40 CFR 421.254 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... average mg/troy ounce of gold refined electrolytically Lead 5.544 2.574 Mercury 2.970 1.188 Silver 5.742 2... property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of gold and silver smelted Lead 0... reduced in solution Lead 0.112 0.052 Mercury 0.060 0.024 Silver 0.116 0.048 Zinc 0.408 0.168 Gold 0.040...

Preliminary experimental research for silver recovery from radiographic films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cânda, L. R.; Ardelean, E.

2017-01-01

Global demand for silver remains steadily to about 1,000 million ounces (28349500 kg), of which around 600 million ounces (17009700 kg) are used in industrial applications. Extraction of silver from the ore is expensive and harmful to the environment and low efficiency. X-ray films represent an important worldwide consumer as research on recovery of silver from exposed radiographic films must be oriented to achieve a maximum recovery and a high purity silver, with methods through the by-products will be less polluting for the environment. The paper presents some laboratory tests referring to the recovery of silver from radiographic films by leaching with sodium hydroxide. Two series of experiments were performed with different amounts of used X-ray film.

40 CFR 421.265 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of precious metals, including silver, incinerated or... Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of precious... Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of gold produced by cyanide stripping...

40 CFR 421.263 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of precious metals, including silver.../troy ounce of precious metals in the granulated raw material Copper 0.819 0.390 Cyanide (total) 0.128 0... Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of gold produced by cyanide stripping Copper 4.736 2.257 Cyanide...

48 CFR 252.208-7000 - Intent to furnish precious metals as Government-furnished material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-furnished silver is mandatory when the quantity required is one hundred troy ounces or more. The precious... quantity in whole troy ounces of precious metals required in the performance of this contract (including...

Fingermark visualisation on uncirculated £5 (Bank of England) polymer notes: Initial process comparison studies.

PubMed

Downham, Rory P; Brewer, Eleigh R; King, Roberto S P; Luscombe, Aoife M; Sears, Vaughn G

2017-06-01

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a range of fingermark visualisation processes on brand new, uncirculated, £5 polymer banknotes (and their test note predecessors), as produced by the Bank of England (BoE). In the main study of this paper, a total of 14 individual processes were investigated on BoE £5 polymer banknotes, which included both 'Category A' processes (as recommended in the Home Office Fingermark Visualisation Manual) as well as recently developed processes, including fpNatural ® 2 powder (cuprorivaite) from Foster+Freeman and a vacuum metal deposition sequence that evaporates silver followed by zinc. Results from this preliminary investigation indicate that fpNatural ® 2, multimetal deposition, Wet Powder ™ Black, iron oxide powder suspension and black magnetic powder are the most effective processes on these uncirculated £5 BoE polymer banknotes, when viewed under "primary viewing" conditions (white light or fluorescence). Additional fingermarks were visualised on the polymer banknotes following the subsequent use of reflected infrared imaging and lifting techniques, and with the benefit of these techniques taken into consideration, the aforementioned processes remained amongst the most effective overall. This work provides initial insight into fingermark visualisation strategies for BoE £5 polymer banknotes, and the need for further studies in order to generate mature operational guidance is emphasised. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

25 CFR 301.2 - Specifications of material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Specifications of material. 301.2 Section 301.2 Indians INDIAN ARTS AND CRAFTS BOARD, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NAVAJO, PUEBLO, AND HOPI SILVER AND TURQUOISE PRODUCTS; STANDARDS § 301.2 Specifications of material. Silver slugs of 1 ounce weight or other silver...

40 CFR 421.256 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of gold and silver smelted Lead 0.364 0.169 Mercury 0.195 0.078 Silver 0.377 0.156 Zinc 1.326 0.546 Gold 0.130 (b) Silver chloride reduction spent solution. PSNS for the....024 Silver 0.116 0.048 Zinc 0.408 0.168 Gold 0.040 (c) Electrolytic cells wet air pollution control...

40 CFR 421.256 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of gold and silver smelted Lead 0.364 0.169 Mercury 0.195 0.078 Silver 0.377 0.156 Zinc 1.326 0.546 Gold 0.130 (b) Silver chloride reduction spent solution. PSNS for the....024 Silver 0.116 0.048 Zinc 0.408 0.168 Gold 0.040 (c) Electrolytic cells wet air pollution control...

40 CFR 421.256 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of gold and silver smelted Lead 0.364 0.169 Mercury 0.195 0.078 Silver 0.377 0.156 Zinc 1.326 0.546 Gold 0.130 (b) Silver chloride reduction spent solution. PSNS for the....024 Silver 0.116 0.048 Zinc 0.408 0.168 Gold 0.040 (c) Electrolytic cells wet air pollution control...

77 FR 54659 - Price for the 2012 Annual Uncirculated Dollar Coin Set

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-05

... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY United States Mint Price for the 2012 Annual Uncirculated Dollar Coin Set AGENCY: United States Mint, Department of the Treasury. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The United States Mint is announcing a price of $54.95 for the 2012 Annual Uncirculated Dollar Coin Set. This set...

40 CFR 421.253 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of gold and silver smelted Lead 0.364 0.169 Mercury 0.195 0.078 Silver 0.377 0.156 Zinc 1.326 0.546 Gold 0.130 (b) Silver... reduced in solution Lead 0.112 0.052 Mercury 0.060 0.024 Silver 0.116 0.048 Zinc 0.408 0.168 Gold 0.040 (c...

40 CFR 421.253 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of gold and silver smelted Lead 0.364 0.169 Mercury 0.195 0.078 Silver 0.377 0.156 Zinc 1.326 0.546 Gold 0.130 (b) Silver... reduced in solution Lead 0.112 0.052 Mercury 0.060 0.024 Silver 0.116 0.048 Zinc 0.408 0.168 Gold 0.040 (c...

40 CFR 421.253 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of gold and silver smelted Lead 0.364 0.169 Mercury 0.195 0.078 Silver 0.377 0.156 Zinc 1.326 0.546 Gold 0.130 (b) Silver... reduced in solution Lead 0.112 0.052 Mercury 0.060 0.024 Silver 0.116 0.048 Zinc 0.408 0.168 Gold 0.040 (c...

Comfort for Sportsmen

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

MPI Outdoor Safety Products developed aluminized mylar to make Echo Satellites more reflective, to insulate cryogenic fluids, and for space suit insulation. This technology has spun off to a variety of consumer products. Sportsman's blankets and jackets, ski parkas, sleeping bags, and even life-raft canopies are among them. Sportsman's blanket weighing 12 ounces can be used equally well to keep heat away or keep available heat in. Emergency rescue blanket has heat retention qualities similar to those of Sportsman's blanket. Strong enough to be used as a litter, yet folds up so small you can carry it in your shirt pocket. 10 ounce reversible jacket absorbs warmth from sun. A silver colored side next to your body retains a large portion of body heat. In warm weather you wear silver side out to reflect sun's rays.

Geochemistry, geochronology, mineralogy, and geology suggest sources of and controls on mineral systems in the southern Toquima Range, Nye County, Nevada; with geochemistry maps of gold, silver, mercury, arsenic, antimony, zinc, copper, lead, molybdenum, bismuth, iron, titanium, vanadium, cobalt, beryllium, boron, fluorine, and sulfur; and with a section on lead associations, mineralogy and paragenesis, and isotopes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Shawe, Daniel R.; Hoffman, James D.; Doe, Bruce R.; Foord, Eugene E.; Stein, Holly J.; Ayuso, Robert A.

2003-01-01

Geochemistry maps showing the distribution and abundance of 18 elements in about 1,400 rock samples, both mineralized and unmineralized, from the southern Toquima Range, Nev., indicate major structural and lithologic controls on mineralization, and suggest sources of the elements. Radiometric age data, lead mineralogy and paragenesis data, and lead-isotope data supplement the geochemical and geologic data, providing further insight into timing, sources, and controls on mineralization. Major zones of mineralization are centered on structural margins of calderas and principal northwest-striking fault zones, as at Round Mountain, Manhattan, and Jefferson mining districts, and on intersections of low-angle and steep structures, as at Belmont mining district. Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, mostly limestones (at Manhattan, Jefferson, and Belmont districts), and porous Oligocene ash-flow tuffs (at Round Mountain district) host the major deposits, although all rock types have been mineralized as evidenced by numerous prospects throughout the area. Principal mineral systems are gold-silver at Round Mountain where about 7 million ounces of gold and more than 4 million ounces of silver has been produced; gold at Gold Hill in the west part of the Manhattan district where about a half million ounces of gold has been produced; gold-mercury-arsenic-antimony in the east (White Caps) part of the Manhattan district where a few hundred thousand ounces of gold has been produced; and silver-lead-antimony at Belmont where more than 150,000 ounces of silver has been produced. Lesser amounts of gold and silver have been produced from the Jefferson district and from scattered mines elsewhere in the southern Toquima Range. A small amount of tungsten was produced from mines in the granite of the Round Mountain pluton exposed east of Round Mountain, and small amounts of arsenic, antimony, and mercury have been produced elsewhere in the southern Toquima Range. All elements show unique distribution patterns that suggest specific sources and lithologic influences on deposition, as well as multiple episodes of mineralization. Principal episodes of mineralization are Late Cretaceous (molybdenum and tungsten in and near granite; silver at Belmont and Silver Point mines), early Oligocene [tourmaline and base- and precious-metals around the granodiorite of Dry Canyon stock as well as at Manhattan(?)], late Oligocene (gold at Round Mountain and Jefferson), and Miocene (gold at Manhattan). Most likely principal sources of molybdenum, tungsten, silver, and bismuth are Cretaceous granites; of antimony, arsenic, and mercury are intermediate-composition early Oligocene intrusives; and of gold are early and late Oligocene and early Miocene magmas of the volcanic cycle. Lead may have been derived principally from Cretaceous granitic magma and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Several areas prospective for undiscovered mineral deposits are suggested by spatial patterns of element distributions related to geologic features. The Manhattan district in the vicinity of the White Caps mine may be underlain by a copper-molybdenum porphyry system related to a buried stock; peripheral high-grade gold veins and skarn deposits may be present below deposits previously mined. The Jefferson district also may be underlain by a copper-molybdenum porphyry system related to a buried stock, it too with peripheral high-grade gold deposits. The Bald Mountain Canyon belt of small gold veins has potential for deeper deposits in buried porous ash-flow tuff similar to the huge Round Mountain low-grade gold-silver deposit. Several other areas have potential for a variety of mineral deposits. Altogether the geochemical, geochronologic, mineralogic, and geologic evidence suggests recurring mineralizing episodes of varied character, from Late Cretaceous to late Tertiary time, related to a long-lived hot spot deep in the crust or in the upper mantle. Granite plutons of Late Cretaceous age were minerali

40 CFR 421.123 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.../troy ounce of silver from film stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712... precipitation and filtration of film stripping solutions Copper 1.242 .592 Zinc .990 .408 Ammonia (as N) 129.300... silver precipitated Copper 73.690 35.120 Zinc 58.720 24.180 Ammonia (as N) 7,674.000 3,374.000 (d...

40 CFR 421.123 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.../troy ounce of silver from film stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712... precipitation and filtration of film stripping solutions Copper 1.242 .592 Zinc .990 .408 Ammonia (as N) 129.300... silver precipitated Copper 73.690 35.120 Zinc 58.720 24.180 Ammonia (as N) 7,674.000 3,374.000 (d...

40 CFR 421.123 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.../troy ounce of silver from film stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712... precipitation and filtration of film stripping solutions Copper 1.242 .592 Zinc .990 .408 Ammonia (as N) 129.300... silver precipitated Copper 73.690 35.120 Zinc 58.720 24.180 Ammonia (as N) 7,674.000 3,374.000 (d...

40 CFR 421.123 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.../troy ounce of silver from film stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712... precipitation and filtration of film stripping solutions Copper 1.242 .592 Zinc .990 .408 Ammonia (as N) 129.300... silver precipitated Copper 73.690 35.120 Zinc 58.720 24.180 Ammonia (as N) 7,674.000 3,374.000 (d...

40 CFR 421.252 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of gold and silver smelted Lead 0.546 0.260 Mercury 0.325 0.130 Silver 0.533 0.221 Zinc 1.898 0.793 Gold 0.130 Oil....164 0.068 Zinc 0.584 0.244 Gold 0.040 Oil and grease 8.000 4.800 Total suspended solids 16.400 7.800 p...

40 CFR 421.252 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of gold and silver smelted Lead 0.546 0.260 Mercury 0.325 0.130 Silver 0.533 0.221 Zinc 1.898 0.793 Gold 0.130 Oil....164 0.068 Zinc 0.584 0.244 Gold 0.040 Oil and grease 8.000 4.800 Total suspended solids 16.400 7.800 p...

40 CFR 421.252 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of gold and silver smelted Lead 0.546 0.260 Mercury 0.325 0.130 Silver 0.533 0.221 Zinc 1.898 0.793 Gold 0.130 Oil....164 0.068 Zinc 0.584 0.244 Gold 0.040 Oil and grease 8.000 4.800 Total suspended solids 16.400 7.800 p...

31 CFR 92.4 - Uncirculated Mint Sets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Uncirculated Mint Sets. 92.4 Section 92.4 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance MONETARY OFFICES, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY UNITED STATES MINT OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES Numismatic Operations § 92.4...

31 CFR 92.4 - Uncirculated Mint Sets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Uncirculated Mint Sets. 92.4 Section 92.4 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance MONETARY OFFICES, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY UNITED STATES MINT OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES Numismatic Operations § 92.4...

31 CFR 92.4 - Uncirculated Mint Sets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Uncirculated Mint Sets. 92.4 Section 92.4 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance UNITED STATES MINT...., specially packaged coin sets containing one coin of each denomination struck at the Mints at Philadelphia...

40 CFR 421.126 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... following values: (a) Subpart L—Film Stripping. PSNS Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of silver from film stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712.000 2,951.000 (b) Subpart L—Film Stripping Wet Air Pollution Control and...

40 CFR 421.125 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... a POTW must not exceed the following values. (a) Subpart L—Film Stripping. PSES Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of silver from film stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712.000 2,951.000 (b) Subpart L—Film...

40 CFR 421.125 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712.000 2,951.000 (b) Subpart L—Film... Zinc .990 .408 Ammonia (as N) 129.300 56.840 (c) Subpart L—Precipitation and Filtration of Film... mg/troy ounce of silver precipitated Copper 73.690 35.120 Zinc 58.720 24.180 Ammonia (as N) 7,674.000...

40 CFR 421.125 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712.000 2,951.000 (b) Subpart L—Film... Zinc .990 .408 Ammonia (as N) 129.300 56.840 (c) Subpart L—Precipitation and Filtration of Film... mg/troy ounce of silver precipitated Copper 73.690 35.120 Zinc 58.720 24.180 Ammonia (as N) 7,674.000...

40 CFR 421.125 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712.000 2,951.000 (b) Subpart L—Film... Zinc .990 .408 Ammonia (as N) 129.300 56.840 (c) Subpart L—Precipitation and Filtration of Film... mg/troy ounce of silver precipitated Copper 73.690 35.120 Zinc 58.720 24.180 Ammonia (as N) 7,674.000...

40 CFR 421.125 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712.000 2,951.000 (b) Subpart L—Film... Zinc .990 .408 Ammonia (as N) 129.300 56.840 (c) Subpart L—Precipitation and Filtration of Film... mg/troy ounce of silver precipitated Copper 73.690 35.120 Zinc 58.720 24.180 Ammonia (as N) 7,674.000...

40 CFR 421.124 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712.000 2,951.000 Total suspended solids... Zinc .990 .408 Ammonia (as N) 129.300 56.840 Total suspended solids 14.550 11.640 pH (1) (1) 1 Within... ounce of silver precipitated Copper 73.690 35.120 Zinc 58.720 24.180 Ammonia (as N) 7,674.000 3,374.000...

40 CFR 421.124 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712.000 2,951.000 Total suspended solids... Zinc .990 .408 Ammonia (as N) 129.300 56.840 Total suspended solids 14.550 11.640 pH (1) (1) 1 Within... ounce of silver precipitated Copper 73.690 35.120 Zinc 58.720 24.180 Ammonia (as N) 7,674.000 3,374.000...

40 CFR 421.124 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712.000 2,951.000 Total suspended solids... Zinc .990 .408 Ammonia (as N) 129.300 56.840 Total suspended solids 14.550 11.640 pH (1) (1) 1 Within... ounce of silver precipitated Copper 73.690 35.120 Zinc 58.720 24.180 Ammonia (as N) 7,674.000 3,374.000...

40 CFR 421.124 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... stripping Copper 64.450 30.720 Zinc 51.360 21.150 Ammonia (as N) 6,712.000 2,951.000 Total suspended solids... Zinc .990 .408 Ammonia (as N) 129.300 56.840 Total suspended solids 14.550 11.640 pH (1) (1) 1 Within... ounce of silver precipitated Copper 73.690 35.120 Zinc 58.720 24.180 Ammonia (as N) 7,674.000 3,374.000...

Escondida Mine, Chile

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

Full resolution visible and near-infrared image (1.4 MB) Full resolution shortwave infrared image (1.6 MB) This Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image covers 30 by 23 km (full images 30 x 37 km) in the Atacama Desert, Chile, and was acquired on April 23, 2000. The Escondida copper, gold, and silver open-pit mine is at an elevation of 3050 m, and began operations in 1990. Current capacity is 127,000 tons/day of ore; in 1999 production totaled 827,000 tons of copper, 150,000 ounces of gold, and 3.53 million ounces of silver. Primary concentrate of the ore is done on-site; the concentrate is then sent to the coast for further processing through a 170 km long, 9-inch pipe. Escondida is related geologically to three porphyry bodies intruded along the Chilean West Fissure Fault System. A high grade supergene cap overlies primary sulfide ore. The top image is a conventional 3-2-1 (near infrared, red, green) RGB composite. The bottom image displays shortwave infrared bands 4-6-8 (1.65um, 2.205um, 2.33um) in RGB, and highlights the different rock types present on the surface, as well as the changes caused by mining. Image courtesy NASA/GSFC/MITI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team

Occurrence of silver minerals in a silver-rich pocket in the massive sulfide zinc-lead ores in the Edwards mine, New York

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Serviss, C.R.; Grout, C.M.; Hagni, R.D.

1985-01-01

Ore microscopic examination of uncommon silver-rich ores from the Edwards mine has detected three silver minerals, native silver, freibergite, and argentite, that were previously unreported in the literature from the Balmat-Edwards district. The zinc-lead ore deposits of the Balmat-Edwards District in northern New York are composed of very coarse-grained massive sulfides, principally sphalerite, galena, and pyrite. The typical ores contain small amounts of silver in solid solution galena. Galena concentrates produced from those ores have contained an average of 15 ounces of silver per ton of 60% lead concentrates. In contrast to the typical ore a silver-rich pocket, that measuredmore » three feet by three feet on the vertical mine face and was the subject of this study, contained nearly 1% silver in a zinc ore. Ore microscopic study shows that this ore is especially characterized by abundant, relatively fine-grained chalcopyrite with anhedral pyrite inclusions. Fine-grained sphalerite, native silver, argentite, freibergite and arsenopyrite occur in association with the chalcopyrite and as fracture-fillings in gangue minerals. Geochemically anomalous amounts of tin, barium, chromium, and nickel also are present in the silver-rich pocket. The silver-rich pocket may mark the locus of an early feeder vent or alternatively it may record a hydrothermal event that was superimposed upon the event responsible for the metamorphic ore textures.« less

Mineral resource appraisal of the Salmon National Forest, Idaho

USGS Publications Warehouse

Johnson, Rick; Close, Terry; McHugh, Ed

1998-01-01

The Salmon National Forest administers 1,776,994 net acres of mountainous terrain located in east-central Idaho. Most of the Forest is in Lemhi County; only a small portion falls within Idaho and Valley Counties. Approximately 426,114 acres of the Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness extends into the western part of the Forest and mineral entry is severely restricted. Because of its location within the Salmon River drainage, the Forest also is subject to numerous issues surrounding restoration of anadromous fish runs. Mineral production from the Salmon National Forest began during 1866 when placer gold was discovered in Leesburg Basin. Hardrock mining quickly spread throughout the Forest and many deposits containing a wide range of commodities were discovered and developed. Although early records are sketchy, production is estimated to include 940,000 ounces gold, 654,000 ounces silver, 61.9 million pounds copper, 8.9 million pounds lead, 13.9 million pounds cobalt, 208,000 pounds zinc, and 37,000 tons fluorite mill feed. Mineral resources are large, diverse, and occur in many deposit types including exhalative, stockwork, disseminated, vein, replacement, sedimentary, skarn, breccia pipe, porphyry, and placer. The largest cobalt resource in the United States occurs in the Blackbird Mining District. Other resources include gold, silver, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphate, manganese, iron, fluorite, uranium, thorium, rare earth oxides, and barite.

Escondida Mine, Chile

NASA Image and Video Library

2001-10-22

This ASTER image covers 30 by 37 km in the Atacama Desert, Chile and was acquired on April 23, 2000. The Escondida Cu-Au-Ag open-pit mine is at an elevation of 3050 m, and came on stream in 1990. Current capacity is 127,000 tons/day of ore; in 1999 production totaled 827,000 tons of copper, 150,000 ounces of gold and 3.53 million ounces of silver. Primary concentration of the ore is done on-site; the concentrate is then sent to the coast for further processing through a 170 km long, 9 pipe. Escondida is related geologically to three porphyry bodies intruded along the Chilean West Fissure Fault System. A high grade supergene cap overlies primary sulfide ore. This image is a conventional 3-2-1 RGB composite. Figure 1 displays SWIR bands 4-6-8 in RGB, and highlights lithologic and alteration differences of surface units. The image is located at 24.3 degrees south latitude and 69.1 degrees west longitude. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA11090

Water Treatment Systems Make a Big Splash

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

In the 1960s, NASA's Manned Space Center (now known as Johnson Space Center) and the Garrett Corporation, Air Research Division, conducted a research program to develop a small, lightweight water purifier for the Apollo spacecraft that would require minimal power and would not need to be monitored around-the-clock by astronauts in orbit. The 9-ounce purifier, slightly larger than a cigarette pack and completely chlorine-free, dispensed silver ions into the spacecraft s water supply to successfully kill off bacteria. A NASA Technical Brief released around the time of the research reported that the silver ions did not impart an unpleasant taste to the water. NASA s ingenuity to control microbial contamination in space caught on quickly, opening the doors for safer methods of controlling water pollutants on Earth.

All About the Grains Group

MedlinePlus

... years old 4-8 years old 3 ounce equivalents 5 ounce equivalents 1 ½ ounce equivalents 2 ½ ounce equivalents Girls 9-13 years old 14-18 years old 5 ounce equivalents 6 ounce equivalents 3 ounce equivalents 3 ounce ...

Mineral exploration, Mahd adh Dhahab District, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

USGS Publications Warehouse

Worl, Ronald G.

