Delayed intraocular foreign body removal without endophthalmitis during Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom.

PubMed

Colyer, Marcus H; Weber, Eric D; Weichel, Eric D; Dick, John S B; Bower, Kraig S; Ward, Thomas P; Haller, Julia A

2007-08-01

To report the long-term follow-up results of intraocular foreign body (IOFB) removal at Walter Reed Army Medical Center during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom from February 2003 through November 2005 and to determine the prognostic factors for visual outcome in this patient population. Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. Seventy-nine eyes of 70 United States military soldiers deployed in support of operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom sustained IOFB injuries and subsequently were treated at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center with a minimum of 6 months of follow-up. The principal procedure performed was 20-gauge 3-port vitrectomy with IOFB removal through limbal or pars plana incision. Final visual acuity, rate of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, rate of endophthalmitis. Average patient age was 27 years, with an average of 331 days of postoperative follow-up. Average IOFB size was 3.7 mm (range, 0.1-20 mm). Median time to IOFB removal was 21 days (mean, 38 days; range, 2-661 days). Mean preoperative visual acuity was 20/400 (1.36 logarithm of mean angle of resolution [logMAR] units) and mean final visual acuity was 20/120 (0.75 logMAR). Of the patients, 53.4% achieved visual acuity of 20/40 or better, whereas 77.5% achieved visual acuity of better than 20/200. There were no cases of endophthalmitis (0/79 eyes; 95% confidence interval, 0%-3.1%), siderosis bulbi, or sympathetic ophthalmia. Among the eyes, 10.3% evolved to no light perception or had been enucleated by the 6-month follow-up visit. Poor visual outcome correlated with extensive intraocular injury (P<0.032). Seventeen of 79 eyes (21%) experienced proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy correlated with poor initial vision (hand movements or worse; P = 0.035) and extensive intraocular injury (P<0.001). Timing of vitrectomy did not correlate with visual outcome. The most common systemic antibiotic administered was levofloxacin

Risk of Suicide Among US Military Service Members Following Operation Enduring Freedom or Operation Iraqi Freedom Deployment and Separation From the US Military.

PubMed

Reger, Mark A; Smolenski, Derek J; Skopp, Nancy A; Metzger-Abamukang, Melinda J; Kang, Han K; Bullman, Tim A; Perdue, Sondra; Gahm, Gregory A

2015-06-01

A pressing question in military suicide prevention research is whether deployment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom or Operation Iraqi Freedom relates to suicide risk. Prior smaller studies report differing results and often have not included suicides that occurred after separation from military service. To examine the association between deployment and suicide among all 3.9 million US military personnel who served during Operation Enduring Freedom or Operation Iraqi Freedom, including suicides that occurred after separation. This retrospective cohort design used administrative data to identify dates of deployment for all service members (October 7, 2001, to December 31, 2007) and suicide data (October 7, 2001, to December 31, 2009) to estimate rates of suicide-specific mortality. Hazard ratios were estimated from time-dependent Cox proportional hazards regression models to compare deployed service members with those who did not deploy. Suicide mortality from the Department of Defense Medical Mortality Registry and the National Death Index. Deployment was not associated with the rate of suicide (hazard ratio, 0.96; 99% CI, 0.87-1.05). There was an increased rate of suicide associated with separation from military service (hazard ratio, 1.63; 99% CI, 1.50-1.77), regardless of whether service members had deployed or not. Rates of suicide were also elevated for service members who separated with less than 4 years of military service or who did not separate with an honorable discharge. Findings do not support an association between deployment and suicide mortality in this cohort. Early military separation (<4 years) and discharge that is not honorable were suicide risk factors.

Persistent pain and comorbidity among Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/operation New Dawn veterans.

PubMed

Higgins, Diana M; Kerns, Robert D; Brandt, Cynthia A; Haskell, Sally G; Bathulapalli, Harini; Gilliam, Wesley; Goulet, Joseph L

2014-05-01

Chronic pain is a significant concern for the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), with chronic pain conditions among those most frequently reported by Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)/Operation New Dawn (OND) veterans. The current study examined VHA electronic medical record data to examine variation in demographics and high prevalence and high impact medical and mental health conditions in order to characterize the differences between patients with persistent pain and no pain. A conservative operational definition of chronic or "persistent pain" based on multiple indicators of pain (i.e., pain intensity ratings, prescription opioids, pain clinic visits, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes) was employed. Analyses included the entire roster of longitudinal clinical data on OEF/OIF/OND veterans who used VHA care to compare those with persistent pain with those with no clinical evidence of pain. Results of logistic regression models suggest that sex, race, education, military variables, body mass index (BMI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and mental health conditions, but not age, reliably discriminate the two groups. Those with persistent pain were more likely to be Black, female, on active duty, enlisted, Army service members, have a high school education or less, and have diagnoses of mood disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, TBI, and have a BMI consistent with overweight and obesity. The operational definition of chronic pain used in this study may have research implications for examining predictors of incident and chronic pain. These data have important clinical implications in that addressing comorbid conditions of persistent pain may improve adaptive coping and functioning in these patients. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Next steps in addressing the prevention, screening, and treatment of substance use disorder in active duty and veteran Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom populations.

PubMed

Tollison, Sean J; Henderson, Ryan C; Baer, Johns S; Saxon, Andrew J

2012-08-01

The two articles presented previously in this volume provide state-of-the-art reviews of the etiology, epidemiology, screening and treatment of substance use disorder (SUD). This article identifies next steps in research and development for understanding and treating SUD in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom service members and veterans. Four promising areas are reviewed: advances in psychopharmacological treatment of SUD, innovations in behavioral treatments, the use of technological advances for the screening and treatment of SUD, and integration of treatment services. Future directions are explored and suggestions for research, development and implementation of each of these trends are discussed.

Combat casualty care: the Alpha Surgical Company experience during Operation Iraqi Freedom.

PubMed

Marshall, Thomas J

2005-06-01

Operation Iraqi Freedom was the first large-scale combat operation involving the U.S. Marine Corps since the Persian Gulf War in 1991. Data from a combat surgical company are presented. Records of all U.S. and Iraqi combat casualties admitted to the surgical company were reviewed. Fifty-three (57%) of 93 patients suffered penetrating injuries. Most wounds were produced by high-explosive munitions (mines, hand grenades, and rocket-propelled grenades), and the majority (51%) of wounds were to the extremities. The time to surgical care averaged 4.7 hours (range, 1.5-48 hours), and 98% of the patients seen at our facility survived. The time from injury to surgical care was considered long by civilian standards; however, this did not appear to affect outcomes substantially. A small percentage (5.2%) of injuries were to the torso. Hypothermia was commonly present. Because of the nature of their wounds, all patients required additional surgery after evacuation to rear area facilities. The outcomes of individual patients are not known, although it is known that only one Marine died after reaching medical care and, to date, no Marines have subsequently died of their wounds.

Visual symptomatology and referral patterns for Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom veterans with traumatic brain injury.

PubMed

Bulson, Ryan; Jun, Weon; Hayes, John

2012-01-01

Advances in protective armor technology and changes in the "patterns of war" have created a population of Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI) that provide a unique challenge to Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare practitioners. The purpose of the study was to determine the frequency of symptomatic ocular and visual sequelae of TBI in OIF/OEF veterans at the Portland VA Medical Center, a Polytrauma Support Clinic Team site. A retrospective analysis of 100 OIF/OEF veterans with TBI was conducted to determine the prevalence of ocular and visual complaints. Referral patterns were also investigated. Visual symptoms were reported in approximately 50% of veterans with TBI. Loss of consciousness, but not number of deployments or number of blast exposures, was found to have a statistically significant association with severity of reported visual symptoms. The most commonly reported symptoms included blurred vision (67%), photosensitivity (50%), and accommodative problems (40%). Visual symptoms of OIF/OEF veterans at the Portland VA Medical Center are reported at slightly lower rates than similar studies conducted at the Palo Alto and Edward Hines Jr VA facilities.

Diagnoses and Factors Associated With Medical Evacuation and Return to Duty for Service Members Participating in Operation Iraqi Freedom or Operation Enduring Freedom: A Prospective Cohort Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-23

effect of non-battle-related injuries and disease on military readiness. Funding John P Murtha Neuroscience and Pain Institute, and US Army Regional...doctor visits and medical evacuation.5,6 To achieve optimum use of medical resources and effectively plan military operations, medical and...Operation Iraqi Freedom who returned to duty increased substantially from a low of 8% in 2004 to 37% in 2007, an effect partly attributable to the

Ocular Surface Symptoms in Veterans Returning From Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom

PubMed Central

Modi, Yasha S.; Qurban, Qirat; Zlotcavitch, Leonid; Echeverri, Roberto J.; Feuer, William; Florez, Hermes; Galor, Anat

2014-01-01

Purpose. To correlate situational exposures and psychiatric disease with self-reported ocular surface symptoms in a younger veteran population involved in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF). Methods. Cross-sectional study of all veterans evaluated in the OIF/OEF clinic between December 2012 and April 2013 who completed the dry eye questionnaire and screening evaluations for environmental exposures, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression. The main outcome measures were the influence of environmental exposure and psychiatric disease on ocular surface symptoms. Results. Of 115 participants, the average age was 33 years. While overseas, exposure to incinerated waste (odds ratio [OR] 2.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23–5.81, P = 0.02) and PTSD (OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.23–5.85, P = 0.02) were associated with self-reported ocular surface symptoms. On return to the United States, older age (OR per decade 2.66, 95% CI 1.65–4.31, P = 0.04) was associated with persistent symptoms and incinerated waste was associated with resolution of symptoms (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.07–0.90, P = 0.04). When evaluating symptom severity, 26% of the responders complained of severe ocular surface symptoms, with PTSD (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.22–7.88, P = 0.02) and depression (OR 4.28, 95% CI 1.71–10.68, P = 0.002) being significant risk factors for their presence. Conclusions. PTSD was significantly associated with ocular surface symptoms both abroad and on return to the United States, whereas air pollution in the form of incinerated waste, was correlated with reversible symptoms. PMID:24408975

Family support, family stress, and suicidal ideation in a combat-exposed sample of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans.

PubMed

Gradus, Jaimie L; Smith, Brian N; Vogt, Dawne

2015-01-01

Deployment-related risk factors for suicidal ideation among Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans have received a great deal of attention. Studies show that mental health symptoms mediate the association between most deployment stressors and suicidal ideation; however, family-related factors during deployment are largely unexplored. We examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms as mediators of the associations between deployment family support and stress and post-deployment suicidal ideation in combat-exposed OEF/OIF veterans. National cross-sectional mail survey. 1046 veterans responded to the survey. The sample for this study was 978 veterans who experienced combat. Regression-based path analyses were conducted. Family support and stress had direct associations with suicidal ideation. When PTSD and depression symptoms were examined as mediators of these associations, results revealed significant indirect paths through these symptoms. This study contributes to the literature on suicidal ideation risk factors among OEF/OIF veterans. Deployment family support and family stress are associated with suicidal ideation; however these associations occur primarily through mental health symptomatology, consistent with findings observed for other deployment factors. This research supports ongoing efforts to treat mental health symptomatology as a means of suicide prevention.

Combat musculoskeletal wounds in a US Army Brigade Combat Team during operation Iraqi Freedom.

PubMed

Belmont, Philip J; Thomas, Dimitri; Goodman, Gens P; Schoenfeld, Andrew J; Zacchilli, Michael; Burks, Rob; Owens, Brett D

2011-07-01

A prospective, longitudinal analysis of musculoskeletal combat injuries sustained by a large combat-deployed maneuver unit has not previously been performed. A detailed description of the musculoskeletal combat casualty care statistics, distribution of wounds, and mechanisms of injury incurred by a US Army Brigade Combat Team during "The Surge" phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom was performed using a centralized casualty database and an electronic medical record system. Among the 4,122 soldiers deployed, there were 242 musculoskeletal combat wounds in 176 combat casualties. The musculoskeletal combat casualty rate for the Brigade Combat Team was 34.2 per 1,000 soldier combat-years. Spine, pelvis, and long bone fractures comprised 55.9% (33 of 59) of the total fractures sustained in combat. Explosions accounted for 80.7% (142 of 176) of all musculoskeletal combat casualties. Musculoskeletal combat casualty wound incidence rates per 1,000 combat-years were as follows: major amputation, 2.1; minor amputation, 0.6; open fracture, 5.0; closed fracture, 6.4; and soft-tissue/neurovascular injury, 32.8. Among musculoskeletal combat casualties, the likelihood of a gunshot wound causing an open fracture was significantly greater (45.8% [11 of 24]) when compared with explosions (10.6% [15 of 142]) (p = 0.0006). Long bone amputations were more often caused by explosive mechanisms than gunshot wounds. A large burden of complex orthopedic injuries has resulted from the combat experience in Operation Iraqi Freedom. This is because of increased enemy reliance on explosive devices, the use of individual and vehicular body armor, and improved survivability of combat-injured soldiers.

Reporters on the Ground: The Military and the Media’s Joint Experience During Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-10-01

field into a larger context. Conversely, those TV journalists supplying these spectacular reports and engrossing pictures from the front line were also... journalists , soldiers, and marines together in the same environment. Under such circumstances, whether reporters can or cannot be objective may be...H I P October 2003 Volume 08-03 REPORTERS ON THE GROUND: The Military and the Media’s Joint Experience During Operation Iraqi Freedom By

Longitudinal Changes in Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn Veterans With Hazardous Alcohol Use: The Role of Avoidance Coping.

PubMed

Lee, Joohyun; Possemato, Kyle; Ouimette, Paige C

2017-10-01

Military personnel who have experienced combat trauma are at risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A greater recognition of the complex array of vulnerability factors that contribute to PTSD severity has led researchers to examine other non-combat-related factors. This longitudinal study examined a number of pre-, peri-, and postdeployment factors hypothesized to contribute to PTSD symptomatology among returning Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn veterans presenting with at least subthreshold PTSD symptoms and hazardous alcohol use in a primary care setting. Purported risk factors included childhood family environment, severity of combat exposure, postdeployment social support, alcohol dependence severity, and an avoidant coping style. At baseline, postdeployment social support and avoidant coping contributed to PTSD severity. Only avoidant coping was associated with changes in PTSD symptom at 1-year follow-up. Reducing avoidant coping may deter the maintenance of PTSD among veterans with PTSD symptoms and hazardous alcohol use.

Naval Coastal Warfare Operations from 2000 to Operation Iraqi Freedom and the Deficiencies that Prompted their Addition to the Naval Expeditionary Combat Command

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-11-02

overmatched small boats sought refuge with the Boutwell but very little could be done and the 25ft boats were sent back to MABOT under the escort of a zodiac ...NAVAL COASTAL WARFARE OPERATIONS FROM 2000 TO OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM AND THE DEFICIENCIES THAT PROMPTED THEIR ADDITION TO THE NAVAL EXPEDITIONARY...including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing

Warrior Resilience Training in Operation Iraqi Freedom: combining rational emotive behavior therapy, resiliency, and positive psychology.

PubMed

Jarrett, Thomas

2008-01-01

Warrior Resilience Training (WRT) is an educational class designed to enhance Warrior resilience, thriving, and posttraumatic growth for Soldiers deployed in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Warrior Resilience Training uses rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), Army leadership principles, and positive psychology as a vehicle for students to apply resilient philosophies derived from Army Warrior Ethos, Stoic philosophy, and the survivor and resiliency literature. Students in WRT are trained to focus upon virtue, character, and emotional self-regulation by constructing and maintaining a personal resiliency philosophy that emphasizes critical thinking, rationality, virtue, and Warrior Ethos. The author, an Army licensed clinical social worker, executive coach, REBT doctoral fellow, and former Special Forces noncommissioned officer, describes his initial experience teaching WRT during Operation Iraqi Freedom to combat medics and Soldiers from 2005 to 2006, and his experience as a leader of a combat stress control prevention team currently in Iraq offering mobile WRT classes in-theater. Warrior Resilience Training rationale, curriculum, variants (like Warrior Family Resilience Training), and feedback are included, with suggestions as to how behavioral health providers and combat stress control teams might better integrate their services with leaders, chaplains, and commands to better market combat stress resiliency, reduce barriers to care, and promote force preservation. Informal analysis of class feedback from 1168 respondents regarding WRT reception and utilization is examined.

AH-64 IHADSS aviator vision experiences in Operation Iraqi Freedom

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hiatt, Keith L.; Rash, Clarence E.; Harris, Eric S.; McGilberry, William H.

2004-09-01

Forty AH-64 Apache aviators representing a total of 8564 flight hours and 2260 combat hours during Operation Iraqi Freedom and its aftermath were surveyed for their visual experiences with the AH-64's monocular Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) helmet-mounted display in a combat environment. A major objective of this study was to determine if the frequencies of reports of visual complaints and illusions reported in the previous studies, addressing mostly benign training environments, differ in the more stressful combat environments. The most frequently reported visual complaints, both while and after flying, were visual discomfort and headache, which is consistent with previous studies. Frequencies of complaints after flying in the current study were numerically lower for all complaint types, but differences from previous studies are statistically significant only for visual discomfort and disorientation (vertigo). With the exception of "brownout/whiteout," reports of degraded visual cues in the current study were numerically lower for all types, but statistically significant only for impaired depth perception, decreased field of view, and inadvertent instrumental meteorological conditions. This study also found statistically lower reports of all static and dynamic illusions (with one exception, disorientation). This important finding is attributed to the generally flat and featureless geography present in a large portion of the Iraqi theater and to the shift in the way that the aviators use the two disparate visual inputs presented by the IHADSS monocular design (i.e., greater use of both eyes as opposed to concentrating primarily on display imagery).

The Invisible Wound: Moral Injury and Its Impact on the Health of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans.

PubMed

Yan, Grace W

2016-05-01

Many veterans are now returning from Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) deployments with physical and mental health problems. However, there are few studies that examine the impact of moral injury on both physical and mental well-being. This study examines the impact of moral injury on self-reported general physical health, general mental health, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, and depression symptoms. Cross-sectional data were collected at as part of a pilot study at the New Jersey Veteran Affairs. 100 OEF/OIF veterans recruited at the New Jersey Veteran Affairs completed the paper questionnaire. We found that moral injury and combat experiences positively predicted post-traumatic stress disorder scores. Seeing the aftermath of battle and moral injury were negatively associated with mental well-being and positively associated with depression. Physical health status was negatively associated with depression. Spirituality and moral injury were negatively associated with physical health, whereas age was positively associated with physical health. Moral injury plays an important role in both physical and mental health outcomes for OEF/OIF veterans, but it is often not addressed in health care. These results underline the need for an approach to veterans' health care that includes discussion of existential and moral issues since they may impact health outcomes for many service members. Reprint & Copyright © 2016 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

Predictors of Help-Seeking Intentions in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans and Service Members.

PubMed

Porcari, Carole; Koch, Ellen I; Rauch, Sheila A M; Hoodin, Flora; Ellison, Grant; McSweeney, Lauren

2017-05-01

Despite significant numbers of Afghanistan and Iraqi veterans and service members who report symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, the majority do not seek help for these problems. A better understanding of the help-seeking process might aid providers and administrators in outreach and provision of services for those who need them. Past research has shown several variables that influence an individual's help-seeking behavior: demographic variables, the nature and severity of a mental health problem, and psychological variables. The three goals of the study were to determine which variables predicted help-seeking intentions from various sources for a psychological problem, identify barriers to help seeking, and identify sources of help sought in the past year. All Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans and service members registered with a Midwestern VA Healthcare System between 2001 and 2007 received a letter requesting participation in an Internet-based survey. Participants completed nine questionnaires regarding their current physical and psychological health, social support, self-efficacy, public and self-stigma, and barriers to seeking help for a psychological problem. In addition, patterns of help seeking from informal (i.e., partner/spouse, family, friends) and formal (i.e., physician, psychiatrist, or psychologist, either from Veterans Affairs [VA] or the private sector) sources of help were examined. Results from the linear regression model including all formal and informal sources of help indicated a significant model fit with attitudes toward psychotherapy, social support, and current mental health status as significant coefficients. Of note, attitudes toward psychotherapy were a significant coefficient in all help-seeking models; stigma was a significant coefficient with formal and VA sources, and social support was found to be a significant predictor with informal sources

Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery in Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom: the US Military Experience Performing Free Flaps in a Combat Zone

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

Microvascular reconstructive surgery in Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom: The US military experience performing free flaps in a combat zone...usually must undergo reconstructive surgery in the combat zone. While the use of microvascular free-tissue transfer (free flaps) for traumatic... reconstruction iswell documented in the literature, various complicating factors exist when these intricate surgical procedures are performed in a theater of

Combat experiences, pre-deployment training, and outcome of exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans.

PubMed

Price, Matthew; Gros, Daniel F; Strachan, Martha; Ruggiero, Kenneth J; Acierno, Ron

2013-01-01

The association between exposure to multiple potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and subsequent increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is well established. However, less is known about the relation between exposure to numerous PTEs, as is typical with military service, and treatment outcome. Furthermore, there has been little research examining military specific protective factors, such as pre-deployment preparedness, on PTSD treatment response. The current study investigated combat exposure and potential moderators of treatment outcome for exposure therapy in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans with PTSD. One hundred and eleven OEF/OIF veterans diagnosed with PTSD participated in 8 weeks of exposure therapy. Results indicated that increased combat exposure was associated with a reduced rate of change in PTSD symptoms but not depression symptoms. These findings were consistent across two measures of combat exposure. There was preliminary support for the moderating effect of pre-deployment preparedness on the association between combat exposure and treatment response. Together, these findings suggest that increased combat exposure is associated with poor treatment response in veterans with PTSD; however, this can be reduced by elevated pre-deployment preparedness. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Incidence of Mental Health Diagnoses in Veterans of Operations Iraqi Freedom, Enduring Freedom, and New Dawn, 2001-2014.

PubMed

Ramsey, Christine; Dziura, James; Justice, Amy C; Altalib, Hamada Hamid; Bathulapalli, Harini; Burg, Matthew; Decker, Suzanne; Driscoll, Mary; Goulet, Joseph; Haskell, Sally; Kulas, Joseph; Wang, Karen H; Mattocks, Kristen; Brandt, Cynthia

2017-02-01

To evaluate gender, age, and race/ethnicity as predictors of incident mental health diagnoses among Operations Iraqi Freedom, Enduring Freedom, and New Dawn veterans. We used US Veterans Health Administration (VHA) electronic health records from 2001 to 2014 to examine incidence rates and sociodemographic risk factors for mental health diagnoses among 888 142 veterans. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was the most frequently diagnosed mental health condition across gender and age groups. Incidence rates for all mental health diagnoses were highest at ages 18 to 29 years and declined thereafter, with the exceptions of major depressive disorder (MDD) in both genders, and PTSD among women. Risk of incident bipolar disorder and MDD diagnoses were greater among women; risk of incident schizophrenia, and alcohol- and drug-use disorders diagnoses were greater in men. Compared with Whites, risk incident PTSD, MDD, and alcohol-use disorder diagnoses were lower at ages 18 to 29 years and higher at ages 45 to 64 years for both Hispanics and African Americans. Differentiating high-risk demographic and gender groups can lead to improved diagnosis and treatment of mental health diagnoses among veterans and other high-risk groups.

Prolonged Exposure for Guilt and Shame in a Veteran of Operation Iraqi Freedom

PubMed Central

Paul, Lisa A.; Gros, Daniel F.; Strachan, Martha; Worsham, Glenna; Foa, Edna B.; Acierno, Ron

2014-01-01

Morally injurious events appear capable of producing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), even though they may not involve actual or perceived life-threat or a response of fear, horror, or helplessness. Researchers have questioned whether exposure therapies can address these events. The current report presents evidence of the effectiveness of this treatment approach for addressing posttraumatic symptoms related to a morally injurious event through an illustrative case of an Operation Iraqi Freedom veteran with PTSD characterized by symptoms of guilt and shame. The veteran was successfully treated with nine sessions of prolonged exposure therapy, reporting minimal PTSD symptoms one week post-treatment and at a six-month follow-up assessment. Implications for the treatment of veterans with significant guilt and shame using exposure-based therapies, and with respect to the recent changes to the diagnostic criteria for PTSD, are discussed. PMID:25505798

U.S. Army Reserve (Medical) soldier prescription challenges during Operation Iraqi Freedom.

PubMed

Savitala, Murty; Dydek, George J

2004-12-01

The continuous requirement to mobilize and deploy reserve soldiers presents numerous challenges for the Army Medical Department. One of the challenges in the preparation for deployment of reserve soldiers is the assessment of chronic prescription medication requirements and the eventual filling of these requirements during deployment. The assigned unit pharmacy officer can provide a value-added service through the identification and coordination of the pharmaceutical needs of an activated deploying unit. A unit pharmacy officer conducted a prescription medication use analysis on an activated Army Reserve Medical Unit before deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The study population consisted of 181 soldiers identified through a volunteer survey administered by the assigned pharmacy officer. The prescription medication requirements for the unit were identified in a predeployment status and an evaluation was conducted to determine the ability to sustain the medication requirements once the unit was to be deployed. Gaps in the availability of prescription medication requirements in a predeployed status were identified indicating potential deficiencies in the capability to replenish prescription medication requirements during deployment.

Symptom validity test performance and consistency of self-reported memory functioning of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi freedom veterans with positive Veteran Health Administration Comprehensive Traumatic Brain Injury evaluations.

PubMed

Russo, Arthur C

2012-12-01

Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom combat veterans given definite diagnoses of mild Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) during the Veteran Health Administration (VHA) Comprehensive TBI evaluation and reporting no post-deployment head injury were examined to assess (a) consistency of self-reported memory impairment and (b) symptom validity test (SVT) performance via a two-part study. Study 1 found that while 49 of 50 veterans reported moderate to very severe memory impairment during the VHA Comprehensive TBI evaluation, only 7 had reported any memory problem at the time of their Department of Defense (DOD) post-deployment health assessment. Study 2 found that of 38 veterans referred for neuropsychological evaluations following a positive VHA Comprehensive TBI evaluation, 68.4% failed the Word Memory Test, a forced choice memory recognition symptom validity task. Together, these studies raise questions concerning the use of veteran symptom self-report for TBI assessments and argue for the inclusion of SVTs and the expanded use of contemporaneous DOD records to improve the diagnostic accuracy of the VHA Comprehensive TBI evaluation.

Stigma, career worry, and mental illness symptomatology: Factors influencing treatment-seeking for Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom soldiers and veterans.

PubMed

Brown, Nicholas B; Bruce, Steven E

2016-05-01

Mental health related stigma, as well as mental illness symptomatology, have been shown to negatively impact treatment-seeking within military populations. However, few studies have delineated the 2 forms of stigma (self-stigma and public stigma), and none have differentiated between stigma and career-related consequences (career worry). The aim of this study was to increase our understanding of low treatment-seeking rates among soldiers and veterans by expanding upon previous measurements of the stigma construct and examining factors influencing willingness to seek treatment. The sample consisted of 276 Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) soldiers and veterans. Individual levels of self-stigma, public stigma, and career worry were measured, as were levels of willingness to seek treatment. Symptoms of PTSD, depression, and substance abuse were also evaluated to account for the influence of mental illness on treatment-seeking. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a 3-factor model including self-stigma, public stigma, and career worry fit the data significantly better than a 1- or 2- factor model. A multiple regression analysis also revealed that these 3 factors, combined with mental illness symptomatology, significantly predicted individual levels of willingness to seek treatment. Career worry was the strongest predictor, particularly for individuals with no treatment history. This study confirmed that career worry is a factor independent of self-stigma and public stigma. Findings indicate that a fear of negatively affecting one's career is the most influential factor in determining willingness to seek mental health treatment for the military population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).

An examination of the roles of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder on emotion regulation strategies of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation New Dawn veterans.

PubMed

Sippel, Lauren M; Roy, Alicia M; Southwick, Steven M; Fichtenholtz, Harlan M

2016-09-01

Theories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) implicate emotional processes, including difficulties utilizing adaptive emotion regulation strategies, as critical to the etiology and maintenance of PTSD. Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation New Dawn (OIF/OEF/OND) veterans report high levels of combat exposure and PTSD. We aimed to extend findings suggesting that emotion regulation difficulties are a function of PTSD, rather than combat trauma exposure or common comorbidities, to OIF/OEF/OND veterans, in order to inform models of PTSD risk and recovery that can be applied to returning veterans. We tested differences in emotion regulation, measured with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, among trauma-exposed veterans with (n = 24) or without PTSD (n = 22) and healthy civilian comparison participants (n = 27) using multivariate analyses of covariance, adjusting for major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and demographic variables (age, sex, and ethnicity). Veterans with PTSD reported more use of expressive suppression and more difficulties with emotion regulation than veterans without PTSD and healthy comparison participants. Groups did not differ on cognitive reappraisal. Findings suggest the key role of PTSD above and beyond trauma exposure, depression, and anxiety in specific aspects of emotion dysregulation among OIF/OEF/OND veterans. Interventions that help veterans expand and diversify their emotion regulation skills may serve as helpful adjunctive treatments for PTSD among OIF/OEF/OND veterans.

Contributions to Executive Dysfunction in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and History of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

PubMed

Jurick, Sarah M; Crocker, Laura D; Sanderson-Cimino, Mark; Keller, Amber V; Trenova, Liljana S; Boyd, Briana L; Twamley, Elizabeth W; Rodgers, Carie S; Schiehser, Dawn M; Aupperle, Robin L; Jak, Amy J

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and executive function (EF) difficulties are prevalent in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans. We evaluated the contributions of injury variables, lower-order cognitive component processes (processing speed/attention), and psychological symptoms to EF. OEF/OIF Veterans (N = 65) with PTSD and history of mTBI were administered neuropsychological tests of EF and self-report assessments of PTSD and depression. Those impaired on one or more EF measures had higher PTSD and depression symptoms and lower processing speed/attention performance than those with intact performance on all EF measures. Across participants, poorer attention/processing speed performance and higher psychological symptoms were associated with worse performance on specific aspects of EF (eg, inhibition and switching) even after accounting for injury variables. Although direct relationships between EF and injury variables were equivocal, there was an interaction between measures of injury burden and processing speed/attention such that those with greater injury burden exhibited significant and positive relationships between processing speed/attention and inhibition/switching, whereas those with lower injury burden did not. Psychological symptoms as well as lower-order component processes of EF (attention and processing speed) contribute significantly to executive dysfunction in OEF/OIF Veterans with PTSD and history of mTBI. However, there may be equivocal relationships between injury variables and EF that warrant further study. Results provide groundwork for more fully understanding cognitive symptoms in OEF/OIF Veterans with PTSD and history of mTBI that can inform psychological and cognitive interventions in this population.

Critical Care Air Transport Team severe traumatic brain injury short-term outcomes during flight for Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom.

PubMed

Boyd, L Renee; Borawski, J; Lairet, J; Limkakeng, A T

2017-10-01

Our understanding of the expertise and equipment required to air transport injured soldiers with severe traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) continue to evolve. We conducted a retrospective chart review of characteristics, interventions required and short-term outcomes of patients with severe TBI managed by the US Air Force Critical Care Air Transport Teams (CCATTs) deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom between 1 June 2007 and 31 August 2010. Patients were cared for based on guidelines given by the Brain Trauma Foundation and the Joint Theater Trauma System by non-neurosurgeon physicians with dedicated neurocritical care training. We report basic characteristics, injuries, interventions required and complications during transport. Intracranial haemorrhage was the most common diagnosis in this cohort. Most injuries were weapon related. During this study, there were no reported in-flight deaths. The majority of patients were mechanically ventilated. There were 45 patients who required at least one vasopressor to maintain adequate tissue perfusion, including four patients who required three or more. Some patients required intracranial pressure (ICP) management, treatment of diabetes insipidus and/or seizure prophylaxis medications. Air transport personnel must be prepared to provide standard critical care but also care specific to TBIs, including ICP control and management of diabetes insipidus. Although these patients and their potential complications are traditionally managed by neurosurgeons, those providers without neurosurgical backgrounds can be provided this training to help fill a wartime need. This study provides data for the future development of air transport guidelines for validating and clearing flight surgeons. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

Psychological resilience and postdeployment social support protect against traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers returning from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.

PubMed

Pietrzak, Robert H; Johnson, Douglas C; Goldstein, Marc B; Malley, James C; Southwick, Steven M

2009-01-01

A number of studies have examined the prevalence and correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and related psychiatric conditions in soldiers returning from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF), but none have examined whether factors such as psychological resilience and social support may protect against these conditions in this population. A total of 272 predominantly older reserve/National Guard OEF/OIF veterans completed a mail survey assessing traumatic stress and depressive symptoms, resilience, and social support. Resilience scores in the full sample were comparable to those observed in civilian outpatient primary-care patients. Respondents with PTSD, however, scored significantly lower on this measure and on measures of unit support and postdeployment social support. A hierarchical regression analysis in the full sample suggested that resilience (specifically, increased personal control and positive acceptance of change) and postdeployment social support were negatively associated with traumatic stress and depressive symptoms, even after adjusting for demographic characteristics and combat exposure. These results suggest that interventions to bolster psychological resilience and postdeployment social support may help reduce the severity of traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in OEF/OIF veterans. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Causes of Death in Military Working Dogs During Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, 2001-2013.

PubMed

Miller, Laura; Pacheco, Gerardo J; C Janak, Jud; Grimm, Rose C; Dierschke, Nicole A; Baker, Janice; Orman, Jean A

2018-03-14

Military working dogs (MWDs) are a major asset in the theater of operations. Their unique abilities make them ideal for tasks such as tracking, patrol, and scent detection. MWDs deployed to a war zone are exposed to harsh environments and battlefield dangers that increase their risk of disease, injuries, and death. Although canines have been used extensively in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), no published studies have reported detailed causes of death among MWDs deployed to these conflicts. Potential cases were defined as U.S. military-owned MWDs that died while deployed in Iraq (OIF) or Afghanistan (OEF) from January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2013 and identified from both official sources and unofficial sources, that is, online searches. Cases included in this study were limited to MWDs with data on cause of death obtained by abstraction from official veterinary treatment records (VTRs) from the Department of Defense Military Working Dog Veterinary Service, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas, and Special Operations Forces units. We identified 92 MWDs that died while deployed to OEF/OIF from 2001 through 2013 and had cause of death information from official VTRs. For both OEF and OIF, the most common training program was Multi-Purpose Canine (36.5% and 51.7%, respectively), followed by Improvised Explosive Detector Dog for OEF (34.9%) and Patrol Explosive Detector Dog for OIF (34.5%). Injuries were the primary cause of death for 77.2% of the MWDs for which we had cause of death data. The most frequent external injuries were gunshot wounds (GSW) (31.5%), explosion or blast (26.1%), and heat stress (9.8%). The proportion of deaths due to GSW was similar for OEF and OIF (30.2% vs. and 34.5%, respectively). However, a greater proportion of MWDs died from explosions during OEF than during OIF (30.2% vs. 17.2%, respectively). Diseases were the cause of death in 23.0% of the MWDs. The most common

Effects of Escitalopram on Autonomic Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF).

PubMed

Ramaswamy, Sriram; Selvaraj, Vithyalakshmi; Driscoll, David; Madabushi, Jayakrishna S; Bhatia, Subhash C; Yeragani, Vikram

2015-01-01

Posttraumatic stress disorder is a chronic, debilitating condition that has become a growing concern among combat veterans. Previous research suggests that posttraumatic stress disorder disrupts normal autonomic responding and may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Measures of heart rate variability and QT interval variability have been used extensively to characterize sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on heart rate in a variety of psychiatric populations. The objective of this study was to better understand the effects of pharmacological treatment on autonomic reactivity in posttraumatic stress disorder. A 12-week, Phase IV, prospective, open-label trial of escitalopram in veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression. An outpatient mental health clinic at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Eleven male veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression. Autonomic reactivity was measured by examining heart rate variability and QT interval variability. Treatment safety and efficacy were also evaluated pre- and post-treatment. We observed a reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms from pre- to post-treatment, and escitalopram was generally well tolerated in our sample. In addition, we observed a decrease in high frequency heart rate variability and an increase in QT variability, indicating a reduction in cardiac vagal function and heightened sympathetic activation. These findings suggest that escitalopram treatment in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and depression can trigger changes in autonomic reactivity that may adversely impact cardiovascular health.

Monitoring mental health treatment acceptance and initial treatment adherence in veterans: veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom versus other veterans of other eras.

PubMed

Lindley, Steven; Cacciapaglia, Holly; Noronha, Delilah; Carlson, Eve; Schatzberg, Alan

2010-10-01

Identifying factors that influence mental health outcomes in veterans can aid in the redesign of programs to maximize the likelihood of early resolution of problems. To that end, we examined demographic and clinical process data from 2,684 veterans who scored positive on a mental health screen. We investigated this data set for patterns and possible predictors of mental health referral acceptance and attendance. The majority of patients had not received mental health treatment within the last two years (76%). Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) were more likely to accept a mental health referral for depression but were equally likely to attend a mental health visit as other era veterans. Decreased acceptance was associated with provider type and contact method, clinic location, depression only, and specific age ranges (65-74). Among those who accepted a referral, decreased attendance was associated with clinic location, depression only, and retirement. No variables predicted OEF/OIF acceptance/attendance. In conclusion, our findings illustrate the importance of close, continual monitoring of clinical process data to help reveal targets for improving mental health care for veterans. © 2010 Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease.

Management of colorectal injuries during operation iraqi freedom: patterns of stoma usage.

PubMed

Duncan, James E; Corwin, Christian H; Sweeney, W Brian; Dunne, James R; Denobile, John W; Perdue, Philip W; Galarneau, Michael R; Pearl, Jonathan P

2008-04-01

Management of penetrating colorectal injuries in the civilian trauma population has evolved away from diversionary stoma into primary repair or resection and primary anastomosis. With this in mind, we evaluated how injuries to the colon and rectum were managed in the ongoing war in Iraq. The records of Operation Iraqi Freedom patients evacuated to National Naval Medical Center (NNMC) from March 2004 until November 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with colorectal injuries were identified and characterized by the following: (1) injury type; (2) mechanism; (3) associated injuries; (4) Injury Severity Score; (5) levels of medical care involved in patient treatment; (6) time interval(s) between levels of care; (7) management; and (8) outcomes. Twenty-three patients were identified as having either colon or rectal injury. The average ISS was 24.4 (range, 9-54; median 24). On average, patients were evaluated and treated at 2.5 levels of surgically capable medical care (range, 2-3; median 2) between time of injury and arrival at NNMC, with a median of 6 days from initial injury until presentation at NNMC (range, 3-11). Management of colorectal injuries included 7 primary repairs (30.4%), 3 resections with anastomoses (13.0%), and 13 colostomies (56.6%). There was one death (4.3%) and three anastomotic leaks (30%). Total complication rate was 48%. Based upon injury severity, the complex nature of triage and medical evacuation, and the multiple levels of care involved for injured military personnel, temporary stoma usage should play a greater role in military casualties than in the civilian environment for penetrating colorectal injuries.

Long-Term Neurobehavioral Symptoms and Return to Productivity in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans With and Without Traumatic Brain Injury.

PubMed

Mortera, Marianne H; Kinirons, Stacy A; Simantov, Jessie; Klingbeil, Heidi

2018-02-01

To describe Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans who underwent the Comprehensive Traumatic Brain Injury Evaluation (CTBIE), differences between the traumatic brain injury (TBI) and non-TBI subgroups, and factors associated with return to productivity (RTP). Retrospective medical record review. Medical center. Medical records of OEF/OIF veterans (N=236) who underwent the CTBIE between 2009 and 2013. Not applicable. Demographic characteristics, injury history, clinical presentation, and factors associated with RTP. Veteran sample included 90.7% men, was 45.3% white and 34.7% black, with half of Hispanic origin, and had a mean age of 33 years. The mean time since injury was approximately 4 years. Reported symptoms were high, with >90% reporting anxiousness, irritability, sleep difficulty, forgetfulness, and headaches. TBI diagnosis was found in 163 veterans (69%). The TBI subgroup was younger (TBI: 32.5y vs non-TBI: 34.9y; P=.02), reported a greater number of injuries (P<.001), and had significantly higher rates of half of the reported symptoms. Greatest differences were noted with forgetfulness (TBI: 95.7% vs non-TBI: 79.5%; P<.001), poor concentration (TBI: 90.2% vs non-TBI: 76.7%; P=.007), and headaches (TBI: 93.9% vs non-TBI: 83.6%; P=.014). RTP was 60.6% for the total veteran population. Factors associated with RTP were race (white) (odds ratio [OR], 2.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-3.55; P=.018), sensitivity to light (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.17-5.66; P=.018), and fatigue (OR, 3.68; 95% CI, 1.51-8.95; P=.004). Veterans that did RTP were 3 times less likely to report depression (OR, .32; 95% CI, .12-.85; P=.022). Veterans reported a substantial number of lingering symptoms, with a higher prevalence in veterans with TBI. Veterans with reported depression were less likely to RTP. Future research should focus on the relation between depression and non-RTP and the effectiveness of Department of Veterans Affairs services. Copyright

Incidence and epidemiology of combat injuries sustained during "the surge" portion of operation Iraqi Freedom by a U.S. Army brigade combat team.

PubMed

Belmont, Philip J; Goodman, Gens P; Zacchilli, Michael; Posner, Matthew; Evans, Clifford; Owens, Brett D

2010-01-01

A prospective, longitudinal analysis of injuries sustained by a large combat-deployed maneuver unit has not been previously performed. A detailed description of the combat casualty care statistics, distribution of wounds, and mechanisms of injury incurred by a U.S. Army Brigade Combat Team during "The Surge" phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom was performed using a centralized casualty database and an electronic medical record system. Among the 4,122 soldiers deployed, there were 500 combat wounds in 390 combat casualties. The combat casualty rate for the Brigade Combat Team was 75.7 per 1,000 soldier combat-years. The % killed in action (KIA) was 22.1%, and the %died of wounds was 3.2%. The distribution of these wounds was as follows: head/neck 36.2%, thorax 7.5%, abdomen 6.9%, and extremities 49.4%. The percentage of combat wounds showed a significant increase in the head/neck region (p < 0.0001) and a decrease in the extremities (p < 0.03) compared with data from World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. The percentage of thoracic wounds (p < 0.03) was significantly less than historical data from World War II and Vietnam. The %KIA was significantly greater in those soldiers injured by an explosion (26.3%) compared with those soldiers injured by a gunshot wound (4.6%; p = 0.003). Improvised explosive devices accounted for 77.7% of all combat wounds. There was a significantly higher proportion of head/neck wounds compared with previous U.S. conflicts. The 22.1% KIA was comparable with previous U.S. conflicts despite improvements in individual/vehicular body armor and is largely attributable to the lethality of improvised explosive devices. The lethality of a gunshot wound in Operation Iraqi Freedom has decreased to 4.6% with the use of individual body armor.

Strategic Reflections: Operation Iraqi Freedom, July 2004-February 2007

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-10-01

not pan out. We knew that our mission was ultimately to hand over security responsibility to the Iraqi government, but we had not yet developed a...were “ chicken -egg” discus- sions about whether the security situation had to improve before the political track could begin. I strongly argued that...2005 Lt Gen Nick Houghton (UK), October 2005–February 2006 Lt Gen Rob Fry (UK), March 2006–September 2006 Lt Gen Graham Lamb (UK), September 2006

Iraqi Perspectives Project. A View of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam’s Senior Leadership

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

nation’s history and culture . Thus, the Iraqi response to threats and the invasion of Coalition forces was a function of how Saddam and his minions...had been shaped by violence. Being a product of a violent political culture does not ab- solve Saddam for his role over the past three decades. He was...calculus, the United States was unwilling to undertake any action that could result in even small numbers of Americans being sent home in body bags

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in two returning Operation Iraqi Freedom soldiers who developed hemolytic anemia while receiving primaquine prophylaxis for malaria.

PubMed

Carr, Marcus E; Fandre, Matthew N; Oduwa, Felix O

2005-04-01

Use of antimalarial prophylaxis continues to be routine practice among military personnel returning from areas where malaria is endemic. Primaquine may be used for terminal prophylaxis against Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium vivax. Serious complications of this regimen are infrequent. We report the occurrence of significant hemolytic anemia for two soldiers returning from Operation Iraqi Freedom. They presented with dark urine, headaches, and classic laboratory findings of hemolysis. Both soldiers were subsequently found to have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and both responded to conservative treatment and cessation of medication. Although this complication is unusual, medical personnel involved in the care of recently returned deployed service members should be alert to its potential occurrence among patients who are receiving antimalarial prophylaxis. This complication could be completely avoided with prescreening of personnel for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, as is currently done in the Air Force and Navy, before the use of primaquine.

Invasion vs insurgency: US Navy/Marine Corps forward surgical care during Operation Iraqi Freedom.

PubMed

Brethauer, Stacy A; Chao, Alex; Chambers, Lowell W; Green, Donald J; Brown, Carlos; Rhee, Peter; Bohman, Harold R

2008-06-01

The transition from maneuver warfare to insurgency warfare has changed the mechanism and severity of combat wounds treated by US Marine Corps forward surgical units in Iraq. Case series comparison. Forward Resuscitative Surgical System units in Iraq. Three hundred thirty-eight casualties treated during the invasion of Iraq in 2003 (Operation Iraqi Freedom I [OIF I]) and 895 casualties treated between March 2004 and February 2005 (OIF II). Definitive and damage control procedures for acute combat casualties. Mechanism of injury, procedures performed, time to presentation, and killed in action (KIA) and died of wounds (DOW) rates. More major injuries occurred per patient (2.4 vs 1.6) during OIF II. There were more casualties with fragment wounds (61% vs 48%; P = .03) and a trend toward fewer gunshot wounds (33% vs 43%; P = .15) during OIF II. More damage control laparotomies (P = .04) and more soft tissue debridements (P < .001) were performed during OIF II. The median time to presentation for critically injured US casualties during OIF I and OIF II were 30 and 59 minutes, respectively. The KIA rate increased from 13.5% to 20.2% and the DOW rate increased from 0.88% to 5.5% for US personnel in the First Marine Expeditionary Force area of responsibility. The transition from maneuver to insurgency warfare has changed the type and severity of casualties treated by US Marine Corps forward surgical units in Iraq. Improvised explosive devices, severity and number of injuries per casualty, longer transport times, and higher KIA and DOW rates represent major differences between periods. Further data collection is necessary to determine the association between transport times and mortality rates.

Medical and physical readiness of the U.S. Army Reserve for Noble Eagle/Enduring Freedom/Iraqi Freedom: recommendations for future mobilizations.

PubMed

Ruble, Paul; Silverman, Michael; Harrell, Janie; Ringenberg, Lynnette; Fruendt, Jonathan; Walters, Terry; Christiansen, Loren; Llorente, Maria; Barnett, Scott D; Scherb, Barbara; Lumpkin, Eddie; Mitchell, Deborah

2005-06-01

The U.S. Army Reserve plays an important role in the war-fighting capabilities of the U.S. military. There have been concerns, however, regarding the health and physical readiness of this force. Recently Army Reservists were mobilized for Operation Noble Eagle/Iraqi Freedom. We report on both the medical waivers requested and issues related to soldiers found medically nonavailable for deployment on data collected and analyzed from several mobilization sites. Four hundred thirty-one medical waivers were requested. Of 60,000 mobilized, approximately 2.7% were found to be medically nonavailable for deployment, predominately enlisted and male. The most common problems identified were orthopedic, psychiatric, diabetes, asthma, obstetrical-gynecological, and cardiac. The overall prevalence of medically nonavailable for deployment of Army Reservists was low. Most of the conditions leading to nondeployable troops were attributable to chronic disease. Interventions to decrease the level of medically nonavailable for deployment and to lessen mobilization site operations are being implemented.

