Creek field, discovered in 1980 from an {open_quotes}augen{close_quotes}-shaped seismic signature and an aerial magnetic survey, produces from the fractured chalk beneath the nontronitic clay layer. This field has produced more than 15 million barrels of oil from more than 60 wells in fractured and porous rock beneath the volcano.« less

Waste-to-energy: What are the issues?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Merritt, J.A.

1995-09-01

It is very difficult to have been associated with the Waste-to-Energy ({open_quotes}WTE{close_quotes}) Industry during the past twelve months without feeling a profound sense of being under attack and more than a little shell shocked. That is not to say that scrutiny and regulation haven`t been an important factor for WTE from its inception, only that it seems that certain difficult issues have been thrust to the fore through the recent actions of the courts and regulatory agencies. While ash management and flow control hit center stage with a flourish in a one-two punch last Spring with the Supreme Court inmore » the City of Chicago and Carbone decisions, significant compliance issues still remain with respect to implementing the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 ({open_quotes}CAAA{close_quotes}). In my state, the long term plans for waste management have WTE facilities responsible for turning 50% of the total waste stream into electricity, with other recycling accounting for all but 4% of the rest. With similar reliance upon WTE facilities elsewhere, it is critical that cost effective ways of managing these issues be found. Beyond these primarily regulatory and legal issues, there are also numerous challenges in the marketplace with increased reliance on recycling and the normal ebb and flow of the business cycle. Finally, there are always issues, including those already mentioned, which are best addressed in the political arena. Working together as an industry and regulated community will be essential if we are to make progress in addressing many of our challenges.« less

Peristaltic pump noise: A nemesis conquered

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Burns, D.A.

1994-12-31

Continuous-flow analyzers (CFA), and especially Segmented Flow Analyzers (SFA), typically employ peristaltic pumps to generate a carrier stream and add reagents thereto. The resulting pump {open_quotes}noise{close_quotes} usually limits precision, and is generally deemed unavoidable. Although the problem is partially solved by hydraulic debubbling, most modern instruments employ bubble thru the flow-cell (BTTFC) technology and electronic debubbling. The authors have developed an algorithm that can significantly reduce this source of noise, even when the individual segments in the SFA stream are of varying volumes and/or concentrations. It does this, without any modifications to the pump, by examining each individual segment asmore » it passes thru the flowcell. The Alpkem model 304 multichannel pump, for example, can be set to produce 90 bubbles/minutes (and therefore 90 segments/minute), so one has 667 msec in which to gather sufficient information to identify a {open_quotes}bad{close_quotes} segment and modify its value. This hardware includes a Hewlett Packard model 8452A diode array spectrophotometer fitted with fiber optics leading to/from a flowcell (5 mm path length X 1mm ID). Each segment remains in the flowcell 300-500 msec. With a data sampling rate of 10/sec (100 msec integration time), the authors can acquire 3-5 intensity values for each segment and convert these to absorbance values. The software to perform all this was written in QuickBASIC 4.5 and incorporates a few routines from Hewlett Packard`s library. The program will be described in some detail so that analytical chemists who use BTTFC can obtain higher precision.« less

A new approach to the oil business in Venezuela

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pradas, F.; Valdes, G.

1993-02-01

Petroleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) has been meeting during the past two years with a considerable number of companies (groups) with a view to possible associations for the reactivation of known fields, joint activities in barely explored areas and the exploitation, refining, upgrading and marketing of crudes from the Orinoco Belt holder of immense reserves of extra-heavy crudes and bitumens. In Venezuela, a new approach to the oil business is under way. On January 1976, the law nationalizing the Venezuelan oil industry became effective establishing that the government retains the sole rights to the country's petroleum industry. However, Article 5more » of the law made provision for associations in cases considered to be of [open quotes]National Interest.[close quotes] PDVSA became the wholly government-owned holding entity, encompassing 26 subsidiaries and affiliates. Other energy segments, particularly coal and petrochemicals, were not included in the law and since 1984 several associations with non-governmental entities have been established in Venezuela and very valuable experience has been garnered. Similarly, partnerships and acquisitions have been made in Europe and USA, mostly in refining, through PDVSA. The international petroleum industry foresees a modest, but steady increase in production during the coming decade, particularly in the second half of the nineties. This effect, added to the globalization concept, is making the traditional vertically integrated oil companies look for diverse [open quotes]lateral[close quotes] associations between groups, private and/or state owned with common interests, that will give greater security to sources of supply and market share.« less

Depositional sequence analysis and sedimentologic modeling for improved prediction of Pennsylvanian reservoirs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Watney, W.L.

1994-12-01

Reservoirs in the Lansing-Kansas City limestone result from complex interactions among paleotopography (deposition, concurrent structural deformation), sea level, and diagenesis. Analysis of reservoirs and surface and near-surface analogs has led to developing a {open_quotes}strandline grainstone model{close_quotes} in which relative sea-level stabilized during regressions, resulting in accumulation of multiple grainstone buildups along depositional strike. Resulting stratigraphy in these carbonate units are generally predictable correlating to inferred topographic elevation along the shelf. This model is a valuable predictive tool for (1) locating favorable reservoirs for exploration, and (2) anticipating internal properties of the reservoir for field development. Reservoirs in the Lansing-Kansas Citymore » limestones are developed in both oolitic and bioclastic grainstones, however, re-analysis of oomoldic reservoirs provides the greatest opportunity for developing bypassed oil. A new technique, the {open_quotes}Super{close_quotes} Pickett crossplot (formation resistivity vs. porosity) and its use in an integrated petrophysical characterization, has been developed to evaluate extractable oil remaining in these reservoirs. The manual method in combination with 3-D visualization and modeling can help to target production limiting heterogeneities in these complex reservoirs and moreover compute critical parameters for the field such as bulk volume water. Application of this technique indicates that from 6-9 million barrels of Lansing-Kansas City oil remain behind pipe in the Victory-Northeast Lemon Fields. Petroleum geologists are challenged to quantify inferred processes to aid in developing rationale geologically consistent models of sedimentation so that acceptable levels of prediction can be obtained.« less

Explorationists and dinosaurs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

French, W.S.

1993-02-01

The exploration industry is changing, exploration technology is changing and the explorationist's job is changing. Resource companies are diversifying internationally and their central organizations are providing advisors rather than services. As a result, the relationship between the resource company and the contractor is changing. Resource companies are promoting standards so that all contract services in all parts of the world will look the same to their advisors. Contractors, for competitive reasons, want to look [open quotes]different[close quotes] from other contractors. The resource companies must encourage competition between contractors to insure the availability of new technology but must also resist themore » current trend of burdening the contractor with more and more of the risk involved in exploration. It is becoming more and more obvious that geophysical expenditures represent the best [open quotes]value added[close quotes] expenditures in exploration and development budgets. As a result, seismic-related contractors represent the growth component of our industry. The predominant growth is in 3-D seismic technology, and this growth is being further propelled by the computational power of the new generation of massively parallel computers and by recent advances in computer graphic techniques. Interpretation of seismic data involves the analysis of wavelet shapes and amplitudes prior to stacking the data. Thus, modern interpretation involves understanding compressional waves, shear waves, and propagating modes which create noise and interference. Modern interpretation and processing are carried out simultaneously, iteratively, and interactively and involve many physics-related concepts. These concepts are not merely tools for the interpretation, they are the interpretation. Explorationists who do not recognize this fact are going the way of the dinosaurs.« less

Performance analysis and an assessment of operational issues of Ya-21U

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paramonov, D.V.; El-Genk, M.S.

1996-03-01

Extensive testing of the Soviet made TOPAZ-II space nuclear power system unit designated {open_quote}{open_quote}Ya-21U{close_quote}{close_quote} was conducted both in the USSR (1989{endash}1990) and in the US (August 1993 to March 1995). The unit underwent a total of 15 tests for a cumulative test/operation time of almost 8000 hours. These tests included steady-state operation at different power levels, fast startups and power optimizations. Leaks were detected in some of the Thermionic Fuel Elements (TFEs) after the first test in the US. These leaks that facilitated air incursion into the interelectrode gap caused operational changes in both electric power and conversion efficiency andmore » changed the optimum cesium pressure and load voltage. Additional changes in operational performance were detected following shock and vibration tests performed in August 1994. Test data was examined and analyzed to assess the performance of not only individual TFEs, and also the whole Ya-21U unit, and identify causes for measured operational performance changes; most probable causes were identified and discussed. The Ya-21U unit remained operational throughout extensive testing for 8000 hours at conditions far exceeding the design limits of the TOPAZ-II system. No single TFE was damaged during testing and measured operational performance changes were uniform among working section TFEs. In addition to providing a unique knowledge base for future development and operation of thermionic power systems, the test results testify to the reliability and ruggedness of the TOPAZ-II system design. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Institute of Physics.}« less

The new politics of missile proliferation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Karp, A.

1996-10-01

The author addresses the most consequential proliferation battle of the 1990s which occurred in Washington over the interpretation of the long-term threat to the United States from ballistic missiles. In the early 1970s, the stabilization of the US-Soviet strategic relationship led to new disputes over the other side`s future intentions, seen most graphically in Western debates over the implications of the Soviet SS-18 and SS-20 missile programs. Today, in much the same way, proliferation politics has matured to the point that surprises are few and the most challenging problem is anticipating the more distant future. Washington`s ballistic missile proliferation battlemore » was sparked by National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) 95-19, entitled {open_quotes}Emerging Threats to North America During the Next 15 Years,{close_quotes} released by the National Intelligence Council in November 1995. This document updated the evidence of regional missile programs reviewed in a similar report issued in 1993, and recapitulated the previous finding that {open_quotes}No country, other than the major declared nuclear powers, will develop or otherwise acquire a ballistic missile in the next 15 years that could threatened the contiguous 48 states or Canada.{close_quotes} The new report confirmed what several other studies of missile proliferation had already established: that besides the five nuclear-weapon states (the United States, Russia, China, France and Britain), only India, Israel and Japan are in a position to develop an ICBM during the foreseeable future, and while all have relevant capabilities, none are undertaking the steps necessary to develop an actual ICBM.« less

Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group G associated with Cockayne syndrome

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vermeulen, W.; Jaspers, N.G.J.; Bootsma, D.

1993-07-01

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) and Cockayne syndrome (CS) are two rare inherited disorders with a clinical and cellular hypersensitivity to the UV component of the sunlight spectrum. Although the two traits are generally considered as clinically and genetically distinct entities, on the biochemical level a defect in the nucleotide excision-repair (NER) pathway is involved in both. Classical CS patients are primarily deficient in the preferential repair of DNA damage in actively transcribed genes, whereas in most XP patients the genetic defect affects both [open quotes]preferential[close quotes] and [open quotes]overall[close quotes] NER modalities. Here the authors report a genetic study of twomore » unrelated, severely affected patients with the clinical characteristics of CS but with a biochemical defect typical of XP. By complementation analysis, using somatic cell fusion and nuclear microinjection of cloned repair genes, they assign these two patients to XP complementation group G, which previously was not associated with CS. This observation extends the earlier identification of two patients with a rare combined XP/CS phenotype within XP complementation groups B and D, respectively. It indicates that some mutations in at least three of the seven genes known to be involved in XP also can result in a picture of partial or even full-blown CS. It is concluded that the syndromes XP and CS are biochemically closely related and may be part of a broader clinical disease spectrum. The authors suggest, as a possible molecular mechanism underlying this relation, that the XPGC repair gene has an additional vital function, as shown for some other NER genes. 33 refs., 5 tabs.« less

Quenched bond randomness: Superfluidity in porous media and the strong violation of universality

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Falicov, A.; Berker, A.N.

1997-04-01

The effects of quenched bond randomness are most readily studied with superfluidity immersed in a porous medium. A lattice model for {sup 3}He-{sup 4}He mixtures and incomplete {sup 4}He fillings in aerogel yields the signature effect of bond randomness, namely the conversion of symmetry-breaking first-order phase transitions into second-order phase transitions, the A-line reaching zero temperature, and the elimination of non-symmetry-breaking first-order phase transitions. The model recognizes the importance of the connected nature of aerogel randomness and thereby yields superfluidity at very low {sup 4}He concentrations, a phase separation entirely within the superfluid phase, and the order-parameter contrast between mixturesmore » and incomplete fillings, all in agreement with experiments. The special properties of the helium mixture/aerogel system are distinctly linked to the aerogel properties of connectivity, randomness, and tenuousness, via the additional study of a regularized {open_quote}jungle-gym{close_quotes} aerogel. Renormalization-group calculations indicate that a strong violation of the empirical universality principle of critical phenomena occurs under quenched bond randomness. It is argued that helium/aerogel critical properties reflect this violation and further experiments are suggested. Renormalization-group analysis also shows that, adjoiningly to the strong universality violation (which hinges on the occurrence or non-occurrence of asymptotic strong coupling-strong randomness under resealing), there is a new {open_quotes}hyperuniversality{close_quotes} at phase transitions with asymptotic strong coupling-strong randomness behavior, for example assigning the same critical exponents to random-bond tricriticality and random-field criticality.« less

Reactivity of propene, n-butene, and isobutene in the hydrogen transfer steps of n-hexane cracking over zeolites of different structure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lukyanov, D.B.

The reaction of n-hexane cracking over HZSM-5, HY zeolite and mordenite (HM) was studied in accordance with the procedure of the [beta]-test recently proposed for quantitative characterization of zeolite hydrogen transfer activity. It is shown that this procedure allows one to obtain quantitative data on propene, n-butene, and isobutene reactivities in the hydrogen transfer steps of the reaction. The results demonstrate that in the absence of steric constraints (large pore HY and HM zeolites) isobutene is approximately 5 times more reactive in hydrogen transfer than n-butene. The latter, in turn, is about 1.3 times more reactive than propene. With mediummore » pore HZSM-5, steric inhibition of the hydrogen transfer between n-hexane and isobutene is observed. This results in a sharp decrease in the isobutene reactivity: over HZSM-5 zeolites isobutene is only 1.2 times more reactive in hydrogen transfer than n-butene. On the basis of these data it is concluded that the [beta]-test measures the [open quotes]real[close quotes] hydrogen transfer activity of zeolites, i.e., the activity that summarizes the effects of the acidic and structural properties of zeolites. An attempt is made to estimate the [open quotes]ideal[close quotes] zeolite hydrogen transfer activity, i.e., the activity determined by the zeolite acidic properties only. The estimations obtained show that this activity is approximately 1.8 and 1.6 times higher for HM zeolite in comparison with HZSM-5 and HY zeolites, respectively. 16 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Recovering a full dimensional quantum rate constant from a reduced dimensionality calculation: Application to the OH+CO{r_arrow}H+CO{sub 2} reaction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dzegilenko, F.N.; Bowman, J.M.

1996-08-01

Two reduced dimensionality theories are used to calculate the thermal rate constant for the OH+CO{r_arrow}H+CO{sub 2} reaction. The standard theory employs energy-shift approximations to extract the full six degree-of-freedom quantum rate constant for this reaction from the previous two degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) quantum calculations of Hernandez and Clary [M.I. Hernandez and D.C. Clary, J. Chem. Phys. {bold 101}, 2779 (1994)]. Three extra bending modes and one extra {open_quote}{open_quote}spectator{close_quote}{close_quote} CO stretch mode are treated adiabatically in the harmonic fashion. The parameters of the exit channel transition state are used to evaluate the frequencies of those additional modes. A new reduced dimensionality theorymore » is also applied to this reaction. This theory explicitly addresses the finding from the 2-DOF calculations that the reaction proceeds mainly via complex formation. A J-shifting approximation has been used to take into account the initial states with non-zero values of total angular momentum in both reduced dimensionality theories. Cumulative reaction probabilities and thermal rate constants are calculated and compared with the previous quasiclassical and reduced dimensionality quantum calculations and with experiment. The rate constant from the new reduced dimensionality theory is between a factor of 5 and 100 times smaller than the statistical transition state theory result, and is in much better agreement with experiment. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Institute of Physics.}« less

Generic health/safety/environment cases

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kelland, A.N.; Primrose, M.; Pickles, J.C.

1996-12-31

A desire to implement HSE Management Systems including HSE Cases in all Shell companies operations prompted the development of a relational data base software package (THESIS) to provide a structured way of preparing an HSE Case. The software includes features which facilitate the management of {open_quotes}Keeping the Case Alive{close_quotes}, enabling the dissemination of tasks and hazard information to the workplace. During the software development it was recognized that a significant reduction could be made in the resources which would be required to prepare an HSE Case for each and every operation by the building of {open_quotes}Generic HSE Cases{close_quotes} addressing specificmore » activities which were repeated across the Company`s operations. This was recognized to be particularly valid for the smaller Single String Venture type of operations. The activities selected for the initial Generic HSE Case development include Land Drilling Operations, Land Seismic Acquisition, and Land Transport. To establish the Generic HSE Case, the THESIS data base is populated with data for a generic operation, identifying all the hazards and activities associated with that operation including all the associated controls, with established formats for the textual sections. In effect, the Generic Case defines the standards required for that type of operation. To generate an operation specific HSE Case, the Generic Case thereafter requires to be modified/adapted so that it represents the actual situation in the operation which it defines. This process includes itemization of all the operation specific details, and may involve the inclusion/deletion of any additional/existing activities or hazards together with their associated controls.« less

Why should I buy from you?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Holohan, D.

1995-03-01

Some suggestions for increasing business in the fuel oil marketing sector are given: These include: (1) give your customers a good reason to buy from you; (2) never take customers for granted; (3) use newsletters to educate customers about new developments, the latest technology; (4) establish a personal relationship with customers. Call them and tell them how much you appreciate their business; (5) educate them about possible scams-for instance chimney cleaning companies that might bend the truth; and (6) give your {open_quotes}full-service{close_quotes} company a small town personality and a caring voice. Customers will have difficulty leaving you.

Low energy e-Ar momentum transfer cross-section

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brennan, M.J.

1992-12-01

Recent work has shown that solutions of the Boltzmann equation which use the so called {open_quotes}two-term{close_quotes} approximation provide an inadequate description of the transverse diffusion of electrons in argon gas at low values of E/N, contrary to earlier evidence. Previous determinations of the momentum transfer cross section for argon from the analysis of transport data have used two-term codes in good faith. Progress towards the determination of a new cross section in the energy range O - 4 eV, including an analysis of the energy dependence of the uncertainty in the derived cross section is reported.

The transition to fully competitive bulk power markets: Federal regulatory developments in the electric power industry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Portasik, L.S.

In recent years, traditional electric utilities have become increasingly dependent upon enhanced competitive conditions in the bulk power market to improve efficiency and secure {open_quotes}least-cost{close_quotes} generation for their franchise and wholesale customers. The industry`s growing reliance on competitive wholesale markets both presaged and overtook the new legislation reflected in the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct). This article describes the new environment, as revealed in recent Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) decisions, and discusses its impact on the services and rates of affected utilities.

Seed gum of Stryphnodendron barbatiman (Barbatimao)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Reicher, F.; Leitner, S.C.S.; Fontana, J.D.

1991-12-31

Stryphnodendron barbatiman (barbatimao) is a native tree that is found throughout the {open_quotes}Cerrados,{close_quotes} a region of Central Brazil. Plant seeds, on water extraction, furnished 28 g% galactomannan (dry-weight basis), the monosaccharide composition of which (galactose to mannose ratio, 1.0:1.5) fits in the legume heteromannan group. This seed gum, after Sevag deproteinization, still retained 6 g% of associated protein and had a molecular weight of about 1.8 MD on gel filtration. A high intrinsic viscosity (1300 cP) was observed for the polysaccharide sample obtained after reflux of the crushed seeds in 80% aqueous methanol.

Naftokrak-Naftdbudowa & MPEC

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Szewczyk, T.; Mazur, J.

1995-12-31

Polish graded coal is being burned on existing stoker boilers at MPEC`s Balicka plant, using Control Techtronics microprocess-based system. Pictures were shown of the equipment controlling three hot water WR-10 boilers, and (two) steam 22.5 boilers. The results of this installation include; 85% reduction in stack particulate emission, 25% increase in boiler energy efficiency, 65% reduction in fan electrical energy, achieving {open_quotes}ultra low fire{close_quotes} which provides 3 or 4 to 1 turndown, versus 2 to 1, for substantially reduced fuel use at low heating requirements, and 2 to 3 years payback on invested capital.

MTU-pre-service teacher enhancement program. Final report, September 1992--May 1995

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Anderson, C.S.; Yarroch, W.J.

1996-01-01

The MTU Pre-Service Teacher Enhancement Program was a two year extended project designed to introduce a select group of science and engineering undergraduate students, with good {open_quotes}people skills,{close_quotes} to the teaching profession. Participants were paid for their time spent with area teacher/mentors and were involved in a variety of in school activities, projects and observations to illustrate the teaching profession. They were encouraged to consider the teaching profession as a future career option. The student participants, however, were under no obligation to enter the Teacher Education Program at the conclusion of the program.

Applications of hypermedia systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lennon, J.; Maurer, H.

1995-05-01

In this paper, we consider several new aspects of modern hypermedia systems. The applications discussed include: (1) General Information and Communication Systems: Distributed information systems for businesses, schools and universities, museums, libraries, health systems, etc. (2) Electronic orientation and information displays: Electronic guided tours, public information kiosks, and publicity dissemination with archive facilities. (3) Lecturing: A system going beyond the traditional to empower both teachers and learners. (4) Libraries: A further step towards fully electronic library systems. (5) Directories of all kinds: Staff, telephone, and all sorts of generic directories. (6) Administration: A fully integrated system such as the onemore » proposed will mean efficient data processing and valuable statistical data. (7) Research: Material can now be accessed from databases all around the world. The effects of networking and computer-supported collaborative work are discussed, and examples of new scientific visualization programs are quoted. The paper concludes with a section entitled {open_quotes}Future Directions{close_quotes}.« less

77 FR 74258 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-13

... Amending Exchange Rule 952NY With Respect to Opening Trading in an Options Series December 7, 2012... 952NY (Trading Auctions) with respect to opening trading in an options series. The text of the proposed... series for trading when there are no executable orders and/or quotes and the bid-ask differential of the...