1978-01-01

Mahd adh Dhahab is the largest of numerous ancient gold mines scattered through the Precambrian shield of Saudi Arabia and the only one with recent production. During the period 1939-54, 765,768 fine ounces of gold and 1,002,029 ounces of silver were produced from the mines by the Saudi Arabian Mining Syndicate. Ore minerals at Mahd adh Dhahab include free gold and silver, tellurides, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite in and associated with a system of north-trending quartz veins and quartz veinlet stockworks. Pyrite is a common sulfide gangue mineral. Country rocks are a north dipping sequence of pyroclastic and transported pyroclastic rocks of the Hulayfah Group that are locally highly silicified and potassium-feldspathized. The prime target for this exploration program was a north-trending zone of quartz veins and breccias, faults, alteration, and metalization approximately 400 m wide and 1000 m long. The ancient and recent mine workings are located in the northern part of this zone. Although the quartz veins and alteration cut all lithologies, the major metalization is confined to the intersection of veins and agglomerate. Ten holes were diamond drilled to explore geochemical, geological, and geophysical targets in the area. A significant new zone of metalization was discovered 700 m south of the ancient and recent mine workings and within the same major zone of quartz veins, alteration, and faults. Metalization in this southern mineralized zone is at the intersection of the quartz veins and a distinctive and highly altered agglomerate. The total zone of vein and agglomerate intercept is potentially metalized and comprises a block of ground 40 m thick and 400 m wide along the strike of the agglomerate and projected downdip 250 m. Tonnage of this block is 17.2 million tons. The explored zone, approximately 25 percent of the potentially metalized rock, has a potential resource of 1.1 million tons containing 27 g/t gold and 73 g/t silver.

Estimating usable resources from historical industry data

USGS Publications Warehouse

Cargill, S.M.; Root, D.H.; Bailey, E.H.

1981-01-01

Historical production statistics are used to predict the quantity of remaining usable resources. The commodities considered are mercury, copper and its byproducts gold and silver, and petroleum; the production and discovery data are for the United States. The results of the study indicate that the cumulative return per unit of effort, herein measured as grade of metal ores and discovery rate of recoverable petroleum, is proportional to a negative power of total effort expended, herein measured as total ore mined and total exploratory wells or footage drilled. This power relationship can be extended to some limiting point (a lower ore grade or a maximum number of exploratory wells or footage), and the apparent quantity of available remaining resource at that limit can be calculated. For mercury ore of grades at and above 0.1 percent, the remaining usable resource in the United States is calculated to be 54 million kg (1,567,000 flasks). For copper ore of grades at and above 0.2 percent, the remaining usable copper resource is calculated to be 270 million metric tons (298 million short tons); remaining resources of its by-products gold and silver are calculated to be 3,656 metric tons (118 million troy ounces) and 64,676 metric tons (2,079 million troy ounces), respectively. The undiscovered recoverable crude oil resource in the conterminous United States, at 3 billion feet of additional exploratory drilling, is calculated to be nearly 37.6 billion barrels; the undiscovered recoverable petroleum resource in the Permian basin of western Texas and southeastern New Mexico, at 300 million feet of additional exploratory drilling or 50,000 additional exploratory wells, is calculated to be about 6.2 billion BOE (barrels of oil equivalent).

Escondida Mine, Chile

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2001-01-01

[figure removed for brevity, see original site] Figure 1 Click on image for larger version

This ASTER image covers 30 by 37 km in the Atacama Desert, Chile and was acquired on April 23, 2000. The Escondida Cu-Au-Ag open-pit mine is at an elevation of 3050 m, and came on stream in 1990. Current capacity is 127,000 tons/day of ore; in 1999 production totaled 827,000 tons of copper, 150,000 ounces of gold and 3.53 million ounces of silver. Primary concentration of the ore is done on-site; the concentrate is then sent to the coast for further processing through a 170 km long, 9 pipe. Escondida is related geologically to three porphyry bodies intruded along the Chilean West Fissure Fault System. A high grade supergene cap overlies primary sulfide ore. This image is a conventional 3-2-1 RGB composite. Figure 1 displays SWIR bands 4-6-8 in RGB, and highlights lithologic and alteration differences of surface units. The image is located at 24.3 degrees south latitude and 69.1 degrees west longitude.

The U.S. science team is located at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. The Terra mission is part of NASA's Science Mission Directorate.

Alcoholic Liver Disease

MedlinePlus

... About 2/3 to 1 ounce A 1 1/2-ounce shot (or typical mixed drink) of hard liquor: About ... ounces) for more than 10 years. Consuming 1 1/2 ounces a day involves drinking about 3 cans of beer, 3 glasses of wine, or 3 shots of hard liquor. For cirrhosis to develop, men ...

78 FR 7413 - Procurement List; Additions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-01

.... Group 1 and 2 Spices NSN: 8950-01-E60-8236--Black cracked pepper in a 16 ounce metal can. NSN: 8950-01-E60-8237--Black cracked pepper in a 16 ounce plastic container. NSN: 8950-01-E60-8234--Black cracked pepper in a 18 ounce metal can. NSN: 8950-01-E60-8235--Black cracked pepper in a 18 ounce plastic...

Menu Ideas for Vegetarian Teens

MedlinePlus

... 1 ounce pistachios Snack 8 ounces Greek style yogurt ¼ cup granola 1 apple 1 ounce almonds ... Jicama Salad Recipe Recipes Jicama Salad Recipe Rainbow Yogurt Trifle Cups Recipe Recipes Rainbow Yogurt Trifle Cups ...

Major- and Trace-Element Concentrations in Rock Samples Collected in 2006 from the Taylor Mountains 1:250,000-scale Quadrangle, Alaska

USGS Publications Warehouse

Klimasauskas, Edward P.; Miller, Marti L.; Bradley, Dwight C.

2007-01-01

Introduction The Kuskokwim mineral belt of Bundtzen and Miller (1997) forms an important metallogenic region in southwestern Alaska that has yielded more than 3.22 million ounces of gold and 400,000 ounces of silver. Precious-metal and related deposits in this region associated with Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary igneous complexes extend into the Taylor Mountains 1:250,000-scale quadrangle. The U.S. Geological Survey is in the process of conducting a mineral resource assessment of this region. This report presents analytical data collected during the third year of this multiyear study. A total of 138 rock geochemistry samples collected during the 2006 field season were analyzed using the ICP-AES/MS42, ICP-AES10, fire assay, and cold vapor atomic absorption methods described in more detail below. Analytical values are provided in percent (% or pct: 1 gram per 100 grams), parts per million (ppm: 1 gram per 1,000,000 grams), or parts per billion (ppb: 1 gram per 1,000,000,000 grams) as indicated in the column heading of the data table. Data are provided for download in Excel (*.xls), comma delimited (*.csv), dBase 4 (*.dbf) and as a point coverage in ArcInfo interchange (*.e00) formats available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1386/.

Growth and Your Newborn

MedlinePlus

... somewhere between 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams) and 8 pounds, 13 ounces (4,000 grams). A newborn who is lighter or heavier than ... less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams) at birth. That's the case for about 1 ...

Alcohol Use: If You Drink, Keep It Moderate

MedlinePlus

... drink include: Beer: 12 fluid ounces (355 milliliters) Wine: 5 fluid ounces (148 milliliters) Distilled spirits (80 proof): 1.5 fluid ounces (44 milliliters) Moderate alcohol use may be of most benefit if you have existing risk factors for heart ...

77 FR 3035 - Pricing for 2012 Annual Sets and America the Beautiful Quarters® Bags & Rolls

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-20

... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY United States Mint Pricing for 2012 Annual Sets and America the...: Notice. SUMMARY: The United States Mint is announcing 2012 pricing for annual sets and the America the... States Mint Uncirculated Coin Set[supreg] 27.95 2012 United States Mint America the Beautiful Quarters...

Alcohol and Cancer Risk

MedlinePlus

... ounces of malt liquor 5 ounces of wine 1.5 ounces or a "shot" of 80-proof liquor The federal government’s Dietary ... rectum . A meta-analysis of 57 cohort and case-control studies that ... 3.5 drinks) had 1.5 times the risk of developing colorectal cancer ...

Geology of epithermal silver-gold bulk-mining targets, bodie district, Mono County, California

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hollister, V.F.; Silberman, M.L.

1995-01-01

The Bodie mining district in Mono County, California, is zoned with a core polymetallic-quartz vein system and silver- and gold-bearing quartz-adularia veins north and south of the core. The veins formed as a result of repeated normal faulting during doming shortly after extrusion of felsic flows and tuffs, and the magmatic-hydrothermal event seems to span at least 2 Ma. Epithermal mineralization accompanied repeated movement of the normal faults, resulting in vein development in the planes of the faults. The veins occur in a very large area of argillic alteration. Individual mineralized structures commonly formed new fracture planes during separate fault movements, with resulting broad zones of veinlets growing in the walls of the major vein-faults. The veinlet swarms have been found to constitute a target estimated at 75,000,000 tons, averaging 0.037 ounce gold per ton. The target is amenable to bulkmining exploitation. The epithermal mineralogy is simple, with electrum being the most important precious metal mineral. The host veins are typical low-sulfide banded epithermal quartz and adularia structures that filled voids created by the faulting. Historical data show that beneficiation of the simple vein mineralogy is very efficient. ?? 1995 Oxford University Press.

Tips for Good Health in Later Life: For Older Women

MedlinePlus

... butter or lard. Drink responsibly Some women may benefit from one alcoholic drink a day. Check with your healthcare provider to make sure this is right for you. One drink = 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of hard liquor. Exercise ...

40 CFR 421.266 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Subcategory Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of... day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of precious metals, in the granulated raw material... average mg/troy ounce of gold produced by cyanide stripping Copper 4.736 2.257 Cyanide (total) 0.740 0.296...

40 CFR 421.262 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of precious metals... day Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of precious metal in the granulated raw material Copper... monthly average mg/troy ounce of gold produced by cyanide stripping Copper 7.030 3.700 Cyanide (total) 1...

Three Sub-Saharan Minerals: US Interests and Responses.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-01

Minnesota, 50 million ounces; Montana, 225 32 million ounces; and others (including copper porphyries ), 5 million ounces. Recycling. Although platinum and...domestic mines and resources are low-grade 18 ores of less than 35 percent metal content. Arizona , Arkansas, Colorado, Maine and Minnesota have...these manganese deposits also contain nickel, copper and cobalt. Because of the prohibitive research and initial operating costs, plus the risk of

Gold in placer deposits

USGS Publications Warehouse

Yeend, Warren; Shawe, Daniel R.; Wier, Kenneth L.

1989-01-01

Man most likely first obtained gold from placer deposits, more than 6,000 years ago. Placers account for more than two-thirds of the total world gold supply, and roughly half of that mined in the States of California, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho.Placer deposits result from weathering and release of gold from lode deposits, transportation of the gold, and concentration of the gold dominantly in stream gravels. Unless preserved by burial, a placer subsequently may be eroded, and either dispersed or reconcentrated.California has produced more than 40 million troy ounces of gold from placers, both modern and fossil (Tertiary). The source of the great bulk of the gold is numerous quartz veins and mineralized zones of the Mother Lode and related systems in the western Sierra Nevada region. The gold-bearing lodes were emplaced in Carboniferous and Jurassic metamorphic rocks intruded by small bodies of Jurassic and Cretaceous igneous rocks. Mineralization occurred probably in Late Cretaceous time. Significant amounts of placer gold also were mined along the Salmon and Trinity Rivers in northern California. Source of the gold is lode deposits in Paleozoic and Mesozoic metamorphic rocks that were intruded by Mesozoic igneous rocks.Alaska has produced roughly 21 million ounces of gold from placer deposits. Most (about 13 million ounces) has come from the interior region, including 7,600,000 ounces from the Fairbanks district and 1,300,000 ounces from the Iditarod district. Lode sources are believed to be mostly quartz veins in Precambrian or Paleozoic metamorphic rocks intruded by small igneous bodies near Fairbanks, and shear zones in Tertiary(?) quartz monzonite stocks at Iditarod. The Seward Peninsula has produced more than 6 million ounces of placer gold, including about 4,000,000 ounces from the Nome district. Most of the gold was derived from raised beach deposits. Source of the gold probably is Tertiary-mineralized faults and joints in metamorphic rocks of late Precambrian age.The Helena-Last Chance district, Montana, produced nearly 1 million ounces of gold from placers that were derived from lode deposits in the contact zones of the Cretaceous Boulder batholith granitic rocks intruded into upper Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. The Virginia City-Alder Gulch district, Montana, produced more than 2,600,000 ounces of gold, nearly all from placer deposits derived from quartz veins of uncertain age in Archean gneisses and schists. The Boise basin district, Idaho, produced about 2,300,000 ounces of gold, mostly derived from quartz veins in quartz monzonite of the Cretaceous Idaho batholith.

Sweetened beverages

MedlinePlus

... 16-ounce (480 ml) glass of sweetened ice tea has 144 calories. A 16-ounce (480 ml) ... as lemon, lime, and berry Plain coffee or tea Alternative Names Obesity - sweetened beverages; Overweight - sweetened beverages; ...

Food guide plate

MedlinePlus

... servings of grains a day (also called "ounce equivalents"). Children age 8 and younger need about 3 ... servings of protein a day (also called "ounce equivalents"). Children age 8 and younger need about 2 ...

Caffeine

MedlinePlus

... most of their caffeine from soft drinks and energy drinks. (In addition to caffeine, these also can have ... SoBe No Fear 8 ounces 83 mg Monster energy drink 16 ounces 160 mg Rockstar energy drink 8 ...

Caffeine

MedlinePlus

... medicines for alertness contain synthetic caffeine. So do energy drinks and "energy-boosting" gums and snacks. Most people consume caffeine ... of cola: 35-45 mg An 8-ounce energy drink: 70-100 mg An 8-ounce cup ...

Healthy Eating for Preschoolers

MedlinePlus

... pasta 1 tortilla (6” across) 1 ounce of protein foods? 1 ounce cooked meat, poultry, or seafood 1 egg 1 Tablespoon peanut butter ¼ cup cooked beans or peas (kidney, pinto, lentils) ½ cup of dairy? ½ ...

Calculators

MedlinePlus

... How many "drinks" are in a bottle of wine? A typical 25-ounce (750 ml) bottle of table wine holds about 5 "standard" drinks, each containing about 5 ounces. This serving size of wine contains about the same amount of alcohol as ...

21 CFR 520.1242c - Levamisole hydrochloride and piperazine dihydrochloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... (Oxyuris equii). (2) Limitations. Aqueous solution: administer by stomach tube or drench 1 fluid ounce per 100 pounds of body weight. Reconstituted soluble powder: administer by stomach tube 1 fluid ounce per...

Adjustable gastric banding (image)

MedlinePlus

... pouch and causes a feeling of fullness. The band can be tightened or loosened over time to change the size of the passage. Initially, the pouch holds about 1 ounce of food and later expands to 2-3 ounces.

21 CFR 520.1242c - Levamisole hydrochloride and piperazine dihydrochloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... (Oxyuris equii). (2) Limitations. Aqueous solution: administer by stomach tube or drench 1 fluid ounce per 100 pounds of body weight. Reconstituted soluble powder: administer by stomach tube 1 fluid ounce per...

Major- and trace-element concentrations in rock samples collected in 2004 from the Taylor Mountains 1:250,000-scale quadrangle, Alaska

USGS Publications Warehouse

Klimasauskas, Edward P.; Miller, Marti L.; Bradley, Dwight C.; Karl, Sue M.; Baichtal, James F.; Blodgett, Robert B.

2006-01-01

The Kuskokwim mineral belt of Bundtzen and Miller (1997) forms an important metallogenic region in southwestern Alaska that has yielded more than 3.22 million ounces of gold and 400,000 ounces of silver. Precious-metal and related deposits in this region associated with Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary igneous complexes extend into the Taylor Mountains 1:250,000-scale quadrangle. The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting geologic mapping and a mineral resource assessment of this area that will provide a better understanding of the geologic framework, regional geochemistry, and may provide targets for mineral exploration and development. During the 2004 field season 137 rock samples were collected for a variety of purposes. The 4 digital files accompanying this report reflect the type of analysis performed and its intended purpose and are available for download as an Excel workbook, comma delimited format (*.csv), dBase 4 files (*.dbf) or as point coverages in ArcInfo interchange format (*.e00). Data values are provided in percent, pct (1gram per 100grams), or parts per million, ppm (1gram per 1,000,000grams) per the column heading in the table. All samples were analyzed for a suite of 42 trace-elements (icp42.*) to provide data for use in geochemical exploration as well as some baseline data. Selected samples were analyzed by additional methods; 104 targeted geochemical exploration samples were analyzed for gold, arsenic, and mercury (auashg.*); 21 of these samples were also analyzed to obtain concentrations of 10 loosely bound metals (icp10.*); 33 rock samples were analyzed for major element oxides to support the regional mapping program (reg.*), of which 28 sedimentary rock samples were also analyzed for total carbon, and carbonate carbon.

Rethinking Drinking: Alcohol and Your Health

MedlinePlus

... How many "drinks" are in a bottle of wine? A typical 25-ounce (750 ml) bottle of table wine holds about 5 "standard" drinks, each containing about 5 ounces. This serving size of wine contains about the same amount of alcohol as ...

7 CFR 246.10 - Supplemental foods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... methodology described in accordance with paragraph (h)(2) of this section. 9 Fresh banana may replace up to 16 ounces of infant food fruit at a rate of 1 pound of bananas per 8 ounces of infant food fruit. 10 In lieu...

7 CFR 246.10 - Supplemental foods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... methodology described in accordance with paragraph (h)(2) of this section. 9 Fresh banana may replace up to 16 ounces of infant food fruit at a rate of 1 pound of bananas per 8 ounces of infant food fruit. 10 In lieu...

7 CFR 246.10 - Supplemental foods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... methodology described in accordance with paragraph (h)(2) of this section. 9 Fresh banana may replace up to 16 ounces of infant food fruit at a rate of 1 pound of bananas per 8 ounces of infant food fruit. 10 In lieu...

7 CFR 246.10 - Supplemental foods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... methodology described in accordance with paragraph (h)(2) of this section. 9 Fresh banana may replace up to 16 ounces of infant food fruit at a rate of 1 pound of bananas per 8 ounces of infant food fruit. 10 In lieu...

7 CFR 246.10 - Supplemental foods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... methodology described in accordance with paragraph (h)(2) of this section. 9 Fresh banana may replace up to 16 ounces of infant food fruit at a rate of 1 pound of bananas per 8 ounces of infant food fruit. 10 In lieu...

78 FR 44590 - Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community-Amendment to Alcoholic Beverage Control Ordinance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-24

... (40) ounces of beer, one (1) liter of wine or four (4) ounces of distilled spirits in any alcoholic beverage drink to one person at one time for that person's consumption or to advertise any practice...

46 CFR 160.005-2 - Size and model.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) EQUIPMENT, CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Life Preservers, Fibrous Glass, Adult and Child (Jacket Type...) Model 52, adult, 46 ounces fibrous glass; or (b) Model 56, child, 30 ounces fibrous glass. [CGD 72-163R...

46 CFR 160.002-2 - Size and models.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) EQUIPMENT, CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Life Preservers, Kapok, Adult and Child (Jacket Type), Models 3... 3, adult, 24 ounces kapok; or (b) Model 5, child, 16 ounces kapok. [CGD 72-163R, 38 FR 8118, Mar. 28...

21 CFR 520.1242c - Levamisole hydrochloride and piperazine dihydrochloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... an aqueous solution which contains in each fluid ounce 0.36 gram of levamisole hydrochloride and piperazine dihydrochloride equivalent to 3.98 grams of piperazine base. (2) The drug is a soluble powder which when reconstituted with water contains in each fluid ounce 0.45 gram of levamisole hydrochloride...

21 CFR 520.1242c - Levamisole hydrochloride and piperazine dihydrochloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... an aqueous solution which contains in each fluid ounce 0.36 gram of levamisole hydrochloride and piperazine dihydrochloride equivalent to 3.98 grams of piperazine base. (2) The drug is a soluble powder which when reconstituted with water contains in each fluid ounce 0.45 gram of levamisole hydrochloride...

7 CFR 201.43 - Size of sample.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... examination: (a) Two ounces (57 grams) of grass seed not otherwise mentioned, white or alsike clover, or seeds not larger than these. (b) Five ounces (142 grams) of red or crimson clover, alfalfa, lespedeza, ryegrass, bromegrass, millet, flax, rape, or seeds of similar size. (c) One pound (454 grams) of sudangrass...

7 CFR 201.43 - Size of sample.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... examination: (a) Two ounces (57 grams) of grass seed not otherwise mentioned, white or alsike clover, or seeds not larger than these. (b) Five ounces (142 grams) of red or crimson clover, alfalfa, lespedeza, ryegrass, bromegrass, millet, flax, rape, or seeds of similar size. (c) One pound (454 grams) of sudangrass...

7 CFR 201.43 - Size of sample.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... examination: (a) Two ounces (57 grams) of grass seed not otherwise mentioned, white or alsike clover, or seeds not larger than these. (b) Five ounces (142 grams) of red or crimson clover, alfalfa, lespedeza, ryegrass, bromegrass, millet, flax, rape, or seeds of similar size. (c) One pound (454 grams) of sudangrass...

7 CFR 201.43 - Size of sample.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... examination: (a) Two ounces (57 grams) of grass seed not otherwise mentioned, white or alsike clover, or seeds not larger than these. (b) Five ounces (142 grams) of red or crimson clover, alfalfa, lespedeza, ryegrass, bromegrass, millet, flax, rape, or seeds of similar size. (c) One pound (454 grams) of sudangrass...

7 CFR 201.43 - Size of sample.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... examination: (a) Two ounces (57 grams) of grass seed not otherwise mentioned, white or alsike clover, or seeds not larger than these. (b) Five ounces (142 grams) of red or crimson clover, alfalfa, lespedeza, ryegrass, bromegrass, millet, flax, rape, or seeds of similar size. (c) One pound (454 grams) of sudangrass...

21 CFR 520.1242c - Levamisole hydrochloride and piperazine dihydrochloride.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... an aqueous solution which contains in each fluid ounce 0.36 gram of levamisole hydrochloride and piperazine dihydrochloride equivalent to 3.98 grams of piperazine base. (2) The drug is a soluble powder which when reconstituted with water contains in each fluid ounce 0.45 gram of levamisole hydrochloride...

7 CFR 225.16 - Meal service requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... combination of meat/meat alternate or 2 tablespoons. Yogurt, plain or flavored, unsweetened or sweetened 4... 1 ounce=50%. 4 Yogurt, plain or flavored, unsweetened or sweetened or an equivalent quantity of any... tablespoons. Peanuts or soynuts or tree nuts or seeds 3 or 1 ounce. Yogurt, plain or flavored, unsweetened or...

7 CFR 225.16 - Meal service requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... combination of meat/meat alternate or 2 tablespoons. Yogurt, plain or flavored, unsweetened or sweetened 4... 1 ounce=50%. 4 Yogurt, plain or flavored, unsweetened or sweetened or an equivalent quantity of any... tablespoons. Peanuts or soynuts or tree nuts or seeds 3 or 1 ounce. Yogurt, plain or flavored, unsweetened or...

7 CFR 225.16 - Meal service requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... combination of meat/meat alternate or 2 tablespoons. Yogurt, plain or flavored, unsweetened or sweetened 4... 1 ounce=50%. 4 Yogurt, plain or flavored, unsweetened or sweetened or an equivalent quantity of any... tablespoons. Peanuts or soynuts or tree nuts or seeds 3 or 1 ounce. Yogurt, plain or flavored, unsweetened or...