Microvascular reconstructive surgery in Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom: the US military experience performing free flaps in a combat zone.

PubMed

Klem, Christopher; Sniezek, Joseph C; Moore, Brian; Davis, Michael R; Coppit, George; Schmalbach, Cecelia

2013-08-01

Local nationals with complex wounds resulting from traumatic combat injuries during Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom usually must undergo reconstructive surgery in the combat zone. While the use of microvascular free-tissue transfer (free flaps) for traumatic reconstruction is well documented in the literature, various complicating factors exist when these intricate surgical procedures are performed in a theater of war. The microvascular experiences of six military surgeons deployed during a 30-month period between 2006 and 2011 in Iraq and Afghanistan were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-nine patients presented with complex traumatic wounds. Thirty-one free flaps were performed for the 29 patients. Location of tissue defects included the lower extremity (15), face/neck (8), upper extremity (6). Limb salvage was successful in all but one patient. Six of eight patients with head and neck wounds were tolerating oral intake at the time of discharge. There were three flap losses in 3 patients; two patients who experienced flap loss underwent a successful second free or regional flap. Minor complications occurred in six patients. Microvascular free tissue transfer for complex tissue defects in a combat zone is a critically important task and can improve quality of life for host-nation patients. Major US combat hospitals deployed to a war zone should include personnel who are trained and capable of performing these complex reconstructive procedures and who understand the many nuances of optimizing outcomes in this challenging environment.

Over-reporting bias and the modified Stroop effect in Operation Enduring and Iraqi Freedom veterans with and without PTSD.

PubMed

Constans, Joseph I; Kimbrell, Timothy A; Nanney, John T; Marx, Brian P; Jegley, Susan; Pyne, Jeffrey M

2014-02-01

The current study investigated in a sample of Operation Enduring and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans how a symptom overreporting response style might influence the association between PTSD diagnostic status and color-naming response latency for trauma-related stimuli during the Modified Stroop Task (i.e., the Modified Stroop Task effect, MST effect). It was hypothesized that, if an overreporting response style reflected feigning or exaggerating PTSD symptoms, an attenuated MST effect would be expected in overreporters with PTSD as compared with PTSD-diagnosed veterans without an overreporting style. If, however, overreporting stemmed from high levels of distress, the MST effect might be greater in overreporters compared with those with a neutral response style. The results showed that veterans with PTSD and an overreporting response style demonstrated an augmented MST effect in comparison with those with a more neutral style of response. Overreporters also reported greater levels of psychopathology, including markedly elevated reports of dissociative experiences. We suggest that dissociation-prone overreporters may misattribute emotional distress to combat experiences leading to the enhanced MST effect. Other possible explanations for these results are also discussed. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved.

Gender differences in service utilization among Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn Veterans Affairs patients with severe mental illness and substance use disorders.

PubMed

Painter, Janelle M; Brignone, Emily; Gilmore, Amanda K; Lehavot, Keren; Fargo, Jamison; Suo, Ying; Simpson, Tracy; Carter, Marjorie E; Blais, Rebecca K; Gundlapalli, Adi V

2018-02-01

Severe mental illness (SMI) and substance use disorders (SUD) are among the more chronic and costly mental health conditions treated in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Service use patterns of returning veterans with SMI and SUD have received little attention. We examined gender differences in the utilization of VA services among a national sample of Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) VA patients with SMI, SUD, and their comorbidity (SMI/SUD) in their first year of established VA care (N = 24,166). Outpatient services and acute-residential stays were modeled using negative binomial and logistic regression, respectively. Among all diagnostic categories, men used outpatient services less often than did women, including primary care (adjusted rate ratio [ARR] = .71, 95% confidence interval CI [.68, .74]), mental health (ARR = .85, 95% CI [.80, .91]), and addiction (ARR = .91, 95% CI [.83, .99]) services. For emergency department (ED) and psychiatric inpatient services, gender interacted significantly with diagnosis. The combination of SMI/SUD compared to either SMI or SUD conferred greater risk of ED utilization among men than women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.09, 95% CI [1.24, 3.51], and 1.95, 95% CI [1.17, 3.26], respectively). SMI versus SUD conferred greater risk of psychiatric inpatient utilization among men than women (AOR = 1.83, 95% CI [1.43, 2.34]). Our findings point to gender differences in outpatient and acute service utilization among OEF/OIF/OND VA patients with some of the more chronic and costly mental health conditions. Further investigation of health care utilization patterns is needed to understand factors driving these gender differences to ensure that veterans have appropriate access to the services they need. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Association of parental status and diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans of Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom.

PubMed

Janke-Stedronsky, Shonda R; Greenawalt, David S; Stock, Eileen M; Tsan, Jack Y; MacCarthy, Andrea A; MacCarthy, Daniel J; Copeland, Laurel A

2016-01-01

Research indicates that concerns about disruption of family relationships during military service may be associated with greater posttraumatic stress symptomatology. The current study sought to extend previous findings by examining the relative odds of a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis among Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans with dependent children versus veterans without dependent children. Administrative databases were queried to identify 36,334 OEF/OIF veterans with dependent children seeking care in the Veterans Health Administration (VA) during fiscal years 2006-2009. These veterans were matched 1:1 on age, gender, and demobilization date to veterans without dependent children (N = 72,668). In unconditional analyses, OEF/OIF veterans with dependent children versus those without were significantly more likely to incur a PTSD diagnosis (44% vs. 28%). After controlling for demographic variables, mental health utilization, and other serious mental illness, OEF/OIF veterans with dependent children were about 40% more likely to carry a diagnosis of PTSD. The association was stronger for men than for women. It may be of value for clinicians to consider parental status when assessing and treating veterans with PTSD. In-depth study of OEF/OIF veterans is needed to determine whether disruption of family relationships leads to increased psychological stress or parents are more likely than nonparents to seek VA mental health services for PTSD symptoms. (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).

Cigarette Smoking and Sociodemographic, Military, and Health Characteristics of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans: 2009-2011 National Health Study for a New Generation of US Veterans.

PubMed

Cypel, Yasmin S; Hamlett-Berry, Kim; Barth, Shannon K; Christofferson, Dana E; Davey, Victoria J; Eber, Stephanie; Schneiderman, Aaron I; Bossarte, Robert M

2016-09-01

We examined the sociodemographic, military, and health characteristics of current cigarette smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers among Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) / Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans and estimated smoking prevalence to better understand cigarette use in this population. We analyzed data from the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) 2009-2011 National Health Study for a New Generation of US Veterans. On the basis of a stratified random sample of 60 000 OEF/OIF veterans, we sought responses to a 72-item questionnaire via mail, telephone, or Internet. Cigarette smoking status was based on self-reported cigarette use in the past year. We used multinomial logistic regression to evaluate associations between smoking status and sociodemographic, military, and health characteristics. Among 19 911 veterans who provided information on cigarette smoking, 5581 were current smokers (weighted percentage: 32.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 31.7-33.2). Current smokers were more likely than nonsmokers or former smokers to be younger, to have less education or income, to be separated/divorced or never married/single, and to have served on active duty or in the army. Comparing current smokers and nonsmokers, some significant associations from adjusted analyses included the following: having a Mental Component Summary score (a measure of overall mental health) above the mean of the US population relative to below the mean (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.73-0.90); having physician-diagnosed depression (aOR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.33-1.74), respiratory conditions (aOR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04-1.30), or repeated seizures/blackouts/convulsions (aOR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.22-2.67); heavy alcohol use vs never use (aOR = 5.49, 95% CI: 4.57-6.59); a poor vs excellent perception of overall health (aOR = 3.79, 95% CI: 2.60-5.52); and being deployed vs nondeployed (aOR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.78-0.96). Using health care services from the VA protected against current

Wound fragments from cutaneous sites of U.S. Military personnel deployed in operation Iraqi Freedom: clinical aspects and pathologic characterizations.

PubMed

Maggio, Kurt L; Kalasinsky, Victor F; Lewin-Smith, Michael R; Mullick, Florabel G

2008-04-01

A wide variety of materials present in current military conflict zones may be implanted and retained as "foreign bodies" or fragments in wounds. Analysis of removed fragments can be valuable to the patient, for research purposes, and for the protection of future potential victims. The objectives were to evaluate the composition of retained fragments in wounds from combat injuries and correlate this information with the mechanism of injury. Wound fragments from 10 U.S. military personnel wounded while deployed in Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom were removed from their skin and were subjected to gross examination, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDXA), with specimen radiography and infrared spectroscopy if indicated. A variety of exogenous substances, including iron, lead, antimony, copper, aluminum, and acrylonitrile-styrene plastic were detected. No (depleted) uranium was detected. There was a high degree of correlation between the composition of the fragment removed and the wounding event. Wound fragments may take months to years to manifest. Their gross appearance can be misleading. Establishing the composition of retained materials in wounds may assist in the clinical care of the wounded, provide forensic information, and have broader value in wound analysis and research.

Recent Human Factors Contributions to Improve Military Operations (Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Bulletin. Volume 46, Number 12, December 2003)

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-12-01

operations run the full gamut from large-scale, theater-wide combat, as witnessed in Operation Iraqi Freedom, to small-scale operations against terrorists, to... gamut from large-scale, theater-wide combat, as witnessed in Operation Iraqi Freedom, to small-scale operations against terror- ists, to operations

Net-Centric Sustainment and Operational Reach on the Modern Battlefield

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-17

Halliday, Marc L. Robbins , and Kenneth J. Girardini. "Sustainment of Army Forces in Operation Iraqi Freedom: Battlefield Logistics and Effects on Operations... Robbins , Kenneth J. Girardini, Rick Eden, John M. Halliday, and Jeffrey Angers. "Operation Iraqi Freedom: Major Findings and Recommendations...Timothy P. Williams, Tony R. Sherrill, Amy R. McGrath, Morris G. Hayes, Antoniette C. McGrady, and John M. Sheckler. "Logistics Command and Control

Initial Experience of US Marine Corps Forward Resuscitative Surgical System during Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-01

lavage, and splinting. Exter- nal fixation was used when there was concurrent vascular pro- cedures or if fractures were extremely unstable...foot open fracture Completion lower extremity amputation; completion right upper amputation; external fixation right ankle 8/Iraqi child Class 3 shock...infection Comminuted mandible fracture with loss of airway (casualty 1 in Table 2) Airway control Infection of mandibular plate at echelon 5 facility

Showtime: An Analysis of the Embedded News Media Program During the Pre-Combat and the Combat Phases of Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-05-26

program, but that did not affect the effectiveness of the program in the United States. Though the program was effective during Operation Iraqi...Their collective opinion is that it was a “good thing.” In the international environment, the program was not as effective as it was in the United...in the international environment did not affect the effectiveness of the program in the United States. The embedded program proved to be effective

Colon and rectal injuries during Operation Iraqi Freedom: are there any changing trends in management or outcome?

PubMed

Steele, Scott R; Wolcott, Kate E; Mullenix, Philip S; Martin, Matthew J; Sebesta, James A; Azarow, Kenneth S; Beekley, Alec C

2007-06-01

Despite the evolution in the management of traumatic colorectal injuries in both civilian and military settings during the previous few decades, they continue to be a source of significant morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to analyze management and clinical outcomes from a cohort of patients suffering colorectal injuries. This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from all patients injured and treated at the 31st Combat Support Hospital during Operation Iraqi Freedom from September 2003 to December 2004. From the 3,442 patients treated, 175 (5.1 percent) had colorectal injuries. Patients were predominately male (95 percent), suffered penetrating injuries (96 percent), and had a mean age of 29 (range, 4-70) years. Ninety-one percent of patients had associated injuries. Initial management included primary repair (34 percent), stoma (33 percent), resection with anastomosis (19 percent), and damage control only (14 percent). By injury location, stomas were placed more frequently with rectal or sphincter injuries 65 percent (25/40) vs. other sites (right, 19 percent (8/42); transverse, 25 percent (8/32); left, 36 percent (20/55); P < 0.01). Thirteen percent of patients eventually received stomas for failure of initial in-continuity management. Patients with colorectal injuries had a significantly increased mortality rate than those without (18 percent (31/175) vs. 8 percent (269/3267); P < 0.001) but not the subset without colorectal injuries undergoing celiotomy (18 vs.14.4 percent; P = 0.41). Rectal (odds radio, 22; P = 0.03) and transverse colon (odds radio, 17; P = 0.04) injuries were independently associated with increased mortality in multivariate regression analysis. Initial placement of stoma had an independent association with lower leak rates (odds radio, 0.06; P = 0.04). Injury to the rectum or transverse colon is an independent predictor of mortality. The use of a diverting stoma varied by injury site and was

Operation Iraqi Freedom 06-08: Iraq. Operation Enduring Freedom 8: Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-02-14

Optimizing Theater Assets 15.6.3 Addressing Reported Short 15.6.4 Leadership and R 15.6.5 Sleep Managemen 15.6.6 Results Related t 15.6.7 NCOs and...36.4% 32.0% 0.02 Continuous operations . 38.8% 33.3% 000 Long deployment length. 57.1% 57.1% 0.99 6.2.2 Top Concerns in MHA T V While the...IT0 and are experienced using AHLTA- T . As noted above, as the operational theater matures in Iraq, there is a clear push to use EMR reporting

A Pilot Study of the Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Brain Response to Traumatic Reminders of Combat in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Combat Veterans with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.

PubMed

Bremner, James Douglas; Mishra, Sanskriti; Campanella, Carolina; Shah, Majid; Kasher, Nicole; Evans, Sarah; Fani, Negar; Shah, Amit Jasvant; Reiff, Collin; Davis, Lori L; Vaccarino, Viola; Carmody, James

2017-01-01

Brain imaging studies in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have implicated a circuitry of brain regions including the medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, parietal cortex, and insula. Pharmacological treatment studies have shown a reversal of medial prefrontal deficits in response to traumatic reminders. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a promising non-pharmacologic approach to the treatment of anxiety and pain disorders. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of MBSR on PTSD symptoms and brain response to traumatic reminders measured with positron-emission tomography (PET) in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) combat veterans with PTSD. We hypothesized that MBSR would show increased prefrontal response to stress and improved PTSD symptoms in veterans with PTSD. Twenty-six OEF/OIF combat veterans with PTSD who had recently returned from a combat zone were block randomized to receive eight sessions of MBSR or present-centered group therapy (PCGT). PTSD patients underwent assessment of PTSD symptoms with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), mindfulness with the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and brain imaging using PET in conjunction with exposure to neutral and Iraq combat-related slides and sound before and after treatment. Nine patients in the MBSR group and 8 in the PCGT group completed all study procedures. Post-traumatic stress disorder patients treated with MBSR (but not PCGT) had an improvement in PTSD symptoms measured with the CAPS that persisted for 6 months after treatment. MBSR also resulted in an increase in mindfulness measured with the FFMQ. MBSR-treated patients had increased anterior cingulate and inferior parietal lobule and decreased insula and precuneus function in response to traumatic reminders compared to the PCGT group. This study shows that MBSR is a safe and effective treatment for PTSD. Furthermore, MBSR treatment is associated with

The four free-operant freedoms

PubMed Central

Lindsley, Ogden R.

1996-01-01

This article reviews early free-operant conditioning laboratory research and applications. The seldom-mentioned four free-operant freedoms are described for the first time in detail. Most current behavior analysts do not realize that the freedom to form responses and the freedom to speed responses were crucial steps in designing free-operant operanda in the 1950s. These four freedoms were known by the laboratory researchers of the 1950s to the point that, along with operanda design, Sidman (1960) did not feel the need to detail them in his classic, Tactics of Scientific Research. The dimensions of freedom in the operant were so well understood and accepted in the 1950s that most thought it redundant to use the term free operant. These issues are reviewed in some detail for younger behavior analysts who did not have the opportunity of learning them firsthand. PMID:22478258

Repeated Concussion Among U.S. Military Personnel During Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

amber.dougherty@med.navy.mil DOI:10.1682/JRRD.2011.01.00131269 1270 JRRD, Volume 48, Number 10, 2011concussions [9–13]. Evidence exists that some aspects of...Freedom casualties. Unique aspects of the EMED include detailed information regarding the injury incident, which is collected at or near the point of...dizziness, tinnitus , and sensitivity to noise or light), and affective (depression, irritability, and anxiety), utilization of mental health and

Advising and assisting an Iraqi Army medical clinic: observations of a U.S. military support mission.

PubMed

Lynn, David C; De Lorenzo, Robert A

2011-09-01

Medical civil-military operations are important for deployed military medical units engaged in counter-insurgency missions. There are few reports on military support for a host nation's military medical infrastructure, and we describe an initiative of the 21st Combat Support Hospital in 2010 during the postsurge phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation New Dawn. The goal was to incrementally improve the quality of care provided by Iraqi 7th Army medical personnel using existing clinic infrastructure and a low budget. Direct bedside teaching to include screening and treatment of ambulatory patients (sick call), focused pharmacy and medical supply system support, medical records documentation, and basic infection control compliance were the objectives. Lessons learned include the requirement to implement culturally relevant changes, maintain focus on system processes, and maximize education and mentorship through multiple modalities. In summary, a combat hospital can successfully implement an advise and assist mission with minimal external resources.

Air Force Military Personnel Entitlement Pay in Support of Contingency Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-23

Report No. A-2006-0067- FFM , “Military Pay for Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Active Components,” April 5, 2006 U.S. Army Audit...Agency Report No. A-2006-0079- FFM , “Material Weakness Closeout on Line of Duty and Incapacitation Pay,” March 8, 2006 22B22BAir Force Air Force

Iraqi Population Displacement Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-11-01

CENTER FOR ARMY ANALYSIS 6001 GOETHALS ROAD FORT BELVOIR, VA 22060-5230 CAA-2015098 IRAQI POPULATION DISPLACEMENT ANALYSIS NOVEMBER 2016...CONTRACT NUMBER Iraqi Population Displacement Analysis PDMC 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Ms...NOTES 14. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to inform CJ34 Civil Military Operations decisions on placement of internally displaced person (IDP

Defense.gov Special Report: National Native American Heritage Month -

Science.gov Websites

non-combat situation), Bronze Star - Operation DESERT STORM Campaign, Defense Meritorious Service Medal - Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, Defense Meritorious Service Medal - Operation ENDURING FREEDOM, and Campaign Medals - Operation IRAQI FREEDOM / Operation ENDURING FREEDOM. Maj. Maureen A. Trujillo U.S. Air

The effect of enemy combat tactics on PTSD prevalence rates: A comparison of Operation Iraqi Freedom deployment phases in a sample of male and female veterans.

PubMed

Green, Jonathan D; Bovin, Michelle J; Erb, Sarah E; Lachowicz, Mark; Gorman, Kaitlyn R; Rosen, Raymond C; Keane, Terence M; Marx, Brian P

2016-09-01

Research suggests that the nature of combat may affect later development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in combat veterans. Studies comparing rates of PTSD across different conflicts indicate that the use of asymmetric or guerilla-style tactics by enemy fighters may result in higher rates of PTSD among U.S. military personnel than the use of symmetric tactics, which mirror tactics used by U.S. forces. Investigations of the association between enemy combat tactics and PTSD across conflicts were limited because of cohort effects and a focus on male veterans. The current study examined rates of PTSD diagnosis in a sample of male and female veterans deployed to Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), a conflict with 3 distinct phases marked by varying enemy tactics. Participants were 738 veterans enrolled in Project VALOR (Veterans' After-Discharge Longitudinal Registry) who deployed once to OIF. Participants completed a clinician interview as well as self-report measures. Male veterans deployed during the OIF phase marked by asymmetric tactics were more than twice as likely to be diagnosed with PTSD as those deployed during the other 2 phases, even after controlling for extent of combat exposure, demographic characteristics, and other deployment-related risk factors for PTSD. Differing rates of PTSD across the 3 OIF phases were not observed among female participants. The nature of combat (specifically, asymmetric enemy tactics) may be a risk factor for the development of PTSD among males. Factors other than enemy tactics may be more important to the development of PTSD among females. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).

Iraqi Resistance to Freedom: A Frommian Perspective

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-01-01

1984 . Fromm, “Afterword,” in George Orwell , 1984 (London: Plume, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1955 [1983 Edi- tion]), pp. 257-67; Fromm, Escape from...depicted in George Orwell’s 1984 . Fromm discussed the sup- pression of self in an “Afterword” written for the Plume and Harcourt Brace Jovanovich edition of...Freedom, p. 202. Autumn 2003 83 46. Fromm, Escape from Freedom, p. 207. 47. Ibid. 48. Ibid. 49. Ibid., p. 208. 50. Orwell , 1984 . 51. Fromm, Escape from

The Fight for the High Ground: The U.S. Army and Interrogation during Operation Iraqi Freedom I, May 2003-April 2004

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-12

Regimental Detainee Holding Area in al-Qaim: CW3 Welshofer stuffed Mowhoush into a sleeping bag head first, wrapped the bag tightly with electrical ...greater risk of similar abuse from their captors. 24 This section went on to list examples of illegal physical torture, to include " electric shock...of Iraqis turned against coalition forces as law and order, electricity , garbage disposal, and other essential services failed to quickly materialize

What It Takes. Air Force Command of Joint Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

Iraq Assistance Group IDE intermediate developmental education IO international organization ISAF International Security and Assistance Force ISR...Operations Table A.1—Continued Joint Task Force Mission/Operation Start End Service Command Rank JTF–Joint Area Support Group (JASG) Iraqi Freedom...be of interest to a wide group of Air Force personnel involved in the development and func- tion of the service’s command organizations, including

American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-29

DesertShield/Desert Storm (as of June 15, 2004) Casualty Type Total Army Air Force Marines Navya ,b Killed in Action 143 96 20 22 5 Died of Wounds 4 2 2...Operation Iraqi Freedom — Military Deaths, May 1, 2003, Through June 2, 2007 (As of June 2, 2007) Casualty Type Totals Army Navya Marines Air Force

31 CFR 575.312 - Iraqi person.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Iraqi person. 575.312 Section 575.312 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN... Iraqi person. The term Iraqi person means an Iraqi citizen, any person organized under the laws of Iraq...

Project VALOR: design and methods of a longitudinal registry of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in combat-exposed veterans in the Afghanistan and Iraqi military theaters of operations.

PubMed

Rosen, Raymond C; Marx, Brian P; Maserejian, Nancy N; Holowka, Darren W; Gates, Margaret A; Sleeper, Lynn A; Vasterling, Jennifer J; Kang, Han K; Keane, Terence M

2012-03-01

Few studies have investigated the natural history of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Project VALOR (Veterans' After-discharge Longitudinal Registry) was designed as a longitudinal patient registry assessing the course of combat-related PTSD among 1600 male and female Veterans who served in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan or Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Aims of the study include investigating patterns and predictors of progression or remission of PTSD and treatment utilization. The study design was based on recommendations from the Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research for longitudinal disease registries and used a pre-specified theoretical model to select the measurement domains for data collection and interpretation of forthcoming results. The registry will include 1200 male and female Veterans with a recent diagnosis of PTSD in the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) electronic medical record and a comparison group of 400 Veterans without a medical record-based PTSD diagnosis, to also allow for case-control analyses. Data are collected from administrative databases, electronic medical records, a self-administered questionnaire, and a semi-structured diagnostic telephone interview. Project VALOR is a unique and timely registry study that will evaluate the clinical course of PTSD, psychosocial correlates, and health outcomes in a carefully selected cohort of returning OEF/OIF Veterans. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Operation Iraqi Freedom - An Unjust War

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-02-09

the President. Clearly there is a separation of powers when it comes to the use of the military. This country’s history is founded on the separation ...country this separation of powers has been tested. It is necessary that this government with its separate branches of authority, struggles with, and... of powers , to prevent any one branch of the government from wielding too much power. The founding fathers feared too much power in one branch of the

Maintaining Discrimination in Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

his War, Morality, and  Autonomy : An Investigation in Just War  Theory, responds to some of the critiques of the Doctrine of Double Effect.  He believes...fighting forces obey the statutes.  In the aftermath of World War II which    8 Daniel S. Zupan, War, Morality, and  Autonomy : An Investigation in Just...eventually conform to their plan and share their idea  of a future condition.  Americans, despite many  cultural  and religious indicators that say    13

Operation Iraqi Freedom: Strategies, Approaches, Results, and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-04-02

Joost Hiltermann characterized the operations as “a fairly transparent partisan effort by the Supreme Council [ISCI] dressed in government uniforms to... poultry debate” of 2008. In mid-2008, as part of the search for sustainable economic activity, some military and PRT officials proposed supporting the...development of domestic poultry and egg farming. Some argued that such a business required relatively low start- up costs, and would provide both

Stand Up and Be Counted: The Continuing Challenge of Building the Iraqi Security Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

forces in conjunction with neutralizing Iraq’s insurgency and developing Iraqi forces capable of securing the country . From the fall of 2003...effort to develop the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF), we cannot assess the operational capability of these forces. We are actually left with more...First we trained the army for threats from outside the country . But we realized the true threats were inside the country …. It’s the Iraqis

Ground operation of robotics on Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wojcik, Z. Alex; Hunter, David G.; Cantin, Marc R.

1993-01-01

This paper reflects work carried out on Ground Operated Telerobotics (GOT) in 1992 to refine further the ideas, procedures, and technologies needed to test the procedures in a high latency environment, and to integrate GOT into Space Station Freedom operations. Space Station Freedom (SSF) will be in operation for 30 years, and will depend on robots to carry out a significant part of the assembly, maintenance, and utilization workload. Current plans call for on-orbit robotics to be operated by on-board crew members. This approach implies that on-orbit robotics operations use up considerable crew time, and that these operations cannot be carried out when SSF is unmanned. GOT will allow robotic operations to be operated from the ground, with on-orbit crew interventions only when absolutely required. The paper reviews how GOT would be implemented, how GOT operations would be planned and supported, and reviews GOT issues, critical success factors, and benefits.

Ground operation of robotics on Space Station Freedom

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wojcik, Z. Alex; Hunter, David G.; Cantin, Marc R.

1993-03-01

This paper reflects work carried out on Ground Operated Telerobotics (GOT) in 1992 to refine further the ideas, procedures, and technologies needed to test the procedures in a high latency environment, and to integrate GOT into Space Station Freedom operations. Space Station Freedom (SSF) will be in operation for 30 years, and will depend on robots to carry out a significant part of the assembly, maintenance, and utilization workload. Current plans call for on-orbit robotics to be operated by on-board crew members. This approach implies that on-orbit robotics operations use up considerable crew time, and that these operations cannot be carried out when SSF is unmanned. GOT will allow robotic operations to be operated from the ground, with on-orbit crew interventions only when absolutely required. The paper reviews how GOT would be implemented, how GOT operations would be planned and supported, and reviews GOT issues, critical success factors, and benefits.

On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-01-01

arrived and prepared. The I MEF, commanding 1st Marine Division (1 MARDIV), 1 Air Wing, the 1st Armoured Division (UK), and other supporting units, made...reach into Baghdad. Supporting and Parallel Operations As V Corps advanced north toward Baghdad, I MEF, supported by the 1st (UK) Armoured Division...The 3rd ACR had weeks before it expected to enter the theater, as did the 2nd ACR (L). Three of the 7th UK Armoured Brigade’s four battle groups

Organizing to Understand: How to Operate Effectively in the Human Domain

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-21

study of ethno- cultural dynamics. Instead of culture-specific training, intercultural learning seeks to develop the skills at bridging communication ...national security community and military practitioners. To deal with the increasingly important human aspects, the US military has proposed the...studies of the early years of Operation Iraqi Freedom provide sufficient material with which to analyze how the security community has approached issues

Comparison between civilian burns and combat burns from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom.

PubMed

Wolf, Steven E; Kauvar, David S; Wade, Charles E; Cancio, Leopoldo C; Renz, Evan P; Horvath, Edward E; White, Christopher E; Park, Myung S; Wanek, Sandra; Albrecht, Michael A; Blackbourne, Lorne H; Barillo, David J; Holcomb, John B

2006-06-01

To assess outcome differences between locally burned civilians and military personnel burned in a distant combat zone treated in the same facility. The United States Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR) Burn Center serves as a referral center for civilians and is the sole center for significant burns in military personnel. We made the hypothesis that outcomes for military personnel burned in the current conflict in Iraq and Afghanistan would be poorer because of delays to definitive treatment, other associated injury, and distance of evacuation. We reviewed the civilian and military records of patients treated at the USAISR from the outset of hostilities in Iraq in April 2003 to May 2005. Demographics, injury data, mortality, and clinical outcomes were compared. : We cared for 751 patients during this time period, 273 of whom were military (36%). Military injuries occurred in a younger population (41 +/- 19 vs. 26 +/- 7 years for civilian and military respectively, P < 0.0001) with a longer time from injury to burn center arrival (1 +/- 5 days vs. 6 +/- 5, P < 0.0001), a higher Injury Severity Score (ISS 5 +/- 8 vs. 9 +/- 11, P < 0.0001), and a higher incidence of inhalation injury (8% vs. 13%, P = 0.024). Total burn size did not differ. Mortality was 7.1% in the civilian and 3.8% in the military group (P = 0.076). When civilians outside the age range of the military cohort were excluded, civilian mortality was 5.0%, which did not differ from the military group (P = 0.57). Total body surface area (TBSA) burned, age > or =40 years, presence of inhalation injury, and ventilator days were found to be important predictors of mortality by stepwise regression, and were used in a final predictive model with the area under receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.97 for both populations considered together. No significant effect of either group was identified during development. Mortality does not differ between civilians evacuated locally and military personnel

RECON - A New Way Forward

Science.gov Websites

Us Recon - New Way Forward "A New Way Forward" takes an in-depth look at Operation Iraqi News Embassy of the United States - Baghdad, Iraq Operation Iraqi Freedom - Freguently Asked Questions

Command and Control Common Semantic Core Required to Enable Net-centric Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-20

automated processing capability. A former US Marine Corps component C4 director during Operation Iraqi Freedom identified the problems of 1) uncertainty...interoperability improvements to warfighter community processes, thanks to ubiquitous automated processing , are likely high and somewhat easier to quantify. A...synchronized with the actions of other partners / warfare communities. This requires high- quality information, rapid sharing and automated processing – which

Comparison Between Civilian Burns and Combat Burns From Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom

PubMed Central

Wolf, Steven E.; Kauvar, David S.; Wade, Charles E.; Cancio, Leopoldo C.; Renz, Evan P.; Horvath, Edward E.; White, Christopher E.; Park, Myung S.; Wanek, Sandra; Albrecht, Michael A.; Blackbourne, Lorne H.; Barillo, David J.; Holcomb, John B.

2006-01-01

Objective: To assess outcome differences between locally burned civilians and military personnel burned in a distant combat zone treated in the same facility. Summary Background Data: The United States Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR) Burn Center serves as a referral center for civilians and is the sole center for significant burns in military personnel. We made the hypothesis that outcomes for military personnel burned in the current conflict in Iraq and Afghanistan would be poorer because of delays to definitive treatment, other associated injury, and distance of evacuation. Methods: We reviewed the civilian and military records of patients treated at the USAISR from the outset of hostilities in Iraq in April 2003 to May 2005. Demographics, injury data, mortality, and clinical outcomes were compared. Results: We cared for 751 patients during this time period, 273 of whom were military (36%). Military injuries occurred in a younger population (41 ± 19 vs. 26 ± 7 years for civilian and military respectively, P < 0.0001) with a longer time from injury to burn center arrival (1 ± 5 days vs. 6 ± 5, P < 0.0001), a higher Injury Severity Score (ISS 5 ± 8 vs. 9 ± 11, P < 0.0001), and a higher incidence of inhalation injury (8% vs. 13%, P = 0.024). Total burn size did not differ. Mortality was 7.1% in the civilian and 3.8% in the military group (P = 0.076). When civilians outside the age range of the military cohort were excluded, civilian mortality was 5.0%, which did not differ from the military group (P = 0.57). Total body surface area (TBSA) burned, age ≥40 years, presence of inhalation injury, and ventilator days were found to be important predictors of mortality by stepwise regression, and were used in a final predictive model with the area under receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.97 for both populations considered together. No significant effect of either group was identified during development. Conclusions: Mortality does not differ

Essential Services in Support of the Counterinsurgency during Operation Iraq Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-10-23

local populace working on rebuilding their own country can be found to be particularly disturbing. However, Dr. Ahmed Hashim has clearly depicted...critical to success. Dr. Ahmed Hashim infers that the lack of awareness of the cultural significance of our behavior toward the local Iraqi population...currency, the New Iraqi Dinar , which should also help strengthen confidence in the use of this currency by the local population.24 CERP permits the shift

Iraqi Perspectives Project. Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Documents. Volume 1 (Redacted)

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-11-01

of embassy weapons caches. A summary of a related document folder (ISGP-2003- 00010399, 3 October 2000) includes inventories of weapons within the...senior Iraqis noted that after OPERATIO DESERT Fox (December 1998), Saddam became much more concerned for his personal security. Saddam isolated...of a 114-page report concerning IIS operations in the northern area of Iraq, 13 October 1995. Harmony document folder ISGP-2003-000 10399 - Inventories

Redefining Projections of Disease and Nonbattle Injury Patient Condition Code Distributions with Casualty Data from Operation

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-07-30

encephalitis uncomplicated 0.16% 0.30% 264 Meningo-encephalitis complicated 0.07% 0.13% 282 Infectious mononucleosis all cases 0.03% 0.06% 283...cardiovascular, sexually transmitted diseases, genitourinary (female), infectious /parasitic, neuropsychiatric, and miscellaneous. Although considerable...Phases of Operation Iraqi Freedom Major Post OIF-II Total ICD-9 Category n (%) Std Residual n (%) Std Residual n (%) Std Residual n (%) Infectious

American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-02

Service 10 Table 7. Vietnam Conflict: Casualty Summary (as of December 22, 2014) Casualty Type Total Army Air Force Marines Navya Killed in Action...December 22, 2014) Casualty Type Total Army Air Force Marines Navya Killed in Action 144 96 20 22 6 Died of Wounds 4 2 0 2 0 Missing in Action—Declared...Service 17 Table 12. Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF): Casualty Summary by Casualty Category (as of December 22, 2014) Casualty Type Total Army Navya

Joint Operational Fires in the Offense: The Southwest Pacific Campaign to Isolate Rabaul

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-22

Boyne , Operation Iraqi Freedom: What Went Right, What Went Wrong, and Why (New York: Forge, 2003), 128-133; Hollis, 6-7. 5...Cartwheel Area Source: John Miller, Cartwheel: The Reduction of Rabaul (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1959), 23 17 On New Guinea...The Years of MacArthur, Volume II: 1941-1945, vol. 2, 3 vols. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 98, 119-121, 153-154; John Miller, Guadalcanal: The

Balancing Operations Security and Openness: Understanding the Military/Media Relationship in the Modern Media Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-07

reporting on the capture and subsequent rescue of Private First Class Jessica Lynch during the opening days of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM. Lynch was...states, “ Globalised media, satellite communications, international travel and commerce, and the Internet facilitate the coordination of diffuse ideas...Military Review, (March-April 2008): 107-113. 26 and ideas allows the spread of ideologies inimical to globalisation , and provides the means for

77 FR 7243 - Proposed Information Collection (Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-10

... DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS [OMB Control No. 2900-0728] Proposed Information Collection... Review AGENCY: Veterans Health Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY... announces that the Veterans Health Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs, will submit the...

Space Station Freedom operations planning

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Accola, Anne L.; Keith, Bryant

1989-01-01

The Space Station Freedom program is developing an operations planning structure which assigns responsibility for planning activities to three tiers of management. The strategic level develops the policy, goals and requirements for the program over a five-year horizon. Planning at the tactical level emphasizes program integration and planning for a two-year horizon. The tactical planning process, architecture, and products have been documented and discussed with the international partners. Tactical planning includes the assignment of user and system hardware as well as significant operational events to a time increment (the period of time from the arrival of one Shuttle to the manned base to the arrival of the next). Execution-level planning emphasizes implementation, and each organization produces detailed plans, by increment, that are specific to its function.

Transition of Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund Projects to the Iraqi Government

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-07-28

over control of capital assets to the responsible Iraqi government entity for its beneficial use, operation , management , control, and protection using...beneficial use, operation , management , control, and protection. Documentation of this turnover will include, where applicable, all designs, drawings

The expanded role of computers in Space Station Freedom real-time operations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crawford, R. Paul; Cannon, Kathleen V.

1990-01-01

The challenges that NASA and its international partners face in their real-time operation of the Space Station Freedom necessitate an increased role on the part of computers. In building the operational concepts concerning the role of the computer, the Space Station program is using lessons learned experience from past programs, knowledge of the needs of future space programs, and technical advances in the computer industry. The computer is expected to contribute most significantly in real-time operations by forming a versatile operating architecture, a responsive operations tool set, and an environment that promotes effective and efficient utilization of Space Station Freedom resources.

31 CFR 575.419 - Transactions in Iraqi debt.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Transactions in Iraqi debt. 575.419 Section 575.419 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE... § 575.419 Transactions in Iraqi debt. Section 575.533 authorizes U.S. persons to trade in Iraqi...

DefenseLink Special: Coverage of the Oct. 15, 2005 Iraqi Constitutional

Science.gov Websites

* Operation River Gate Set Conditions * Iraqi, American Troops Ensure Safe Election * 48th Brigade Prepared Referendum * Military Officials Note River Gate Successes 82nd Airborne Paratroopers Help Ensure Safe

Exposure science in U.S. military operations: a review.

PubMed

Martin, Nicholas J; Richards, Erin E; Kirkpatrick, Jeffrey S

2011-07-01

Since 1991, the U.S. Department of Defense has conducted deployment occupational and environmental health surveillance activities in the geographic combatant commands for major conflicts, military exercises, and humanitarian and peace-building missions. The DoD has made significant improvements in documenting and assessing deployment environmental hazards and threats since 1991, illustrated by accomplishments in Bosnia, Kosovo, and Operations Noble Eagle (following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks); Enduring Freedom-Afghanistan; and Iraqi Freedom (2003-2010). Sampling is now recommended as part of the DoD Exposure Assessment Method, a dynamic process that is performed during all phases of military operations: I--Predeployment, II--Mobilization, III--Conflict, and IV-Postdeployment. From 2001 to 2009, deployed personnel collected over 24,500 air, water, soil, and bulk samples during operations. These efforts have lead to the creation of an environmental health surveillance database that has been used to investigate public health issues. However, gaps exist, especially in the assessment of individual exposures during deployment.

Non-battle Craniomaxillofacial Injuries from U.S. Military Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA a r t i c l e i n f o Article history...incidence between 19 and 42% ( Carey , 1987; Zouris et al., 2006; Wade et al., 2007; Lew et al., 2010; Chan et al., 2012; Zachar et al., 2013). The reason is...first deployed otolaryngology team in Operation Iraqi Freedom: the changing face of combat injuries. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134: 100e105, 2006 Carey

Resource utilization and disability outcome assessment of combat casualties from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom.

PubMed

Masini, Brendan D; Waterman, Scott M; Wenke, Joseph C; Owens, Brett D; Hsu, Joseph R; Ficke, James R

2009-04-01

Injuries are common during combat operations. The high costs of extremity injuries both in resource utilization and disability are well known in the civilian sector. We hypothesized that, similarly, combat-related extremity injuries, when compared with other injures from the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, require the largest percentage of medical resources, account for the greatest number of disabled soldiers, and have greater costs of disability benefits. Descriptive epidemiologic study and cost analysis. The Department of Defense Medical Metrics (M2) database was queried for the hospital admissions and billing data of a previously published cohort of soldiers injured in Iraq and Afghanistan between October 2001 and January 2005 and identified from the Joint Theater Trauma Registry. The US Army Physical Disability Administration database was also queried for Physical Evaluation Board outcomes for these soldiers, allowing calculation of disability benefit cost. Primary body region injured was assigned using billing records that gave a primary diagnosis International Classification of Diseases Ninth Edition code, which was corroborated with Joint Theater Trauma Registry injury mechanisms and descriptions for accuracy. A total of 1333 soldiers had complete admission data and were included from 1566 battle injuries not returned to duty of 3102 total casualties. Extremity-injured patients had the longest average inpatient stay at 10.7 days, accounting for 65% of the $65.3-million total inpatient resource utilization, 64% of the 464 patients found "unfit for duty," and 64% of the $170-million total projected disability benefit costs. Extrapolation of data yields total disability costs for this conflict, approaching $2 billion. Combat-related extremity injuries require the greatest utilization of resources for inpatient treatment in the initial postinjury period, cause the greatest number of disabled soldiers, and have the greatest projected disability

Measuring Self-Advocacy Skills among Student Veterans with Disabilities: Implications for Success in Postsecondary Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kinney, Adam R.; Eakman, Aaron M.

2017-01-01

Veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn enrolled in postsecondary education may experience disabilities that impact their successful participation in the academic environment. Accommodations are made available to college students with disabilities to provide opportunities for success in this…

Family stress and posttraumatic stress: the impact of military operations on military health care providers.

PubMed

Gibbons, Susanne W; Barnett, Scott D; Hickling, Edward J

2012-08-01

This study uses data from the 2005 Department of Defense Survey of Health-Related Behaviors Among Military Personnel to examine relationships between family stress and posttraumatic stress symptoms across 4 subgroups of Operation Iraqi Freedom-deployed (i.e., war in Iraq) or Operation Enduring Freedom-deployed (i.e., war in Afghanistan) active-duty military service members. Results suggest the following: (a) the greatest positive correlation of family stressors with posttraumatic stress symptoms was found within the military health care officer group, and (b) these military health care officers differed in family stressors mediating posttraumatic stress with divorce and financial problems accounting for significant and unique portions of the variance. Implications for care of service members and their families are discussed. Published by Elsevier Inc.

31 CFR 575.311 - Iraqi origin.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Iraqi origin. 575.311 Section 575.311 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN... Government of Iraq, or of a business entity located in Iraq. Services of Iraqi origin are not imported into...

31 CFR 576.308 - Iraqi petroleum and petroleum products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Iraqi petroleum and petroleum products... SANCTIONS REGULATIONS General Definitions § 576.308 Iraqi petroleum and petroleum products. The term Iraqi petroleum and petroleum products means any petroleum, petroleum products, or natural gas originating in Iraq...

Visa Process Keeps Iraqi Students out of U.S.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Labi, Aisha

2008-01-01

This article reports that American visa procedures have prevented graduate students from taking advantage of the Iraqi government's program to study in the United States. Iraqi students seeking to come to American colleges on full scholarships from the Iraqi government face so many hurdles in obtaining a visa that few are able to enter the…

Operations planning for Space Station Freedom - And beyond

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gibson, Stephen S.; Martin, Thomas E.; Durham, H. J.

1992-01-01

The potential of automated planning and electronic execution systems for enhancing operations on board Space Station Freedom (SSF) are discussed. To exploit this potential the Operations Planning and Scheduling Subsystem is being developed at the NASA Johnson Space Center. Such systems may also make valuable contributions to the operation of resource-constrained, long-duration space habitats of the future. Points that should be considered during the design of future long-duration manned space missions are discussed. Early development of a detailed operations concept as an end-to-end mission description offers a basis for iterative design evaluation, refinement, and option comparison, particularly when used with an advanced operations planning system capable of modeling the operations and resource constraints of the proposed designs.

Fixed-wing Aircraft Combat Survivability Analysis for Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-01

H V ul ne ra bi lit y, P K │ H Ti m e Figure 2-2: One vs. One Kill Chain (Single Shot), taken from [6...ENGAGEMENT ENDGAME VULNERABILITY (2) (0) (3) (4) (5) (1) P S S P K │ SS Su sc ep tib ili ty , P H V ul ne ra bi lit y, P K │ H Ti m e Figure 2-3...Evaluation M &S Modeling and Simulation MANPADS Man Portable Air Defense Systems MDS Mission Design Series NMC Non-Mission Capable xii

Evolution of Burn Resuscitation in Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-10-01

pendulum back” in burn resuscitation to avoid “fluid creep” and the complications of over-resuscitation. We have termed the effects of over...inju- ries. In this environment, colloids may be both an excellent solution to the packing constraints imposed by the battlefield as well as effective ...or decreased urine output despite adequate resuscitation and relative euvolemia (Tables 1 and 2). An example of the effectiveness of this performance

The Role of Psychological Symptomatology and Social Support in the Academic Adjustment of Previously Deployed Student Veterans

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Campbell, Robyn; Riggs, Shelley A.

2015-01-01

Context: Research has indicated that returning Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans are experiencing mental health concerns following deployment. Increasing numbers of veterans are enrolling in higher education institutions; there is a scarcity of empirical research investigating student veterans' experiences as…

Deployment Surveillance Summary, U.S. Army Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn/Operation Enduring Freedom, 2010

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-10

and pain (overuse) (38 percent), joint derangement with neurological involvement (30 percent), sprain/strain/rupture of muscle or tendons (15...musculoskeletal conditions were joint derangement with neurological involvement of the lumbar spine (22 percent), inflammation and pain (overuse...musculoskeletal conditions leading to in-theater hospitalization were inflammation and pain (overuse) (63 percent), joint derangement with neurological

Reporting Iraqi civilian fatalities in a time of war

PubMed Central

2009-01-01

Background In February, 2007, the Associated Press (AP) conducted a poll of 1,002 adults in the United States about their attitudes towards the war in Iraq. Respondents were remarkably accurate estimating the current death toll of US soldiers, yet were grossly inaccurate in estimating the current death toll of Iraqi civilians. We conducted a search of newspapers reports to determine the extent of the discrepancy between reporting Coalition and Iraqi civilian deaths, hypothesizing that there would be an over-representation of Coalition deaths compared to Iraqi civilian deaths. Methods We examined 11 U.S. newspapers and 5 non-U.S. newspapers using electronic databases or newspaper web-archives, to record any reports between March 2003 and March 2008 of Coalition and Iraqi deaths that included a numeric indicator. Reports were described as "events" where they described a specific occurrence involving fatalities and "tallies" when they mentioned the number of deaths over a period of time. We recorded the number of events and tallies related to Coalition deaths, Iraqi civilian deaths, and Iraqi combatant deaths Results U.S. newspapers report more events and tallies related to Coalition deaths than Iraqi civilian deaths, although there are substantially different proportions amongst the different U.S. newspapers. In four of the five non-US newspapers, the pattern was reversed. Conclusion This difference in reporting trends may partly explain the discrepancy in how well people are informed about U.S. and Iraqi civilian fatalities in Iraq. Furthermore, this calls into question the role of the media in reporting and sustaining armed conflict, and the extent to which newspaper and other media reports can be used as data to assess fatalities or trends in the time of war. PMID:19895676

The Iraqi Army: A Year of Progress - U.S. Department of Defense Official

Science.gov Websites

Ministry of Defense and Iraqi Ministry of the Interior intelligence structure must support the Iraqi Police activities in conjunction with the policies of the Iraqi Ministry of Interior and Iraqi Ministry of Defense

Space Station Freedom operations planning

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, Kevin J.