78 FR 9953 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-12

... Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Related to the Opening of the Complex Order Book February 6, 2013... Exchange's complex order book (``COB'') when the COB opens for trading. Currently the rule does not include... individual orders and quotes in the electronic book or other complex orders in the COB, execute or route for...

Development of the EM tomography system by the vertical electromagnetic profiling (VEMP) method

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miura, Y.; Osato, K.; Takasugi, S.

1995-12-31

As a part of the {open_quotes}Deep-Seated Geothermal Resources Survey{close_quotes} project being undertaken by the NEDO, the Vertical ElectroMagnetic Profiling (VEMP) method is being developed to accurately obtain deep resistivity structure. The VEMP method acquires multi-frequency three-component magnetic field data in an open hole well using controlled sources (loop sources or grounded-wire sources) emitted at the surface. Numerical simulation using EM3D demonstrated that phase data of the VEMP method is very sensitive to resistivity structure and the phase data will also indicate presence of deep anomalies. Forward modelling was also used to determine required transmitter moments for various grounded-wire and loopmore » sources for a field test using the WD-1 well in the Kakkonda geothermal area. Field logging of the well was carried out in May 1994 and the processed field data matches well the simulated data.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mazzullo, S.J.; Anderson-Underwood, K.E.; Burke, C.D.

Coral patch reefs are major components of Holocene platform carbonate facies systems in tropical and subtropical areas. The biotic composition, growth and relationship to sea level history, and diagenetic attributes of a representative Holocene patch reef ([open quotes]Elmer Reef[close quotes]) in the Mexico Rocks complex in northern Belize are described and compared to those of Holocene patch reefs in southern Belize. Elmer Reef has accumulated in shallow (2.5 m) water over the last 420 yr, under static sea level conditions. Rate of vertical construction is 0.3-0.5 m/100 yr, comparable to that of patch reefs in southern Belize. A pronounced coralmore » zonation exists across Elmer Reef, with Monastrea annularis dominating on its crest and Acropora cervicornis occurring on its windward and leeward flanks. The dominance of Montastrea on Elmer Reef is unlike that of patch reefs in southern Belize, in which this coral assumes only a subordinate role in reef growth relative to that of Acropora palmata. Elmer Reef locally is extensively biodegraded and marine, fibrous aragonite and some bladed high-magnesium calcite cements occur throughout the reef section, partially occluding corallites and interparticle pores in associated sands. Patch reefs in southern Belize have developed as catch-up and keep-up reefs in a transgressive setting. In contrast, the dominant mode of growth of Elmer Reef, and perhaps other patch reefs in Mexico Rocks, appears to be one of lateral rather than vertical accretion. This style of growth occurs in a static sea level setting where there is only limited accommodation space because of the shallowness of the water, and such reefs are referred to as [open quotes]expansion reefs[close quotes]. 39 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.« less

{open_quotes}Bubble fusion{close_quotes}: Preliminary estimates of spherical micro-implosions in cavitating liquids

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Krakowski, R.A.

1995-02-01

Liquids irradiated with intense ultrasonic waves can generate small cavities or bubbles. Upon nonlinear expansion to a state of disequilibrium, wherein the externally imposed hydrostatic pressure far exceeds that of entrapped non-condensable gas, these bubbles undergo a rapid and violent collapse. This collapse, if symmetric, can generate high pressures and temperatures through a number of possible mechanisms. The simplest and oldest explanation suggests a focusing of the kinetic energy of all the surrounding liquid onto the collapsing bubble and the subsequent heating of entrapped gases under either adiabatic or isothermal conditions. Although induced by externally imposed millisecond pressure oscillations, thesemore » collapses can occur on sub-microsecond timescales and are accompanied by picosecond light emissions; this combination of sound and light is called sonoluminescence. Recent explanations of observed high temperatures and picosecond radiation pulses accompanying such collapses are based on the interaction of multiple shock waves that are launched off the inward cavity wall. Other potential explanations invoke dipole emissions induced by intermolecular collisions or the release of Casimir energy when a dielectric hole is filled. Conjectures have been made that the processes responsible for sonoluminescence may be extended to generated conditions where thermonuclear fusion might occur. Such an achievement would extend scientific interest in sonoluminescence out of a purely chemical context to include the study of matter subjected to more extreme conditions. The main goal of this {open_quotes}scoping{close_quotes} study is to understand better conditions where deuterium-tritium fusion might be observed in conjunction with micro-implosions in cavitating liquids; prognoses of fusion application at this point are unintended.« less

The data embedding method

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sandford, M.T. II; Bradley, J.N.; Handel, T.G.

Data embedding is a new steganographic method for combining digital information sets. This paper describes the data embedding method and gives examples of its application using software written in the C-programming language. Sandford and Handel produced a computer program (BMPEMBED, Ver. 1.51 written for IBM PC/AT or compatible, MS/DOS Ver. 3.3 or later) that implements data embedding in an application for digital imagery. Information is embedded into, and extracted from, Truecolor or color-pallet images in Microsoft{reg_sign} bitmap (.BMP) format. Hiding data in the noise component of a host, by means of an algorithm that modifies or replaces the noise bits,more » is termed {open_quote}steganography.{close_quote} Data embedding differs markedly from conventional steganography, because it uses the noise component of the host to insert information with few or no modifications to the host data values or their statistical properties. Consequently, the entropy of the host data is affected little by using data embedding to add information. The data embedding method applies to host data compressed with transform, or {open_quote}lossy{close_quote} compression algorithms, as for example ones based on discrete cosine transform and wavelet functions. Analysis of the host noise generates a key required for embedding and extracting the auxiliary data from the combined data. The key is stored easily in the combined data. Images without the key cannot be processed to extract the embedded information. To provide security for the embedded data, one can remove the key from the combined data and manage it separately. The image key can be encrypted and stored in the combined data or transmitted separately as a ciphertext much smaller in size than the embedded data. The key size is typically ten to one-hundred bytes, and it is in data an analysis algorithm.« less

Objectivism, naturalism, and the revision of quantum theory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cordero-Lecca, A.

1992-01-01

Because of its remarkable predictive power and general scientific fertility, there is a temptation to take quantum theory (QT) seriously as the best statement science can currently make about the world. But when the consequences of the theory are draw out, they reveal strange, indeed paradoxical, possibilities of superpositions. QT seems to imply that the entire world, not just the world of microparticles, is considerably less [open quotes]objective[close quotes] than common intuition suggests. To what extent, if any, however, is QT at odds with a reasonable conception of scientific objectivity The author argues that, far from committing us to paradox,more » quantum physics actually encourages us to think of the world in strong objectivist naturalist terms. After examining various influential programs in the field, An approach to the foundational problems of QT which is less [open quotes]theory-down[close quotes] than usual is proposed. In particular, the author argues that recent studies of metastable states both support a strongly objectivist formulation and revision of QT. The model that thus emerges turns out to be a member of the stochastic family of QT revisions developed by Ghirardi, Rimini Weber, Pearle, and Gisin, which are theories that preserve the level of peaceful coexistence with special relativity that standard QT and its field-theoretic generalizations have. The specific-proposal advanced in this monograph focuses on spontaneous transitions to bound energy states. No ad hoc parameters are assumed. The resulting approach seems able to explain successful working-level talk about such topics as quantum jumps, localization by interaction with macrosystems, standard measurement rules, all this without denying the existence of either quantum superpositions or EPR correlations.« less

The anchorage function of CipA (CelL), a scaffolding protein of the Clostridium thermocellum cellulosome

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kruus, K.; Wu, J.H.D.; Lua, A.C.

1995-09-26

Enzymatic cellulose degradation is a heterogeneous reaction requiring binding of soluble cellulase molecules to the solid substrate. Based on our studies of the cellulase complex of Clostridium thermocellum (the cellulosome), we have previously proposed that such binding can be brought about by a special {open_quotes}anchorage subunit.{close_quotes} In this {open_quotes}anchor-enzyme{close_quotes} model, CipA (a major subunit of the cellulosome) enhances the activity of CelS (the most abundant catalytic subunit of the cellulosome) by anchoring it to the cellulose surface. We have subsequently reported that CelS contains a conserved duplicated sequence at its C terminus and the CipA contains nine repeated sequences withmore » a cellulose binding domain (CBD) in between the second and third repeats. In this work, we reexamined the anchor-enzyme mechanism by using recombinant CelS (rCelS) and various CipA domains, CBD, R3 (the repeat next to CBD), and CBD/R3, expressed in Escherichia coli. As analyzed by non-denaturing gel electrophoresis, rCelS, through its conserved duplicated sequence, formed a stable complex with R3 or CBD/R3 but not with CBD. Although R3 or CBD alone did not affect the binding of rCelS to cellulose, such binding was dependent on CBD/R3, indicating the anchorage role of CBD/R3. Such anchorage apparently increased the rCelS activity toward crystalline cellulose. These results substantiate the proposed anchor-enzyme model and the expected roles of individual CipA domains and the conserved duplicated sequence of CelS.« less

Comprehensive, quantitative micropaleontological analysis as a tool for paleoenvironmental interpretation and sequence stratigraphy, with an example from the Yegua Formation, southeast Texas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lagoe, M.B.; Layman, T.B.

Traditional industrial approaches to biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental analysis largely use only a small portion of the available microfossil assemblage, concentrating on various marker taxa({open_quotes}tops{close_quotes} of index fossils and paleoenvironmental guide fossils). Sequence-stratigraphic approaches may place more emphasis on the entire assemblage, but efficient analytical strategies still need to be developed to extract maximum information from micropaleontological data. Microfossil assemblages are produced by three types of processes: (1) in-situ accumulation of taxa living at the sample site; (2) postmortem transport of specimens into and out of the sample site ({open_quotes}down-slope transport{close_quotes}), and (3) taphonomic/diagenetic processes such as dissolution, which can altermore » taxon proportions. Recognizing and evaluating the effects of these processes on the microfossil assemblage can lead to a better geological interpretation. We propose an analytical strategy to address these issues, consisting of (1) bulk faunal descriptors (faunal abundance, preservation, diversity, planktic microfossil abundance) combined with lithologic information (e.g., abundance of glauconite) to identify broad paleoenvironmental patterns; (2) biofacies definition based on cluster analysis and factor analysis of the entire microfossil data set to refine these patterns; (3) interpretation and modeling of biofacies trends using detrended reciprocal averaging, and (4) analysis of faunal mixing patterns using polytopic vector analysis. We apply this analytical strategy to foraminiferal data from the middle Eocene Yegua Formation of southeast Texas. Seven biofacies are recognized along a short, three-well, dip transect, representing paleoenvironments ranging from marginal marine delta plain to outer neritic muddy shelf.« less

Seepage investigation using geophysical techniques at Coursier Lake Dam, B.C., Canada

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sirles, P.

1997-10-01

Subsurface seepage flow at Coursier Lake Dam was identified by onshore and offshore self-potential surveys, and electrical resistivity profiles and soundings during a Deficiency Investigation by BChydro. For typical seepage investigations baseline geophysical data are collected at {open_quotes}low-pool{close_quotes} level and the measurements are repeated when high hydraulic gradient conditions exist. At Coursier Lake Dam a rather unanticipated outcome of the low-pool surveys was that significant seepage beneath the structure was detected. The low-pool results were conclusive enough that, when combined with visual inspection and observation of sinkholes on the embankment, an immediate restriction was placed on the pool elevation. Thus,more » because of the identified potential hazard, the remaining geophysical investigations were conducted under a {open_quotes}minimum-pool{close_quotes} reservoir level in order to complete the comparative study. Therefore, the dam was studied under low- and minimum-pool reservoir conditions in the spring and fall of 1993, respectively. Low-pool data indicated very high resistivities (3000 to 5000 ohm-m) throughout the embankment indicating a coarse-average grain size, probably unsaturated sands and gravels. Higher resistivities (>5000 ohm-m) were obtained within the foundation deposits along the downstream toe indicating a combination of lower moisture content, coarser average grain size and higher porosity than the embankment. These electrical data indicate the subsurface conditions in the embankment and the foundation to be conducive to seepage. Results from low-pool SP surveys, performed both on-shore and offshore, indicate a dispersed or sheet flow seepage occurring nearly 1100 feet upstream of the intake. Therefore, apparently the seepage source begins far upstream of the embankment within the foundation deposits.« less

Palaeozoic gas charging in the Ahnet-Timimoun basin, Algeria

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cawley, S.J.; Wilson, N.P.; Primmer, T.

1995-08-01

The Ahnet-Timimoun Basin, Southern Algeria, contains significant gas reserves expelled from originally oil prone Silurian and Frasnian shales. The gas is reservoired in Devonian and Carboniferous clastics in inversion anticlines formed, primarily, during the Hercynian orogeny. Integration of organic and inorganic geochemical techniques, such as AFTA, ZFTA, fluid inclusion analysis, vitrinite and chitinizoan reflectance, is entirely consistent with gas generation 300 +/- 30MY, immediately prior to or synchronous with the Hercynian orogeny. Data from gas fields has shown the remobilisation of gas during post Hercynian tectonics. A {open_quotes}two-event{close_quotes} heating/cooling history is proposed: (1) Maximum burial and palaeotemperature at ca. 300more » +/- 30MY prior to or synchronous with Hercynian uplift and cooling. (2) Cooling from a secondary peak (lower than maximum) palaeotemperature at ca. 30-60My following Creataceous burial. Calibrated thermal modelling indicates that Palaeozoic source rocks were heated above 200{degrees}C in the Late Carboniferous. Such high temperatures are consistent with the widespread occurrence of pyrophyllite in Silurian shales. Two end-member thermal models can account for the observed maturities. The first is a constant high Pre-Hercynian heat flow which rapidly decreases during Hercynian uplift to remain at Present day values of 50-75mW/m{sup 2}. Gas expulsion in this case commences much earlier than trap formation. The second is {open_quotes}normal{close_quotes} heat flow of ca. 50mW/m{sup 2} until ca. 310My with a rapid increase at ca. 290My followed by an equally rapid drop to constant present day values - in this model, petroleum generation and expulsion is late in relation to structuring.« less

Molecular genetic analysis of some mutations in the cystic fibrosis gene in Moldova: Characterization of molecular markers and their linkage to various mutations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gimbovskaya, S.D.; Kalinin, V.N.; Ivashchenko, T.E.

1994-12-01

Sixty-one patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) from Moldova were tested for mutations {Delta}F508, G551D, and R553X. Frequencies of various alleles of the repeated GATT sequence in intron 6B of the GFTR gene, their linkage to other polymorphic markers, and various mutations were determined. The frequency of occurrence of mutation {Delta}F508 was only 25%. An absolute majority of CF patients (80%) had pancreatic insufficiency. Mutations G551D and R553X were not found in our sample. Each of 31 chromosomes with mutation {Delta}F508 carry the 6-GATT allele. Most {open_quotes}non {Delta}F508{close_quotes} (78%) and normal (80%) chromosomes were marked by the 7-GATT allele. Twenty-seven {Delta}F508more » chromosomes (96.4%) belong to haplotype B6, and only one to D6. Most chromosomes with {open_quotes}non {Delta}F508{close_quotes} mutations are associated with haplotypes D7 (26.3%) and C7 (21%). In addition, a significant portion of chromosomes from this subgroup were associated with haplotypes A7 (23.7%), A6 (10.5%), and C6 (2.7%), which are not yet described for mutant chromosomes. The results obtained demonstrate that CF in Moldova is mainly associated with mutations other than {Delta}F508, G551D, and R553X. Severe forms of the disease, with pancreatic insufficiency, are more frequently caused by these mutations; moreover, our data provides strong evidence for the presence of at least seven additional CF mutations in Moldova, apart from {Delta}F508, G551D, and R553X. Some of these are probably not described.« less

Chemically modified IR-transparent fibers and their application as chemical sensors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kellner, R.A.

1993-12-31

With the advent of chalcogenide- (As-Se-Te), Silverhalide- (AgBrCl) and TeXAs-fibers, the optical window available for analytical chemistry was significantly extended into the MID- and FAR-IR range (2 to 20 {mu}m) recently. These fibers have been chemically modified in our laboratory at 10 cm-distances of their surfaces (A) by covering them with 10-100 {mu}m thick layers of a suitable polymer such as LDPE ({open_quotes}Thickfilm-Sensor{close_quotes}) and (B) by immobilizing specifically reacting enzyme-layers such as GOx ({open_quotes}Thinfilm-Sensor{close_quotes}). In the first case, where the penetration depth of the IR-beam is smaller than the thickness of the polymer layer, a sensor for the simultaneous inmore » situ-determination of chlorinated hydrocarbon traces in water down to 500 ppb could be developed and tested. In the second case, a system for the determination of glucose in complex aqueous solutions was developed, based on the catalytic oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide by the immobilized enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) in the physiological range. The GOx-density at the fibers could be significantly enlarged by using S-Layers instead of silanes for immobilization. Secondly, a flow injection-approach was developed recently, which allowed for an even further increase of the enzyme density by separating the reaction- and detection-part of our sensor, using controlled pore glass as carrier for the GOx and tapered chalcogenide fibers for detection. With this system, which works perfectly linear in the physiological range also for urea (with urease) a practical (multi)enzyme-based IR-sensor system is presented for the first time.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pin, F.G.

Sensor-based operation of autonomous robots in unstructured and/or outdoor environments has revealed to be an extremely challenging problem, mainly because of the difficulties encountered when attempting to represent the many uncertainties which are always present in the real world. These uncertainties are primarily due to sensor imprecisions and unpredictability of the environment, i.e., lack of full knowledge of the environment characteristics and dynamics. An approach. which we have named the {open_quotes}Fuzzy Behaviorist Approach{close_quotes} (FBA) is proposed in an attempt to remedy some of these difficulties. This approach is based on the representation of the system`s uncertainties using Fuzzy Set Theory-basedmore » approximations and on the representation of the reasoning and control schemes as sets of elemental behaviors. Using the FBA, a formalism for rule base development and an automated generator of fuzzy rules have been developed. This automated system can automatically construct the set of membership functions corresponding to fuzzy behaviors. Once these have been expressed in qualitative terms by the user. The system also checks for completeness of the rule base and for non-redundancy of the rules (which has traditionally been a major hurdle in rule base development). Two major conceptual features, the suppression and inhibition mechanisms which allow to express a dominance between behaviors are discussed in detail. Some experimental results obtained with the automated fuzzy, rule generator applied to the domain of sensor-based navigation in aprion unknown environments. using one of our autonomous test-bed robots as well as a real car in outdoor environments, are then reviewed and discussed to illustrate the feasibility of large-scale automatic fuzzy rule generation using the {open_quotes}Fuzzy Behaviorist{close_quotes} concepts.« less

An adsorption model for the superheat at the critical heat flux

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Reyes, R.; Wayner, P.C. Jr.

1995-08-01

The evaluation of the superheat at the critical heat flux (CHF) is a problem of considerable importance to the field of change-of-phase heat transfer. As demonstrated in the recent reviews by Katto and Bergles and in a descriptive paper by Unal et al., there has been extensive prior research on the CHF. In these studies, the following descriptive modeling terms affirm the complex transport processes occurring at CHF: macrolayer, microlayer, apparent contact angle, real contact angle, spreading, dry patch, instability, vapor mushrooms, and interfacial conditions. In order to simplify the analyses of these phenomena, we focus herein on a moremore » tractable model, which emphasizes a characteristic thickness in the contact line region at the vapor-liquid-solid junction, which would be present in the thinnest portion of an evaporating microlayer. A schematic drawing of this region is presented in Fig. 1 for a nonisothermal completely wetting system. This is the region where the substrate dries out in the hot spot hypothesis. The solid substrate is modeled as having an adsorbed ultrathin layer of liquid with a thickness {delta}, which is a function of the superheat and the interfacial force field. The characteristic thickness, {delta}{sub 0}, can (but does not have to) be of the order of a monolayer or less. Therefore, in the region x < 0, the film can be discontinuous and fill in {open_quotes}depressions{close_quotes} on a {open_quotes}rough{close_quotes} surface. Herein, a model of the physically indistinct contact line region, which varies spatially and fluctuates at the molecular level, is used to develop a predictive equation for the average value of the superheat that can be evaluated macroscopically. 9 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.« less

Depositional facies and porosity development at Coon Creek Field (Newman [open quotes]Big Lime[close quotes]), Leslie County, Kentucky

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Moshier, S.O.; Stamper, M.E.

1994-08-01

Coon Creek field is a significant petroleum reservoir in the [open quotes]Big Lime[close quotes], Middle to Upper Mississippian Newman equivalent, in southeastern Kentucky. Initial production from select wells has exceeded 600 bbl of oil/day at drilling depths averaging 915 m (3300 ft). Facies patterns, dolomitization, porosity, and structure in this carbonate reservoir have been delineated by geophysical logs, subsurface mapping, and examination of cores and cuttings. The reservoir is set within a localized paleotopographic low on the unconformable surface of the underlying siliciclastic Borden Group; the Borden surface can express rapid relief of over a 10% grade within less thanmore » 300 m. Transgression across the exposed Borden surface resulted in the deposition of a complex system of carbonates lithofacies. Crinoidal dolostones, representing shallow subtidal skeletal bars and banks, form the basal Big Lime (1.5-6 m thick). They are overlain by a typical facies (30 m thick) of bryozoan grainstones/packstones, crinoid grainstones, and mixed skeletal wakestones/mudstones. The rybryozoanacies are characterized by unfragmented fenestrates cemented by radiaxial-fibrous calcite. Stratigraphic distributions indicate the bryozoan facies were broad buildups with crinoidal flank and cap deposits and muddy skeletal off-mount facies, similar to deeper water Waulsortian mounds in other basins. Pellet and ooid grainstones represent moderate- to high-energy subtidal shoal deposits that covered the mound complex. Hydrocarbon production is restricted in the field to the crinoid-bryozoan facies complex within the basal 30 m. Reservoir porosity and permeability have been enhanced by selective dolomitization of grainstones and fracturing related to postdepositional reactivation of basement faults.« less

LLRW disposal facility siting approaches: Connecticut`s innovative volunteer approach

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Forcella, D.; Gingerich, R.E.; Holeman, G.R.