7 CFR 225.16 - Meal service requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... combination of meat/meat alternate or 2 tablespoons. Yogurt, plain or flavored, unsweetened or sweetened 4... 1 ounce=50%. 4 Yogurt, plain or flavored, unsweetened or sweetened or an equivalent quantity of any... tablespoons. Peanuts or soynuts or tree nuts or seeds 3 or 1 ounce. Yogurt, plain or flavored, unsweetened or...

21 CFR 520.2380f - Thiabendazole, piperazine phosphate powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

....2380f Thiabendazole, piperazine phosphate powder. (a) Specifications. Each ounce of water dispersible... oral dose. Administer as a drench or by stomach tube suspended in 1 pint of warm water; by dose syringe suspended in 1/2 ounce of water for each 100 pounds of body weight; or sprinkled over a small amount of...

21 CFR 520.2380f - Thiabendazole, piperazine phosphate powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

....2380f Thiabendazole, piperazine phosphate powder. (a) Specifications. Each ounce of water dispersible... oral dose. Administer as a drench or by stomach tube suspended in 1 pint of warm water; by dose syringe suspended in 1/2 ounce of water for each 100 pounds of body weight; or sprinkled over a small amount of...

21 CFR 520.2380f - Thiabendazole, piperazine phosphate powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

....2380f Thiabendazole, piperazine phosphate powder. (a) Specifications. Each ounce of water dispersible... oral dose. Administer as a drench or by stomach tube suspended in 1 pint of warm water; by dose syringe suspended in 1/2 ounce of water for each 100 pounds of body weight; or sprinkled over a small amount of...

76 FR 4395 - Postal Service Price Adjustment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-25

... the First-Class Mail, single- piece first-ounce letter price; however, the additional-ounce rate for single-piece letters and flats increases from 17 cents to 20 cents. Id. at 12. The price of a single-piece postcard increases from 28 cents to 29 cents. Id. However, to meet the cap average increase for...

21 CFR 155.191 - Tomato concentrates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... tomato ingredients: (i) The liquid obtained from mature tomatoes of the red or reddish varieties... the sample. (ii) Not more than one whole seed per 600 grams (21 ounces). (iii) Not more than 36 of the following defects, either singly or in combination, per 100 grams (3.5 ounces) of the product when diluted...

21 CFR 155.191 - Tomato concentrates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... tomato ingredients: (i) The liquid obtained from mature tomatoes of the red or reddish varieties... the sample. (ii) Not more than one whole seed per 600 grams (21 ounces). (iii) Not more than 36 of the following defects, either singly or in combination, per 100 grams (3.5 ounces) of the product when diluted...

21 CFR 155.191 - Tomato concentrates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... tomato ingredients: (i) The liquid obtained from mature tomatoes of the red or reddish varieties... the sample. (ii) Not more than one whole seed per 600 grams (21 ounces). (iii) Not more than 36 of the following defects, either singly or in combination, per 100 grams (3.5 ounces) of the product when diluted...

21 CFR 155.191 - Tomato concentrates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... tomato ingredients: (i) The liquid obtained from mature tomatoes of the red or reddish varieties... the sample. (ii) Not more than one whole seed per 600 grams (21 ounces). (iii) Not more than 36 of the following defects, either singly or in combination, per 100 grams (3.5 ounces) of the product when diluted...

Expanding the Doula Model: An Illinois Replication Story

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meyer, Harriet; Kirwan, Ann; Dealy, Katie

2005-01-01

This article describes the Ounce of Prevention Fund's journey to institutionalize doula services in the state of Illinois. The Ounce's doulas help strengthen the new relationship between mother and child by working with the mother to help her better understand and anticipate the progression of the third trimester of pregnancy, the child-birthing…

7 CFR 51.2113 - Size requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... of range in count of whole almond kernels per ounce or in terms of minimum, or minimum and maximum diameter. When a range in count is specified, the whole kernels shall be fairly uniform in size, and the average count per ounce shall be within the range specified. Doubles and broken kernels shall not be used...

Funding quality pre-kindergarten slots with Philadelphia's new 'sugary drink tax': simulating effects of using an excise tax to address a social determinant of health.

PubMed

Langellier, Brent A; Lê-Scherban, Félice; Purtle, Jonathan

2017-09-01

Philadelphia passed a 1·5-cent-per-ounce sweetened beverage tax (SBT). Revenue will fund 10 000 quality pre-kindergarten slots for poor children. It is imperative to understand how revenue from SBT can be used to fund programmes to address education and other social determinants of health. The objective of the present study was to simulate quality pre-kindergarten attendance, educational achievement and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption among Philadelphia children and adolescents under six intervention scenarios: (i) no intervention; (ii) 10 000 additional quality pre-kindergarten slots; (iii) a 1·5-cent-per-ounce SBT; (iv) expanded pre-kindergarten and 1·5-cent-per-ounce SBT; (v) a 3-cent-per-ounce SBT; and (vi) expanded pre-kindergarten and 3-cent-per-ounce SBT. We used an agent-based model to estimate pre-kindergarten enrolment, educational achievement and SSB consumption under the six policy scenarios. We identified key parameters in the model from the published literature and secondary analyses of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics - Child Development Supplement. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Philadelphia children and adolescents aged 4-18 years. A 1·5-cents-per-ounce tax would reduce SSB consumption by 1·3 drinks/week among Philadelphia children and adolescents relative to no intervention, with larger effects among children below the poverty level. Quality pre-kindergarten expansion magnifies the effect of the SBT by 8 %, but has the largest effect on moderate-income children just above the poverty level. The SBT and quality pre-kindergarten programme each reduce SSB consumption, but primarily benefit different children and adolescents. Pairing an excise tax with a complementary programme to improve a social determinant of health represents a progressive strategy to combat obesity, a disease regressive in its social patterning.

Toward Teen Health. The Ounce of Prevention Fund School-Based Adolescent Health Centers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stone, Rebecca

Sponsored by the Ounce of Prevention Fund, this report presents a comprehensive look at three Toward Teen Health high school-based, adolescent health centers in Chicago, Illinois. Following a brief introduction, the report provides the rationale for opening adolescent health centers and outlines the principles that guide the centers. Next, a…

Use of Sulfometuron in Hybrid Poplar Energy Plantations

Treesearch

Daniel A. Netzer

1995-01-01

Reports that low rates of sulfometuron, 70 grams per hactare (1 ounce product or 0.75 ounces active ingredient per acre), applied when hybrid poplars are completely dormant, can provide season-long weed control and increase hybrid poplar growth. If plantation access is not possible before growth activity begins in the spring, late fall application of this herbicide...

21 CFR 145.175 - Canned pears.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... adhering to pears or loose in the container per kilogram (35.3 ounces) of net weight. (v) Blemished units... (0.51 inch) in diameter; or dark brown areas aggregating the area of a circle less than 6.5... more than two units of loose core material per kilogram (35.3 ounces) of net weight. A unit of such...

21 CFR 145.175 - Canned pears.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... adhering to pears or loose in the container per kilogram (35.3 ounces) of net weight. (v) Blemished units... (0.51 inch) in diameter; or dark brown areas aggregating the area of a circle less than 6.5... more than two units of loose core material per kilogram (35.3 ounces) of net weight. A unit of such...

21 CFR 145.175 - Canned pears.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... adhering to pears or loose in the container per kilogram (35.3 ounces) of net weight. (v) Blemished units... (0.51 inch) in diameter; or dark brown areas aggregating the area of a circle less than 6.5... more than two units of loose core material per kilogram (35.3 ounces) of net weight. A unit of such...

21 CFR 145.175 - Canned pears.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... adhering to pears or loose in the container per kilogram (35.3 ounces) of net weight. (v) Blemished units... (0.51 inch) in diameter; or dark brown areas aggregating the area of a circle less than 6.5... more than two units of loose core material per kilogram (35.3 ounces) of net weight. A unit of such...

7 CFR 52.1857 - Grades of zante currant raisins.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... characteristic flavor; that show development characteristics of raisins prepared from well-matured grapes; that... Maximum count U.S. Grade A U.S. Grade B Pieces of stem 1 per 24 ounces 1 per 16 ounces. Seeds (in Seeded... moldy 5 7 Provided these limits are not exceeded: Damaged 2 3 Moldy 3 4 Substandard Development and...

21 CFR 145.185 - Canned plums.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... “golden” or “red” or “purple”, as appropriate, or the specific name of the variety or “Greengage plums... tree or other harmless extraneous plant material per 200 grams (7 ounces) of drained plums. (v) Loose pits in whole style. Not more than three loose pits per 500 grams (17.6 ounces) of drained plums. (vi...

21 CFR 145.185 - Canned plums.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... “golden” or “red” or “purple”, as appropriate, or the specific name of the variety or “Greengage plums... tree or other harmless extraneous plant material per 200 grams (7 ounces) of drained plums. (v) Loose pits in whole style. Not more than three loose pits per 500 grams (17.6 ounces) of drained plums. (vi...

21 CFR 145.185 - Canned plums.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... “golden” or “red” or “purple”, as appropriate, or the specific name of the variety or “Greengage plums... tree or other harmless extraneous plant material per 200 grams (7 ounces) of drained plums. (v) Loose pits in whole style. Not more than three loose pits per 500 grams (17.6 ounces) of drained plums. (vi...

21 CFR 145.185 - Canned plums.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... “golden” or “red” or “purple”, as appropriate, or the specific name of the variety or “Greengage plums... tree or other harmless extraneous plant material per 200 grams (7 ounces) of drained plums. (v) Loose pits in whole style. Not more than three loose pits per 500 grams (17.6 ounces) of drained plums. (vi...

Oustar: A Premixed Blend of Velpar DF+Oust XP For Herbaceous Weed Control and Enhanced Loblolly Pine Seedling Performance

Treesearch

Jimmie L. Yeiser; Andrew W. Ezell

2004-01-01

Six tests were established comparing the herbaceous weed control (HWC) and resultant loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedling performance from treatments of Oustar (0, 10, 13, 16, 19 ounces product acre-1), and industry standards (Velpar L+Oust 32+2; Arsenal+Oust 4+2 both in ounces product acre-1). Sites...

46 CFR 160.048-4 - Construction and workmanship.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... provide buoyancy to aid a person in keeping afloat in the water. No hooks, snaps, or other means shall be... less than 5 ounces of kapok or 9 ounces of fibrous glass each; and the volume displacement of the... accordance with the method set forth in § 160.048-5(e)(1), except that the pad covers shall not be slit open...

29 CFR Appendix E to Subpart L of... - Test Methods for Protective Clothing

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... test ensemble consisting of the sample unit, the two prepared blocks, a piece of leather outsole 10 to... perpendicular to the 1-inch (2.5 cm) edge. B. Apparatus. (i) Six-ounce (.17 kg) weight tension clamps shall be used so designed that the six ounces (.17 kg) of weight are distributed evenly across the complete...

Addition of Sulfometuron Methyl to Fall Site Preparation Tank Mixes Improves Herbaceous Weed Control

Treesearch

A.W. Ezell

2002-01-01

A total of 12 herbicide treatments were applied to a recently harvested forest site in Winston County, MS. All treatments were representative of forest site preparation tank mixtures and were applied early September, 1999. Three ounces of Oust7 were included in two of the tank mixes, and 19 ounces of Oustar7 were included in two of the mixes. All treatments were...

49 CFR 173.194 - Gas identification sets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 4A, 4B or 4N metal boxes or 4C1, 4C2, 4D or 4F wooden boxes. Not more than 100 mL (3.4 fluid ounces) or 100 g (3.5 ounces) of poisonous materials may be packed in one outer box. (2) If the poisonous... fiberboard box. No more than four boxes, well-cushioned, may in turn be placed in a steel cylinder. The...

49 CFR 173.194 - Gas identification sets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 4A, 4B or 4N metal boxes or 4C1, 4C2, 4D or 4F wooden boxes. Not more than 100 mL (3.4 fluid ounces) or 100 g (3.5 ounces) of poisonous materials may be packed in one outer box. (2) If the poisonous... fiberboard box. No more than four boxes, well-cushioned, may in turn be placed in a steel cylinder. The...

49 CFR 173.194 - Gas identification sets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 4C1, 4C2, 4D or 4F wooden boxes. Not more than 100 mL (3.4 fluid ounces) or 100 g (3.5 ounces) of poisonous materials may be packed in one outer wooden box. (2) If the poisonous material does not exceed 5 m... fiberboard box. No more than four boxes, well-cushioned, may in turn be placed in a steel cylinder. The...

49 CFR 173.194 - Gas identification sets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 4C1, 4C2, 4D or 4F wooden boxes. Not more than 100 mL (3.4 fluid ounces) or 100 g (3.5 ounces) of poisonous materials may be packed in one outer wooden box. (2) If the poisonous material does not exceed 5 m... fiberboard box. No more than four boxes, well-cushioned, may in turn be placed in a steel cylinder. The...

49 CFR 173.194 - Gas identification sets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 4C1, 4C2, 4D or 4F wooden boxes. Not more than 100 mL (3.4 fluid ounces) or 100 g (3.5 ounces) of poisonous materials may be packed in one outer wooden box. (2) If the poisonous material does not exceed 5 m... fiberboard box. No more than four boxes, well-cushioned, may in turn be placed in a steel cylinder. The...

Evaluation of Injuries among Command and General Staff College Students, Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-11-30

ounces or 2 bottles 7 (4%) 60 ounces or 3 bottles 1 (1%) Table F-3. Dietary Supplement Use, CGSC Initial Survey Respondents (n=185) Question... Supplement /Reason N (%) Dietary Supplements Do not take 133 (58%) Vitamins/ Multivitamins 44 (19%) Performance/muscle enhancement 19 (8%) Healthy joint...15 (7%) Nutrition enhancement 9 (4%) Weight loss 9 (4%) Reasons for Taking Dietary Supplements (among those using supplements (n=96)) Promote

Consumer Preferences, Product Characteristics, and Potentially Allergenic Ingredients in Best-selling Moisturizers.

PubMed

Xu, Shuai; Kwa, Michael; Lohman, Mary E; Evers-Meltzer, Rachel; Silverberg, Jonathan I

2017-11-01

Because moisturizer use is critical for the prevention and treatment of numerous dermatological conditions, patients frequently request product recommendations from dermatologists. To determine the product performance characteristics and ingredients of best-selling moisturizers. This cohort study involved publicly available data of the top 100 best-selling whole-body moisturizing products at 3 major online retailers (Amazon, Target, and Walmart). Products marketed for use on a specific body part (eg, face, hands, eyelids) were excluded. Pairwise comparisons of median price per ounce on the basis of marketing claims (eg, dermatologist recommended, fragrance free, hypoallergenic) and presence of ingredients represented in the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) series were conducted using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. The effect of vehicle type (eg, ointment, lotion, cream, butter) was assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Cross-reactors and botanicals for fragrances were derived from the American Contact Dermatitis Society's Contact Allergen Management Program database. A total of 174 unique best-selling moisturizer products were identified, constituting 109 713 reviews as of August 2016. The median price per ounce was $0.59 (range, $0.10-$9.51 per ounce) with a wide range (9400%). The most popular vehicles were lotions (102 [59%]), followed by creams (22 [13%]), oils (21 [12%]), butters (14 [8%]), and ointments (3 [2%]). Only 12% (n = 21) of best-selling moisturizer products were free of NACDG allergens. The 3 most common allergens were fragrance mix (n = 87), paraben mix (n = 75), and tocopherol (n = 74). Products with the claim "dermatologist recommended" had higher median price per ounce ($0.79; interquartile range [IQR], $0.56-$1.27) than products without the claim ($0.59; IQR, $0.34-$0.92). Products with the claim "phthalate free" had higher median price per ounce ($1.38; IQR, $0.86-$1.63) than products without the claim ($0.59; IQR, $0.35-$0.91). Lotions (median, $0.49; IQR, $0.31-0.68) were statistically less expensive per ounce than butters (median, $1.20; IQR, $0.76-$1.63), creams (median, $0.80; IQR, $0.69-$1.25) and oils (median, $1.30; IQR, $0.64-$2.43). For products with a claim of "fragrance free," 18 (45%) had at least 1 fragrance cross-reactor or botanical ingredient. Products without any ingredients in the NACDG (median, $0.83; IQR, $0.47-$1.69) were not statistically more expensive per ounce than products with 1 or more allergens (median, $0.60; IQR, $0.35-$1.06). Best-selling moisturizers vary widely by price and product characteristics. Given the lack of readily available comparison data on moisturizer efficacy, dermatologists should balance consumer preference, price, and allergenicity in their recommendations.

On the magnetic polarizability tensor of US coinage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davidson, John L.; Abdel-Rehim, Omar A.; Hu, Peipei; Marsh, Liam A.; O'Toole, Michael D.; Peyton, Anthony J.

2018-03-01

The magnetic dipole polarizability tensor of a metallic object gives unique information about the size, shape and electromagnetic properties of the object. In this paper, we present a novel method of coin characterization based on the spectroscopic response of the absolute tensor. The experimental measurements are validated using a combination of tests with a small set of bespoke coin surrogates and simulated data. The method is applied to an uncirculated set of US coins. Measured and simulated spectroscopic tensor responses of the coins show significant differences between different coin denominations. The presented results are encouraging as they strongly demonstrate the ability to characterize coins using an absolute tensor approach.

Alteration and geochemical zoning in Bodie Bluff, Bodie mining district, eastern California

USGS Publications Warehouse

Herrera, P.A.; Closs, L.G.; Silberman, M.L.

1993-01-01

Banded, epithermal quartz-adularia veins have produced about 1.5 million ounces of gold and 7 million ounces of silver from the Bodie mining district, eastern California. The veins cut dacitic lava flows, pyroclastic rocks and intrusions. Sinter boulders occur in a graben structure at the top of Bodie Bluff and fragments of sinter and mineralized quartz veins occur in hydrothermal breccias nearby. Explosive venting evidently was part of the evolution of the ore-forming geothermal systems which, at one time, must had reached the paleosurface. Previous reconnaissance studies at Bodie Bluff suggested that the geometry of alteration mineral assemblages and distribution of some of the major and trace elements throughout the system correspond to those predicted by models of hot-spring, volcanic rock hosted precious metal deposits (Silberman, 1982; Silberman and Berger, 1985). The current study was undertaken to evaluate these sugestions further. About 500 samples of quartz veins and altered rocks, including sinter, collected over a vertical extent of 200 meters within Bodie Bluff were petrographically examined and chemically analyzed for trace elements by emission spectrographic and atomic absorption methods. Sixty-five samples were analyzed for major elements by X-ray fluorescence methods. The results of these analyses showed that, in general, alteration mineral assemblage and vertical geochemical zoning patterns follow those predicted for hot-spring deposits, but that geochemical zoning patterns for sinter and quartz veins (siliceous deposits), and altered wall rocks are not always similar. The predicted depth-concentration patterns for some elements, notably Au, Ag, Hg, and Tl in quartz veins, and Hg, As and Ag in wall rocks were not as expected, or were perturbed by the main ore producing zone. For both quartz veins and altered wall rocks, the main ore zone had elevated metal contents. Increased concentration of many of these elements could indicate proximity to this zone. However, irregularities in the distribution of some key elements, such as Au and Ag, relative to the predictive models suggest that a larger suite of elements be considered for exploration for ore zones within the district. ?? 1993.

Prices of Healthy and Unhealthy Beverages in High and Low Per Capita Income Areas

PubMed Central

Corrado, Rachel S; Chaloupka, Frank J

2013-01-01

To better understand availability and price of beverages in Hawai‘i, the prices of healthy (milk, orange juice, unsweetened tea, unsweetened coffee, diet soda) and unhealthy beverages (regular soda, fruit drink, sports drink, sweetened tea, flavored water) were collected and the beverage prices in lower per capita income areas and higher per capita income areas were compared. Cross-sectional data on prices of healthy and unhealthy beverages were collected from supermarkets, convenience stores, and quick serve restaurants from two lower per capita income areas (Waimanalo and Wai‘anae) and two higher per capita income areas (Hawai‘i Kai and Manoa) on O‘ahu, Hawai‘i from May 15 to June 10, 2012. Using composite data from across all areas, there was a significant difference of $0.58 (95% CI 0.46, 0.70) between the healthy beverages' mean price per 20 ounces ($1.76 ± $0.86) and the unhealthy beverages' mean price per 20 ounces ($1.18 ± $0.38) (P <.001). Although there was no statistically significant difference between per capita income areas, the lower per capita income areas' mean price per 20 ounces of healthy beverages was slightly higher and mean price per 20 ounces of unhealthy beverages was slightly lower than the higher per capita income areas. Pricing strategies that enable healthy beverages to be less expensive than unhealthy beverages is one method to increase consumption of healthy beverages and decrease consumption of unhealthy beverages. Reduction in unhealthy beverage consumption is needed to help reduce obesity, especially in the lower per capita income areas that have higher obesity prevalence. PMID:23520564

An ounce of prevention ... what are the returns? Second edition, 1999.

PubMed

Messonnier, M L; Corso, P S; Teutsch, S M; Haddix, A C; Harris, J R

1999-04-01

Because human and financial resources are limited, health efforts must focus on prevention strategies that yield the most benefit for the investment. Many current strategies identified in the literature offer opportunities to promote health at a reasonable cost. To present a literature-based review of evidence demonstrating that prevention can be an effective and wise use of resources through CDC's An Ounce of Prevention ... What Are the Returns? Second Edition. Systematic review of cost-effectiveness literature for a selected group of prevention strategies. Prevention strategies relevant to the U.S. population. Data indicate that the health conditions considered can be addressed through prevention strategies that are either cost effective or cost saving. An Ounce of Prevention ... What Are the Returns? Second Edition can be used to conveniently access information on prevention strategies, the diseases and injuries they address, and their cost effectiveness. It also complements other comprehensive prevention guides. However, limitations of the available cost-effectiveness studies indicate that standardized procedures should be followed for studies of all recommended prevention strategies. Researchers must standardize review procedures to improve both the quality and comparability of studies.

Muskrat investigations on the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, Maryland, 1941-1945

USGS Publications Warehouse

Dozier, H.L.; Markely, M.H.; Llewellyn, L.M.

1948-01-01

1. Approximately 5,233 acres of tidal marsh on the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Maryland were trapped by Fish and Wildlife Service personnel from 1941-1945, with the closely controlled operations yielding 23,539 muskrats; 13,421 (57 per cent) were males and 10,090 (43 per cent) were females, a sex ratio of 133: 100. This preponderance of males was consistently maintained throughout the entire trapping period each season and is regarded as significant. ...2. In the race discussed, Ondatra z. macrodon, two distinct color phases occur. Of the total catch for the five-year period, 52 per cent were of the black-and-tan phase and 48 per cent brown....3. Males were heavier than females, averaging 2 pounds 4 ounces (1,030 g.) and 2 pounds 2 ounces (962 g.) respectively, or a difference of 2.4 ounces (68 g.). Maximum individual weights were: male-4 pounds (1,814 g.) ; and female 3 pounds 12 ounces (1,701 g.).....4. Carcasses consistently showed a rather small amount of fat, including those coming from luxuriant stands of Scirpus olneyi...5. Average weights of the total catch varied little from year to year....6. Weights increased progressively from January 1 to February 15, followed by a rapid decline....7. Summarization of the catch into bi-weekly and monthly periods showed January to be the most productive month (53 per cent); January 16-31, the most productive bi-weekly period (27 per cent); and February 16-28, the least productive period with only 12 per cent of the average annual catch....8. The best prime condition was generally reached during the last half of February but this period, unfortunately, yielded the smallest number of pelts....9.A brief discussion of pertinent management principles is given.