1988-01-01

This paper addresses the development of new planning methodologies which will evolve to serve the Space Station Freedom program; these planning processes will focus on the complex task of effectively managing the resources provided by the Space Station Freedom and will be made available to the diverse international community of space station users in support of their ongoing investigative activities.

Combat ocular trauma and systemic injury.

PubMed

Weichel, Eric D; Colyer, Marcus H

2008-11-01

To review the recent literature regarding combat ocular trauma during hostilities in Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom, describe the classification of combat ocular trauma, and offer strategies that may assist in the management of eye injuries. Several recent publications have highlighted features of combat ocular trauma from Operation Iraqi Freedom. The most common cause of today's combat ocular injuries is unconventional fragmentary munitions causing significant blast injuries. These explosive munitions cause high rates of concomitant nonocular injuries such as traumatic brain injury, amputation, and other organ injuries. The most frequent ocular injuries include open-globe and adnexal lacerations. The extreme severity of combat-related open-globe injuries leads to high rates of primary enucleation and retained intraocular foreign bodies. Visual outcomes of intraocular foreign body injuries are similar to other series despite delayed removal, and no cases of endophthalmitis have occurred. Despite these advances, however, significant vision loss persists in cases of perforating globe injuries as well as open and closed-globe trauma involving the posterior segment. This review summarizes the recent literature describing ocular and systemic injuries sustained during Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom. An emphasis on classification of ocular injuries as well as a discussion of main outcome measures and complications is discussed.

Integrative Leadership in Higher Education: Meeting the Needs of Student Veterans

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Earls, Jamie Elizabeth

2015-01-01

Since the attacks on September 11, 2001, over two million men and women have deployed as part of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and Operation New Dawn (OND). In 2011 there were more than half a million veterans of OEF/OIF enrolled in college. Soldiers face many issues when returning home from war. This qualitative…

48 CFR 252.225-7022 - Trade agreements certificate-inclusion of Iraqi end products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... certificate-inclusion of Iraqi end products. 252.225-7022 Section 252.225-7022 Federal Acquisition Regulations...—inclusion of Iraqi end products. As prescribed in 225.1101(7), use the following provision: Trade Agreements Certificate—Inclusion of Iraqi End Products (SEP 2008) (a) Definitions. Designated country end product, Iraqi...

48 CFR 252.225-7022 - Trade agreements certificate-inclusion of Iraqi end products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... certificate-inclusion of Iraqi end products. 252.225-7022 Section 252.225-7022 Federal Acquisition Regulations...—inclusion of Iraqi end products. As prescribed in 225.1101(7), use the following provision: Trade Agreements Certificate—Inclusion of Iraqi End Products (SEP 2008) (a) Definitions. Designated country end product, Iraqi...

Mortality in Female War Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-10

characteristics. Despite a similar prevalence of wounds between gen- ders, we found female service members’ death rates while serving in the combat theater...compare injury mechanism, distributions, and severities. We therefore cannot assume that demographic data or other confounders do not influence the death ... rates . Fourth, we are unable to report on specific job descriptions held by our cohort of females to study the link between the job and injury

Change and Continuity in Arab Iraqi Education: Sunni and Shi'i Discourse in Iraqi Textbooks before and after 2003

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rohde, Achim

2013-01-01

This article investigates Iraqi schooling during the 1990s under Ba'thist rule and after the regime's fall in 2003 and compares the treatment of Islam in the curriculum. I focus on the degree to which Iraqi textbooks under Saddam Hussein contained a Sunni bias and the changes introduced immediately after the 2003 US invasion of Iraq in 2003. To…

Arthritis, comorbidities, and care utilization in veterans of operations enduring and Iraqi Freedom.

PubMed

Rivera, Jessica C; Amuan, Megan E; Morris, Ruth M; Johnson, Anthony E; Pugh, Mary Jo

2017-03-01

Veteran populations are known to have frequencies of arthritis higher than civilian populations. The aim of this study is to define the prevalence of arthritis among a cohort of veterans from ongoing U.S. military operations. A retrospective cohort study using Veterans Administration data sources for service connected disability, comorbidities, clinic utilization, and pharmacy utilization was conducted including veterans who deployed in service to operations in Afghanistan or Iraq, comparing veterans with a diagnosis of arthritis, arthritis plus back pain, and veterans with no pain diagnoses. The frequency of arthritis was 11.8%. Veterans with arthritis and arthritis plus back pain had greater frequencies of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and obesity compare to veterans with no pain diagnosis. Veterans with arthritis plus back pain had the highest pain clinic utilization and prescription use of opioids and anti-inflammatories. Veterans with no pain diagnosis had higher frequencies of diagnosis and clinic utilization for mental health disorders. Arthritis is prevalent among the latest generation of combat veterans and is associated with diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular comorbidities. The need for arthritis care and associated comorbidities is expected to increase as the Veterans Administration and the civilian health care sector assumes care of these veterans. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:682-687, 2017. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DefenseLink Special: Operation Enduring Freedom Marks 4 Years

Science.gov Websites

DefenseLink.mil Aug. 04, 2015 War on Terror Transformation News Products Press Resources Images Websites Contact Afghanistan and ushering in Operation Enduring Freedom and the global war on terror. That volley, launched Oct action represented just one front in an ongoing U.S. effort against terror networks. "Today, we

Thromboprophylaxis and VTE rates in soldiers wounded in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.

PubMed

Holley, Aaron B; Petteys, Sarah; Mitchell, Joshua D; Holley, Paul R; Collen, Jacob F

2013-09-01

US soldiers suffer catastrophic injuries during combat. We sought to define risk factors and rates for VTE in this population. We gathered data each hospital day on all patients injured in Afghanistan or Iraq who were admitted to the Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC). We analyzed prophylaxis rates and efficacy and identified risk factors for VTE. We recorded data on 506 combat casualties directly admitted to WRAMC after medical air evacuation. The average injury severity score for the group was 18.4 ± 11.7, and the most common reason for air evacuation was injury by improvised explosive device (65%). As part of the initial resuscitation, patients received 4.7 ± 9.0 and 4.00 ± 7.8 units of packed RBCs and fresh frozen plasma, respectively, and 42 patients received factor VIIa. Forty-six patients (9.1%) were given a diagnosis of VTE prior to discharge, 18 (3.6%) during air evacuation, and 28 (5.5%) during the hospital stay. In Cox regression analysis, administration of 1 unit of packed RBCs was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.04 (95% CI, 1.02-1.07; P = .002), and enoxaparin, 30 mg bid, administered subcutaneously for the majority of hospital days was associated with a HR of 0.31 (95% CI, 0.11-0.86; P = .02) for VTE during the hospitalization. Patients who suffer traumatic injuries in combat overseas are at high risk for VTE during evacuation and recovery. Those with large resuscitations are at particularly high risk, and low-molecular-weight heparin is associated with a decrease in VTE.

Comparison Between Civilian Burns and Combat burns From Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-01

to the average burn size reported from the ABA Burn Registry in 1995 (14% TBSA).20 We also found that the time to death in those who died, time on...after a prolonged stay in theater (up to 30 days, COL (retired) Basil A. Pruitt, personal commu- nication). They found a mortality rate of 7.9% in...from the green books that you know about. When we have that, we may be able to make that same comparison from the Vietnam era. DR. BASIL A. PRUITT, JR

Neurosurgery in Iraqi Kurdistan: An Example of International Neurosurgery Capacity Building.

PubMed

Dossani, Rimal Hanif; Carr, Steven; Bolles, Gene; Balata, Razvan; Guthikonda, Bharat

2016-08-01

The medical infrastructure of Iraqi Kurdistan, a semiautonomous region in the northern part of Iraq, lags disproportionately behind relative to the otherwise booming industrial advances of the region. Although neurosurgical training is available, the local population lacks trust in its own neurosurgeons. Medical facilities suffer from a lack of basic resources, such as high-speed drills, intracranial pressure monitoring, and stereotaxy to care for neurosurgical patients. Since 2012, American volunteer neurosurgeons have delivered lectures and mentored local neurosurgeons in performing neurosurgical procedures. Over the last 4 years, the visiting neurosurgical team has seen hundreds of patients in consultation and performed more than 50 complex cranial and spinal operations jointly with local neurosurgeons. This article discusses our experience as volunteer neurosurgeons in building neurosurgical capacity in Iraqi Kurdistan. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

76 FR 72242 - Proposed Information Collection (Survey of Post-Deployment Adjustment Among OEF and OIF Veterans...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-22

... identify gender-specific treatment needs of returning Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi... deployed to Afghanistan and/or Iraq. The goal is to identify the gender-specific treatment needs of...

A Study of Apology Strategies Used by Iraqi EFL University Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ugla, Raed Latif; Abidin, Mohamad Jafre Zainol

2016-01-01

This study was aimed at exploring apology strategies of English used by Iraqi EFL students, apology strategies in Iraqi Arabic and the pragmatic strategies of Iraqi EFL students in relation to the use of apology as a speech act. The data analyzed in this study were collected in Al-Yarmouk University College and University of Diyala. The study was…

Depression and Participation in Athletics among Military-Dependent High School Athletes during War

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Madler, Gerald L.

2009-01-01

This applied research study investigated depressive symptoms in military-dependent high school athletes vs. non-athletes who have a parent on active duty during Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom. The sample consisted of 332 adolescents who either did or did not participate in athletic activities and either did or did not have a…

The Transfer Veteran Student Experience: Exploring College Choice, Transition, and Collegiate Experiences of Veterans

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dunklin, Shaftone B.

2012-01-01

The tragic series of events that took place on September 11, 2001, changed the course of this nation and became the catalyst for wars that have spanned for more than a decade. As a result, over 2 million veterans have been deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), and Operation New Dawn. In 2008,…

Space Station Freedom coupling tasks: An evaluation of their space operational compatibility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sampaio, Carlos E.; Bierschwale, John M.; Fleming, Terence F.; Stuart, Mark A.

1991-01-01

The development of the Space Station Freedom tasks that are compatible with both telerobotic as well as extravehicular activity is a necessary redundancy in order to insure successful day to day operation. One task to be routinely performed aboard Freedom will be the changeout of various quick disconnect fluid connectors. In an attempt to resolve these potentially contradictory issues of compatibility, mock-ups of couplings suitable to both extravehicular as well as telerobotic activity were designed and built. An evaluation performed at the Remote Operator Interaction Laboratory at NASA's Johnson Space Center is discussed, which assessed the prototype couplings as well as three standard coupling designs. Data collected during manual and telerobotic manipulation of the couplings indicated that the custom coupling was in fact shown to be faster to operate and generally preferred over the standard coupling designs.

Invisible Wounds: Serving Service Members and Veterans with PTSD and TBI

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Council on Disability, 2009

2009-01-01

More than 1.6 million American service members have deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF). As of December 2008, more than 4,000 troops have been killed and over 30,000 have returned from a combat zone with visible wounds and a range of permanent disabilities. In addition, an…

The 274th Forward Surgical Team experience during Operation Enduring Freedom.

PubMed

Peoples, George E; Gerlinger, Tad; Craig, Robert; Burlingame, Brian

2005-06-01

The 274th Forward Surgical Team (FST) was deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom from October 14, 2001 to May 8, 2002. During this period, the FST was asked to perform many nondoctrinal missions. The FST was tasked with functioning as a mini-combat support hospital during the earlier phases of Operation Enduring Freedom, performing in-flight surgical procedures and resuscitation of combat wounded, conducting split operations with surgical coverage of both Karshi and Khanabad, Uzbekistan, and Bagram, Afghanistan, and leading the multinational medical coalition assembled for Operation Anaconda and other combat operations staged from Bagram. Overall, the 274th FST took care of approximately 90% of U.S. combat casualties during this period and treated a total of 221 combat casualties. The FST treated 103 total surgical cases, including 73 with combat wounds. At the time, this experience with combat casualties and the surgical care of combat wounds was the largest since the Persian Gulf War. More importantly, this account describes the flow, frequency, and type of combat casualties seen in a low-intensity conflict like that being waged currently in Afghanistan. It is hoped that this depiction will aid in the preparation, equipping, and overall utilization of surgical assets in similar future conflicts.

DefenseLink Special: Operation Iraqi Freedom Marks Three Years

Science.gov Websites

DefenseLink.mil Aug. 04, 2015 War on Terror Transformation News Products Press Resources Images Websites Contact assessing the situation there, to keep perspective of its impact on the global war on terror. Story Rumsfeld

Prosthetic Cost Projections for Servicemembers with Major Limb Loss from Vietnam and OIF/OEF

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

death rates ), DOD = Department of Defense, DSS = Decision Support Sys- tem, MFCL = Medicare Functional Classification Level, OEF = Operation...age-sex-race-adjusted death rates . Figure 3. Markov model for unilateral upper limb and bilateral upper limbs for Operation Iraqi Freedom...Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) group. ASR = age-sex-race-adjusted death rates . 394 JRRD, Volume 47, Number 4, 2010 higher, one level lower, or

National E-Learning Strategy to Enhance and Enrich the Iraqi Universities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Elameer, Amer Saleem; Idrus, Rozhan M.

2011-01-01

Nowadays, the HE (higher education) sector of Iraq has suffered severe disruption and mass destruction due to the war and, in general, only 10% of its remaining operational sectors are in the acceptable conditions. This research is an attempt to plan a PS (proposed strategy) for the Iraqi HE sector that can be executed easily in Iraq as a part of…

United States Army Special Operations Forces and Building Enduring Partner Enabler Capacity in Operation Enduring Freedom-Philippines

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-22

forces supporting Operation Enduring Freedom- Philippines operate under the Kapit Bisig Framework, a mutually agreed US and Government of the Republic of...within either the Western or Eastern Mindanao Command structures and areas of responsibility. AFP maintenance operations rely heavily upon BDAR64 and...deficiencies found in the Philippine defense structure . The results of the 2003 JDA were devastating. The JDA findings revealed that the AFP was only

Distribution Synergy in Multi-National Division-Baghdad during Operation Iraqi Freedom Rotation 07-09

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-10

customer wait time (CWT) in Multi-National Division-Baghdad (MND- B ) from October 2007 to January 2008. A secondary objective was to determine what...LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT b . ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 19b. PHONE NUMBER (include...Division-Baghdad (MND- B ) from October 2007 to January 2008. A secondary objective was to determine what affect initiatives from operational and

Defense Health: Coordinating Authority Needed for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury Activities

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase (DBH) Inhibitor, Nepicastat, for the Treatment of PTSD in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF...Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) Veterans 1 A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Dopamine -?-Hydroxylase (DBH) Inhibitor, Nepicastat for the...Reduction: Predeployment Stress Inoculation Training 1 Combat, Sexual Assault, and Post-Traumatic Stress in OIF/OEF Military Women 1 Comparing

Descriptive Summary of Patients Seen at the Surgical Companies During Operation Iraqi Freedom-1

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-12-07

4 4 Tissue resection 2 1 3 Vascular shunt 2 2 Chest tube placement 1 1 Cholecystectomy 1 1 Cystostomy 1 1 Decompression craniotomy 1...debridement of his wounds and an open reduction internal fixation of his fracture. On 16 April, the patient developed purulent drainage of his wound and...went back to the operating room for another irrigation and debridement and placement of antibiotic beads. On 22 April, he had further drainage of his

Psychopathology, Iraq and Afghanistan Service, and Suicide among Veterans Health Administration Patients

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ilgen, Mark A.; McCarthy, John F.; Ignacio, Rosalinda V.; Bohnert, Amy S. B.; Valenstein, Marcia; Blow, Frederic C.; Katz, Ira R.

2012-01-01

Objective: Despite concerns regarding elevated psychiatric morbidity and suicide among veterans returning from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF), little is known about the impact of psychiatric conditions on the risk of suicide in these veterans. To inform tailored suicide prevention efforts, it is important to assess…

Deployment Injury Surveillance Summary, U.S. Army Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom Calendar Year 2009

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

injury diagnosis for injuries resulting in out-of-CENTCOM air evacuation. Inflammation and Pain (Overuse) Joint Derangement Joint Derangement...c) The most common types of musculoskeletal conditions leading to medical air evacuation were inflammation and pain (overuse) (42 percent...spine (19 percent), strains/sprains/rupture to the lower leg and/or knee (9 percent), and inflammation and pain (overuse) involving the shoulder (9

Postdeployment resilience as a predictor of mental health in operation enduring freedom/operation iraqi freedom returnees.

PubMed

Eisen, Susan V; Schultz, Mark R; Glickman, Mark E; Vogt, Dawne; Martin, James A; Osei-Bonsu, Princess E; Drainoni, Mari-Lynn; Elwy, A Rani

2014-12-01

Much of the research on the impact of trauma exposure among veterans has focused on factors that increase risk for mental health problems. Fewer studies have investigated factors that may prevent mental health problems following trauma exposure. This study examines resilience variables as factors that may prevent subsequent mental health problems. To determine whether military service members returning from Afghanistan and Iraq who exhibit higher levels of resilience, including hardiness (encompassing control, commitment, and challenge), self-efficacy, and social support after returning from deployment are less vulnerable to subsequent mental health problems, alcohol, and drug use. A national sample of 512 service members was surveyed between 3 and 12 months of return from deployment and 6-12 months later. Data were collected in 2008-2009 and analyzed in 2013. Regression analyses ascertained whether resilience 3-12 months after return predicted later mental health and substance problems, controlling for demographic characteristics, mental health, and risk factors, including predeployment stressful events, combat exposure, and others. Greater hardiness predicted several indicators of better mental health and lower levels of alcohol use 6-12 months later, but did not predict subsequent posttraumatic stress symptom severity. Postdeployment social support predicted better overall mental health and less posttraumatic stress symptom severity, alcohol, and drug use. Some aspects of resilience after deployment appear to protect returning service members from the negative effects of traumatic exposure, suggesting that interventions to promote and sustain resilience after deployment have the potential to enhance the mental health of veterans. Copyright © 2014 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. All rights reserved.

Considerations for a design and operations knowledge support system for Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Erickson, Jon D.; Crouse, Kenneth H.; Wechsler, Donald B.; Flaherty, Douglas R.

1989-01-01

Engineering and operations of modern engineered systems depend critically upon detailed design and operations knowledge that is accurate and authoritative. A design and operations knowledge support system (DOKSS) is a modern computer-based information system providing knowledge about the creation, evolution, and growth of an engineered system. The purpose of a DOKSS is to provide convenient and effective access to this multifaceted information. The complexity of Space Station Freedom's (SSF's) systems, elements, interfaces, and organizations makes convenient access to design knowledge especially important, when compared to simpler systems. The life cycle length, being 30 or more years, adds a new dimension to space operations, maintenance, and evolution. Provided here is a review and discussion of design knowledge support systems to be delivered and operated as a critical part of the engineered system. A concept of a DOKSS for Space Station Freedom (SSF) is presented. This is followed by a detailed discussion of a DOKSS for the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center and Work Package-2 portions of SSF.

Microbiology operations and facilities aboard restructured Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cioletti, Louis A.; Mishra, S. K.; Pierson, Duane L.

1992-01-01

With the restructure and funding changes for Space Station Freedom, the Environmental Health System (EHS)/Microbiology Subsystem revised its scheduling and operational requirements for component hardware. The function of the Microbiology Subsystem is to monitor the environmental quality of air, water, and internal surfaces and, in part, crew health on board Space Station. Its critical role shall be the identification of microbial contaminants in the environment that may cause system degradation, produce unsanitary or pathogenic conditions, or reduce crew and mission effectiveness. EHS/Microbiology operations and equipment shall be introduced in concert with a phased assembly sequence, from Man Tended Capability (MTC) through Permanently Manned Capability (PMC). Effective Microbiology operations and subsystem components will assure a safe, habitable, and useful spacecraft environment for life sciences research and long-term manned exploration.

A Dyadic Analysis of PTSD and Psychological Partner Aggression Among U.S. Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans: The Impact of Gender and Dual-Veteran Couple Status.

PubMed

Watkins, Laura E; Laws, Holly B

2018-03-01

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms have been repeatedly linked to intimate partner aggression (IPA), and previous research has suggested that this association may be stronger among veterans and men. However, few studies have examined veteran status and gender as moderators of the association between PTSD and psychological IPA, taking both partners' perspectives into account (i.e., within a dyadic framework). The current study aimed to address this limitation by using dyadic multilevel modeling to examine the association between PTSD symptoms and psychological IPA perpetration among a sample of 159 Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom veterans and their partners ( N = 318 participants). Findings revealed that both one's own and one's partner's PTSD symptoms were positively associated with greater psychological IPA. In addition, the effects of partner PTSD symptoms on psychological IPA perpetration differed across gender and veteran status. Results suggested that the association of partner PTSD and IPA perpetration may be stronger for male veterans than for female veterans. Findings from the current study are consistent with previous research showing associations between PTSD and IPA, and have clinical implications for treatment of PTSD and IPA among Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom veterans.

Prescription Stimulant Misuse in a Military Population

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

physical injuries. INTRODUCTION Attention - deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is reported to affect between 8% and 12% of children and 4% of...admitted with unintentional poisonings of attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder drugs in the United States. Clin Toxicol 2013; 51: 147–50. 8. Bray...postdeployment post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depres- sion, and alcohol misuse in Operation Enduring Freedom/ Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans showed

Psychological Traumas of War: Training School Counselors as Home-Front Responders

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Waliski, Angie; Kirchner, JoAnn E.; Shue, Valorie M.; Bokony, Patti A.

2012-01-01

Purpose: With nearly 3 million US troops having deployed for Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) since the conflicts began, an estimated 2 million children have been separated from a parent. This manuscript describes a collaborative project between a state's Veterans Healthcare System, a branch of the American…

Living with the Choice: A Grounded Theory of Iraqi Refugee Resettlement to the U.S.

PubMed

Davenport, Lisa A

2017-04-01

Though the United States has become a place of increasing resettlement for refugees, particularly Iraqi refugees who have been forced to flee their homeland due to violence, persecution and civil unrest, little is known about Iraqi refugee resettlement in the United States, or the way in which resettlement impacts health and adjustment. A grounded theory study was conducted to develop a substantive theory of Iraqi refugee resettlement. Participants in the qualitative study included 29 Iraqi refugees and 2 community partners who participated in face-to face interviews. Data analysis and interpretation revealed fundamental concepts related to Iraqi refugee resettlement. Results of analysis showed that for Iraqis choosing to resettle here, the outcome is dichotomous: satisfaction or regret. The outcome is influenced by contextual factors as well as facilitating and hindering intervening conditions during the basic social process of resettlement transition. Each refugee's story is unique, yet all share common threads. This study allowed Iraqi refugees the opportunity to voice their personal experiences of resettling in America, and revealed life stories that inspire and illuminate a process that can guide health care delivery as they cope with the stresses of their journey. As a result, an in-depth storyline was established to explain the process of resettlement for Iraqi refugees. The development of this resettlement theory, grounded in Iraqi refugee experience, has the potential to guide nursing education, enhance the efficacy of practice, inform policy development and form the basis for research.

Detainee Medical Operations during Operation Iraqi Freedom: Determination of a Transition Plan

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-15

physical therapist , when the physical pherapist leaves Iraq for authorized rest and relaxation (R&R) leave, the physical therapy section is not...professor of international Law at the Columbia College and had fought in conflicts across Europe prior to immigrating to America. Francis Lieber had...organization in which physically detainees a person alleged to have committed offenses and is responsible for the health and welfare of the prisoners. A

Medical civil-military operations: the deployed medical brigade's role in counterinsurgency operations.

PubMed

Bryan, Jeffrey; Miyamoto, Danelle; Holman, Vincent

2008-01-01

Medical civil-military operations are a critical combat multiplier directly supporting the counterinsurgency fight. Army Medical Department Soldiers support medical civil affairs activities at all levels from platoon to the United States Mission-Iraq (Department of State) initiatives enhancing the legitimacy of medical services in the Iraq Ministry of Health, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of the Interior, and Ministry of Justice. The civil-military operations mission of the deployed Task Force 62 Medical Brigade has also evolved into a broad mission encompassing over 120 contractors including Iraqi-American, Bilingual Bicultural Advisors-Subject Matter Experts serving as case management liaison officers and medical trainers, as well as Iraqi Advisor Task Force members providing medical atmospherics, assessments, training, and the overall management of Iraqi linguists supporting all level III medical facilities.

A study protocol for tracking quality of life among U.S. service members wounded in Iraq and Afghanistan: the Wounded Warrior Recovery Project.

PubMed

Woodruff, Susan I; Galarneau, Michael R; Luu, Bethi N; Sack, Daniel; Han, Peggy

2014-03-01

There is a need for more work to understand the quality of life (QOL) outcomes of survivors of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom combat injury to improve care and treatment, and prevent poor physical, psychological, and social outcomes. We describe the study design and methods of the Wounded Warrior Recovery Project, a study supported by the Department of Defense that will track close to 10,000 military personnel wounded in Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. The overall objective of the 6-year longitudinal study is to track changes in QOL and describe variations in those changes as they relate to sociodemographic factors, injury characteristics, service-related factors, clinical/diagnostic measures including traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder, and medical procedures and services. The Wounded Warrior Recovery Project study will be among the first longitudinal population-based investigations of QOL outcomes after combat injury and will provide a basis upon which large-scale epidemiological studies can be conducted. Reprint & Copyright © 2014 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

Improvised explosive device-related lower genitourinary trauma in current overseas combat operations.

PubMed

Banti, Matthew; Walter, Jack; Hudak, Steven; Soderdahl, Douglas

2016-01-01

The use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) has had a profound effect on battlefield trauma in the 21st century. Historically, wounds to the genitourinary (GU) structures have been less common than extremity and penetrating abdominal trauma in combat operations. GU injury incidence, severity, and associated injuries secondary to the use of this weapon in Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom has not been described. Data from the Department of Defense Trauma Registry was reviewed for combat-related GU injuries in Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom from 2001 to 2011. All wounded US armed service members are included in this database. Subjects were selected by a query of current procedural terminology and DRG International Classification of Diseases-9th Rev. codes related to traumatic injury of the penis, scrotum, testicles, and urethra. A retrospective chart review was performed for each patient to identify the date of injury, the mechanism of injury, and the associated traumatic wounds. Subjects' follow-up records were reviewed until present time or separation from active duty. A total of 501 soldiers sustained lower GU trauma, with a total of 729 injuries. Of these casualties, 448 (89%) were wounded by IEDs. Dismounted injuries (87%) made up more of the cohort than did vehicular. Specific trauma sites include 149 (20%) penile, 260 (36%) testicular, 284 (39%) scrotal, and 36 (5%) urethral injuries. The 180 limb amputations (36%) and 86 fractures (17%) were the most encountered concomitant skeletal wounds among service members with GU injuries. This is the first review of all lower GU trauma sustained by all US armed service members in current overseas combat operations. Combat-related lower GU trauma is primarily caused by IEDs in the spectrum of complex dismounted blast injuries. The mechanism primarily results in multisystem injury, with isolated GU involvement being uncommon. Continued evaluation of long-term sequelae, including sexual, urinary, and

Depression in Iraqi hemodialysis patients.

PubMed

Hamody, Abdul Raheem Taha; Kareem, Ali Kadhim; Al-Yasri, Abdul Rasoul Sultan; Sh Ali, Ala Abdul-Hussein

2013-09-01

Affective disorders, particularly depression, are the commonest and probably the most important psychopathological complication of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Depression has the potential to alter adversely the medical outcome of ESRD patients and the psychological stress can affect patient's adherence to medication regimen. In Iraq as well as many other Arab countries, the true prevalence of depression among ESRD patients is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression among a cohort of Iraqi hemodialysis (HD) patients and relate it to their socio-demographic characteristics. We recruited patients from two HD centers in Baghdad, excluding patients with history of depression or other psychiatric disorders prior to the initiation of HD. The Arabic version of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fourth edition (DSM-IV) was used to diagnose depression. Beck's Depression Inventory was used to grade its severity. Clinical and laboratory data of the study group were documented and related to the diagnosis of depression. Seventy-five Iraqi patients on maintenance HD were included in the study. Patients' duration on HD ranged from six months to five years. The prevalence of depression among this cohort of HD patients was 80%. The prevalence of severe, moderate and mild depression was 25%, 50% and 25% respectively. The mean depression score was 17.1. Female gender, unemployment, and marital status had statistically significant associations with depression. Depression is common in this group of Iraqi HD patients and its prevalence is comparable to the results of similar studies in other societies.

The Joint Facial and Invasive Neck Trauma (J-FAINT) Project, Iraq and Afghanistan 2003-2011

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

Original Research— Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery The Joint Facial and Invasive Neck Trauma (J-FAINT) Project, Iraq and Afghanistan 2003...number and type of facial and penetrat- ing neck trauma injuries sustained in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF). Study...queried for data from OIF and OEF from January 2003 to May 2011. Information on demographics; type and severity of facial , neck, and associated trauma

U.S. Army Medical Department Journal, July-September 2006

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-09-01

Center from Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. back pain, etc. Although statistics are currently and exposure to depleted uranium . By...Washington, DC. LTC Niebuhr is oil the staff of the Division of Preventive Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland...is "primarily concerned populations was found; leading Barber to interpret the with the valuable differences in people that result from findings, as

Geospatial Information Best Practices

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

26 Spring - 2012 By MAJ Christopher Blais, CW2 Joshua Stratton and MSG Moise Danjoint The fact that Geospatial information can be codified and...Operation Iraqi Freedom V (2007-2008, and Operation New Dawn (2011). MSG Moise Danjoint is the noncommissioned officer in charge, Geospatial

Iraqi children's rights: building a system under fire.

PubMed

AlObaidi, Abdul Kareem; Jeffrey, Linda R; Scarth, Leslie; Albadawi, Ghazwan

2009-01-01

War violates every human right of children. In recent years, the lives of Iraqi children and the livelihoods of their families have become precarious. Conflict has split the communities where they live and taken the lives of hundreds of their friends and family members. The literature focuses on the negative effects of armed conflict on Iraqi children, and the steps that need to be taken to ameliorate their condition by adapting evidence based but culturally sensitive measures. A comprehensive solution to child protection problems clearly will take time. The primary need for the protection of Iraqi children is an end to conflict. Family and educational order and social stability are central to efforts to achieve progress in child protection. Solutions to armed conflict and its aftermath work best when they are responsive to local cultural practices and beliefs, and are drawn from an understanding of child development. Child safety, security and well-being should be in the forefront of the national agenda to ensure a more positive future both economically and socially to achieve a healthier Iraq.

Deployment Surveillance Summary, U.S. Army Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn/Operation Enduring Freedom, 2011. Injury Prevention Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-10

evacuated Non-battle Injury-related Musculoskeletal Conditions by Type and Location of Injury, U.S. Army, OND and OEF, CY 2011 Inflammation and Pain ...evacuation were inflammation and pain (overuse) (59 percent), joint derangement (15 percent), sprain/strain/rupture of muscle or tendons (14 percent), and...injury-related musculoskeletal conditions were inflammation and pain (overuse) in the lumbar (24 percent), inflammation and pain (overuse) in the

Will United States Army Attack Aviation be a Relevant Combat Multiplier in Future Conflicts

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-06-17

course of Operation Iraqi Freedom. (2003) Major General David Petraeus, Commanding General, 101st ABN DIV (101st ABN DIV 2003a) Despite the wave...aircrews understood what he wanted from them (personal discussion with Lieutenant Colonel Lee Fetterman , Oct 2003) While the deep attacks is still a...Iraqis in Airstrikes. The New York Times, 29 March, B5. Fetterman , Lee, LTC, US Army, former battalion commander in 3rd Brigade, 101st Airborne

Analyzing Contingency Contracting Purchases for Operation Iraqi Freedom (Unrestricted Version)

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

as a “fridge,” “refrig,” “refrigeration,” “refridgerator,” and even “regfrigerator.” Similarly, a popcorn popper purchase was described as a “ popcorn ...firefighter equipment) Training materials Food (not catering) Food (bread, cake, popcorn ) Drinks (sports beverages) Cooking ingredients (cooking oil, salt...grills, books, movies, CDs, party supplies, popcorn machines, stereos, grilling supplies, mobile pedestals) Holiday decorations Religious items

Epidemiology of Nephrolithiasis in Personnel Returning from Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

16 A study of twins determined that urine char- cteristics, such as urinary calcium , oxalate , citrate, and uric cid, were highly heritable.15 The...revalence or incidence. An increase in urine calcium as reported in a small group of British naval personnel eployed to the Gulf Region during the summer...Urol. 1993;150:1757-1760. 4. Robertson WG, Peacock M, Heyburn PJ, et al. Epidemiological risk factors in calcium stone disease. Scand J Urol Nephrol

Infections in Combat Casualties During Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-04-01

bacteria other 39 112.1 Vulva/vaginal candidiasis 1 381.4 Nonsuppurative otitis media 1 451.82 Superficial phlebitis arm 2 451.83 Deep phlebitis arm 1...Coding by Pathogen Pathogen Code Code Description Number Fungus 112.1 Vulva/vaginal candidiasis 1 112.3 Candidiasis of skin/nails 1 112.5 Disseminated... candidiasis 3 112.89 Candidiasis site not available 6 112.9 Candidiasis site unspecified 13 117.3 Aspergillus 5 117.9 Mycoses 14 Gram-negative 003.8

Analyzing Contingency Contracting Purchases for Operation Iraqi Freedom (Unrestricted Version)

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

that could inform such strategic purchasing decisions. 14 We used the unique contract identification number to check for cross -organization...beds, mattresses, dressers , footlockers) Other (stools, rugs, seats, cabinets, tables, folding chairs, paintings) Generators Various power generators

Operation Iraqi Freedom: Strategies, Approaches, Results, and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-22

Tavernise, “Turkish Troops Enter Iraq in Pursuit of Kurdish Militants,” The New York Times, February 23, 2008; Lolita Baldor, “Gates: Turkey Raid Won’t...unofficial release of graphic photos of apparent detainee abuse at Abu Ghraib generated shock and horror among people inside and outside Iraq. Some...were mutilated and hung from a bridge. Photos of that grisly aftermath were rapidly CRS-66 232 The Iraq Governing Council (IGC) was a critical part of

Operation Iraqi Freedom: Strategies, Approaches, Results, and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-28

23, 2008; Lolita Baldor, “Gates: Turkey Raid Won’t Solve Problems,” Washington Post, February 23, 2008; Yochi Dreazen, “U.S. Knew of Turkey’s Plan...release of graphic photos of apparent detainee abuse at Abu Ghraib generated shock and horror among people inside and outside Iraq. Some observers have...Blackwater, who were driving through Fallujah, were ambushed and killed — and then their bodies were mutilated and hung from a bridge. Photos of that

Operation Iraqi Freedom: Strategies, Approaches, Results, and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-15

The New York Times, February 23, 2008; Lolita Baldor, “Gates: Turkey Raid Won’t Solve Problems,” Washington Post, February 23, 2008; Yochi Dreazen...In April 2004, the unofficial release of graphic photos of apparent detainee abuse at Abu Ghraib generated shock and horror among people inside and...who were driving through Fallujah, were ambushed and killed—and then their bodies were mutilated and hung from a bridge. Photos of that grisly

Operation Iraqi Freedom: Strategies, Approaches, Results, and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-10-28

2008; Lolita Baldor, “Gates: Turkey Raid Won’t Solve Problems,” Washington Post, February 23, 2008; Yochi Dreazen, “U.S. Knew of Turkey’s Plan to Hit...source of popular frustration. In April 2004, the unofficial release of graphic photos of apparent detainee abuse at Abu Ghraib generated shock and...and hung from a bridge. Photos of that grisly aftermath were rapidly transmitted around the world — riveting the attention of leaders in Baghdad

Hired Guns: Views about Armed Contractors in Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

Survey Instrument Development , Sampling Procedures, and Other Data Sources . . . . . . . . . 4 Roadmap of the Monograph...Defense and State, and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). However, jour- nalists, reconstruction contractors, nongovernmental...Agency for International Development (USAID). • Published literature. Our sources included government reports, memos, news- paper accounts, and

Decisionmaking in Operation Iraqi Freedom: Removing Saddam Hussein by Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-02-01

have been to abandon diplomacy, but British Prime Minister Tony Blair warned that without a second resolution (or, at least, a serious effort to... Robbins and Jeanne Cummings, “New Doctrine: How Bush Decided That Iraq’s Hussein Must Be Ousted,” Wall Street Journal, June 14, 2002. 58. National

U.S. Colleges Can Help Rebuild Iraqi Higher Education, Academics Say

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fischer, Karin

2009-01-01

A number of Iraqi-American academics, meeting this month for a conference on how to rebuild Iraq's battered higher-education system, said the Iraqi government's plan to send thousands of students abroad annually would lead to a "brain drain" of a new generation of the nation's top talent. Prime Minister Nuri al-Malaki has proposed…

Infections Complicating the Care of Combat Casualties During Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-07-01

nos 75 510 Empyema with fistula 3 510.9 Empyema w/o fistula 10 513 Abscess of lung 2 V46.1 Dependence on respirator 1 Other 041.89 Infection bacteria...recorded deaths (16 with infections). Infections were commonly gram-negative bacteria (47.6%) involving skin/wound infections (26.7%), and lung infections...trauma is primarily associated with gram-negative bacteria typically involving infections of wounds or other skin structures and lung infections such

Report to Congress on the performance of ports and the intermodal system

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2005-06-01

In this report, MARAD provides an assessment of the conditions at commercial ports, and the : movement of military cargo through the intermodal system during the Operation Iraqi Freedom : (OIF) buildup. MARADs assessment includes the performance o...

Modern Iraqi Arabic: A Textbook.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alkalesi, Yasin M.

This book is an introductory textbook for those with no previous knowledge of Arabic or for those who know Arabic but want to learn the Iraqi dialect. The book is divided into 16 lessons: "Arabic Alphabet and Vowels"; "Greetings and Courtesy Expressions"; "Asking for Directions"; "Arrival at Baghdad Airport, Part…

Space Station Freedom assembly and operation at a 51.6 degree inclination orbit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Troutman, Patrick A.; Brewer, Laura M.; Heck, Michael L.; Kumar, Renjith R.

1993-01-01

This study examines the implications of assembling and operating Space Station Freedom at a 51.6 degree inclination orbit utilizing an enhanced lift Space Shuttle. Freedom assembly is currently baselined at a 220 nautical mile high, 28.5 degree inclination orbit. Some of the reasons for increasing the orbital inclination are (1) increased ground coverage for Earth observations, (2) greater accessibility from Russian and other international launch sites, and (3) increased number of Assured Crew Return Vehicle (ACRV) landing sites. Previous studies have looked at assembling Freedom at a higher inclination using both medium and heavy lift expendable launch vehicles (such as Shuttle-C and Energia). The study assumes that the shuttle is used exclusively for delivering the station to orbit and that it can gain additional payload capability from design changes such as a lighter external tank that somewhat offsets the performance decrease that occurs when the shuttle is launched to a 51.6 degree inclination orbit.

Mental Health Advisory Team (MHAT) 6 -- Operation Enduring Freedom 2009 Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-11-06

Mental Health Advisory Team (MHAT) 6 Operation Enduring Freedom 2009 Afghanistan 6 November 2009 Office o f the Command Surgeon US Forces...Afghanistan (USFOR-A) and Office o f The Surgeon General United States Army Medical Command The results and opinions presented in this report are...United States Army, or the Office of The Surgeon General. The MHAT 6 team would like to acknowledge the active involvement and in-theater support

The US Army in Kirkuk: Governance Operations on the Fault Lines of Iraqi Society, 2003-2009

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-11-01

Plan of Attack, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 109-118, 139-142. 4. Jamie McIntyre, “Pentagon Officials: Special Forces in Northern Iraq...Mayville, 20. 32. Mayville, 15. 33. Ken Dilanian, “In Kirkuk, US Soldiers Living Among Iraqis See Less Violence, Fewer Attacks,” Knight Ridder Newspapers...Serves as Ambassadors as well as Soldiers,” IdahoStatesman.com, 3 Jan- uary 2006, 1. 85. Phillips, 1. 86. Michael Knights , “Kirkuk in Transition

Environmental Planning While Deployed: Mission Hindrance or Enhancement?

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

unsani- tary conditions and close quarters such as dysentery, typhoid fever , pneumonia, and influenza were responsible for DNBI. As early as the...illness such as hepatitis, typhoid fever , plague, malaria, or cholera.7 During Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom from 2001 to 2006...Peloponnesian War, Thucydides documented vomiting, convulsions, painful sores, uncontrollable diarrhea, and extreme fever among Athenians jammed

The US Army in Kirkuk: Governance Operations on the Fault Lines of Iraqi Society, 2003-2009

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

Woodward, Plan of Attack, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 109-118, 139-142. 4. Jamie McIntyre, “Pentagon Officials: Special Forces in Northern Iraq...Mayville, 20. 32. Mayville, 15. 33. Ken Dilanian, “In Kirkuk, US Soldiers Living Among Iraqis See Less Violence, Fewer Attacks,” Knight Ridder Newspapers...Brigade Serves as Ambassadors as well as Soldiers,” IdahoStatesman.com, 3 Jan- uary 2006, 1. 85. Phillips, 1. 86. Michael Knights , “Kirkuk in Transition

Iraqi Expatriates' Experience of North American Media Coverage of the Iraq War

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rostam, Hajera; Haverkamp, Beth E.

2009-01-01

The extensive North American (NA) media coverage of the recent conflict in Iraq invites the question of how adult Iraqi immigrants have experienced such coverage. This qualitative investigation, involving Iraqi immigrants in Vancouver, Canada, used an interpretive description method (Thorne et al., Int J Qual Methods 3(1):1-21, 2004) to analyze…

The Air Land Sea Bulletin. Issue No. 2009-3, September 2009

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-09-01

mote control system at Balad Air Base, Iraq, in support of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM. (Photo by SSgt Cohen A. Young, USAF) Recently there has been a...to a UAS launch and recovery site on Forward Operating Base Hunter, Iraq recently. (Photo by 1 LT Joanne Cotton , USA) The Department of Homeland

Prevention of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among Military Health Care Workers: A Systematic Review

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is not uncommon among medical personnel serving in the military and that its prevention remains a significant...nonmedical personnel, the purpose for this paper is to perform a review of peer-reviewed and evidence- based literature for post-traumatic stress ...of traumatic stress , depressive symptoms, and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: The role of

Predictors of Continued Problem Drinking and Substance Use Following Military Discharge

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-07-01

concerning, problem substance use among veterans is associated with greater suicide contemplation (Pietrzak et al., 2010) and greater mortality (Bohnert et...Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Johnson, D. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2010). Risk and protective factors associated with suicidal ideation in...Southwick, S. M. (2011). Suicidal ideation in treatment-seeking veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: The role of coping

31 CFR 575.304 - Entity of the Government of Iraq; Iraqi Government entity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Entity of the Government of Iraq; Iraqi Government entity. 575.304 Section 575.304 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to... SANCTIONS REGULATIONS General Definitions § 575.304 Entity of the Government of Iraq; Iraqi Government...

Gunshot Wounds in Military Working Dogs in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom: 29 cases (2003-2009)

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

noncompressible internal hemorrhage to the tho- rax. All 4 dogs that were non-KIA dogs that incurred thoracic wounds developed tension pneumothorax and 3 of...receive needle decompression for tension pneumothorax died shortly after arriving at the VTF. An occlusive bandage was ap- plied over the thoracic...hemoglobin-based oxygen car- rier (HBOC).d Unfortunately, this dog subsequently died of unrecognized/untreated tension pneumothorax after arrival at

Child maltreatment among U.S. Air Force parents deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom.

PubMed

Rabenhorst, Mandy M; McCarthy, Randy J; Thomsen, Cynthia J; Milner, Joel S; Travis, Wendy J; Colasanti, Marie P

2015-02-01

This study examined child maltreatment perpetration among 99,697 active-duty U.S. Air Force parents who completed a combat deployment. Using the deploying parent as the unit of analysis, we analyzed whether child maltreatment rates increased postdeployement relative to predeployment. These analyses extend previous research that used aggregate data and extend our previous work that used data from the same period but used the victim as the unit of analysis and included only deploying parents who engaged in child maltreatment. In this study, 2% (n = 1,746) of deploying parents perpetrated child maltreatment during the study period. Although no overall differences were found in child maltreatment rates postdeployment compared to predeployment, several maltreatment-related characteristics qualified this finding. Rates for emotional abuse and mild maltreatment were lower following deployment, whereas child maltreatment rates for severe maltreatment were higher following deployment. The finding that rates of severe child maltreatment, including incidents involving alcohol use, were higher postdeployment suggests a need for additional support services for parents following their return from combat deployment, with a focus on returning parents who have an alcohol use problem. © The Author(s) 2014.

The Changing Face of Disability in the US Army: The Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Effect

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

osteoarthritis Fibromyalgia Diagnosis of fibromyalgia in which fibromyalgia itself is an unfitting condition Knee Any condition causing pain in or loss of function...ability significantly increased for all orthopaedic conditions, with the ex- ception of amputation, fibromyalgia , other lower extremity conditions...n = 3,143) P Value Amputation 1 0.06 33 1.05 ɘ.0001 Back painb 376 22.47 1,348 42.89 ɘ.0001 Foot and ankle 54 3.23 324 10.31 ɘ.0001 Fibromyalgia

Hospitalization and Medical Evacuation of Army Personnel Due to Toxic Inhalational Exposure-Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom, 2001 Through Mid 2011

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

waste management tools at locations where more so- phisticated methods of solid waste disposal ( incinerators , reuse/recycling, containerized removal by...an incinerator or other equip- ment specifi cally designed…for burning of solid waste, designated for the purpose of disposing of solid waste by...regularly exceeded the 24-hour standards set by the US Environmental Pro - tection Agency.14 Exhaust and Industrial Byproducts The operational setting in

Ground controlled robotic assembly operations for Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parrish, Joseph C.

1991-01-01

A number of dextrous robotic systems and associated positioning and transportation devices are available on Space Station Freedom (SSF) to perform assembly tasks that would otherwise need to be performed by extravehicular activity (EVA) crewmembers. The currently planned operating mode for these robotic systems during the assembly phase is teleoperation by intravehicular activity (IVA) crewmembers. While this operating mode is less hazardous and expensive than manned EVA operations, and has insignificant control loop time delays, the amount of IVA time available to support telerobotic operations is much less than the anticipated requirements. Some alternative is needed to allow the robotic systems to perform useful tasks without exhausting the available IVA resources; ground control is one such alternative. The issues associated with ground control of SSF robotic systems to alleviate onboard crew time availability constraints are investigated. Key technical issues include the effect of communication time delays, the need for safe, reliable execution of remote operations, and required modifications to the SSF ground and flight system architecture. Time delay compensation techniques such as predictive displays and world model-based force reflection are addressed and collision detection and avoidance strategies to ensure the safety of the on-orbit crew, Orbiter, and SSF are described. Although more time consuming and difficult than IVA controlled teleoperations or manned EVA, ground controlled telerobotic operations offer significant benefits during the SSF assembly phase, and should be considered in assembly planning activities.