1994-12-31

The Connecticut Hazardous Waste Management Service (CHWMS) has embarked on a volunteer approach to siting a LLRW disposal facility in Connecticut. This effort comes after an unsuccessful effort to site a facility using a step-wise, criteria-based site screening process that was a classic example of the decide/announce/defend approach. While some of the specific features of the CHWMS` volunteer process reflect the unique challenge presented by the state`s physical characteristics, political structure and recent unsuccessful siting experience, the basic elements of the process are applicable to siting LLRW disposal facilities in many parts of the United States. The CHWMS` volunteer processmore » is structured to reduce the {open_quotes}outrage{close_quotes} dimension of two of the variables that affect the public`s perception of risk. The two variables are the degree to which the risk is taken on voluntarily (voluntary risks are accepted more readily than those that are imposed) and the amount of control one has over the risk (risks under individual control are accepted more readily than those under government control). In the volunteer process, the CHWMS will only consider sites that have been been voluntarily offered by the community in which they are located and the CHWMS will share control over the development and operation of the facility with the community. In addition to these elements which have broad applicability, the CHWMS has tailored the volunteer approach to take advantage of the unique opportunities made possible by the earlier statewide site screening process. Specifically, the approach presents a {open_quotes}win-win{close_quotes} situation for elected officials in many communities if they decide to participate in the process.« less

Public avenues to private spaces: Democratic politics and the control of automobile pollution

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rajan, S.C.

1994-01-01

Automobile pollution policy is an institutional concern because it represents the political problem of addressing one of the ill-effects of mass driving within urban regions. In the United States, where automobility is most pervasive, the social and cultural institutions that make driving an ineluctable feature of everyday life tend to be taken for granted. On the one hand, an idealogy of individualism appears to forestall critical discussion on these aspects within civil society; on the other, reliance on technological solutions and a prevailing culture of interest-group politics help contract the space for normative reasoning within policy discourse. Ironically, though, themore » more people drive, the more [open quotes]auto[close quotes]-inflicted the problems of air pollution, and the more likely it is that the contradictions of these non-participatory and technocratic forms could generate crises of policy. The predicament of automobile pollution policy then comprises a paralysis in the state's continued capacity to response to what it perceives to be a double-gesture made by its citizens; they demand clean air but are unwilling to take responsibility for achieving it, especially if it involves setting limits on automobile usage. Using both theoretical arguments and empirical and historical evidence from California, this dissertation argues that official readings of automobile pollution control are constricted because they rely on an individualist metaphor which only generates elaborate techniques of risk management in response, thus moving away from a shared public effort towards normative discourse. Yet, it its also critical of approaches that would shift the blame to individual motorists and their vehicles by implying that the problem arises from the employment of a few [open quotes]gross emitters[close quotes] that need to be selectively targeted.« less

Autosomal dominant familial spastic paraplegia: Tight linkage to chromosome 15q

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fink, J.K.; Wu, C.T.B.; Jones, S.M.

1994-09-01

Familial spastic paraplegia (FSP) (MIM No.18260) constitutes a clinically and genetically diverse group of disorders that share the primary feature of progressive, severe, lower extremity spasticity. FSP is classified according to the mode of inheritance and whether progressive spasticity occurs in isolation ({open_quotes}uncomplicated FSP{close_quotes}) or with other neurologic abnormalities ({open_quotes}complicated FSP{close_quotes}), including optic neuropathy, retinopathy, extrapyramidal disturbance, dementia, ataxia, ichthyosis, mental retardation, or deafness. Recently, autosomal dominant, uncomplicated FSP was shown to be genetically heterogeneous and tightly linked to a group of microsatellite markers on chromosome 14q in one large kindred. We examined 126 members of a non-consanguineous North Americanmore » kindred of Irish descent. FSP was diagnosed in 31 living subjects who developed insidiously progressive gait disturbance between ages 12 and 35 years. Using genetic linkage analysis to microsatellite DNA polymorphisms, we showed that the FSP locus on chromosome 14q was exluded from linkage with the disorder in our family. Subsequently, we searched for genetic linkage between the disorder and microsatellite DNA polymorphisms spanning approximately 50% of the genome. We observed significantly positive, two-point maximum lod scores (Z) for markers on chromosome 15q: D15S128 (Z=9.70, {theta}=0.05), D15S165 (Z=3.30, {theta}=0.10), and UT511 (Z=3.86, {theta}=0.10). Our data clearly establishes that one locus for autosomal dominant, uncomplicated FSP is mapped to the pericentric region of chromosome 15q. Identifying genes responsible for chromosome 15q-linked and chromosome 14q-linked FSP will greatly advance our understanding of this condition and hopefully other inherited and degenerative brain and spinal cord disorders that are also characterized by axonal degeneration.« less

Horizontal well application in QGPC - Qatar, Arabian Gulf

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jubralla, A.F.; Al-Omran, J.; Al-Omran, S.

As with many other areas in the world, the application of horizontal well technology in Qatar has changed the {open_quotes}old time{close_quotes} reservoir development philosophy and approach. QGPC`s first experience with this technology was for increased injectivity in an upper Jurassic reservoir which is comprised by alternating high and low permeable layers. The first well drilled in 1990 offshore was an extreme success and the application was justified for fieldwide implementation. Huge costs were saved as a result. This was followed by 2 horizontal wells for increased productivity in a typically tight (< 5 mD) chalky limestone of Cretaceous age. Amore » fourth offshore well drilled in a thin (30 ft) and tight (10-100 mD) Jurassic dolomite overlaying a stack of relatively thick (25-70 ft) and {open_quotes}Watered Out{close_quotes} grain and grain-packstones, (500-4500 mD) indicated another viable and successful application. A similar approach in the Onshore Dukhan field has been adopted for another Upper Jurassic reservoir. The reservoir is 80 ft thick and is being developed by vertical wells. However, permeability contrast between the upper and lower cycles had caused preferential production and hence injection across the lower cycles, leaving the upper cycles effectively undrained. Horizontal wells have resulted in productivity and injectivity improvements by a factor 3 to 5 that of vertical wells. Therefore a field wide development scheme is being implemented. 3D seismic and the imaging tools, such as the FMS, reconciled with horizontal cores have assisted in understanding the lateral variation and the macro and micro architectural and structural details of these reservoirs. Such tools are essential for the optimum design of horizontal wells.« less

Narrow chaotic compound autoionizing states in atomic spectra

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Flambaum, V.V.; Gribakina, A.A.; Gribakin, G.F.

1996-09-01

Simultaneous excitation of several valence electrons in atoms gives rise to a dense spectrum of compound autoionizing states (AIS). These states are almost chaotic superpositions of large numbers of many-electron basis states built of single-electron orbitals. The mean level spacing {ital D} between such states is very small (e.g., {ital D}{lt}0.01 eV for the numerical example of {ital J}{sup {pi}}=4{sup {minus}} states of Ce just above the ionization threshold). The autoionization widths of these states estimated by perturbations, {gamma}=2{pi}{vert_bar}{ital W}{vert_bar}{sup 2}, where {ital W} is the Coulomb matrix element coupling the AIS to the continuum, are also small, but comparablemore » with {ital D} in magnitude: {gamma}{approximately}{ital D}. Hence the nonperturbative interaction of AIS with each other via the continuum is very essential. It suppresses greatly the widths of the autoionizing resonances ({Gamma}{approx_equal}{ital D}{sup 2}/3{gamma}{lt}{ital D}), and leads to the emergence of a {open_quote}{open_quote}collective{close_quote}{close_quote} doorway state which accumulates a large share of the total width. This state is in essence a modified single-particle continuum decoupled from the resonances due to its large width. Narrow compound AIS should be a common feature of atomic spectra at energies sufficient for excitation of several electrons above the ground-state configuration. The narrow resonances can be observed as peaks in the photoabsorption, or, in electron-ion scattering, as Fano-type profiles on the background provided by the wide doorway-state resonance. It is also shown that the statistics of electromagnetic and autoionization amplitudes involving compound states are close to Gaussian. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less

The two-phase method for finding a great number of eigenpairs of the symmetric or weakly non-symmetric large eigenvalue problems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dul, F.A.; Arczewski, K.

1994-03-01

Although it has been stated that [open quotes]an attempt to solve (very large problems) by subspace iterations seems futile[close quotes], we will show that the statement is not true, especially for extremely large eigenproblems. In this paper a new two-phase subspace iteration/Rayleigh quotient/conjugate gradient method for generalized, large, symmetric eigenproblems Ax = [lambda]Bx is presented. It has the ability of solving extremely large eigenproblems, N = 216,000, for example, and finding a large number of leftmost or rightmost eigenpairs, up to 1000 or more. Multiple eigenpairs, even those with multiplicity 100, can be easily found. The use of the proposedmore » method for solving the big full eigenproblems (N [approximately] 10[sup 3]), as well as for large weakly non-symmetric eigenproblems, have been considered also. The proposed method is fully iterative; thus the factorization of matrices ins avoided. The key idea consists in joining two methods: subspace and Rayleigh quotient iterations. The systems of indefinite and almost singular linear equations (a - [sigma]B)x = By are solved by various iterative conjugate gradient method can be used without danger of breaking down due to its property that may be called [open quotes]self-correction towards the eigenvector,[close quotes] discovered recently by us. The use of various preconditioners (SSOR and IC) has also been considered. The main features of the proposed method have been analyzed in detail. Comparisons with other methods, such as, accelerated subspace iteration, Lanczos, Davidson, TLIME, TRACMN, and SRQMCG, are presented. The results of numerical tests for various physical problems (acoustic, vibrations of structures, quantum chemistry) are presented as well. 40 refs., 12 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Immobilization of actinides in stable mineral type and ceramic materials (high temperature synthesis)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Starkov, O.; Konovalov, E.

1996-05-01

Alternative vitrification technologies are being developed in the world for the immobilization of high radioactive waste in materials with improved thermodynamic stability, as well as improved chemical and thermal stability and stability to radiation. Oxides, synthesized in the form of analogs to rock-forming minerals and ceramics, are among those materials that have highly stable properties and are compatible with the environment. In choosing the appropriate material, we need to be guided by its geometric stability, the minimal number of cations in the structure of the material and the presence of structural elements in the mineral that are isomorphs of uraniummore » and thorium, actinoids found in nature. Rare earth elements, yttrium, zirconium and calcium are therefore suitable. The minerals listed in the table (with the exception of the zircon) are pegatites by origin, i.e. they are formed towards the end of the magma crystallization of silicates form the residual melt, enriched with Ta, Nb, Ti, Zr, Ce, Y, U and Th. Uranium and thorium in the form of isomorphic admixtures form part of the lattice of the mineral. These minerals, which are rather simple in composition and structure and are formed under high temperatures, may be viewed as natural physio-chemical systems that are stable and long-lived in natural environments. The similarity of the properties of actinoids and lanthanoids plays an important role in the geochemistry of uranium and thorium; however, uranium (IV) is closer to the {open_quotes}heavy{close_quotes} group of lanthanoids (the yttrium group) while thorium (IV) is closer to the {open_quotes}light{close_quotes} group (the cerium group). That is why rare earth minerals contain uranium and thorium in the form of isomorphic admixtures.« less

Science mentor program at Mission Hill Junior High School

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dahlquist, K.

Science graduate students from the University of California at Santa Cruz mentor a class of 7th graders from the Mission Hill Junior High School. The program`s purpose is: (1) to create a scientific learning community where scientists interact at different levels of the educational hierarchy; (2) to have fun in order to spark interest in science; and (3) to support girls and minority students in science. A total of seven mentors met with the students at least once a week after school for one quarter to tutor and assist with science fair projects. Other activities included a field trip tomore » a university earth science lab, judging the science fair, and assisting during laboratory exercises. Graduate students run the program with minimal organization and funding, communicating by electronic mail. An informal evaluation of the program by the mentors has concluded that the most valuable and effective activities have been the field trip and assisting with labs. The actual {open_quotes}mentor meetings{close_quotes} after school did not work effectively because they had a vaguely defined purpose and the kids did not show up regularly to participate. Future directions include redefining ourselves as mentors for the entire school instead of just one class and better coordinating our activities with the teachers` curriculum. We will continue to assist with the labs and organize formal tutoring for students having problems with math and science. Finally, we will arrange more activities and field trips such as an amateur astronomy night. We will especially target girls who attended the {open_quotes}Expanding Your Horizons{trademark} in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering{close_quotes} career day for those activities.« less

Source-sink-storage relationships of conifers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Luxmoore, R.J.; Oren, R.; Sheriff, D.W.

1995-07-01

Irradiance, air temperature, saturation vapor pressure deficit, and soil temperature vary in association with Earth`s daily rotation, inducing significant hourly changes in the rates of plant physiological processes. These processes include carbon fixation in photosynthesis, sucrose translocation, and carbon utilization in growth, storage, and respiration. The sensitivity of these physiological processes to environmental factors such as temperature, soil water availability, and nutrient supply reveals differences that must be viewed as an interactive whole in order to comprehend whole-plant responses to the environment. Integrative frameworks for relationships between plant physiological processes are needed to provide syntheses of plant growth and development.more » Source-sink-storage relationships, addressed in this chapter, provide one framework for synthesis of whole-plant responses to external environmental variables. To address this issue, some examples of carbon assimilation and utilization responses of five conifer species to environmental factors from a range of field environments are first summarized. Next, the interactions between sources, sinks, and storages of carbon are examined at the leaf and tree scales, and finally, the review evaluates the proposition that processes involved with carbon utilization (sink activity) are more sensitive to the supply of water and nutrients (particularly nitrogen) than are the processes of carbon gain (source activity) and carbon storage. The terms {open_quotes}sink{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}source{close_quotes} refer to carbon utilization and carbon gain, respectively. The relative roles of stored carbon reserves and of current photosynthate in meeting sink demand are addressed. Discussions focus on source-sink-storage relationships within the diurnal, wetting-drying, and annual cycles of conifer growth and development, and some discussion of life cycle aspects is also presented.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hardke, G.S.; Susman, H.E.

It is now quite some time ago in this industry that the objections of a landowner to the granting of an easement for a new road could be overcome by the use of a bulldozer. The attitude sometimes was build first, negotiate later. That attitude, of course, was not appropriate then, and it is not now. As one of the long term (perhaps longest term) {open_quotes}partners{close_quotes} in project development and operation, the owner of the land under a project site must be dealt with fairly, reasonably, and in a way which will minimize or avoid disputes. Here, we present amore » few suggestions for starting the relationship with the landowner off on the right track. In establishing the legal form of the deal, whether by easement or lease, the goal should be to seek stability, not advantage. There will be too many times when each party will need the consent of the other to allow the development of a situation where on each such occasion, the consenting party will expect some sort of tribute or consideration. For example, one common type of consent is that by the landowner to minor elements of project finance requirements. And no matter how carefully the terms of the lease or easement are negotiated, lenders and their counsel will want changes. If the relationship with the landowner is established on the basis of long term cooperation, it should be no trouble to obtain these consents. If, on the other hand, the developer attempts to gain its project profit margin at the expense of the landowner, it can count on giving the landowner his {open_quotes}pound of flesh{close_quotes} every time the developer or operator needs something from him.« less

Unmasking an autosomal recessive disorder by a deletion in the DiGeorge/Velo-cardio-facial chromosome region (DGCR) in 22q11.2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Budarf, M.L.; Michaud, D.; Emanuel, B.

Unmasking an autosomal recessive disorder by constitutional hemizygosity is well documented for the embryonal tumors RB and WAGR, where the second hit is a somatic event. Few deletion-mediated recessive conditions have been reported in patients with germline mutations. The major platelet receptor for von Willebrand factor, Glycoprotein Ib (GpIb), is a complex of two plasma membrane glycoproteins, Ib{alpha} and Ib{beta}, covalently linked by disulfide bonds. Defects in this receptor have been associated with the rare congenital autosomal recessive bleeding disorder, Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS). BSS is characterized by prolonged bleeding times, thrombocytopenia and very large platelets. The GpIb{beta} gene has beenmore » cloned and we have mapped it within the DGCR. We have identified a patient with phenotypic features of both BSS and VCFS. The patient was referred for 22q11-deletion FISH studies because of a conventricular VSD and mild dysmorphia. FISH with the N25 DiGeorge cosmid demonstrated a deletion in 22q11.2. Western blot analysis of the patient`s platelet proteins demonstrates a complete absence of GpIb{beta}. We suggest that haploinsufficiency for the DGCR in this patient unmasks a mutation in the remaining GpIb{beta} allele, resulting in manifestations of BSS. This mechanism, haploinsufficiency coupled with a mutation of the {open_quotes}normal{close_quotes} chromosome, might explain some of the phenotypic variability seen amongst patients with 22q11.2 microdeletions. These results further suggest that patients with contiguous gene deletion syndromes are at increased risk for autosomal recessive disorders and that they provide the opportunity to {open_quotes}map{close_quotes}disease loci.« less

Discussion paper on wholesale ratemaking considerations for sulfur dioxide emissions allowance trading

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wessler, E.

1993-07-01

The acid rain provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) created an allowance trading program for SO{sub 2} emissions from electric utility power plants. Theoretically, the trading program will provide utilities the flexibility to control their SO{sub 2} emissions at minimum aggregate societal costs. The trading program is a significant change from command-and-control environmental policies. A continuing concern is whether the market-oriented trading program is compatible with the pervasive rate regulation of the electric utility industry. Economists accept traditional rate regulation policies tend to provide incentives for utilities to minimize risks, rather than costs. To the extentmore » that this is true, the allowance trading experiment is not likely to be successful. A number of commenters have described proposals for alternative regulatory policies to provide utilities with appropriate incentives for cost-minimization. These proposals focus on utility incentives at a {open_quotes}macro{close_quotes} level This paper has a {open_quotes}micro{close_quotes} level focus. It examines options for ratemaking that may also influence utility incentives for cost-minimization to provide a structured discussion of the different types of transactions that involve allowances. Emphasis is on the implications of allowance trading on ratemaking for wholesale power sales. Some of the same considerations that apply to wholesale ratemaking may also apply to retail ratemaking. Four generic types of allowance transactions are examined: Type 1: Unbundled Allowance Sales, Type 2: Wholesale Power Sales, Type 3: Pooling Arrangements, and Type 4: Holding Company Transactions. Each of these four generic allowance transactions is assessed along two 3 dimensions: jurisdictional issues and wholesale ratemaking considerations.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sparks, W.E. Jr.

One of Exxon`s goals is to pursue the highest quality exploration opportunities worldwide. To accomplish this goal, we use an approach that allows us to systematically compare the different exploration areas worldwide in order to identify and focus on the highest quality basins and plays, prioritize investment opportunities that are identified in these areas, and allocate our resources appropriately. The process begins with the development of a list of basins that are ranked according to their assessed undiscovered potential and the geotechnical characteristics of their hydrocarbon systems. This basin scale seriatim or rank list is then used to identify themore » highest quality {open_quotes}focus{close_quotes} plays within the higher potential basins and hydrocarbon systems. The ranked list of basins and plays becomes the foundation for development of an {open_quotes}Opportunity Seriatim.{close_quotes} There are three principal components incorporated into Exxon`s Opportunity Seriatim: (1) Geotechnical appraisal - How good is the resource?, (2) Accessibility - Can we or will we be able to access the resource?, and (3) Economics - will we make an acceptable profit if we access the resource? After these components are considered, additional adjustments are made to the Opportunity Seriatim. The Opportunity Seriatim is then used to develop strategies which are globally consistent to build and maintain a broad portfolio of the highest quality opportunities, and finally, to select the best quality prospects in our highest quality plays for funding. Prospects are selected based on risk vs. reward ratio, drilling commitments, and appropriate economic yardsticks. Using this process, Exxon has steadily improved its exploration performance. Over the last ten years, the volume of reserves Exxon discovers has increased, our drilling success rate has improved substantially, and our finding costs have continued to fall.« less

A safety management system for an offshore Azerbaijan Caspian Sea Project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brasic, M.F.; Barber, S.W.; Hill, A.S.

1996-11-01

This presentation will describe the Safety Management System that Azerbaijan International Operating Company (AIOC) has structured to assure that Company activities are performed in a manner that protects the public, the environment, contractors and AIOC employees. The Azerbaijan International Oil Company is a consortium of oil companies that includes Socar, the state oil company of Azerbaijan, a number of major westem oil companies, and companies from Russia, Turkey and Saudi Arabia. The Consortium was formed to develop and produce a group of large oil fields in the Caspian Sea. The Management of AIOC, in starting a new operation in Azerbaijan,more » recognized the need for a formal HSE management system to ensure that their HSE objectives for AIOC activities were met. As a consortium of different partners working together in a unique operation, no individual partner company HSE Management system was appropriate. Accordingly AIOC has utilized the E & P Forum {open_quotes}Guidelines for the Development and Application of Health Safety and Environmental Management Systems{close_quotes} as the framework document for the development of the new AIOC system. Consistent with this guideline, AIOC has developed 19 specific HSE Management System Expectations for implementing its HSE policy and objectives. The objective is to establish and continue to maintain operational integrity in all AIOC activities and site operations. An important feature is the use of structured Safety Cases for the design engineering activity. The basis for the Safety Cases is API RP 75 and 14 J for offshore facilities and API RP 750 for onshore facilities both complimented by {open_quotes}Best International Oilfield Practice{close_quotes}. When viewed overall, this approach provides a fully integrated system of HSE management from design into operation.« less

The new role of HSE in chemical product development

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Purinton, R.J. Jr.; Manning, T.S.; Dowell, S.