The effect of pistachio shells as a visual cue in reducing caloric consumption.

PubMed

Kennedy-Hagan, K; Painter, J E; Honselman, C; Halvorson, A; Rhodes, K; Skwir, K

2011-10-01

It was hypothesized that pistachio shells left in sight as visual cues of consumption will cause individuals to consume less. A convenience sample of faculty and staff at a mid-western university (n=118) were recruited as subjects for the study. The subjects were told they were going to evaluate a variety of brands of pistachios and were surveyed at the end of each day to determine their fullness and satisfaction. The subjects were offered pistachios on their desks for an 8-h period on two separate days and were able to consume the pistachios at their leisure during that time. Subjects began each day with a sixteen ounce bowl filled with four ounces of pistachios in the shell. They were also provided with a second sixteen ounce bowl, in which they were instructed to place the empty shells from the pistachios they consumed. Every 2 h throughout the day pistachios were added in two ounce increments. In condition one, the shells remained in the bowls until the end of the day, whereas in condition two, the shell bowls were emptied every 2 h throughout the day. In condition one, subjects consumed an average of 216 calories. In condition two, subjects consumed an average of 264 calories, a difference of 48 calories. Subjects in condition one consumed significantly (p≤.05) fewer calories, yet fullness and satisfaction ratings were not significantly (p≥.05) different between conditions. Leaving pistachio shells as a visual cue to consumption may help consumers consume fewer calories. Individuals will be aware of the impact of visual cues of dietary intake on total food consumption. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Flutist produces four resonances with a single bottle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ruiz, Michael J.; Boysen, Erika

2017-03-01

In a dramatic physics demonstration, a professional flutist produces four resonances with a 12 ounce Boylan soda bottle solely through her breath control. The 22 cm bottle acts like a Helmholtz resonator for the lowest pitch. The three higher pitches fall near the 3rd, 5th, and 7th harmonics for a 22 cm closed pipe. A video of this remarkable feat is provided (Ruiz 2016 YouTube: Four Resonances with a 12-ounce Soda Bottle (https://youtu.be/ibtVrp2NF_k)). The video also reveals that a flutist can bend resonance pitches by as much as 10% through control of air speed.

Goldstrike Mine, Nevada

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-05-15

This image from NASA Terra spacecraft shows Goldstrike in northeast Nevada, the largest gold mine in North America. The mine complex, (including the Betze-Post-Screamer open-pit, and Meikle and Rodeo underground mines) is owned and operated by the world's largest gold mining company, Barrick Gold. Gold occurs as microscopically fine grains, with an average grade of 0.1 ounces per ton of ore. Estimates of reserves are as high as 35 million ounces of gold. The image was acquired September 25, 2010, covers an area of 15 by 15 km, and is located at 41 degrees north, 116.4 degrees west. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21665

Grab a Cup, Fill It Up! An Intervention to Promote the Convenience of Drinking Water and Increase Student Water Consumption During School Lunch.

PubMed

Kenney, Erica L; Gortmaker, Steven L; Carter, Jill E; Howe, M Caitlin W; Reiner, Jennifer F; Cradock, Angie L

2015-09-01

We evaluated a low-cost strategy for schools to improve the convenience and appeal of drinking water. We conducted a group-randomized, controlled trial in 10 Boston, Massachusetts, schools in April through June 2013 to test a cafeteria-based intervention. Signage promoting water and disposable cups were installed near water sources. Mixed linear regression models adjusting for clustering evaluated the intervention impact on average student water consumption over 359 lunch periods. The percentage of students in intervention schools observed drinking water during lunch nearly doubled from baseline to follow-up compared with controls (+ 9.4%; P < .001). The intervention was associated with a 0.58-ounce increase in water intake across all students (P < .001). Without cups, children were observed drinking 2.4 (SE = 0.08) ounces of water from fountains; with cups, 5.2 (SE = 0.2) ounces. The percentage of intervention students observed with sugar-sweetened beverages declined (-3.3%; P < .005). The current default of providing water through drinking fountains in cafeterias results in low water consumption. This study shows that an inexpensive intervention to improve drinking water's convenience by providing cups can increase student water consumption.

Grab a Cup, Fill It Up! An Intervention to Promote the Convenience of Drinking Water and Increase Student Water Consumption During School Lunch

PubMed Central

Gortmaker, Steven L.; Carter, Jill E.; Howe, M. Caitlin W.; Reiner, Jennifer F.; Cradock, Angie L.

2015-01-01

Objectives. We evaluated a low-cost strategy for schools to improve the convenience and appeal of drinking water. Methods. We conducted a group-randomized, controlled trial in 10 Boston, Massachusetts, schools in April through June 2013 to test a cafeteria-based intervention. Signage promoting water and disposable cups were installed near water sources. Mixed linear regression models adjusting for clustering evaluated the intervention impact on average student water consumption over 359 lunch periods. Results. The percentage of students in intervention schools observed drinking water during lunch nearly doubled from baseline to follow-up compared with controls (+9.4%; P < .001). The intervention was associated with a 0.58-ounce increase in water intake across all students (P < .001). Without cups, children were observed drinking 2.4 (SE = 0.08) ounces of water from fountains; with cups, 5.2 (SE = 0.2) ounces. The percentage of intervention students observed with sugar-sweetened beverages declined (–3.3%; P < .005). Conclusions. The current default of providing water through drinking fountains in cafeterias results in low water consumption. This study shows that an inexpensive intervention to improve drinking water’s convenience by providing cups can increase student water consumption. PMID:26180950

Feasibility and acceptability of an early childhood obesity prevention intervention: results from the healthy homes, healthy families pilot study.

PubMed

Keita, Akilah Dulin; Risica, Patricia M; Drenner, Kelli L; Adams, Ingrid; Gorham, Gemma; Gans, Kim M

2014-01-01

This study examined the feasibility and acceptability of a home-based early childhood obesity prevention intervention designed to empower low-income racially/ethnically diverse parents to modify their children's health behaviors. We used a prospective design with pre-/posttest evaluation of 50 parent-child pairs (children aged 2 to 5 years) to examine potential changes in dietary, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors among children at baseline and four-month follow-up. 39 (78%) parent-child pairs completed evaluation data at 4-month follow-up. Vegetable intake among children significantly increased at follow-up (0.54 cups at 4 months compared to 0.28 cups at baseline, P = 0.001) and ounces of fruit juice decreased at follow-up (11.9 ounces at 4 months compared to 16.0 ounces at baseline, P = 0.036). Sedentary behaviors also improved. Children significantly decreased time spent watching TV on weekdays (P < 0.01) and also reduced weekend TV time. In addition, the number of homes with TV sets in the child's bedroom also decreased (P < 0.0013). The findings indicate that a home-based early childhood obesity prevention intervention is feasible, acceptable and demonstrates short-term effects on dietary and sedentary behaviors of low-income racially/ethnically diverse children.

Treating Vomiting

MedlinePlus

... those descibed below. Estimated Oral Fluid and Electrolyte Requirements by Body Weight Body Weight (in pounds) Minimum Daily Fluid Requirements (in ounces)* Electrolyte Solution Requirements for Mild Diarrhea ( ...

Orlistat

MedlinePlus

... you buy. When eating meat, poultry (chicken) or fish, eat only 2 or 3 ounces (55 or ... call your doctor immediately: hives rash itching difficulty breathing or swallowing severe or continuous stomach pain excessive ...

Anemia

MedlinePlus

... sources of iron include lean meat and chicken, dark, leafy vegetables, and beans. Eat and drink foods ... serving) Canned white beans (8 milligrams per cup) Dark chocolate (7 milligrams per 3-ounce serving) Beef ...

Cranberry

MedlinePlus

... protect against bacteria, as 20 ounces of cranberry juice. A 2012 research review of 13 clinical trials ... review of 24 clinical trials concluded that cranberry juice and supplements don’t prevent UTIs but many ...

Polyethylene Glycol 3350

MedlinePlus

... is in a class of medications called osmotic laxatives. It works by causing water to be retained ... 8 ounces (240 milliliters) of water, juice, soda, coffee, or tea. Stir to dissolve the powder. Drink ...

21 CFR 155.194 - Catsup.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...). (ii) The liquid derived from mature tomatoes of the red or reddish varieties Lycopersicum esculentum P... individual serving-size packages containing 56.7 grams (2 ounces) or less. (2) Determine compliance as...

21 CFR 155.194 - Catsup.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...). (ii) The liquid derived from mature tomatoes of the red or reddish varieties Lycopersicum esculentum P... individual serving-size packages containing 56.7 grams (2 ounces) or less. (2) Determine compliance as...

21 CFR 155.194 - Catsup.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...). (ii) The liquid derived from mature tomatoes of the red or reddish varieties Lycopersicum esculentum P... individual serving-size packages containing 56.7 grams (2 ounces) or less. (2) Determine compliance as...

21 CFR 155.194 - Catsup.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...). (ii) The liquid derived from mature tomatoes of the red or reddish varieties Lycopersicum esculentum P... individual serving-size packages containing 56.7 grams (2 ounces) or less. (2) Determine compliance as...

31 CFR 594.509 - Transactions related to mail authorized.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY GLOBAL TERRORISM SANCTIONS... communications not involving a transfer of anything of value and not exceeding 12 ounces in weight. ...

Diet-boosting foods

MedlinePlus

... heart-healthy fat. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommends eating at least one 8-ounce ( ... Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture website. 2015 - 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th ...

Potassium and Your CKD Diet

MedlinePlus

... ¼ whole) Artichoke Chocolate (1.5-2 ounces) Banana (½ whole) Bamboo Shoots Granola Cantaloupe Baked Beans ... Sweet Potatoes, Carrots, Beets, Winter Squash, and Rutabagas: Peel and place the vegetable in cold water so ...

Cabozantinib (thyroid cancer)

MedlinePlus

... a full glass (8 ounces, 240 mL) of water. Do not open them.Your doctor may decrease your dose of cabozantinib (Cometriq) or permanently or temporarily stop your treatment if you experience serious side effects. Be sure ...

Women and Alcohol

MedlinePlus

... about 5 percent alcohol content »» 5 ounces of wine with about 12 percent alcohol content »» 1.5 ... large cup of beer, an overpoured glass of wine, or a single mixed drink could contain much ...

Healthy Lifestyle: Children's Health

MedlinePlus

... boys at various ages, based on the latest Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Consider these nutrient-dense foods: Protein. ... cups Grains 6-10 ounces Dairy 3 cups Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015-2020. U.S. Department of Health ...

All about Carbohydrate Counting

MedlinePlus

... barley, bulgur, couscous, • fruit (canned, dried, grits, kasha, pasta, and fresh, and frozen) and rice fruit juice • ... ½ cup banana: 1 extra small (4 ounces) pasta or rice (cooked): ⅓ cup bread: 1 slice ( ...

A penny-per-ounce tax on sugar-sweetened beverages would cut health and cost burdens of diabetes.

PubMed

Wang, Y Claire; Coxson, Pamela; Shen, Yu-Ming; Goldman, Lee; Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten

2012-01-01

Sugar-sweetened beverages are a major contributor to the US obesity and diabetes epidemics. Using the Coronary Heart Disease Policy Model, we examined the potential impact on health and health spending of a nationwide penny-per-ounce excise tax on these beverages. We found that the tax would reduce consumption of these beverages by 15 percent among adults ages 25-64. Over the period 2010-20, the tax was estimated to prevent 2.4 million diabetes person-years, 95,000 coronary heart events, 8,000 strokes, and 26,000 premature deaths, while avoiding more than $17 billion in medical costs. In addition to generating approximately $13 billion in annual tax revenue, a modest tax on sugar-sweetened beverages could reduce the adverse health and cost burdens of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

Protective Face Mask

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1981-01-01

Mask to protect the physically impaired from injuries to the face and head has been developed by Langley Research Center. It is made of composite materials, usually graphite or boron fibers woven into a matrix. Weighs less than three ounces.

Etidronate

MedlinePlus

... the skeleton) in people who have had total hip replacement surgery (surgery to replace the hip joint with an artificial joint) or in people ... 8 ounces [180 to 240 mL]) of plain water while you are sitting or standing. Sit or ...

Diabetes and Nutrition

MedlinePlus

... not include cream, yogurt or cheese) 1 cup milk 12 grams carbohydrates and 8 grams protein Meat 1 ounce meat, fish, poultry, cheese or yogurt 1/2 cup dried beans Fat (includes nuts, seeds and small amounts of bacon ...

21 CFR 145.145 - Canned grapefruit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... red-fleshed grapefruit and are in the following forms of units: Whole sections or broken sections..., and pieces of peel. (ii) The finished food contains per 500 grams (17.6 ounces) not more than: (a) An...

21 CFR 145.145 - Canned grapefruit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... red-fleshed grapefruit and are in the following forms of units: Whole sections or broken sections..., and pieces of peel. (ii) The finished food contains per 500 grams (17.6 ounces) not more than: (a) An...

21 CFR 145.145 - Canned grapefruit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... red-fleshed grapefruit and are in the following forms of units: Whole sections or broken sections..., and pieces of peel. (ii) The finished food contains per 500 grams (17.6 ounces) not more than: (a) An...

21 CFR 524.900 - Famphur.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... used as a pour-on formulation for the control of cattle grubs and to reduce cattle lice infestations... ounces, applied from the shoulder to the tail head as a single treatment. It is applied as soon as...

21 CFR 524.900 - Famphur.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... used as a pour-on formulation for the control of cattle grubs and to reduce cattle lice infestations... ounces, applied from the shoulder to the tail head as a single treatment. It is applied as soon as...

21 CFR 524.900 - Famphur.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... used as a pour-on formulation for the control of cattle grubs and to reduce cattle lice infestations... ounces, applied from the shoulder to the tail head as a single treatment. It is applied as soon as...

What type of drinker are you?

MedlinePlus

... beer, one 5-ounce (148 mL) glass of wine, 1 wine cooler, 1 cocktail, or 1 shot of hard ... this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial ...

27 CFR 20.92 - Samples.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... made with S.D.A. Formula No. 39-C and containing an essential oil, the manufacturer shall submit a 0.5-ounce sample of the essential oil used in the article. The appropriate TTB officer may also require the...

27 CFR 20.92 - Samples.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... made with S.D.A. Formula No. 39-C and containing an essential oil, the manufacturer shall submit a 0.5-ounce sample of the essential oil used in the article. The appropriate TTB officer may also require the...

27 CFR 20.92 - Samples.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... made with S.D.A. Formula No. 39-C and containing an essential oil, the manufacturer shall submit a 0.5-ounce sample of the essential oil used in the article. The appropriate TTB officer may also require the...

27 CFR 20.92 - Samples.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... made with S.D.A. Formula No. 39-C and containing an essential oil, the manufacturer shall submit a 0.5-ounce sample of the essential oil used in the article. The appropriate TTB officer may also require the...

Dietary Guidelines for Adults Starting on Hemodialysis

MedlinePlus

... fish are rich in heart-healthy “omega-3” fats. Tuna and salmon (rinsed or canned without salt) and shellfish are excellent heart healthy protein choices. Snack/Dessert Milk, 4 ounces Slice of apple pie This meal ...

27 CFR 20.92 - Samples.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... made with S.D.A. Formula No. 39-C and containing an essential oil, the manufacturer shall submit a 0.5-ounce sample of the essential oil used in the article. The appropriate TTB officer may also require the...

The effect of proportional v. value pricing on fountain drink purchases: results from a field experiment.

PubMed

Gollust, Sarah E; Tang, Xuyang; Runge, Carlisle Ford; French, Simone A; Rothman, Alexander J

2018-05-15

Reducing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is a public health priority, yet finding an effective and acceptable policy intervention is challenging. One strategy is to use proportional pricing (a consistent price per fluid ounce) instead of the typical value-priced approach where large beverages offer better value. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether proportional pricing affects the purchasing of fountain beverages at a university cinema concession stand. Four price strategies for beverages were evaluated over ten weekends of film screenings. We manipulated two factors: the price structure (value pricing v. proportional pricing) and the provision of information about the price per fluid ounce (labels v. no labels). The key outcomes were the number and size of beverages purchased. We analysed data using regression analyses, with standard errors clustered by film and controlling for the day and time of purchase. A university cinema concession stand in Minnesota, USA, in spring 2015. University students. Over the study period (360 beverages purchased) there were no significant effects of the proportional pricing treatment. Pairing a label with the standard value pricing increased the likelihood of purchasing large drinks but the label did not affect purchasing when paired with proportional pricing. Proportional prices did not significantly affect the size of beverages purchased by students at a university cinema, but adding a price-per-ounce label increased large drink purchases when drinks were value-priced. More work is needed to address whether pricing and labelling strategies might promote healthier beverage purchases.

By Ounce or By Calorie: The Differential Effects of Alternative Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax Strategies

PubMed Central

Zhen, Chen; Brissette, Ian F.; Ruff, Ryan R.

2014-01-01

The obesity epidemic and excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages have led to proposals of economics-based interventions to promote healthy eating in the United States. Targeted food and beverage taxes and subsidies are prominent examples of such potential intervention strategies. This paper examines the differential effects of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages by calories and by ounces on beverage demand. To properly measure the extent of substitution and complementarity between beverage products, we developed a fully modified distance metric model of differentiated product demand that endogenizes the cross-price effects. We illustrated the proposed methodology in a linear approximate almost ideal demand system, although other flexible demand systems can also be used. In the empirical application using supermarket scanner data, the product-level demand model consists of 178 beverage products with combined market share of over 90%. The novel demand model outperformed the conventional distance metric model in non-nested model comparison tests and in terms of the economic significance of model predictions. In the fully modified model, a calorie-based beverage tax was estimated to cost $1.40 less in compensating variation than an ounce-based tax per 3,500 beverage calories reduced. This difference in welfare cost estimates between two tax strategies is more than three times as much as the difference estimated by the conventional distance metric model. If applied to products purchased from all sources, a 0.04-cent per kcal tax on sugar-sweetened beverages is predicted to reduce annual per capita beverage intake by 5,800 kcal. PMID:25414517

9 CFR 381.158 - Poultry dinners (frozen) and pies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... including bone and breading may be used in lieu of minimum 18 percent or 2 ounces of cooked deboned poultry meat and the cooked poultry including bone and breading shall not contain more than 30 percent breading. ...

9 CFR 381.158 - Poultry dinners (frozen) and pies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... including bone and breading may be used in lieu of minimum 18 percent or 2 ounces of cooked deboned poultry meat and the cooked poultry including bone and breading shall not contain more than 30 percent breading. ...

9 CFR 381.158 - Poultry dinners (frozen) and pies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... including bone and breading may be used in lieu of minimum 18 percent or 2 ounces of cooked deboned poultry meat and the cooked poultry including bone and breading shall not contain more than 30 percent breading. ...

9 CFR 381.158 - Poultry dinners (frozen) and pies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... including bone and breading may be used in lieu of minimum 18 percent or 2 ounces of cooked deboned poultry meat and the cooked poultry including bone and breading shall not contain more than 30 percent breading. ...

9 CFR 381.158 - Poultry dinners (frozen) and pies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... including bone and breading may be used in lieu of minimum 18 percent or 2 ounces of cooked deboned poultry meat and the cooked poultry including bone and breading shall not contain more than 30 percent breading. ...

Portion size

MedlinePlus

... a deck of cards One 3-ounce (84 grams) serving of fish is a checkbook One-half cup (40 grams) of ice cream is a tennis ball One ... cheese is six dice One-half cup (80 grams) of cooked rice, pasta, or snacks such as ...

21 CFR 520.2520g - Trichlorfon, phenothiazine, and piperazine dihydrochloride powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...) Specifications. Each 54.10 grams (1.91 ounces) of water dispersible powder contains 9.10 grams of trichlorfon, 6.25 grams of phenothiazine, and the equivalent of 20.0 grams of piperazine base (as piperazine...

21 CFR 520.2520g - Trichlorfon, phenothiazine, and piperazine dihydrochloride powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...) Specifications. Each 54.10 grams (1.91 ounces) of water dispersible powder contains 9.10 grams of trichlorfon, 6.25 grams of phenothiazine, and the equivalent of 20.0 grams of piperazine base (as piperazine...

With Protein Foods, Variety Is Key: 10 Tips for Choosing Protein

MedlinePlus

... or seeds can be considered as 1 ounce-equivalent from the Protein Foods Group. Revised January 2016 ... Us Advanced Search Help Search Tips Privacy Policy Non-Discrimination Statement Information Quality USA.gov WhiteHouse.gov

46 CFR 160.061-2 - Requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... feathers, blade length 13/32 inches, width 15/32 inch, weight 1/20 ounce, polished copper finish 1 ea. 13 Lure, spoon, removable No. 5/0 hook, yellow feathers, blade length 3 inches, width 7/8 inch, weight 2/5...

46 CFR 160.061-2 - Requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... feathers, blade length 13/32 inches, width 15/32 inch, weight 1/20 ounce, polished copper finish 1 ea. 13 Lure, spoon, removable No. 5/0 hook, yellow feathers, blade length 3 inches, width 7/8 inch, weight 2/5...

46 CFR 160.061-2 - Requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... feathers, blade length 13/32 inches, width 15/32 inch, weight 1/20 ounce, polished copper finish 1 ea. 13 Lure, spoon, removable No. 5/0 hook, yellow feathers, blade length 3 inches, width 7/8 inch, weight 2/5...

Weight loss and alcohol

MedlinePlus

... of wine 1.5 ounces (45 mL, or one shot) of hard liquor The sizes of alcoholic drinks at a restaurant or bar are often larger than the standard amounts listed above. In some cases, 1 drink may actually have 2 or more servings ...

Blood Donation

MedlinePlus

... a healthy meal before your donation. Avoid fatty foods, such as hamburgers, french fries or ice cream before donating. Tests for infections done on all donated blood can be affected by fats that appear in your ... eating fatty foods. Drink an extra 16 ounces (473 milliliters) of ...

21 CFR 524.1742 - N-(Mercaptomethyl) phthalimide S-(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) emulsifiable liquid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... too foul for satisfactory use as indicated by foul odor or excessive darkening (i.e., color changes... product while stirring. Apply 1 ounce of the diluted mixture per 100 pounds of body weight (to a maximum...

Diet - chronic kidney disease

MedlinePlus

... you will need to eat more protein. A high-protein diet with fish, poultry, pork, or eggs at every meal may be recommended. People on dialysis should eat 8 to 10 ounces (225 to 280 grams) of high-protein foods each day. Your provider or dietitian ...

21 CFR 524.1662a - Oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone spray.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone... NEW ANIMAL DRUGS § 524.1662a Oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone spray. (a) Specifications. Each 3-ounce unit of oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone spray contains 300...

21 CFR 524.1662a - Oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone spray.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone... NEW ANIMAL DRUGS § 524.1662a Oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone spray. (a) Specifications. Each 3-ounce unit of oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone spray contains 300...