Mental health symptoms in Iraqi refugees: posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression.

PubMed

Jamil, Hikmet; Farrag, Mohamed; Hakim-Larson, Julie; Kafaji, Talib; Abdulkhaleq, Husam; Hammad, Adnan

2007-01-01

Refugees suffer from a higher rate of mental health symptoms than the general population since they have experienced extreme suffering and the accumulated effects of trauma. Because of the diversity of regions from which refugees originate, there is a need to understand some of the unique experiences that are specific to each sub-groups of immigrants. The purpose of the present study was to explore mental health symptoms in Iraqi refugee clients who immigrated to the United States after the Gulf War of the early 1990's. As part of a larger study, 116 adult Iraqi immigrants to the United States (46 male, 70 females) who were seeking mental health services completed measures of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. As expected, the majority of refugees reported intense anxiety and depression, and many met the DSM IV criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Like refugees from other countries-of-origin, Iraqi refugees are in need of culturally sensitive assessment and mental health treatment. The results are discussed in light of the treatment needs of Iraqi refugee clients, their resilience and motivation for a better life, and the ways that health professionals can assist in optimizing their adjustment.

The Military Utility of Understanding Adversary Culture

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-01

squelching of Iraqi freedom of speech . Many members of the Coalition Provi- sional Authority (CPA) and Combined Joint Task Force 7 felt that anticoali- tion...an Iraqi perception that Americans do not really support freedom of speech despite their claims to the contrary, reinforcing their view of Americans

Preconception health status of Iraqi women after trade embargo.

PubMed

Abbas, Wafa Abdul Karim; Azar, Najood G; Haddad, Linda G; Umlauf, Mary Grace

2008-01-01

To describe the preconception health status of Iraqi women in 2001 following the trade embargo imposed on Iraq beginning in 1991 and only partially removed in 1996. A descriptive cross-sectional prevalence study. 500 Iraqi women at a premarital clinic in Baghdad in 2001. Women were surveyed for age, area of residence, menstrual history, household crowding, consanguinity, and a family history of congenital problems. Clinical findings regarding height, weight, and hemoglobin level were included in the data. Almost one third of the women were below the age of 20 and the majority were between 20 and 25 years of age. More than half of the women in this study had an intermediate-level education or less and lived in very crowded housing. Most of the women were anemic and reported a delay in menarche, suggesting malnutrition. Most of the women were planning consanguineous unions even though many reported congenital conditions in their family of origin. Young Iraqi women who endured embargo needed, and continue to need, aggressive preventive health services to recoup health gains lost during the 1990s and to address prevention of common congenital disorders.

Corneal and Corneoscleral Injury in Combat Ocular Trauma from Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom.

PubMed

Vlasov, Anton; Ryan, Denise S; Ludlow, Spencer; Coggin, Andrew; Weichel, Eric D; Stutzman, Richard D; Bower, Kraig S; Colyer, Marcus H

2017-03-01

To examine the incidence and the etiology of corneal and corneoscleral injuries in the setting of combat ocular trauma, and to determine what effect these injuries have on overall visual impairment from combat ocular trauma. Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series, analyzing U.S. service members who were evacuated to the former Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC). Primary outcome measures were types of corneal injuries, length of follow-up at WRAMC, globe survival, and anatomical causes of blindness. Secondary outcome measures included surgical procedures performed, use of eye protection, source of injury, and visual outcomes. Between 2001 and 2011, there were 184 eyes of 134 patients with corneal or corneoscleral injuries. The average age was 26 years (range, 18-50); 99.3% were male, 31.9% had documented use of eye protection. The average follow-up was 428.2 days (3-2,421). There were 98 right-eye and 86 left-eye injuries. There were 169 open-globe and 15 closed-globe injuries with corneal lacerations occurring in 73 eyes with injuries to Zone I. Most injuries were attributable to an intraocular foreign body (IOFB; 48%), followed by penetrating (19.6%) and perforating (16.3%) injuries. The most common presenting visual acuity was hand motion/light perception (45.7%), yet, at the end of the study, visual acuity improved to 20/40 or better (40.8%). The majority of injuries in eyes with visual acuity worse than 20/200 involved the cornea and retina (58%). Injuries solely to the cornea accounted for only 19% of all injuries sustained. Ocular injuries in military combat have led to significant damage to ocular structures with a wide range of visual outcomes. The authors describe corneal and corneoscleral injuries in combat ocular trauma by classifying injuries by the anatomical site involved and identifying the main source of decreased visual acuity. In combat ocular trauma, corneal or corneoscleral injuries are not the sole etiology for poor vision. A cohesive approach among multiple ophthalmic subspecialties is needed when treating combat ocular trauma. Reprint & Copyright © 2017 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

3 CFR 8785 - Proclamation 8785 of March 19, 2012. National Day of Honor

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Proc. 8785 National Day of HonorBy the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Nine... began one of the most challenging missions our military has ever known. They left the comforts of home... Nation’s longest wars, veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation New Dawn wrote one of the most...

Dental caries in Iraqi 12-year-olds and background fluoride exposure.

PubMed

Matloob, M H

2015-09-01

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and severity of dental caries among 12-year-old Iraqi schoolchildren ingesting water and beverages with low fluoride content. A total of 1,526 twelve-year-olds were clinically examined in autumn 2013 for dental caries in accordance with the WHO criteria. Two questionnaires were distributed to gather data concerning daily intakes of drinking water, beverages and tea extracts and how often participants brushed their teeth, visiting doctors and eating snacks between meals. The fluoride content of 279 brands of drinking water, beverages, tea, toothpaste and table salts were determined using fluoride ion selective electrode. Results The mean DMFT and SIC index were 1.6 (SD 1.7) and 3.5 (SD 1.4) respectively. The caries prevalence was 64.0%, and the Care Index was 1.9%. The average fluoride content of drinking water, beverages, toothpaste and food was less than 0.50 mg/kg. The mean DMFT value for Iraqi 12-year-olds is still higher than the WHO category of very low caries (<1.2). The daily fluoride exposure by 12-year-old Iraqi children was too low for caries prevention. In order to improve the oral health status, the Iraqi health authorities had to focus more care on the preventive oral health programme.

Learning from Our Military History: The United States Army, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and the Potential for Operational Art and Thinking

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-14

Social , Infrastructure, Information, Physical Environment, and Time PSYOP Psychological Operations QRF Quick Reaction Force RIP Relief in Place RRF...fighting them. The roots of victory and defeat often have to be sought far from the battlefield, in political, social , and economic factors which...the root problems of, among other things, social and economic injustice must be addressed. Thus, PC-COIN of recent thinking retains threads that date

U.S. Force Posture Strategy in the Asia Pacific Region: An Independent Assessment

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-27

the United States, rebalancing efforts after Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom/New Dawn have several benefits, allowing the Army to...of the March 2011 disaster at Fukushima , though a territorial dispute over islands north of Hokkaido continues to hinder bilateral cooperation...with a report due 180 days after enactment, or by the end of June, 2012. At one level, PACOM force posture is tied to current deployments and

Prevalence of DSM-IV Major Depression Among U.S. Military Personnel: Meta-Analysis and Simulation

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-08-01

Enduring Freedom, 3b from Operation Iraqi Freedom, and 3c from other locations. kStudies 3 and 7 to 9 are based on the mandatory Postdeployment Health (Re...physical disorders, including cardiovascular disorders (heart attack, stroke, hypertension , heart disease), respiratory disorders (COPD, asthma), diabetes...ulcer, HIV-AIDS, epilepsy or seizure disor- der, Crohn’s disease, cancer (except skin cancer), severe migraines, and extreme obesity ; and (4) severe

Iraqi Police Development Program: Opportunities for Improved Program Accountability and Budget Transparency

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-10-24

makes three recommendations to the Secretary of State, highlighting the need for (1) an adequate current assessment of the Iraqi police forces, (2...with documents obtained from other sources, allowed us to determine that: • DoS does not have a current assessment of Iraqi police forces...capabilities upon which to base its program. Such an assessment is essential for effective program targeting. Further, DoS does not have a sufficiently

Mental Health Impact of the Iraq and Afghanistan Conflicts: A Review of U.S. Research, Service Provision, and Programmatic Responses

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-01

McFall, M. (2008). Characteristics of deployed Operation Iraqi Freedom military personnel who seek mental health care. Military Medi- cine , 173 , 155...Analysis of VA Health care Utilization among US Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) Veterans . Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs. Kang, H.K

The Retention of Recalled Navy Nurse Reservists following Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-30

that satisfaction with work life , military life , location and assignment stability, as well as race and ethnic group affiliation, and family status had...The variables found useful for predicting who would leave the reserves prior to retirement were overall satisfaction with the reserves, years of... work -related factors have with job satisfaction , organizational commitment, and intent to stay? B. Do job satisfaction , organizational commitment

Combat Ocular Trauma Visual Outcomes during Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-08-12

deployment. Only 1 soldier had a history of amblyopia in the injured eye. There was no known history of preexisting retinal or macular disease in...Military Eye Trauma Treatment Act of 2007.69,70 This law requires shared ocular trauma information between ophthalmology and optometry in all branches...423–6. 36. Hoefle FB. Initial treatment of eye injuries: First Corps Area of Viet Nam, 1966. Arch Ophthalmol 1968;79:33–5. 37. La Piana FG, Hornblass A

Leaving tissue associated with infrequent intracranial EEG seizure onsets is compatible with post-operative seizure freedom

PubMed Central

Huang, Cyrus; Marsh, Eric D.; Ziskind, Daniela M.; Celix, Juanita M.; Peltzer, Bradley; Brown, Merritt W.; Storm, Phillip B.; Litt, Brian; Porter, Brenda E.

2013-01-01

Identify seizure onset electrodes that need to be resected for seizure freedom in children undergoing intracranial electroencephalography recording for treatment of medically refractory epilepsy. All children undergoing intracranial electroencephalography subdural grid electrode placement at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia from 2002-2008 were asked to enroll. We utilized intraoperative pictures to determine the location of the electrodes and define the resection cavity. A total of 15 patients had surgical fields that allowed for complete identification of the electrodes over the area of resection. Eight of 15 patients were seizure free after a follow up of 1.7 to 8 yr. Only one seizure-free patient had complete resection of all seizure onset associated tissue. Seizure free patients had resection of 64.1% of the seizure onset electrode associated tissue, compared to 35.2% in the not seizure free patients (p=0.05). Resection of tissue associated with infrequent seizure onsets did not appear to be important for seizure freedom. Resecting ≥ 90% of the electrodes from the predominant seizure contacts predicted post-operative seizure freedom (p=0.007). The best predictor of seizure freedom was resecting ≥ 90% of tissue involved in majority of a patient’s seizures. Resection of tissue under infrequent seizure onset electrodes was not necessary for seizure freedom. PMID:24563805

Healthcare Access for Iraqi Refugee Children in Texas: Persistent Barriers, Potential Solutions, and Policy Implications.

PubMed

Vermette, David; Shetgiri, Rashmi; Al Zuheiri, Haidar; Flores, Glenn

2015-10-01

To identify access barriers to healthcare and potential interventions to improve access for Iraqi refugee children. Four focus groups were conducted using consecutive sampling of Iraqi refugee parents residing in the US for 8 months to 5 years. Eight key-informant interviews also were conducted with employees of organizations serving Iraqi refugee families, recruited using snowball sampling. Focus groups and interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed using margin coding and grounded theory. Iraqi refugees identified provider availability, Medicaid maintenance and renewal, language issues, and inadequate recognition of post-traumatic stress disorder as barriers to care for their children. Interviewees cited loss of case-management services and difficulties in understanding the Medicaid renewal process as barriers. Potential interventions to improve access include community-oriented efforts to educate parents on Medicaid renewal, obtaining services, and accessing specialists. Given the enduring nature of language and Medicaid renewal barriers, policies addressing eligibility alone are insufficient.

Statements of IRAQI Communist Leaders.

DTIC Science & Technology

1960-07-19

Leader Abdul Karin Kassem J,.’l ; The Maintenance and Consolidation of Party Idfe Is a Deeply Sincere Policy of Cur Democratic Government STATEMENTS...OF IRAQI COMMUNIST LEADERS 1» Open Letter to His Excellency the Leader Abdul .Karflm Kassem /following is a ^translation of an article by the...they also exercised political influence and thus the fate of the feudalists was linked to the continued exploitation of our wealth, our natural

A New Architecture for Improved Human Behavior in Military Simulations

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-04-01

forces were using motorcycle couriers to avoid U.S. intelligence capabilities in the early days of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), there were certainly...Games ( MMORPG ) engage millions of game players in near-real-time computing environments. Games such as World of Warcraft® attract players to

Operability of Space Station Freedom's meteoroid/debris protection system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kahl, Maggie S.; Stokes, Jack W.

1992-01-01

The design of Space Station Freedom's external structure must not only protect the spacecraft from the hazardous environment, but also must be compatible with the extra vehicular activity system for assembly and maintenance. The external procedures for module support are utility connections, external orbital replaceable unit changeout, and maintenance of the meteoroid/debris shields and multilayer insulation. All of these interfaces require proper man-machine engineering to be compatible with the extra vehicular activity and manipulator systems. This paper discusses design solutions, including those provided for human interface, to the Space Station Freedom meteoroid/debris protection system. The system advantages and current access capabilities are illustrated through analysis of its configuration over the Space Station Freedom resource nodes and common modules, with emphasis on the cylindrical sections and endcones.

Sensitivity study of Space Station Freedom operations cost and selected user resources

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Accola, Anne; Fincannon, H. J.; Williams, Gregory J.; Meier, R. Timothy

1990-01-01

The results of sensitivity studies performed to estimate probable ranges for four key Space Station parameters using the Space Station Freedom's Model for Estimating Space Station Operations Cost (MESSOC) are discussed. The variables examined are grouped into five main categories: logistics, crew, design, space transportation system, and training. The modification of these variables implies programmatic decisions in areas such as orbital replacement unit (ORU) design, investment in repair capabilities, and crew operations policies. The model utilizes a wide range of algorithms and an extensive trial logistics data base to represent Space Station operations. The trial logistics data base consists largely of a collection of the ORUs that comprise the mature station, and their characteristics based on current engineering understanding of the Space Station. A nondimensional approach is used to examine the relative importance of variables on parameters.

Iraqi Refugee High School Students' Academic Adjustment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bang, Hyeyoung

2017-01-01

Many Iraqi refugee students in the United States suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as acculturation stresses. These stresses often create challenges for their integration into U.S. schools. The project explored risk factors such as the length of educational gaps in transit, PTSD, and separation and marginalization…

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Health Risk Behaviors among Afghanistan and Iraq War Veterans Attending College

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Widome, Rachel; Kehle, Shannon M.; Carlson, Kathleen F.; Laska, Melissa Nelson; Gulden, Ashley; Lust, Katherine

2011-01-01

Objective: To determine if post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with health risk behaviors among Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans attending college. Method: Using 2008 Boynton College Student Health Survey data, we tested associations between self-reported PTSD diagnosis and self-reported risk behaviors…

Medical Logistics in a New Threater of Operations: An Operation Iraqi Freedom Case Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-05-25

Illinois Press, 2001. Fry, William , Colonel, Interview by author on 23 January 2006. Fort Detrick, MD. Fuson, Jack C . Transportation and Logistics...PERSON ABSTRACT OF PAGES REPORT b. ABSTRACT c . THIS PAGE 19B. TELEPHONE. NUMBER (Include area code) (U) 72 (913) 758-3300 (U) (U) (U) Standard...Colonel George C . Thorpe wrote in 1917 in his groundbreaking study of logistics, Pure Logistics: The Science of War Preparation, “history repeats

Brief narrative exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress in Iraqi refugees: a preliminary randomized clinical trial.

PubMed

Hijazi, Alaa M; Lumley, Mark A; Ziadni, Maisa S; Haddad, Luay; Rapport, Lisa J; Arnetz, Bengt B

2014-06-01

Many Iraqi refugees suffer from posttraumatic stress. Efficient, culturally sensitive interventions are needed, and so we adapted narrative exposure therapy into a brief version (brief NET) and tested its effects in a sample of traumatized Iraqi refugees. Iraqi refugees in the United States reporting elevated posttraumatic stress (N = 63) were randomized to brief NET or waitlist control conditions in a 2:1 ratio; brief NET was 3 sessions, conducted individually, in Arabic. Positive indicators (posttraumatic growth and well-being) and symptoms (posttraumatic stress, depressive, and somatic) were assessed at baseline and 2- and 4-month follow-up. Treatment participation (95.1% completion) and study retention (98.4% provided follow-up data) were very high. Significant condition by time interactions showed that those receiving brief NET had greater posttraumatic growth (d = 0.83) and well-being (d = 0.54) through 4 months than controls. Brief NET reduced symptoms of posttraumatic stress (d = -0.48) and depression (d = -0.46) more, but only at 2 months; symptoms of controls also decreased from 2 to 4 months, eliminating condition differences at 4 months. Three sessions of brief NET increased growth and well-being and led to symptom reduction in highly traumatized Iraqi refugees. This preliminary study suggests that brief NET is both acceptable and potentially efficacious in traumatized Iraqi refugees. Copyright © 2014 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.

Iraqi parents' views of barriers to childhood immunization.

PubMed

Al-Lela, O Q B; Bahari, M B; Al-Abbassi, M G; Salih, M R M; Basher, A Y

2013-03-01

Deficiencies in knowledge about immunization among parents often leads to poor utake or errors in immunization dosage and timing. The aims of this study were to determine Iraqi parents' views of barriers to immunization and beliefs about ways to promote immunization. A questionnaire survey was carried out among 528 Iraqi parents with children who had incomplete immunization status. The main barriers to immunization agreed by the parents were lack of vaccine availability (51.5% of parents) and parents' lack of education (42.4%), while 88.4% of parents thought that lack of funding was not an important barrier. More than 60% of the parents suggested promoting childhood immunization via the media, and 77.5% thought that an increase in funding would not remove barriers to childhood immunization. Better vaccine availability in public health clinics and improving parents' literacy might enhance immunization uptake in Iraq.

31 CFR 575.412 - Release of Iraqi goods from bonded warehouse or foreign trade zone.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Release of Iraqi goods from bonded warehouse or foreign trade zone. 575.412 Section 575.412 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY IRAQI SANCTIONS REGULATIONS Interpretations §...

Fasciotomy Rates in Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: Association with Injury Severity and Tourniquet Use

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-01

civilian trauma care, more evidence supports their use for hemorrhage control in combat casualties.7–9 With the recent widespread reintroduction of...KK, Juncos LA, Wolf SE, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy improves survival in severely burned military casualties with acute kidney injury

31 CFR 576.308 - Iraqi petroleum and petroleum products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY IRAQ STABILIZATION AND INSURGENCY... petroleum and petroleum products means any petroleum, petroleum products, or natural gas originating in Iraq, including any Iraqi-origin oil inventories, wherever located. ...

31 CFR 576.308 - Iraqi petroleum and petroleum products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY IRAQ STABILIZATION AND INSURGENCY... petroleum and petroleum products means any petroleum, petroleum products, or natural gas originating in Iraq, including any Iraqi-origin oil inventories, wherever located. ...

31 CFR 576.308 - Iraqi petroleum and petroleum products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY IRAQ STABILIZATION AND INSURGENCY... petroleum and petroleum products means any petroleum, petroleum products, or natural gas originating in Iraq, including any Iraqi-origin oil inventories, wherever located. ...

Reforming Iraqi Journalism and Mass Communication Higher Education: Adapting the UNESCO Model Curricula for Journalism Education to Iraqi Higher Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pavlik, John V.; Laufer, Peter D.; Burns, David P.; Ataya, Ramzi T.

2012-01-01

Journalism and mass communication higher education in Iraq is well established but largely isolated from global developments since the 1970s. In the post-Iraq war period, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) implemented a multiyear project to work with the leadership of Iraqi higher education to help update…

Separation of Church and State: Has the Military Gone too Far?

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-27

a way to commemorate fallen Marines in Operation IRAQI FREEDOM. The Regimental Commander said, “At the base of the cross is a marble plaque bearing...crosses that traced back to the Stone Age. Celtic coins minted many centuries before the Christian era had nothing to do with Christ, so broad brushing

Phospholipids as Biomarkers for Excessive Alcohol Use

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

although the urine results were strongly driven by two very high samples (Fig 5). Coincident with the higher glucose levels in ALD sera, levels of......and Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF) is a major contributor to the onset and exacerbation of EAU, a rising epidemic reported to be as high as 40

Air and Space Power Journal. Volume 25, Number 1, Spring 2011

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

their careers at US military R&D centers supervised the development of licensed vaccines for yellow fever, mumps, measles, varicella , and oral...Special Operations Medical Group, Cannon AFB, New Mexico . Colonel Hall has supported numerous combat operations, including Iraqi Freedom, Endur- ing...C2F Expanded Missions Unit Newport, Rhode Island The Adaptive Optics Revolution: A History by Robert W. Duffner. University of New Mexico Press

The U.S. Navy’s Military Sealift Command 2009 in Review

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

USNS Shughart (T- AKR 295) USNS Yano (T- AKR 297) *Long-term charter 31 S E A L I F T M MSC large, medium- speed , roll-on/roll-off ship , USNS Seay conducts...Dry cargo /ammunition ship USNS Lewis and Clark completed a 10-month deployment supporting operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom and U.S...Unit Two personnel. High - speed vessel HSV 2 Swift supported Southern Partnership Station, a training mission to Central America, SouthAmerica and the

Women and Learning in the Iraqi War Zone

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zangana, Haifa

2008-01-01

Having accumulated, throughout the twentieth century, historical achievements in education and standards of living higher than in most Arab and "third world" countries, Iraqi women were hit hard by two wars, the US-imposed economic sanctions of the 1990s, and then set back by the 2003 Anglo-American imperial occupation. Physical survival…

"When Mu'awiya Entered the Curriculum"--Some Comments on the Iraqi Education System in the Interwar Period

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bashkin, Orit

2006-01-01

In this essay, the author explores the nationalization and secularization of the Iraqi educational system during the period between the two world wars, while demonstrating how various intellectuals championed pluralist educational models. Iraqi social and intellectual history has focused on education as an important prism reflecting approaches to…

High-Risk Series: An Update

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-02-01

achieve savings as the b ards than e t the ases gain experience with consolidation and the common standards and new operational efficiencies are... Operations Center to help coordinate the movement of materiel and forces. However, GAO’s review of supply support for t in Afghanistan found that DOD...Needed to Improve Implementation of t Army Logistics Modernization Program. GAO-10-461. Washington, D April 30, 2010. Operation Iraqi Freedom: Actions

Partnering with Communities to Address the Mental Health Needs of Rural Veterans

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kirchner, JoAnn E.; Farmer, Mary Sue; Shue, Valorie M.; Blevins, Dean; Sullivan, Greer

2011-01-01

Purpose: Many veterans who face mental illness and live in rural areas never obtain the mental health care they need. To address these needs, it is important to reach out to community stakeholders who are likely to have frequent interactions with veterans, particularly those returning from Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF). Methods:…

The Aircraft Industry, 2006

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

system that includes the A380 and the microjet (and everything in between)” (FAA, 2006). “With the U.S. air traffic system at the point of...accomplish a given mission. For example, in Operation Iraqi Freedom, two F-16CJs loaded with four Laser Guided or GPS aided bombs could destroy the

The Fiscal Blank Check Policy and Its Impact on Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-12-01

facilities across Iraq has a significant logistical and financial tail associated with it. The increase in food and beverages (to the point of luxuries) has...THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK v ABSTRACT Congress passed declaration of war language for World Wars I and...78 V . CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Medical complaints among Iraqi American refugees with mental disorders.

PubMed

Jamil, Hikmet; Hakim-Larson, Julie; Farrag, Mohamed; Kafaji, Talib; Jamil, Laith H; Hammad, Adnan

2005-07-01

The Gulf War in 1991 resulted in an influx of refugees from Iraq to the United States and to other regions of the world. The purpose of this study was to describe the self-reported medical complaints of Iraqi American refugees who were seeking mental health services in southeastern Michigan. We anticipated that the frequency and pattern of medical symptoms would differ from that reported in the literature on United States Gulf War veterans or other Arab Americans who immigrated to the U.S. in the 1990s. Potential reasons for such differences include indirect effects, such as neglect of general health prior to and during the war, or direct effects, such as the impact of environmental changes from the war itself. As part of a larger study on the health of refugees from Iraq, self-reported medical conditions and symptoms were analyzed in a sample of 116 adult Iraqi immigrants (46 male, 70 female) who were seeking or already receiving outpatient mental health services (n = 87) or treatment in a partial hospitalization program (n = 29). Measures were translated into Arabic and administered in an interview format by one of two bilingual mental health workers. The results were consistent with other studies on refugees in which the number of medical complaints reported was relatively high. Discussion centers on the importance of addressing the specific medical needs of refugees in general, and of the Iraqi refugees in particular, and on how they may be better served within our primary health care systems.

Operant conditioning of a multiple degree-of-freedom brain-machine interface in a primate model of amputation.

PubMed

Balasubramanian, Karthikeyan; Southerland, Joshua; Vaidya, Mukta; Qian, Kai; Eleryan, Ahmed; Fagg, Andrew H; Sluzky, Marc; Oweiss, Karim; Hatsopoulos, Nicholas

2013-01-01

Operant conditioning with biofeedback has been shown to be an effective method to modify neural activity to generate goal-directed actions in a brain-machine interface. It is particularly useful when neural activity cannot be mathematically mapped to motor actions of the actual body such as in the case of amputation. Here, we implement an operant conditioning approach with visual feedback in which an amputated monkey is trained to control a multiple degree-of-freedom robot to perform a reach-to-grasp behavior. A key innovation is that each controlled dimension represents a behaviorally relevant synergy among a set of joint degrees-of-freedom. We present a number of behavioral metrics by which to assess improvements in BMI control with exposure to the system. The use of non-human primates with chronic amputation is arguably the most clinically-relevant model of human amputation that could have direct implications for developing a neural prosthesis to treat humans with missing upper limbs.

29 CFR 1912.34 - Freedom of Information Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 7 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Freedom of Information Act. 1912.34 Section 1912.34 Labor... (CONTINUED) ADVISORY COMMITTEES ON STANDARDS Operation of Advisory Committees § 1912.34 Freedom of Information Act. Subject to the Freedom of Information Act (5 U.S.C. 552) and part 70 of this title and part...

[Manpower migrations and Arab unity: the challenges of the Iraqi model].

PubMed

Roussillon, A

1985-01-01

Iraq occupies a unique position in the system of manpower exchanges between Middle Eastern states brought about by the rise in petroleum incomes of the 1970s. Iraq was among the most important oil exporters until the war with Iran, but its economy is predominantly agricultural, it is a rich country in terms of available financial resources, and it is both an importer and exporter of labor, traits which place it squarely between the nonoil-producing states which are poor and overpopulated and the oil exporters which are rich and underpopulated. Its migration policy, which radically distinguishes between Arab and non-Arab manpower, is also unique. Data on migration to Iraq are very sparse despite the fact that the nation has a good data-gathering capacity. Estimates of migration to Iraq and employment patterns of migrants have varied widely and have contradicted each other in crucial respects. The most unusual aspect of Iraqi immigration policy, the free access offered to Egyptians and other Arabs, has hampered attempts to estimate the volume of migration, as workers come and go for relatively short periods, seeking their own employment in Iraq and working in jobs for which they may be overqualified. Official formulations of Iraqi migration policy insist that migration should not only be beneficial to individual importing and exporting countries in terms of development and social cohesion, but should also reinforce the solidarity and regional complementarity of the Arab world as a whole. Iraqi migration policy is presented as expressing the most fundamental choices of the "Arab revolution" in the socialist dimension of Arab unitary ideology rather than in terms of immediate national economic interest. Iraqi legislation grants non-Iraqi Arabs the same labor, residence, investment, and ultimately naturalization rights as those enjoyed by nationals, but severely restricts access to employment and other rights of non-Arab foreigners. Denunciation of the dangers posed by

Air and Space Power Journal (ASPJ). Volume 25, Number 1

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

gators who began their careers at US military R&D centers supervised the development of licensed vaccines for yellow fever, mumps, measles, varicella ...of the 27th Special Operations Medical Group, Cannon AFB, New Mexico . Colonel Hall has supported numerous combat operations, including Iraqi Freedom... Mexico Press (http://www.unmpress.com), 1312 Basehart Road SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106-4363, 2009, 485 pages, $44.00 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0

Bomber Deployments: A New Power Projection Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-08-21

civilian cargo airlift. The second quantitative analysis will assess the B-52 direct aviation support UTCs containing support equipment. B-52 UTCs...troops and cargo back and forth to the theater of operations. Operation IRAQI FREEDOM tested airlift capabilities when multiple services placed their...the quantitative analysis shows, to move all of the support equipment for one bomber squadron can be expensive and tie up valuable cargo aircraft

DefenseLink Special: Sgt. 1st Class Paul R. Smith, Medal of Honor Recipient

Science.gov Websites

DefenseLink.mil Aug. 04, 2015 War on Terror Transformation News Products Press Resources Images Websites Contact awarded for service in Operation Iraqi Freedom and the global war on terror. Story | Photos See caption Against Terror WASHINGTON, April 4, 2005 - Two years to the day after his father died saving more than 100

DOD’s Use of Iraqi Exiles

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-12-01

and Shi’a Islamists turned regional. Before the war Iraqi exiles worked with internal opposition groups against the Ba’th, with little foreign...and confessional diversity.൫ Albright’s speech, although direct, did little to change the meager support the opposition groups received. The neo...January 2, 2000), http://www.proquest.com/ (accessed November 20, 2005). 21 2. Interpreting the ILA While Clinton seemed to have little choice

Awareness of antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance in the Iraqi community in Jordan.

PubMed

Darwish, Dana A; Abdelmalek, Suzanne; Abu Dayyih, Wael; Hamadi, Salim

2014-05-14

Antimicrobial resistance is a serious global health concern. It has considerable implications on societies' health and resources. In Jordan, there is a large Iraqi community due to the ongoing turmoil in Iraq. Unfortunately, health awareness and practices of this community are under-investigated due to scarcity of research. This paper assesses the awareness of antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance in the Iraqi community residing in Amman, Jordan. Their level of interaction with health care professionals regarding antibiotics and differences in their antibiotic use between Iraq and Jordan are also discussed. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey involving randomly selected Iraqis residing in Amman, Jordan was conducted. The study involved 508 participants. Sixty-two percent of participants agreed with buying antibiotics without a prescription, 29% agreed with obtaining antibiotics from friends or relatives, and 46% agreed with keeping leftover antibiotics for future use. Furthermore, 60% disagreed with not completing an antibiotic course and almost 90% of the sample listed viral diseases as an indication for antibiotics. Forty-four percent of participants abided by physicians' instructions on antibiotic use. Half of the participants believed that pharmacists provided instructions on antibiotics all the time, whereas physicians were perceived to do so by 29% of participants. Gaps exist in knowledge of antibiotic use and reasons for antimicrobial resistance among Iraqis residing in Jordan. These gaps should serve in planning educational campaigns to raise the community's awareness of responsible antibiotic use. Law enforcement to restrict access to antibiotics is also pivotal to tackle their misuse.

Self-rated health and social capital in Iraqi immigrants to Sweden: The MEDIM population-based study.

PubMed

Bennet, Louise; Lindström, Martin

2018-03-01

Poor self-rated health is an estimator of quality of life and a predictor of mortality seldom studied in immigrant populations. This work aimed to study self-rated health in relation to social capital, socioeconomic status, lifestyle and comorbidity in immigrants from Iraq - one of the largest non-European immigrant group in Sweden today - and to compare it with the self-rated health of native Swedes. The study was a cross-sectional population-based study conducted from 2010 to 2012 among citizens of Malmö, Sweden, aged 30-65 years and born in Iraq or Sweden. All participants underwent a health examination and answered questionnaires on self-rated health, social capital, comorbidity, lifestyle and socioeconomic status. In total, 1348 Iraqis and 677 Swedes participated. Poor self-rated health was identified in 43.9% of Iraqis and 21.9% of native Swedes ( p<0.001), with the highest prevalence (55.5%) among Iraqi women. Low social capital was highly prevalent in the immigrants. Female gender showed higher odds of poor self-rated health in Iraqis than in Swedes (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4-2.5, p interaction =0.024), independent of other risk factors connected to social capital, socioeconomic status, lifestyle or comorbidity. Although public health initiatives promoting social capital, socioeconomic status and comorbidity in immigrants are crucial, the excess risk of poor self-rated health in Iraqi women is not fully attributed to known risk factors for self-rated health, but remains to be further explored.

A Novel Method for Verifying War Mortality while Estimating Iraqi Deaths for the Iran-Iraq War through Operation Desert Storm (1980-1993).

PubMed

Li, Shang-Ju; Flaxman, Abraham; Lafta, Riyadh; Galway, Lindsay; Takaro, Tim K; Burnham, Gilbert; Hagopian, Amy

2016-01-01

We estimated war-related Iraqi mortality for the period 1980 through 1993. To test our hypothesis that deaths reported by siblings (even dating back several decades) would correspond with war events, we compared sibling mortality reports with the frequency of independent news reports about violent historic events. We used data from a survey of 4,287 adults in 2000 Iraqi households conducted in 2011. Interviewees reported on the status of their 24,759 siblings. Death rates were applied to population estimates, 1980 to 1993. News report data came from the ProQuest New York Times database. About half of sibling-reported deaths across the study period were attributed to direct war-related injuries. The Iran-Iraq war led to nearly 200,000 adult deaths, and the 1990-1991 First Gulf War generated another approximately 40,000 deaths. Deaths during peace intervals before and after each war were significantly lower. We found a relationship between total sibling-reported deaths and the tally of war events across the period, p = 0.02. We report a novel method to verify the reliability of epidemiological (household survey) estimates of direct war-related injury mortality dating back several decades.

Depression in Female Veterans Returning from Deployment: The Role of Social Factors.

PubMed

Sairsingh, Holly; Solomon, Phyllis; Helstrom, Amy; Treglia, Dan

2018-03-01

Women are serving in the armed forces and deployed to areas of conflict in increasing numbers. Problems such as depressive symptoms and risks related to combat exposure can have negative effects on adjustment following service; understanding the relationship between these problems may contribute to strategies providers can use to facilitate healthy adjustment after deployment. The purpose of this study is to examine social factors as they relate to mental health adjustment, namely depressive symptoms among female veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn (OND). We hypothesized that combat exposure would predict higher levels of depressive symptoms and that social support would moderate the relationship between combat exposure and depression. In a cross-sectional design, 128 female Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn veterans completed an online survey about combat experience, social support, depression, demographic characteristics, and behavioral health symptom history. We conducted multiple regression analyses to examine linear and moderating relationships. There was no significant relationship between combat exposure and depression; social support did not significantly moderate the relationship between combat exposure and depression. However, higher levels of social support and financial comfort were significantly related to lower levels of depression. This study highlights the role of social factors, specifically social support and perceived financial status, as potential barriers to healthy emotional readjustment following deployment. These findings suggest that it may be beneficial for mental health providers to screen female veterans and refer them to appropriate services to reduce financial stressors and strengthen their use of social support. More research should continue to examine more fully the impact of combat exposure on female

31 CFR 576.206 - Protection granted to the Development Fund for Iraq, Iraqi Petroleum and Petroleum Products, and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Fund for Iraq, Iraqi Petroleum and Petroleum Products, and the Central Bank of Iraq. 576.206 Section... Prohibitions § 576.206 Protection granted to the Development Fund for Iraq, Iraqi Petroleum and Petroleum... petroleum and petroleum products, and interests therein, but only until title passes to the initial...

Iraqi Perspectives Project. Primary Source Materials for Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Documents. Volume 4 (Redacted)

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-11-01

destroy the residence of the US Ambassador in Jakarta, Japanese Embassy and American Airlines in Philippines 2 CMPC-2003-000 17015 2 Production and...used to seek a number oftargets like (The Iraqi Communist Party Headquarters, assassinating some ofP.K.K members, blowing up Dilshad Cinema ) where...Sulaymaniyyah like Dilshad Cinema , a Casino in (Illegible) Subdivision and a media whole. 4- They issued the first declaration threatening the Secularism

Thoracic Injuries in US Combat Casualties: A 10-Year Review of Operation Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

explosive devices were the most common cause of injury (61.9%). Of 6,030 thoracic injuries identified, pneumothorax and pulmonary contusions were most...1890s and was used to treat pulmonary edema in combat ca- sualties during WWI.1 Transfusions with whole blood were also performed in combat hospitals...received prehospital cardio- pulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and 53 patients (2.6%) under- went CPR after arrival to the treatment facility. Complications

Observations from Oversight Organizations Impacting Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom Beginning FY 2003 Through FY 2009

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-30

the base budget.41 41 USAAA Report No. A-2009-0188- FFM . 22 Chapter 2. Actions Taken by...Report No. A-2009-0212-FFS, “Requirements for Mobilized Soldiers,” September 17, 2009 Army Audit Agency Report No. A-2009-0188- FFM , “Assessing... FFM , “Assessing Future Base Budget Requirements, Manning Program Evaluation Group (FOUO),” March 3, 2009 32 Army Audit Agency Report No. A-2009

Ten Years of War: A Characterization of Craniomaxillofacial Injuries Incurred During Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

been proposed. A comprehensive characterization of the injury pattern sustained during this 10-year period to the craniomaxillofacial region is needed...development of protective equipment in the future. METHODS: The Joint Theater Trauma Registry was queried from October 19, 2001, to March 27, 2011, covering...injury involved explosive devices, followed by ballistic trauma . CONCLUSION: Modern combat, characterized by blast injuries, results in higher than

The Securitisation of Refugee Flows and the Schooling of Refugees: Examining the Cases of North Koreans in South Korea and Iraqis in Jordan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Collet, Bruce A.; Bang, Hyeyoung

2016-01-01

Drawing on data collected in South Korea, Jordan and the USA, this paper examines the degree to which security concerns impact the schooling of North Korean refugees in South Korea and Iraqi refugees in Jordan. Operating from a framework examining the intersection of migration and securitisation, the authors find that accounts of negative images…

Freedom-to-operate analysis of a transgenic multivitamin corn variety.

PubMed

Zanga, Daniela; Capell, Teresa; Zhu, Changfu; Christou, Paul; Thangaraj, Harry

2016-05-01

In this article, we explore the intellectual property (IP) landscape relevant to the production and commercialization of Carolight(™) , a transgenic multivitamin corn variety created on humanitarian grounds to address micronutrient deficiencies in low-and-middle-income countries. The successful production of this variety requires IP rights risk management because there is a strong protection on inventions and processes via patent portfolios in both developing and industrialized countries. The IP framework is complex, and specialist patent lawyers are usually employed to perform such analysis, but the costs cannot always be met by small, publicly funded projects. We report an alternative strategy, a do-it-yourself patent analysis, to produce a review with limited legal value that can nevertheless lay the foundations for a subsequent more in-depth professional freedom-to-operate opinion. © 2015 Society for Experimental Biology, Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Autonomous rendezvous and docking operations of unmanned expendable cargo transfer vehicles (e.g. Centaur) with Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Emmet, Brian R.

1991-01-01

This paper describes the results of the feasibility study using Centaur or other CTV's to deliver payloads to the Space Station Freedom (SSF). During this study was examined the requirements upon unmanned cargo transfer stages (including Centaur) for phasing, rendezvous, proximity operations and docking/berthing (capture).

Iraqi Refugee Men's Experiences of Psychotherapy: Clinical Implications and the Proposal of a Pluralistic Model

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Al-Roubaiy, Najwan S.; Owen-Pugh, Valerie; Wheeler, Sue

2017-01-01

The psychotherapy experiences of a sample of Iraqi refugee men, in later stages of exile, were explored with the aim of shedding some light on how this client group can experience therapy. Ten adult male Iraqi refugees--who had lived in Sweden for at least five years and had been psychotherapy clients at some point during that time--were recruited…

Update on combat psychiatry: from the battle front to the home front and back again.

PubMed

Ritchie, Elspeth Cameron

2007-12-01

The U.S. military has long emphasized the principles of prevention and early intervention in preparing for and treating those afflicted by the psychological wounds of war. This article opens with lessons learned by the U.S. military through wartime during the past century. Current practice in the military's employment of stress control teams is reviewed. Updates in the military efforts in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom to prevent and to limit psychological casualties are stressed. Misconduct has occurred in this conflict; future steps to reduce aberrant behavior by soldiers are discussed. The challenges of reintegration at home, by both healthy and wounded soldiers, are highlighted.

An optical approach to proximity-operations communications for Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Marshalek, Robert G.

1991-01-01

An optical communications system is described that supports bi-directional interconnections between Space Station Freedom (SSF) and a host of attached and co-orbiting platforms. These proximity-operations (Prox-Ops) platforms are categorized by their maximum distance from SSF, with several remaining inside 1-km range and several extending out to 37-km and 2000-km ranges in the initial and growth phases, respectively. Two distinct Prox-Ops optical terminals are described. A 1-cm-aperture system is used on the short-range platforms to reduce payload mass, and a 10-cm-aperture system is used on the long-range platforms and on SSF to support the optical link budgets. The system supports up to four simultaneous user links, by assigning wavelengths to the various platforms and by using separate SSF terminals for each link.

Iraqi Perspectives Project. Primary Source Materials for Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Documents. Volume 2 (Redacted)

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-11-01

46 ISGZ-2004-027795 4 Iraqi Intelligence Reports About An Egyptian - Swiss Citizen, Dr. Ibrahim Salah 47 ISGZ-2004-032673 4 Military Reorganization...following: A. 15 explosive devices to Abu-al-’Abbas and Abu al-Tayyib Group/ The devices have not been used yet. B. 7 explosive devices to the Egyptian ...Fedayeen (Commandoes) / they were arrested along with the devices by the Egyptian Police at Cairo Airport. 3- Directorate 14 dispensed the following: A

Estimation of the Joint Patient Condition Occurrence Frequencies from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Volume I: Development of Methodology

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-28

CL CHEST 807.2 Closed Fracture of Sternum FRAC CL CHEST 808.8 Fracture of Pelvis Unspec, Closed FRAC CL PELVIS+UROGENITAL 810 Clavicle Fracture...of Pelvis Unspec, Open FRAC OP PELVIS+UROGENITAL 810.1 Clavicle Fracture, Open FRAC OP SHOULDER & UPPER ARM 810.12 Open Fracture of Shaft of Clavicle

Mission Accomplished Rebuilding the Iraqi and Afghan Armies

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

ACCOMPLISHED? REBUILDING THE IRAQI AND AFGHAN ARMIES by James F. Beal June 2016 Thesis Advisor : James Russell Second Reader: Daniel Moran THIS...and the withdrawal of combat advisors from Afghanistan in 2014, the Islamic State has gained control of significant territory in Iraq including Mosul...Afghanistan National Army, ANA, ISF, IA, counterinsurgency, COIN, military advisor , legitimacy, nation-building 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 103 16. PRICE

Molecular Characterization of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Strains, Iraqi Kurdistan

PubMed Central

Ahmed, Herish M.; Coulter, J. Brian S.; Nakagomi, Osamu; Zaki, Jamal M.; Al-Rabaty, Abas A.; Dove, Winifred; Cunliffe, Nigel A.

2006-01-01

Of 260 children with acute diarrhea in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan, 96 (37%) were infected with rotavirus. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction identified G1, G4, G2, G9, P[8], P[6], and P[4] as the most common genotypes. Eight G/P combinations were found, but P[8]G1 and P[4]G2 accounted for >50% of the strains. PMID:16704845

CBT for Nightmares in OEF/OIF Veterans

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-07-01

OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom ( OIF) have significant psychological symptoms related to traumatic war zone exposure, includi ng recurrent...and assessed for PTSD and war zone-related nightmares. Participants complete a battery of computerized neuropsychological tests at baseline and are...rating procedures were developed, and these are being used. Study supervisors, Drs. Philip Gehrm an and Andrea Phelps , review treatment tapes, and

CBT for Nightmares in OEF/OIF Veterans

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-07-01

and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) have significant psychological symptoms related to traumatic war zone exposure, including recurrent nightmares...assessed for PTSD and war zone-related nightmares. Participants completed a battery of computerized neuropsychological tests at baseline and were...collaborator in Australia, Dr. Andrea Phelps . We continued to work with the Philadelphia VAMC Information Security and Privacy officers as well as the

Access to the US Department of Veterans Affairs health system: self-reported barriers to care among returnees of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) implemented the Polytrauma System of Care to meet the health care needs of military and veterans with multiple injuries returning from combat operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. Studies are needed to systematically assess barriers to use of comprehensive and exclusive VA healthcare services from the perspective of veterans with polytrauma and with other complex health outcomes following their service in Afghanistan and Iraq. These perspectives can inform policy with regard to the optimal delivery of care to returning veterans. Methods We studied combat veterans (n = 359) from two polytrauma rehabilitation centers using structured clinical interviews and qualitative open-ended questions, augmented with data collected from electronic health records. Our outcomes included several measures of exclusive utilization of VA care with our primary exposure as reported access barriers to care. Results Nearly two thirds of the veterans reported one or more barriers to their exclusive use of VA healthcare services. These barriers predicted differences in exclusive use of VA healthcare services. Experiencing any barriers doubled the returnees’ odds of not using VA exclusively, the geographic distance to VA barrier resulted in a 7 fold increase in the returnees odds of not using VA, and reporting a wait time barrier doubled the returnee’s odds of not using VA. There were no striking differences in access barriers for veterans with polytrauma compared to other returning veterans, suggesting the barriers may be uniform barriers that predict differences in using the VA exclusively for health care. Conclusions This study provides an initial description of utilization of VA polytrauma rehabilitation and other medical care for veteran returnees from all military services who were involved in combat operations in Afghanistan or Iraq. Our findings indicate that these veterans reported important stigmatization and barriers to

A Novel Method for Verifying War Mortality while Estimating Iraqi Deaths for the Iran-Iraq War through Operation Desert Storm (1980-1993)

PubMed Central

Li, Shang-Ju; Flaxman, Abraham; Lafta, Riyadh; Galway, Lindsay; Takaro, Tim K.; Burnham, Gilbert; Hagopian, Amy

2016-01-01

Objectives We estimated war-related Iraqi mortality for the period 1980 through 1993. Method To test our hypothesis that deaths reported by siblings (even dating back several decades) would correspond with war events, we compared sibling mortality reports with the frequency of independent news reports about violent historic events. We used data from a survey of 4,287 adults in 2000 Iraqi households conducted in 2011. Interviewees reported on the status of their 24,759 siblings. Death rates were applied to population estimates, 1980 to 1993. News report data came from the ProQuest New York Times database. Results About half of sibling-reported deaths across the study period were attributed to direct war-related injuries. The Iran-Iraq war led to nearly 200,000 adult deaths, and the 1990–1991 First Gulf War generated another approximately 40,000 deaths. Deaths during peace intervals before and after each war were significantly lower. We found a relationship between total sibling-reported deaths and the tally of war events across the period, p = 0.02. Conclusions We report a novel method to verify the reliability of epidemiological (household survey) estimates of direct war-related injury mortality dating back several decades. PMID:27768730

Iraqi Universities Struggle to Rebuild the "House of Knowledge"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gray, Mary

2004-01-01

The sign, "Hawler International Airport," greeted the author and her fellow passengers as their six-seater plane landed in July 2003 on a strip of concrete in the middle of an Iraqi field. Fortunately, the approach to this improvised airfield was direct, not like the spiraling in and out of Baghdad and Basra required to avoid possible…

Ground operation of the mobile servicing system on Space Station Freedom

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wojcik, Z. A.