1996-11-01

Today, Health, Safety, and Environmental issues take a more prominent role than ever before in chemical product development for the global oilfield service industry. Prior to widespread regulatory guidelines, technical problems were solved and well treatment programs were developed using the chemicals which performed the best and were the least expensive for the application. HSE concerns were sometimes addressed from a remedial standpoint, rather than a preventive one throughout the process. With a clearer understanding of the potential impact of chemicals upon people and the environment, along with the ever-increasing array of government regulations, service companies are taking a newmore » approach to product development. HSE-related risks and costs are being assessed early and continued throughout chemical development, with both product and treatment process features then designed accordingly. One service company reflects this approach with its {open_quotes}cradle-to-grave{close_quotes} Product Development and Stewardship program. Integral to this program are planned HSE assessments at each step of development, including Feasibility, Lab Development, Field Testing, Manufacturing, and Commercial Field Introduction. These assessments provide the data necessary to {open_quotes}engineer-in{close_quotes} solutions to potential HSE-related problems, produce viable Risk Management Plans, and promote a smoother path to commercialization. This avoids arriving at the commercial launch point with a product which poses unacceptably high personal or environmental risks, may be restricted or banned in key markets, or requires lengthy and expensive government registrations. In order to optimize R&E resources and ensure continuous evaluation, decision points (to continue, modify, or abandon) are built into the process. Early HSE screenings must be accurate but also relatively quick and inexpensive to be meaningful and economical.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Garabedian, G.

This document details the decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) process of Rooms 248 and 250 of Building 62 at the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). The document describes the D&D efforts for the rooms, their contents, and adjacent areas containing ancillary equipment. The rooms and equipment, before being released, were required to meet the unrestricted release criteria and requirements set forth in DOE orders 5400.5 and 5480.11, LBNL`s internal release-criteria procedure (EH&S Procedure 708), and the LBNL Radiological Control Manual. The radioactive material and items not meeting the release criteria were either sent to the Hazardous Waste Handling Facilitymore » (HWHF) for disposal or transferred to other locations approved for radioactive material. The D&D was undertaken by the Radiation Protection Group of LBNL`s Environment, Health and Safety (EH&S) Division at the request of the Materials Sciences Division. Current and past use of radioactive material in both Rooms 248 and 250 necessitated the D&D in order to release both rooms for nonradioactive work. (1) Room 248 was designated a {open_quotes}controlled area.{close_quotes} There was contained radioactive material in some of the equipment. The previous occupants of Room 248 had worked with radioactive materials. (2) Room 250 was designated a {open_quotes}Radioactive Materials Management Area{close_quotes} (RMMA) because the current occupants used potentially dispersible radioisotopes. Both laboratories, during the occupancy of U.C. Berkeley Professor Leo Brewer and Ms. Karen Krushwitz, were kept in excellent condition. There was a detailed inventory of all radioactive materials and chemicals. All work and self surveys were documented. The labs were kept extremely orderly, clean, and in compliance. In October 1993 Ms. Krushwitz received an award in recognition of her efforts in Environmental Protection, Health, and Safety at LBNL.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shoaf, C.R.; Guth, D.J.

The Air Risk Information Support Center (Air RISC) was initiated in early 1988 by the US Environmental Protection Agency`s (EPA) Office of Health and Environmental Assessment (OHEA) and the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) as a technology transfer effort that would focus on providing information to state and local environmental agencies and to EPA Regional Offices in the areas of health, risk, and exposure assessment for toxic air pollutants. Technical information is fostered and disseminated by Air RISCs three primary activities: (1) a {open_quotes}hotline{close_quotes}, (2) quick turn-around technical assistance projects, and (3) general technical guidance projects. 1more » ref., 2 figs.« less

Hydrogen powered sports car series (internal combustion engine and fuel cells)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gotthold, J.P.

The electric hybrid vehicle can solve the problems which today make the pure electric car limited in its acceptance. The primary limitations are excess weight and short range due to a heavy battery pack of limited energy density. Our basic vehicular design makes use of three power technologies in a balanced way. The chassis is the standard Volkswagen Beetle type which carried many millions of the {open_quotes}beetles{close_quotes} across all the Earth`s continents. The body is a fiberfab replica of a 1970s design sports car which provides three compartments from it`s original mid engine design and a classic aerodynamic shape.

Advanced fuel gas desulfurization (AFGD) demonstration project. Technical progress report No. 19, July 1, 1994--September 30, 1994

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1995-12-01

The {open_quotes}Advanced Flue Gas Desulfurization (AFGD) Demonstration Project{close_quotes} is a $150.5 million cooperative effort between the U.S. Department of Energy and Pure Air, a general partnership of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America, Inc. The AFGD process is one of several alternatives to conventional flue gas desulfurization (FGD) being demonstrated under the Department of Energy`s Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program. The AFGD demonstration project is located at the Northern Indiana Public Service Company`s Bailly Generating Station, about 12 miles northeast of Gary, Indiana.

Solar transformation: Sun on the reservation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Epstein, R.T.

1994-01-01

To most Americans, the simple act of flicking on the light is as taken for granted as breathing air-without so much as a thought about its possible environmental consequences. But to Sylvia Brownskill and hundreds on the New Mexico Navajo Indian reservation, accessing electricity without harming the environment is of the utmost importance-and until recently, virtually impossible. Four years ago, however, practical technology for producing {open_quotes}clean{close_quotes} energy became available, and now even in the most remote locations of the reservation can flick on a light switch, knowing that the electricity generated is produced in its entirety by the power ofmore » the sun.« less

Recycled plastics: On-line exchange may breathe life into market

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stringer, J.

1995-11-15

While plastics recycling has become more technologically developed during the past few years, the market-made up of a large number of small companies and municipalities-still remains plagued by unorganized pricing and lack of standardized quality. However, industry players are hoping the recently launched Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) Recyclable Exchange will put new life into the market by establishing industry-wide standards and making the market more efficient. While many are watching the project with {open_quotes}cautious optimism,{close_quotes} the goal is to match up suppliers with buyers and make recyclable trading easier and cheaper, especially for smaller companies.

Nebraska files suit to block disposal site

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Just when the Central Interstate Low-Level Radioactive Waste Compact thought things might be starting to go its way, the state of Nebraska, following instructions from Gov. Ben Nelson, has filed a new lawsuit to block development of an LLW disposal site within its borders. The suit maintains that the recently reconfigured proposed site (in which an area of wetlands was excluded) has not received [open quotes]community consent,[close quotes] as required by state law; says that site developer, US Ecology, has not obtained county consent; and asks that the court permanently prevent development of any LLW site in Nebraska until communitymore » consent is demonstrated.« less

Numerical methods for the unsymmetric tridiagonal eigenvalue problem

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jessup, E.R.

1996-12-31

This report summarizes the results of our project {open_quotes}Numerical Methods for the Unsymmetric Tridiagonal Eigenvalue Problem{close_quotes}. It was funded by both by a DOE grant (No. DE-FG02-92ER25122, 6/1/92-5/31/94, $100,000) and by an NSF Research Initiation Award (No. CCR-9109785, 7/1/91-6/30/93, $46,564.) The publications resulting from that project during the DOE funding period are listed below. Two other journal papers and two other conference papers were produced during the NSF funding period. Most of the listed conference papers are early or partial versions of the listed journal papers.

Interaction and particle{endash}hole symmetry of Laughlin quasiparticles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wojs, Arkadiusz

2001-06-15

The pseudopotentials describing interaction of Laughlin quasielectrons (QE) and quasiholes (QH) in an infinite fractional quantum Hall system are studied. The QE and QH pseudopotentials are similar, which suggests the (approximate) particle{endash}hole symmetry recovered in the thermodynamical limit. The problem of the hypothetical symmetry-breaking QE hard-core repulsion is resolved by the estimate that the {open_quotes}forbidden{close_quotes} QE pair state has too high an energy and is unstable. Strong oscillations of the QE and QH pseudopotentials persist in an infinite system, and the analogous QE and QH pair states with small relative angular momentum and nearly vanishing interaction energy are predicted.

A not-so-funny thing happened on the way to relicensing the Edwards Dam

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ayer, F.J.; Isaacson, M.

1995-12-31

What started out as a seemingly straightforward and simple exercise, obtaining a new FERC license for the Edwards Dam in Augusta, Maine, turned out to be anything but straightforward and far from simple. This article tells the story of one of the more interesting and possibly precedent setting cases in the {open_quotes}class of 93{close_quotes} and is presented in three sections: (1) the history of the Edwards Dam and the FERC regulatory process through the spring of 1995; (2) Edwards` response to the dam removal campaign; and (3) recommendations for FERC licensees threatened by dam removal during relicensing.

Wheat grain quality under enhanced tropospheric CO{sub 2} and O{sub 3} concentrations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rudorff, B.F.T.; Mulchi, C.L.; Fenny, P.

It is expected that the progressive increase of tropospheric trace gases such as CO{sub 2} and O{sub 3} will have a significant impact on agricultural production. The single and combined effects of CO{sub 2} enrichment and tropospheric O{sub 3} on grain quality characteristics in soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were examined in field studies using 3 m in diam. open-top chambers. Wheat cultivars {open_quotes}Massey{close_quotes} (1991) and {open_quotes}Saluda{close_quotes} (1992) were exposed to two CO{sub 2} concentrations (350 vs. 500 {mu}mol CO{sub 2} mol{sup {minus}1}; 12 h d{sup {minus}1}) in combination with two O{sub 3} regimes (charcoal-filtered air vs. ambientmore » air + 40 {plus_minus} 20 nmol O{sub 3} mol{sup {minus}1}, 7 h d{sup {minus}1}; Monday to Friday) from late March until maturity in June. Grain quality characteristics investigated included: test weight, milling and baking quality, flour yield, protein content, softness equivalent, alkaline water retention capacity, and cookie diameter. In general, exposure of plants to either elevated CO{sub 2} or weekly chronic O{sub 3} episodes caused only small changes in grain quality. Milling and baking quality score were not significantly changed in response to treatments in both years. Flour yield was increased by elevated CO{sub 2} but this increase was counteracted when elevated CO{sub 2} was combined with chronic O{sub 3} exposure. Flour protein contents were increased by enhanced O{sub 3} under elevated CO{sub 2}. Although the single effect of either CO{sub 2} enrichment or chronic O{sub 3} exposure had some impact o grain quality characteristics, it was noted that the combined effect of these gases was minor. It is likely that the concomitant increase of CO{sub 2} and O{sub 3} in the troposphere will have no significant impact on wheat grain quality. 25 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.« less

78 FR 8621 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; C2 Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-06

... very different than 10 years ago) and markets are more open to new users than ever before. Under the... different than 10 years ago) and markets are more open to new users than ever before. Under the Options... between the quoted best offer and best bid in each class on C2 (the displayed C2 ask price minus the...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chynoweth, E.; Young, I.

The plastics recycling debate quite literally took center stage at the K '92 international plastics fair. Leading figures of the European plastic industry, including Jacques Puechal, chairman of Elf Atochem and president of the European Chemical Industry Council (Brussels), and Klaus Toepfer and Segolene Royal, the environment ministers of Germany and France, respectively, took part in a forum discussion in front of an audience of 600-plus. Exhibitors of K '92 managed to maintain an air of optimism at the show in spite of gloomy market conditions. A couple of firms admitted business in plastics was [open quotes]catastrophic[close quotes] and [openmore » quotes]a nightmare.[close quotes] At the forum the Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME; Brussels), represented by its president, Dieter Cron, promoted the cascade concept to answer the plastics waste problem. This includes incineration with energy recovery in cases in which recycling is senseless economically and environmentally. Toepfer stated his wish for the period between use and final incineration to be extended through more recycling. Royal suggested that France and Germany set up a joint research program looking at the environmental impact of waste-to-energy technologies. Industry representatives, including Puechal, note the importance of developing a pan-European legal framework for recycling, because the business is international.« less

Improving college science teaching through peer coaching and classroom assessment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sode, J.R.

Peer coaching involves the observation of one teacher by another. This observation is accompanied by open and honest reflective discussion. The three main components of peer coaching are pre conference (for setting observation guidelines and building trust), observation (the sytematic collection of classroom data), and post conference (a non evaluative examination and discussion of the classroom). The non-evaluative post conference involves an examination of the teaching/learning process that occurred during the observation phase. In effective assessment, information on what and how well students are learning is used to make decisions about overall program improvement and to implement continuous classroom improvement.more » During peer coaching and assessment neither the instructor nor the students are formally evaluated. This session presents a sequential process in which the peer coaching steps of pre conference, observation, and post conference are combined with assessment to provide instructional guidance. An actual cast study, using the student complaint, {open_quotes}Lectures are boring and useless,{close_quotes} is used to demonstrate the process.« less

Openness initiative

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duncan, S.S.

1995-12-31

Although antinuclear campaigns seem to be effective, public communication and education efforts on low-level radioactive waste have mixed results. Attempts at public information programs on low-level radioactive waste still focus on influencing public opinion. A question then is: {open_quotes}Is it preferable to have a program focus on public education that will empower individuals to make informed decisions rather than trying to influence them in their decisions?{close_quotes} To address this question, a case study with both quantitative and qualitative data will be used. The Ohio Low-Level Radioactive Waste Education Program has a goal to provide people with information they want/need tomore » make their own decisions. The program initiated its efforts by conducting a statewide survey to determine information needed by people and where they turned for that information. This presentation reports data from the survey and then explores the program development process in which programs were designed and presented using the information. Pre and post data from the programs reveal attitude and knowledge shifts.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lopez, M.; Torres, L.; Cervantes, A.

Most individuals with the rare 46,XX male {open_quotes}syndrome{close_quotes} arise due to an unequal interchange between Xp and Yp termini during paternal meiosis. The pattern of Y-sequences in these patients varies considerably, but very few cases have been reported showing only SRY. The phenotype in these patients is also variable ranging from severe impairment of the external genitalia through hypospadias and/or cryptorchidism to occasional normal male phenotype. We report a Mexican 46,XX male patient without genital ambiguities in whom DNA analysis showed the presence of SRY and the absence of ZFY. We conclude that in this case SRY alone was enoughmore » for complete male sexual differentiation. 25 refs., 1 fig.« less

Authorized limits for Fernald copper ingots

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Frink, N.; Kamboj, S.; Hensley, J.

This development document contains data and analysis to support the approval of authorized limits for the unrestricted release of 59 t of copper ingots containing residual radioactive material from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Fernald Environmental Management Project (FEMP). The analysis presented in this document comply with the requirements of DOE Order 5400.5, {open_quotes}Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment,{close_quotes} as well as the requirements of the proposed promulgation of this order as 10 CFR Part 834. The document was developed following the step-by-step process described in the Draft Handbook for Controlling Release for Reuse or Recycle Propertymore » Containing Residual Radioactive Material.« less

Configuration Management Plan for K Basins

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Weir, W.R.; Laney, T.

This plan describes a configuration management program for K Basins that establishes the systems, processes, and responsibilities necessary for implementation. The K Basins configuration management plan provides the methodology to establish, upgrade, reconstitute, and maintain the technical consistency among the requirements, physical configuration, and documentation. The technical consistency afforded by this plan ensures accurate technical information necessary to achieve the mission objectives that provide for the safe, economic, and environmentally sound management of K Basins and the stored material. The configuration management program architecture presented in this plan is based on the functional model established in the DOE Standard, DOE-STD-1073-93,more » {open_quotes}Guide for Operational Configuration Management Program{close_quotes}.« less

Creating an automated tool for measuring software cohesion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tutton, J.M.; Zucconi, L.

1994-05-06

Program modules with high complexity tend to be more error prone and more difficult to understand. These factors increase maintenance and enhancement costs. Hence, a tool that can help programmers determine a key factor in module complexity should be very useful. Our goal is to create a software tool that will automatically give a quantitative measure of the cohesiveness of a given module, and hence give us an estimate of the {open_quotes}maintainability{close_quotes} of that module. The Tool will use a metric developed by Professors Linda M. Ott and James M. Bieman. The Ott/Bieman metric gives quantitative measures that indicate themore » degree of functional cohesion using abstract data slices.« less

Hungry Horse Dam Fisheries Mitigation; Kokanee Stocking and Monitoring in Flathead Lake, 1995 Annual Report.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fredenberg, Wade; Carty, Daniel; Cavigli, Jon

1996-06-01

The operation of Hungry Horse Dam on the South Fork-of the Flathead River reduced the reproductive success of kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) spawning in the Flathead River. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (MFWP) and the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes (CSKT) authored a mitigation plan to offset those losses. The mitigation goal, stated in the Fisheries Mitigation Plan for Losses Attributed to the Construction and Operation of Hungry Horse Dam, is to: {open_quotes}Replace lost annual production of 100,000 kokanee adults, initially through hatchery production and pen rearing in Flathead Lake, partially replacing lost forage for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Flatheadmore » Lake.{close_quotes}« less

Time-dependent stress concentration and microcrack nucleation in TiAl

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yoo, M.H.

1995-07-01

Localized stress evolution associated with the interaction of slip or twinning with an interface is treated by means of a superposition of the {open_quotes}internal loading{close_quotes} of a crystalline subsystem by dynamic dislocation pile-up and the stress relaxation by climb of interfacial dislocations. The peak value of a stress concentration factor depends on both the angular function that includes the effect of mode mixity and the ratio of characteristic times for stress relaxation and internal loading. The available experimental data on orientation and strain-rate dependences of interfacial fracture mode in polysynthetically twinned TiAl crystals are discussed in view of the theoreticalmore » concepts presented in this paper.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Norris, R.S.; Arkin, W.M.

The US. nuclear stockpile is at its lowest level since late 1958 or early 1959. In the past year, many weapons were returned to central military storage depots in the United States and funneled to the Energy Department's Pantex facility for final disassembly and disposal. This article presents a table showing the author's current estimate of the composition of the current operational stockpile, which contains some 10,500 warheads. Also categorized are warheads in [open quotes]inactive reserve[close quotes] and warheads awaiting eventual disassembly. The warheads are generally grouped as bombs, submarine-launched ballistic missiles, intercontinental ballistic missiles, air-launched cruise missiles, and sea-launchedmore » cruise missiles. Initial production dates and yield are listed for the warheads.« less

Remediation by in-situ solidification/stabilisation of Ardeer landfill, Scotland

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wyllie, M.; Esnault, A.; Barker, P.

1997-12-31

The Ardeer Landfill site at ICI Explosives factory on the west coast of Scotland had been a repository for waste from the site for 40 years. In order to safeguard the local environment ICI Explosives, with approval of Local Authorities and the Clyde River Purification Board put into action a programme of investigation and planning which culminated in the in-situ treatment of 10,000 m3 of waste within the landfill by a deep mixing method using the {open_quotes}Colmix{close_quotes} system. The paper describes in varying degrees of detail the remediation from investigation to the execution of the in-situ stabilisation and presents themore » post construction monitoring results.« less

Alpha effect of Alfv{acute e}n waves and current drive in reversed-field pinches

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Litwin, C.; Prager, S.C.

Circularly polarized Alfv{acute e}n waves give rise to an {alpha}-dynamo effect that can be exploited to drive parallel current. In a {open_quotes}laminar{close_quotes} magnetic the effect is weak and does not give rise to significant currents for realistic parameters (e.g., in tokamaks). However, in reversed-field pinches (RFPs) in which magnetic field in the plasma core is stochastic, a significant enhancement of the {alpha} effect occurs. Estimates of this effect show that it may be a realistic method of current generation in the present-day RFP experiments and possibly also in future RFP-based fusion reactors. {copyright} {ital 1998 American Institute of Physics.}

MTBE, ethanol rules come under fire

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Begley, R.

EPA is facing stiff challenges to the mandates for methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethanol in its reformulated gasoline (RFG) program. Wisconsin officials are receiving hundreds of complaints about the alleged health effects and other problems with MTBE added to gasoline, and Gov. Tommy Thompson is demanding that EPA suspend the RFG program until April 1. Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R., WI) is threatening to introduce a bill to repeal the program in Wisconsin if EPA does not comply. However, EPA administrator Carol Browner says the agency will {open_quotes}defer any decision{close_quotes} on the request. EPA has sent technical experts to Milwaukeemore » to respond to and monitor citizens` complaints.« less

Smart Gun Technology project. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Weiss, D.R.

The goal of the Smart Gun Technology project is to eliminate the capability of an unauthorized user form firing a law officer`s firearm by implementing user-recognizing-and-authorizing (or {open_quotes}smart{close_quotes}) surety technologies. This project was funded by the National Institute of Justice. This report lists the findings and results of the project`s three primary objectives. First, to find and document the requirements for a smart firearm technology that law enforcement officers will value. Second, to investigate, evaluate, and prioritize technologies that meet the requirements for a law enforcement officer`s smart firearm. Third, to demonstrate and document the most promising technology`s usefulness inmore » models of a smart firearm.« less

METLIN-PC: An applications-program package for problems of mathematical programming

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pshenichnyi, B.N.; Sobolenko, L.A.; Sosnovskii, A.A.

1994-05-01

The METLIN-PC applications-program package (APP) was developed at the V.M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine on IBM PC XT and AT computers. The present version of the package was written in Turbo Pascal and Fortran-77. The METLIN-PC is chiefly designed for the solution of smooth problems of mathematical programming and is a further development of the METLIN prototype, which was created earlier on a BESM-6 computer. The principal property of the previous package is retained - the applications modules employ a single approach based on the linearization method of B.N. Pschenichnyi. Hence the namemore » {open_quotes}METLIN.{close_quotes}« less

Information retrieval for a document writing assistance program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Corral, M.L.; Simon, A.; Julien, C.

This paper presents an Information Retrieval mechanism to facilitate the writing of technical documents in the space domain. To address the need for document exchange between partners in a given project, documents are standardized. The writing of a new document requires the re-use of existing documents or parts thereof. These parts can be identified by {open_quotes}tagging{close_quotes} the logical structure of documents and restored by means of a purpose-built Information Retrieval System (I.R.S.). The I.R.S. implemented in our writing assistance tool uses natural language queries and is based on a statistical linguistic approach which is enhanced by the use of documentmore » structure module.« less

Story of a Mural

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schaffer, Nancy K.