21 CFR 524.1662a - Oxytetracycline and hydrocortisone spray.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Oxytetracycline and hydrocortisone spray. 524... ANIMAL DRUGS § 524.1662a Oxytetracycline and hydrocortisone spray. (a) Specifications. Each 3-ounce unit of oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone spray contains 300 milligrams of oxytetracycline...

21 CFR 524.1662a - Oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone spray.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone... NEW ANIMAL DRUGS § 524.1662a Oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone spray. (a) Specifications. Each 3-ounce unit of oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone spray contains 300...

An Ounce of Prevention: Sexual Harassment Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Limback, E. Rebecca; Bland, Zinna

1995-01-01

To prevent sexual harassment, schools should have a written policy and should educate students about it. Suggested teaching activities include using current court cases, examining and refining school policy, roleplaying on video, inviting speakers, and using an "Is This Sexual Harassment?" questionnaire describing various behaviors. (SK)

21 CFR 524.1662a - Oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone spray.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone... NEW ANIMAL DRUGS § 524.1662a Oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone spray. (a) Specifications. Each 3-ounce unit of oxytetracycline hydrochloride and hydrocortisone spray contains 300...

Mesoridazine

MedlinePlus

... ounces (60 milliliters) of water, orange juice, or grape juice before taking it. If any of the juice gets on the dropper, rinse the dropper with tap water before replacing it in the bottle. Do not allow the liquid concentrate to touch your skin or clothing; it can irritate your skin. If ...

Randomized Controlled Trial of a Clinic-Based Intervention to Promote Healthy Beverage Consumption Among Latino Children.

PubMed

Beck, Amy L; Fernandez, Alicia; Rojina, Jenssy; Cabana, Michael

2017-08-01

The objective of this study was to evaluate an educational module for Latino parents about the health effects of sweet beverages. Latino parents were randomized to receive the beverage module or a control module. Child beverage consumption was assessed at baseline, 2 weeks, 2 months, and 3 months via a beverage recall survey. At 2-week follow-up, children of intervention participants had a mean reduction in 7-day total sugar-sweetened beverage and 100% fruit juice consumption of 16 ounces while controls had a mean increase of 4 ounces ( P = .01). At 2-month and 3-month follow-up, there was a reduction in mean total sugar-sweetened beverage and 100% fruit juice consumption among both intervention and control children. An educational module on beverages for Latino parents reduced child consumption of sweet beverages at 2-week follow-up. However, study participation appears to have also reduced controls' beverage consumption suggesting that frequent intensive surveys of beverage intake may be an intervention unto itself.

7 CFR 51.3416 - Classification of defects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... ring Internal Black Spot, Internal Discoloration, Vascular Browning, Fusarium Wilt, Net Necrosis, Other Necrosis, Stem End Browning 5% waste 10% waste. Occurring entirely within the vascular ring Hollow Heart or... diameter in a 10 ounce potato. 1 Internal Brown Spot and similar discoloration (Heat Necrosis) Not more...

7 CFR 51.3416 - Classification of defects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... ring Internal Black Spot, Internal Discoloration, Vascular Browning, Fusarium Wilt, Net Necrosis, Other Necrosis, Stem End Browning 5% waste 10% waste. Occurring entirely within the vascular ring Hollow Heart or... diameter in a 10 ounce potato. 1 Internal Brown Spot and similar discoloration (Heat Necrosis) Not more...

75 FR 4693 - New Postal Product

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-29

... Post Group exceed six times the rate for the first ounce of a First-Class Mail letter. Id., para. (e... Dominant Products 1000 Market Dominant Product List First-Class Mail Single-Piece Letters/Postcards Bulk Letters/Postcards Flats Parcels Outbound Single-Piece First-Class Mail International Inbound Single-Piece...

Passing It on: Lessons in Relationships

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wechsler, Nick

2005-01-01

Since 1982, the Ounce of Prevention Fund's network of Parents Too Soon (PTS) programs for teen parents throughout Illinois has supported communities, programs, and families through a mix of mechanisms: funding, program development, extensive training and support, and public policy advocacy. This article describes a qualitative view of how…

33 CFR 183.110 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... room means the compartment where a permanently installed gasoline or diesel engine is installed... boat is in its static floating position, except engine rooms. Connected means allowing a flow of water in excess of one-quarter ounce per hour from the engine room bilge into any other compartment with a...

[Relationship-Based Organizations].

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fenichel, Emily, Ed.

1996-01-01

The six articles in this newsletter theme issue focus on three successful infant/family organizations serving families with young children either at risk for a disability or having a disability: Southwest Human Development (Phoenix, Arizona); The Ounce of Prevention Fund (Chicago, Illinois); and New Horizons Center for Children and Families of…

21 CFR 520.1802a - Piperazine-carbon disulfide complex suspension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Piperazine-carbon disulfide complex suspension... § 520.1802a Piperazine-carbon disulfide complex suspension. (a) Specifications. Each fluid ounce of suspension contains 7.5 grams of piperazine-carbon disulfide complex. The piperazine-carbon disulfide complex...

21 CFR 558.348 - Mibolerone.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... being used primarily for breeding purposes. Use orally in adult female dogs only. Federal law restricts... canned dog food, each 61/2 ounce can containing 30 or 60 micrograms of mibolerone. (b) Conditions of use...) Indications for use. For the prevention of estrus (heat) in adult female dogs not intended primarily for...

21 CFR 558.348 - Mibolerone.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... being used primarily for breeding purposes. Use orally in adult female dogs only. Federal law restricts... canned dog food, each 61/2 ounce can containing 30 or 60 micrograms of mibolerone. (b) Conditions of use...) Indications for use. For the prevention of estrus (heat) in adult female dogs not intended primarily for...

21 CFR 558.348 - Mibolerone.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... being used primarily for breeding purposes. Use orally in adult female dogs only. Federal law restricts... canned dog food, each 61/2 ounce can containing 30 or 60 micrograms of mibolerone. (b) Conditions of use...) Indications for use. For the prevention of estrus (heat) in adult female dogs not intended primarily for...

21 CFR 558.348 - Mibolerone.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... being used primarily for breeding purposes. Use orally in adult female dogs only. Federal law restricts... canned dog food, each 61/2 ounce can containing 30 or 60 micrograms of mibolerone. (b) Conditions of use...) Indications for use. For the prevention of estrus (heat) in adult female dogs not intended primarily for...

75 FR 3988 - New Postal Product

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-26

... agreement may contain letters, the prices paid under the agreement are higher than six times the rate for the current price of a one-ounce, single-piece First-Class Mail letter. Id., para. (e). It also...--Market Dominant Products 1000 Market Dominant Product List First-Class Mail Single-Piece Letters...

21 CFR 558.348 - Mibolerone.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... being used primarily for breeding purposes. Use orally in adult female dogs only. Federal law restricts... canned dog food, each 61/2 ounce can containing 30 or 60 micrograms of mibolerone. (b) Conditions of use...) Indications for use. For the prevention of estrus (heat) in adult female dogs not intended primarily for...

An Ounce of Prevention

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sternbach, David

2004-01-01

The quality of students' lives can be greatly enhanced through music, and teachers know that musicians at all levels risk injury when they practice and perform. Overuse injuries are painful, disrupt progress, and can even permanently halt performing careers. Expert treatment can be difficult to find on short notice, especially when an injured…

78 FR 70080 - Market Dominant Price Adjustment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-22

... same level, and the free second-ounce continues for all presort First-Class Mail letters (Non... Customized Postage 3.175 Money Order 0.017 International Certificates of Mailing 5.48 Id. at 33-35. IV... does not seek to alter free rates (section 3627) or change the eligibility requirements for nonprofit...

An Ounce of Knowledge = a Pound of Deterrence: Preventing Sexual Harassment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shoop, Robert J.

1995-01-01

A "boilerplate" sexual harassment policy embedded in the district policy manual is insufficient. Schools need a comprehensive sexual harassment prevention program addressing authority, accountability, responsibility, and training. Since the vast majority of sexual harassment in schools is student-to-student, training efforts should not be limited…

10 CFR 26.109 - Urine specimen quantity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Urine specimen quantity. 26.109 Section 26.109 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS Collecting Specimens for Testing § 26.109 Urine... shall encourage the donor to drink a reasonable amount of liquid (normally, 8 ounces of water every 30...

10 CFR 26.109 - Urine specimen quantity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Urine specimen quantity. 26.109 Section 26.109 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS Collecting Specimens for Testing § 26.109 Urine... shall encourage the donor to drink a reasonable amount of liquid (normally, 8 ounces of water every 30...

10 CFR 26.109 - Urine specimen quantity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Urine specimen quantity. 26.109 Section 26.109 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS Collecting Specimens for Testing § 26.109 Urine... shall encourage the donor to drink a reasonable amount of liquid (normally, 8 ounces of water every 30...

21 CFR 520.1802a - Piperazine-carbon disulfide complex suspension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Piperazine-carbon disulfide complex suspension... § 520.1802a Piperazine-carbon disulfide complex suspension. (a) Specifications. Each fluid ounce of suspension contains 7.5 grams of piperazine-carbon disulfide complex. The piperazine-carbon disulfide complex...

16 CFR 1507.3 - Fuses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FEDERAL HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ACT REGULATIONS FIREWORKS DEVICES § 1507.3 Fuses. (a) Fireworks devices that require a fuse shall: (1) Utilize only a fuse that has been... it will support either the weight of the fireworks device plus 8 ounces of dead weight or double the...

21 CFR 145.170 - Canned peaches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 227 grams (8 ounces) of finished canned peaches. (v) Peach kernels, except in the cases of peeled... pale yellow to rich red orange. (b) White—the varietal types in which the predominant color ranges from white to yellow-white. (c) Red—the varietal types in which the predominant color ranges from pale yellow...

21 CFR 145.170 - Canned peaches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 227 grams (8 ounces) of finished canned peaches. (v) Peach kernels, except in the cases of peeled... pale yellow to rich red orange. (b) White—the varietal types in which the predominant color ranges from white to yellow-white. (c) Red—the varietal types in which the predominant color ranges from pale yellow...

21 CFR 145.170 - Canned peaches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 227 grams (8 ounces) of finished canned peaches. (v) Peach kernels, except in the cases of peeled... pale yellow to rich red orange. (b) White—the varietal types in which the predominant color ranges from white to yellow-white. (c) Red—the varietal types in which the predominant color ranges from pale yellow...

21 CFR 145.170 - Canned peaches.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 227 grams (8 ounces) of finished canned peaches. (v) Peach kernels, except in the cases of peeled... pale yellow to rich red orange. (b) White—the varietal types in which the predominant color ranges from white to yellow-white. (c) Red—the varietal types in which the predominant color ranges from pale yellow...

9 CFR 317.363 - Nutrient content claims for “healthy.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... more than 60 milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per reference amount customarily consumed, per labeled... than 12 ounces (oz) per serving (container), shall not contain more than 90 mg of cholesterol per labeled serving size; and (ii) Single-ingredient, raw products may meet the cholesterol criterion for...

9 CFR 317.363 - Nutrient content claims for “healthy.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... more than 60 milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per reference amount customarily consumed, per labeled... than 12 ounces (oz) per serving (container), shall not contain more than 90 mg of cholesterol per labeled serving size; and (ii) Single-ingredient, raw products may meet the cholesterol criterion for...

9 CFR 317.363 - Nutrient content claims for “healthy.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... more than 60 milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per reference amount customarily consumed, per labeled... than 12 ounces (oz) per serving (container), shall not contain more than 90 mg of cholesterol per labeled serving size; and (ii) Single-ingredient, raw products may meet the cholesterol criterion for...

14 CFR 101.22 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES MOORED BALLOONS, KITES, AMATEUR ROCKETS AND UNMANNED FREE BALLOONS Amateur Rockets § 101.22 Definitions. The following definitions apply to this subpart: (a) Class 1—Model Rocket means an amateur rocket that: (1) Uses no more than 125 grams (4.4 ounces) of propellant; (2) Uses a...

14 CFR 101.22 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES MOORED BALLOONS, KITES, AMATEUR ROCKETS AND UNMANNED FREE BALLOONS Amateur Rockets § 101.22 Definitions. The following definitions apply to this subpart: (a) Class 1—Model Rocket means an amateur rocket that: (1) Uses no more than 125 grams (4.4 ounces) of propellant; (2) Uses a...

14 CFR 101.22 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES MOORED BALLOONS, KITES, AMATEUR ROCKETS AND UNMANNED FREE BALLOONS Amateur Rockets § 101.22 Definitions. The following definitions apply to this subpart: (a) Class 1—Model Rocket means an amateur rocket that: (1) Uses no more than 125 grams (4.4 ounces) of propellant; (2) Uses a...

14 CFR 101.22 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES MOORED BALLOONS, KITES, AMATEUR ROCKETS AND UNMANNED FREE BALLOONS Amateur Rockets § 101.22 Definitions. The following definitions apply to this subpart: (a) Class 1—Model Rocket means an amateur rocket that: (1) Uses no more than 125 grams (4.4 ounces) of propellant; (2) Uses a...

14 CFR 101.22 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES MOORED BALLOONS, KITES, AMATEUR ROCKETS AND UNMANNED FREE BALLOONS Amateur Rockets § 101.22 Definitions. The following definitions apply to this subpart: (a) Class 1—Model Rocket means an amateur rocket that: (1) Uses no more than 125 grams (4.4 ounces) of propellant; (2) Uses a...

Strategies for Learners with Special Needs in Health Occupations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Missouri Univ., Columbia. Missouri LINC.

This Vocational Instructional Management System (VIMS) module illustrates instructional and cognitive strategies that can be used to teach special needs students vocational competencies in three areas of health occupations: (1) identification of pulse sites; (2) taking a radial pulse; and (3) converting ounces to cubic centimeters (cc). Three…

7 CFR 52.812 - Score sheet for frozen red tart pitted cherries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... UNDER THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ACT OF 1946 AND THE EGG PRODUCTS INSPECTION ACT PROCESSED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, PROCESSED PRODUCTS THEREOF, AND CERTAIN OTHER PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS 1 United States Standards... of fruit to sugar, etc., if shown) Net weight (ounces) Size 1 Factor Score points Color 30 (A) 27-30...

7 CFR 52.812 - Score sheet for frozen red tart pitted cherries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... UNDER THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ACT OF 1946 AND THE EGG PRODUCTS INSPECTION ACT PROCESSED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, PROCESSED PRODUCTS THEREOF, AND CERTAIN OTHER PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS 1 United States Standards... of fruit to sugar, etc., if shown) Net weight (ounces) Size 1 Factor Score points Color 30 (A) 27-30...

49 CFR 175.25 - Notification at air passenger facilities of hazardous materials restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... radio-pharmaceuticals. (2) There are special exceptions for small quantities (up to 70 ounces total) of... the Internet or phone) or when completed at the airport, with or without assistance from another... check-in process is conducted remotely (e.g., via the Internet or phone) or when completed at the...

49 CFR 175.25 - Notification at air passenger facilities of hazardous materials restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... radio-pharmaceuticals. (2) There are special exceptions for small quantities (up to 70 ounces total) of... the Internet or phone) or when completed at the airport, with or without assistance from another... check-in process is conducted remotely (e.g., via the Internet or phone) or when completed at the...

49 CFR 175.25 - Notification at air passenger facilities of hazardous materials restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... radio-pharmaceuticals. (2) There are special exceptions for small quantities (up to 70 ounces total) of... the Internet or phone) or when completed at the airport, with or without assistance from another... check-in process is conducted remotely (e.g., via the Internet or phone) or when completed at the...

21 CFR 520.1802c - Piperazine-carbon disulfide complex with phenothiazine suspension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Piperazine-carbon disulfide complex with... ANIMAL DRUGS § 520.1802c Piperazine-carbon disulfide complex with phenothiazine suspension. (a) Specifications. Each fluid ounce contains 5 grams of piperazine-carbon disulfide complex and 0.83 gram of...

40 CFR 180.127 - Piperonyl butoxide; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... following food commodities: Commodity Parts per million Almond, postharvest 8 Apple, postharvest 8 Barley... cereal grain products, whereby the amount of piperonyl butoxide is at least equal to but not more than 10... piperonyl butoxide per ounce of fruit (0.10 milligram of piperonyl butoxide per gram of product). (E) In...

40 CFR 180.127 - Piperonyl butoxide; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... following food commodities: Commodity Parts per million Almond, postharvest 8 Apple, postharvest 8 Barley... cereal grain products, whereby the amount of piperonyl butoxide is at least equal to but not more than 10... piperonyl butoxide per ounce of fruit (0.10 milligram of piperonyl butoxide per gram of product). (E) In...

9 CFR 71.10 - Permitted disinfectants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., premises, and cages and other equipment are as follows: (1) “Cresylic disinfectant” in the proportion of at... the proportion of at least 6 fluid ounces to 1 gallon of water. (3) Chlorinated lime (U.S.P. strength, 30 percent available chlorine) in the proportion of 1 pound to 3 gallons of water. (4) Sodium...

9 CFR 71.10 - Permitted disinfectants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., premises, and cages and other equipment are as follows: (1) “Cresylic disinfectant” in the proportion of at... the proportion of at least 6 fluid ounces to 1 gallon of water. (3) Chlorinated lime (U.S.P. strength, 30 percent available chlorine) in the proportion of 1 pound to 3 gallons of water. (4) Sodium...

9 CFR 71.10 - Permitted disinfectants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., premises, and cages and other equipment are as follows: (1) “Cresylic disinfectant” in the proportion of at... the proportion of at least 6 fluid ounces to 1 gallon of water. (3) Chlorinated lime (U.S.P. strength, 30 percent available chlorine) in the proportion of 1 pound to 3 gallons of water. (4) Sodium...

9 CFR 71.10 - Permitted disinfectants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., premises, and cages and other equipment are as follows: (1) “Cresylic disinfectant” in the proportion of at... the proportion of at least 6 fluid ounces to 1 gallon of water. (3) Chlorinated lime (U.S.P. strength, 30 percent available chlorine) in the proportion of 1 pound to 3 gallons of water. (4) Sodium...

9 CFR 71.10 - Permitted disinfectants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., premises, and cages and other equipment are as follows: (1) “Cresylic disinfectant” in the proportion of at... the proportion of at least 6 fluid ounces to 1 gallon of water. (3) Chlorinated lime (U.S.P. strength, 30 percent available chlorine) in the proportion of 1 pound to 3 gallons of water. (4) Sodium...

Military Potential Test of Elapsed-Time Indicator, P/N 85986X

DTIC Science & Technology

1967-06-13

consisting basically of an electrolytic mercury cell, an accutron-quality mercury battery, and a pressure switch . The unit weighs 1. 687 ounces. Installed, it...orientation from 18 inches’ distance. The test item is actuated by a pressure switch which senses an actuating pressure of 40 t 5 pounds per square inch

Ounce of Prevention Keeps the Germs Away: Seven Keys to a Safer Healthier Home

MedlinePlus

... while rinsing. SEPARATE: Don’t cross-contaminate one food with another Cross-contamination occurs when bacteria spread from a food to ... a surface to another food . . . or from one food to another. You’re helping to prevent cross-contamination when you: • Separate raw meat, poultry, seafood and ...

75 FR 70132 - New Incentive Programs and Other Changes for Domestic Mailing Services

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-17

... pieces that are part of full-service Intelligent Mail [supreg] automation mailings entered at PostalOne... conditions. Reply pieces must bear an Intelligent Mail barcode as of May 1, 2011. This new program provides... time of mailing, mailers pay the applicable 2-ounce price for these pieces. All commercial (presorted...

21 CFR 169.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... part: (a) The term vanilla beans means the properly cured and dried fruit pods of Vanilla planifolia Andrews and of Vanilla tahitensis Moore. (b) The term unit weight of vanilla beans means, in the case of vanilla beans containing not more than 25 percent moisture, 13.35 ounces of such beans; and, in the case...

21 CFR 169.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... part: (a) The term vanilla beans means the properly cured and dried fruit pods of Vanilla planifolia Andrews and of Vanilla tahitensis Moore. (b) The term unit weight of vanilla beans means, in the case of vanilla beans containing not more than 25 percent moisture, 13.35 ounces of such beans; and, in the case...

21 CFR 169.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... part: (a) The term vanilla beans means the properly cured and dried fruit pods of Vanilla planifolia Andrews and of Vanilla tahitensis Moore. (b) The term unit weight of vanilla beans means, in the case of vanilla beans containing not more than 25 percent moisture, 13.35 ounces of such beans; and, in the case...

21 CFR 169.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... part: (a) The term vanilla beans means the properly cured and dried fruit pods of Vanilla planifolia Andrews and of Vanilla tahitensis Moore. (b) The term unit weight of vanilla beans means, in the case of vanilla beans containing not more than 25 percent moisture, 13.35 ounces of such beans; and, in the case...

Get a Move On!

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dekens, Rebecca

2006-01-01

In this article, the author relates how she became concerned about the eating habits of her students. She found out that some of her students would come with a medium-sized bag of cheese curls and a 16-ounce soda. To help her students understand the benefits of healthy lifestyle, she incorporated several exercises in her classroom techniques.

An Ounce of Prevention: The Benefits of an HR Audit

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Seals, Brenda

2011-01-01

During her 13 years leading a school district human resources office, the author came to recognize that managing human capital is much more than recruiting, hiring, managing personnel records, and handling performance issues. In addition to implementing initiatives to increase the efficiency with which HR officers and staff perform those tasks,…

27 CFR 21.42 - Formula No. 17.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... chemicals. (3) Miscellaneous uses: 812.Product development and pilot plant uses (own use only). ... and Authorized Uses § 21.42 Formula No. 17. (a) Formula. To every 100 gallons of alcohol add: Five-hundredths (0.05) gallon (6.4 fluid ounces) of bone oil (Dipple's oil). (b) Authorized uses. (1) As a solvent...

27 CFR 21.42 - Formula No. 17.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... chemicals. (3) Miscellaneous uses: 812.Product development and pilot plant uses (own use only). ... and Authorized Uses § 21.42 Formula No. 17. (a) Formula. To every 100 gallons of alcohol add: Five-hundredths (0.05) gallon (6.4 fluid ounces) of bone oil (Dipple's oil). (b) Authorized uses. (1) As a solvent...

21 CFR 156.145 - Tomato juice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... be applied by any method which does not add water thereto. Such juice is strained free from peel... most nearly matches the appearance of the tomato juice. (ii) Not more than two defects for peel and..., defined as follows, per 500 milliliters (16.9 fluid ounces): (a) Pieces of peel 3.2 millimeters (0.125...

78 FR 39067 - National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program: Nutrition Standards for All Foods...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-28

... the exception of naturally occurring trace amounts. Allowable beverages for high school students are... more than 12 ounces. Also allowed in high schools are calorie-free, flavored and/or carbonated water... supports the availability of more nutritious products and is consistent with the IOM recommendation and the...

40 CFR 60.4141 - Timing requirements for Hg allowance allocations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the applicable control period is in 2018, the Administrator will assume that the allocations equal the...,000 ounces/ton) of Hg emissions in the applicable State trading budget under § 60.4140 for 2018 and... period is in 2018, the Administrator will assume that the allocations equal the allocations for the...