1992-11-01

Space Station Freedom (SSF) will be assembled in the 1995 to 2000 time period, when permanently manned capability (PMC) will be achieved. During the build phase and after PMC, the Mobile Servicing System (MSS) will be used as a tool to assist crew in the building and in assembly and all maintenance aspects of SSF. Operation of the MSS will be executed and controlled by on-orbit crew, thereby having an impact on the limited crew time and resources. The current plan specifies that the MSS will not be operable when crew are not present. Simulations have been carried out to quantify the maintenance workload expected over the life of SSF. These simulations predict a peak in maintenance demand occurring even before PMC is achieved. The MSS is key to executing those maintenance tasks, and as a result, the demands on MSS crew resource will likely exceed availability, thereby creating a backlog of maintenance actions and negatively impacting SSF effectiveness. Ground operated telerobotics (GOT), the operation of the MSS from the ground, is being proposed as an approach to reducing the anticipated maintenance backlog, along with reducing crew workload when the MSS is executing simple or repetitive tasks. GOT would be implemented in a phased approach, both in terms of the type of activity carried out and the point of control gradually passing from on-orbit crew to ground personnel. The benefits of GOT are expressed in terms of reduced on-orbit crew workload, greater availability of the MSS during the post-PMC period, and the ability to significantly reduce or even eliminate any maintenance action backlog. The benefits section compares GOT with crew operation timelines, and identifies other benefits of GOT. Critical factors such as safety, space-ground communication latency, simulation, operations planning, and design considerations are reviewed.

Food security and humanitarian assistance among displaced Iraqi populations in Jordan and Syria.

PubMed

Doocy, Shannon; Sirois, Adam; Anderson, Jamie; Tileva, Margarita; Biermann, Elizabeth; Storey, J Douglas; Burnham, Gilbert

2011-01-01

The Iraq conflict resulted in the largest displacement in the Middle East in recent history, and provision of health services to the displaced population presents a critical challenge. With an increase in the number of people affected by complex emergencies and the number of people displaced in urban settings, the international community must adapt intervention strategies to meet the specific demands and contexts of this population. The study aimed to provide information on food security and livelihoods for Iraqi refugees in Syria and Jordan to inform humanitarian assistance planning. National cross-sectional cluster sample surveys of displaced Iraqi populations displaced were conducted in Jordan (October 2008) and Syria (March 2009). Clusters of ten households were randomly selected using probability-based sampling; a total of 1200 and 813 Iraqi households in Jordan and Syria, respectively, were interviewed about food security and receipt of humanitarian assistance. In Syria, 60% of households reported the household food situation had declined since the arrival period as compared to 46% in Jordan. Food aid receipt was reported by 18.0% of households in Jordan and 90.3% of households in Syria. In Jordan, 10.2% of households received cash assistance and in Syria 25.3% of households received cash assistance. In Jordan, cash assistance was associated with low socioeconomic status, large household size, and UNHCR registration. In Syria, female headed households, Damascus residents, families with children, and those registered with UNHCR were more likely to receive cash assistance. Food insecurity remains a concern among displaced Iraqi households in both Jordan and Syria. Improved targeting of both food and cash assistance and the expansion of cash-based programs could lead to a more effective use of funds and facilitate the implementation of assistance programs that are sustainable in the context of declining funding availability. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All

Operative treatment of new onset radiculopathy secondary to combat injury.

PubMed

Wagner, Scott C; Van Blarcum, Gregory S; Kang, Daniel G; Lehman, Ronald A

2015-02-01

We set out to describe combat-related spine trauma over a 10-year period, and thereby determine the frequency of new onset radiculopathy secondary to injuries sustained in support of combat operations. We performed a retrospective analysis of a surgical database at three military institutions. Patients undergoing spine surgery following a combat-related injury in Afghanistan or Iraq between July 2003 and July 2013 were evaluated. We identified 105 patients with combat-related (Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom) spine trauma requiring operative intervention. Of these, 15 (14.3%) patients had radiculopathy as their primary complaint after injury. All patients were diagnosed with herniated nucleus pulposus. The average age was 39 years, with 80% injured in Iraq and 20% in Afghanistan. The most common mechanism of injury was mounted improvised explosive device (33%). The cervical spine was most commonly involved (53%), followed by lumbar spine (40%). Average time from injury to surgery was 23.4 months; 53% of patients had continued symptoms following surgery, and two patients had at least one revision surgery. Two patients were medically retired because of their symptoms. This study is the only of its kind evaluating the operative treatment of traumatic radiculopathy following combat-related trauma. We identified a relatively high rate of radiculopathy in these patients. Reprint & Copyright © 2015 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

The Case for Treating Depression in Military Spouses

PubMed Central

Verdeli, Helen; Baily, Charles; Vousoura, Eleni; Belser, Alexander; Singla, Daisy; Manos, Gail

2011-01-01

The increased operational tempo associated with current deployments to Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) is placing considerable strain on military families. Among other sequelae of OIF and OEF deployment, findings from recent studies suggest high rates of depression in spouses of service members. This review presents a rationale for targeting depression among military spouses. It examines how stressors relating to the deployment cycle may contribute to depression in spouses, and outlines the effects of spousal depression on the mental health of service members and their children. Mental health services currently available to military spouses as well as barriers to their care are also described. Considerations for the adaptation of treatment to their unique circumstances and needs are discussed. PMID:21842994

Health related quality of life among Iraqi immigrants settled in Malaysia.

PubMed

Daher, Aqil M; Ibrahim, Hisham S; Daher, Thaaer M; Anbori, Ali K

2011-05-30

Migrants everywhere face several demands for health and maintaining good health and quality of life could be challenging. Iraqis are the second largest refugee group that has sought refuge in the recent years, yet little is known about their health related quality of life (HRQOL). The study aims at assessing the HRQOL among Iraqis living in Malaysia. A self-administered Arabic version of Sf-36 questionnaire was distributed among 300 Iraqi migrants in Malaysia. The questionnaire taps eight concepts of physical and mental health to assess the HRQOL. Univariate analysis was performed for group analysis (t test, ANOVA) and Multiple Linear Regression was used to control for confounding effects. Two hundred and fifty three participants ranging in age from 18 to 67 years (Mean = 33.6) returned the completed questionnaire. The majority was males (60.1%) and more than half of the respondents (59.5%) were married. Less than half (45.4%) and about a quarter (25.9%) reported bachelor degree and secondary school education respectively and the remaining 28.7% had either a master or a PhD degree.Univariate analysis showed that the HRQOL scores among male immigrants were found to be higher than those of females in physical function (80.0 vs. 73.5), general health (72.5 vs. 60.7) and bodily pain (87.9 vs. 72.5) subscales. The youngest age group had significantly higher physical function (79.32) and lower mental health scores (57.62).The mean score of physical component summary was higher than the mental component summary mean score (70.22 vs. 63.34).Stepwise multiple linear regression, revealed that gender was significantly associated with physical component summary (β = - 6.06, p = 0.007) and marital status was associated with mental component summary (β = 7.08, p = 0.003). From the data it appears that Iraqi immigrants living in Malaysia have HRQOL scores that might be considered to indicate a relatively moderate HRQOL. The HRQOL is significantly affected by gender and marital

Health related quality of life among Iraqi immigrants settled in Malaysia

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background Migrants everywhere face several demands for health and maintaining good health and quality of life could be challenging. Iraqis are the second largest refugee group that has sought refuge in the recent years, yet little is known about their health related quality of life (HRQOL). The study aims at assessing the HRQOL among Iraqis living in Malaysia. Methods A self-administered Arabic version of Sf-36 questionnaire was distributed among 300 Iraqi migrants in Malaysia. The questionnaire taps eight concepts of physical and mental health to assess the HRQOL. Univariate analysis was performed for group analysis (t test, ANOVA) and Multiple Linear Regression was used to control for confounding effects. Results Two hundred and fifty three participants ranging in age from 18 to 67 years (Mean = 33.6) returned the completed questionnaire. The majority was males (60.1%) and more than half of the respondents (59.5%) were married. Less than half (45.4%) and about a quarter (25.9%) reported bachelor degree and secondary school education respectively and the remaining 28.7% had either a master or a PhD degree. Univariate analysis showed that the HRQOL scores among male immigrants were found to be higher than those of females in physical function (80.0 vs. 73.5), general health (72.5 vs. 60.7) and bodily pain (87.9 vs. 72.5) subscales. The youngest age group had significantly higher physical function (79.32) and lower mental health scores (57.62). The mean score of physical component summary was higher than the mental component summary mean score (70.22 vs. 63.34). Stepwise multiple linear regression, revealed that gender was significantly associated with physical component summary (β = - 6.06, p = 0.007) and marital status was associated with mental component summary (β = 7.08, p = 0.003). Conclusions From the data it appears that Iraqi immigrants living in Malaysia have HRQOL scores that might be considered to indicate a relatively moderate HRQOL. The HRQOL is

Characterization of craniomaxillofacial battle injuries sustained by United States service members in the current conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan.

PubMed

Lew, Timothy A; Walker, John A; Wenke, Joseph C; Blackbourne, Lorne H; Hale, Robert G

2010-01-01

To characterize and describe the craniomaxillofacial (CMF) battlefield injuries sustained by US Service Members in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. The Joint Theater Trauma Registry was queried from October 19, 2001, to December 11, 2007, for CMF battlefield injuries. The CMF injuries were identified using the "International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification" codes and the data compiled for battlefield injury service members. Nonbattlefield injuries, killed in action, and return to duty cases were excluded. CMF battlefield injuries were found in 2,014 of the 7,770 battlefield-injured US service members. In the 2,014 injured service members were 4,783 CMF injuries (2.4 injuries per soldier). The incidence of CMF battlefield injuries by branch of service was Army, 72%; Marines, 24%; Navy, 2%; and Air Force, 1%. The incidence of penetrating soft-tissue injuries and fractures was 58% and 27%, respectively. Of the fractures, 76% were open. The location of the facial fractures was the mandible in 36%, maxilla/zygoma in 19%, nasal in 14%, and orbit in 11%. The remaining 20% were not otherwise specified. The primary mechanism of injury involved explosive devices (84%). Of the injured US service members, 26% had injuries to the CMF region in the Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom conflicts during a 6-year period. Multiple penetrating soft-tissue injuries and fractures caused by explosive devices were frequently seen. Increased survivability because of body armor, advanced battlefield medicine, and the increased use of explosive devices is probably related to the elevated incidence of CMF battlefield injuries. The current use of "International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification" codes with the Joint Theater Trauma Registry failed to characterize the severity of facial wounds.

Iraqi adolescents: self-regard, self-derogation, and perceived threat in war.

PubMed

Carlton-Ford, Steve; Ender, Morten G; Tabatabai, Ahoo

2008-02-01

A year into the 2003 US-Iraq war, how were adolescents in Baghdad faring? Conflict-related events typically lower psychological well-being; in contrast, investment in and protection of threatened identities should lead to self-esteem striving and, presumably, better well-being. How threatened do Iraqi adolescents feel? Is their self-esteem related to their sense of threat? Do age, religion, ethnicity, and gender alter the link between perceived threat and self-esteem? We use data from 1000 randomly selected adolescents living in Baghdad during July 2004. Iraqi adolescents reported high levels of threat; those feeling more threatened reported higher levels of self-esteem. Social background correlates with both self-esteem and perceived threat, but controlling for social background does not eliminate the relationship between self-esteem and perceived threat. We interpret our results in light of theory and research concerning social identity, mortality threats, and war trauma.

The Asian European Bridge: A Strategic Estimate of Turkey Following Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-06-17

As will be discussed later, the entire modern Turkish state is, in a sense, based on anti-Greek sentiment, since Mustafa Ataturk first came to...it was the Greek invasion of Turkey (1919-1921) that fueled the passion of nationalism under the leadership of General Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasa...October 1923, and with its creation Mustafa Kemal, the Turkish hero of World War I and the war with Greece, who would later come to be known as Ataturk

Project VALOR: Trajectories of Change in PTSD in Combat-Exposed Veterans

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-10-01

Affairs electronic records of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology , 82(4), 569. PRESENTATIONS Barretto...Veterans. Poster presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, Chicago, IL. Bovin, M. J., Marx, B...comparison of Operation Iraqi Freedom Deployment Phases. Poster presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association of Behavioral and Cognitive

CAS, Interdiction, and Attack Helicopters

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-06-01

E.J. Degen, and David Tohn, On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom, (Fort Leavenworth, KA : Combat Studies Institute Press, 2004...Grau and Michael W. Gress, trans. and eds. The Soviet- Afghan War: How a Superpower Fought and Lost, (Lawrence, KA : University Press of Kansas, 2002...149 Grinalds, 73. 150 Michael O’Hanlon and Adriana Lins de Albuquerque, Iraq Index: Tracking Variables

Comparison Among Commonly Available Infant Formula Milks in the Iraqi Market

PubMed Central

Mikhael, Ehab Mudher

2015-01-01

Breast-feeding is the best method of feeding infants. In some cases, formula milk can be a suitable alternative, so this study aimed to compare the safety and nutritional adequacy of commonly available formula milks in the Iraqi market. An observational study for the commonly available formula milks was conducted in the largest supermarkets of Baghdad, Iraq, during January-March 2015. The macronutrient and micronutrient contents as presented in the label of each type of formula milk was compared with the standard requirement of formula milk according to the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) guidelines. Dielac formula milk is the commonest formula milk in the Iraqi market, with the lowest price when compared with other formula milks. All infant formula milks (Similac, Guigoz, and S-26 Gold) except Dielac have the mandatory contents within the specified ranges, according to the ESPGHAN guidelines. Dielac lacks more than 1 of the major mandatory contents besides lacking all optional contents in its formula. Guigoz formula milk lacks the optional ingredients arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and nucleotides. Similac milk was supplemented with a higher-than-specified level of nucleotides, and its l-carnitine contents were not declared. Only S26 Gold formula milk contained all mandatory and optional ingredients within the specified range, according to the ESPGHAN guidelines. In conclusion, no formula milk can resemble breast milk; however, S26 Gold formula milk is the most acceptable formula, and Dielac formula milk is the worst. Therefore, it is recommended that Dielac be withdrawn from the Iraqi market. PMID:27335982

Trauma centrality and PTSD in veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan.

PubMed

Brown, Adam D; Antonius, Daniel; Kramer, Michael; Root, James C; Hirst, William

2010-08-01

Research has demonstrated that the extent to which an individual integrates a traumatic event into their identity ("trauma centrality") positively correlates with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. No research to date has examined trauma centrality in individuals exposed to combat stress. This study investigated trauma centrality using the abridged Centrality of Event Scale (Berntsen & Rubin, 2006) among Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom combat veterans (n = 46). Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that trauma centrality predicted PTSD symptoms. Trauma centrality and PTSD symptoms remained significantly correlated when controlling for depression in subgroups of veterans with or without probable PTSD. This study replicates and extends findings that placing trauma at the center of one's identity is associated with PTSD symptomatology.

Hearing impairment and tinnitus: prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes in US service members and veterans deployed to the Iraq and Afghanistan wars.

PubMed

Theodoroff, Sarah M; Lewis, M Samantha; Folmer, Robert L; Henry, James A; Carlson, Kathleen F

2015-01-01

Hearing loss and tinnitus are the 2 most prevalent service-connected disabilities among veterans in the United States. Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn have been exposed to multiple hazards associated with these conditions, such as blasts/explosions, ototoxic chemicals, and most notably high levels of noise. We conducted a systematic literature review of evidence on 1) prevalence of, 2) risk and protective factors for, and 3) functional and quality-of-life outcomes of hearing impairment and tinnitus in US Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn veterans and military personnel. We identified studies published from 2001 through 2013 using PubMed, PsycINFO, REHABDATA, Cochrane Library, pearling, and expert recommendation. Peer-reviewed English language articles describing studies of 30 or more adults were included if they informed one or more key questions. A total of 839 titles/abstracts were reviewed for relevance by investigators trained in critical analysis of literature; 14 studies met inclusion criteria. Of these, 13 studies presented data on prevalence and 4 on risk/protective factors, respectively. There were no included studies reporting on outcomes. Findings from this systematic review will help inform clinicians, researchers, and policy makers on future resource and research needs pertaining to hearing impairment and tinnitus in this newest generation of veterans. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 2015. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.

Operational Cost Analysis of Dental Emergencies for Deployed U.S. Army Personnel During Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-01

Necrotizing Ulcerative DOI40/D4341 Gingivitis Oral Infection or Abscess DOI40/D7510 of Undetermined Origin Other Orofacial Pain DO 140/D91 10...10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00431 MILITARY MEDICINE, Vol. 178, April 2013 METHODS Dental Emergencies DE care is designed to relieve oral pain , eliminate...by the authors into three subsets: severe, moderately severe, and pain /loss of function (see Table I). The severe category was defined as DEs

Sharing the Burden and Risk: An Operational Assessment of the Reserve Components in Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-10-01

Manpower Data Center (DMDC) for data extracts identifying monthly deployments from September 2001 through December 2014. This data would answer questions... Manpower Data Center (DMDC) databases captured which service members were mobilized and deployed. Government history offices, lessons learned...develop MOEs and MOPs to conduct assessments. 1. Data Extracts Concurrent with engagement efforts, IDA queried the Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC

Hiring Practices Used to Staff the Iraqi Provisional Authorities

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-16

Report No. D-2009-042 January 16 , 2009 Hiring Practices Used To Staff the Iraqi Provisional Authorities Report Documentation Page Form...with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 16 JAN 2009 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES...AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16 . SECURITY

Breast-feeding and complementary feeding practices in the first 6 months of life among Norwegian-Somali and Norwegian-Iraqi infants: the InnBaKost survey.

PubMed

Grewal, Navnit Kaur; Andersen, Lene Frost; Sellen, Daniel; Mosdøl, Annhild; Torheim, Liv Elin

2016-03-01

To examine breast-feeding and complementary feeding practices during the first 6 months of life among Norwegian infants of Somali and Iraqi family origin. A cross-sectional survey was performed during March 2013-February 2014. Data were collected using a semi-quantitative FFQ adapted from the second Norwegian national dietary survey among infants in 2006-2007. Somali-born and Iraqi-born mothers living in eastern Norway were invited to participate. One hundred and seven mothers/infants of Somali origin and eighty mothers/infants of Iraqi origin participated. Breast-feeding was almost universally initiated after birth. Only 7 % of Norwegian-Somali and 10 % of Norwegian-Iraqi infants were exclusively breast-fed at 4 months of age. By 1 month of age, water had been introduced to 30 % of Norwegian-Somali and 26 % of Norwegian-Iraqi infants, and infant formula to 44 % and 34 %, respectively. Fifty-four per cent of Norwegian-Somali and 68 % of Norwegian-Iraqi infants had been introduced to solid or semi-solid foods at 4 months of age. Breast-feeding at 6 months of age was more common among Norwegian-Somali infants (79 %) compared with Norwegian-Iraqi infants (58 %; P=0·001). Multivariate analyses indicated no significant factors associated with exclusive breast-feeding at 3·5 months of age. Factors positively associated with breast-feeding at 6 months were country of origin (Somalia) and parity (>2). Breast-feeding initiation was common among Iraqi-born and Somali-born mothers, but the exclusive breast-feeding period was shorter than recommended in both groups. The study suggests that there is a need for new culture-specific approaches to support exclusive breast-feeding and complementary feeding practices among foreign-born mothers living in Norway.

Apache Aviator Evaluation of Dual-Technology Night Vision Systems in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) Urban Combat (Master’s Thesis)

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

figure 7), this range allowing for both near and far IR. In essence, the system allows the pilot to see what is normally invisible to the naked eye. 8...contributed to the mid- teen percentage (15.8%) preference for its use during reconnaissance operations. To help qualify preference for reconnaissance

Synergy across the Curriculum: Simulating the Institution of Postwar Iraqi Government

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Austin, W. Chadwick; McDowell, Todd; Sacko, David H.

2006-01-01

This article describes an undergraduate simulation that formulates Iraqi regimes following the removal of Saddam Hussein's Baathist regime. This exercise reinforces student comprehension and awareness for a range of legal and political topics--including group decision making, international law, diplomacy, and human rights--by actively engaging the…

Alterations in autobiographical memory for a blast event in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans with mild traumatic brain injury.

PubMed

Palombo, Daniela J; Kapson, Heather S; Lafleche, Ginette; Vasterling, Jennifer J; Marx, Brian P; Franz, Molly; Verfaellie, Mieke

2015-07-01

Although loss of consciousness associated with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is thought to interfere with encoding of the TBI event, little is known about the effects of mild TBI (mTBI), which typically involves only transient disruption in consciousness. Blast-exposed Afghanistan and Iraq War veterans were asked to recall the blast event. Participants were stratified based on whether the blast was associated with probable mTBI (n = 50) or not (n = 25). Narratives were scored for organizational structure (i.e., coherence) using the Narrative Coherence Coding Scheme (Reese et al., 2011) and episodic recollection using the Autobiographical Interview Coding Procedures (Levine et al., 2002). The mTBI group produced narratives that were less coherent but contained more episodic details than those of the no-TBI group. These results suggest that mTBI interferes with the organizational quality of memory in a manner that is independent of episodic detail generation. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).

Ten-Year Analysis of Transfusion in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom: Increased Plasma and Platelet Use Correlates with Improved Survival

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

included the publication of the CRASH-2 trial in 2010, followed by the institution of a CPG regarding tranexamic acid (TXA) use in August 2011. 7,11 This...critically ill patients? Trans- fusion. 2011;51:1644 1650. 11. Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive

Job satisfaction and turnover intention among Iraqi doctors--a descriptive cross-sectional multicentre study.

PubMed

Ali Jadoo, Saad Ahmed; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Dastan, Ilker; Tawfeeq, Ruqiya Subhi; Mustafa, Mustafa Ali; Ganasegeran, Kurubaran; AlDubai, Sami Abdo Radman

2015-04-19

During the last two decades, the Iraqi human resources for health was exposed to an unprecedented turnover of trained and experienced medical professionals. This study aimed to explore prominent factors affecting turnover intentions among Iraqi doctors. A descriptive cross-sectional multicentre study was carried out among 576 doctors across 20 hospitals in Iraq using multistage sampling technique. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire, which included socio-demographic information, work characteristics, the 10-item Warr-Cook-Wall job satisfaction scale, and one question on turnover intention. Descriptive and bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify significant factors affecting turnover intentions. More than one half of Iraqi doctors (55.2%) were actively seeking alternative employment. Factors associated with turnover intentions among doctors were low job satisfaction score (odds ratio (OR) = 0.97; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.95, 0.99), aged 40 years old or less (OR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.74, 4.75), being male (OR = 4.2; 95% CI: 2.54, 7.03), being single (OR = 5.0; 95% CI: 2.61, 9.75), being threatened (OR = 3.5; 95% CI: 1.80, 6.69), internally displaced (OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.43, 6.57), having a perception of unsafe medical practice (OR = 4.1; 95% CI: 1.86, 9.21), working more than 40 h per week, (OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.27, 4.03), disagreement with the way manager handles staff (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.19, 4.03), being non-specialist, (OR = 3.9, 95% CI: 2.08, 7.13), and being employed in the government sector only (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.09, 3.82). The high-turnover intention among Iraqi doctors is significantly associated with working and security conditions. An urgent and effective strategy is required to prevent doctors' exodus.

Economic Prosperity and Utilization of Human Resources in Iraqi Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Al-Rubaiy, A.; And Others

Since Iraq gained independence in the 1930s and particularly since it became a republic in the 1950s and began earning oil revenue, efforts to improve Iraqi education have received increasing attention. By 1984 the educational system had achieved the ability to enroll every child reaching the age of six, and a national campaign to reduce…

Investigating the Speech Act of Correction in Iraqi EFL Context

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Darweesh, Abbas Deygan; Mehdi, Wafaa Sahib

2016-01-01

The present paper investigates the performance of the Iraqi students for the speech act of correction and how it is realized with status unequal. It attempts to achieve the following aims: (1) Setting out the felicity conditions for the speech act of correction in terms of Searle conditions; (2) Identifying the semantic formulas that realize the…

Exploring Electronic Communication Modes Between Iraqi Faculty and Students of Pharmacy Schools Using the Technology Acceptance Model.

PubMed

Al-Jumaili, Ali Azeez; Al-Rekabi, Mohammed D; Alsawad, Oday S; Allela, Omer Q B; Carnahan, Ryan; Saaed, Hiwa; Naqishbandi, Alaadin; Kadhim, Dheyaa J; Sorofman, Bernard

2017-06-01

Objective. To explore for the first time the extent to which Iraqi pharmacy students and faculty use Facebook and university email for academic communications, and to examine factors influencing utilization within the framework of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Methods. An electronic survey was administered to convenience samples of students and faculty of six Iraqi public schools and colleges of pharmacy in 2015. Results. Responses included 489 student and 128 faculty usable surveys. Both students and faculty use Facebook more than university email for academic communications. Less than a third of the faculty used university email. Students used Facebook for academic purposes twice as much as faculty. Conclusion. Absence of university email in Iraqi schools and colleges of pharmacy makes Facebook essential for faculty-student communications. The majority (71.1% to 82%) of respondents perceived that Facebook was easy to use. Three TAM variables (intention to use, attitude toward use and perceived usefulness) had significant positive associations with actual use of both Facebook messaging and university email.

Health Effects Associated With Geographical Area of Residence During the 1991 Gulf War: A Comparative Health Study of Iraqi Soldiers and Civilians

PubMed Central

Jamil, Hikmet; Hamdan, Thamer A.; Grzybowski, Mary; Arnetz, Bengt B.

2011-01-01

Context Although Iraqis sustained the gravest exposure conditions during the 1991 Gulf War (GW), little is known about the possible relationship between environmental exposures during the GW and long-term health in Iraqis. Objective To study the relationship between distance from Kuwait during the GW and somatic health among Iraqi Soldiers vs civilians. Methods A survey questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 742 GW veterans and 413 civilians in Iraq. The odds ratios were calculated for somatic disorders as a function of distance from Kuwait during the GW, as well as a self-reported environmental exposure index. Results Soldiers reported a significantly higher prevalence of somatic disorders as compared to civilians. Soldiers closest to Kuwait reported significantly more somatic disorders as compared to Soldiers deployed further away from Kuwait. Conclusion Iraqi GW veterans are at an increased risk of numerous somatic disorders. Soldiers are at an increased risk compared to civilians, suggesting that war-associated exposures are of etiologic relevance. PMID:21805460

Seeing the Elephant: Looking Beyond China

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy only had eight short years to take effect before Germany declared war on the United States and Britain. Brazil used...43 Germany ) in an effort to avoid second- and third-order effects from the Americans.21 On the heels of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM and President...41 Estimated at 12.3 million, the Russian immigration population is nearly two million larger than Germany who sits third in

Assessment of Service Members Knowledge and Trust of the Department of Veterans Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-12

www.va.gov/health/aboutVHA.asp. 24 Veterans Benefits Administration, “About VBA ,” last updated December 18, 2014, accessed May 10, 2015, http...Department of Veterans Affairs, 2014. Veterans Benefits Administration. “About VBA .” Last updated December 18, 2014. Accessed May 10, 2015. http...OIF Operation Iraqi Freedom VA Department of Veterans Affairs VA OIG Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Inspector General VBA Veterans Benefits

Weathering the Cyber Storm: The Military’s Resiliency to Cyber Attacks in Future Warfare

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

observation. While the ability to collect intelligence is important, it falls under a different rubric than warfare itself. 20 Another term worth...the use of antivirus programs, firewalls, and security policies. These measures also fall under the rubric of information assurance, or “measures that...specifying how it is to be accomplished.” of genetic diversity. 13 A complaint after Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) was that soldiers had to

The U.S. Armored Brigade Combat Team Versus Current Hybrid Threat: How Should the U.S. ABCT be Organized and Equipped to Address the Current Hybrid Threat

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-09

analysis method and focus on analyzing available documents while studying the separate but similar cases of Israel fighting Hezbollah in Lebanon and...two significant case studies will be reviewed. One deals with the conflict between Hezbollah and Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in Israel and Lebanon...Vietnam and in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Captain Houvinen in his research presented a case study from the Second Lebanon War based on the U.S. experience

Overview and Recommendations for Medical Screening and Diagnostic Evaluation of Postdeployment Lung Disease in Returning US Warfighters

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

EPIDEMIOLOGY Since 2001, approximately two million US military personnel have deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) or...and eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage and/or lung biopsy. In 2004, 18 cases of AEP (including two fatalities) were reported among 183,000 military...per- sonnel deployed in or near Iraq between March 2003 and March 2004.21 Epidemiologic investigation showed no evidence of a com- mon source

A definition study of the on-orbit assembly operations for the outboard photovoltaic power modules for Space Station Freedom. M.S. Thesis - Toledo Univ.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sours, Thomas J.

1989-01-01

A concept is described for the assembly of the outboard PV modules for Space Station Freedom. Analysis of the on-orbit assembly operations was performed using CADAM design graphics software. A scenario for assembly using the various assembly equipment, as currently defined, is described in words, tables and illustrations. This work is part of ongoing studies in the area of space station assembly. The outboard PV module and the assembly equipment programs are all in definition and preliminary design phases. An input is provided to the design process of assembly equipment programs. It is established that the outboard PV module assembly operations can be performed using the assembly equipment currently planned in the Space Station Freedom Program.

Emergency Physicians at War.

PubMed

Muck, Andrew E; Givens, Melissa; Bebarta, Vikhyat S; Mason, Phillip E; Goolsby, Craig

2018-05-01

Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF-A) in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) represent the first major, sustained wars in which emergency physicians (EPs) fully participated as an integrated part of the military's health system. EPs proved invaluable in the deployments, and they frequently used the full spectrum of trauma and medical care skills. The roles EPs served expanded over the years of the conflicts and demonstrated the unique skill set of emergency medicine (EM) training. EPs supported elite special operations units, served in medical command positions, and developed and staffed flying intensive care units. EPs have brought their combat experience home to civilian practice. This narrative review summarizes the history, contributions, and lessons learned by EPs during OEF-A/OIF and describes changes to daily clinical practice of EM derived from the combat environment.

Contextual freedom: absoluteness versus relativity of freedom.

PubMed

Pahlavan, Farzaneh; Amirrezvani, Ali

2013-10-01

Our commentary is focused on the idea that "freedom" takes on its full significance whenever its relativistic nature, in the short- and long terms, is taken into account. Given the transformations brought about by "globalization," application of a general model of freedom based on ecological-economic factors clearly seems to be rather untimely. We examine this idea through egocentric and ethnocentric views of the social and environmental analyses of "freedom."

Iraqi Adolescents: Self-Regard, Self-Derogation, and Perceived Threat in War

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carlton-Ford, Steve; Ender, Morten G.; Tabatabai, Ahoo

2008-01-01

A year into the 2003 US-Iraq war, how were adolescents in Baghdad faring? Conflict-related events typically lower psychological well-being; in contrast, investment in and protection of threatened identities should lead to self-esteem striving and, presumably, better well-being. How threatened do Iraqi adolescents feel? Is their self-esteem related…

A Study Examining Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Power as an Alternative for the Rebuilding of the Iraqi Electrical Power Generation Infrastructure

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-06-01

Logistics, BA-5590, BB- 390, BB-2590, PVPC, Iraq, Power Grid, Infrastructure, Cost Estimate, Photovoltaic Power Conversion (PVPC), MPPT 16. PRICE...the cost and feasibility of using photovoltaic (PV) solar power to assist in the rebuilding of the Iraqi electrical infrastructure. This project...cost and feasibility of using photovoltaic (PV) solar power to assist in the rebuilding of the Iraqi infrastructure. The project examines available

A Pilot Study of Seeking Safety Therapy with OEF/OIF Veterans

PubMed Central

Norman, Sonya B.; Wilkins, Kendall C.; Tapert, Susan F.; Lang, Ariel J.; Najavits, Lisa M.

2010-01-01

PTSD and substance use disorder (SUD) are highly prevalent among Veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom; OEF/OIF). Seeking Safety (SS) is a cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for co-occurring PTSD/SUD. This pilot study with fourteen male OEF/OIF Veterans suggests that SS may help to reduce alcohol use, PTSD, and depression in some participants at clinically significant levels, even when providing less than half of the full model. We emphasize several SS features as especially helpful: the case management component to help engage clients in further mental health and SUD care; offering PTSD as an entry point, and emphasis on community resources. Issues particular to Veterans include reintegration to civilian life and supporting Veterans’ connection with other Veterans. PMID:20464809

Three Secondary School Teachers Implementing Student-Centred Learning in Iraqi Kurdistan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burner, Tony; Madsen, Janne; Zako, Nadia; Ismail, Adham

2017-01-01

In Iraqi Kurdistan, the educational system is going through significant changes. The educational system influences the students' attitudes, and one wants the educational system to support the young democracy. In this study, student-centred learning (SCL) is seen as a first step to learning, but also to participation and engagement as a citizen.…

Breastfeeding Education, Support, and Barriers among Iraqi Refugee Women in Jordan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Madanat, Hala; Farrell, Heather; Merrill, Ray; Cox, Erin

2007-01-01

UNICEF data indicates that Iraqi women have lower rates of breastfeeding than other Middle East countries and that breastfeeding rates are usually even lower among refugee women. This low rate of breastfeeding may be a result of refugee women's lack of public and social support and access to health professionals. This study identifies Iraqi…

Exploring Electronic Communication Modes Between Iraqi Faculty and Students of Pharmacy Schools Using the Technology Acceptance Model

PubMed Central

Al-Rekabi, Mohammed D.; Alsawad, Oday S.; Allela, Omer Q.B.; Carnahan, Ryan; Saaed, Hiwa; Naqishbandi, Alaadin; Kadhim, Dheyaa J.; Sorofman, Bernard

2017-01-01

Objective. To explore for the first time the extent to which Iraqi pharmacy students and faculty use Facebook and university email for academic communications, and to examine factors influencing utilization within the framework of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Methods. An electronic survey was administered to convenience samples of students and faculty of six Iraqi public schools and colleges of pharmacy in 2015. Results. Responses included 489 student and 128 faculty usable surveys. Both students and faculty use Facebook more than university email for academic communications. Less than a third of the faculty used university email. Students used Facebook for academic purposes twice as much as faculty. Conclusion. Absence of university email in Iraqi schools and colleges of pharmacy makes Facebook essential for faculty-student communications. The majority (71.1% to 82%) of respondents perceived that Facebook was easy to use. Three TAM variables (intention to use, attitude toward use and perceived usefulness) had significant positive associations with actual use of both Facebook messaging and university email. PMID:28720917

Space Station Freedom operations costs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Accola, Anne L.; Williams, Gregory J.

1988-01-01

Measures to reduce the operation costs of the Space Station which can be implemented in the design and development stages are discussed. Operational functions are described in the context of an overall operations concept. The provisions for operations cost responsibilities among the partners in the Space Station program are presented. Cost estimating methodologies and the way in which operations costs affect the design and development process are examined.

Design for an integrated discipline operations control center for Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haines, Richard F.

1993-01-01

This paper presents selected features of a human factors oriented plan for a Space Station Freedom (SSF) ground Discipline Operations Center (DOC) that is integrated with other work areas used by multidisciplinary life scientists. This combined facility is referred to as an integrated DOC or IDOC. This plan is based upon the assumption that there will be a constantly changing array of specialized equipment and procedures used by life sciences principal investigators (PI) on the ground which must be linked to SSF through various DOC systems. Other sites will also be able to communicate with SSF (Anon., 1992). It is also assumed that cost reduction will be a major design consideration and that one integrated structure will be less expensive to build and operate than two separate ones. Since both the DOC personnel and PIs will need to communicate with the flight crew aboard SSF, the general interconnect architecture of the PIs' communication linkage is considered here. Key human factor design elements of this plan include: a candidate facility layout which accommodates three (3), multipurpose, rapidly reconfigurable work areas (suites) and consequent user traffic flow considerations, a multimedia telecommunications support capability, functional (human) traffic flow, optimized internal illumination and acoustics requirements, selected volumetric and safety requirements, and other architectural design parameters.

University Freedom in Turkey

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dolasir, Semiyha

2006-01-01

Freedom means the right of the universities to do their scientific activities and to regulate and do the higher education through their organs. The three feet that make up the university freedom are scientific freedom, administrative freedom and financial freedom. Scientific freedom is realized by the freedom of the faculty and teaching staff and…

Chronic disease and disability among Iraqi populations displaced in Jordan and Syria.

PubMed

Doocy, Shannon; Sirois, Adam; Tileva, Margarita; Storey, J Douglas; Burnham, Gilbert

2013-01-01

The Iraq conflict resulted in the largest displacement in the Middle East since the Palestinian crisis, and provision of health services to the displaced population presents a critical challenge. The study aimed to provide information on chronic medical conditions and disability to inform humanitarian assistance planning. Nationally representative cross-sectional surveys of Iraqi populations displaced in Jordan and Syria were conducted in late 2008 and early 2009. Clusters of 10 household were randomly selected using probability-based sampling; a total of 1200 and 813 Iraqi households in Jordan and Syria, respectively, were interviewed. The majority of respondents in both countries perceived healthcare as unaffordable but accessible; cost was an important barrier to care. In Jordan, most routine health expenditures were for medications where in Syria, expenses were divided between medical consultations and medication. Chronic disease prevalence among adults was 51.5% (confidence interval (CI): 49.4-53.5) in Syria and 41.0% (CI: 39.4-42.7) in Jordan, most common were hypertension and musculoskeletal problems. Overall disability rates were 7.1% (CI: 6.3-8.0) in Syria and 3.4% (CI: 3.0-3.9) in Jordan. In both countries, the majority of disability was attributed to conflict, prevalence was higher in men than women, and depression was the leading cause of mental health disability. Chronic illnesses, disabilities and psychological health are key challenges for the Iraqi population and the health systems in Jordan and Syria. Continued attention to the development of systems to manage conditions that require secondary and tertiary care is essential, particularly given reported difficulties in accessing care and the anticipated prolonged displacement. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Increasing Marital Satisfaction as a Resilience Factor among Active Duty Members and Veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ponder, Warren N.; Aguirre, Regina T. P.; Smith-Osborne, Alexa; Granvold, Donald K.

2012-01-01

Supportive relationships are protective against a number of prevalent health risks among military populations, including post-traumatic stress disorder. Increasing marital satisfaction and strengthening that relationship is an important avenue for maintaining health among returning service members and their families. The current study builds upon…

Epidemiological Study of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Sequelae Caused by Blast Exposure During Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-11-01

Emily Lynn, BA Research Assistant April, 2010. (Departed program: July, 2012) Jasmine Smith, BA Research Assistant June, 2010 (Departed Program...final diagnostic algorithm represents the study clinicians’ collective interpretation of 10 the interview data. In essence , it provides a clinician

Epidemiological Study of Mild Tramautic Brain Injury Sequelae Cause by Blast Exposure During Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-10-01

Principal Investigator September, 2008 20 (see: VCU sub- award) David X. Cifu, MD Co-Investigator September, 2008 5 (VCU sub-award) Jessica...proven reliability: Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR, pre- morbid IQ estimate),(Mathias, Bowden, Bigler, & Rosenfeld, 2007) Conners Continuous...II (CVLT-II) (learning and working memory),(Vanderploeg et al., 2005) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III) items: Digit Symbol Coding

Air Medical Evacuations of Soldiers for Oral-facial Disease and Injuries, Operations Enduring Freedom/Iraqi Freedom, January-December 2006

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-12-01

COL Timothy A Mitchener, DC USA 5e. TASK NUMBER 6. AUTHOR( S ) 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME( S ) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8...SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME( S ) AND 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM( S ) ADDRESS(ES) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER( S ) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY...NATO) Standardization Agreement (STANAG), 5th edition, coding scheme. (See P.J. Amoroso, G.S. Smith, and N.S. Bell : Qualitative assessment of cause

Epidemiological Study of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Sequelae Caused by Blast Exposure During Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-10-01

Checklist Military Version (PCL-M) (Weathers et al, 1991), pain using both the McGill Pain Questionnaire short form (MPQ-SF) (Melzak, 1987) and the 11...Thus we spent much time refining our injury situation and experience questionnaires to be as thorough and specific as possible. Additionally, we...chose to add two structured interviews to help cross-validate some of our key diagnostic screening questionnaires . 4. Finalize Data collection

Epidemiological Study of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Sequelae Caused by Blast Exposure During Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-10-01

1991), pain using both the McGill Pain Questionnaire short form (MPQ-SF) (Melzak, 1987) and the 11 point Numerical Scale (Jensen MP et al, 1989...subject above, complete standardized current state questionnaires for qualitative and quantitative measurement of: Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) using...consciousness, stress, pain , helmet wearing, shrapnel injury, tympanic membrane rupture, hearing loss, type of blast, immediate blast effects, number of

Public Affairs: Inform, Educate, and Influence

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-12

directed towards domestic target audiences. Outside of the military and scholarly material, there is a large amount of news and opinion articles, books ...program, which began in earnest during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003, has been discussed in great lengths in scores of books , studies and editorials...few examples of books about the DOD‘s embed program follows: Embedded: The Media at War in Iraq by Bill Katovsky and Timothy Carlson - Lyons Press

Military Women’s Health and Illness Behaviors in Deployed Settings

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-12

Project Number: N08-P03 products, shampoos , soaps, feminine washes, and cranberry pills. No participant mentioned buying vaginal treatments...tendency to run out more often than not. I just found it much easier just to order if I’m ordering some special shampoo or something like that from...S.H., Truong, V., McCartin, T., & Clemons, J.L. (2009). Female Soldiers’ gynecologic healthcare in Operation Iraqi Freedom: A survey of camps with

Deployment cycle stressors and post-traumatic stress symptoms in Army National Guard women: the mediating effect of resilience.

PubMed

Wooten, Nikki R

2012-01-01

This study examined the associations between deployment cycle stressors, post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and resilience in Army National Guard (ARNG) women deployed to Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Resilience was also tested as a mediator. Hierarchical linear regression indicated that deployment and post-deployment stressors were positively associated, and resilience was negatively associated with PTSS. Resilience fully mediated the association between post-deployment stressors and PTSS. Findings suggest assessing deployment and post-deployment stressors in ARNG women may be helpful in identifying those at risk for severe PTSS; and highlight the potential of individual-level resilient characteristics in mitigating the adverse impact of post-deployment stressors.

Network Centric Warfare Case Study: U.S. V Corps and 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized) During Operation Iraqi Freedom Combat Operations (Mar-Apr 2003). Volume 3. Network Centric Warfare Insights

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-01-01

OPSEC), military deception, psychological operations (PSYOPS), special information operations (IO), information assurance, physical security...nonlethal effects, such as operational 8 Network Centric Warfare Case Study security (OPSEC), military deception, psychological operations (PSYOP...Support Operations Group ASR Alternate Supply Route; or, Ammunition Supply Rate ATACMS Army Tactical Missile System ATARS Advanced

Functional Freedom: A Psychological Model of Freedom in Decision-Making

PubMed Central

Lau, Stephan; Hiemisch, Anette

2017-01-01

The freedom of a decision is not yet sufficiently described as a psychological variable. We present a model of functional decision freedom that aims to fill that role. The model conceptualizes functional freedom as a capacity of people that varies depending on certain conditions of a decision episode. It denotes an inner capability to consciously shape complex decisions according to one’s own values and needs. Functional freedom depends on three compensatory dimensions: it is greatest when the decision-maker is highly rational, when the structure of the decision is highly underdetermined, and when the decision process is strongly based on conscious thought and reflection. We outline possible research questions, argue for psychological benefits of functional decision freedom, and explicate the model’s implications on current knowledge and research. In conclusion, we show that functional freedom is a scientific variable, permitting an additional psychological foothold in research on freedom, and that is compatible with a deterministic worldview. PMID:28678165

Functional Freedom: A Psychological Model of Freedom in Decision-Making.

PubMed

Lau, Stephan; Hiemisch, Anette

2017-07-05

The freedom of a decision is not yet sufficiently described as a psychological variable. We present a model of functional decision freedom that aims to fill that role. The model conceptualizes functional freedom as a capacity of people that varies depending on certain conditions of a decision episode. It denotes an inner capability to consciously shape complex decisions according to one's own values and needs. Functional freedom depends on three compensatory dimensions: it is greatest when the decision-maker is highly rational, when the structure of the decision is highly underdetermined, and when the decision process is strongly based on conscious thought and reflection. We outline possible research questions, argue for psychological benefits of functional decision freedom, and explicate the model's implications on current knowledge and research. In conclusion, we show that functional freedom is a scientific variable, permitting an additional psychological foothold in research on freedom, and that is compatible with a deterministic worldview.

Iraqi Power and U.S. Security in the Middle East

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-30

e Sherin/Kermanshah. iraq’s military commanders apparently were prepared to penetrate farther, but were recalled by the civilian leadership . After the...the Iraqis. Had they perpetuated this string of disasters they would not have survived. Instead, the top leadership of the Party gathered in Baghdad to...imperative; unless Iraq recovered soon it would certainly perish. Unfortunately for the Ba’thist leadership , drafting the students was not an easy

Trauma-related Infections in Battlefield Casualties From Iraq

PubMed Central

Petersen, Kyle; Riddle, Mark S.; Danko, Janine R.; Blazes, David L.; Hayden, Richard; Tasker, Sybil A.; Dunne, James R.

2007-01-01

Objective: To describe risks for, and microbiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns of, war trauma associated infections from Operation Iraqi Freedom. Background: The invasion of Iraq resulted in casualties from high-velocity gunshot, shrapnel, and blunt trauma injuries as well as burns. Infectious complications of these unique war trauma injuries have not been described since the 1970s. Methods: Retrospective record review of all trauma casualties 5 to 65 years of age evacuated from the Iraqi theatre to U.S. Navy hospital ship, USNS Comfort March to May 2003.War trauma-associated infection was defined by positive culture from a wound or sterile body fluid (ie, blood, cerebrospinal fluid) and at least two of the following infection-associated signs/symptoms: fever, dehiscence, foul smell, peri-wound erythema, hypotension, and leukocytosis. A comparison of mechanisms of injury, demographics, and clinical variables was done using multivariate analysis. Results: Of 211 patients, 56 met criteria for infection. Infections were more common in blast injuries, soft tissue injuries, >3 wound sites, loss of limb, abdominal trauma, and higher Injury Severity Score (ISS). Wound infections accounted for 84% of cases, followed by bloodstream infections (38%). Infected were more likely to have had fever prior to arrival, and had higher probability of ICU admission and more surgical procedures. Acinetobacter species (36%) were the predominant organisms followed by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas species (14% each). Conclusions: Similar to the Vietnam War experience, gram-negative rods, particularly Acinetobacter species, accounted for the majority of wound infections cared for on USNS Comfort during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Multidrug resistance was common, with the exception of the carbapenem class, limiting antibiotic therapy options. PMID:17457175

International utilization and operations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goldberg, Stanley R.