1976-01-01

The development of a muralmaking project during a three-week summer institute in open education in Manhattan is described. Photographs and videotape provide a record to share with teachers and schools who wish to use muralmaking as a curriculum element. Preparation is recounted; participants' logs and community reactions are quoted. (AJ)

Electron and hole relaxation pathways in semiconductor quantum dots

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Klimov, V.I.; McBranch, D.W.; Leatherdale, C.A.

1999-11-01

Femtosecond (fs) broad-band transient absorption (TA) is used to study the intraband relaxation and depopulation dynamics of electron and hole quantized states in CdSe nanocrystals (NC{close_quote}s) with a range of surface properties. Instead of the drastic reduction in the energy relaxation rate expected due to a {open_quotes}phonon bottleneck,{close_quotes} we observe a fast subpicosecond 1P-to-1S electron relaxation, with the rate exceeding that due to phonon emission in bulk semiconductors. The energy relaxation is enhanced with reducing the NC{close_quote}s radius, and does not show any dependence on the NC surface properties (quality of the surface passivation). These data indicate that electron energymore » relaxation occurs by neither multiphonon emission nor by coupling to surface defects, but is likely meditated by Auger-type electron-hole energy transfer. We use fs infrared TA to probe electron and hole intraband transitions, which allows us to distinguish between electron and hole relaxation pathways leading to the depopulation of NC quantized states. In contrast to the electron relaxation, which is controlled by NC surface passivation, the depopulation of hole quantized states is extremely fast (sub-ps-to-ps time scales) in all types of samples, independent of NC surface treatment (including NC{close_quote}s overcoated with a ZnS layer). Our results indicate that ultrafast hole dynamics are not due to trapping at localized surface defects such as a vacancy, but rather arise from relaxation into intrinsic NC states or intrinsically unpassivated interface states. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}« less

Methodology for the study of the boiling crisis in a nuclear fuel bundle

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Crecy, F. de; Juhel, D.

1995-09-01

The boiling crisis is one of the phenoumena limiting the available power from a nuclear power plant. It has been widely studied for decades, and numerous data, models, correlations or tables are now available in the literature. If we now try to obtain a general view of previous work in this field, we may note that there are several ways of tackling the subject. The mechanistic models try to model the two-phase flow topology and the interaction between different sublayers, and must be validated by comparison with basic experiments, such as DEBORA, where we try to obtain some detailed informationsmore » on the two-phase flow pattern in a pure and simple geometry. This allows us to obtain better knowledge of the so-called {open_quotes}intrinsic effect{close_quotes}. These models are not yet acceptable for nuclear use. As the geometry of the rod bundles and grids has a tremendous importance for the Critical Heat Flux (CHF), it is mandatory to have more precise results for a given fuel rod bundle in a restricted range of parameters: this leads to the empirical approach, using empirical CHF predictors (tables, correlations, splines, etc...). One of the key points of such a method is the obtaining local thermohydraulic values, that is to say the evaluation of the so-called {open_quotes}mixing effect{close_quotes}. This is done by a subchannel analysis code or equivalent, which can be qualified on two kinds of experiments: overall flow measurements in a subchannel, such as HYDROMEL in single-phase flow or GRAZIELLA in two-phase flow, or detailed measurements inside a subchannel, such as AGATE. Nevertheless, the final qualification of a specific nuclear fuel, i.e. the synthesis of these mechanistic and empirical approaches, intrinsic and mixing effects, etc..., must be achieved on a global test such as OMEGA. This is the strategy used in France by CEA and its partners FRAMATOME and EdF.« less

Downscaling of global climate change estimates to regional scales: An application to Iberian rainfall in wintertime

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

von Storch, H.; Zorita, E.; Cubasch, U.

A statistical strategy to deduct regional-scale features from climate general circulation model (GCM) simulations has been designed and tested. The main idea is to interrelate the characteristic patterns of observed simultaneous variations of regional climate parameters and of large-scale atmospheric flow using the canonical correlation technique. The large-scale North Atlantic sea level pressure (SLP) is related to the regional, variable, winter (DJF) mean Iberian Peninsula rainfall. The skill of the resulting statistical model is shown by reproducing, to a good approximation, the winter mean Iberian rainfall from 1900 to present from the observed North Atlantic mean SLP distributions. It ismore » shown that this observed relationship between these two variables is not well reproduced in the output of a general circulation model (GCM). The implications for Iberian rainfall changes as the response to increasing atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations simulated by two GCM experiments are examined with the proposed statistical model. In an instantaneous [open quotes]2 CO[sub 2][close quotes] doubling experiment, using the simulated change of the mean North Atlantic SLP field to predict Iberian rainfall yields, there is an insignificant increase of area-averaged rainfall of I mm/month, with maximum values of 4 mm/month in the northwest of the peninsula. In contrast, for the four GCM grid points representing the lberian Peninsula, the change is - 10 mm/month, with a minimum of - 19 mm/month in the southwest. In the second experiment, with the IPCC scenario A ([open quotes]business as usual[close quotes]) increase of CO[sub 2], the statistical-model results partially differ from the directly simulated rainfall changes: in the experimental range of 100 years, the area-averaged rainfall decreases by 7 mm/month (statistical model), and by 9 mm/month (GCM); at the same time the amplitude of the interdecadal variability is quite different. 17 refs., 10 figs.« less

Corrrective action decision document for the Cactus Spring Waste Trenches (Corrective Action Unit No. 426). Revision No. 1

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The Corrective Action Decision Document (CADD) for the Cactus Spring Waste Trenches (Corrective Action Unit [CAU] No. 426) has been prepared for the US Department of Energy`s (DOE) Nevada Environmental Restoration Project. This CADD has been developed to meet the requirements of the Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order (FFACO) of 1996, stated in Appendix VI, {open_quotes}Corrective Action Strategy{close_quotes} (FFACO, 1996). The Cactus Spring Waste Trenches Corrective Action Site (CAS) No. RG-08-001-RG-CS is included in CAU No. 426 (also referred to as the {open_quotes}trenches{close_quotes}); it has been identified as one of three potential locations for buried, radioactively contaminated materials frommore » the Double Tracks Test. The trenches are located on the east flank of the Cactus Range in the eastern portion of the Cactus Spring Ranch at the Tonopah Test Range (TTR) in Nye County, Nevada, on the northern portion of Nellis Air Force Range. The TTR is approximately 225 kilometers (km) (140 miles [mi]) northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada, by air and approximately 56 km (35 mi) southeast of Tonopah, Nevada, by road. The trenches were dug for the purpose of receiving waste generated during Operation Roller Coaster, primarily the Double Tracks Test. This test, conducted in 1963, involved the use of live animals to assess the biological hazards associated with non-nuclear detonation of plutonium-bearing devices (i.e., inhalation uptake of plutonium aerosol). The CAS consists of four trenches that received solid waste and had an overall impacted area of approximately 36 meters (m) (120 feet [ft]) long x 24 m (80 ft) wide x 3 to 4.5 m (10 to 15 ft) deep. The average depressions at the trenches are approximately 0.3 m (1 ft) below land surface.« less

Pathways to privatization: Issues and concerns on the road to privatization of facilities on the Oak Ridge Reservation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yard, C.R.

1997-02-01

Through the cooperative efforts of the State of Tennessee and the Department of Energy, privatization of the first federal facility on the Oak Ridge Reservation has become a reality. One section of the facility has been transferred to private industry while the other portion of the facility remains in control of the government`s prime contractor. Due to this unusual arrangement, there are significant issues to be dealt with. This paper will describe the issues and concerns expressed by the participants in the process. The State of Tennessee`s efforts are primarily conducted by two Divisions of the Department of Environment andmore » Conservation. These two Divisions (Radiological Health and DOE-Oversight) share the responsibility of assuring that the privatization effort is properly implemented. This shared responsibility is divided along distinct lines by the Divisions respective regulatory and nonregulatory functions. DOE responsibilities during transfer are delineated in the Federal Facilities Agreement (FFA) section XLIII. Property Transfer. The FFA states (in part) that {open_quotes}the DOE shall include notice of this agreement in any document transferring ownership or operation of the site to any subsequent owner and/or operator of any portion of the site and shall notify EPA and TDEC of any such sale or Transfer.{close_quotes} The FFA continues by stating that {open_quotes}No change in ownership of the site or any portionthereof or notice pursuant to Section 120 (h) (3) (B) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. {delta} 9620 (h) (3) (B), shall relieve the DOE of its obligation to perform pursuant to this agreement. No change of ownership of the site or any portion thereof shall be consummated by the DOE without provision for continued maintenance of any containment system, treatment system, or other response action(s) installed or implemented pursuant to this Agreement. This provision does not relieve the DOE of its obligation under 40 C.F.R. Part 270.{close_quotes}« less

Expanding relativistic shells and gamma-ray burst temporal structure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fenimore, E.E.; Madras, C.D.; Nayakshin, S.

1996-12-01

Many models of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) involve a shell expanding at extreme relativistic speeds. The shell of material expands in a photon-quiet phase for a period {ital t}{sub 0} and then becomes gamma-ray active, perhaps due to inhomogeneities in the interstellar medium or the generation of shocks. Based on kinematics, we relate the envelope of the emission of the event to the characteristics of the photon-quiet and photon-active phases. We initially assume local spherical symmetry wherein, on average, the same conditions prevail over the shell`s surface within angles the order of {Gamma}{sup {minus}1}, where {Gamma} is the Lorentz factor formore » the bulk motion. The contribution of the curvature to the temporal structure is comparable to the contribution from the overall expansion. As a result, GRB time histories from a shell should have an envelope similar to {open_quotes}FRED{close_quotes} (fast rise, exponential decay) events in which the rise time is related to the duration of the photon-active phase and the fall time is related to the duration of the photon-quiet phase. This result depends only on local spherical symmetry and, since most GRBs do not have such envelopes, we introduce the {open_quotes}shell symmetry{close_quotes} problem: the observed time history envelopes of most GRBs do not agree with that expected for a relativistic expanding shell. Although FREDs have the signature of a relativistic shell, they may not be due to a single shell, as required by some cosmological models. Some FREDs have precursors in which the peaks are separated by more than the expansion time required to explain FRED shape. Such a burst is most likely explained by a central engine; that is, the separation of the multiple peaks occurs because the central site produced multiple releases of energy on timescales comparable to the duration of the event. (Abstract Truncated)« less

Gaucher disease: A G[sup +1][yields]A[sup +1] IVS2 splice donor site mutation causing exon 2 skipping in the acid [beta]-glucosidase mRNA

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

He, Guo-Shun; Grabowski, G.A.

1992-10-01

Gaucher disease is the most frequent lysosomal storage disease and the most prevalent Jewish genetic disease. About 30 identified missense mutations are causal to the defective activity of acid [beta]-glucosidase in this disease. cDNAs were characterized from a moderately affected 9-year-old Ashkenazi Jewish Gaucher disease type 1 patient whose 80-years-old, enzyme-deficient, 1226G (Asn[sup 370][yields]Ser [N370S]) homozygous grandfather was nearly asymptomatic. Sequence analyses revealed four populations of cDNAs with either the 1226G mutation, an exact exon 2 ([Delta] EX2) deletion, a deletion of exon 2 and the first 115 bp of exon 3 ([Delta] EX2-3), or a completely normal sequence. Aboutmore » 50% of the cDNAs were the [Delta] EX2, the [Delta] EX2-3, and the normal cDNAs, in a ratio of 6:3:1. Specific amplification and characterization of exon 2 and 5[prime] and 3[prime] intronic flanking sequences from the structural gene demonstrated clones with either the normal sequence or with a G[sup +1][yields]A[sup +1] transition at the exon 2/intron 2 boundary. This mutation destroyed the splice donor consensus site (U1 binding site) for mRNA processing. This transition also was present at the corresponding exon/intron boundary of the highly homologous pseudogene. This new mutation, termed [open quotes]IVS2 G[sup +1],[close quotes] is the first in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. The occurrence of this [open quotes]pseudogene[close quotes]-type mutation in the structural gene indicates the role of acid [beta]-glucosidase pseudogene and structural gene rearrangements in the pathogenesis of this disease. 33 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.« less

Computational studies for a multiple-frequency electron cyclotron resonance ion source (abstract)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Alton, G.D.

1996-03-01

The number density of electrons, the energy (electron temperature), and energy distribution are three of the fundamental properties which govern the performance of electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion sources in terms of their capability to produce high charge state ions. The maximum electron energy is affected by several processes including the ability of the plasma to absorb power. In principle, the performances of an ECR ion source can be realized by increasing the physical size of the ECR zone in relation to the total plasma volume. The ECR zones can be increased either in the spatial or frequency domains inmore » any ECR ion source based on B-minimum plasma confinement principles. The former technique requires the design of a carefully tailored magnetic field geometry so that the central region of the plasma volume is a large, uniformly distributed plasma volume which surrounds the axis of symmetry, as proposed in Ref. . Present art forms of the ECR source utilize single frequency microwave power supplies to maintain the plasma discharge; because the magnetic field distribution continually changes in this source design, the ECR zones are relegated to thin {open_quote}{open_quote}surfaces{close_quote}{close_quote} which surround the axis of symmetry. As a consequence of the small ECR zone in relation to the total plasma volume, the probability for stochastic heating of the electrons is quite low, thereby compromising the source performance. This handicap can be overcome by use of broadband, multiple frequency microwave power as evidenced by the enhanced performances of the CAPRICE and AECR ion sources when two frequency microwave power was utilized. We have used particle-in-cell codes to simulate the magnetic field distributions in these sources and to demonstrate the advantages of using multiple, discrete frequencies over single frequencies to power conventional ECR ion sources. (Abstract Truncated)« less

Responses of older men with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to prolonged ozone exposure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gong, H. Jr.; Shamoo, D.A.; Anderson, K.R.

1997-01-01

We tested responses to ozone (O{sub 3}) under simulated {open_quotes}worst-case{close_quotes} ambient exposure conditions. Subjects included 9 men who had severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with subnormal carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (i.e., an emphysemic component) and 10 age-matched healthy men. Each subject was exposed to 0.24 ppm O{sub 3} and to clean air (control) in an environmentally controlled chamber at 24{degrees}C and 40% relative humidity. Exposures were randomized, they occurred 1 wk apart, and they lasted 4 h. During each half-hour interval, light exercise occurred (e.e., average ventilation 20 l/mm) for 15 min. during both control and O{sub 3} exposures,more » group mean symptom intensity and specific airway resistance (SRaw) increased, whereas forced expiratory performance decreased. The healthy subgroup`s mean arterial oxygen saturation (SaO{sub 2}) rose slightly, and the COPD subgroup`s mean SaO{sub 2} declined slightly, during exercise. Group mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV{sub 1.0}) declined significantly in O{sub 3} exposures, compared with controls (p {approx}.01). Mean excess FEV{sub 1.0} loss after 4 h in O{sub 3} (relative to control) was 8% of the preexposure value in the COPD subgroup, compared with 3% in the healthy subgroup (p > .05 [nonsignificant]). Overall FEV{sub 1.0} loss during O{sub 3} exposures, including exercise effects, averaged 19% in the COPD subgroup, compared with 2% in the healthy subgroup (p < .001). Symptoms, SRaw, and SaO{sub 2} responses, as well as healthy subjects` postexposure bronchial reactivity, differed little between O{sub 3}-exposed and control subjects. We therefore concluded that in older men with or without severe COPD, O{sub 3} causes lung dysfunction under {open_quotes}worst-case{close_quotes} ambient exposure conditions, despite older subjects` comparative unresponsiveness to O{sub 3}. 30 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.« less

The restructuring and future of {open_quotes}Mendelian Inheritance in Man{close_quotes} (MIM)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pearson, P.L.; Francomano, C.; Antonarakis, S.

1994-09-01

Victor McKusick`s catalog {open_quotes}Mendelian Inheritance in Man{close_quotes} represents the most comprehensive compendum of human genetic disease information available today and has appeared as a series in book form for the last 30 years. The 11th edition will contain almost 7000 entries: approximately 2800 descriptions of human genetic disorders, 700 combined disorder/gene descriptions and 3500 pure gene descriptions. Until recently the content of the catalogs was maintained solely by McKusick with a support staff. However, a distributed editing system has now been established with the following primary components. New entries are initiated in Baltimore by science writers under the guidance ofmore » the senior editors and McKusick, following which the information is made immediately available to the public through online access. The subject editors can then review and edit the new or modified information without impeding the timeliness of entering new information. Entries are being reconstructured so that clinical disorder and gene information is divided into separate entries which will better represent the frequently complex relationship of gene mutations to individual clinical disorders in the data files. Further, each entry is being subdivided into logical topics which will enhance the power of electronic searching, making links between topics and improving readability. The old division of entries into autosomal dominant and recessive, etc., is being abandoned in favor of clinical disorder (phenotypes) and gene catalogs. The information is maintained in an SGML format which facilitates the production of many different types of output varying from the traditional book form to CD ROMs and various online formats including IRx, WAIS, Gopher and World Wide Web. This latter offers the exciting possibility of making hypertext links between entries and other data resources, including photographic, sound and video clips as part of the total MIM information.« less

Elution of Re-188 from W-188/Re-188 generators with salts of weak acids permits efficient concentration to low volumes using a new tandem cation/anion exchange system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guhlke, S.; Beets, A.L.; Knapp, F.F. Jr.

1997-05-01

Re-188, available from a W-188/Re-188 generator, is an important therapeutic radioisotope for bone pain palliation, cancer therapy and intravascular brachytherapy, etc. Because of the relatively low specific activity of reactor-produced W-188 (ORNL HFIR, 296-370 MBq mCi/mg W-186 for 2 cycles), methods of concentrating the Re-188 bolus (10-12 mL) from clinical scale (18.5-37 BGq W-188) generators (5-6 gm alumina) are thus very important. We demonstrate for the first time a new strategy of generator elution with salts of weak acids and specific perrhenate anion {open_quotes}trapping{close_quotes} with QMA anion columns. Re-188 perrhenate is efficiently eluted (65-75%) from the alumina-based generator with 0.15-0.3more » M ammonium acetate. An acetic acid solution of Re-188 perrhenic acid is obtained by subsequent on-line passage of the generator eluant through a DOWEX AG 50Wx8 (200-400 mesh, H{sup +} form) column. Since acetic acid is not ionized (< 0.001%) at this pH (< pK{sub a} = 4.76) the perrhenate anion is then specifically trapped on a QMA {open_quotes}Light{close_quotes} anion extraction column. QMA elution with 0.9% NaCl, provides Re-188 perrhenate solution in <1 mL. Concentration of 10-20 mL of Re-188 solution (> 15 BGq) in <1 mL has been demonstrated using this simple new approach, which is also effective for concentration of Tc-99m from low specific activity Mo-99 (n,y) generators. The cation/anion tandem system is inexpensive and disposable and use can be easily automated. The availability of this very simple, efficient system is important for broad use of rhenium-188.« less

The Val{sup 192}Leu mutation in the {alpha}-subunit of {beta}-hexosaminidase A is not associated with the B1-variant form of Tay-Sachs disease

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hou, Y.; Vavougios, G.; Hinek, A.

1996-07-01

Substitution mutations adversely affecting the {alpha}-subunit of {beta}-hexosaminidase A ({alpha}{beta}) (EC 3.2.1.52) result in Tay-Sachs disease. The majority affect the initial folding of the pro-{alpha} chain in the endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in its retention and degradation. A much less common occurrence is a mutation that specifically affects an {open_quotes}active-site{close_quotes} residue necessary for substrate binding and/or catalysis. In this case, hexosaminidase A is present in the lysosome, but it lacks all {alpha}-specific activity. This biochemical phenotype is referred to as the {open_quotes}B1-variant form{close_quotes} of Tay-Sachs disease. Kinetic analysis of suspected B1-variant mutations is complex because hexosaminidase A is heterodimeric and bothmore » subunits possess similar active sites. In this report, we examine a previously identified B1-variant mutation, {alpha}-Val{sup 192}Leu. Chinese hamster ovary cells were permanently cotransfected with an {alpha}-cDNA-construct encoding the substitution and a mutant {beta}-cDNA ({beta}-Arg{sup 211}Lys), encoding a {beta}-subunit that is inactive but normal in all other respects. We were surprised to find that the Val{sup 192}Leu substitution produced a pro-{alpha} chain that did not form {alpha}-{beta} dimers and was not transported to the lysosome. Finally, we reexamined the hexosaminidase activity and protein levels in the fibroblasts from the original patient. These data were also not consistent with the biochemical phenotype of the B1 variant of Tay-Sachs disease previously reported to be present. Thus, we conclude that the Val{sup 192}Leu substitution does not specifically affect the {alpha}-active site. 23 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on pollen quantity, quality, and seed yield in Brassica rapa (Brassicaceae)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Demchik, S.M.; Day, T.A.

Three experiments examined the influence of ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280-320 nm) exposure on reproduction in Brassica rapa (Brassicacaeae). Plants were grown in a greenhouse under three biologically effective UV-B levels that stimulated either an ambient stratospheric ozone level (control), 16% ({open_quotes}low enhanced{close_quotes}), or 32% ({open_quotes}high enhanced{close_quotes}) ozone depletion levels at Morgantown, WV, USA in mid-March. In the first experiment,pollen production and viability per flower were reduced by {approx}50% under both enhanced UV-B levels relative to ambient controls. While plants under high-enhanced UV-B produced over 40% more flowers than plants under the two lower UV-B treatments, whole-plant production of viable pollenmore » was reduced under low-enhanced UV-B to 34% of ambient controls. In the second experiment, the influence of source-plant UV-B exposure on in vitro pollen from plants was examined and whether source-plant UV-B exposure influenced in vitro pollen germination and viability. Pollen from plants under both enhanced-UV-B was reduced from 65 to 18%. Viability of the pollen from plants grown under both enhanced UV-B treatments was reduced to a much lesser extent: only from {approx}43 to 22%. Thus, ambient source-plant pollen was more sensitive to enhanced UV-B levels to fertilize plants growing under ambient-UV-B levels, and assessed subsequent seed production and germination. Seed abortion rates were higher in plants pollinated with pollen from the enhanced UV-B treatments, than from ambient UV-B. Despite this, seed yield (number and mass) per plant was similar, regardless of the UV-B exposure of their pollen source. Our findings demonstrate that enhanced UV-B levels associated with springtime ozone depletion events have the capacity to substantially reduce viable pollen production, and could ultimately reduce reproductive success of B. rapa. 37 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Heinrich-type glacial surges in a low-order dynamical climate model

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Verbitsky, M.; Saltzman, B.