40 CFR 60.4141 - Timing requirements for Hg allowance allocations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the applicable control period is in 2018, the Administrator will assume that the allocations equal the...,000 ounces/ton) of Hg emissions in the applicable State trading budget under § 60.4140 for 2018 and... period is in 2018, the Administrator will assume that the allocations equal the allocations for the...

21 CFR 520.905d - Fenbendazole powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Fenbendazole powder. 520.905d Section 520.905d... DRUGS, FEEDS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS ORAL DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS § 520.905d Fenbendazole powder. (a) Specifications. (1) Each 2-ounce packet contains 2.27 grams (4 percent) of fenbendazole plus other inert...

Exercise and Fluid Balance Update

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schlicht, Jeff

2005-01-01

One common piece of advice that exercise professionals give their clients is to drink water before, during, and after exercise. During exercise people can lose as much as three liters of water per hour (about 100 ounces) through sweat. Dehydration alters normal sweat patterns, which can lead to an increased core body temperature. Since most of the…

21 CFR 520.1802c - Piperazine-carbon disulfide complex with phenothiazine suspension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 6 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Piperazine-carbon disulfide complex with... ANIMAL DRUGS § 520.1802c Piperazine-carbon disulfide complex with phenothiazine suspension. (a) Specifications. Each fluid ounce contains 5 grams of piperazine-carbon disulfide complex and 0.83 gram of...

21 CFR 169.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... part: (a) The term vanilla beans means the properly cured and dried fruit pods of Vanilla planifolia Andrews and of Vanilla tahitensis Moore. (b) The term unit weight of vanilla beans means, in the case of vanilla beans containing not more than 25 percent moisture, 13.35 ounces of such beans; and, in the case...

Effects of Self-Monitoring and Recruiting Teacher Attention on Pre-Vocational Skills

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rouse, Christina A.; Everhart-Sherwood, Julie M.; Alber-Morgan, Sheila R.

2014-01-01

This study examined the effects of teaching self-monitoring and recruiting teacher attention on the acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of pre-vocational tasks by two sixth grade boys with moderate to severe intellectual disability. While completing pre-vocational tasks (e.g., sorting hangers by size, weighing amounts in ounces), the…

An Ounce of Prevention Is Worth a Pound of Metal Detectors.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lantieri, Linda

2001-01-01

Many schools have responded to incidences of school violence by installing elaborate security hardware. This article focuses on a school that took a different approach. Students and staff at Chugiak High School chose to wage peace in the school and worked to reclaim their school as nonviolent, caring community. (BF)

21 CFR 131.130 - Evaporated milk.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... added vitamin D as prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section. It is homogenized. It is sealed in a container and so processed by heat, either before or after sealing, as to prevent spoilage. (b) Vitamin addition. (1) Vitamin D shall be present in such quantity that each fluid ounce of the food contains 25...

27 CFR 479.11 - Meaning of terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

.... Any other weapon. Any weapon or device capable of being concealed on the person from which a shot can...) missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce, (5) mine, or (6) similar... have a bore of more than one-half inch in diameter, except a shotgun or shotgun shell which the...

27 CFR 479.11 - Meaning of terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

.... Any other weapon. Any weapon or device capable of being concealed on the person from which a shot can...) missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce, (5) mine, or (6) similar... have a bore of more than one-half inch in diameter, except a shotgun or shotgun shell which the...

27 CFR 479.11 - Meaning of terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

.... Any other weapon. Any weapon or device capable of being concealed on the person from which a shot can...) missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce, (5) mine, or (6) similar... have a bore of more than one-half inch in diameter, except a shotgun or shotgun shell which the...

27 CFR 479.11 - Meaning of terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

.... Any other weapon. Any weapon or device capable of being concealed on the person from which a shot can...) missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce, (5) mine, or (6) similar... have a bore of more than one-half inch in diameter, except a shotgun or shotgun shell which the...

27 CFR 479.11 - Meaning of terms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

.... Any other weapon. Any weapon or device capable of being concealed on the person from which a shot can...) missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce, (5) mine, or (6) similar... have a bore of more than one-half inch in diameter, except a shotgun or shotgun shell which the...

9 CFR 381.463 - Nutrient content claims for “healthy.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per reference amount customarily consumed, per labeled serving size, and, only... ounces (oz) per serving (container), shall not contain more than 90 mg of cholesterol per labeled serving size; and (ii) Single-ingredient, raw products may meet the cholesterol criterion for “extra lean” in...

9 CFR 381.463 - Nutrient content claims for “healthy.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per reference amount customarily consumed, per labeled serving size, and, only... ounces (oz) per serving (container), shall not contain more than 90 mg of cholesterol per labeled serving size; and (ii) Single-ingredient, raw products may meet the cholesterol criterion for “extra lean” in...

9 CFR 381.463 - Nutrient content claims for “healthy.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per reference amount customarily consumed, per labeled serving size, and, only... ounces (oz) per serving (container), shall not contain more than 90 mg of cholesterol per labeled serving size; and (ii) Single-ingredient, raw products may meet the cholesterol criterion for “extra lean” in...

14 CFR 33.67 - Fuel system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... STANDARDS: AIRCRAFT ENGINES Design and Construction; Turbine Aircraft Engines § 33.67 Fuel system. (a) With... range with the fuel initially saturated with water at 80 °F (27 °C) and having 0.025 fluid ounces per gallon (0.20 milliliters per liter) of free water added and cooled to the most critical condition for...

What a speaker's choice of frame reveals: reference points, frame selection, and framing effects.

PubMed

McKenzie, Craig R M; Nelson, Jonathan D

2003-09-01

Framing effects are well established: Listeners' preferences depend on how outcomes are described to them, or framed. Less well understood is what determines how speakers choose frames. Two experiments revealed that reference points systematically influenced speakers' choices between logically equivalent frames. For example, speakers tended to describe a 4-ounce cup filled to the 2-ounce line as half full if it was previously empty but described it as half empty if it was previously full. Similar results were found when speakers could describe the outcome of a medical treatment in terms of either mortality or survival (e.g., 25% die vs. 75% survive). Two additional experiments showed that listeners made accurate inferences about speakers' reference points on the basis of the selected frame (e.g., if a speaker described a cup as half empty, listeners inferred that the cup used to be full). Taken together, the data suggest that frames reliably convey implicit information in addition to their explicit content, which helps explain why framing effects are so robust.

Wide Variability in Caloric Density of Expressed Human Milk Can Lead to Major Underestimation or Overestimation of Nutrient Content.

PubMed

Sauer, Charles W; Boutin, Mallory A; Kim, Jae H

2017-05-01

Very-low-birth-weight infants continue to face significant difficulties with postnatal growth. Human milk is the optimal form of nutrition for infants but may exhibit variation in nutrient content. This study aimed to perform macronutrient analysis on expressed human milk from mothers whose babies are hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit. Up to five human milk samples per participant were analyzed for protein, carbohydrate, and fat content using reference chemical analyses (Kjeldahl for protein, high pressure liquid chromatography for carbohydrates, and Mojonnier for fat). Calorie content was calculated. A total of 64 samples from 24 participants was analyzed. Wide variability was found in calorie, protein, carbohydrate, and fat composition. The authors found an average of 17.9 kcal/ounce, with only 34% of samples falling within 10% of the expected caloric density. The assumption that human milk contains 20 kcal/ounce is no longer supported based on this study. This supports promoting an individualized nutrition strategy as a crucial aspect to optimal nutrition.

Diary Data Subjected to Cluster Analysis of Intake/Output/Void Habits with Resulting Clusters Compared by Continence Status, Age, Race

PubMed Central

Miller, Janis M; Guo, Ying; Rodseth, Sarah Becker

2011-01-01

Background Data that incorporate the full complexity of healthy beverage intake and voiding frequency do not exist; therefore, clinicians reviewing bladder habits or voiding diaries for continence care must rely on expert opinion recommendations. Objective To use data-driven cluster analyses to reduce complex voiding diary variables into discrete patterns or data cluster profiles, descriptively name the clusters, and perform validity testing. Method Participants were 352 community women who filled out a 3-day voiding diary. Six variables (void frequency during daytime hours, void frequency during nighttime hours, modal output, total output, total intake, and body mass index) were entered into cluster analyses. The clusters were analyzed for differences by continence status, age, race (Black women, n = 196 White women, n = 156), and for those who were incontinent, by leakage episode severity. Results Three clusters emerged, labeled descriptively as Conventional, Benchmark, and Superplus. The Conventional cluster (68% of the sample) demonstrated mean daily intake of 45 ±13 ounces; mean daily output of 37 ± 15 ounces, mean daily voids 5 ± 2 times, mean modal daytime output 10±0.5 ounces, and mean nighttime voids 1±1 times. The Superplus cluster (7% of the sample) showed double or triple these values across the 5 variables, and the Benchmark cluster (25%) showed values consistent with current popular recommendations on intake and output (e.g., meeting or exceeding the 8 × 8 fluid intake rule of thumb). The clusters differed significantly (p < .05) by age, race, amount of irritating beverages consumed, and incontinence status. Discussion Identification of three discrete clusters provides for a potential parsimonious but data-driven means of classifying individuals for additional epidemiological or clinical study. The clinical utility rests with potential for intervening to move an individual from a high risk to low risk cluster with regards to incontinence. PMID:21317828

Detection and mapping of hydrothermally altered rocks in the vicinity of the Comstock Lode, Virginia Range, Nevada, using enhanced Landsat images

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ashley, Roger P.; Goetz, A.F.H.; Rowan, L.C.; Abrams, M.J.

1979-01-01

The Virginia Range, immediately southeast of Reno, Nev., consists mainly of flows, breccias, and turfs of Miocene age. Most of these volcanic rocks are of intermediate composition; rhyodacite is the most common rock type. Basalt, rhyolite and rhyolite tuff, and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks of Miocene and Pliocene age also cover substantial areas in the range. Pre-Tertiary metasedimentary, metavolcanic, and granitic rocks are exposed in scattered inliers, mostly along the southern and eastern margins of the range. Several large areas and many small areas within the volcanic pile were subjected to hydrothermal alteration during and after the period of intermediate volcanic activity. Economic precious metal mineralization is spatially and temporally associated with the hydrothermal alteration in several areas. The most important deposit is the Comstock Lode, which produced 192 million troy ounces of silver and 8.3 million troy ounces of gold from epithermal veins (Bonham, 1969). The hydrothermally altered rocks include silicified, advanced argillic, montmorillonite-bearing argillic, and propylitic types. The first three types typically contain pyrite, and some propylitic rocks contain pyrite as well. Supergene oxidation of these pyritic rocks produces limonitic bleached rocks. The term 'limonite,' as used here, refers to any combination of the minerals hematite, goethite, and Jarosite. Where vegetation cover is sparse to moderate, these limonitic rocks are readily identified on Landsat images enhanced by the color-ratio composite technique developed by Rowan and others (1974), so the altered areas can be mapped. About 30 percent tree cover (here mainly pinyon pine) is sufficient to change the spectral signature of individual picture elements (pixels) enough so that limonitic materials can no longer be uniquely identified. As in all other areas where this technique has been applied, limonitic unaltered rocks with intermediate to high albedos have the same appearance on the color-ratio composite as limonitic altered rocks. This problem represents the most important limitation to the use of enhanced Landsat images for detection and mapping of hydrothermally altered rocks. Reflectance spectra of altered and unaltered rocks taken in the field in the Virginia Range show that most altered rocks have a conspicuous absorption band near 2.2 ?m produced by clay minerals or alunite, whereas unaltered rocks have no features in this spectral region. Thus spectral information for selected bands in the 1.1-2.5 ?m region may allow discrimination between limonitic altered and limonitic unaltered rocks (Rowan and others, 1977; Abrams and others, 1977; Rowan and Abrams, 1978). Another potential limitation is loss of spectral information on slopes with low effective sun angle. Although a minor problem in the Virginia Range, loss of information sufficient to preclude identification of limonitic altered rocks occurs with effective sun angle lower than 20-25 degrees. Thus, even at moderate latitudes substantial parts of areas with high topographic relief may be lost to observation.

Product Safety: "An Ounce of Prevention". Health and the Consumer.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Florida State Dept. of Education, Tallahassee. Div. of Elementary and Secondary Education.

Secondary level students learn about product safety in this consumer education learning activity package, which is one of a series. While the majority of products are safe, there remains a small percentage of consumer goods which reach the market place containing a real or potential hazard to the consumer's safety. This module is designed to make…

Clinical Inquiry: Does caffeine intake during pregnancy affect birth weight?

PubMed

Adams, Taralee; Kelsberg, Gary; Safranek, Sarah

2016-03-01

No. Reducing caffeinated coffee consumption by 180 mg of caffeine (the equivalent of 2 cups) per day after 16 weeks' gestation doesn't affect birth weight. Consuming more than 300 mg of caffeine per day is associated with a clinically trivial, and statistically insignificant (less than 1 ounce), reduction in birth weight, compared with consuming no caffeine.

"Show Me an Ounce of Respect": Respect and Authority in Adult-Youth Relationships in after-School Programs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Deutsch, Nancy L.; Jones, Jeffrey N.

2008-01-01

Authority is an important component of adult-youth relations. Little work has been done exploring authority outside of families and classrooms. This article consolidates findings from two studies of urban after-school programs. The article examines youths' experiences of authority in after-school programs, compares those with their reports of…

21 CFR 133.190 - Spiced cheeses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... contains spices, in a minimum amount of 0.015 ounce per pound of cheese, and may contain spice oils. If the..., spices are added so as to be evenly distributed throughout the finished cheese. One or more of the other..., used as a coagulation aid. (iii) Salt. (iv) Spice oils which do not, alone or in combination with other...

21 CFR 520.2520g - Trichlorfon, phenothiazine, and piperazine dihydrochloride powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...) Specifications. Each 54.10 grams (1.91 ounces) of water dispersible powder contains 9.10 grams of trichlorfon, 6... (Oxyuris equi). (3) Limitations. Mix powder and vial contents together in warm water to form suspension... pregnancy is not recommended. Surgery or any severe stress should be avoided for at least 2 weeks before or...

21 CFR 520.2520g - Trichlorfon, phenothiazine, and piperazine dihydrochloride powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...) Specifications. Each 54.10 grams (1.91 ounces) of water dispersible powder contains 9.10 grams of trichlorfon, 6... (Oxyuris equi). (3) Limitations. Mix powder and vial contents together in warm water to form suspension... pregnancy is not recommended. Surgery or any severe stress should be avoided for at least 2 weeks before or...

The Use of Peer Facilitators To Enhance Self-Esteem Levels of At-Risk Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winkler, Joann B.

This practicum addressed the problems of low self-esteem levels of at-risk students in kindergarten and in grades three and five by implementing a peer facilitator program. The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, the OUNCE Attitude Scale, and a Kindergarten Checklist of Low Self-Esteem Characteristics were used to determine the students'…

Starting Smart: How Early Experiences Affect Brain Development. An Ounce of Prevention Fund Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ounce of Prevention Fund.

Recent research has provided great insight into the impact of early experience on brain development. It is now believed that brain growth is highly dependent upon early experiences. Neurons allow communication and coordinated functioning among various brain areas. Brain development after birth consists of an ongoing process of wiring and rewiring…

16 CFR 1500.85 - Exemptions from classification as banned hazardous substances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... operation of miniature engines for model airplanes, boats, cars, etc. (6) Novelties consisting of a mixture...: (i) Are designed to be ignited by electrical means. (ii) Contain no more than 62.5 grams (2.2 ounces... cars, and similar models, provided such solid fuel pellets: (i) Weigh not more than 11.5 grams each...

Safe Start: How Early Experiences Can Help Reduce Violence. An Ounce of Prevention Fund Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hawley, Theresa

Noting that many communities have overlooked a promising approach to reducing violence in the United States, this report examines early risk factors for violence and discusses the potential of prevention and intervention programs for children ages birth to 5 years. The report defines violence and discusses the importance of early experiences in…

21 CFR 520.2380f - Thiabendazole, piperazine phosphate powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... powder contains 6.67 grams of thiabendazole and 8.33 grams of piperazine (as piperazine phosphate). (b) Sponsor. See No. 050604 in § 510.600(c) of this chapter. (c) Conditions of use—(1) Amount. 2 grams of thiabendazole and 2.5 grams of piperazine (0.3 ounce of powder) per 100 pounds of body weight. (2) Indications...

21 CFR 520.2220a - Sulfadimethoxine oral solution and soluble powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... containing 12.5 percent (3.75 grams per ounce) sulfadimethoxine, see Nos. 000010, 000069, 054925, 057561, and 059130 in § 510.600(c). (2) For soluble powder, each 107 grams contain the equivalent of 94.6 grams of... percent) grams per gallon. (ii) Indications for use. Treatment of disease outbreaks of coccidiosis, fowl...

21 CFR 520.2220a - Sulfadimethoxine oral solution and soluble powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... containing 12.5 percent (3.75 grams per ounce) sulfadimethoxine, see Nos. 000069, 000859, 054628, 054925, and 057561 in § 510.600(c). (2) For soluble powder, each 107 grams contain the equivalent of 94.6 grams of... percent) grams per gallon. (ii) Indications for use. Treatment of disease outbreaks of coccidiosis, fowl...

21 CFR 520.2220a - Sulfadimethoxine oral solution and soluble powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... containing 12.5 percent (3.75 grams per ounce) sulfadimethoxine, see Nos. 000010, 000069, 054925, 057561, and 059130 in § 510.600(c). (2) For soluble powder, each 107 grams contain the equivalent of 94.6 grams of... percent) grams per gallon. (ii) Indications for use. Treatment of disease outbreaks of coccidiosis, fowl...

Planning Matters

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ira, Vanessa B.

2012-01-01

The reality is sobering. According to a report published on the online site of Children's Hospital Boston, about 57,000 babies weighing less than 1,500 grams (3 pounds, 4 ounces) are born annually in the United States. With medical advances, as of 2005, survival of these frail infants has increased from about 20 percent 15 years ago to nearly 90…

21 CFR 520.2220a - Sulfadimethoxine oral solution and soluble powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... containing 12.5 percent (3.75 grams per ounce) sulfadimethoxine, see Nos. 000010, 000069, 000859, 054925, and 057561 in § 510.600(c). (2) For soluble powder, each 107 grams contain the equivalent of 94.6 grams of... percent) grams per gallon. (ii) Indications for use. Treatment of disease outbreaks of coccidiosis, fowl...

21 CFR 520.2380f - Thiabendazole, piperazine phosphate powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... powder contains 6.67 grams of thiabendazole and 8.33 grams of piperazine (as piperazine phosphate). (b) Sponsor. See No. 050604 in § 510.600(c) of this chapter. (c) Conditions of use—(1) Amount. 2 grams of thiabendazole and 2.5 grams of piperazine (0.3 ounce of powder) per 100 pounds of body weight. (2) Indications...

21 CFR 520.2220a - Sulfadimethoxine oral solution and soluble powder.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... containing 12.5 percent (3.75 grams per ounce) sulfadimethoxine, see Nos. 000010, 000069, 054925, 057561, and 059130 in § 510.600(c). (2) For soluble powder, each 107 grams contain the equivalent of 94.6 grams of... percent) grams per gallon. (ii) Indications for use. Treatment of disease outbreaks of coccidiosis, fowl...

7 CFR 220.8 - Meal requirements for breakfasts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... minimum and maximum levels. b Discretionary sources of calories (solid fats and added sugars) may be added... fluid milk as a beverage or on cereal or used partly for both; (B) A serving of fruit or vegetable or... food items School week averages Fluid milk (as a beverage, on cereal, or both) 4 fluid ounces 6 fluid...

49 CFR 393.67 - Liquid fuel tanks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... section. The rules in this section apply to tanks containing or supplying fuel for the operation of... leak more than a total of one ounce by weight of fuel per minute in any position the tank assumes...) Drop test—(i) Procedure. Fill the tank with a quantity of water having a weight equal to the weight of...

40 CFR 421.262 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times. (i) Platinum precipitation and filtration. BPT Limitations... Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of platinum precipitated Copper 9.880 5.200 Cyanide (total) 1... times. (k) Other platinum group metals precipitation and filtration. BPT Limitations for the Secondary...

40 CFR 421.262 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times. (i) Platinum precipitation and filtration. BPT Limitations... Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of platinum precipitated Copper 9.880 5.200 Cyanide (total) 1... times. (k) Other platinum group metals precipitation and filtration. BPT Limitations for the Secondary...

40 CFR 421.262 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times. (i) Platinum precipitation and filtration. BPT Limitations... Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of platinum precipitated Copper 9.880 5.200 Cyanide (total) 1... times. (k) Other platinum group metals precipitation and filtration. BPT Limitations for the Secondary...

40 CFR 421.262 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times. (i) Platinum precipitation and filtration. BPT Limitations... Maximum for monthly average mg/troy ounce of platinum precipitated Copper 9.880 5.200 Cyanide (total) 1... times. (k) Other platinum group metals precipitation and filtration. BPT Limitations for the Secondary...

16 CFR 1500.85 - Exemptions from classification as banned hazardous substances.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... operation of miniature engines for model airplanes, boats, cars, etc. (6) Novelties consisting of a mixture...: (i) Are designed to be ignited by electrical means. (ii) Contain no more than 62.5 grams (2.2 ounces... cars, and similar models, provided such solid fuel pellets: (i) Weigh not more than 11.5 grams each...

50 CFR 622.458 - Caribbean spiny lobster import prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., AND SOUTH ATLANTIC Spiny Lobster Fishery of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands § 622.458.... Virgin Islands, and a more restrictive minimum size limit that applies to Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. (1) No person may import a Caribbean spiny lobster with less than a 6-ounce (170-gram) tail...

An Ounce of Prevention, a Pound of Uncertainty: The Cost-Effectiveness of School-Based Drug Prevention Programs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Caulkins, Jonathan P.; Rydell, C. Peter; Everingham, Susan S.; Chiesa, James; Bushway, Shawn

This book describes an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of model school-based drug prevention programs at reducing cocaine consumption. It compares prevention's cost-effectiveness with that of several enforcement programs and with that of treating heavy cocaine users. It also assesses the cost of nationwide implementation of model prevention…

Wake Island Supplemental Environmental Assessment

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-02-01

operations, the oxidizer transfer system would be flushed with water . This operation is expected to yield approximately 5 grams (0.2 ounces) of nitric...Defense System (BMDS) to provide a defensive capability for the U.S., its deployed forces, friends, and allies from ballistic missile threats. The...infrastructure, land use, physical resources, noise, socioeconomics, transportation, and water resources. MDA determined that six of the thirteen resource

Start Early to Build a Healthy Future: The Research Linking Early Learning and Health. Summary

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fisher, Brooke; Hanson, Ann; Raden, Tony

2014-01-01

Every child deserves a fair chance. A chance to learn, grow, explore possibilities, persevere and achieve his or her potential. The Ounce of Prevention Fund believes that no child's potential should be limited by poor health. Good health in early childhood is an essential component of school readiness. The benefits of health and learning are…

An Ounce of Prevention: Policy Prescriptions to Reduce the Prevalence of Fragile Families

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sawhill, Isabel; Thomas, Adam; Monea, Emily

2010-01-01

Isabel Sawhill, Adam Thomas, and Emily Monea believe that given the well-documented costs of nonmarital births to the children and parents in fragile families, as well as to society as a whole, policy makers' primary goal should be to reduce births to unmarried parents. The authors say that the nation's swiftly rising nonmarital birth rate has…

78 FR 76367 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change, as...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-17

... barriers between itself and its broker dealer affiliate; (ii) the use of unallocated gold accounts by other... facilities of the Consolidated Tape Association (``CTA''). Investors may obtain gold pricing information.... Investors may obtain on a 24-hour basis gold pricing information based on the spot price for a Fine Ounce of...