1989-01-01

The international framework of the Space Station Freedom Program is described. The discussion covers the U.S. space policy, international agreements, international Station elements, overall program management structure, and utilization and operations management. Consideration is also given to Freedom's user community, Freedom's crew, pressurized payload and attached payload accommodations, utilization and operations planning, user integration, and user operations.

Iraqi Prisoners in Norway: Educational Background, Participation, Preferences and Barriers to Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Westrheim, Kariane; Manger, Terje

2014-01-01

The article aimed to develop knowledge of the educational background, participation and preferences of Iraqi prisoners in Norwegian prisons and obstacles to participating in education. The study is based on interviews with 17 prisoners in three prisons. An important finding is that war and political unrest appear to have been significant causes…

Academic Freedom Should Be Redefined: Point and Counterpoint.

PubMed

Woods, Tonja M; Acosta, W Renee'; Chung, Eunice P; Cox, Arthur G; Garcia, George A; Klucken, Jamie Ridley; Chisholm-Burns, Marie

2016-11-25

As part of the 2014-15 Academic Leadership Fellows Program, the cohort teams presented debates on topics relevant to academic pharmacy at a public forum during the 2015 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Interim Meeting. The topic of one of the debates was "Academic Freedom Should Be Redefined." The "point" of the debate focused on important issues such as the fundamental definition of academic freedom as it was written in the 1940 American Association of University Professors' Statement and the need for redefinition as a consequence of many misunderstandings and misinterpretations that have arisen over time. The "counterpoint" received the greatest support, and it asserted that redefinition is not necessary, but rather the need is to clearly articulate the intended meaning of academic freedom through education, discussion, and by not supporting inappropriate behaviors in the name of "academic freedom." Reinforced clarity and operational guidance from the academy and academic institutions may add further clarification and may be the best approach to address the concerns related to academic freedom.

Academic Freedom Should Be Redefined: Point and Counterpoint

PubMed Central

Acosta, W. Renee’; Chung, Eunice P.; Cox, Arthur G.; Garcia, George A.; Klucken, Jamie Ridley; Chisholm-Burns, Marie

2016-01-01

As part of the 2014-15 Academic Leadership Fellows Program, the cohort teams presented debates on topics relevant to academic pharmacy at a public forum during the 2015 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Interim Meeting. The topic of one of the debates was “Academic Freedom Should Be Redefined.” The “point” of the debate focused on important issues such as the fundamental definition of academic freedom as it was written in the 1940 American Association of University Professors’ Statement and the need for redefinition as a consequence of many misunderstandings and misinterpretations that have arisen over time. The “counterpoint” received the greatest support, and it asserted that redefinition is not necessary, but rather the need is to clearly articulate the intended meaning of academic freedom through education, discussion, and by not supporting inappropriate behaviors in the name of “academic freedom.” Reinforced clarity and operational guidance from the academy and academic institutions may add further clarification and may be the best approach to address the concerns related to academic freedom. PMID:28090095

Food and Nutrient Intake among 12-Month-Old Norwegian-Somali and Norwegian-Iraqi Infants

PubMed Central

Grewal, Navnit Kaur; Andersen, Lene Frost; Kolve, Cathrine Solheim; Kverndalen, Ingrid; Torheim, Liv Elin

2016-01-01

The aim of the present paper was to describe food and nutrient intake among 12-month-old Norwegian-Somali and Norwegian-Iraqi infants, with a focus on iron and vitamin D intake. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from August 2013 through September 2014. Eighty-nine mothers/infants of Somali origin and 77 mothers/infants of Iraqi origin residing in Eastern Norway participated in the study. Data were collected using two 24-h multiple-pass recalls. Forty percent of the Norwegian-Somali infants and 47% of the Norwegian-Iraqi infants were breastfed at 12 months of age (p = 0.414). Median energy percentages (E%) from protein, fat and carbohydrates were within the recommended intake ranges, except the level of saturated fats (12–13 E%). Median intakes of almost all micronutrients were above the recommended daily intakes. Most of the infants consumed iron-enriched products (81%) and received vitamin D supplements (84%). The median intakes of iron and vitamin D were significantly higher among infants receiving iron-enriched products and vitamin D supplements compared to infants not receiving such products (p < 0.001). The findings indicate that the food and nutrient intake of this group of infants in general seems to be in accordance with Norwegian dietary recommendations. Foods rich in iron and vitamin D supplements were important sources of the infants’ intake of iron and vitamin D and should continue to be promoted. PMID:27690092

Food and Nutrient Intake among 12-Month-Old Norwegian-Somali and Norwegian-Iraqi Infants.

PubMed

Grewal, Navnit Kaur; Andersen, Lene Frost; Kolve, Cathrine Solheim; Kverndalen, Ingrid; Torheim, Liv Elin

2016-09-28

The aim of the present paper was to describe food and nutrient intake among 12-month-old Norwegian-Somali and Norwegian-Iraqi infants, with a focus on iron and vitamin D intake. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from August 2013 through September 2014. Eighty-nine mothers/infants of Somali origin and 77 mothers/infants of Iraqi origin residing in Eastern Norway participated in the study. Data were collected using two 24-h multiple-pass recalls. Forty percent of the Norwegian-Somali infants and 47% of the Norwegian-Iraqi infants were breastfed at 12 months of age ( p = 0.414). Median energy percentages (E%) from protein, fat and carbohydrates were within the recommended intake ranges, except the level of saturated fats (12-13 E%). Median intakes of almost all micronutrients were above the recommended daily intakes. Most of the infants consumed iron-enriched products (81%) and received vitamin D supplements (84%). The median intakes of iron and vitamin D were significantly higher among infants receiving iron-enriched products and vitamin D supplements compared to infants not receiving such products ( p < 0.001). The findings indicate that the food and nutrient intake of this group of infants in general seems to be in accordance with Norwegian dietary recommendations. Foods rich in iron and vitamin D supplements were important sources of the infants' intake of iron and vitamin D and should continue to be promoted.

Space Station Freedom Gateway to the Future

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

The first inhabited outpost on the frontier of space will be a place to live, work, and discover. Experiments conducted on Freedom will advance scientific knowledge about our world, our environment, and ourselves. We will learn how to adapt to the space environment and to build and operate new spacecraft with destinations far beyond Earth, continuing the tradition of exploration that began with a journey to the Moon. What we learn from living and working on Freedom will strengthen our expertise in science and engineering, promote national research and development initiatives and inspire another generation of Americans to push forward and onward. On the eve of the 21st century, Space Station Freedom will be our gateway to the future. This material covers gateways to space, research, discovery, utilization, benefits, and NASA.

A failure recovery planning prototype for Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hammen, David G.; Kelly, Christine M.

1991-01-01

NASA is investigating the use of advanced automation to enhance crew productivity for Space Station Freedom in numerous areas, including failure management. A prototype is described that uses various advanced automation techniques to generate courses of action whose intents are to recover from a diagnosed failure, and to do so within the constraints levied by the failure and by Freedom's configuration and operating conditions.

16 CFR 1018.29 - Appeals under the Freedom of Information Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Appeals under the Freedom of Information Act. 1018.29 Section 1018.29 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION GENERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE MANAGEMENT Operation of Advisory Committees § 1018.29 Appeals under the Freedom of Information Act...

The Epidemiology of Major Depressive Episode in the Iraqi General Population

PubMed Central

Al-Hamzawi, Ali Obaid; Bruffaerts, Ronny; Bromet, Evelyn J.; AlKhafaji, Abdulzahra Mohammed; Kessler, Ronald C.

2015-01-01

Objective To assess the prevalence, symptom severity, functional impairment, and treatment of major depressive episode (MDE) in the Iraqi general population. Methods The Iraq Mental Health Survey is a nationally representative face-to-face survey of 4,332 non-institutionalized adults aged 18+ interviewed in 2006–2007 as part of the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV MDE were determined with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Findings Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of MDE were 7.4% and 4.0%, respectively. Close to half (46%) of the 12-month MDE cases were severe/very severe. MDE was more common among women and those previously married. Median age of onset was 25.2. Only one-seventh of 12-month MDE cases received treatment despite being associated with very substantial role impairment (on average 70 days out of role in the past year). Conclusions MDE is a commonly occurring disorder in the Iraqi general population and is associated with considerable disability and low treatment. Efforts are needed to decrease the barriers to treatment and to educate general medical providers in Iraq about the recognition and treatment of depression. PMID:26230265

Ocular diseases and nonbattle injuries seen at a tertiary care medical center during the Global War on Terrorism.

PubMed

Psolka, Maximilian; Bower, Kraig S; Brooks, Dain B; Donnelly, Steven J; Iglesias, Melissa; Rimm, William R; Ward, Thomas P

2007-05-01

We retrospectively reviewed the records of 107 U.S. military personnel referred to the Walter Reed Army Medical Center ophthalmology service with eye diseases and nonbattle injuries diagnosed during Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. Ocular diseases and nonbattle injuries ranged from minor to vision-threatening, represented a broad variety of conditions, and required the expertise of a number of ophthalmic subspecialists. The most common diagnoses were uveitis (13.1%), retinal detachment (11.2%), infectious keratitis (4.7%), and choroidal neovascularization (4.7%). Eighty-four patients (78.5%) met Army retention standards and were returned to duty. Twenty patients (18.7%) were referred to a medical evaluation board, seven (6.5%) of whom failed to meet retention standards for eye and vision; the retention status of three patients (2.8%) remains to be determined.

Violent Deaths of Iraqi Civilians, 2003–2008: Analysis by Perpetrator, Weapon, Time, and Location

PubMed Central

Hicks, Madelyn Hsiao-Rei; Dardagan, Hamit; Guerrero Serdán, Gabriela; Bagnall, Peter M.; Sloboda, John A.; Spagat, Michael

2011-01-01

Background Armed violence is a major public health and humanitarian problem in Iraq. In this descriptive statistical analysis we aimed to describe for the first time Iraqi civilian deaths caused by perpetrators of armed violence during the first 5 years of the Iraq war: over time; by weapon used; by region (governorate); and by victim demographics. Methods and Findings We analyzed the Iraq Body Count database of 92,614 Iraqi civilian direct deaths from armed violence occurring from March 20, 2003 through March 19, 2008, of which Unknown perpetrators caused 74% of deaths (n = 68,396), Coalition forces 12% (n = 11,516), and Anti-Coalition forces 11% (n = 9,954). We analyzed the subset of 60,481 civilian deaths from 14,196 short-duration events of lethal violence to link individual civilian deaths to events involving perpetrators and their methods. One-third of civilian violent death was from extrajudicial executions by Unknown perpetrators; quadratic regression shows these deaths progressively and disproportionately increased as deaths from other forms of violence increased across Iraq's governorates. The highest average number of civilians killed per event in which a civilian died were in Unknown perpetrator suicide bombings targeting civilians (19 per lethal event) and Coalition aerial bombings (17 per lethal event). In temporal analysis, numbers of civilian deaths from Coalition air attacks, and woman and child deaths from Coalition forces, peaked during the invasion. We applied a Woman and Child “Dirty War Index” (DWI), measuring the proportion of women and children among civilian deaths of known demographic status, to the 22,066 civilian victims identified as men, women, or children to indicate relatively indiscriminate perpetrator effects. DWI findings suggest the most indiscriminate effects on women and children were from Unknown perpetrators using mortar fire (DWI  = 79) and nonsuicide vehicle bombs (DWI  = 54) and from Coalition air

48 CFR 252.225-7022 - Trade agreements certificate-inclusion of Iraqi end products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Trade agreements certificate-inclusion of Iraqi end products. 252.225-7022 Section 252.225-7022 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CLAUSES AND FORMS SOLICITATION PROVISIONS AND CONTRACT CLAUSES Text of...

Assessing and Evaluating Department of Defense Efforts to Inform, Influence, and Persuade: Desk Reference

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-01

128 O’Hanlon, Michael, 187n107 OIF (Operation Iraqi Freedom), 1, 299 Olshefsky, Alisa M., 308n39 one - group pretest - posttest design, 154–155 online...procedures may result in differences between the pretest and posttest . Hawthorne effect Subjects may react positively to being part of the treatment group ...and Devra Moehler, used a four- group posttest -only design with two controls. Tro tro riders in Ghana were randomized to one of four conditions: a

Aggressive ISR in the War on Terrorism: Breaking the Cold War Paradigm

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-04-01

1 “Declaration of War Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places,” from Osama bin Laden’s 1996 declaration of...and Procedures for Foreign Internal Defense, 26 June 1996 , I-1. “FID is primarily focused on the diplomatic element of national power.” JP 3-07.1...forwarding intelligence to the shooter in near-real-time for engagement of a target. One example from the opening minutes of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM was

KSC-04PD-1883

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. Guest speaker Charles A. Gambaro, NASA KSC engineering lead and Combat Engineering Group commander, speaks to an appreciative audience during KSCs annual Hispanic American Heritage luncheon. The theme was Hispanic Americans Making a Difference. Gambaro recently returned from Operation Iraqi Freedom. Hosted by the Hispanic Employment Program Working Group, the luncheon also provided live cultural entertainment. The annual event helps employees reflect on the extensive contributions Hispanics have made to KSC, NASA and the nation.

Structural technology challenges for evolutionary growth of Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Doiron, Harold H.

1990-01-01

A proposed evolutionary growth scenario for Space Station Freedom was defined recently by a NASA task force created to study requirements for a Human Exploration Initiative. The study was an initial response to President Bush's July 20, 1989 proposal to begin a long range program of human exploration of space including a permanently manned lunar base and a manned mission to Mars. This growth scenario evolves Freedom into a critical transportation node to support lunar and Mars missions. The growth scenario begins with the Assembly Complete configuration and adds structure, power, and facilities to support a Lunar Transfer Vehicle (LTV) verification flight. Evolutionary growth continues to support expendable, then reusable LTV operations, and finally, LTV and Mars Transfer Vehicle (MTV) operations. The significant structural growth and additional operations creating new loading conditions will present new technological and structural design challenges in addition to the considerable technology requirements of the baseline Space Station Freedom program. Several structural design and technology issues of the baseline program are reviewed and related technology development required by the growth scenario is identified.

History Education in Schools in Iraqi Kurdistan: Representing Values of Peace and Violence

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Darweish, Marwan; Mohammed, Maamoon Abdulsamad

2018-01-01

The Kurdistan Regional Government has implemented a wide range of reforms in Iraqi Kurdistan's education system since its establishment in 2003. This qualitative study utilises critical discourse analysis to investigate the content of History Education (HE) textbooks (grades five to eight) and to assess how far peace education values and…

“Seeing the Life”: Redefining self-worth and family roles among Iraqi refugee families resettled in the United States

PubMed Central

Nelson, Matthew; Hess, Julia Meredith; Isakson, Brian; Goodkind, Jessica

2017-01-01

Social and geographic displacement is a global phenomenon that precipitates novel stressors and disruptions that intersect with longstanding familial and social roles. Among the displaced are war-torn Iraqi refugee families, who must address these new obstacles in unconventional ways. This study explores how such disruptions have influenced associations between gender and apparent self-worth experienced by Iraqi refugee families upon relocation to the United States. Further, the psychosocial mechanisms requisite of any novel approach to a new social construct are explored and reveal that production in the family is at the core of instability and shifting power dynamics during resettlement, preventing family members from “seeing the life” in the United States that they had envisioned prior to immigration. Over 200 semi-structured qualitative interviews with Iraqi participants and mental health providers were conducted over the course of the study, and demonstrate a plasticity among social roles in the family and community that transcends the notion of a simple role reversal, and illustrate the complex positionalities that families under stress must approximate during such physical and social displacement. PMID:28966556

Microbial identification system for Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brown, Harlan D.; Scarlett, Janie B.; Skweres, Joyce A.; Fortune, Russell L.; Staples, John L.; Pierson, Duane L.

1989-01-01

The Environmental Health System (EHS) and Health Maintenance Facility (HMF) on Space Station Freedom will require a comprehensive microbiology capability. This requirement entails the development of an automated system to perform microbial identifications on isolates from a variety of environmental and clinical sources and, when required, to perform antimicrobial sensitivity testing. The unit currently undergoing development and testing is the Automated Microbiology System II (AMS II) built by Vitek Systems, Inc. The AMS II has successfully completed 12 months of laboratory testing and evaluation for compatibility with microgravity operation. The AMS II is a promising technology for use on Space Station Freedom.

Perception of molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) by Iraqi dental academics.

PubMed

Ghanim, Aghareed; Morgan, Michael; Mariño, Rodrigo; Manton, David; Bailey, Denise

2011-07-01

The understanding and detection of molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is linked to its recognition by clinicians. No study has investigated dental clinicians' level of perception regarding MIH in the Middle East region including Iraq. To determine the perception of Iraqi academic clinicians about MIH prevalence, severity and aetiological factors. A questionnaire, based on previous European and Australian/New Zealand studies was administered to the academic dental staff of Mosul University. A response rate of 77.7% was reported. General dental practitioners represented 30.8% of the total respondents, whilst 65.1% were dentists with post-graduate qualification. The majority of the respondents (81.2%) encountered MIH in their clinical activities and 37.3% of them identified that the prevalence appeared to have increased in recent years. Fewer than half of the respondents observed MIH affected teeth on a monthly basis. The condition was less commonly seen in primary second molars than the first permanent molars. A variation in views was recorded about MIH specific aetiological factor/s. Respondents advocated the need for clinical training regarding MIH-aetiological and therapeutic fields. Molar-incisor hypomineralisation is a condition commonly diagnosed by Iraqi dental academics. No apparent consensus existed between the general and specialist dentists regarding the anticipated prevalence, severity and aetiology of this condition. © 2011 The Authors. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry © 2011 BSPD, IAPD and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Examination of the dynamic interplay between posttraumatic stress symptoms and alcohol misuse among combat-exposed Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) Veterans.

PubMed

Langdon, Kirsten J; Fox, Annie B; King, Lynda A; King, Daniel W; Eisen, Susan; Vogt, Dawne

2016-05-15

Although alcohol misuse co-occurs with PTSD symptoms at a strikingly high rate (i.e., nearly 52% of men and 28% of women with PTSD also meet diagnostic criteria for an Alcohol Use Disorder), the functional associations between these symptom types remain unclear. The current study sought to clarify the nature of posttraumatic stress-alcohol misuse relations by employing a prospective longitudinal methodology-the latent difference score approach-to examine dynamic change in posttraumatic stress symptoms and alcohol misuse among 478 combat-exposed Veterans completing a longitudinal survey of post-deployment mental and physical health. This study builds on the existing literature, as most prior research has been limited to cross-sectional studies and has not explored prospective relations between specific PTSD symptom clusters and alcohol misuse. Consistent with the self-medication model, results indicated that PTSD symptoms demonstrate a prospective and proximal association with alcohol misuse during the assessment period; however, alcohol misuse did not appear to be a unique contributor to overall PTSD symptom exacerbation over time. Examination of individual PTSD symptom clusters revealed that more severe symptoms of intrusion and numbing, but not avoidance and hyperarousal, predicted greater alcohol misuse at subsequent time intervals. The constructs examined within this investigation relied on self-report data; diagnostic criteria for PTSD and/or Alcohol Use Disorders were not assessed. Future work may benefit from replicating these findings in clinical populations formally diagnosed with PTSD via clinician-administered structured interviews. Findings underscore the importance of addressing PTSD symptoms in the context of alcohol treatment to facilitate improved drinking outcomes. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Examination of the Dynamic Interplay between Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Alcohol Misuse among Combat-Exposed Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) Veterans

PubMed Central

Langdon, Kirsten J.; Fox, Annie B.; King, Lynda A.; King, Daniel W.; Eisen, Susan; Vogt, Dawne

2016-01-01

Background Although alcohol misuse co-occurs with PTSD symptoms at a strikingly high rate (i.e., nearly 52% of men and 28% of women with PTSD also meet diagnostic criteria for an Alcohol Use Disorder; Kessler et al., 1995), the functional associations between these symptom types remain unclear. Methods The current study sought to clarify the nature of posttraumatic stress-alcohol misuse relations by employing a prospective longitudinal methodology - the latent difference score approach - to examine dynamic change in posttraumatic stress symptoms and alcohol misuse among 478 combat-exposed Veterans completing a longitudinal survey of post-deployment mental and physical health. This study builds on the existing literature, as most prior research has been limited to cross-sectional studies and has not explored prospective relations between specific PTSD symptom clusters and alcohol misuse. Results Consistent with the self-medication model, results indicated that PTSD symptoms demonstrate a prospective and proximal association with alcohol misuse during the assessment period; however, alcohol misuse did not appear to be a unique contributor to overall PTSD symptom exacerbation over time. Examination of individual PTSD symptom clusters revealed that more severe symptoms of intrusion and numbing, but not avoidance and hyperarousal, predicted greater alcohol misuse at subsequent time intervals. Limitations The constructs examined within this investigation relied on self-report data; diagnostic criteria for PTSD and/or Alcohol Use Disorders were not assessed. Future work may benefit from replicating these findings in clinical populations formally diagnosed with PTSD via clinician-administered structured interviews. Conclusions Findings underscore the importance of addressing PTSD symptoms in the context of alcohol treatment to facilitate improved drinking outcomes. PMID:26938966

E-government factors to reduce administrative and finance corruption in Arab countries: Case study Iraqi oil sector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohammed, M. A.; Eman, Y.; Hussein, A. H.; Hasson, A. R.

2015-12-01

Arab countries face the corruption issues in its several public organizations. The corruption in these countries is considered as the main challenge. The oil sector is one of the public sectors that have huge level of corruption. However, the Iraqi economy had become dependable on oil sector daring the last three decades, and on the contrary, of what other oil countries did. The capital is considered as one of the essential factor for economic development. The revenues of oil exports will stay the essential source for economic development in Iraq in the future in order to reduce being dependable on oil. Since the beginning of the 3rd thousands, the world witnessed great rise in the demand on oil, but the Iraqi exports of crude oil come to be less than its similarities in the seventeenths of last century. So our oil sector is still in need of deep study. This study focuses on technological technique that can make huge decrease for corruption in oil sector in Iraq. However, e-government is considered as the best techniques that can decrease the corruption. Thus, this study bases on challenges that effect on build successful e-government project in Iraqi oil industry.

Medical conditions among Iraqi refugees in Jordan: data from the United Nations Refugee Assistance Information System

PubMed Central

Carone, Marco; Al-Saedy, Huda; Nyce, Sayre; Ghosn, Jad; Mutuerandu, Timothy; Black, Robert E

2012-01-01

Abstract Objective To determine the range and burden of health services utilization among Iraqi refugees receiving health assistance in Jordan, a country of first asylum. Methods Medical conditions, diagnosed in accordance with the tenth revision of the International classification of diseases, were actively monitored from 1January to 31December 2010 using a pilot centralized database in Jordan called the Refugee Assistance Information System. Findings There were 27 166 medical visits by 7642 Iraqi refugees (mean age: 37.4 years; 49% male; 70% from Baghdad; 6% disabled; 3% with a history of torture). Chronic diseases were common, including essential hypertension (22% of refugees), visual disturbances (12%), joint disorders (11%) and type II diabetes mellitus (11%). The most common reasons for seeking acute care were upper respiratory tract infection (11%), supervision of normal pregnancy (4%) and urinary disorders (3%). The conditions requiring the highest number of visits per refugee were cerebrovascular disease (1.46 visits), senile cataract (1.46) and glaucoma (1.44). Sponsored care included 31 747 referrals or consultations to a specialty service, 18 432 drug dispensations, 2307 laboratory studies and 1090 X-rays. The specialties most commonly required were ophthalmology, dentistry, gynaecology and orthopaedic surgery. Conclusion Iraqi refugees in countries of first asylum and resettlement require targeted health services, health education and sustainable prevention and control strategies for predominantly chronic diseases. PMID:22690034

Important considerations when providing mental health first aid to Iraqi refugees in Australia: a Delphi study.

PubMed

Uribe Guajardo, Maria Gabriela; Slewa-Younan, Shameran; Santalucia, Yvonne; Jorm, Anthony Francis

2016-01-01

Refugees are one of the most vulnerable groups in Australian society, presenting high levels of exposure to traumatic events and consequently high levels of severe psychological distress. While there is a need for professional help, only a small percentage will receive appropriate care for their mental health concerns. This study aimed to determine cultural considerations required when providing mental health first aid to Iraqi refugees experiencing mental health problems or crises. Using a Delphi method, 16 experts were presented with statements about possible culturally-appropriate first aid actions via questionnaires and were encouraged to suggest additional actions not covered by the questionnaire content. Statements were accepted for inclusion in a guideline if they were endorsed by ≥90 % of panellists as 'Essential' or 'Important'. From a total of 65 statements, 38 were endorsed (17 for cultural awareness, 12 for cross-cultural communication, 7 for stigma associated with mental health problems, and 2 for barriers to seeking professional help). Experts were able to reach consensus about how to provide culturally-appropriate first aid for mental health problems to Iraqi refugees, demonstrating the suitability of this methodology in developing cultural considerations guidelines. This specific refugee study provided potentially valuable cultural knowledge required to better equip members of the Australian public on how to respond to and assist Iraqi refugees experiencing mental health problems or crises.

Acquisition of English Prepositions among Iraqi Secondary School Students in Kuala Lumpur-Malaysia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shakir, Hani; Yaseen, Bilal Huri

2015-01-01

The study focuses on the acquisition of English prepositions among students of Iraqi secondary school in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Participants in the study were (20) students all of them at sixth level. The researchers studied the students' responses to the given test to investigate the problematic prepositions of English language that Iraqi…

Partnership between the US and Iraqi Air Forces: One Airman’s Perspective

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

Prime Minster Nouri al-Maliki in 2008, virtually all US military members should have left Iraqi soil, as the United States makes good on its pledge...received information on the health of the T-6 fleet but also had opportunities to share lessons learned and take part in some of the processes involving

Occupational correlates of low back pain among U.S. Marines following combat deployment.

PubMed

MacGregor, Andrew J; Dougherty, Amber L; Mayo, Jonathan A; Rauh, Mitchell J; Galarneau, Michael R

2012-07-01

Many U.S. Marines have experienced routine combat deployments during Operation Iraqi Freedom, which present numerous occupational hazards that may result in low back pain (LBP). The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to identify new-onset LBP among Marines following initial deployment to Operation Iraqi Freedom. Active duty Marines deployed to Iraq or Kuwait between 2005 and 2008 were identified from deployment records and linked to medical databases (n = 36,680). The outcome of interest was an International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification code indicating LBP (724.2) within 1 year postdeployment. Multivariate logistic regression examined the effect of occupation on LBP. Overall, 4.1% (n = 1,517) of Marines were diagnosed with LBP. After adjusting for covariates, the service/supply (odds ratio 1.33, 95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.59) and electrical/mechanical/craftsworker occupations (odds ratio 1.31, 95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.53) had higher odds of LBP when compared to the administrative/other referent group. Within these groups, the highest LBP prevalence was in the construction (8.6%) and law enforcement (6.2%) subgroups. Although infantry occupations purposefully engage the enemy and often face sustained physical rigors of combat, LBP was most prevalent in noninfantry occupations. Future studies should include detailed exposure histories to elucidate occupation-specific etiologies of LBP in order to guide prevention efforts.

Traumatic Brain Injury Incidence, Clinical Overview, and Policies in the US Military Health System Since 2000.

PubMed

Swanson, Thomas M; Isaacson, Brad M; Cyborski, Cherina M; French, Louis M; Tsao, Jack W; Pasquina, Paul F

Exposure to explosive armaments during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom contributed to approximately 14% of the 352 612 traumatic brain injury (TBI) diagnoses in the US military between 2000 and 2016. The US Department of Defense issued guidelines in 2009 to (1) standardize TBI diagnostic criteria; (2) classify TBI according to mechanism and severity; (3) categorize TBI symptoms as somatic, psychological, or cognitive; and (4) systematize types of care given during the acute and rehabilitation stages of TBI treatment. Polytrauma and associated psychological and neurologic conditions may create barriers to optimal rehabilitation from TBI. Given the completion of recent combat operations and the transition of TBI patients into long-term care within the US Department of Veterans Affairs system, a review of the literature concerning TBI is timely. Long-term follow-up care for patients who have sustained TBI will remain a critical issue for the US military.

Pre- and Post-displacement Stressors and Body Weight Development in Iraqi Refugees in Michigan.

PubMed

Jen, K-L Catherine; Zhou, Kequan; Arnetz, Bengt; Jamil, Hikmet

2015-10-01

Refugees have typically experienced stress and trauma before entering the US. Stressors and mental health disorders may contribute to obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the body mass index (BMI) in Iraqi refugees settled in Michigan in relationship to pre- and post-migration stressors and mental health. Anthropometric and demographic data were collected from 290 Iraqi refugees immediately after they arrived in Michigan and one year after settlement. Significant increases were observed in BMI (+0.46 ± 0.09 kg/m(2), p < 0.0001) and the percentage of refugees suffering from hypertension (from 9.6 to 13.1%, p < 0.05). Significant increases in stress, depression and acculturation, as well as decreases in post-migration trauma and social support, were also observed. Linear regression analyses failed to link stressors, well-being, and mental health to changes in BMI. It is likely that acculturation to a new lifestyle, including dietary patterns and physical activity levels, may have contributed to these changes.

Predicting Resource Needs for Multiple and Mass Casualty Events in Combat: Lessons Learned From Combat Support Hospital Experience in Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-04-01

from rocket attack near a forward operating base (Photo courtesy of Tommy A. Brown). Predicting Resource Needs for Mass Casualty in Combat Volume 66...combat support hospital. J Trauma 2008; 64(2 suppl):S79–S85. 19. Wedmore I, McManus JG, Pusateri AE, et al. A special report on the chitosan -based

Jesuit Contributions to the Iraqi Education System in the 1930s and Later

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Girling, Kristian

2016-01-01

This article will consider the significant role which the Society of Jesus had played in the Iraqi secondary and higher education systems in the period 1932-1968. The Jesuits' Baghdad-based school and university formed a part of the substantial Jesuit educational network established across the Middle East from the nineteenth century and this…

Protecting military convoys in Iraq: an examination of battle injuries sustained by a mechanized battalion during Operation Iraqi Freedom II.

PubMed

Gondusky, Joseph S; Reiter, Michael P

2005-06-01

Improvised explosive devices and mines pose a formidable threat to military convoys traveling in Iraq. This study evaluated battle injuries sustained by a mechanized battalion operating against this threat. The objective was to gain insight into injury profiles and prevention. In the period examined, 32 attacks injured 120 Marines, causing 188 injuries. Upper extremity and head injuries (70%) were common, whereas lower extremity injuries (11%) were rare (as expected, given the threat and the body areas exposed). Shoulder and axilla protectors may be beneficial, but lower arm and hand injuries remain difficult to combat. Ear injury was the most common single injury type (23%). Combat earplugs may reduce ear blast injuries. Eye injuries were uncommon (0.5%), likely because of ballistic eye protection. Injury to the torso (11%) was generally mild, because of body armor vests. The majority of wounds were minor, allowing > 80% of the injured Marines to return to duty.

[Development of Engineering Systems for Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1995-01-01

From January, 1990 through September, 1995, Cleveland State University (CSU) and Lewis Research Center (LeRC) participated in a research cooperative agreement. Extensive study and experimentation were done by CSU on research technologies, methods, and techniques employed by the Space Station Freedom (SSF) project and, later, the Space Experiments Division (SED). In spite of many problems occasioned by the virtual cancellation of Space Station Freedom at LeRC, and organizational and financial problem at LeRC, CSU was able to do valuable work in the study and improvement of research operating methods there.

Aviator's night vision system (ANVIS) in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF): user acceptability survey

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hiatt, Keith L.; Trollman, Christopher J.; Rash, Clarence E.

2010-04-01

In 1973, the U.S. Army adopted night vision devices for use in the aviation environment. These devices are based on the principle of image intensification (I2) and have become the mainstay for the aviator's capability to operate during periods of low illumination, i.e., at night. In the nearly four decades that have followed, a number of engineering advancements have significantly improved the performance of these devices. The current version, using 3rd generation I2 technology is known as the Aviator's Night Vision Imaging System (ANVIS). While considerable experience with performance has been gained during training and peacetime operations, no previous studies have looked at user acceptability and performance issues in a combat environment. This study was designed to compare Army Aircrew experiences in a combat environment to currently available information in the published literature (all peacetime laboratory and field training studies) and to determine if the latter is valid. The purpose of this study was to identify and assess aircrew satisfaction with the ANVIS and any visual performance issues or problems relating to its use in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF). The study consisted of an anonymous survey (based on previous validated surveys used in the laboratory and training environments) of 86 Aircrew members (64% Rated and 36% Non-rated) of an Aviation Task Force approximately 6 months into their OEF deployment. This group represents an aggregate of >94,000 flight hours of which ~22,000 are ANVIS and ~16,000 during this deployment. Overall user acceptability of ANVIS in a combat environment will be discussed.

KSC-04pd1883

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-09-22

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Guest speaker Charles A. Gambaro, NASA KSC engineering lead and Combat Engineering Group commander, speaks to an appreciative audience during KSC’s annual Hispanic American Heritage luncheon. The theme was “Hispanic Americans Making a Difference.” Gambaro recently returned from Operation Iraqi Freedom. Hosted by the Hispanic Employment Program Working Group, the luncheon also provided live cultural entertainment. The annual event helps employees reflect on the extensive contributions Hispanics have made to KSC, NASA and the nation.

Life sciences utilization of Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chambers, Lawrence P.

1992-01-01

Space Station Freedom will provide the United States' first permanently manned laboratory in space. It will allow, for the first time, long term systematic life sciences investigations in microgravity. This presentation provides a top-level overview of the planned utilization of Space Station Freedom by NASA's Life Sciences Division. The historical drivers for conducting life sciences research on a permanently manned laboratory in space as well as the advantages that a space station platform provides for life sciences research are discussed. This background information leads into a description of NASA's strategy for having a fully operational International Life Sciences Research Facility by the year 2000. Achieving this capability requires the development of the five discipline focused 'common core' facilities. Once developed, these facilities will be brought to the space station during the Man-Tended Capability phase, checked out and brought into operation. Their delivery must be integrated with the Space Station Freedom manifest. At the beginning of Permanent Manned Capability, the infrastructure is expected to be completed and the Life Sciences Division's SSF Program will become fully operational. A brief facility description, anticipated launch date and a focused objective is provided for each of the life sciences facilities, including the Biomedical Monitoring and Countermeasures (BMAC) Facility, Gravitational Biology Facility (GBF), Gas Grain Simulation Facility (GGSF), Centrifuge Facility (CF), and Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) Test Facility. In addition, hardware developed by other NASA organizations and the SSF International Partners for an International Life Sciences Research Facility is also discussed.

Preventive Orientation of Iraqi Dentists in Baghdad in 2016

PubMed Central

Aledhari, Fatin Abd Alsttar; Gholami, Mahdia; Shamshiri, Ahmad Reza

2017-01-01

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the preventive orientation of Iraqi dentists in terms of their “knowledge” and “attitude” towards caries prevention and to explore their “preventive practice”. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study based on a self-administered questionnaire was conducted among 159 dentists who worked in Baghdad during the summer of 2016. The questionnaires obtained information on variables such as knowledge and attitude towards preventive dentistry, preventive practice and demographic variables and were distributed during the official working time. Logistic and multiple regressions served for statistical analyses. Results: From all the respondents, 71% were females and the response rate was 94% (n=150). The mean age was 40.75±9.88 years (range 27–65 years). After checking for completeness, 90 questionnaires remained for data analysis. The most positive attitude towards preventive dental care was related to the question: “whether preventive dentistry is essential for the community” (n=75, 83%). The highest knowledge was reported in response to three questions: “frequency vs. amount of sugar consumption”, “effect of sealant on caries prevention of newly erupted molars” and “effect of dental problems on general health” (n=83, 92.2%). The regression analysis showed a significant association between attendance in the continuing educational courses and preventive practice (P=0.03). Conclusions: To improve preventive dental orientation of Iraqi dentists, dental schools should put more emphasis on the topics about preventive dentistry. This will consequently improve their practice and oral health of the community. PMID:29296109

Space Station Freedom Utilization Conference

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1992-01-01

The topics addressed in Space Station Freedom Utilization Conference are: (1) space station freedom overview and research capabilities; (2) space station freedom research plans and opportunities; (3) life sciences research on space station freedom; (4) technology research on space station freedom; (5) microgravity research and biotechnology on space station freedom; and (6) closing plenary.

Iraqi health system in kurdistan region: medical professionals' perspectives on challenges and priorities for improvement.

PubMed

Shabila, Nazar P; Al-Tawil, Namir G; Tahir, Rebaz; Shwani, Falah H; Saleh, Abubakir M; Al-Hadithi, Tariq S

2010-11-30

The views of medical professionals on efficiency of health system and needs for any changes are very critical and constitute a cornerstone for any health system improvement. This is particularly relevant to Iraqi Kurdistan case as the events of the last few decades have significantly devastated the national Iraqi health system while the necessity for adopting a new health care system is increasingly recognized since 2004. This study aims to examine the regional health system in Iraqi Kurdistan from medical professionals' perspectives and try to define its problems and priorities for improvement. A survey questionnaire was developed and administered to a convenience sample of 250 medical professionals in Erbil governorate. The questionnaire included four items; rating of the quality of services and availability of resources in the health institutions, view on different aspects of the health system, the perceived priority needs for health system improvement and gender and professional characteristics of the respondents. The response rate to the survey was 83.6%. A high proportion of respondents rated the different aspects of services and resources in the health institutions as weak or very weak including the availability of the required quantity and quality of medicines (68.7%), the availability of sufficient medical equipment and investigation tools (68.7%), and the quality of offered services (65.3%). Around 72% of respondents had a rather negative view on the overall health system. The weak role of medical research, the weak role of professional associations in controlling the system and the inefficient health education were identified as important problems in the current health system (87.9%, 87.1% and 84.9%, respectively). The priority needs of health system improvement included adoption of social insurance for medical care of the poor (82%), enhancing the role of family medicine (77.2%), adopting health insurance system (76.1%) and periodic scientific

Prevalence of Pityrosporum orbiculare on normal skin of Iraqi children.

PubMed

Sharquie, K A; Al-Kubaisy, W A; Al-Rubaey, M C

2005-05-01

To determine the age incidence and prevalence of Pityrosporum orbiculare on the normal skin of healthy Iraqi children, we carried out a survey of clinically normal skin of 110 healthy children in Baghdad during April 1998-October 1998. We isolated P. orbiculare on a peptone--glucose--yeast extract medium containing chloramphenicol and cycloheximide, and overlaid with olive oil. The organism was present on the trunk in 77.5% of children 10-14 years, 27.5% of children 5-9 years, and 6.6% of children < 5 years.

Freedom Of Information Act

Science.gov Websites

Web Site Freedom of Information Act Sign In Freedom of Information Act Header Search this site ... Search Freedom of Information Act Introduction to FOIA Making A Request Points of Contact FOIA Reports Reading Room Frequently Asked Questions FOIA Links Privacy Act Requests Freedom Of Information (FOIA) &

The pilot and evaluation of a postnatal support group for Iraqi women in the year following the birth of their baby.

PubMed

Rooney, Rosanna M; Kane, Robert T; Wright, Bernadette; Gent, Vanessa; Di Ciano, Taralisa; Mancini, Vincent

2014-01-01

The current study involved conducting a pilot test of a culturally sensitive support group program developed to assist Iraqi women in the year following the birth of their baby (CSSG-B) in Perth, Western Australia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the social validity of the program. It was hypothesized that women involved in the program would find the program to be socially valid and culturally appropriate, and will also report lower levels of depressive symptomatology and higher levels of social support, following the group intervention. Participants were 12 Iraqi Arabic speaking women, who had a child less than 12 months of age. The program was based on Iraqi women's explanatory models (Kleinman, 1978; Di Ciano et al., 2010) of the birth and motherhood experience. Social validity ratings were obtained during the implementation of the program in order to assess the level of acceptability of the intervention. A one-group pre-test-post-test design was used to determine if depressive symptoms had decreased during the course of the intervention and social support had increased. Results indicated that Iraqi Arabic speaking women found the support group intervention acceptable and relevant and there was a significant decrease in scores on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) from pre-test to post-test. These results that the culturally sensitive group intervention was culturally acceptable and was associated with decreased levels of depressive symptomatology.

The pilot and evaluation of a postnatal support group for Iraqi women in the year following the birth of their baby

PubMed Central

Rooney, Rosanna M.; Kane, Robert T.; Wright, Bernadette; Gent, Vanessa; Di Ciano, Taralisa; Mancini, Vincent

2014-01-01

The current study involved conducting a pilot test of a culturally sensitive support group program developed to assist Iraqi women in the year following the birth of their baby (CSSG-B) in Perth, Western Australia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the social validity of the program. It was hypothesized that women involved in the program would find the program to be socially valid and culturally appropriate, and will also report lower levels of depressive symptomatology and higher levels of social support, following the group intervention. Participants were 12 Iraqi Arabic speaking women, who had a child less than 12 months of age. The program was based on Iraqi women's explanatory models (Kleinman, 1978; Di Ciano et al., 2010) of the birth and motherhood experience. Social validity ratings were obtained during the implementation of the program in order to assess the level of acceptability of the intervention. A one-group pre-test–post-test design was used to determine if depressive symptoms had decreased during the course of the intervention and social support had increased. Results indicated that Iraqi Arabic speaking women found the support group intervention acceptable and relevant and there was a significant decrease in scores on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) from pre-test to post-test. These results that the culturally sensitive group intervention was culturally acceptable and was associated with decreased levels of depressive symptomatology. PMID:24523705

Education, Learning and Freedom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hinchliffe, Geoffrey

2017-01-01

This paper takes as its starting point Kant's analysis of freedom in the Critique of Pure Reason. From this analysis, two different types of freedom are discerned, formative and instrumental freedom. The paper suggests that much of what passes for the pedagogy of learning in UK universities takes the form of an instrumental freedom. This, however,…

There Are No New Lessons Learned, Just Old Lessons Relearned: A Case Study of Operation Iraqi Freedom Through the Eyes of Maslow

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-05

Abraham Maslow , a renowned American psychologist, prioritized human needs into four categories and his theory suggests that humans are motivated by...addressed through examination of other COIN and reconstruction operations. Endnotes 1 Abraham H. Maslow , Motivation and Personality, 3rd ed. (New...a basic understanding of Islam and provided a great contextual background for research. Maslow , Abraham H. Motivation and Personality, 3rd ed. New

Role of Iraqi Higher Education Institutes in Handling National/International Environmental and Health Challenges

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Al-Maliky, Salam J. Bash

2012-01-01

Huge environmental and health crises such as the use of Depleted Uranium (DU) munitions during the military activities against Iraq and the required responses are amongst the fields that Iraqi higher education institutions (HEIs) may have a crucial role. Similar international cases, such as Agent Orange (Vietnam), Three Mile Island (USA) and…

Contributing Factors to Total Mission Time for Medical Evacuation Missions during Operation Iraqi Freedom II

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-01

critically lessens. Pamerneckas, Macas , Vaitkaitis, and Gudeniene (2003) suggest the concept of the "golden hour" remains relevant because of its...S6. Contributing Factors to Total Mission Time during OIF II 54 Pamerneckas, A., Macas , A., Vaitkaitis, D., & Gudeniene, R. (2003). Golden hour

Trends in Post-Concussive Symptom Reporting Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-01

complaints on the PDHA were examined and included pain (headache, back, joint, muscle), memory problems, sleep problems, and tinnitus . The PDHA also... aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for...PCS). 6-8 Common PCS symptoms include headache, tinnitus , sleep problems, chronic pain and cognitive deficits. 8 In 2004, the World Health

The Iraqis. Their History and Culture. CAL Refugee Fact Sheet Series No. 11.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robson, Barbara; Nydell, Margaret

Iraqi refugees are coming to the United States after years of war and internal conflict, and they bring with them an ancient history. This booklet gives an overview of the land, the people, and the history of Iraq, with a description of the circumstances that compel these refugees to leave their native land. The people who live in Iraq represent a…

Approach to transaction management for Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Easton, C. R.; Cressy, Phil; Ohnesorge, T. E.; Hector, Garland

1989-01-01

An approach to managing the operations of the Space Station Freedom based on their external effects is described. It is assumed that there is a conflict-free schedule that, if followed, will allow only appropriate operations to occur. The problem is then reduced to that of ensuring that the operations initiated are within the limits allowed by the schedule, or that the external effects of such operations are within those allowed by the schedule. The main features of the currently adopted transaction management approach are discussed.

Traumatic Brain Injury Incidence, Clinical Overview, and Policies in the US Military Health System Since 2000

PubMed Central

Isaacson, Brad M.; Cyborski, Cherina M.; French, Louis M.; Tsao, Jack W.; Pasquina, Paul F.

2017-01-01

Exposure to explosive armaments during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom contributed to approximately 14% of the 352 612 traumatic brain injury (TBI) diagnoses in the US military between 2000 and 2016. The US Department of Defense issued guidelines in 2009 to (1) standardize TBI diagnostic criteria; (2) classify TBI according to mechanism and severity; (3) categorize TBI symptoms as somatic, psychological, or cognitive; and (4) systematize types of care given during the acute and rehabilitation stages of TBI treatment. Polytrauma and associated psychological and neurologic conditions may create barriers to optimal rehabilitation from TBI. Given the completion of recent combat operations and the transition of TBI patients into long-term care within the US Department of Veterans Affairs system, a review of the literature concerning TBI is timely. Long-term follow-up care for patients who have sustained TBI will remain a critical issue for the US military. PMID:28135424

Posttraumatic Stress and Physical Health Functioning: Moderating Effects of Deployment and Postdeployment Social Support in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans

PubMed Central

Luciano, Matthew T.; McDevitt-Murphy, Meghan E.

2016-01-01

Research indicates that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is strongly associated with physical health difficulties, and that social support may be protective for both problems. Social support, however, is often broadly conceptualized. The present analysis explores how Veteran-specific social support (during military deployment and postdeployment) may moderate the relationship between PTSD and physical health functioning. Participants were recruited from a VA Medical Center. Self-report data was analyzed from 63 Veterans (17.46% female; 42.86% White) who had been deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND). Data indicate that military deployment social support moderated the relationship between PTSD and pain (β = .02, p = .02) while postdeployment social support moderated the relationship between PTSD and general health perceptions (β = .03, p = .01). These findings may be used to better understand the role of support in influencing psychological and physiological processes. PMID:27660993

Military deployment and reintegration: a systematic review of child coping.