1994-07-01

Recent studies suggest the occurrence of sporadic episodes during which the ice streams that discharge ice sheets become enormously active, producing large numbers of icebergs (reflected in North Atlantic sea cores as {open_quotes}Heinrich events{close_quotes}) and possibly causing the partial collapse of the ice sheets. To simulate the mechanism of implied internal thermo-hydrodynamical instability in the context of a more general paleoclimate dynamics model (PDM), a new sliding-catastrophe function that can account for ice-sheet surges in terms of the thickness, density, viscosity, heat-capacity. and heat-conductivity of ice is introduced. Analysis suggests these events might be of three possible kinds: the firstmore » occurs in periods of glacial maximum when temperature conditions on the ice surface are extremely cold, but internal friction within bottom boundary layer is also at its maximum and is strong enough to melt ice and cause its surge. The second may happen during an interglacial, when the ice thickness is small but relatively warm climate conditions on the upper surface of ice can be easily advected with the flow of ice to the bottom where even a small additional heating due to friction may cause melting. The third and, perhaps, most interesting type is one that may occur during ice sheet growth: in this period particles of ice reaching the bottom {open_quotes}remember{close_quotes} the warm temperature conditions of the previous interglacial and additional heating due to increasing friction associated with the growing ice sheet may again cause melting. This third introduces the interesting possibility that earlier CO{sub 2} concentrations may be as important for the present-day climate as its current value. According to our model the climate system seems more vulnerable to surges during the penultimate interglacial period than in present one contributing to an explanation of the recent results of the Greenland Ice Core Project. 18 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.« less

Phytoremediation: Using green plants to clean up contaminated soil, groundwater, and wastewater

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Negri, M.C.; Hinchman, R.R.

1996-05-01

Phytoremediation, an emerging cleanup technology for contaminated soils, groundwater, and wastewater that is both low-tech and low-cost, is defined as the engineered use of green plants (including grasses, forbs, and woody species) to remove, contain, or render harmless such environmental contaminants as heavy metals, trace elements, organic compounds ({open_quotes}organics{close_quotes}), and radioactive compounds in soil or water. Current research at Argonne National Laboratory includes a successful field demonstration of a plant bioreactor for processing the salty wastewater from petroleum wells; the demonstration is currently under way at a natural gas well site in Oklahoma, in cooperation with Devon Energy Corporation. Amore » greenhouse experiment on zinc uptake in hybrid poplar (Populus sp.) was initiated in 1995. These experiments are being conducted to confirm and extend field data from Applied Natural Sciences, Inc. (our CRADA partner), indicating high levels of zinc (4,200 ppm) in leaves of hybrid poplar growing as a cleanup system at a site with zinc contamination in the root zone of some of the trees. Analyses of soil water from experimental pots that had received several doses of zinc indicated that the zinc was totally sequestered by the plants in about 4 hours during a single pass through the root system. The data also showed concentrations of sequestered metal of >38,000 ppm Zn in the dry root tissue. These levels of sequestered zinc exceed the levels found in either roots or tops of many of the known {open_quotes}hyperaccumulator{close_quotes} species. Because the roots sequester most of the contaminant taken up in most plants, a major objective of this program is to determine the feasibility of root harvesting as a method to maximize the removal of contaminants from soils. Available techniques and equipment for harvesting plant roots, including young tree roots, are being evaluated and modified as necessary for use with phytoremediation plants.« less

Clustering of Caucasian Leber hereditary optic neuropathy patients containing the 11778 or 14484 mutations on an mtDNA lineage

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brown, M.D.; Sun, F.; Wallace, D.C.

1997-02-01

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a type of blindness caused by mtDNA mutations. Three LHON mtDNA mutations at nucleotide positions 3460, 11778, and 14484 are specific for LHON and account for 90% of worldwide cases and are thus designated as {open_quotes}primary{close_quotes} LHON mutations. Fifteen other {open_quotes}secondary{close_quotes} LHON mtDNA mutations have been identified, but their pathogenicity is unclear. mtDNA haplotype and phylogenetic analysis of the primary LHON mutations in North American Caucasian patients and controls has shown that, unlike the 3460 and 11778 mutations, which are distributed throughout the European-derived (Caucasian) mtDNA phylogeny, patients containing the 14484 mutation tended tomore » be associated with European mtDNA haplotype J. To investigate this apparent clustering, we performed {chi}{sup 2}-based statistical analyses to compare the distribution of LHON patients on the Caucasian phylogenetic tree. Our results indicate that, unlike the 3460 and 11778 mutations, the 14484 mutation was not distributed on the phylogeny in proportion to the frequencies of the major Caucasian mtDNA haplogroups found in North America. The 14484 mutation was next shown to occur on the haplogroup J background more frequently that expected, consistent with the observation that {approximately}75% of worldwide 14484-positive LHON patients occur in association with haplogroup J. The 11778 mutation also exhibited a moderate clustering on haplogroup J. These observations were supported by statistical analysis using all available mutation frequencies reported in the literature. This paper thus illustrates the potential importance of genetic background in certain mtDNA-based diseases, speculates on a pathogenic role for a subset of LHON secondary mutations and their interaction with primary mutations, and provides support for a polygenic model for LHON expression in some cases. 18 refs., 3 tabs.« less

Solving geoscience problems in the coming century by integrating new technologies and different disciplines

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duval, B.C.

1995-11-01

At the turn of the century, oil and gas exploration is becoming more difficult as petroleum provinces are attaining maturity. Geoscientists can make a major contribution, at technical and management levels, provided they take into account all parameters controlling petroleum systems, make the best use of available technologies, and are prepared to work within integrated teams. This trend can be illustrated by recent applications carried out in several types of basins. The first application case is the Mahakam delta of Kalimantan, Indonesia. The use of sequence stratigraphy, and integrating well and seismic data at a regional scale, allowed the completemore » reconstruction of the basin history. Sedimentological studies in the modern delta, used as analogs for the Miocene delta, served to understand the distribution of mouth-bar sands and led to development of a new highly productive reservoir model. Regional work involving geochemical modeling, hydrodynamics, and the distribution of undercompacted high-pressure marine shales in the prodelta, has led to the understanding of the totality of the petroleum system and helped discover a new giant field in a mature area. The second case, taken from an active operation in the Bongkot field, Gulf of Thailand, shows how detailed 3-D seismic interpretation is critical in identifying targets in a highly complex structural and stratigraphic setting (densely faulted trap with numerous thin fluvio-deltaic sands). Continued application of geosciences; to all phases of an {open_quotes}upstream{close_quotes} operation-exploration, field appraisal and development-resulted in a successful interplay with other disciplines (drilling, reservoir, engineering, and production). The last example is taken from the west coast of Africa (off-shore Cuenza Basin, Angola). The relationship between salt tectonics, and particularly {open_quotes}raft{close_quotes} tectonics, and the dynamics of the petroleum system is analyzed.« less

Regulation of hydropower: Who is in charge?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Molm, J.

1995-12-31

The regulatory, legislative and judicial branches of government all have played a role in twisting and changing FERC`s authority over hydropower. At times authority over hydropower is kept at FERC; at other times it is granted to state or federal agencies. At present, decisions are driven by competing uses of water that require differing flows or quantities of water. It is the highest and best use of the f lows and the quantities that will dictate whether water quantities are used for hydropower or fish habitat. However, that is not where it all started. In First Iowa, the Federal Powermore » Commission ({open_quotes}FPC{close_quotes}) (predecessor to FERC) dismissed a license application solely on the ground of the failure of the license applicant to comply with Iowa statutes. Iowa law provided that no dam could be constructed or operated unless a permit had been issued by a state agency. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed the Commission deciding that the Iowa statute would vest in an Iowa agency a veto power over a federal project and thereby subordinate the FPC`s comprehensive planning obligation to state control. The Court ruled that there is a separation of those subjects that are under the jurisdiction of the states from those subjects that the Constitution delegates to the United States and over which Congress vests the FPC with authority to act. The Court stated that this {open_quotes}duality does not require two agencies to share in the final decision of the same issue.{close_quotes} Although the Supreme Court ruled that federal jurisdiction is preeminent, it should be underscored that it was the FPC`s decision to defer to state authority in the first place. The Supreme Court decision is a determinations that flows for hydropower purposes should be made by the FPC under authority of the Federal Power Act.« less

Quarterly environmental data summary for first quarter 1998

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1998-05-01

In support of the Weldon Spring Site Remedial Action Project Federal Facilities Agreement, a copy of the Quarterly Environmental Data Summary (QEDS) for the first quarter of 1998 is enclosed. The data presented in this letter and attachment constitute the QEDS. The data were received from the contract laboratories, verified by the Weldon Spring Site verification group and, except for air monitoring data and site KPA generated data (uranium analyses), merged into the data base during the first quarter of 1998. Air monitoring data presented are the most recent complete sets of quarterly data. Air data are not stored inmore » the data base, and KPA data are not merged into the regular data base. Significant data, defined as data values that have exceeded defined {open_quotes}above normal{close_quotes} Level 2 values, are discussed in this letter for Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) generated data only. Above normal Level 2 values are based, in ES&H procedures, on historical high values, DOE Derived Concentration Guides (DCGs), NPDES limits and other guidelines. The procedures also establish actions to be taken in the event that {open_quotes}above normal{close_quotes} data occur. All data received and verified during the first quarter were within a permissible range of variability except for those detailed below. Above normal occurrences are cited for groundwater, air, and NPDES data. There were none for springs or surface water. The following discussion offers a brief summary of the data merged during the first quarter that exceeded the above normal criteria and updates on past reported above normal data. The attached tables present the most recent data for air and the data merged into the data base during the first quarter 1998 for groundwater, NPDES, surface water, and springs. Graphs showing concentrations of selected contaminants of concern at some of the critical locations have also been included in this QEDS. The graphs are discussed in the separate sections.« less

An infant with mos45,X/46,XY/47,XYY/48,XYYY: Genetic and clinical findings

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fox, J.; Blumenthal, D.; Brock, W.

1994-09-01

We report on an infant with mos45,X/46,XY/47,XYY/48,XYYY who presented with ambiguous genitalia. The patient was the 2,637 gram product of a 38 week gestation and elective repeat C-section born to a 35 year old G3P2 mother. The pregnancy was complicated by placenta previa. There was no history of maternal health problems or drug or steroid use. At birth bilateral epicanthal folds and overfolded helices were noted without webbing of the neck or lymphedema. There was a phallic structure measuring 1.5 cm with dorsal hood and midline cleft with a normal female introitus, urethra, and vagina. Congenital adrenal hyperplaxia was excluded.more » Renal ultrasound was normal. Periperal blood chromosomes revealed a mos45,X(38%)/47,XYY(29%)/48,XYYY(33%) karyotype. Echocardiography revealed coarctation of the aorta and a bicuspid aortic valve. An additional cell line, 46,XY, was identified in aortic tissue obtained at the time of surgery. At age 15 months she was 25% in height and weight and had bilateral ptosis. Her development was within normal limits, but no words except {open_quotes}Mama{close_quotes} or {open_quotes}Dada{close_quotes} were spoken. A left intraabdominal testis with epididymis and dilated tubules and bilateral Fallopian tubes were removed at laparoscopy/reconstruction. Cell cultures were initiated from gonadal tissue, and karyotypes are pending. Patients with mosaic Y chromosome aneuploidy involving 2 Y chromosomes are rare. Eighteen patients with 45,X/47,XYY have been described; prenatally diagnosed cases appeared to be normal male whereas cases diagnosed postnally presented with ambiguous genitalia and/or other anomalies. The phenotype of Y chromosome aneuploidy with 3 Y chromosomes is even more unpredictable due to the paucity of reported cases. To our knowledge this is the first patient described with this unusual karyotype, thus adding to the limited information of patients with rare mosaic Y chromosome aneuploidy.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Suuberg, E.M.

The emission of nitrogen oxides from combustion of coal remains a problem of considerable interest, whether the concern is with acid rain, stratospheric ozone chemistry, or {open_quotes}greenhouse{close_quotes} gases. Whereas earlier the concern was focused mainly on NO (as a primary combustion product) and to a lesser extent NO{sub 2} (since it is mainly a secondary product of combustion), in recent years the emissions of N{sub 2}O have also captured considerable attention, particularly in the context of fluidized bed combustion, in which the problem appears to be most acute. The research community has only recently begun to take solid hold onmore » the N{sub 2}O problem. This is in part because earlier estimates of the importance of N{sub 2}O in combustion processes were clouded by artifacts in sampling which have now been resolved. This project is concerned with the mechanism of reduction of both NO and N{sub 2}O by carbons. It was recognized some years ago that NO formed during fluidized bed coal combustion can be heterogeneously reduced in-situ by the carbonaceous solid intermediates of combustion. This has been recently supplemented by the knowledge that heterogeneous reaction with carbon can also play an important role in reducing emissions of N{sub 2}O, but that the NO-carbon reactions might also contribute to formation of N{sub 2}O. The precise role of carbon in N{sub 2}O reduction and formation has yet to be established, since in one case the authors of a recent study were compelled to comment that {open_quotes}the basic knowledge of N{sub 2}O formation and reduction still has to be improved{close_quotes}. The same can be said of the NO-carbon system. In this program, carbons studied include graphite, resin char, coconut char, and a Wyodak coal char.« less

A high gain energy amplifier operated with fast neutrons

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rubbia, C.

1995-10-01

The basic concept and the main practical considerations of an Energy Amplifier (EA) have been exhaustively described elsewhere. Here the concept of the EA is further explored and additional schemes are described which offer a higher gain, a larger maximum power density and an extended burn-up. All these benefits stem from the use of fast neutrons, instead of thermal or epithermal ones, which was the case in the original study. The higher gain is due both to a more efficient high energy target configuration and to a larger, practical value of the multiplication factor. The higher power density results frommore » the higher permissible neutron flux, which in turn is related to the reduced rate of {sup 233}Pa neutron captures (which, as is well known, suppress the formation of the fissile {sup 233}U fuel) and the much smaller k variations after switch-off due to {sup 233}Pa decays for a given burn-up rate. Finally a longer integrated burn-up is made possible by reduced capture rate by fission fragments of fast neutrons. In practice a 20 MW proton beam (20 mA @ 1 GeV) accelerated by a cyclotron will suffice to operate a compact EA at the level of {approx} 1 GW{sub e}. The integrated fuel burn-up can be extended in excess of 100 GW d/ton, limited by the mechanical survival of the fuel elements. Radio-Toxicity accumulated at the end of the cycle is found to be largely inferior to the one of an ordinary Reactor for the same energy produced. Schemes are proposed which make a {open_quotes}melt-down{close_quotes} virtually impossible. The conversion ratio, namely the rate of production of {sup 233}U relative to consumption is generally larger than unity, which permits production of fuel for other uses. Alternatively the neutron excess can be used to transform unwanted {open_quotes}ashes{close_quotes} into more acceptable elements.« less

Fuzzy Constraint Based Model for Efficient Management of Dynamic Purchasing Environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sakas, D. P.; Vlachos, D. S.; Simos, T. E.

2007-12-01

This paper considers the application of a fuzzy constraint based model for handling dynamic environments where only one of possibly many bundles of items must be purchased and quotes for items open and close over time. Simulation results are presented and compared with the optimal solution.

The quantum defect: Early history and recent developments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rau, A.R.; Inokuti, M.

1997-03-01

The notion of the quantum defect is important in atomic and molecular spectroscopy and also in unifying spectroscopy with collision theory. In the latter context, the quantum defect may be viewed as an ancestor of the phase shift. However, the origin of the term {open_quotes}quantum defect{close_quotes} does not seem to be explained in standard textbooks. It occurred in a 1921 paper by Schr{umlt o}dinger, preceding quantum mechanics, yet giving the correct meaning as an index of the short-range interactions with the core of an atom. We present the early history of the quantum-defect idea, and sketch its recent developments. {copyright}more » {ital 1997 American Association of Physics Teachers.}« less

Edwin I. Hatch nuclear plant implementation of improved technical specifications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mahler, S.R.; Pendry, D.

1994-12-31

Edwin I. Hatch nuclear plant consists of two General Electric boiling water reactor/4 units, with a common control room and a common refueling floor. In March 1993, Hatch began conversion of both units` technical specifications utilizing NUREG 1433. The technical specifications amendment request was submitted February 25, 1994. Issuance is scheduled for October 21, 1994, with implementation on March 15, 1994. The current unit-1 technical specifications are in the {open_quotes}custom{close_quotes} format, and the unit-2 technical specifications are in the old standard format. Hatch previously relocated the fire protection and radiological technical specifications requirements. The Hatch conversion will provide consistency betweenmore » the two units, to the extent practicable.« less

{open_quotes}The effects of diabetes on the activity of the enzyme glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amindotransferase{close_quotes}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nelson, S.P.

1994-12-31

Hexsoamine synthetic pathway (HexNSP) controls the supply of essential substrates for glycoprotein synthesis. In vitro studies suggest that increased flux of glucose via the hexsoamine synthetic pathway may play a role in glucose induced insulin resistance of glucose transport. Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amindotransferase (GFAT) controls flux into the hexsoamine synthetic pathway; the major products are UDPN-acetylhexosamines (UDP.HexNac=UDP.GlcNAc= UDP.GalNac). I examined whether diabetes ({approximately} 7 days post intravenous streptozotocin, and genetically linked) affects the activity of glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate in rat and mouse skeletal muscle in vivo. Nucleotide linked HexNAc were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography(HPLC) in deproteinized hind limb muscle extracts.

Interfacing a robotic station with a gas chromatograph for the full automation of the determination of organochlorine pesticides in vegetables

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Torres, P.; Luque de Castro, M.D.

1996-12-31

A fully automated method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in vegetables is proposed. The overall system acts as an {open_quotes}analytical black box{close_quotes} because a robotic station performs the prelimninary operations, from weighing to capping the leached analytes and location in an autosampler of an automated gas chromatograph with electron capture detection. The method has been applied to the determination of lindane, heptachlor, captan, chlordane and metoxcychlor in tea, marjoram, cinnamon, pennyroyal, and mint with good results in most cases. A gas chromatograph has been interfaced to a robotic station for the determination of pesticides in vegetables. 15 refs., 4more » figs., 2 tabs.« less

Current situation: New enthusiasm. [Nuclear fusion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

For decades the costly field of controlled nuclear fusion has been rocked by ups and downs, promise and problems. In spite of the many setbacks, scientists and DOE officials are determined to push ahead. [open quotes]We are very confident that by some time after the first decade of the next century, we will have a clear demonstration [of the technology] to give us unlimited energy....We are very excited about it,[close quotes] Energy Secretary Watkins said last spring in proposing a $360 million fusion energy budget for fiscal 1993. This article cites recent hey developments in terms of technical accomplishments, fundingmore » decisions, policy decisions, and efforts to collaborate internationally on controlled nuclear fusion. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor is discussed also.« less

Anomalous width variations for ion acoustic rarefactive solitary waves in a warm ion plasma with two electron temperatures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ghosh, S.S.; Sekar Iyengar, A.N.

1997-09-01

Anomalous width{endash}amplitude variations were observed in large amplitude rarefactive solitary waves which show increasing width with increasing amplitude, contrasting the usual reciprocal relation between the square of the width and the amplitude, beyond a certain value of the plasma parameters [S. S. Ghosh, K. K. Ghosh, and A. N. Sekar Iyengar, Phys. Plasmas, {bold 3}, 3939 (1996)]. For the limiting maximum amplitude, the {open_quotes}increasing width{close_quotes} solitary wave tends to a double layer-like solution. The overall variation was found to depend crucially on the specific parameter space. From a detailed investigation of the above behavior, a plausible physical explanation has beenmore » presented for such increases in the width. It is found that the ions{close_quote} initial kinetic energies and the cold electron concentration within the perturbed region play a significant role in determining the observed width{endash}amplitude variation. This contradicts the investigation of Sayal, Yadav, and Sharma [Phys. Scr. {bold 47}, 576 (1993)]. {copyright} {ital 1997 American Institute of Physics.}« less

78 FR 61416 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Miami International Securities Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-03

... zero or the lowest Minimum Trading Increment or (ii) the Expanded Quote Range has been calculated as zero. The proposal codifies existing functionality during the Exchange's Opening Process. Specifically... either zero or the lowest Minimum Trading Increment and market order sell interest has a quantity greater...

Literacy 2000: Make the Next Ten Years Matter. Conference Summary (New Westminster, British Columbia, October 18-21, 1990).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bossort, Patty, Ed.; And Others

This conference summary contains 36 presentations. Participants' comments, taken from response cards, are quoted throughout. Presentations from the Opening Plenary include a keynote address--"What Is Literacy?: Critical Issues for the Next Decade" (John Ryan) and four "Panelist Presentations" (Francis Kazemek, Lorraine Fox,…

Village Power Exhibit Featured at NREL's Visitors Center

Science.gov Websites

World Energy" Expo Slated for February-April For more information contact: Gary Schmitz, 303-275 is a feature attraction of NREL's Visitors Center "Powering Our Lives, Powering Our World" , Powering Our World" Energy Expo begins Feb. 20 with the opening of the Village Power exhibit, and

Scurfy mice: A model for autoimmune disease

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Godfrey, V.L.