77 FR 47816 - Certain Pasta from Italy: Notice of Initiation of Antidumping Duty Changed Circumstances Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-10

... certain non-egg dry pasta in packages of five pounds four ounces or less, whether or not enriched or..., milk, gluten, diastasis, vitamins, coloring and flavorings, and up to two percent egg white. The pasta... refrigerated, frozen, or canned pastas, as well as all forms of egg pasta, with the exception of non-egg dry...

76 FR 71311 - Certain Pasta From Italy: Notice of Partial Rescission of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-17

... certain non-egg dry pasta in packages of five pounds four ounces or less, whether or not enriched or..., milk, gluten, diastasis, vitamins, coloring and flavorings, and up to two percent egg white. The pasta... refrigerated, frozen, or canned pastas, as well as all forms of egg pasta, with the exception of non-egg dry...

49 CFR 173.170 - Black powder for small arms.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

....58; (b) The total quantity of black powder in one motor vehicle, rail car, or freight container may not exceed 45.4 kg (100 pounds) net mass, and no more than four freight containers may be on board one... receptacles not over 454 g (16 ounces) net capacity each, with no more than 25 cans in one outer UN 4G...

7 CFR Appendix A to Part 220 - Alternate Foods for Meals

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

.... Manufacturers seeking acceptance of their product shall furnish FNS a chemical analysis, protein efficiency... shall retain the “raw” laboratory data for a period of one year. Such information shall be made... Weight Ounce 2 4.0 PER Casein=2.5 2.0 Moisture Percent weight 40.0 Fat 2 ......do 22.0 Fiber ......do 0.8...

Flutist Produces Four Resonances with a Single Bottle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ruiz, Michael J.; Boysen, Erika

2017-01-01

In a dramatic physics demonstration, a professional flutist produces four resonances with a 12 ounce Boylan soda bottle solely through her breath control. The 22cm bottle acts like a Helmholtz resonator for the lowest pitch. The three higher pitches fall near the 3rd, 5th, and 7th harmonics for a 22cm closed pipe. A video of this remarkable feat…

49 CFR 173.4 - Small quantities for highway and rail.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... solid materials; (iii) One (1) g (0.04 ounce) for authorized materials meeting the definition of a... drops made from a height of 1.8 m (5.9 feet) directly onto a solid unyielding surface without breakage... package: (A) One drop flat on bottom; (B) One drop flat on top; (C) One drop flat on the long side; (D...

Unwed Teenage Mothers: An Ounce of Prevention Is Worth a Ton of Cure.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burnett, Gilbert H.

2002-01-01

A problem that has an impact on many segments of our society today can be traced to unwed adolescent girls giving birth. This article details the consequences such births have on our nation as a whole, and explores ways to prevent the pregnancies rather than merely offering up more coping solutions once teenage girls become pregnant. (BF)

Another Ounce of Prevention: Education and Employment Interventions for 9 to 15 Year Olds. Report No. 23.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Crawford, Everett

A study was conducted to identify new points of intervention into the education and social development of economically and educationally disadvantaged youth considered at risk of dropping out of school and never successfully participating in the labor market. The demographic characteristics of the target population were studied, as well as past…

46 CFR 160.061-2 - Requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Leader, wire, 0.011-inch diameter, 27-pound test (with No. 3 snap on one end and No. 7 swivel on the other end) 6-inch length 2 ea. 6 Leader, wire, 0.016-inch diameter, 58-pound test (with No. 3 snap on... shank, blade length 23/16 inches, width 13/16 inch, weight 1/4 ounce, stainless steel or chrome plated...

46 CFR 160.061-2 - Requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Leader, wire, 0.011-inch diameter, 27-pound test (with No. 3 snap on one end and No. 7 swivel on the other end) 6-inch length 2 ea. 6 Leader, wire, 0.016-inch diameter, 58-pound test (with No. 3 snap on... shank, blade length 23/16 inches, width 13/16 inch, weight 1/4 ounce, stainless steel or chrome plated...

75 FR 6352 - Certain Pasta from Italy: Notice of Final Results of the Twelfth Administrative Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-09

...), Pasta Lensi (Lensi), Pastificio Fratelli Pagani S.p.A. (Pagani), Pastificio Labor S.r.L. (Labor), Pastificio Lucio Garofalo (Garofalo), Pastificio Riscossa F.Illi Mastromauro S.r.L. (Riscossa), Rummo S.p.A... order are shipments of certain non-egg dry pasta in packages of five pounds four ounces or less, whether...

75 FR 81212 - Certain Pasta From Italy: Notice of Final Results of the Thirteenth Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-27

....r.L. (Granoro). The period of review (POR) is July 1, 2008, through June 30, 2009. Granoro and... Lensi S.r.L. (Lensi), Industria Alimentare Colavita, S.p.A. (Indalco), PAM S.p.A. (PAM), and Fasolino... dry pasta in packages of five pounds four ounces or less, whether or not enriched or fortified or...

Hardwood vigor and survival following applications of imazapyr in mid-rotation pine plantations

Treesearch

Prabudhda Dahal Dahal; Hal O. Liechty; Bryan Rupar; Conner Fristoe; Eric Heitzman

2006-01-01

Tree vigor, live crown ratios, dieback, and survival of hardwood competition were monitored for 2 years following a fall application (16 ounces per acre) of imazapyr on 4 stands of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Louisiana and Arkansas. Assessments during the first growing season following application indicated that 87 to...

7 CFR 915.305 - Florida Avocado Container Regulation 5.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... this designated net weight shall be placed in two layers and the net weight of all avocados in any such... layers only shall not apply to such container if each of the avocados therein weighs 14 ounces or less... avocados packed at this designated net weight shall be placed in one layer only and the net weight of all...

An Ounce of Prevention: Accessions Screening to Prevent PTSD

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-17

measurement of ten clinical scales describing the test taker’s personality traits. These scales measure such areas as depression, hysteria, psychopathic ...utilized different versions and clinical scales of the MMPI, found a significant correlation between higher scores on the psychopathic deviance and...hypochondriasis scales with later onset of PTSD diagnoses. Narrative descriptions of people with high scores on the psychopathic deviance and

Evaluation of Flammability of Footwear Upper Materials. Patent and Regular Shoe Upper Leather vs. Porvair and Clarino Poromerics

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-09-01

leather is thus designated ŗ-ounce leather." -ll specimens, except the UL, had high-gloss polyurethane finishes. The UL ’eLi wr contained a...ITT Research Institute, October 1965, p. 18. 4.4 %d :i.bie 2. Comparativ ~e heat transfer values of shoe uppe materials vs. shoe upper materials with

An Ounce of Prevention: Technologists Use Network-Access Control to Protect System Resources, Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bolch, Matt

2009-01-01

Whether for an entire district, a single campus, or one classroom, allowing authorized access to a computer network can be fraught with challenges. The login process should be fairly seamless to approved users, giving them speedy access to approved Web sites, databases, and other sources of information. It also should be tough on unauthorized…

IQ at Age Four in Relation to Maternal Alcohol Use and Smoking during Pregnancy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Streissguth, Ann Pytkowicz; And Others

1989-01-01

Multiple regression analyses on data from 421 children indicated that mother's use of more than 1.5 ounces (approximately three drinks) of alcohol per day during pregnancy was significantly related to average IQ decrement at four years of age of almost five IQ points even after adjustment for numerous variables. Readers cautioned against using…

From 32 ounces to zero: a medical geographic study of dispensing a cultivated batch of "plum" cannabis flowers to medical marijuana patients in Washington State.

PubMed

Aggarwal, Sunil K; Carter, Gregory T; Zumbrunnen, Craig; Morrill, Richard; Sullivan, Mark; Mayer, Jonathan D

2013-01-01

The medicinal use of cannabis is a growing phenomenon in the U.S. predicated on the success of overcoming specific spatial challenges and establishing particular human-environment relationships. This article takes a medical geographic "snapshot" of an urban site in Washington State where qualifying chronically ill and debilitated patients are delivered locally produced botanical cannabis for medical use. Using interview, survey, and observation, this medical geographic research project collected information on the social space of the particular delivery site and tracked the production cost, reach, and health value of a 32-ounce batch of strain-specific medical cannabis named "Plum" dispensed over a four-day period. A convenience sample of 37 qualifying patients delivered this batch of cannabis botanical medicine was recruited and prospectively studied with survey instruments. Results provide insight into patients' self-rated health, human-plant relationships, and travel-to-clinic distances. An overall systematic geographic understanding of the medical cannabis delivery system gives a grounded understanding of the lengths that patients and care providers go, despite multiple hurdles, to receive and deliver treatment with botanical cannabis that relieves diverse symptoms and improves health-related quality-of-life.

Mineral Resources of the Warm Springs Wilderness Study Area, Mohave County, Arizona

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gray, Floyd; Jachens, Robert C.; Miller, Robert J.; Turner, Robert L.; Knepper, Daniel H.; Pitkin, James A.; Keith, William J.; Mariano, John; Jones, Stephanie L.; Korzeb, Stanley L.

1986-01-01

At the request of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, approximately 113,500 acres of the Warm Springs Wilderness Study Area (AZ-020-028/029) were evaluated for mineral resources and mineral resource potential. In this report, the area studied is referred to as the 'wilderness study area' or 'study area'; any reference to the Warm Springs Wilderness Study Area refers only to that part of the wilderness study area for which a mineral survey was requested. This study area is located in west-central Arizona. The U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted geological, geochemical, and geophysical surveys to appraise the identified mineral resources (known) and assess the mineral resource potential (undiscovered) of the study area. fieldwork for this report was carried out largely in 1986-1989. There is a 1-million short ton indicated subeconomic resource of clinoptilolite-mordenite zeolite and an additional inferred resource of 2 million short tons near McHeffy Butte, approximately 2 miles west of the study area. A perlite deposit in the southeast corner of the study area contains an inferred subeconomic resource totaling 13 million short tons. An inferred subeconomic resource of gold in 225 short tons of quartz having a grade of 0.01 8 troy ounces per short ton is present at the Cook mine, 0.5 miles west of the study area. The northwestern part of the Warm Springs Wilderness Study Area has high mineral resource potential for gold and silver. The south-central part of the study area has one area of moderate and one area north of this south-central part has low mineral resource potential for gold and silver in and near Warm Springs Canyon; the mineral resource potential for gold is also moderate in three small areas in the southern part and one area in the northeastern part of the study area. The mineral resource potential for zeolite is high for the area surrounding the McHeffy Butte prospect and for one area in the southern part of the study area. Two areas inside the south and southeast boundaries of the study area have high mineral resource potential for perlite. The potential for ka: olinite resources is moderate in two areas in the southern part of the study area. The southern part of the study area has low resource potential for perlite and zeolite. Geothermal energy resource potential of the study area is low. The study area has no resource potential for oil and gas.

75 FR 10464 - Certain Pasta from Italy: Notice of Partial Rescission of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-08

... order are shipments of certain non-egg dry pasta in packages of five pounds four ounces or less, whether... percent egg white. The pasta covered by this scope is typically sold in the retail market, in fiberboard... scope of this order are refrigerated, frozen, or canned pastas, as well as all forms of egg pasta, with...

75 FR 50789 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Granting Approval of Proposed Rule Change...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-17

... spot price for an ounce of Bullion from various financial information service providers, such as... regarding the spot price of Bullion and last sale prices of Bullion futures, as well as information about...\\ 15 U.S.C. 78k-1(a)(1)(C)(iii). \\9\\ The IIV is calculated by multiplying the indicative spot price of...

Paresev 1-A on lakebed with tow plane

NASA Image and Video Library

1962-08-24

The Paresev 1-A (Paraglider Research Vehicle) and the tow airplane, 450-hp Stearman sport Biplane, sitting on Rogers dry lakebed, Edwards, California. The control system in the Paresev 1-A had a more conventional control stick position and was cable-operated; the main landing gear used shocks and bungees with the 100-square-foot wing membrane being made of 6-ounce unsealed Dacron.

Swing Weights of Baseball and Softball Bats

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Russell, Dan

2010-01-01

Baseball and softball bats are sold according to length in inches and weight in ounces. Much to the consternation of players buying new bats, however, not all bats that weigh the same swing the same. The reason for this has to do with moment of inertia of the bat about a pivot point on the handle, or what the sporting goods industry refers to as…

75 FR 80828 - Draft Compliance Policy Guide Sec. 510.800 Beverages-Serving Size Labeling; Availability

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-23

... per 12 ounces: (1) Sports drinks (this term is used by industry and has not been defined by the Agency), (2) bottled water and water beverages, (3) soft drinks and diet soft drinks, (4) energy drinks (this term is used by industry and has not been defined by the Agency), and (5) ready-to- drink teas. The CPG...

30 CFR 15.30 - Technical requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... air containing 7.7 to 8.3 percent natural gas or 8.7 to 9.3 percent methane. The air temperature is... natural gas, or 4.3 to 4.7 percent methane, mixed with 0.2 ounces per cubic foot of predispersed... detonators and fired in air containing 7.7 to 8.3 percent natural gas or 8.7 to 9.3 percent methane. The air...

30 CFR 15.30 - Technical requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... air containing 7.7 to 8.3 percent natural gas or 8.7 to 9.3 percent methane. The air temperature is... natural gas, or 4.3 to 4.7 percent methane, mixed with 0.2 ounces per cubic foot of predispersed... detonators and fired in air containing 7.7 to 8.3 percent natural gas or 8.7 to 9.3 percent methane. The air...

30 CFR 15.30 - Technical requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... air containing 7.7 to 8.3 percent natural gas or 8.7 to 9.3 percent methane. The air temperature is... natural gas, or 4.3 to 4.7 percent methane, mixed with 0.2 ounces per cubic foot of predispersed... detonators and fired in air containing 7.7 to 8.3 percent natural gas or 8.7 to 9.3 percent methane. The air...

30 CFR 15.30 - Technical requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... air containing 7.7 to 8.3 percent natural gas or 8.7 to 9.3 percent methane. The air temperature is... natural gas, or 4.3 to 4.7 percent methane, mixed with 0.2 ounces per cubic foot of predispersed... detonators and fired in air containing 7.7 to 8.3 percent natural gas or 8.7 to 9.3 percent methane. The air...

Characterization of Thick Glass Reinforced Composites

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-07-01

24 ounces per square yard. The matrices were different polyester resin systems from American Cyanamid and Owens Corning . Specimen thicknesses ranged...fab- ricated similar size plates using the American Cyanamid resin. The Owens Corning plates con- tained 53% volume fraction fiber while the American...thicknesses for the Owens Corning and four for the American Cyanamid. Specimens were loaded in three point bending at a displacement rate that was changed

Paresev 1-A on lakebed with tow plane

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1962-01-01

The Paresev 1-A (Paraglider Research Vehicle) and the tow airplane, 450-hp Stearman sport Biplane, sitting on Rogers dry lakebed, Edwards, California. The control system in the Paresev 1-A had a more conventional control stick position and was cable-operated; the main landing gear used shocks and bungees with the 150-square-foot wing membrane being made of 6-ounce unsealed Dacron.

27 CFR 21.68 - Formula No. 38-F.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...) Six pounds of either boric acid, N.F., or Polysorbate 80, N.F.; 11/3 pounds of thymol, N.F.; 11/3... of any two or more denaturing materials listed under Formula No. 38-B, plus sufficient boric acid, N..., U.S.P., 2.6 fluid ounces of hydrochloric acid, N.F., and a total of 3 pounds of any two or more of...

27 CFR 21.68 - Formula No. 38-F.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...) Six pounds of either boric acid, N.F., or Polysorbate 80, N.F.; 11/3 pounds of thymol, N.F.; 11/3... of any two or more denaturing materials listed under Formula No. 38-B, plus sufficient boric acid, N..., U.S.P., 2.6 fluid ounces of hydrochloric acid, N.F., and a total of 3 pounds of any two or more of...

27 CFR 21.68 - Formula No. 38-F.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...) Six pounds of either boric acid, N.F., or Polysorbate 80, N.F.; 11/3 pounds of thymol, N.F.; 11/3... of any two or more denaturing materials listed under Formula No. 38-B, plus sufficient boric acid, N..., U.S.P., 2.6 fluid ounces of hydrochloric acid, N.F., and a total of 3 pounds of any two or more of...

27 CFR 21.68 - Formula No. 38-F.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...) Six pounds of either boric acid, N.F., or Polysorbate 80, N.F.; 11/3 pounds of thymol, N.F.; 11/3... of any two or more denaturing materials listed under Formula No. 38-B, plus sufficient boric acid, N..., U.S.P., 2.6 fluid ounces of hydrochloric acid, N.F., and a total of 3 pounds of any two or more of...

27 CFR 21.68 - Formula No. 38-F.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...) Six pounds of either boric acid, N.F., or Polysorbate 80, N.F.; 11/3 pounds of thymol, N.F.; 11/3... of any two or more denaturing materials listed under Formula No. 38-B, plus sufficient boric acid, N..., U.S.P., 2.6 fluid ounces of hydrochloric acid, N.F., and a total of 3 pounds of any two or more of...

Molding Helmet Liners from Nylon Cloth Made from 1050 Denier Type 700 Nylon Yarns

DTIC Science & Technology

Helmet liners were satisfactorily molded from 14 ounce, 2 x 2 basket- weave nylon fabric made of 1050 denier, 168 filaments, 3 to 4 Z turns per inch...type 700 nylon yarn. These helmets liners satisfied the autoclave and the ballistics resistant requirements of Military Specification MIL-L-41800, Liner , Soldier’s Steel Helmet, 1 May 1961.

76 FR 4847 - Hazardous Materials: Safety Requirements for External Product Piping on Cargo Tanks Transporting...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-27

... limit of one liter or less in each pipe, but did not propose a specific method for achieving this... purged, we are proposing to allow a residue quantity of no more than one liter (0.26 gallon or 33 ounces... wetlines to the one liter residue level. For example, an operator may elect to design external loading...

Sociodemographic Characteristics and Beverage Intake of Children Who Drink Tap Water

PubMed Central

Patel, Anisha I.; Shapiro, Daniel J.; Wang, Y. Claire; Cabana, Michael D.

2015-01-01

Background Tap water provides a calorie-free, no-cost, environmentally friendly beverage option, yet only some youth drink it. Purpose To examine sociodemographic characteristics, weight status, and beverage intake of those aged 1–19 years who drink tap water. Methods National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2005–2010) were used to examine factors associated with tap water consumption. A comparison was made of beverage intake among tap water consumers and nonconsumers, by age, race/ethnicity, and income. Results Tap water consumption was more prevalent among school-aged children (OR=1.85, 95% CI=1.47, 2.33, for those aged 6–11 years; OR=1.85, 95% CI=1.32, 2.59, for those aged 12–19 years) as compared to those aged 1–2 years. Tap water intake was less prevalent among girls/women (OR=0.76, 95% CI=0.64, 0.89); Mexican Americans (OR=0.32, 95% CI=0.23, 0.45); non-Hispanic blacks (OR=0.48, 95% CI=0.34, 0.67); and others (OR=0.50, 95% CI=0.36, 0.68) as compared to whites; Spanish speakers (OR=0.72, 95% CI=0.55, 0.95); and among referents with a lower than Grade-9 education (OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.31, 0.88); Grade 9–11 education (OR=0.50, 95% CI=0.32, 0.77); and high school/General Educational Development test completion (OR=0.50, 95% CI=0.33, 0.76), as compared to college graduates. Tap water consumers drank more fluid (52.5 vs 48.0 ounces, p<0.01); more plain water (20.1 vs 15.2 ounces, p<0.01); and less juice (3.6 vs 5.2 ounces, p<0.01) than nonconsumers. Conclusions One in six children/adolescents does not drink tap water, and this finding is more pronounced among minorities. Sociodemographic disparities in tap water consumption may contribute to disparities in health outcomes. Improvements in drinking water infrastructure and culturally relevant promotion may help to address these issues. PMID:23790991

Increasing water availability during afterschool snack: evidence, strategies, and partnerships from a group randomized trial.

PubMed

Giles, Catherine M; Kenney, Erica L; Gortmaker, Steven L; Lee, Rebekka M; Thayer, Julie C; Mont-Ferguson, Helen; Cradock, Angie L

2012-09-01

Providing drinking water to U.S. children during school meals is a recommended health promotion strategy and part of national nutrition policy. Urban school systems have struggled with providing drinking water to children, and little is known about how to ensure that water is served, particularly in afterschool settings. To assess the effectiveness of an intervention designed to promote water as the beverage of choice in afterschool programs. The Out of School Nutrition and Physical Activity Initiative (OSNAP) used a community-based collaboration and low-cost strategies to provide water after school. A group RCT was used to evaluate the intervention. Data were collected in 2010-2011 and analyzed in 2011. Twenty afterschool programs in Boston were randomized to intervention or control (delayed intervention). Intervention sites participated in learning collaboratives focused on policy and environmental changes to increase healthy eating, drinking, and physical activity opportunities during afterschool time (materials available at www.osnap.org). Collaboration between Boston Public Schools Food and Nutrition Services, afterschool staff, and researchers established water-delivery systems to ensure children were served water during snack time. Average ounces of water served to children per day was recorded by direct observation at each program at baseline and 6-month follow-up over 5 consecutive school days. Secondary measures directly observed included ounces of other beverages served, other snack components, and water-delivery system. Participation in the intervention was associated with an increased average volume of water served (+3.6 ounces/day; p=0.01) during snack. On average, the intervention led to a daily decrease of 60.9 kcals from beverages served during snack (p=0.03). This study indicates the OSNAP intervention, including strategies to overcome structural barriers and collaboration with key actors, can increase offerings of water during afterschool snack. OSNAP appears to be an effective strategy to provide water in afterschool settings that can be helpful in implementing new U.S. Department of Agriculture guidelines regarding water availability during lunch and afterschool snack. Copyright © 2012 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Sunscreen Product Performance and Other Determinants of Consumer Preferences.