PubMed

Bello-Utu, Cindy F; DeSocio, Janiece E

2015-02-01

Child coping with parent military deployment and family reintegration. A systematic review of research literature was conducted to examine the effects of deployment and family reintegration on children in military families. A search of CINAHL, PubMed, Psyc-INFO, and SocINDEX databases was performed using the terms "military family," "military child," "child coping," "deployment," and "reintegration." The search was limited to publications between 2001 and 2014 to focus on the effects of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and Operation New Dawn (OND). Twenty-seven research reports met inclusion criteria. Three themes were extracted: A child's coping is influenced by (a) the child's age and development, (b) the mental health and coping of the non-deployed parent during deployment, and the mental health of both parents during family reintegration, and (c) the pre-existing resilience/vulnerability, cumulative risks, and resources of the child and family. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Introduction to Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kohrs, Richard

1992-01-01

NASA field centers and contractors are organized to develop 'work packages' for Space Station Freedom. Marshall Space Flight Center and Boeing are building the U.S. laboratory and habitation modules, nodes, and environmental control and life support system; Johnson Space Center and McDonnell Douglas are responsible for truss structure, data management, propulsion systems, thermal control, and communications and guidance; Lewis Research Center and Rocketdyne are developing the power system. The Canadian Space Agency (CSA) is contributing a Mobile Servicing Center, Special Dextrous Manipulator, and Mobile Servicing Center Maintenance Depot. The National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) is contributing a Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), which includes a pressurized module, logistics module, and exposed experiment facility. The European Space Agency (ESA) is contributing the Columbus laboratory module. NASA ground facilities, now in various stages of development to support Space Station Freedom, include: Marshall Space Flight Center's Payload Operations Integration Center and Payload Training Complex (Alabama), Johnson Space Center's Space Station Control Center and Space Station Training Facility (Texas), Lewis Research Center's Power System Facility (Ohio), and Kennedy Space Center's Space Station Processing Facility (Florida). Budget appropriations impact the development of the Space Station. In Fiscal Year 1988, Congress appropriated only half of the funds that NASA requested for the space station program ($393 million vs. $767 million). In FY 89, NASA sought $967 million for the program, and Congress appropriated $900 million. NASA's FY 90 request was $2.05 billion compared to an appropriation of $1.75 billion; the FY 91 request was $2.45 billion, and the appropriation was $1.9 billion. After NASA restructured the Space Station Freedom program in response to directions from Congress, the agency's full budget request of $2.029 billion for Space Station

Out of Crisis: Reflections of an Iraqi and an American on Advocacy for Andragogy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bright, Larry K.; Mahdi, Ghada S.

2010-01-01

Mahdi is an Iraqi doctoral candidate in adult and higher education and Bright is her doctoral advisor. The two have been involved in intensive dialogue about how they see their cultures, how they perceive the conflict in the Middle East, and how andragogical theory offers hope for changing learning and teaching approaches that can influence…

Air Land Sea Bulletin. Issue No. 2010-3, September 2010

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-01

with M2A3 BFVs during a Quick Response Force mission in Sadr City, Iraq, in support of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM. (Photo by SSgt Ashley Brokop, USAF... M2A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicles (BFVs) into the CLC area of defense. The night vision devices and thermal sites on the vehicles allowed us to...fields determined that an outer cordon would best be achieved by tracked vehicles. The M2A3 and M1A2 BFVs could better sustain IED blasts and

Sustaining Eleven Years of Counter-Improvised Explosive Device Relevancy for Tomorrow’s War

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-30

llo ~01 Defense, Wa~ HHodQ.al’lllf’s s.-., ~for ~end ~!0704-01!!8i, ! ~!$,.,..,_. C!rllit~ SlAt l; lOC ,~, VA ZUQ:l- QQZ II!~ ll1auld be""’’"" !hat...USCENTCOM) AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY (AOR) LN SUPPORT OF OPERATIONS IRAQI AND ENDURING FREEDOM SUBJECT: Counter-Improvised Explosive Device (C- LEO ...not mitigated. they will continue to endanger successful accomplishment of the USCENTCOM mission. Therefore, due to the enemy’s continuous use of lEOs

Civilian casualties of Iraqi ballistic missile attack to Tehran, capital of Iran.

PubMed

Khaji, Ali; Fallahdoost, Shoaodin; Soroush, Mohammad-Reza; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa

2012-01-01

To determine the pattern of causalities of Iraqi ballistic missile attacks on Tehran, the capital of Iran, during Iraq-Iran war. Data were extracted from the Army Staff Headquarters based on daily reports of Iranian army units during the war. During 52 days, Tehran was stroked by 118 Al-Hussein missiles (a modified version of Scud missile). Eighty-six missiles landed in populated areas. During Iraqi missile attacks, 422 civilians died and 1 579 injured (4.9 deaths and 18.3 injuries per missile). During 52 days, 8.1 of the civilians died and 30.4 injured daily. Of the cases that died, 101 persons (24%) were excluded due to the lack of information. Among the remainders, 179 (55.8%) were male and 142 (44.2%) were female. The mean age of the victims was 25.3 years+/-19.9 years. Our results show that the high accuracy of modified Scud missiles landed in crowded areas is the major cause of high mortality in Tehran. The presence of suitable warning system and shelters could reduce civilian casualties. The awareness and readiness of civilian defense forces, rescue services and all medical facilities for dealing with mass casualties caused by ballistic missile attacks are necessary.

Knowledge and perception about health risks of cigarette smoking among Iraqi smokers.

PubMed

Dawood, Omar Thanoon; Rashan, Mohammed Abd Ahmed; Hassali, Mohamed Azmi; Saleem, Fahad

2016-01-01

Smoking is a major public health problem, especially in Iraq. There is very little information had been documented regarding smoking risk factors and quit intention among Iraqi smokers. The main objectives of this study are to determine smokers' knowledge and perception about smoking health risks; and to determine smoking behavior and quitting intentions among Iraqi smokers; as well as to predict the factors that may associate with quit intentions. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the outpatient clinic in Tikrit Teaching Hospital, Tikrit City, Iraq. Adult smokers who are smoking cigarette everyday and able to communicate with the researcher were invited to participate in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 386 participants. This study showed that smokers had low awareness about some risk effects of smoking such as lung cancer in nonsmokers (30.1%), impotence in male smokers (52.6%), premature ageing (64%), and stroke (66.3%). In addition, the high score of knowledge and perception was significantly associated with quitting intention. Smokers' knowledge and perception regarding smoking health effects were low, especially in terms of secondhand smokers. Many efforts needed from health policy-makers and health care professionals to disseminate information about the risks of smoking and health benefits of give up smoking.

Three Degree of Freedom Parallel Mechanical Linkage

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Adelstein, Bernard D. (Inventor)

1998-01-01

A three degree of freedom parallel mechanism or linkage that couples three degree of freedom translational displacements at an endpoint, such as a handle, a hand grip, or a robot tool, to link rotations about three axes that are fixed with respect to a common base or ground link. The mechanism includes a three degree of freedom spherical linkage formed of two closed loops, and a planar linkage connected to the endpoint. The closed loops are rotatably interconnected, and made of eight rigid links connected by a plurality of single degree of freedom revolute joints. Three of these revolute joints are base joints and are connected to a common ground. such that the axis lines passing through the revolute joints intersect at a common fixed center point K forming the center of a spherical work volume in which the endpoint is capable of moving. 'Me three degrees of freedom correspond to the spatial displacement of the endpoint, for instance. The mechanism provides a new overall spatial kinematic linkage composed of a minimal number of rigid links and rotary joints. The mechanism has improved mechanical stiffness, and conveys mechanical power bidirectionally between the human operator and the electromechanical actuators. It does not require gears, belts. cable, screw or other types of transmission elements, and is useful in applications requiring full backdrivability. Thus, this invention can serve as the mechanical linkage for actively powered devices such as compliant robotic manipulators and force-reflecting hand controllers, and passive devices such as manual input devices for computers and other systems.

The Socioemotional Development of Orphans in Orphanages and Traditional Foster Care in Iraqi Kurdistan.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ahmad, Abdulbaghi; Mohamad, Kirmanj

1996-01-01

A one-year follow-up study of children who had lost both parents and were placed in orphanages (n=19) or foster homes (n=18) in Iraqi Kurdistan investigated the orphans' situation and development. The children in orphanages were found to have higher frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder than the foster care children. (Author/CR)

A radiological assessment of nuclear power and propulsion operations near Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bolch, Wesley E.; Thomas, J. Kelly; Peddicord, K. Lee; Nelson, Paul; Marshall, David T.; Busche, Donna M.

1990-01-01

Scenarios were identified which involve the use of nuclear power systems in the vicinity of Space Station Freedom (SSF) and their radiological impact on the SSF crew was quantified. Several of the developed scenarios relate to the use of SSF as an evolutionary transportation node for lunar and Mars missions. In particular, radiation doses delivered to SSF crew were calculated for both the launch and subsequent return of a Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) cargo vehicle and a Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) personnel vehicle to low earth orbit. The use of nuclear power on co-orbiting platforms and the storage and handling issues associated with radioisotope power systems were also explored as they relate to SSF. A central philosophy in these analyses was the utilization of a radiation dose budget, defined as the difference between recommended dose limits from all radiation sources and estimated doses received by crew members from natural space radiations. Consequently, for each scenario examined, the dose budget concept was used to identify and quantify constraints on operational parameters such as launch separation distances, returned vehicle parking distances, and reactor shutdown times prior to vehicle approach. The results indicate that realistic scenarios do not exist which would preclude the use of nuclear power sources in the vicinity of SSF. The radiation dose to the SSF crew can be maintained at safe levels solely by implementing proper and reasonable operating procedures.

Approach to transaction management for Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Easton, C. R.; Cressy, Phil; Ohnesorge, T. E.; Hector, Garland

1990-01-01

The Space Station Freedom Manned Base (SSFMB) will support the operation of the many payloads that may be located within the pressurized modules or on external attachment points. The transaction management (TM) approach presented provides a set of overlapping features that will assure the effective and safe operation of the SSFMB and provide a schedule that makes potentially hazardous operations safe, allocates resources within the capability of the resource providers, and maintains an environment conducive to the operations planned. This approach provides for targets of opportunity and schedule adjustments that give the operators the flexibility to conduct a vast majority of their operations with no conscious involvement with the TM function.

A Study Protocol for Tracking Quality of Life Among U.S. Service Members Wounded in Iraq and Afghanistan: The Wounded Warrior Recovery Project

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-01

Freedorn and Iraqi Freedotn combat injury to improve care and treatment, and prevent poor physical, psychological , and social outcomes. We describe the...and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) is the highest in tnodem history primarily because of advanced protective gear and rapid effective medical care.’^ To date...useful to assess the need for care and rehabilitation.’" ’ ’ A theoretical model of trauma and its effect on QOL, devel- oped by Sprangers and Schwartz

FROST - FREEDOM OPERATIONS SIMULATION TEST VERSION 1.0

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deshpande, G. K.

1994-01-01

The Space Station Freedom Information System processes and transmits data between the space station and the station controllers and payload operators on the ground. Components of the system include flight hardware, communications satellites, software and ground facilities. FROST simulates operation of the SSF Information System, tracking every data packet from generation to destination for both uplinks and downlinks. This program collects various statistics concerning the SSF Information System operation and provides reports of these at user-specified intervals. Additionally, FROST has graphical display capability to enhance interpretation of these statistics. FROST models each of the components of the SSF Information System as an object, to which packets are generated, received, processed, transmitted, and/or dumped. The user must provide the information system design with specified parameters and inter-connections among objects. To aid this process, FROST supplies an example SSF Information System for simulation, but this example must be copied before it is changed and used for further simulation. Once specified, system architecture and parameters are put into the input file, named the Test Configuration Definition (TCD) file. Alternative system designs can then be simulated simply by editing the TCD file. Within this file the user can define new objects, alter object parameters, redefine paths, redefine generation rates and windows, and redefine object interconnections. At present, FROST does not model every feature of the SSF Information System, but it is capable of simulating many of the system's important functions. To generate data messages, which can come from any object, FROST defines "windows" to specify when, what kind, and how much of that data is generated. All messages are classified by priority as either (1)emergency (2)quick look (3)telemetry or (4)payload data. These messages are processed by all objects according to priority. That is, all priority

Encountering women veterans with military sexual trauma.

PubMed

Conard, Patricia L; Young, Cathy; Hogan, LaMicha; Armstrong, Myrna L

2014-10-01

As women veterans (WVs) are returning from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom with military sexual trauma (MST), the purpose of this article is twofold. First, important exploratory questions that can assist with a thorough assessment and history are presented as well as the applicable treatment for any new, recurrent, or unresolved symptoms that involve MST. Review of multiple literary materials, as well as a clinical situation. WVs will be encountered in a variety of military or civilian primary and community care healthcare settings. Every woman (and man) in the civilian sector should be asked, "Have you ever served in the military?" Recognition, acknowledgment, and applicable interventions for MST and associated comorbidities, especially post-traumatic stress disorder, are presented as currently 80-90% of MST experiences have gone unreported. Immediate treatment and follow-up are critical for the well-being of the WVs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Cognitive Sequelae of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury: Recovery and Rehabilitation

PubMed Central

Bogdanova, Yelena; Verfaellie, Mieke

2015-01-01

Blast-related traumatic brain injury (bTBI) poses a significant concern for military personnel engaged in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF). Given the highly stressful context in which such injury occurs, psychiatric comorbidities are common. This paper provides an overview of mild bTBI and discusses the cognitive sequelae and course of recovery typical of mild TBI (mTBI). Complicating factors that arise in the context of co-morbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are considered with regard to diagnosis and treatment. Relatively few studies have evaluated the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in civilian mTBI, but we discuss cognitive training approaches that hold promise for addressing mild impairments in executive function and memory, akin to those seen in OEF/OIF veterans with bTBI and PTSD. Further research is needed to address the patient and environmental characteristics associated with optimal treatment outcome. PMID:22350691

Factorial invariance of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms across three veteran samples.

PubMed

McDonald, Scott D; Beckham, Jean C; Morey, Rajendra; Marx, Christine; Tupler, Larry A; Calhoun, Patrick S

2008-06-01

Research generally supports a 4-factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, few studies have established factor invariance by comparing multiple groups. This study examined PTSD symptom structure using the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) across three veteran samples: treatment-seeking Vietnam-era veterans, treatment-seeking post-Vietnam-era veterans, and Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veteran research participants. Confirmatory factor analyses of DTS items demonstrated that a 4-factor structural model of the DTS (reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal) was superior to five alternate models, including the conventional 3-factor model proposed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Results supported factor invariance across the three veteran cohorts, suggesting that cross-group comparisons are interpretable. Implications and applications for DSM-IV nosology and the validity of symptom measures are discussed.

Nationality, Gender, Age, and Body Mass Index Influences on Vitamin D Concentration among Elderly Patients and Young Iraqi and Jordanian in Jordan

PubMed Central

Al-Horani, Hanan; Abu Dayyih, Wael; Mallah, Eyad; Hamad, Mohammed; Mima, Mohammad; Awad, Riad; Arafat, Tawfiq

2016-01-01

Vitamin D is necessary for maintaining and regulating calcium levels; thus, insufficiency of vitamin D increases the risk of many chronic diseases. This study aimed to examine vitamin D levels among Jordanian and Iraqi volunteers and find the relation between vitamin D level and lipid profile patients. Vitamin D levels were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For young healthy group subjects, vitamin D levels were 20.60 ± 5.94 ng/mL for Jordanian and 27.59 ± 7.74 ng/mL for Iraqi. Vitamin D concentrations for young males and females were 25.82 ± 8.33 ng/mL and 21.95 ± 6.39 ng/mL, respectively. Females wearing hijab were 20.87 ± 6.45 ng/mL, while uncovered females were 23.55 ± 6.04 ng/mL. For >40 years Iraqi subjects, vitamin D level for healthy was 29.78 ± 9.49 ng/mL and 23.88 ± 7.93 ng/mL for hyperlipidemic subjects. Vitamin D levels for overweight and obese healthy groups were significantly higher (P < 0.050) than those for the hyperlipidemic patients groups. Vitamin D levels for males were significantly higher than females and were significantly higher for healthy than those hyperlipidemic Iraqi patients. These findings showed that vitamin D levels are affected by age, nationality, gender, and health statues and highlight the importance of vitamin D supplementation for groups with low levels particularly old, hijab wearing females, and hyperlipidemic groups. PMID:27110402

Nationality, Gender, Age, and Body Mass Index Influences on Vitamin D Concentration among Elderly Patients and Young Iraqi and Jordanian in Jordan.

PubMed

Al-Horani, Hanan; Abu Dayyih, Wael; Mallah, Eyad; Hamad, Mohammed; Mima, Mohammad; Awad, Riad; Arafat, Tawfiq

2016-01-01

Vitamin D is necessary for maintaining and regulating calcium levels; thus, insufficiency of vitamin D increases the risk of many chronic diseases. This study aimed to examine vitamin D levels among Jordanian and Iraqi volunteers and find the relation between vitamin D level and lipid profile patients. Vitamin D levels were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For young healthy group subjects, vitamin D levels were 20.60 ± 5.94 ng/mL for Jordanian and 27.59 ± 7.74 ng/mL for Iraqi. Vitamin D concentrations for young males and females were 25.82 ± 8.33 ng/mL and 21.95 ± 6.39 ng/mL, respectively. Females wearing hijab were 20.87 ± 6.45 ng/mL, while uncovered females were 23.55 ± 6.04 ng/mL. For >40 years Iraqi subjects, vitamin D level for healthy was 29.78 ± 9.49 ng/mL and 23.88 ± 7.93 ng/mL for hyperlipidemic subjects. Vitamin D levels for overweight and obese healthy groups were significantly higher (P < 0.050) than those for the hyperlipidemic patients groups. Vitamin D levels for males were significantly higher than females and were significantly higher for healthy than those hyperlipidemic Iraqi patients. These findings showed that vitamin D levels are affected by age, nationality, gender, and health statues and highlight the importance of vitamin D supplementation for groups with low levels particularly old, hijab wearing females, and hyperlipidemic groups.

Freedom and forgiveness.

PubMed

Cavell, Marcia

2003-06-01

In the history of philosophy and political thought freedom has meant a number of different things. The author considers several of these meanings and their relevance to psychoanalytic theory. The general argument against freedom that has been mounted in the history of thought, and echoed by Freud, is the thesis of causal determinism; but it is urged here that this in itself is no threat to freedom in the sense of the word required for moral agency: a free choice is one that is caused to some extent by reasons and that is relatively unconstrained both by 'external' and 'internal' forces. Yet because agents are embedded in a causal nexus that includes both the physical world and other people, agency and freedom can be compromised in innumerable ways. Neither freedom nor agency is a condition which we absolutely have or lack, but a matter of degree. Psychoanalytic therapy works toward expanding the capacity for agency and diminishing the constraints of certain internal forces. In the sense defined here, objectivity is an attitude that accepts our embeddedness in the world. With objectivity may come both forgiveness and self-forgiveness, which in turn promote agency.

The Freedom to Learn: Experiences of Students without Legal Status Attending Freedom University

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Muñoz, Susana M.; Espino, Michelle M.

2017-01-01

This article focuses on an in-depth case study of Freedom University, a counterspace in Georgia to address the ban that prohibited students without legal status from applying to five selective colleges/universities. Based on interviews with eight Freedom University students, the authors demonstrate that Freedom University fulfills most of the…

KSC-04pd1881

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-09-22

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Felix A. Soto Toro (left) and Joseph Tellado (right) get into the spirit of KSC’s annual Hispanic American Heritage luncheon. The theme was “Hispanic Americans Making a Difference.” Soto Toro and Tellado are co-chairs of the event hosted by the Hispanic Employment Program Working Group. The annual event helps employees reflect on the extensive contributions Hispanics have made to KSC, NASA and the nation. The guest speaker was Charles A. Gambaro, NASA KSC engineering lead and Combat Engineering Group commander, who recently returned from Operation Iraqi Freedom.

KSC-04PD-1881

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. Felix A. Soto Toro (left) and Joseph Tellado (right) get into the spirit of KSCs annual Hispanic American Heritage luncheon. The theme was Hispanic Americans Making a Difference. Soto Toro and Tellado are co-chairs of the event hosted by the Hispanic Employment Program Working Group. The annual event helps employees reflect on the extensive contributions Hispanics have made to KSC, NASA and the nation. The guest speaker was Charles A. Gambaro, NASA KSC engineering lead and Combat Engineering Group commander, who recently returned from Operation Iraqi Freedom.

KSC-04PD-1882

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. In the Debus Center at the KSC Visitor Complex, employees help themselves to a variety of Hispanic foods during the Centers annual Hispanic American Heritage luncheon. The theme was Hispanic Americans Making a Difference and featured guest speaker Charles A. Gambaro, NASA KSC engineering lead and Combat Engineering Group commander, who recently returned from Operation Iraqi Freedom. Hosted by the Hispanic Employment Program Working Group, the luncheon also provided live cultural entertainment. The annual event helps employees reflect on the extensive contributions Hispanics have made to KSC, NASA and the nation.

Space Shuttle orbiter modifications to support Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Segert, Randall; Lichtenfels, Allyson

1992-01-01

The Space Shuttle will be the primary vehicle to support the launch, assembly, and maintenance of the Space Station Freedom (SSF). In order to accommodate this function, the Space Shuttle orbiter will require significant modifications. These modifications are currently in development in the Space Shuttle Program. The requirements for the planned modifications to the Space Shuttle orbiter are dependent on the design of the SSF. Therefore, extensive coordination is required with the Space Station Freedom Program (SSFP) in order to identify requirements and resolve integration issues. This paper describes the modifications to the Space Shuttle orbiter required to support SSF assembly and operations.

Health system reconstruction: Perspectives of Iraqi physicians

PubMed Central

Squires, A.; Sindi, A.; Fennie, K.

2010-01-01

In conflict or post-conflict situations, health system reconstruction becomes a critical component of ensuring stability. The purpose of this study was to determine the priorities for health system reconstruction among Iraqi physicians residing in the northern region of the country. A convenience sample of practicing male and female physicians residing in the Kurdish region completed a 13-item survey about health system reconstruction. A total of 1001 practitioners completed the survey with gender breakdown of 29% female and 71% male, all working in different specialty areas. Significant differences between the providers based on gender (p = 0.001), specialty (p = 0.001) and geographic location (p = 0.004) were found to affect the responses of the participants. This study demonstrates that input from healthcare professionals is important for health system reconstruction, but that gender, geography and medical specialty make the process complex. PMID:20155543

Pragmatic Difficulties in the Production of the Speech Act of Apology by Iraqi EFL Learners

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Al-Ghazalli, Mehdi Falih; Al-Shammary, Mohanad A. Amert

2014-01-01

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the pragmatic difficulties encountered by Iraqi EFL university students in producing the speech act of apology. Although the act of apology is easy to recognize or use by native speakers of English, non-native speakers generally encounter difficulties in discriminating one speech act from another. The…

Freedom in Competitive Sport.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zeigler, Earle F.

The major concern of this paper is the concept of individual freedom within the framework of competitive sport. The paper examines the present status of man in regard to the future, and, especially, to the concept of freedom. It explains how the idea of freedom has been viewed in philosophy, and, more specifically, how it has been treated in…

Replica of the Presidential Medal of Freedom Award

NASA Image and Video Library

1970-04-18

S70-35562 (April 1970) --- A photographic replica of the Presidential Medal of Freedom Award which President Richard M. Nixon presented to the Apollo 13 Missions Operations Team (MOT). The presentation was made by the Chief Executive during a visit to the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) in April 1970.

Knowledge and perception about health risks of cigarette smoking among Iraqi smokers

PubMed Central

Dawood, Omar Thanoon; Rashan, Mohammed Abd Ahmed; Hassali, Mohamed Azmi; Saleem, Fahad

2016-01-01

Background: Smoking is a major public health problem, especially in Iraq. There is very little information had been documented regarding smoking risk factors and quit intention among Iraqi smokers. Objectives: The main objectives of this study are to determine smokers' knowledge and perception about smoking health risks; and to determine smoking behavior and quitting intentions among Iraqi smokers; as well as to predict the factors that may associate with quit intentions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the outpatient clinic in Tikrit Teaching Hospital, Tikrit City, Iraq. Adult smokers who are smoking cigarette everyday and able to communicate with the researcher were invited to participate in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 386 participants. Results: This study showed that smokers had low awareness about some risk effects of smoking such as lung cancer in nonsmokers (30.1%), impotence in male smokers (52.6%), premature ageing (64%), and stroke (66.3%). In addition, the high score of knowledge and perception was significantly associated with quitting intention. Conclusion: Smokers' knowledge and perception regarding smoking health effects were low, especially in terms of secondhand smokers. Many efforts needed from health policy-makers and health care professionals to disseminate information about the risks of smoking and health benefits of give up smoking. PMID:27134468

Using MODIS and GRACE to assess water storage in regional Wetlands: Iraqi and Sudd Marsh systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Becker, R.

2015-12-01

Both The Iraqi (Mesopotamian) Marshes, an extensive wetlands system in Iraq, and the Sudd Marshlands, located in Sudan have been heavily impacted by both human and climate forces over the past decades. The Sudd wetlands are highly variable in size, averaging roughly 30,000 km2, but extending to as large as ~130,000 km2 during the wet seasons, while the Iraqi marshes are smaller, at ~15,000 km2, without the same extent of intra-annual variability. A combination of MODIS and GRACE images from 2003-2015 for the study areas were used to determine the time dependent change in surface water area (SWA) in the marshes, marshland extent and variability in total water storage. Combined open water area and vegetation abundance and cover, as determined by MODIS (NDVI and MNDWI), is highly correlated with total mass variability observed by GRACE (RL05 Tellus land grid). Annual variability in the Iraqi marshes correlates well with combined SWA and vegetation extent. Variability of vegetation in the Sudd marshes is seen to correlate well on an annual basis with water storage variation, and with a 2 month lag (water mass increases and decreases lead vegetation increases and decreases) when examined on a monthly basis. As a result, in both systems, the overall wetlands extent and health is observed to be water limited. Predictions for precipitation variability and human diversions of water through either dam storage or navigation modifications are predicted to lower water availability and lower variability in these systems. These two regional wetlands systems will shrink, with resulting loss in habitat and other ecosystem services.

Female genital mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan: description and associated factors.

PubMed

Saleem, Rozhgar A; Othman, Nasih; Fattah, Fattah H; Hazim, Luma; Adnan, Berivan

2013-01-01

The high prevalence of female genital mutilation has been a concern in Iraqi Kurdistan. This study was undertaken to estimate its prevalence and describe factors associated with its occurrence. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken from March to April 2011 of females aged up to 20 years using interviews and clinical examination. The survey included 1,508 participants with mean age of 13.5 years (SD 5.6). Overall female genital mutilation prevalence was 23%, and the mean age at which it had been performed was 4.6 years (SD 2.4). Type I (partial or total removal of the clitoris) comprised 76% of those who had had female genital mutilation; in 79% of cases the decision to perform it was made by the mother; and in 54% of cases it was performed by traditional birth attendants/midwives. Women aged 16 years and over were more likely to have had female genital mutilation compared to children aged below 6 years (OR 11.9, p < .001). Children of uneducated mothers were eight times as likely to have had genital mutilation compared to children of mothers with over nine years of education (OR 8.0, p < .001). Among women aged 17 years and younger, 34% of those who were married had been circumcised versus 17% of those who were not married (p < .001). Participants residing in the northeast of Kurdistan region were more likely to have been circumcised. The study results show that female genital mutilation is a frequent practice in Iraqi Kurdistan. Attention and intervention is needed to address this aspect of the well-being of girls and women.

Seizure Freedom Rates and Prognostic Indicators After Resection of Gangliogliomas: A Review.

PubMed

Bonney, Phillip A; Glenn, Chad A; Ebeling, Peter A; Conner, Andrew K; Boettcher, Lillian B; Cameron, Drew M; Battiste, James D; Sughrue, Michael E

2015-12-01

Gangliogliomas are rare tumors that comprise up to 40% of lesional epilepsy. Seizure control represents an important quality-of-life determinant in patients with these tumors. Here we present results of a literature review addressing rates of seizure freedom in in patients with gangliogliomas. Across studies, seizure freedom occurred in 63%-100% of patients. Many studies included follow-up times of greater than 5 years, suggesting that the responses are durable. We discuss potential prognostic factors associated with seizure freedom, including the duration of epilepsy, patient age, frequency and semiology of seizures, tumor location, extent of surgical resection, and operative strategy, including surgical approach and use of invasive monitoring. Although significant differences in study populations and treatments preclude meta-analysis, we discuss prognostic factors identified in individual studies. Increased extent of resection, lesser duration of epilepsy, and younger age at surgery have been associated with increased seizure freedom rates in at least 2 studies each. Although all studies were retrospective in nature and are consequently limited by the weaknesses inherent to such investigations, the literature suggests that surgery is able to relieve most ganglioglioma patients--regardless of patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and operative variables--of seizures. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Prevalence and correlates of cigarette smoking among operation Iraqi freedom-era and operation enduring freedom-era women from the Active Component military and Reserve/National Guard.

PubMed

Vander Weg, Mark W; Mengeling, Michelle A; Booth, Brenda M; Torner, James C; Sadler, Anne G

2015-04-01

Tobacco use adversely affects the health and readiness of military personnel. Although rates of cigarette smoking have historically been elevated among men serving in the military, less is known about tobacco use in servicewomen. To examine the prevalence and correlates of tobacco use among women serving in the Active Component (AC) and Reserve/National Guard (RNG) as well as factors associated with starting to smoke during military service. Cross-sectional surveys of 1320 women serving in the AC or RNG were used to examine cigarette use in servicewomen. Associations between self-reported tobacco use history, sociodemographics, military service, and psychosocial factors were investigated using logistic regression analyses. Thirty-six percent of servicewomen had a lifetime history of cigarette use, with 18% reporting current smoking. Thirty-one percent of lifetime smokers initiated smoking during military service. Factors associated with current smoking included pay grade, marital status, use of psychotropic medications, past-year alcohol use, and lifetime illicit drug or illegal prescription medication use. An enlisted pay grade, being white, and a history of deployment were all associated with starting to smoke during military service. Although progress has been made in reducing the gap in tobacco use between military and civilian populations, nearly 1 in 5 servicewomen in our sample smoked cigarettes. Further efforts are needed to address tobacco use in this population. In addition to providing resources to assist smokers with quitting, additional attention should be given to preventing smoking initiation, particularly among deployed female personnel.

Let Freedom Ring! Let Peace Reign!

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moore, Mary Elizabeth Mullino

2012-01-01

True freedom and true peace are cousins, but they can only work together if the freedom of one people is seen in relation to the freedom of another. Struggles for freedom and peace can only enhance each other if the peace people seek is a robust harmony in which conflict is embraced and people are encouraged to imagine a far stronger freedom and…

Fire safety practices in the Shuttle and the Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Friedman, Robert

1993-01-01

The Shuttle reinforces its policy of fire-preventive measures with onboard smoke detectors and Halon 1301 fire extinguishers. The forthcoming Space Station Freedom will have expanded fire protection with photoelectric smoke detectors, radiation flame detectors, and both fixed and portable carbon dioxide fire extinguishers. Many design and operational issues remain to be resolved for Freedom. In particular, the fire-suppression designs must consider the problems of gas leakage in toxic concentrations, alternative systems for single-failure redundancy, and commonality with the corresponding systems of the Freedom international partners. While physical and engineering requirements remain the primary driving forces for spacecraft fire-safety technology, there are, nevertheless, needs and opportunities for the application of microgravity combustion knowledge to improve and optimize the fire-protective systems.

The Impact of L1 Metaphorical Comprehension on L2 Metaphorical Comprehension of Iraqi EFL Learners

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arif, Mahmoud; Abdullah, Imran Ho

2017-01-01

The major goal of this research is to investigate learners' metaphorical comprehension in L1 and its effect on the metaphorical comprehension in L2 by Iraqi EFL learners at secondary school. In which, they encounter difficulties understanding English texts and lectures, primarily when metaphor is included, which leads to the misunderstanding of…

Spinal Stabilization Using Orthopedic Extremity Instrumentation Sets During Operation Enduring Freedom-Afghanistan.

PubMed

Ravindra, Vijay M; Wallace, Scott A; Vaidya, Rahul; Fox, W Christopher; Klugh, Arnett R; Puskas, David; Park, Min S

2016-02-01

The Role III, Multinational Medical Unit at Kandahar Air Field, Afghanistan, was established to provide combat casualty care in theater for International Security Assistance Forces, Afghanistan National Security Forces, and local nationals during Operation Enduring Freedom-Afghanistan. The authors describe their experience of treating unstable lumbar spine fractures with orthopedic extremity instrumentation sets from January 2007 to January 2008 and November 2010 to May 2011. During the study periods, 15 patients comprising Afghanistan National Security Forces and local nationals presented to the medical facility for treatment of unstable lumbar spine fractures. The patients underwent surgery for either anterior corpectomy and instrumented fusion (n = 5) or posterior instrumented fusion (n = 10). Because of periodic scarcity of spinal instrumentation sets, orthopedic extremity instrumentation sets were used (Synthes Large Fragment LCP Instrument and Implant Set) for spinal stabilization. Immediate postoperative standing and sitting plain radiographs demonstrated no evidence of fracture progression or immediate hardware failure. One patient was seen in follow-up at 4 weeks and demonstrated construct stability on follow-up radiographs. In the combat environment with sparse resources, unstable spine fractures may potentially be treated using instrumentation not specifically designed for spinal implantation. This is an off-label use, and the authors do not recommend the use of these techniques as standard treatment in most medical environments. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Space station operations management

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cannon, Kathleen V.

1989-01-01

Space Station Freedom operations management concepts must be responsive to the unique challenges presented by the permanently manned international laboratory. Space Station Freedom will be assembled over a three year period where the operational environment will change as significant capability plateaus are reached. First Element Launch, Man-Tended Capability, and Permanent Manned Capability, represent milestones in operational capability that is increasing toward mature operations capability. Operations management concepts are being developed to accomodate the varying operational capabilities during assembly, as well as the mature operational environment. This paper describes operations management concepts designed to accomodate the uniqueness of Space Station Freedoom, utilizing tools and processes that seek to control operations costs.

Student Freedom in the Classroom.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rich, John Martin

1986-01-01

Analyzes the concept of freedom. Evaluates progressive, libertarian, and essentialist views of student freedom and discusses their weaknesses. Attempts to resolve the problems raised by placing freedom within the context of authority and considers implications for educational policy and practice. (AYC)

Human freedom and enhancement.

PubMed

Heilinger, Jan-Christoph; Crone, Katja

2014-02-01

Ideas about freedom and related concepts like autonomy and self-determination play a prominent role in the moral debate about human enhancement interventions. However, there is not a single understanding of freedom available, and arguments referring to freedom are simultaneously used to argue both for and against enhancement interventions. This gives rise to misunderstandings and polemical arguments. The paper attempts to disentangle the different distinguishable concepts, classifies them and shows how they relate to one another in order to allow for a more structured and clearer debate. It concludes in identifying the individual underpinnings and the social conditions of choice and decision-making as particularly salient dimensions of freedom in the ethical debate about human enhancement.

Using International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health to understand challenges in community reintegration of injured veterans.

PubMed

Resnik, Linda J; Allen, Susan M

2007-01-01

This pilot study used the framework of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) to understand the challenges faced by Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans as they reintegrate into the community. We conducted semistructured interviews with 14 injured veterans, 12 caregivers, and 14 clinicians. We used ICF taxonomy to code data and identify issues. We identified challenges in the following ICF domains: learning and applying knowledge; general tasks and demands; communication; mobility; self-care; domestic life; interpersonal interactions, major life areas; and community, social, and civic life. We found many similarities between the challenges faced by veterans with and without polytraumatic injuries, although veterans with polytraumatic injuries faced challenges of greater magnitude. Identifying community reintegration challenges early and promoting reintegration are important mandates for the Department of Veterans Affairs. The findings of this study are useful in understanding the needs of OEF/OIF veterans.

Social Support and Relationship Satisfaction as Moderators of the Stress-Mood-Alcohol Link Association in US Navy Members.

PubMed

Kelley, Michelle L; Milletich, Robert J; Hollis, Brittany F; Veprinsky, Anna; Robbins, Allison T; Snell, Alicia K

2017-02-01

The present study examined associations between stress and problematic alcohol use among US Navy members anticipating deployment, whether depressive symptoms mediated the stress-alcohol link, and whether social support and relationship satisfaction moderated associations between stress, depressive symptoms, and problematic alcohol use. Participants were 108 US Navy members assigned to an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer anticipating an 8-month deployment after Operational Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom. Stress was indirectly related to problematic alcohol use such that higher levels of stress were associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, which were further associated with higher levels of alcohol use. The indirect effect of stress to problematic alcohol use via depressive symptoms was tested at different levels of social support and relationship satisfaction. At higher levels of social support and relationship satisfaction, the association between stress and problematic alcohol use via depressive symptoms decreased. Results help identify targets for alcohol prevention efforts among current military members.

Incarcerated Veterans Outreach Program.

PubMed

Schaffer, Bradley J

2016-01-01

The objective of this study is to identify and facilitate re-entry services for military veterans in the Criminal Justice System through the Incarcerated Veteran Outreach Program. Veterans are explored as a subgroup of the general inmate jail populations in southern Ohio based upon veteran's status, military discharges, service-related injuries, treatment needs, pre-release planning, and re-entry services. Veterans reported having psycho-social problems, diverse levels of criminality, criminogenic needs, and significant episodes of homelessness. A sample of 399 incarcerated veterans in state prison, county jails, and community corrections setting were identified and completed the psycho-social pre-release assessment. Their average age was 44.6; they were more likely to be White males, divorced, most honorably discharged, and were represented in the following eras: 34% Vietnam, 35% post-Vietnam, 26% Persian Gulf War, and 5% Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom. The findings encourage the development of a re-entry outreach model and strategies to prevent episodes of criminal recidivism.

Clinician perceptions of virtual reality to assess and treat returning veterans.

PubMed

Kramer, Teresa L; Pyne, Jeffrey M; Kimbrell, Timothy A; Savary, Patricia E; Smith, Jeffrey L; Jegley, Susan M

2010-11-01

Implementation of evidence-based, innovative treatments is necessary to address posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related mental health problems of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF-OIF) military service personnel. The purpose of this study was to characterize mental health clinicians' perceptions of virtual reality as an assessment tool or adjunct to exposure therapy. Focus groups were conducted with 18 prescribing and nonprescribing mental health clinicians within the Veterans Health Administration. Group discussion was digitally recorded, downloaded into Ethnograph software, and coded to arrive at primary, secondary, and tertiary themes. Most frequently mentioned barriers pertained to aspects of virtual reality, followed by veteran characteristics. Organizational barriers were more relevant when implementing virtual reality as a treatment adjunct. Although the study demonstrated that use of virtual reality as a therapy was feasible and acceptable to clinicians, successful implementation of the technology as an assessment and treatment tool will depend on consideration of the facilitators and barriers that were identified.

Utilization and intensity of outpatient care related to military sexual trauma for veterans from Afghanistan and Iraq.

PubMed

Turchik, Jessica A; Pavao, Joanne; Hyun, Jenny; Mark, Hanna; Kimerling, Rachel

2012-07-01

Little research has examined factors associated with the utilization of outpatient health care services related to sexual assault experiences. The Veterans Health Administration provides free outpatient treatment services to veterans who report military sexual trauma (MST); this system provides a unique opportunity to examine factors related to the utilization of mental health and non-mental health outpatient services by patients with sexual trauma. The current study examined sociodemographic, military service factors, and primary diagnoses related to utilization and utilization intensity of MST-related care among 4,458 Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans in a 1-year period after reporting an experience of MST. Of the veterans who reported MST, 75.9% received MST-related care. The most notable factor that influenced receipt and intensity of MST-related care was gender, where male veterans used less care than female veterans. These results have important treatment implications for both veteran and civilian sexual trauma survivors.

Gastrointestinal Infections in Deployed Forces in the Middle East Theater: An Historical 60 Year Perspective

PubMed Central

Riddle, Mark S.; Savarino, Stephen J.; Sanders, John W.

2015-01-01

Infectious diarrhea has been among the most common maladies of military deployments throughout time. The U.S. military experienced a significant burden from this disease in the middle eastern and north African campaigns of World War II (WWII). This article compares patterns of disease experienced in WWII with the recent military deployments to the same region for Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF). Remarkable similarities in the prevalence and risk factors were noted, which belie the assumed improvements in prevention against these infections. In both campaigns, peaks of diarrhea occurred shortly after arrival of new personnel, which were seasonally associated and were linked to initial lapses in field sanitation and hygiene. It is important to reassess current strategies, especially, in light of emerging evidence of the chronic sequelae of these common infections to include a reemphasis on or reexamination of vaccine development, rapid field diagnostics, treatment algorithms, and antimicrobial prophylaxis. PMID:26350450

Intellectual Freedom: 2000 and Beyond.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holtze, Terri L.; Rader, Hannelore B.

2000-01-01

Focuses on intellectual freedom, discussing the role of libraries, the Berlin Wall and banned books as attempts to restrict intellectual freedom, and controversies surrounding filtering software. Contains an annotated bibliography of intellectual freedom resources, presented in five categories: general; government and legal issues; access and…

Postconcussive Symptom Reporting Among US Combat Veterans With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury From Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-01

memory problems (OR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.20-2.88), tinnitus (OR = 1.63; 95% CI = 1.10-2.41), and dizziness (OR = 2.13; 95% CI = 1.06-4.29) compared with...consequences among combat veterans even when accounting for co-occurring psychological morbidity. The identification of postconcussive symptoms related to...Research Center, San Diego, California. This work was supported by the US Navy Bureau of Medicine under the Wounded, Ill and Injured/ Psychological Health

Living with burn scars caused by self-immolation among women in Iraqi Kurdistan: A qualitative study.

PubMed

Mirlashari, Jila; Nasrabadi, Alireza Nikbakht; Amin, Pakestan Mohammad

2017-03-01

Patients with burns have to live with a variety of long-term physical and psychosocial consequences. Burns lead to prolonged hospital stay, disfiguring scars, disability, and even death. Since self-immolation is common in women of Iraqi Kurdistan, the present study sought to explore the experiences of women living with scars caused by self-immolation. This paper was part of a qualitative research study. A purposive sample of 18 female self-immolation survivors from Iraqi Kurdistan was selected, and 21 individual interviews were conducted and analyzed using conventional content analysis. Four categories emerged during the data analysis: (1) feelings of disbelief, regret, and anger caused by post-burn scars; (2) desperately seeking solutions; (3) grief due to disappointment and surrender to despair; and (4) rejection and isolation. In conclusion, individuals with scars and disfigurements sometimes adopted inappropriate measures to deal with the psychological problems caused by others' behaviors and wrong perceptions. Educational and support programs are hence indicated to promote awareness levels of self-immolation survivors, their families, and the whole society. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.

Reproductive freedom and risk.

PubMed

Benatar, David

2006-10-01

It is widely recognized that one person's freedom may be limited to prevent harm to another (non-consenting) person. It is curious, therefore, that where a right to reproductive freedom is recognized, there is considerable reticence to limit or override it in cases where reproduction harms those people who are brought into existence. I argue that this is inappropriate. If there should be no right to inflict a harm in non-reproductive contexts then there should be no right to inflict an equivalent harm in reproductive contexts. Because of the long history of bias and arbitrary discrimination in curtailments of reproductive freedom, I suggest how bias might be avoided in deciding how severe a harm must be to defeat a right to reproductive freedom.

Academic Freedom Revisited

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Doughty, Howard A.

2010-01-01

One of the author's enduring concerns about the concept of academic freedom is with semantics. It has seemed to him that one of the biggest difficulties with discussions of academic freedom (as with many conversations about "value-laden" terms such as "democracy," "equity," and "justice") is that people begin from different positions and with…

Academic Freedom Requires Constant Vigilance

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Emery, Kim

2009-01-01

Traditionally, academic freedom has been understood as an individual right and a negative liberty. As William Tierney and Vincente Lechuga explain, "Academic freedom, although an institutional concept, was vested in the individual professor." The touchstone document on academic freedom, the American Association of University Professor's (AAUP)…

Opportunities for research on Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Phillips, Robert W.

1992-01-01

NASA has allocated research accommodations on Freedom (equipment, utilities, etc.) to the program offices that sponsor space-based research and development as follows: Space Science and Applications (OSSA)--52 percent, Commercial Programs (OCP)--28 percent, Aeronautics and Space Technology (OAST)--12 percent, and Space Flight (OSF)--8 percent. Most of OSSA's allocation will be used for microgravity and life science experiments; although OSSA's space physics, astrophysics, earth science and applications, and solar system exploration divisions also will use some of this allocation. Other Federal agencies have expressed an interest in using Space Station Freedom. They include the National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Geological Survey, National Science Foundation, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Energy. Payload interfaces with space station lab support equipment must be simple, and experiment packages must be highly contained. Freedom's research facilities will feature International Standard Payload Racks (ISPR's), experiment racks that are about twice the size of a Spacelab rack. ESA's Columbus lab will feature 20 racks, the U.S. lab will have 12 racks, and the Japanese lab will have 10. Thus, Freedom will have a total of 42 racks versus 8 for Space lab. NASA is considering outfitting some rack space to accommodate small, self-contained payloads similar to the Get-Away-Special canisters and middeck-locker experiment packages flown on Space Shuttle missions. Crew time allotted to experiments on Freedom at permanently occupied capability will average 25 minutes per rack per day, compared to six hours per rack per day on Spacelab missions. Hence, telescience--the remote operation of space-based experiments by researchers on the ground--will play a very important role in space station research. Plans for supporting life sciences research on Freedom focus on the two basic goals of NASA 's space life sciences

Freedom in nature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hájíček, P.

2009-09-01

The paper starts with the proposal that the cause of the apparent insolubility of the free-will problem are several popular but strongly metaphysical notions and hypotheses. To reduce the metaphysics, some ideas are borrowed from physics. A concept of event causality is discussed. The importance of Hume’s Principle of Causality is stressed and his Principle of Causation is weakened. The key concept of the paper, the so-called relative freedom, is also suggested by physics. It is a kind of freedom that can be observed everywhere in nature. Turning to biology, incomplete knowledge is defined for all organisms. They cope with the problem by Popper’s trial and error processes. One source of their success is the relative freedom of choice from the basic option ranges: mutations, motions and neural connections. Finally, the conjecture is adopted that communicability can be used as a criterion of consciousness and free will is defined as a conscious version of relative freedom. The resulting notion is logically self-consistent and it describes an observable phenomenon that agrees with our experience.

Serosurvey and Observational Study of US Army Veterinary Corps Officers for Q Fever Antibodies from 1989 to 2008

PubMed Central

Vest, K G; Clark, L L

2014-01-01

Since World War II, the military has experienced outbreaks of Q fever among deploying units including recent case reports of Q fever in US military personnel returning from serving in the Middle East during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Occupational exposure and prevalence of Q fever among US Army Veterinary Corps officers have not been examined. A retrospective serosurvey and observational study of 500 military veterinarians were conducted using archived serum specimens from military veterinarians who entered and served between 1989 and 2008 and were tested for exposure to Coxiella burnetii. Corresponding longitudinal health-related, demographic, medical and deployment data were examined. A total of 69 (13.8%) individuals at military entry and 85 (17%) had late career positive titres. A total of 18 (3.6%) individuals showed seroconversion. Women were more likely to be seropositive after military service [prevalence ratio (PR) 1.96; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–3.35] and were also more likely to seroconvert (incidence rate ratio 3.55; 95% CI 1.19–12.7). Women who deployed to Operation Iraqi Freedom were more likely to be seropositive (PR 3.17; 95% CI 1.03–9.71). Veterinarians with field service and pathology specialties had the highest incidence rates (7.0/1000 PY; 95% CI 4–12 and 3–19, respectively). This is the first report documenting US military veterinarians' exposure to C. burnetii. Military veterinarians are at risk prior to service, with moderate number of new cases developing during service and most maintaining titres for long periods of time. Women consistently demonstrated higher seroprevalence and incidence levels. As increasing numbers of women enter the veterinary profession and subsequently the US Army, this may warrant close monitoring. This study likely underestimates exposure and risk and does not address chronic health effects, which may be valuable to explore in future health studies. PMID:23859558

Serosurvey and observational study of US Army Veterinary Corps officers for Q fever antibodies from 1989 to 2008.