1993-01-01

Autoimmune disease-the condition in which the body attacks its own tissue-has been an object of public concern recently. Former President George Bush and his wife Barbara both are afflicted with Graves' disease in which the body's own immune system attakcs the thyroid gland. The safety of breast implants was called into question because of evidence that some recipients had developed autoimmune disorders such a rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma. Women, the media pointed out, have a higher-than-average incidence of many autoimmune disorders. These events suggest the need to know more about what makes the immune system work somore » well and what makes it go awry. At ORNL's Biology Division, progress is being in understanding the underlying causes of immune disease by studying mice having a disease that causes them to be underdeveloped; to have scaly skin, small ears, and large spleens; to open their eyes late; and to die early. These [open quotes]scurfy[close quotes]mice are helping us better understand the role of the thymus gland in autoimmune disease.« less

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency national network of research centers: A case study in socio-political influences on research

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Morehouse, K.

1995-12-01

During the 15 years that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has supported university-based research centers, there have been many changes in mission, operating style, funding level, eligibility, and selection process. Even the definition of the term {open_quotes}research center{close_quotes} is open to debate. Shifting national priorities, political realities, and funding uncertainties have powered the evolution of research centers in EPA, although the agency`s basic philosophy on the purpose and value of this approach to research remains essentially unchanged. Today, EPA manages 28 centers, through the Office of Exploratory Research. These centers are administered under three distinct programs. Each program hasmore » its own mission and goals which guide the way individual centers are selected and operated. This paper will describe: (1) EPA`s philosophy of reserach centers, (2) the complicated history of EPA research centers, (3) coordination and interaction among EPA centers and others, (4) opportunities for collaboration, and (5) plans for the future.« less

Field development planning using simulated annealing - optimal economic well scheduling and placement

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Beckner, B.L.; Xong, X.

1995-12-31

A method for optimizing the net present value of a full field development by varying the placement and sequence of production wells is presented. This approach is automated and combines an economics package and Mobil`s in-house simulator, PEGASUS, within a simulated annealing optimization engine. A novel framing of the well placement and scheduling problem as a classic {open_quotes}travelling salesman problem{close_quotes} is required before optimization via simulated annealing can be applied practically. An example of a full field development using this technique shows that non-uniform well spacings are optimal (from an NPV standpoint) when the effects of well interference and variablemore » reservoir properties are considered. Examples of optimizing field NPV with variable well costs also show that non-uniform wells spacings are optimal. Project NPV increases of 25 to 30 million dollars were shown using the optimal, nonuniform development versus reasonable, uniform developments. The ability of this technology to deduce these non-uniform well spacings opens up many potential applications that should materially impact the economic performance of field developments.« less

Recommended OSC design and analysis of AMTEC power system for outer-planet missions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schock, A.; Noravian, H.; Or, C.

1999-01-01

The paper describes OSC designs and analyses of AMTEC cells and radioisotope power systems for possible application to NASA{close_quote}s Europa Orbiter and Pluto Kuiper Express missions, and compares their predicted performance with JPL{close_quote}s preliminary mission goals. The latest cell and generator designs presented here were the culmination of studies covering a wide variety of generator configurations and operating parameters. The many steps and rationale leading to OSC{close_quote}s design evolution and materials selection were discussed in earlier publications and will not be repeated here except for a description of OSC{close_quote}s latest design, including a recent heat source support scheme and cellmore » configuration that have not been described in previous publications. As shown, that heat source support scheme eliminates all contact between the heat source and the AMTEC (Alkali Metal Thermal-to-Electrical Conversion) cells, which simplifies the generator{close_quote}s structural design as well as its fabrication and assembly procedure. An additional purpose of the paper is to describe a revised cell design and fabrication procedure which represent a major departure from previous OSC designs. Previous cells had a uniform diameter, but in the revised design the cell wall beyond the BASE tubes has a greatly reduced diameter. The paper presents analytical performance predictions which show that the revised ({open_quotes}chimney{close_quotes}) cell design yields substantially higher efficiencies than the previous (cylindrical) design. This makes it possible to meet and substantially exceed the JPL-stipulated EOM power goal with four instead of six General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) modules, resulting in a one-third reduction in the heat source mass, cost, and fuel requirements. OSC{close_quote}s performance predictions were based on its techniques for the coupled thermal, electrical, and fluid flow analyses of AMTEC generators. Those analytical techniques have been partially validated by tests of prototypic test assemblies designed by OSC, built by AMPS, and tested by AFRL. The analytical results indicate that the OSC power system design, operating within the stipulated evaporator and clad temperature limits and well within its mass goals, can yield EOM power outputs and system efficiencies that substantially exceed the JPL-specified goals for the Europa and Pluto missions. However, those results only account for radioisotope decay. Other degradation mechanisms are still under study, and their short-and long-term effects must be quantified and understood before final conclusions about the adequacy and competitiveness of the AMTEC system can be drawn. {copyright} {ital 1999 American Institute of Physics.}« less

Lagrangian formulation of the 2(2S+1)-component model and its connection with the skew symmetric/tensor description

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dvoeglazov, V.V.

1993-12-01

In the framework of the 2(2S + 1)-component theory for massless particles, the dynamical invariants have been derived from the Lagrangian density which is considered to be a 4-vector. A la Majorana interpretation of the 6-component spinors, the field operators of S=1 particles, as the left- and right-circularly polarized radiation, leads the author to the conserved quantities which are analogous to ones obtained by Lipkin and Sudbery. The scalar Lagrangian of this model is shown to be equivalent to the Lagrangian of a free massless field, introduced by Hayashi. As a consequence of a new {open_quotes}gauge{close_quotes} invariance this skew-symmetric fieldmore » describes physical particles with the longitudinal components only.« less

Successful industry-university graduate-level research partnerships at the Pennsylvania State University

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Feltus, M.A.

1996-12-31

Previously, nuclear utilities have been considered {open_quotes}deep pockets{close_quotes} for university research; however, in the current cost-cutting competitive environment, most utilities have drastically reduced or eliminated research. Any collaboration with universities requires that any research effort have a focused objective, short-term duration, and tangible payback. Furthermore, the research must concentrate on solving operating problems, rather than on long-term general concerns. Although practical studies may seem mundane, untheoretical, and uninteresting for most academics, such pragmatic topics can provide interesting research for students and helpful results for the utilities. This paper provides examples of the author`s research funded by utilities. Each project hasmore » a specific objective involving a particular utility need or computer code analysis tool.« less

CAFE: Computer aided fabric evaluation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sims, J.E.

1994-05-06

With the intent of automating the inspection of color printed fabrics for defects, the Engineering Research Division of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in addition with several other national labs, in conjunction with the textile industry has initiated the CAFE project. The projects objective is predicated on the development, implementation and testing of an algorithm for the inspection of color printed fabrics. We attempt to take advantage of the wide ranging applications possible with Computer Vision in order to achieve this. The first job of the algorithm is to teach the computer the {open_quote}correct{close_quote} repeat as the reference, tests themore » remaining repeats in the pattern. There are two different ways to go about doing the first job and with this paper we will describe both methods.« less

Management of Philippine tropical forests: Implications to global warming

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lasco, R.D.

1997-12-31

The first part of the paper presents the massive changes in tropical land management in the Philippines as a result of a {open_quotes}paradigm shift{close_quotes} in forestry. The second part of the paper analyzes the impacts of the above management strategies on global warming, in general, preserved forests are neither sinks not sources of greenhouse gasses (GHG). Reforestation activities are primarily net sinks of carbon specially the use of fast growing reforestation species. Estimates are given for the carbon-sequestering ability of some commonly used species. The last part of the paper policy recommendations and possible courses of action by the governmentmore » to maximize the role of forest lands in the mitigation of global warming. Private sector initiatives are also explored.« less

Universal and integrable nonlinear evolution systems of equations in 2+1 dimensions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maccari, A.

1997-08-01

Integrable systems of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) are obtained from integrable equations in 2+1 dimensions, by means of a reduction method of broad applicability based on Fourier expansion and spatio{endash}temporal rescalings, which is asymptotically exact in the limit of weak nonlinearity. The integrability by the spectral transform is explicitly demonstrated, because the corresponding Lax pairs have been derived, applying the same reduction method to the Lax pair of the initial equation. These systems of nonlinear PDEs are likely to be of applicative relevance and have a {open_quotes}universal{close_quotes} character, inasmuch as they may be derived from a very large classmore » of nonlinear evolution equations with a linear dispersive part. {copyright} {ital 1997 American Institute of Physics.}« less

Projects in eastern Canada encounter strong opposition. [Hydroelectric power plants planned

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carr, F.H.

1993-09-13

At the end of August, Quebec's provincial utility submitted a long-awaited environmental impact statement on its proposed Great Whale project near Hudson Bay. It faces opposition, as does a big project planned in Labrador. Hydro-Quebec's EIS says its $10-billion, 3,210-Mw project [open quotes]would have impacts that are generally moderate and localized, and that can be mitigated,[close quotes] according to a utility spokeswoman. But environmental and Native American groups opposed to the project say its three powerhouses on the Great Whale River and 600 sq miles of new impoundments would destroy hunting and fishing areas and mar the environment. Five federalmore » and provincial review panels will determine over the next several weeks if the EIS meets their requirements.« less

Demonstrated reserve base for coal in New Mexico. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hoffman, G.K.

1995-02-01

The new demonstrated reserve base estimate of coal for the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, is 11.28 billion short tons. This compares with 4.429 billion short tons in the Energy Information Administration`s demonstrated reserve base of coal as of January 1, 1992 for all of New Mexico and 2.806 billion short tons for the San Juan Basin. The new estimate includes revised resource calculations in the San Juan Basin, in San Juan, McKinley, Sandoval, Rio Arriba, Bernalillo and Cibola counties, but does not include the Raton Basin and smaller fields in New Mexico. These estimated {open_quotes}remaining{close_quotes} coal resource quantities, however,more » include significant adjustments for depletion due to past mining, and adjustments for accessibility and recoverability.« less

Ceramics: Durability and radiation effects

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ewing, R.C.; Lutze, W.; Weber, W.J.

1996-05-01

At present, there are three seriously considered options for the disposition of excess weapons plutonium: (1) incorporation, partial burn-up and direct disposal of MOX-fuel; (2) vitrification with defense waste and disposal as glass {open_quotes}logs{close_quotes}; (3) deep borehole disposal. The first two options provide a safeguard due to the high activity of fission products in the irradiated fuel and the defense waste. The latter option has only been examined in a preliminary manner, and the exact form of the plutonium has not been identified. In this paper, we review the potential for the immobilization of plutonium in highly durable crystalline ceramicsmore » apatite, pyrochlore, zirconolite, monazite and zircon. Based on available data, we propose zircon as the preferred crystalline ceramic for the permanent disposition of excess weapons plutonium.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yergin, D.

The Prize is a large and ambitious book; it presents a chronicle of events in the oil industry from its beginning in the nineteenth century to Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait in 1990. It is a [open quotes]tour de force[close quotes] packed with characters and assessments of crises, of struggles for oil power and the impact of oil on twentieth century life. It surpasses previous overall oil industry survey books and succeeds in revealing three great themes that the author believes underlies the story of oil, namely, (1) that oil is the world's biggest and most pervasive business where risksmore » and rewards are starkly revealed, (2) that oil is a commodity intertwined with national strategies, global politics, and power relationships, and (3) that the twentieth century is supremely a hydrocarbon society.« less

The nature of temper brittleness of high-chromium ferrite

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sarrak, V.I.; Suvorova, S.O.; Golovin, I.S.

The reasons for development of {open_quotes}475{degrees}C brittleness{close_quotes} of high-chromium ferritic steels are considered from the standpoint of fracture mechanics. It is shown that the general rise in the curve of temperature-dependent local flow stress has the decisive influence on the position of the ductile-to-brittle transformation temperature and the increase in it as the result of a hold at temperatures of development of brittleness. The established effect is related to the change in the parameters determining dislocation mobility, that is, the activation energy of dislocation movement in high-chromium ferrite and the resistance to microplastic deformation, both caused by processes of separationmore » into layers of high-chromium ferrite and decomposition of the interstitial solid solution.« less

Facies and log signatures of sequence boundaries in Sembakung area, Tarakan Basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bambang, P.; Hardjono, M.; Silalahi, L.

1996-08-01

Tarakan basin is one of the basins in East Kalimantan having a complicated geological condition. Tectonic repetition developed in this area constructed various stratigraphic traps. Sedimentary development in log data shows continuous regression in Meliat and Tabul Formations (Middle Meocene), Santul Formation (Late Miocene), Tarakan Formation (Pliocene) and Bunyu Formation (Pleistocene), Supported by seismic data, stratigraphic sequence in the basin is obvious, especially in Sembakung-Bangkudulis area. The sequence boundaries, mainly {open_quotes}lowstand{close_quotes} distribution as good prospective trap, can be mapped by applying tract systems and studying wavelet extract as seismic expression character of a reservoir. Subtle changes in pattern of stratigraphicmore » sequences can become a hint of sedimentary environment and its lithology content, supporting both exploration and exploitation planning.« less

Final report for the Integrated and Robust Security Infrastructure (IRSI) laboratory directed research and development project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hutchinson, R.L.; Hamilton, V.A.; Istrail, G.G.

1997-11-01

This report describes the results of a Sandia-funded laboratory-directed research and development project titled {open_quotes}Integrated and Robust Security Infrastructure{close_quotes} (IRSI). IRSI was to provide a broad range of commercial-grade security services to any software application. IRSI has two primary goals: application transparency and manageable public key infrastructure. IRSI must provide its security services to any application without the need to modify the application to invoke the security services. Public key mechanisms are well suited for a network with many end users and systems. There are many issues that make it difficult to deploy and manage a public key infrastructure. IRSImore » addressed some of these issues to create a more manageable public key infrastructure.« less

Hotline questions provide insight on EPA`s interpretation of the regs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1993-11-01

The RCRA/Superfund and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act Hotlines (1-800-424-9346 and 1-800-535-0202, respectively) provide the regulated community with answers to questions about the regulation of hazardous wastes under RCRA, CERCLA, and EPCRA. Some questions fielded by the Hotline staff require interpretation by EPA personnel, and these written interpretations are distributed within the agency in monthly reports. Although the interpretations are not legally binding and cannot be considered {open_quotes}official{close_quotes} agency policy, they are helpful in understanding the regulations. Presented below are summaries of Hotline questions that are of widespread interest. The summaries are based on the RCRA/Superfund and Emergency Planningmore » and Community Right-to-Know Act Hotline Reports for June and July 1993.« less

Frontiers of X-ray research at the Advanced Photon Source

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dehmer, J.J.

1995-12-31

With providential timing, the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory has begun to produce x-rays during the centennial year of Wilhelm Rongtgen`s discovery of a {open_quotes}new kind of rays.{close_quotes} When complete, this third-generation, 7-GeV positron storage ring will produce nearly one hundred intense x-ray beams, with a major emphasis on the laser-like (highly collimated, locally coherent) beams from undulator sources. This talk will provide an overview of (1) the important properties of the synchrotron radiation to be produced by the APS, (2) the major classes of experimental approaches that use x-rays, and (3) some speculation on the impactsmore » of the APS on the materials, chemical, biological, and environmental sciences.« less

Genius in the shadows

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lanouette, W.; Silard, B.

1993-01-01

This book is a well-researched, anecdote-rich biography of Leo Szilard, the inventive Hungarian physicist who pressed Einstein in 1939 to alert President Roosevelt to the possible wartime uses of atomic energy. Withdrawing from nuclear physics after the bombing of Hiroshima, Szilard studied biology, advocated international arms control, and wrote, among other things, [open quotes]The Voice of the Dolphins[close quotes], a utopian novel offering his ideas for reducing Cold War tensions. Based on research in the Leo Szilard papers, extensive interviews with Szilard's colleagues and friends, and on material and recollections provided by Szilard's younger brother, Bela Szilard, the book offersmore » a detailed picture of the physicist. The book provides a record of Szilard's life before 1939 and a thorough, readable account of a significant historical figure.« less

Numerical simulation of high Reynolds number bubble motion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McLaughlin, J.B.

This paper presents the results of numerical simulations of bubble motion. All the results are for single bubbles in unbounded fluids. The liquid phase is quiescent except for the motion created by the bubble, which is axisymmetric. The main focus of the paper is on bubbles that are of order 1 mm in diameter in water. Of particular interest is the effect of surfactant molecules on bubble motion. Results for the {open_quotes}insoluble surfactant{close_quotes} model will be presented. These results extend research by other investigators to finite Reynolds numbers. The results indicate that, by assuming complete coverage of the bubble surface,more » one obtains good agreement with experimental observations of bubble motion in tap water. The effect of surfactant concentration on the separation angle is discussed.« less

Biomass power in transition

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marshall, D.K.

1996-12-31

Electricity production from biomass fuel has been hailed in recent years as an environmentally acceptable energy source that delivers on its promise of economically viable renewable energy. A Wall Street Journal article from three years ago proclaimed wood to be {open_quotes}moving ahead of costly solar panels and wind turbines as the leading renewable energy alternative to air-fouling fossils fuels and scary nuclear plants.{close_quotes} Biomass fuel largely means wood; about 90% of biomass generated electricity comes from burning waste wood, the remainder from agricultural wastes. Biomass power now faces an uncertain future. The maturing of the cogeneration and independent power plantmore » market, restructuring of the electric industry, and technological advances with power equipment firing other fuels have placed biomass power in a competitive disadvantage with other power sources.« less

76 FR 26777 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-09

...) System Event Messages (e.g., start of messages, start of system hours, start of quoting, start of opening... assignments, to take advantage of the proposed $500 cap and thereby limit costs. \\11\\ Typically, a smaller... of the Exchange that is typically a small proprietary market maker doing business on the Exchange's...

75 FR 73150 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-29

... system \\3\\ disseminates quotations when (i) there is an opening imbalance in a particular series, and (ii... present in a particular series. \\3\\ This proposal refers to ``PHLX XL'' as the Exchange's automated... side of a quote as non-firm. The Exchange has approached OPRA to attempt to develop the capability to...

75 FR 62441 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-08

... SQF 6.0 for convenience purposes so that market participants utilizing SQF 6.0 have an additional... provided on SQF 5.0); (3) System Event Messages (e.g., start of messages, start of system hours, start of quoting, start of opening); (4) Complex Order Strategy Auction Notifications (COLA); (5) Complex Order...

75 FR 23825 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-04

...(b) of Chapter VI permits the Opening Cross to occur at or after 9:30 if there is no Imbalance \\3... have disseminated a firm quote on the Options Price Reporting Authority (``OPRA'').\\5\\ \\3\\ ``Imbalance... is an Imbalance, Section 8(b)(5) requires one additional Order Imbalance Indicator message to be...

Evolution from BCS superconductivity to Bose condensation: Calculation of the zero-temperature phase coherence length

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pistolesi, F.; Strinati, G.C.

1996-06-01

We consider a fermionic system at zero temperature interacting through an effective nonretarded potential of the type introduced by Nozi{grave e}res and Schmitt-Rink, and calculate the {ital phase} coherence length {xi}{sub phase} (associated with the spatial fluctuations of the superconducting order parameter) by exploiting a functional-integral formulation for the correlation functions and the associated loop expansion. This formulation is especially suited to follow the evolution of the fermionic system from a BCS-type superconductor for weak coupling to a Bose-condensed system for strong coupling, since in the latter limit a {ital direct} mapping of the original fermionic system onto an effectivemore » system of bosons with a residual boson-boson interaction can be established. Explicit calculations are performed at the one-loop order. The phase coherence length {xi}{sub phase} is compared with the coherence length {xi}{sub pair} for two-electron correlation, which is relevant to distinguish the weak- ({ital k}{sub {ital F}}{xi}{sub pair}{gt}1) from the strong- ({ital k}{sub {ital F}}{xi}{sub pair}{lt}1) coupling limits ({ital k}{sub {ital F}} being the Fermi wave vector) {ital as} {ital well} {ital as} to follow the crossover in between. It is shown that {xi}{sub phase} coincides with {xi}{sub pair} down to {ital k}{sub {ital F}}{xi}{sub pair}{approx_equal}10, {xi}{sub pair} in turn coinciding with the Pippard coherence length. In the strong-coupling limit we find instead that {xi}{sub phase}{gt}{xi}{sub pair}, with {xi}{sub pair} coinciding with the radius of the bound-electron pair. From the mapping onto an effective system of bosons in the strong-coupling limit we further relate {xi}{sub pair} with the {open_quote}{open_quote}range{close_quote}{close_quote} of the residual boson-boson interaction, which is physically the only significant length associated with the dynamics of the bosonic system. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less

Acid mine treatment with open limestone channels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ziemkiewicz, P.F.; Brant, D.L.; Skousen, J.G.

1996-12-31

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is often associated with mining of pyritic coal and metal deposits. Typical AMD associated with coal mines in the eastern US can have acidity and iron concentrations ranging from the teens to the thousands of mg/l. Aluminum and manganese can be present in concentrations ranging from zero to the low hundreds of mg/l. Much attention has been devoted to developing inexpensive, limestone (LS)-based systems for treating AMID with little or no maintenance. However, LS tends to coat with metal hydroxides when exposed to AMID in an oxidized state, a process known as {open_quotes}armoring{close_quotes}. It is generallymore » assumed that once armored, LS ceases to neutralize acid. Another problem is that the hydroxides tend to settle into plug the pore spaces in LS beds forcing water to move around rather than through the LS. While both are caused by the precipitation of metal hydroxides, armoring and plugging are two different problems. Plugging of LS pores can be avoided by maintaining a high flushing rate through the LS bed. Armoring, however, occurs regardless of water velocity. This study investigated the influence of armoring on LS solubility and the implications of armoring and plugging on the construction of open (oxidizing) LS channels for treating AMD. We evaluated the AMID treatment performance of armored and unarmored LS in oxidizing environments both in laboratory and field studies.« less

Images as embedding maps and minimal surfaces: Movies, color, and volumetric medical images

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kimmel, R.; Malladi, R.; Sochen, N.

A general geometrical framework for image processing is presented. The authors consider intensity images as surfaces in the (x,I) space. The image is thereby a two dimensional surface in three dimensional space for gray level images. The new formulation unifies many classical schemes, algorithms, and measures via choices of parameters in a {open_quote}master{close_quotes} geometrical measure. More important, it is a simple and efficient tool for the design of natural schemes for image enhancement, segmentation, and scale space. Here the authors give the basic motivation and apply the scheme to enhance images. They present the concept of an image as amore » surface in dimensions higher than the three dimensional intuitive space. This will help them handle movies, color, and volumetric medical images.« less

GeneBee-net: Internet-based server for analyzing biopolymers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brodsky, L.I.; Ivanov, V.V.; Nikolaev, V.K.

This work describes a network server for searching databanks of biopolymer structures and performing other biocomputing procedures; it is available via direct Internet connection. Basic server procedures are dedicated to homology (similarity) search of sequence and 3D structure of proteins. The homologies found could be used to build multiple alignments, predict protein and RNA secondary structure, and construct phylogenetic trees. In addition to traditional methods of sequence similarity search, the authors propose {open_quotes}non-matrix{close_quotes} (correlational) search. An analogous approach is used to identify regions of similar tertiary structure of proteins. Algorithm concepts and usage examples are presented for new methods. Servicemore » logic is based upon interaction of a client program and server procedures. The client program allows the compilation of queries and the processing of results of an analysis.« less

Implementation of a World Wide Web server for the oil and gas industry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Blaylock, R.E.; Martin, F.D.; Emery, R.

1995-12-31

The Gas and Oil Technology Exchange and Communication Highway, (GO-TECH), provides an electronic information system for the petroleum community for the purpose of exchanging ideas, data, and technology. The personal computer-based system fosters communication and discussion by linking oil and gas producers with resource centers, government agencies, consulting firms, service companies, national laboratories, academic research groups, and universities throughout the world. The oil and gas producers are provided access to the GO-TECH World Wide Web home page via modem links, as well as Internet. The future GO-TECH applications will include the establishment of{open_quote}Virtual corporations {close_quotes} consisting of consortiums of smallmore » companies, consultants, and service companies linked by electronic information systems. These virtual corporations will have the resources and expertise previously found only in major corporations.« less

Chemical reaction of hexagonal boron nitride and graphite nanoclusters in mechanical milling systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Muramatsu, Y.; Grush, M.; Callcott, T.A.

1997-04-01

Synthesis of boron-carbon-nitride (BCN) hybrid alloys has been attempted extensively by many researchers because the BCN alloys are considered an extremely hard material called {open_quotes}super diamond,{close_quotes} and the industrial application for wear-resistant materials is promising. A mechanical alloying (MA) method of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) with graphite has recently been studied to explore the industrial synthesis of the BCN alloys. To develop the MA method for the BCN alloy synthesis, it is necessary to confirm the chemical reaction processes in the mechanical milling systems and to identify the reaction products. Therefore, the authors have attempted to confirm the chemical reactionmore » process of the h-BN and graphite in mechanical milling systems using x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) methods.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Williams, L.R.

Much research has been devoted to measurement of total blood volume (TBV) and cardiac output (CO) in humans but not enough effort has been devoted to collection and reduction of results for the purpose of deriving typical or {open_quotes}reference{close_quotes} values. Identification of normal values for TBV and CO is needed not only for clinical evaluations but also for the development of biokinetic models for ultra-short-lived radionuclides used in nuclear medicine (Leggett and Williams 1989). The purpose of this report is to offer reference values for TBV and CO, along with estimates of the associated uncertainties that arise from intra- andmore » inter-subject variation, errors in measurement techniques, and other sources. Reference values are derived for basal supine CO and TBV in reference adult humans, and differences associated with age, sex, body size, body position, exercise, and other circumstances are discussed.« less

Process Waste Assessment - Paint Shop

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Phillips, N.M.

1993-06-01

This Process Waste Assessment was conducted to evaluate hazardous wastes generated in the Paint Shop, Building 913, Room 130. Special attention is given to waste streams generated by the spray painting process because it requires a number of steps for preparing, priming, and painting an object. Also, the spray paint booth covers the largest area in R-130. The largest and most costly waste stream to dispose of is {open_quote}Paint Shop waste{close_quotes} -- a combination of paint cans, rags, sticks, filters, and paper containers. These items are compacted in 55-gallon drums and disposed of as solid hazardous waste. Recommendations are mademore » for minimizing waste in the Paint Shop. Paint Shop personnel are very aware of the need to minimize hazardous wastes and are continuously looking for opportunities to do so.« less

The PANDA tests for SBWR certification

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Varadi, G.; Dreier, J.; Bandurski, Th.

1996-03-01

The ALPHA project is centered around the experimental and analytical investigation of the long-term decay heat removal from the containments of the next generation of {open_quotes}passive{close_quotes} ALWRs. The project includes integral system tests in the large-scale (1:25 in volume) PANDA facility as well as several other series of tests and supporting analytical work. The first series of experiments to be conducted in PANDA have become a required experimental element in the certification process for the General Electric Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (SBWR). The PANDA general experimental philosophy, facility design, scaling, and instrumentation are described. Steady-state PCCS condenser performance tests andmore » extensive facility characterization tests were already conducted. The transient system behavior tests are underway; preliminary results from the first transient test M3 are reviewed.« less

Developments in pesticide packaging and management of bulk herbicides as elements in a container reduction strategy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bradley, D.

Pesticide packaging plays an important role in a broader area that can be called {open_quotes}Delivery Systems.{close_quotes} Delivery Systems can include all of the physical elements that enable a technical active ingredient or combination of ingredients to move from the manufacturing plant through the channels of distribution to the pesticide applicator, who generally further dilutes the product for use on a registered target pest or crop site. This article describes developments relating to three goals in pesticide packaging. Those goals are: reduction in the number of empty containers through the use of reusable containers, formulation modifications, and other container minimization approaches;more » recyling of empty containers for their material or energy value; and disposal of empty containers in accordance with environmentally sound and cost effective practices.« less

Risk assessment and optimization (ALARA) analysis for the environmental remediation of Brookhaven National Laboratory`s hazardous waste management facility

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dionne, B.J.; Morris, S.C. III; Baum, J.W.

1998-01-01

The Department of Energy`s (DOE) Office of Environment, Safety, and Health (EH) sought examples of risk-based approaches to environmental restoration to include in their guidance for DOE nuclear facilities. Extensive measurements of radiological contamination in soil and ground water have been made at Brookhaven National Laboratory`s Hazardous Waste Management Facility (HWMF) as part of a Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) remediation process. This provided an ideal opportunity for a case study. This report provides a risk assessment and an {open_quotes}As Low as Reasonably Achievable{close_quotes} (ALARA) analysis for use at other DOE nuclear facilities as an example ofmore » a risk-based decision technique. This document contains the Appendices for the report.« less

Integrating science with humanities-loosing the fear of science

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pinto, W.L.; Raphalides, S.; Edwards, D.

1994-12-31

This presentation illustrates the approach and effectiveness of an interactive seminar program for K-12 non-science teachers (funded by the NJ Dept. of Higher Education) aimed at integrating the humanities and science, especially environmental sciences. Teachers become comfortable dealing with the commonality of science, literature, and human culture. In a collaborative format between seminar organizers and K-12 teachers, participants contribute their understanding of literature, history, politics, and culture to develop a new outlook on {open_quotes}environmental awareness{close_quotes} and on pollution`s impact on society. Prehistoric, medieval, 18th century, modern western cultures, Oriental, Native American, and tropical island cultures are explored to shed lightmore » upon today`s environmental attitudes. This provides a better understanding of the way science, within a cultural context, approaches environmental problems.« less

Supersonic Love waves in strong piezoelectrics of symmetry mm2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Darinskii, A. N.; Weihnacht, M.

A study has been made of the Love wave propagation on piezoelectric substrates of symmetry mm2. It has been shown that under certain conditions the velocity of the Love wave exceeds that of shear horizontal (SH) bulk waves in the substrate. This occurs when the slowness curve of SH bulk waves in the substrate either has a concavity or is convex with nearly zero curvature. For such {open_quotes}supersonic{close_quotes} Love waves to appear, it is also required that the substrate as well as the layer be specially oriented and that their material constants fulfill a number of inequalities. Numerical computations havemore » been carried out for a number of structures. The results of numerical computations have been compared with approximate analytical estimations. {copyright} 2001 American Institute of Physics.« less

Hydrodynamic models for slurry bubble column reactors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gidaspow, D.

1995-12-31

The objective of this investigation is to convert a {open_quotes}learning gas-solid-liquid{close_quotes} fluidization model into a predictive design model. This model is capable of predicting local gas, liquid and solids hold-ups and the basic flow regimes: the uniform bubbling, the industrially practical churn-turbulent (bubble coalescence) and the slugging regimes. Current reactor models incorrectly assume that the gas and the particle hold-ups (volume fractions) are uniform in the reactor. They must be given in terms of empirical correlations determined under conditions that radically differ from reactor operation. In the proposed hydrodynamic approach these hold-ups are computed from separate phase momentum balances. Furthermore,more » the kinetic theory approach computes the high slurry viscosities from collisions of the catalyst particles. Thus particle rheology is not an input into the model.« less

Isolation and characterization of a new class of amphipathic biopolymers capable of self-assembly from aqueous media

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martin, G.G.; Cannon, G.C.; McCormick, C.L.

Extensive research is being done in many laboratories to investigate the role of synthetic hydrophobically-modified polymers and amphipathic proteins for their potential in phase-transfer, sequestration, and elimination of polluting hydrocarbons and surfactants. Our laboratory has begun a research program which is aimed at the development of a new class of environmentally benign biomaterials using the amphipathic proteins termed {open_quotes}hydrophobins{close_quotes} and an associated polysaccharide, schizophyllan. These biopolymers can stabilize oil dispersions, attach strongly to polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene surfaces rendering them hydrophilic, and can self-assemble into a stable, flexible membrane. Preliminary experiments in our laboratory and others have demonstrated the immense technologicalmore » potential of this class of biomaterials for surface modification of membranes and coatings, fouling resistance, controlled delivery, protective encapsulation, and drag reduction.« less

Practical guide: Tools and methodologies for an oil and gas industry emission inventory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thompson, C.C.; Killian, T.L.

1996-12-31

During the preparation of Title V Permit applications, the quantification and speciation of emission sources from oil and gas facilities were reevaluated to determine the {open_quotes}potential-to-emit.{close_quotes} The existing emissions were primarily based on EPA emission factors such as AP-42, for tanks, combustion sources, and fugitive emissions from component leaks. Emissions from insignificant activities and routine operations that are associated with maintenance, startups and shutdowns, and releases to control devices also required quantification. To reconcile EPA emission factors with test data, process knowledge, and manufacturer`s data, a careful review of other estimation options was performed. This paper represents the results ofmore » this analysis of emission sources at oil and gas facilities, including exploration and production, compressor stations and gas plants.« less

Biodecontamination of concrete

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rogers, R.D.

1995-12-31

This paper describes the development and results of a demonstration for a continuous bioprocess for mixed waste treatment. A key element of the process is a unique microbial strain, which tolerates high levels of aromatic solvents and surfactants. This microorganism is the biocatalysis of the continuous flow system designed for processing stored liquid scintillation wastes. During the past year, a process demonstration has been conducted on commercial formulation of liquid scintillation cocktails (LSQ). Based on data obtained from this demonstration, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency granted the Mound Applied Technologies Laboratory a treatability permit allowing the limited processing of actualmore » mixed waste. Since August 1994, the system has been successfully processing stored {open_quotes}hot{close_quotes} LSC waste. This paper discusses the bioprocess, rates of processing, effluent, and implications of bioprocessing for mixed waste management.« less

General collaboration offer of Johnson Controls regarding the performance of air conditioning automatic control systems and other buildings` automatic control systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gniazdowski, J.

1995-12-31

JOHNSON CONTROLS manufactures measuring and control equipment (800 types) and is as well a {open_quotes}turn-key{close_quotes} supplier of complete automatic controls systems for heating, air conditioning, ventilation and refrigerating engineering branches. The Company also supplies Buildings` Computer-Based Supervision and Monitoring Systems that may be applied in both small and large structures. Since 1990 the company has been performing full-range trade and contracting activities on the Polish market. We have our own well-trained technical staff and we collaborate with a series of designing and contracting enterprises that enable us to have our projects carried out all over Poland. The prices of ourmore » supplies and services correspond with the level of the Polish market.« less

Hotline questions provide insight on EPA`s interpretation of the regs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1995-07-01

The RCRA/Superfund and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act Hotlines (1-800-424-9346) and 1-800-535-0202, (respectively) provide the regulated community with answers to questions about the regulation of hazardous wastes under RCRA, CERCLA, and EPCRA. Some questions fielded by the Hotline staff require interpretation by EPA personnel, and these written interpretations are distributed within the agency in monthly reports. Although the interpretations are not legally binding and cannot be considered {open_quotes}official{close_quotes} agency policy, they are helpful in understanding the regulations. Presented below are summaries of Hotline questions that are of widespread interest. The summaries are based on the RCRA/Superfund and Emergency Planningmore » and Community Right-to-Know Act Hotline Reports for October 1995 through February 1995.« less

Structure and modeling of turbulence

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Novikov, E.A.

The {open_quotes}vortex strings{close_quotes} scale l{sub s} {approximately} LRe{sup -3/10} (L-external scale, Re - Reynolds number) is suggested as a grid scale for the large-eddy simulation. Various aspects of the structure of turbulence and subgrid modeling are described in terms of conditional averaging, Markov processes with dependent increments and infinitely divisible distributions. The major request from the energy, naval, aerospace and environmental engineering communities to the theory of turbulence is to reduce the enormous number of degrees of freedom in turbulent flows to a level manageable by computer simulations. The vast majority of these degrees of freedom is in the small-scalemore » motion. The study of the structure of turbulence provides a basis for subgrid-scale (SGS) models, which are necessary for the large-eddy simulations (LES).« less

Refined localization of the Prieto-syndrome locus

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martinez, F.; Prieto, F.; Gal, A.

PRS designates the locus for a syndromal form of X-linked mental retardation (Prieto syndrome) characterized by minor facial anomalies, ear malformation, abnormal growth of teeth, clinodactyly, sacral dimple, patellar luxation, malformation of lower limbs, abnormalities of the fundus of the eye, and subcortical cerebral atrophy. Linkage analysis localized the disease locus between DXS84 (Xp21.1) and DXS255. Here we present additional linkage data that provide further support and refinement of this localization. Individual III-18 gave birth to a male, currently aged 2 7/12 years, who clearly shows delayed psychomotor development. He began to walk at 23 months and his speech ismore » delayed. In addition, he shows the characteristic facial anomalies, {open_quotes}dysplastic{close_quotes} ears, sacral dimple, and clinodactyly, as do all other affected males in this family. 7 refs., 1 tab.« less

Seeing Atoms and Molecules in Action with an Electron 'Eye' | Berkeley Lab

Science.gov Websites

, also called "electron guns," that can drive advanced X-ray lasers known as "free form of X-ray light. Free-electron lasers have opened new frontiers in studying materials and chemistry that you can look at with an X-ray free-electron laser, but with an electron eye." He added, "

78 FR 26818 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-08

... modifiers available to algorithms used by Floor brokers to route interest to the Exchange's matching engine...-Quotes entered into the matching engine by an algorithm on behalf of a Floor broker. STP modifiers would... algorithms removes impediments to and perfects the mechanism of a free and open market because there is a...

78 FR 9959 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; C2 Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-12

... Change Related to the Opening of the Complex Order Book February 6, 2013. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of... complex orders are currently processed through the Exchange's complex order book (``COB'') when the COB... individual orders and quotes in the electronic book or other complex orders in the COB, execute or cancel if...

75 FR 61799 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-06

... Change The Exchange proposes to amend Exchange Rules 1017, Openings in Options, and 1082, Firm Quotations... omission, Rules 1017(l)(iv)(C)(7) and 1082(a)(ii)(B)(3)(g)(vi) were not included in the proposed rule... executed from the initiating quote or order.\\9\\ \\9\\ See Exchange Rule 1082(a)(ii)(B)(3). Rather than...

Fuel management optimization using genetic algorithms and code independence

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

DeChaine, M.D.; Feltus, M.A.

1994-12-31

Fuel management optimization is a hard problem for traditional optimization techniques. Loading pattern optimization is a large combinatorial problem without analytical derivative information. Therefore, methods designed for continuous functions, such as linear programming, do not always work well. Genetic algorithms (GAs) address these problems and, therefore, appear ideal for fuel management optimization. They do not require derivative information and work well with combinatorial. functions. The GAs are a stochastic method based on concepts from biological genetics. They take a group of candidate solutions, called the population, and use selection, crossover, and mutation operators to create the next generation of bettermore » solutions. The selection operator is a {open_quotes}survival-of-the-fittest{close_quotes} operation and chooses the solutions for the next generation. The crossover operator is analogous to biological mating, where children inherit a mixture of traits from their parents, and the mutation operator makes small random changes to the solutions.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mungania, J.

Olkaria Geothermal area is located in the central sector of the Kenya, Rift Valley. A 45MW Geothermal power station has been operational at Olkaria since 1985 supplied by 22 of the 26 wells drilled in the Eastern production field (EPF). Between 1988 and 1993, eight more wells referred to as {open_quote}replacement wells{close_quote} were drilled in the same field to boost steam supply to the station. Petrographic analyses of the drill cuttings is usually done to determine detail stratigraphy of the field, extends of hydrothermal activity, subsurface structures and other parameters which may influence production potential of a well. Analyses ofmore » the drill cuttings from the EPF wells show that: Variations in the whole rock alteration intensities correlate with differences in rocktypes. Permeable horizons, especially the productive feeder zones are well marked by enhanced hydrothermal minerals depositions, mainly quartz, calcite, pyrite and epidote. Other aspects of state of reservoir like boiling are signified by presence of bladed calcite.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chrisochoides, N.; Sukup, F.

In this paper we present a parallel implementation of the Bowyer-Watson (BW) algorithm using the task-parallel programming model. The BW algorithm constitutes an ideal mesh refinement strategy for implementing a large class of unstructured mesh generation techniques on both sequential and parallel computers, by preventing the need for global mesh refinement. Its implementation on distributed memory multicomputes using the traditional data-parallel model has been proven very inefficient due to excessive synchronization needed among processors. In this paper we demonstrate that with the task-parallel model we can tolerate synchronization costs inherent to data-parallel methods by exploring concurrency in the processor level.more » Our preliminary performance data indicate that the task- parallel approach: (i) is almost four times faster than the existing data-parallel methods, (ii) scales linearly, and (iii) introduces minimum overheads compared to the {open_quotes}best{close_quotes} sequential implementation of the BW algorithm.« less

Science literacy programs for K-12 teachers, public officials, news media and the public. Final report, 1994--1997

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1997-03-01

On 12 July 94, The Institute for Science and Society received the above titled grant for $300,000 with an additional $323,000 awarded 14 August 95. The Institute completed the programs provided by the Department of Energy grant on 28 February 97. These programs for teachers, public officials, news media and the public will continue through 31 December 97 with funding from other sources. The Institute is a non-profit 501-c-3 corporation. It was organized {open_quotes}... to help increase science literacy in all segments of the population and contribute to a more rational atmosphere than now exists for the public consideration ofmore » societal issues involving science and technology, both regional and national.{close_quotes} Institute personnel include the Honorable Mike McCormack, Director; Joan Harris, Associate Director; Kim Freier, Ed.D, Program Manager; and Sharon Hunt, Executive Secretary.« less

The quantum-field renormalization group in the problem of a growing phase boundary

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Antonov, N.V.; Vasil`ev, A.N.

1995-09-01

Within the quantum-field renormalization-group approach we examine the stochastic equation discussed by S.I. Pavlik in describing a randomly growing phase boundary. We show that, in contrast to Pavlik`s assertion, the model is not multiplicatively renormalizable and that its consistent renormalization-group analysis requires introducing an infinite number of counterterms and the respective coupling constants ({open_quotes}charge{close_quotes}). An explicit calculation in the one-loop approximation shows that a two-dimensional surface of renormalization-group points exits in the infinite-dimensional charge space. If the surface contains an infrared stability region, the problem allows for scaling with the nonuniversal critical dimensionalities of the height of the phase boundarymore » and time, {delta}{sub h} and {delta}{sub t}, which satisfy the exact relationship 2 {delta}{sub h}= {delta}{sub t} + d, where d is the dimensionality of the phase boundary. 23 refs., 1 tab.« less

Beyond the petroleum system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Magoon, L.B.; Sanchez, R.M.O.

1995-12-01

The first joint AAPG/AMGP (Association of Mexican Petroleum Geologists) Hedberg Conference on {open_quotes}Geologic Aspects of Petroleum Systems{close_quotes} was held October 2-6, 1994, in Mexico City, Mexico. This research conference attracted nearly 150 geoscientists from 15 countries; 41 papers and 27 posters were presented. The opposite response occurred when the petroleum-system concept was presented more than 20 yr ago; it was largely overlooked. In the past decade, however, interest in this concept as an exploration tool has been growing rapidly. The research conference addressed the concept itself, its elements and processes, the tools and methods used to identify a petroleum system,more » and many case studies. We summarize responses by the participants to the following three questions: First, what is gained from using the petroleum-system concept? Second, in what new directions will the petroleum-system concept take us in the future? Third, has anything new come out of this research conference?« less

Physical oceanography and tracer chemistry of the southern ocean

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

This report considers technical and scientific developments and research questions in studies of the Southern Ocean since its predecessor, /open quotes/Southern Ocean Dynamics--A Strategy for Scientific Exploration 1973-1983/close quotes/ was published. The summary lists key research questions in Southern Ocean oceanography. Chapter 1 describes how Southern Ocean research has evolved to provide the basis for timely research toward more directed objectives. Chapter 2 recommends four research programs, encompassing many of the specific recommendations that follow. Appendix A provides the scientific background and Reference/Bibliography list for this report for: on air-sea-ice interaction; the Antarctic Circumpolar Current; water mass conversion; chemical tracermore » oceanography; and numerical modeling of the Southern Ocean. Appendix B describes the satellite-based observation systems expected to be active during the next decade. Appendix C is a list of relevant reports published during 1981-1987. 146 refs.« less