PubMed

Vest, K G; Clark, L L

2014-06-01

Since World War II, the military has experienced outbreaks of Q fever among deploying units including recent case reports of Q fever in US military personnel returning from serving in the Middle East during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Occupational exposure and prevalence of Q fever among US Army Veterinary Corps officers have not been examined. A retrospective serosurvey and observational study of 500 military veterinarians were conducted using archived serum specimens from military veterinarians who entered and served between 1989 and 2008 and were tested for exposure to Coxiella burnetii. Corresponding longitudinal health-related, demographic, medical and deployment data were examined. A total of 69 (13.8%) individuals at military entry and 85 (17%) had late career positive titres. A total of 18 (3.6%) individuals showed seroconversion. Women were more likely to be seropositive after military service [prevalence ratio (PR) 1.96; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15-3.35] and were also more likely to seroconvert (incidence rate ratio 3.55; 95% CI 1.19-12.7). Women who deployed to Operation Iraqi Freedom were more likely to be seropositive (PR 3.17; 95% CI 1.03-9.71). Veterinarians with field service and pathology specialties had the highest incidence rates (7.0/1000 PY; 95% CI 4-12 and 3-19, respectively). This is the first report documenting US military veterinarians' exposure to C. burnetii. Military veterinarians are at risk prior to service, with moderate number of new cases developing during service and most maintaining titres for long periods of time. Women consistently demonstrated higher seroprevalence and incidence levels. As increasing numbers of women enter the veterinary profession and subsequently the US Army, this may warrant close monitoring. This study likely underestimates exposure and risk and does not address chronic health effects, which may be valuable to explore in future health studies. Published 2013. This article

Food insecurity among Iraqi refugees living in Lebanon, 10 years after the invasion of Iraq: data from a household survey.

PubMed

Ghattas, Hala; Sassine, AnnieBelle J; Seyfert, Karin; Nord, Mark; Sahyoun, Nadine R

2014-07-14

Iraqi refugees in Lebanon are vulnerable to food insecurity because of their limited rights and fragile livelihoods. The objective of the present study was to assess household food insecurity among Iraqi refugees living in Lebanon, almost 10 years after the invasion of Iraq. A representative survey of 800 UN High Commissioner for Refugees-registered refugee households in Lebanon was conducted using multi-stage cluster random sampling. We measured food insecurity using a modified US Department of Agriculture household food security module. We collected data on household demographic, socio-economic, health, housing and dietary diversity status and analysed these factors by food security status. Hb level was measured in a subset of children below 5 years of age (n 85). Weighted data were used in univariate and multivariate analyses. Among the Iraqi refugee households surveyed (n 630), 20·1% (95% CI 17·3, 23·2) were found to be food secure, 35·5% (95% CI 32·0, 39·2) moderately food insecure and 44·4% (95% CI 40·8, 48·1) severely food insecure. Severe food insecurity was associated with the respondent's good self-reported health (OR 0·3, 95% CI 0·2, 0·5), length of stay as a refugee (OR 1·1, 95% CI 1·0, 1·2), very poor housing quality (OR 3·3, 95% CI 1·6, 6·5) and the number of children in the household (OR 1·2, 95% CI 1·0, 1·4), and resulted in poor dietary diversity (P< 0·0001). Anaemia was found in 41% (95% CI 30·6, 51·9) of children below 5 years of age, but was not associated with food insecurity. High food insecurity, low diet quality and high prevalence of anaemia in Iraqi refugees living in Lebanon call for urgent programmes to address the food and health situation of this population with restricted rights.

Freedom Is Structure.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Papay, Twila Yates

To make freedom work in the writing classroom, the instructor must be highly structured, possessing a clear sense of direction that includes a precise idea of the skills to be covered. Freedom refers to the view of writing as a liberal art, a liberating force with the capacity to open new channels of thought and lead students to discover…

Academic Freedom and the Diminished Subject

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hayes, Dennis

2009-01-01

Discussions about freedom of speech and academic freedom today are about the limits to those freedoms. However, these discussions take place mostly in the higher education trade press and do not receive any serious attention from academics and educationalists. In this paper several key arguments for limiting academic freedom are identified,…

Space Station Freedom altitude strategy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcdonald, Brian M.; Teplitz, Scott B.

1990-01-01

The Space Station Freedom (SSF) altitude strategy provides guidelines and assumptions to determine an altitude profile for Freedom. The process for determining an altitude profile incorporates several factors such as where the Space Shuttle will rendezvous with the SSF, when reboosts must occur, and what atmospheric conditions exist causing decay. The altitude strategy has an influence on all areas of SSF development and mission planning. The altitude strategy directly affects the micro-gravity environment for experiments, propulsion and control system sizing, and Space Shuttle delivery manifests. Indirectly the altitude strategy influences almost every system and operation within the Space Station Program. Evolution of the SSF altitude strategy has been a very dynamic process over the past few years. Each altitude strategy in turn has emphasized a different consideration. Examples include a constant Space Shuttle rendezvous altitude for mission planning simplicity, or constant micro-gravity levels with its inherent emphasis on payloads, or lifetime altitudes to provide a safety buffer to loss of control conditions. Currently a new altitude strategy is in development. This altitude strategy will emphasize Space Shuttle delivery optimization. Since propellant is counted against Space Shuttle payload-to-orbit capacity, lowering the rendezvous altitude will not always increase the net payload-to-orbit, since more propellant would be required for reboost. This altitude strategy will also consider altitude biases to account for Space Shuttle launch slips and an unexpected worsening of atmospheric conditions. Safety concerns will define a lower operational altitude limit, while radiation levels will define upper altitude constraints. The evolution of past and current SSF altitude strategies and the development of a new altitude strategy which focuses on operational issues as opposed to design are discussed.

Academic Freedom: The Ethical Imperative

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Slattery, Patrick

2008-01-01

In this article, the author takes his cue for discussions of academic freedom from Simone de Beauvoir as found in her classic text, "The Ethics of Ambiguity." Like other existentialists, de Beauvoir emphasizes that freedom and responsibility are intimately linked. Academic freedom is an ethical responsibility that compels the author to teach and…

TROUBLE 3: A fault diagnostic expert system for Space Station Freedom's power system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Manner, David B.

1990-01-01

Designing Space Station Freedom has given NASA many opportunities to develop expert systems that automate onboard operations of space based systems. One such development, TROUBLE 3, an expert system that was designed to automate the fault diagnostics of Space Station Freedom's electric power system is described. TROUBLE 3's design is complicated by the fact that Space Station Freedom's power system is evolving and changing. TROUBLE 3 has to be made flexible enough to handle changes with minimal changes to the program. Three types of expert systems were studied: rule-based, set-covering, and model-based. A set-covering approach was selected for TROUBLE 3 because if offered the needed flexibility that was missing from the other approaches. With this flexibility, TROUBLE 3 is not limited to Space Station Freedom applications, it can easily be adapted to handle any diagnostic system.

Space Station Freedom electrical performance model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hojnicki, Jeffrey S.; Green, Robert D.; Kerslake, Thomas W.; Mckissock, David B.; Trudell, Jeffrey J.

1993-01-01

The baseline Space Station Freedom electric power system (EPS) employs photovoltaic (PV) arrays and nickel hydrogen (NiH2) batteries to supply power to housekeeping and user electrical loads via a direct current (dc) distribution system. The EPS was originally designed for an operating life of 30 years through orbital replacement of components. As the design and development of the EPS continues, accurate EPS performance predictions are needed to assess design options, operating scenarios, and resource allocations. To meet these needs, NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) has, over a 10 year period, developed SPACE (Station Power Analysis for Capability Evaluation), a computer code designed to predict EPS performance. This paper describes SPACE, its functionality, and its capabilities.

Initial conditions and degrees of freedom of non-local gravity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Calcagni, Gianluca; Modesto, Leonardo; Nardelli, Giuseppe

2018-05-01

We prove the equivalence between non-local gravity with an arbitrary form factor and a non-local gravitational system with an extra rank-2 symmetric tensor. Thanks to this reformulation, we use the diffusion-equation method to transform the dynamics of renormalizable non-local gravity with exponential operators into a higher-dimensional system local in spacetime coordinates. This method, first illustrated with a scalar field theory and then applied to gravity, allows one to solve the Cauchy problem and count the number of initial conditions and of non-perturbative degrees of freedom, which is finite. In particular, the non-local scalar and gravitational theories with exponential operators are both characterized by four initial conditions in any dimension and, respectively, by one and eight degrees of freedom in four dimensions. The fully covariant equations of motion are written in a form convenient to find analytic non-perturbative solutions.

Expanding the role of the nurse practitioner in the deployed setting.

PubMed

Dargis, Julie; Horne, Theresa; Tillman-Ortiz, Sophie; Scherr, Diane; Yackel, Edward E

2006-08-01

Today's military is experiencing rapid advances in technology and in manpower utilization. The Army Medical Department is redesigning the structure and function of deployable hospital systems as part of this effort. The transformation of deployable hospital systems requires that a critical analysis of manpower utilization be undertaken to optimize the employment of soldier-medics. The objective of this article was to describe the use of nurse practitioners as primary care providers during deployment. The lived experiences of five nurse practitioners deployed to Operation Iraqi Freedom are presented. Data gathered during the deployment and an analysis of the literature clearly support expanded and legitimized roles for these health care professionals in future conflicts and peacekeeping operations.

Advancing automation and robotics technology for the Space Station Freedom and for the US economy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lum, Henry, Jr.

1992-01-01

Described here is the progress made by Levels 1, 2, and 3 of the Space Station Freedom in developing and applying advanced automation and robotics technology. Emphasis was placed on the Space Station Freedom program responses to specific recommendations made in the Advanced Technology Advisory Committee (ATAC) Progress Report 13, and issues of A&R implementation into the payload operations integration Center at Marshall Space Flight Center. Assessments are presented for these and other areas as they apply to the advancement of automation and robotics technology for Space Station Freedom.

Protecting the Force? A Historical Perspective on the Operational Effect of the Division Protection Cell

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-17

A. Buckingham , Jr., Operation Ranch Hand: The Air Forces and Herbicides in Southeast Asia, 1961-1971, p. 161. 56 Albert J. Mauroni, America’s...throughout Iraq. The problem that then faced divisions: what to do with all this newly acquired terrain? Falling in on former Iraqi regime palaces

Arrowhead Ripper: Adaptive Leadership in Full Spectrum Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-01

of the city . Local mills processed flour from a combination of Iraqi wheat and imported grain, and agents delivered it to the citizens. However...later as an operation’s officer for the Center for Army Lessons Learned at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas . Upon completion of the Command and General...a “full spectrum” force during Operation ARROWHEAD RIPPER in the city of Baqubah, Iraq, from June to September 2007. The Brigade Commander organized

KSC-04pd1882

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-09-22

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - In the Debus Center at the KSC Visitor Complex, employees help themselves to a variety of Hispanic foods during the Center’s annual Hispanic American Heritage luncheon. The theme was “Hispanic Americans Making a Difference” and featured guest speaker Charles A. Gambaro, NASA KSC engineering lead and Combat Engineering Group commander, who recently returned from Operation Iraqi Freedom. Hosted by the Hispanic Employment Program Working Group, the luncheon also provided live cultural entertainment. The annual event helps employees reflect on the extensive contributions Hispanics have made to KSC, NASA and the nation.

KSC-04pd1879

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-09-22

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Astronaut Fernando Caldeiro (left) and Joseph Tellado (right) present a memento of appreciation to Charles A. Gambaro (center), NASA KSC engineering lead and Combat Engineering Group commander, who recently returned from Operation Iraqi Freedom. Gambaro was the guest speaker at KSC’s annual Hispanic American Heritage luncheon. The theme was “Hispanic Americans Making a Difference.” Caldeiro was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tellado was co-chair of the event hosted by the Hispanic Employment Program Working Group. The annual event helps employees reflect on the extensive contributions Hispanics have made to KSC, NASA and the nation.

KSC-04PD-1879

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. Astronaut Fernando Caldeiro (left) and Joseph Tellado (right) present a memento of appreciation to Charles A. Gambaro (center), NASA KSC engineering lead and Combat Engineering Group commander, who recently returned from Operation Iraqi Freedom. Gambaro was the guest speaker at KSCs annual Hispanic American Heritage luncheon. The theme was Hispanic Americans Making a Difference. Caldeiro was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tellado was co-chair of the event hosted by the Hispanic Employment Program Working Group. The annual event helps employees reflect on the extensive contributions Hispanics have made to KSC, NASA and the nation.

Navy Dental Corps: ninety years ... and forward.

PubMed

Woofter, Dennis D; Peters, Andrew; Kvaska, Greg; Turner, Carol I; Peters, Robert J; Shaffer, Richard G; Sobocinski, Andre B

2003-01-01

The Navy Dental Corps is responsible for ensuring the readiness of America's sailors and marines and optimizing their oral health. This article traces the history from the 1912 Act of Congress authorizing thirty "assistant dental surgeons" as the first Navy Dental Corps through service around the world. Navy dentists have seen service in every war and action in the past ninety years, reaching a peak of seven thousand officers and eleven thousand technicians in World War II. The Navy Dental Corps has served in the Korean and Vietnam Wars, Beirut, Somalia, Haiti, 9/11, Desert Storm, Desert Shield, and Operation Iraqi Freedom.

Academic Freedom: Its Nature, Extent and Value

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barrow, Robin

2009-01-01

Academic freedom does not refer to freedom to engage in any speech act, but to freedom to hold any belief and espouse it in an appropriately academic manner. This freedom belongs to certain institutions, rather than to individuals, because of their academic nature. Academic freedom should be absolute, regardless of any offence it may on occasion…

Single-center experience using the Freedom SOLO aortic bioprosthesis.

PubMed

Iliopoulos, Dimitrios C; Deveja, Aris Rezar; Androutsopoulou, Vasiliki; Filias, Vasilios; Kastelanos, Eleftherios; Satratzemis, Vasilios; Khalpey, Zain; Koudoumas, Dimitrios

2013-07-01

This study reviews a single institution experience with the Freedom SOLO (Sorin Group, Saluggia, Italy) aortic bioprosthesis. Between October 2006 and February 2010, 128 patients (64 men, 64 women; mean age, 75.8 ± 5.1 years) underwent aortic valve replacement using the Freedom SOLO stentless aortic valve. The follow-up time was 36.7 ± 1.2 months and 100% complete. Concomitant procedures were performed in 77 patients (60%). The mean standard European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation was 9 ± 2.7. Grade 3 aortic stenosis was present in 73% of patients, mixed aortic stenosis and regurgitation were present in 40% of patients, and mitral regurgitation was present in 46% of patients. The mean crossclamp time was 53 ± 12 minutes for isolated Freedom SOLO aortic valve implantation and 80 ± 28 minutes for concomitant procedures, and the mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 103 ± 31 minutes. The mean implanted valve size was 22.6 ± 1.4 mm. The mean intensive care unit and hospital stays were 2.4 ± 1.1 days and 8.8 ± 2.6 days, respectively. Three patients underwent reoperation for bleeding. The 15-day, 30-day, and perioperative mortality were all 4.6%. The 36-month survival was 95.4% ± 1.6% for the cohort with a low European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (<9) and 88.6% ± 1.7% for the cohort with a high European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (>9). Echocardiographic data preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively showed peak transvalvular gradients of 75 ± 23, 17 ± 6, 18 ± 6.5, 16 ± 6, and 16 ± 9 mm Hg, respectively (P < .001), and a mean left ventricular end-diastolic diameter of 51 ± 7, 50 ± 6, 48 ± 8, 47 ± 6, and 46.5 ± 7.5 mm, respectively (P < .05). There were only 3 cases of early mild aortic regurgitation (grade 1), which remained stable at 12 months. The Freedom SOLO stentless aortic valve has excellent early and intermediate-term results. Published by Mosby

Solar dynamic power for Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Labus, Thomas L.; Secunde, Richard R.; Lovely, Ronald G.

1989-01-01

The Space Station Freedom Program is presently planned to consist of two phases. At the completion of Phase 1, Freedom's manned base will consist of a transverse boom with attached manned modules and 75 kW of available electric power supplied by photovoltaic (PV) power sources. In Phase 2, electric power available to the manned base will be increased to 125 kW by the addition of two solar dynamic (SD) power modules, one at each end of the transverse boom. Power for manned base growth beyond Phase 2 will be supplied by additional SD modules. Studies show that SD power for the growth eras will result in life cycle cost savings of $3 to $4 billion when compared to PV-supplied power. In the SD power modules for Space Station Freedom, an offset parabolic concentrator collects and focuses solar energy into a heat receiver. To allow full power operation over the entire orbit, the receiver includes integral thermal energy storage by means of the heat of fusion of a salt mixture. Thermal energy is removed from the receiver and converted to electrical energy by a power conversion unit (PCU) which includes a closed brayton cycle (CBC) heat engine and an alternator. The receiver/PCU/radiator combination will be completely assembled and charged with gas and cooling fluid on earth before launch to orbit. The concentrator subassemblies will be pre-aligned and stowed in the orbiter bay before launch. On orbit, the receiver/PCU/radiator assembly will be installed as a unit. The pre-aligned concentrator panels will then be latched together and the total concentrator attached to the receiver/PCU/radiator by the astronauts. After final electric connections are made and checkout is complete, the SD power module will be ready for operation.

Solar dynamic power for space station freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Labus, Thomas L.; Secunde, Richard R.; Lovely, Ronald G.

1989-01-01

The Space Station Freedom Program is presently planned to consist of two phases. At the completion of Phase 1, Freedom's manned base will consist of a transverse boom with attached manned modules and 75 kW of available electric power supplied by photovoltaic (PV) power sources. In Phase 2, electric power available to the manned base will be increased to 125 kW by the addition of two solar dynamic (SD) power modules, one at each end of the transverse boom. Power for manned base growth beyond Phase 2 will be supplied by additional SD modules. Studies show that SD power for the growth eras will result in life cycle cost savings of $3 to $4 billion when compared to PV-supplied power. In the SD power modules for Space Station Freedom, an offset parabolic concentrator collects and focuses solar energy into a heat receiver. To allow full power operation over the entire orbit, the receiver includes integral thermal energy storage by means of the heat of fusion of a salt mixture. Thermal energy is removed from the receiver and converted to electrical energy by a power conversion unit (PCU) which includes a closed brayton cycle (CBC) heat engine and an alternator. The receiver/PCU/radiator combination will be completely assembled and charged with gas and cooling fluid on Earth before launch to orbit. The concentrator subassemblies will be pre-aligned and stowed in the orbiter bay before launch. On orbit, the receiver/PCU/radiator assembly will be installed as a unit. The pre-aligned concentrator panels will then be latched together and the total concentrator attached to the receiver/PCU/radiator by the astronauts. After final electric connections are made and checkout is complete, the SD power module will be ready for operation.

Eidinemacheilus proudlovei, a new subterranean loach from Iraqi Kurdistan (Teleostei; Nemacheilidae).

PubMed

Freyhof, Jörg; Abdullah, Younis Sabir; Ararat, Korsh; Ibrahim, Hamad; Geiger, Matthias F

2016-10-04

Eidinemacheilus proudlovei, new species, is described from subterranean waters in the Little Zab River drainage in Iraqi Kurdistan. After the discovery of E. smithi in 1976, E. proudlovei is the second troglomorphic nemacheilid loach found in the Middle East and the second species placed in Eidinemacheilus. Eidinemacheilus proudlovei is distinguished from E. smithi by having 8+8 or 8+7 branched caudal-fin rays, no adipose keel on the caudal peduncle, enlarged jaws and a fully developed head canal system. It furthers differs substantially in its DNA barcode (>8% K2P distance) from all other nemacheilid loaches in the Middle East, Europe and Western India.

Making Peace Pay: Post-Conflict Economic and Infrastructure Development in Kosovo and Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

probability that a post-conflict state will return to war. Additionally, consecutive presidential administrations and joint doctrine have declared...and Iraqi Freedom as historical case studies to demonstrate that the armed forces possess unique advantages, to include physical presence and

PTSD, combat injury, and headache in Veterans Returning from Iraq/Afghanistan.

PubMed

Afari, Niloofar; Harder, Laura H; Madra, Naju J; Heppner, Pia S; Moeller-Bertram, Tobias; King, Clay; Baker, Dewleen G

2009-10-01

To examine the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, combat injury, and headache in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom veterans at the VA San Diego Healthcare System. Previous investigations suggest that a relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and primary headache disorders exists and could be complicated by the contribution of physical injury, especially one that results in loss of consciousness. These associations have not been systematically examined in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom veterans. In this observational cross-sectional study, a battery of self-report, standardized questionnaires was completed by 308 newly registered veterans between March and October 2006. The Davidson Trauma Scale was used to determine the degree of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and combat-related physical injury was assessed by self-report. The presence of headache was based on a symptom checklist measure and self-reported doctor diagnoses. Logistic regression analysis was performed to predict presence of headache and determine odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals associated with demographic, military, in-theatre, and mental health characteristics. About 40% of the veterans met the criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder; 40% self-reported current headache, 10% reported a physician diagnosis of migraine, 12% a physician diagnosis of tension-type headache, and 6% reported both types of headache. Results from the logistic regression model indicated that combat-related physical injury (odds ratio: 2.25; 95% confidence interval: 1.17-4.33) and posttraumatic stress disorder (odds ratio: 4.13; 95% confidence interval: 2.44-6.99) were independent predictors of self-reported headache. Additional analyses found that veterans with both tension and migraine headache had higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (chi-square [d.f. = 3] = 15.89; P = .001) whereas veterans with migraine headache alone had

Automating security monitoring and analysis for Space Station Freedom's electric power system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dolce, James L.; Sobajic, Dejan J.; Pao, Yoh-Han

1990-01-01

Operating a large, space power system requires classifying the system's status and analyzing its security. Conventional algorithms are used by terrestrial electric utilities to provide such information to their dispatchers, but their application aboard Space Station Freedom will consume too much processing time. A new approach for monitoring and analysis using adaptive pattern techniques is presented. This approach yields an on-line security monitoring and analysis algorithm that is accurate and fast; and thus, it can free the Space Station Freedom's power control computers for other tasks.

Automating security monitoring and analysis for Space Station Freedom's electric power system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dolce, James L.; Sobajic, Dejan J.; Pao, Yoh-Han

1990-01-01

Operating a large, space power system requires classifying the system's status and analyzing its security. Conventional algorithms are used by terrestrial electric utilities to provide such information to their dispatchers, but their application aboard Space Station Freedom will consume too much processing time. A novel approach for monitoring and analysis using adaptive pattern techniques is presented. This approach yields an on-line security monitoring and analysis algorithm that is accurate and fast; and thus, it can free the Space Station Freedom's power control computers for other tasks.

Elements of the Iraqi Insurgency and the Role of Security for Achieving Victory in Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-07-15

context, it is important to note that Iraq is still a very young nation, particularly when viewed thru the prism of ancient Mesopotamian cultures ...ethnic groups, two major languages, two competitive sects of Islam; and with a communal culture numbering hundreds of tribes.5 With the collective force...a better understanding of the Iraqi culture , see William R. Polk, Understanding Iraq, (New York, Harper Collins, 2005) 3 stabilize the security

Evaluation of instruments to assess health literacy in Arabic language among Iraqis.

PubMed

Al-Jumaili, Ali Azeez; Al-Rekabi, Mohammed Dakhil; Sorofman, Bernard

2015-01-01

Low health literacy is associated with lack of medical information, less use of preventive measures, low medication adherence rates, high health care costs and high risk of hospitalization. The aims were to compare the results of the three health literacy tests, to measure for the first time the health literacy level of Iraqis, to describe the use of standardized health literacy tests, to evaluate reliability and validity of the Arabic versions of these tests, and to investigate whether there is relationship between the participant characteristics and the health literacy level. A convenience sample of 95 subjects was studied in five community pharmacies in Al-Najaf and Babylon governorates, Iraq. Three health literacy tests, the Single Item Literacy Screener (SILS), the New Vital Sign (NVS) and the Short version of the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA), were translated in the Arabic language and administered to the pharmacy customers. There were no statistically significant associations between age, gender, education and current education status and NVS score, but there were significant positive associations between the level of education and each one of SILS, New SILS, and S-TOFHLA scores. SILS has one subjective, possibly culturally biased question. Since Iraqis are generally not exposed to reading product labels, the NVS test might be not an accurate measure for them. S-TOFHLA was the most comprehensive test and gave equitable results. The Arabic version of S-TOFHLA can be used to measure health literacy in 22 Arabic speaking countries. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Academic Freedom and Me

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barnard, Ian

2009-01-01

This article presents a personal history of the author's own relationships with the concept of academic freedom. The article is subdivided into 3 prehistories, 7 incidents, 3 disjunctions, and 3 myths. The author discusses the complications of politics, culture, and academic freedom in one career.

Infrastructure and the Operational Art: A Handbook for Understanding, Visualizing, and Describing Infrastructure Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-09-01

President Obama lamented, “Our infra- structure used to be the best, but our lead has slipped ... Countries in Eu- rope and Russia invest more in...gas generators. Natural gas turbine generators would al- low the Iraqis to make use of large natural gas reserves within their coun- try. However...power authority? How do the operators keep the turbine from silting up? Who provides training for the operators and maintainers? Who trains the

Express Payload Project - A new method for rapid access to Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Uhran, Mark L.; Timm, Marc G.

1993-01-01

The deployment and permanent operation of Space Station Freedom will enable researchers to enter a new era in the 21st century, in which continuous on-orbit experimentation and observation become routine. In support of this objective, the Space Station Freedom Program Office has initiated the Express Payload Project. The fundamental project goal is to reduce the marginal cost associated with small payload development, integration, and operation. This is to be accomplished by developing small payload accommodations hardware and a new streamlined small payload integration process. Standardization of small payload interfaces, certification of small payload containers, and increased payload developer responsibility for mission success are key aspects of the Express Payload Project. As the project progresses, the principles will be applied to both pressurized payloads flown inside the station laboratories and unpressurized payloads attached to the station external structures. The increased access to space afforded by Space Station Freedom and the Express Payload Project has the potential to significantly expand the scope, magnitude, and success of future research in the microgravity environment.

Between Home and Exile: A Reading of the Exilic Experience of the Iraqi Poet Adnan Al-Sayegh

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ghena, Hana Khlaif

2016-01-01

This paper aims at exploring the exilic experience of the Iraqi poet, Adnan Al-Sayegh whose involuntarily departure from his homeland, Iraq, in the early 1990s made him suffer a strong sense of estrangement, nostalgia, self-fragmentation and disconnection. The paper is divided into three sections and a conclusion. Section one sheds light on the…

Burden of typhoid fever in Sulaimania, Iraqi Kurdistan.

PubMed

Dworkin, Jonathan; Saeed, Rebeen; Mykhan, Hawar; Kanan, Shwan; Farhad, Dlawer; Ali, Kocher Omer; Abdulwahab, Runak Hama Kareem; Palardy, John; Neill, Marguerite A

2014-10-01

Typhoid fever imposes a high disease burden worldwide, but resource limitations mean that the burden of typhoid fever in many countries is poorly understood. The authors conducted a prospective surveillance study at the adult and pediatric teaching hospitals in Sulaimania, Iraqi Kurdistan. All patients presenting with an undifferentiated febrile illness consistent with typhoid were eligible for enrollment. Enrolled patients had blood cultures and Brucella serologies performed. Incidence was calculated with reference to census data. Both typhoid fever and brucellosis were common, and the incidence of typhoid fever was 21 cases/100 000 patient-years. Classic disease symptoms were uncommonly observed. Cost-effective surveillance projects to calculate disease burden of typhoid fever are practical and replicable. Typhoid has successfully adapted to the healthcare environment in Sulaimania. Additional work in the region should focus on antibiotic resistance and other enteric pathogens such as Brucella spp. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Freedom: Toward an Integration of the Counseling Profession

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hanna, Fred J.

2011-01-01

Freedom is presented as an overarching paradigm that may align and bring together the counseling profession's diverse counseling theories and open a doorway to a new generation of counseling techniques. Freedom is defined and discussed in terms of its 4 modalities: freedom from, freedom to, freedom with, and freedom for. The long-standing problem…

Waterpipe Smoking among University Students in Sulaimaniyah, Iraqi Kurdistan: Prevalence, Attitudes, and Associated Factors.

PubMed

Othman, Nasih; Kasem, Attallah O; Salih, Faisal A

2017-01-01

Waterpipe smoking is increasingly becoming the most common method of tobacco use among adolescents in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. This study was undertaken in Iraqi Kurdistan to estimate its prevalence among students and investigate attitudes and factors associated with it. In a cross-sectional survey at Sulaimani Polytechnic University, 1160 students were approached in a two-stage design using a self-administered questionnaire. Data was entered into Epidata and analysis was done in Stata. Prevalence of cigarette smoking was 10% and waterpipe smoking was 28% (male 49%, female 10%). Waterpipe smoking was initiated prior to joining the university in 74% of the cases and 22% of waterpipe smokers smoked every day. The most common place for smoking was coffee shops (52%) and 71% of smokers shared the pipe. The significant risk factors were smoking cigarettes (OR 10.3, 95% CI 7.0-15.0), male gender (OR 5.7, 95% CI 3.9-8.2), non-Kurdish ethnicity (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.6-15.9), city residence (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.1), and use of alcohol and other substances (OR 2.8 95% CI 1.4-5.6). Waterpipe smoking is highly prevalent among students in Iraqi Kurdistan, especially among males, and is becoming a public health problem. Tobacco control interventions should be designed specifically to address this problem among adolescents and the youth.

Protecting America's secrets while maintaining academic freedom.

PubMed

Keel, Brooks A

2004-04-01

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the subsequent anthrax mail attacks, have had a profound impact on Americans' personal and professional lives and have sparked an active debate regarding the delicate balance between the need for national security and the pursuit of academic freedom. Although academic freedom can be defined in many ways, there are four primary tenets of freedom in an academic environment: freedom to research, freedom to publish, freedom to teach, and freedom to speak. Each of these tenets has come under attack in the wake of September 11, 2001. In this report the author further defines academic freedom and reflects upon recent events that have had a real or perceived impact on this freedom, including (1) attempts to categorize and restrict some research as "sensitive," (2) implementation of export control laws and select agent regulations, (3) limitations on the publication of research findings, (4) prohibition of certain foreign nationals from collaborating with U.S. researchers and receiving education and training in U.S. colleges and universities, and (5) restraint of faculty free speech. The author offers some suggestions as to how academia might achieve a proper balance between protecting our national security while promoting and maintaining academic freedom.

Integrated energy balance analysis for Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tandler, John

1991-01-01

An integrated simulation model is described which characterizes the dynamic interaction of the energy transport subsystems of Space Station Freedom for given orbital conditions and for a given set of power and thermal loads. Subsystems included in the model are the Electric Power System (EPS), the Internal Thermal Control System (ITCS), the External Thermal Control System (ETCS), and the cabin Temperature and Humidity Control System (THC) (which includes the avionics air cooling, cabin air cooling, and intermodule ventilation systems). Models of the subsystems were developed in a number of system-specific modeling tools and validated. The subsystem models are then combined into integrated models to address a number of integrated performance issues involving the ability of the integrated energy transport system of Space Station Freedom to provide power, controlled cabin temperature and humidity, and equipment thermal control to support operations.

The Impact of Military Deployment and Reintegration on Children and Parenting: A Systematic Review

PubMed Central

Creech, Suzannah K.; Hadley, Wendy; Borsari, Brian

2015-01-01

Hundreds of thousands of children have had at least 1 parent deploy as part of military operations in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom; OIF; Operation New Dawn; OND) and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom; OEF). However, there is little knowledge of the impact of deployment on the relationship of parents and their children. This systematic review examines findings from 3 areas of relevant research: the impact of deployment separation on parenting, and children's emotional, behavioral, and health outcomes; the impact of parental mental health symptoms during and after reintegration; and current treatment approaches in veteran and military families. Several trends emerged. First, across all age groups, deployment of a parent may be related to increased emotional and behavioral difficulties for children, including higher rates of health-care visits for psychological problems during deployment. Second, symptoms of PTSD and depression may be related to increased symptomatology in children and problems with parenting during and well after reintegration. Third, although several treatments have been developed to address the needs of military families, most are untested or in the early stages of implementation and evaluation. This body of research suggests several promising avenues for future research. PMID:25844014

The Final Frontier: News Media’s Use of Commercial Satellite Imagery during Wartime

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-04-01

1 The Technology and History of Commercial Satellite Imaging…………………. 4 Media Use of Satellite Imagery During U.S. Armed...explore how the mass media uses satellite imaging to gather information during wartime and determine what impact this technology has had, and will have...Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom; (3) legal and regulatory issues facing both the media and the satellite-imaging industry in regards to the use of

7 CFR 52.808 - Freedom from defects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Freedom from defects. 52.808 Section 52.808... Quality § 52.808 Freedom from defects. (a) General. The factor of freedom from defects refers to the degree of freedom from harmless extraneous material, mutilated cherries, and cherries blemished by scab...

A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis

PubMed Central

Gurkan, Cemal; Dogan, Mustafa; Balkaya, Hasan Emin; Tunc, Ramazan; Demirdov, Damla Kanliada; Ameen, Nihad Ahmed; Marjanovic, Damir

2017-01-01

Widely considered as one of the cradles of human civilization, Mesopotamia is largely situated in the Republic of Iraq, which is also the birthplace of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonian civilizations. These lands were subsequently ruled by the Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Mongolians, Ottomans and finally British prior to the independence. As a direct consequence of this rich history, the contemporary Iraqi population comprises a true mosaic of different ethnicities, which includes Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, and Yazidis among others. As such, the genetics of the contemporary Iraqi populations are of anthropological and forensic interest. In an effort to contribute to a better understanding of the genetic basis of this ethnic diversity, a total of 500 samples were collected from Northern Iraqi volunteers belonging to five major ethnic groups, namely: Arabs (n = 102), Kurds (n = 104), Turkmens (n = 102), Yazidis (n = 106) and Syriacs (n = 86). 17-loci Y-STR analyses were carried out using the AmpFlSTR Yfiler system, and subsequently in silico haplogroup assignments were made to gain insights from a molecular anthropology perspective. Systematic comparisons of the paternal lineages of these five Northern Iraqi ethnic groups, not only among themselves but also in the context of the larger genetic landscape of the Near East and beyond, were then made through the use of two different genetic distance metric measures and the associated data visualization methods. Taken together, results from the current study suggested the presence of intricate Y-chromosomal lineage patterns among the five ethic groups analyzed, wherein both interconnectivity and independent microvariation were observed in parallel, albeit in a differential manner. Notably, the novel Y-STR data on Turkmens, Syriacs and Yazidis from Northern Iraq constitute the first of its kind in the literature. Data presented herein is expected to contribute to further population and forensic

A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the Northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis.

PubMed

Dogan, Serkan; Gurkan, Cemal; Dogan, Mustafa; Balkaya, Hasan Emin; Tunc, Ramazan; Demirdov, Damla Kanliada; Ameen, Nihad Ahmed; Marjanovic, Damir

2017-01-01

Widely considered as one of the cradles of human civilization, Mesopotamia is largely situated in the Republic of Iraq, which is also the birthplace of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonian civilizations. These lands were subsequently ruled by the Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Mongolians, Ottomans and finally British prior to the independence. As a direct consequence of this rich history, the contemporary Iraqi population comprises a true mosaic of different ethnicities, which includes Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, and Yazidis among others. As such, the genetics of the contemporary Iraqi populations are of anthropological and forensic interest. In an effort to contribute to a better understanding of the genetic basis of this ethnic diversity, a total of 500 samples were collected from Northern Iraqi volunteers belonging to five major ethnic groups, namely: Arabs (n = 102), Kurds (n = 104), Turkmens (n = 102), Yazidis (n = 106) and Syriacs (n = 86). 17-loci Y-STR analyses were carried out using the AmpFlSTR Yfiler system, and subsequently in silico haplogroup assignments were made to gain insights from a molecular anthropology perspective. Systematic comparisons of the paternal lineages of these five Northern Iraqi ethnic groups, not only among themselves but also in the context of the larger genetic landscape of the Near East and beyond, were then made through the use of two different genetic distance metric measures and the associated data visualization methods. Taken together, results from the current study suggested the presence of intricate Y-chromosomal lineage patterns among the five ethic groups analyzed, wherein both interconnectivity and independent microvariation were observed in parallel, albeit in a differential manner. Notably, the novel Y-STR data on Turkmens, Syriacs and Yazidis from Northern Iraq constitute the first of its kind in the literature. Data presented herein is expected to contribute to further population and forensic

[Drug addiction and freedom].

PubMed

Albuquerque, M A

1982-03-01

The author, in a historical and philosophical approach, analyses the concept of freedom as opposed to slavery. He also refers to the legal and social restrictions and studies the determinism and free will as the causes of human behaviour. Quoting Spinoza, the author states that man accepts the idea of freedom because he realizes the "how" of his options but ignores "why". Without the hypothesis of causality and determinism, there seems to have no science. Without freedom, there seems to be no anthropos man (Jimeno Valdez). The principles of anticausality, of nonreproducibility and of differentiation characterize the human freedom, but are contrary to the way science works. According to the social and political point of view, it was established that the State has the right to oblige and to violently limit freedom. Practically speaking, though, the State is violent just for being the State; the dominant groups are the government because they are and they have been violent. There is a need to limit and to discipline this right of the State of being violent within the dilemma of safety and freedom. By working, the slave avoided the whip. And by doing this, he encouraged the behaviour of the one who whipped him. The non-aversive attitudes limit the freedom in the modern world more and more for they also enchain our will, a rebellion becoming impossible. One is not granted the freedom; it shall be conquered and kept. Freedom, either as a concept or a phenomenon, is always relative. The concept of toxicomania or pharmacodependance is analysed according to the same perspective. The conclusion is that this is always more a problem of the society than of the individual, and this is how it has to be understood and treated. The present world is described as a millenial human culture specifically characterized by eight groups of phenomena: 1. Transport increased human mobility, reduced the relative dimensions of the earth, mixed peoples, compared cultures and created

Scientific Freedom and Human Rights

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Munoz, Elisa

2000-03-01

As part of her ongoing work monitoring issues at the intersection of science and human rights, Ms. Munoz has highlighted violations of academic freedom in Serbia and Iran, the denial of visas and travel licenses to U.S. and Cuban scientists, interference with scientific freedom in Brazil, Mexico, Russia, and the Ukraine, the use of organs from executed prisoners in China, legislation jeopardizing women's health in Iran, and the closure of centers for the treatment of torture survivors in Turkey. Such violations contravene international human rights principles listed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights covenants. Ms. Munoz will describe current violations of scientific freedom and the relevant international principles on which these freedoms rest.

Academic Freedom 3: Education and Human Rights.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Daniel, John, Ed.; And Others

This collection of reports gives a picture of educational systems from a human rights perspective, monitoring academic freedom in the context of freedom of thought and freedom of opinion and expression. The World University Service's Lima Declaration on Academic Freedom and Autonomy of Institutions of Higher Education of 1988 is used as the…

The Rise and Fall of the Renaissance Party: Implications of De-Ba’athification on Iraqi Society

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-05-03

the familiar likeness of the ancient Mesopotamian kings mixed with the familiar visage of Saddam Hussein. Saddam’s...Iraqi culture . Saddam made significant strides in ridding Iraq of illiteracy, yet even this largely successful effort was subverted to educate the ...fragmented by ethnicity, language, culture , political leanings, and beliefs on the role of women, and the struggle for the role of secularism

Religious Freedom in the World: A Global Comparative Survey Sponsored by Freedom House.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Educator, 2001

2001-01-01

Summarizes findings from a report on religious freedom around the world created by a multidisciplinary, multi-religious group of international scholars, explaining that this basic human right is under assault in many areas. Presents descriptions of religious freedom in Russia, India, North Korea, and Sudan. A chart describes and rates religious…

Academic Freedom and the Inclusive University.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kahn, Sharon E., Ed.; Pavlich, Dennis, Ed.

The chapters in this collection explore issues related to academic freedom and the inclusive university. The first section, Clarifying Concepts in Ideology, Language, and Law, contains these chapters: (1) Whats Sauce for One Goose: The Logic of Academic Freedom (Stanley Fish); (2) Academic Freedom: Rights as Immunities and Privileges (Frederick…

The effect of economic sanctions on the mortality of Iraqi children prior to the 1991 Persian Gulf War.

PubMed Central

Daponte, B O; Garfield, R

2000-01-01

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effect of sanctions on mortality among Iraqi children. METHODS: The effects of economic sanctions on health are not well known. Past studies on the effect of economic sanctions on mortality have suffered from unreliable data sources and the collinearity of sanctions with other negative economic events. We overcame these weaknesses by using individual child records from a retrospective survey of mothers conducted after the 1991 Persian Gulf War to examine the effect of sanctions on mortality among Iraqi children. Multivariate proportional hazards analysis was used to assess the effect of economic sanctions prior to war (from August through December 1990). RESULTS: We found that after controlling for child and maternal characteristics, when economic sanctions were entered into the proportional hazards equation, the risk of dying increased dramatically. This increase was highly significant statistically. CONCLUSIONS: Innovative application of robust epidemiologic research tools can contribute to assessments of health and well-being even under the methodological and practical constraints of comprehensive economic sanctions, but more research is needed. PMID:10754968

Epistemic Freedom and Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hinchliffe, Geoffrey

2018-01-01

First of all, I define the concept of epistemic freedom in the light of the changing nature of educational practice that prioritise over-prescriptive conceptions of learning. I defend the 'reality' of this freedom against possible determinist-related criticisms. I do this by stressing the concept of agency as characterised by 'becoming'. I also…

The Chains Around Academic Freedom in Teaching-Learning.

PubMed

Condon, Barbara Backer

2017-04-01

Freedom as a concept has been much debated. Is freedom an innate part of being, or does freedom even truly exists? These are questions that have gleaned countless hours of discourse over the years. Two components of freedom that can influence nurse higher education are freedom of speech, in the form of media, and academic freedom. The author of this column first introduces three views of freedom to demonstrate the differences surrounding it. A discussion of the media's use or misuse of freedom of speech and its influence on nursing education is then presented, followed by an examination of current threats to academic freedom in today's institutes of higher learning and specifically in the nursing education arena. The author concludes with suggestions on being a nurse educator through living as a humanbecoming professional while navigating issues surrounding nursing education.

Wilderness and the paradox of individual freedom

Treesearch

Randy J. Tanner

2007-01-01

Wilderness, whether designated as such or not, is often portrayed as the embodiment of freedom. The type of freedom to be enjoyed, though, is not clear. Freedom in wilderness may be constructed negatively—individuals freely experience wilderness without societal constraints; or, freedom may be constructed positively— individuals freely experience the fundamental...

A Faustian Bargain for Academic Freedom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bowen, Roger

2008-01-01

The historic institution of tenure is rapidly becoming history. The American Association of University Professors (AAUP) has for almost a century advocated for tenure as the chief guarantor of a faculty member's academic freedom. But today tenure and academic freedom are viewed less and less as crucially intertwined. Academic freedom has widely…

How to get on board Space Station Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bartoe, John-David

1992-01-01

Space Station Freedom will accommodate researchers with interests in science, technology and commercial applications. NASA sponsors will be responsible for selecting the U.S. researchers for Space Station Freedom. The four NASA sponsors are: Office of Space Science and Applications (OSSA), Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology (OAST), Office of Commercial Programs (OCP), and the Office of Space Flight (OSF). The areas of research responsibility for each sponsor are presented. The researcher solicitation vehicles used by OSSA and OAST and the methodology for researchers seeking sponsorship from OCP and OSF as well as the pricing policy are discussed. Descriptions of flight planning, payload integration and operations functions are presented. Three categories of payloads and their respective payload integration times are discussed. Researchers are advised to contact a NASA sponsor and a source which lists the points of contact for the NASA sponsors is noted.

Academic Freedom Rights of Students: Some Recent Cases.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reutter, E. Edmund, Jr.

1996-01-01

Discusses situations that recently received judicial scrutiny regarding clashes between the freedom of the teacher and the freedom of the learner. Each of the following began with a student's objection to an instructional act: (1) freedom to research a religious topic; (2) freedom from racial discomfort; (3) freedom from sexual discomfort; and (4)…

42 CFR 137.176 - Are Tribal records subject to the Freedom of Information Act and Federal Privacy Act?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Are Tribal records subject to the Freedom of Information Act and Federal Privacy Act? 137.176 Section 137.176 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE... SELF-GOVERNANCE Operational Provisions Records § 137.176 Are Tribal records subject to the Freedom of...

Disease and Nonbattle Injuries Sustained by a U.S. Army Brigade Combat Team During Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-07-01

1 0 0 44 7 Tendon 3 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 9 0 Sprain 16 0 18 0 1 0 0 0 35 0 Strain 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 Ligament 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 4 1 Rupture 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 2...Basamania CJ: Incidence of major tendon ruptures and anterior cruciate ligament tears in US army soldiers. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35(8): 1308-14. 32...1,000 combat-years were as follows: ankle sprain 15.3, anterior cruciate ligament rupture 3.3 and shoulder dislocation 1.2. Conclusions

Lessons of War: Combat-related Injury Infections during the Vietnam War and Operation Iraqi and Enduring Freedom

PubMed Central

Blyth, Dana M.; Yun, Heather C.; Tribble, David R.; Murray, Clinton K.

2015-01-01

Summary In over a decade of war, numerous advancements have been made to improve overall combat-related mortality, but infectious complications remain a leading cause of both morbidity and mortality in combat-related injured personnel. Here we will attempt to compare the challenges and lessons of combat-related injuries and infections from the Vietnam War with those of OIF/OEF. Throughout the Vietnam War and OIF/OEF, there have been similar infection-related challenges faced in caring for combat-related trauma patients. Both conflicts reinforced the importance of rapid medical evacuation and definitive surgical management of war wounds. They revealed the constant evolution of infecting organisms and the challenge of increasing antimicrobial resistance. We have also seen that with decreased mortality of severely injured personnel new morbidities must be addressed. Using the foundation of fragmented research from the Vietnam War, previously successful models were assembled into joint service research institutions which have allowed these questions to be addressed. However, many questions regarding measures to reduce infectious complications in our combat-injured personnel remain unanswered. Continued research building on established knowledge is critical for continued improvements in the care of combat-related trauma patients. PMID:26406435

Managing Transitions: Examining the Institutional Army’s Transformation Following the Vietnam War and Operation Iraqi Freedom