PubMed

Xu, Shuai; Kwa, Michael; Agarwal, Ashwin; Rademaker, Alfred; Kundu, Roopal V

2016-08-01

Sunscreen use is a modifiable behavior that can help reduce the risk for skin cancer, prevent sunburns, mitigate photoaging, and treat photosensitive dermatoses. A better understanding of consumer sunscreen preferences would inform dermatologists in their own recommendations. To determine the characteristics and the most commonly cited positive and negative features of highly rated sunscreens described by consumers. The top 1 percentile of sunscreen products on Amazon.com as of December 2015 was selected according to average consumer review (≥4 stars) and the highest number of consumer reviews. Descriptive data for each product were collected from the product page and manufacturer claims. The top 5 "most helpful" reviews (positive and critical) were analyzed and coded by a consensus qualitative coding scheme, which included positive and negative descriptors in 6 major categories according to consumer comments: affordability, cosmetic elegance, separate ratings, product ingredients, product performance, and skin compatibility. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to determine whether characteristics of each product (eg, American Academy of Dermatology [AAD] criteria, sun protection factor [SPF], or vehicle) could be used to predict price per ounce. The number (percentage) of comments categorized by major themes and subthemes was determined. Illustrative consumer comments were also collected. There were 6500 products categorized as sunscreens in the Amazon.com, online catalog. Of the 65 products evaluated, the median price per ounce was $3.32 (range, $0.68-$23.47). Of products, 40% (26 of 65) did not adhere to AAD guidelines (broad spectrum, SPF ≥30, and water resistant) for sunscreens. Vehicles, AAD, and sunscreen type predicted a higher price per ounce. Cosmetic elegance was the most cited positive feature (198 of 325 [61%] comments) followed by product performance (146 of 325 [45%] comments) and skin type compatibility (78 of 325 [24%] comments). In this cohort of highly rated sunscreen products, a significant proportion did not adhere to AAD guidelines, mostly attributable to a lack of water resistance. The most striking variation in this cohort was price, which varied by more than 3000%. Dermatologists should balance the importance of cosmetic elegance, cost, and AAD guidelines for sun protection in making their recommendations to consumers.

Geology and mineral deposits of the St. Regis-Superior area, Mineral County, Montana

USGS Publications Warehouse

Campbell, Arthur B.

1960-01-01

The St. Regis-Superior area occupies about 300 square miles in northwestern Montana and includes parts of the Squaw Peak Range and Coeur d'Alerie Mountains of the northern Rocky Mountains physiographic province. Nearly 50,000 feet of metasedimentary rocks of the Precambrian Belt series, chiefly varieties of quartzite and argillite, underlies most of the area. The Belt series is informally subdivided with reference to the top of the Wallace formation into lower and upper parts. In this area, the lower part of the Belt series is divided into the Prichard, Burke and Revett, St. Regis, and Wallace formations, in order of decreasing age, and the upper part of the Belt series or the Missoula group is divided »into the Spruce, Lupine, Sloway, and Bouchard formations, and an unnamed feldspathic quartzite at Rock Rabbit Ridge, also from oldest to youngest. Formations in the lower part of the Belt series are correlated with formations of the same names in the Coeur d'Alene district, and formations in the upper part of the Belt series are tentatively correlated in part with formations of the Missoula group in the vicinity of Missoula, Mont. Paleozoic quartzite, shale, limestone, and dolomite crop out in several localities in the southeastern part of the area. The limestone unit contains fragments of a single species of Glossopleura of early Middle Cambrian age which, together with lithologic similarities, has been used to correlate at least the quartzite, shale, and limestone part of this Paleozoic sequence with the Flathead sandstone, Gordon shale, and Damnation limestone sequence known elsewhere in northwestern Montana. Several small diabasic dikes and sills are present in the area, generally associated with northwestward-trending faults. The major faults generally trend northwestward and are considered to be part of the Lewis and Clark structural line. The Osburn fault, the major element of the Lewis and Clark line through the Coeur d'Alene district and western Mineral County, has been traced to the east edge of the St. Regis- Superior area, thus extending the mapped length of the fault to about 100 miles. Evidence indicates that this major fault has diminished in intensity in this area and that most of the stress has been relieved along the Boyd Mountain fault that apparently splits from the Osburn fault a few miles west of St. Regis. Stratigraphic and structural evidence indicates a strike-slip right-lateral movement of about 3 miles along the Osburn fault. Horizontal stratigraphic separation along the Boyd Mountain fault indicates a right-lateral movement of about 13 miles.Low-grade regional metamorphism of the sedimentary rocks in the area has caused the recrystallization of quartz grains and the formation of sericite. Argillite and quartzite have been converted to phyllite and foliated quartzite by dynamic metamorphism in a large area north of the central part of the Osburn fault. Some of the shear zones contain a large amount of introduced carbonate minerals. From 1901 through 1953 this area has produced 8,086,827 pounds of zinc, 7,932,958 pounds of lead, 2,053,715 pounds of copper, 584,168 fine ounces of silver, and 588 fine ounces of gold. The lead, sine, and silver have come chiefly from veins in highly foliated rocks near the Osburn fault zone. The attitudes of these veins are controlled in large part by the cleavage. The principal ore minerals are galena, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, and boulangerite, and the gangue minerals are quartz, carbonate minerals, and barite. Most of the copper has come from the Amador vein where chalcopyrite and bornite are the principal ore minerals, and the gangue minerals are pyrite, quartz, and carbonate minerals. The Amador vein occurs in a belt of copper deposits that extends westward into the Coeur d'Alene district. These copper deposits may be genetically associated with diorite dikes and sills lying within the same belt. Fluorspar has been found in three closely spaced prospects along a northward- trending zone of brecciation and small-scale folding in Dry Creek valley. Incomplete production records show that 781 tons of fluorspar has been shipped from 2 of these prospects.

Optimization of silver-dielectric-silver nanoshell for sensing applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shirzaditabar, Farzad; Saliminasab, Maryam

2013-08-15

In this paper, resonance light scattering (RLS) properties of a silver-dielectric-silver nanoshell, based on quasi-static approach and plasmon hybridization theory, are investigated. Scattering spectrum of silver-dielectric-silver nanoshell has two intense and clearly separated RLS peaks and provides a potential for biosensing based on surface plasmon resonance and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The two RLS peaks in silver-dielectric-silver nanoshell are optimized by tuning the geometrical dimensions. In addition, the optimal geometry is discussed to obtain the high sensitivity of silver-dielectric-silver nanoshell. As the silver core radius increases, the sensitivity of silver-dielectric-silver nanoshell decreases whereas increasing the middle dielectric thickness increases the sensitivitymore » of silver-dielectric-silver nanoshell.« less

Proceedings of the Annual Ada Software Engineering Education and Training Symposium (4th) Held in Houston, Texas on June 13-15, 1989

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-01

Canfields, SevenUp, CocaCola , none); type Ounces is range 0 .. 20; type PriceType is digits 2 range 0.0 .. 0.75; type ContainerType is (bottle, can...brand of the soda (Shasta, CocaCola , etc.) function IsDiet(TheSoda : Soda) return boolean; -- return TRUE if the soda is a diet soda, FALSE otherwise

An Ounce of Prevention Beats a Pound of Cure: Resourcing the State Department to Defend the Nation

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-01

17 The DOS lacks the resources to lead USG efforts .....................................................25 Summary...failing states 5) The DOS lacks the resources to lead USG efforts After compelling the reader to accept these five arguments, a disparity in US foreign...world‟s most powerful nation. The nation-states in which these terrorists operate lack the ability to monitor or disrupt the operations of these

View of Apollo 17 lunar rock sample no. 72415,0

NASA Image and Video Library

1972-01-18

S73-16198 (December 1972) --- A close-up view of Apollo 17 lunar sample number 72415,0 which was brought back from the Taurus-Littrow landing site by the Apollo 17 crewmen. This sample is a brecciated dunite clast weighing a little over 32 grams (about 1.14 ounces). This sample was collected at station 2 (South Massif) during the second Apollo 17 extravehicular activity (EVA).

Changes in non-pine woody species density, composition, and diversity following herbicide and fertilization application to mid-rotation loblolly pine stands

Treesearch

Hal O. Liechty; Conner Fristoe

2012-01-01

We monitored woody vegetation (dbh>1.0 in) response for up to six years following a herbicide (16 ounces imazapyr /acre), a fertilizer (365 pounds urea and 175 pounds diammonium phosphate/acre ) and a combined fertilizer and herbicide application in four mid-rotation loblolly pine stands located within the Upper Gulf Coastal Plain in Arkansas. Approximately 60-80%...

Evaluation of the Seat Index Point Tool for Military Seats

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-01

millimeters mm2 ft2 squarefeet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 Ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square miles 2.59 square...square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3 m3 cubic meters

Evaluation of the Seat Index Point Tool for Military Seats

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-01

645.2 square millimeters mm2 ft2 squarefeet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 Ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square...yards yd2 ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264

What is the Relationship Between Altitude and Weight in a Model Rocket?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Betz, Jonathan

1993-01-01

This experiment was designed to find a function of payload weight for altitude. The same rocket was launched a repeated number of times with the same engine and varying amounts of weight. After performing experimentation, it was calculated that the altitude in meters could be predicted with the equation A = (2.8(W exp 2)) - (70.6W + 310.3), with weight expressed in the unit ounces.

Success for Every Teen: Programs that Help Adolescents Avoid Pregnancy, Gangs, Drug Abuse, and School Drop-Out. An Ounce of Prevention Fund Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ounce of Prevention Fund.

This booklet describes two prevention programs, Peer Power, a program for girls, and Awareness and Development for Adolescent Males (ADAM), a program for boys. It is noted that these programs, designed to reach students before high school age, help young adolescents stay in school, delay sexual activity and pregnancy, and develop realistic career…

STD prevention: why limit ourselves to just an ounce?

PubMed

Shafer, C W

2015-01-01

When Ben Franklin said, "An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure" he was not likely referring to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Preventing an STD is greatly preferred to treating not just that STD but the ever-expanding circle of STDs which may arise from the index case. STD risk is closely linked to sexual behaviors, making effective prevention quite challenging. But there are more arrows in our prevention quiver than simply telling people to use condoms. Because many STDs are asymptomatic, there is a clear role for screening at-risk populations. Identifying those at-risk populations can only happen when we obtain meaningful sexual histories. Individuals diagnosed with STDs must be treated appropriately, but also treating their partners will limit further transmission. Expedited partner therapy is one approach to treating STD contacts. Vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) is an under-utilized method of STD prevention. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a recent development for HIV prevention in some high-risk individuals. Another recent strategy is HIV treatment as prevention, in which we reduce the pool of potential HIV transmitters. Each of these prevention tools is simply another building block to place upon the foundation of the ABCs: Abstinence, Being faithful, and Condom use.

Static flexural properties of hedgehog spines conditioned in coupled temperature and relative humidity environments.

PubMed

Kennedy, Emily B; Hsiung, Bor-Kai; Swift, Nathan B; Tan, Kwek-Tze

2017-11-01

Hedgehogs are agile climbers, scaling trees and plants to heights exceeding 10m while foraging insects. Hedgehog spines (a.k.a. quills) provide fall protection by absorbing shock and could offer insights for the design of lightweight, material-efficient, impact-resistant structures. There has been some study of flexural properties of hedgehog spines, but an understanding of how this keratinous biological material is affected by various temperature and relative humidity treatments, or how spine color (multicolored vs. white) affects mechanics, is lacking. To bridge this gap in the literature, we use three-point bending to analyze the effect of temperature, humidity, spine color, and their interactions on flexural strength and modulus of hedgehog spines. We also compare specific strength and stiffness of hedgehog spines to conventional engineered materials. We find hedgehog spine flexural properties can be finely tuned by modifying environmental conditioning parameters. White spines tend to be stronger and stiffer than multicolored spines. Finally, for most temperature and humidity conditioning parameters, hedgehog spines are ounce for ounce stronger than 201 stainless steel rods of the same diameter but as pliable as styrene rods with a slightly larger diameter. This unique combination of strength and elasticity makes hedgehog spines exemplary shock absorbers, and a suitable reference model for biomimicry. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Extraordinarily high conductivity of flexible adhesive films by hybrids of silver nanoparticle-nanowires

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muhammed Ajmal, C.; Mol Menamparambath, Mini; Ryeol Choi, Hyouk; Baik, Seunghyun

2016-06-01

Highly conductive flexible adhesive (CFA) film was developed using micro-sized silver flakes (primary fillers), hybrids of silver nanoparticle-nanowires (secondary fillers) and nitrile butadiene rubber. The hybrids of silver nanoparticle-nanowires were synthesized by decorating silver nanowires with silver nanoparticle clusters using bifunctional cysteamine as a linker. The dispersion in ethanol was excellent for several months. Silver nanowires constructed electrical networks between the micro-scale silver flakes. The low-temperature surface sintering of silver nanoparticles enabled effective joining of silver nanowires to silver flakes. The hybrids of silver nanoparticle-nanowires provided a greater maximum conductivity (54 390 S cm-1) than pure silver nanowires, pure multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes decorated with silver nanoparticles in nitrile butadiene rubber matrix. The resistance change was smallest upon bending when the hybrids of silver nanoparticle-nanowires were employed. The adhesion of the film on polyethylene terephthalate substrate was excellent. Light emitting diodes were successfully wired to the CFA circuit patterned by the screen printing method for application demonstration.

Prototype Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. Phase 1

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-01

pentoxide [ V2o5 ], titanium disulfide [TiS ], vanadium V) sulfide [V2S 5 ], and lithium cobalt oxide [Li Co02]) witi high conductivity, ester-Eased...2400 envelope while the cathodes were supported with porous glass disks to maintain good electrical contact with the expanded metal current collectors...cells consisted of an electrode stack mounted between two glass slides held together with stainless steel wire and sealed in a Fisher & Porter 3-ounce

Control of hay-scented and New York ferns with Oust Xp® herbicide: Revisiting rate and timing required in mixed oak and northern hardwood stands

Treesearch

Todd E. Ristau

2017-01-01

Dense rhizomatous fern layers compete with desirable tree seedlings for light, which suppresses development and even kills seedlings. Sulfometuron methyl (Oust XP®) herbicide can be safely and effectively used to control ferns. Previous research showed that depending on application timing, as little as 2 ounces of Oust XP per acre controlled ferns while hardwood tree...

East Europe Report, Economic and Industrial Affairs, No. 2408.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-06-08

these power plants ; —[the crisis resulting from] insufficient geological surveys (too few drill- ings, insufficient reserves’ analysis ), serious...which swallow the sardines of the local factories and plants . Regional banks pull their shutters down the moment a few ounces of gold raise or lower...ac- cordance with the multilateral program of R & D cooperation entitled "Diagnos- tics of WER Nuclear Power Plants ’ Operating State," a unique

Pure Maple Syrup: Nutritive Value.

PubMed

Leaf, A L

1964-02-28

Variations in concentrations of sugar, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium of sap from sugar maple (Acer saccharum, Marsh.) trees are related to the time of sap collection and result in variation of the same components in pure maple syrup. Thirty milliliters (one fluid ounce) of pure maple syrup may contain 3 to 6 mg of phosphorus, 10 to 30 mg of potassium, 40 to 80 mg of calcium, and 4 to 25 mg of magnesium.

The Coast Artillery Journal. Volume 66, Number 5, May 1927

DTIC Science & Technology

1927-05-01

We are losing our sense of propor- tion and computing to ounces from measurements accurate only to pounds. Pursuing this subject further, it is...assumed. 2. The wind effect is supposedly corrected for through the use of the wind computer . Actually the present wind computer does not fur- nish...unsuited for the application of the correction (the Model 1917 Data Computer ) by operators too busy with principal deflections to occupy themselves

An Ounce of Application Is Worth a Ton of Abstraction. A Practical Guide to Implementing Total Quality Management.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Crouch, J. Michael

This book explains how to implement a Total Quality Management (TQM) program within an organization focusing in particular on ways to sustain the effort. Part 1 of five offers an overview of the TQM approach and the rationale for adopting it. Topics of discussion include signs of the need for change, what TQM is and what it is not, the basics of…

Photochemical Study of Silver Nanoparticles Formed from the Reduction of Silver Ions by Humic Acid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leslie, Renee M.

This study focuses on the ability of silver ions and humic acid to form silver nanoparticles in the presence of UV and visible light. Silver nanoparticles have a number of industrial applications due primarily to their antimicrobial properties, but these properties pose an environmental threat. Silver nanoparticles can directly disrupt sensitive ecosystems by harming bacteria. Consumption of silver nanoparticles results in silver ions and silver nanoparticles entering waterways; the presence of silver ions raises the question of whether nanoparticles can reform in environmental waters. As our data show, silver nanoparticles can form from the reduction of silver ions by humic acid after irradiation with UV and visible light. In order to better understand the mechanism of these naturally synthesized silver nanoparticles, we investigated the effects of reactant concentration, experimental conditions and presence of ions/reactive species. We monitored silver nanoparticle growth with UV-visible spectroscopy. The evolution in time of nanoparticle size was monitored by dynamic light scattering (DLS).

Noble metal superparticles and methods of preparation thereof

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sun, Yugang; Hu, Yongxing

A method comprises heating an aqueous solution of colloidal silver particles. A soluble noble metal halide salt is added to the aqueous solution which undergoes a redox reaction on a surface of the silver particles to form noble metal/silver halide SPs, noble metal halide/silver halide SPs or noble metal oxide/silver halide SPs on the surface of the silver particles. The heat is maintained for a predetermined time to consume the silver particles and release the noble metal/silver halide SPs, the noble metal halide/silver halide SPs or the noble metal oxide/silver halide SPs into the aqueous solution. The aqueous solution ismore » cooled. The noble metal/silver halide SPs, the noble metal halide/silver halide SPs or noble metal oxide/silver halide SPs are separated from the aqueous solution. The method optionally includes adding a soluble halide salt to the aqueous solution.« less

Swallowing disorders in nursing home residents: how can the problem be explained?

PubMed Central

Nogueira, Dália; Reis, Elizabeth

2013-01-01

Background The swallowing mechanism changes significantly as people age, even in the absence of chronic diseases. Presbyphagia, a term that refers to aging-related changes in the swallowing mechanism, may be linked to many health conditions and presents itself in distinct ways. Swallowing disorders are also identified as a major problem amongst the elderly population living in nursing homes. Methods The study sought to determine the prevalence of swallowing disorders in nursing home residents, to identify the relationship between self-perceived swallowing disorders, cognitive functions, autonomy, and depression, and also to analyze which variables explain the score of the Dysphagia Self-Test (DST). For this purpose, the researchers chose to apply a survey conveying questions on demographic aspects, general health, eating and feeding, as well as instruments to assess functional performance and the 3 ounce Water Swallow Test. Results The sample consisted of 272 elderly people living in eight nursing homes in Portugal. Six did not sign the informed consent form. Of the total, 29% were totally dependent, 33% were depressed, 45% had cognitive impairment, and 38% needed help with feeding. About 43% of the individuals reported having problems related to eating. Regarding the DST, 40% showed signs of dysphagia. With respect to the 3 ounce Water Swallow Test, 38% revealed at least one of the symptoms, wet voice being the most prevalent. Correlation measures showed that age had no linear association with the DST score although correlation with the Barthel Index and Mini Mental State Examination was found to be significant. A linear regression model was estimated with the DST score as the dependent variable and the MMSE and BI scores, gender, age, education, the Geriatric Depression Scale score, 3 ounce Water Swallow Test, and diagnosed conditions (such as neurological disorder, dementia, and cardiorespiratory problems) as explaining variables. Conclusion Results showed a high prevalence of dysphagia signs amongst a nursing home population. For the purpose of the present study, both a subjective and an objective assessment were applied. Results pointed to a significant statistical relation between objective and subjective measures, thus indicating that a self-perception test should be included in the assessment of swallowing disorders in a nursing home population. Notwithstanding, it should not be used as a single or principal measure as it is influenced by the individuals’ cognitive condition. PMID:23449951

Effect of nano silver and silver nitrate on seed yield of (Ocimum basilicum L.)

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nano silver and silver nitrate on yield of seed in basil plant. The study was carried out in a randomized block design with three replications. Results Four levels of either silver nitrate (0, 100, 200 and 300 ppm) or nano silver (0, 20, 40, and 60 ppm) were sprayed on basil plant at seed growth stage. The results showed that there was no significant difference between 100 ppm of silver nitrate and 60 ppm concentration of nano silver on the shoot silver concentration. However, increasing the concentration of silver nitrate from 100 to 300 ppm caused a decrease in seed yield. In contrast, a raise in the concentration of nano silver from 20 to 60 ppm has led to an improvement in the seed yield. Additionally, the lowest amount of seed yield was found with control plants. Conclusions Finally, with increasing level of silver nitrate, the polyphenol compound content was raised but the enhancing level of nano silver resulting in the reduction of these components. In conclusion, nano silver can be used instead of other compounds of silver. PMID:25383311

The Empirical Formula of Silver Sulfide: An Experiment for Introductory Chemistry

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Trujillo, Carlos Alexander

2007-01-01

An experiment is described that allows students to experimentally determine an empirical formula for silver sulfide. At elevated temperatures, silver sulfide reacts in air to form silver, silver sulfate, and sulfur dioxide. At higher temperatures (960 [degree]C) silver sulfate decomposes to produce metallic silver. (Contains 1 figure and 1 table.)

Factors influencing the preparation of silver-coated glass frit with polyvinyl-pyrrolidone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiang, Feng; Gan, Weiping

2018-01-01

In this work, a new electroless silver plating method for the synthesis of silver-coated glass frit composite powders with good morphology has been proposed and the polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) was used the activating agent. It was found that the weight ratio of PVP to glass frit affected the distribution and number of silver nanoparticles. Moreover, the loading capacity of the glass frit, the pH value and reaction temperature could influence the size of the silver nanoparticles and morphology of silver on the surface of glass frit. The as-prepared silver-coated glass frit was used to prepare a silver paste using an optimized process to form silver nanoparticles with uniform size and high density. The silver paste with silver-coated glass frit increased the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of silicon solar cells by 0.271% compared with the silver paste prepared with pure glass frit. The silver nanoparticles can promoted the precipitation of Ag crystallites on the silicon wafer. Therefore, the silver-coated glass frit can further optimize and enhance the electrical performance of solar cells.

Method for the recovery of silver from silver zeolite

DOEpatents

Reimann, G.A.

1985-03-05

High purity silver is recovered from silver exchanged zeolite used to capture radioactive iodine from nuclear reactor and nuclear fuel reprocessing environments. The silver exchanged zeolite is heated with slag formers to melt and fluidize the zeolite and release the silver, the radioactivity removing with the slag. The silver containing metallic impurities is remelted and treated with oxygen and a flux to remove the metal impurities. About 98% of the silver in the silver exchanged zeolite having a purity of 99% or better is recoverable by the method.

Method for the recovery of silver from silver zeolite

DOEpatents

Reimann, George A.

1986-01-01

High purity silver is recovered from silver exchanged zeolite used to capture radioactive iodine from nuclear reactor and nuclear fuel reprocessing environments. The silver exchanged zeolite is heated with slag formers to melt and fluidize the zeolite and release the silver, the radioactivity removing with the slag. The silver containing metallic impurities is remelted and treated with oxygen and a flux to remove the metal impurities. About 98% of the silver in the silver exchanged zeolite having a purity of 99% or better is recoverable by the method.

Glass frits coated with silver nanoparticles for silicon solar cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yingfen; Gan, Weiping; Zhou, Jian; Li, Biyuan

2015-06-01

Glass frits coated with silver nanoparticles were prepared by electroless plating. Gum Arabic (GA) was used as the activating agent of glass frits without the assistance of stannous chloride or palladium chloride. The silver-coated glass frits prepared with different GA dosages were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The characterization results indicated that silver-coated glass frits had the structures of both glass and silver. Spherical silver nanoparticles were distributed on the glass frits evenly. The density and particle size of silver nanoparticles on the glass frits can be controlled by adjusting the GA dosage. The silver-coated glass frits were applied to silver pastes to act as both the densification promoter and silver crystallite formation aid in the silver electrodes. The prepared silver-coated glass frits can improve the photovoltaic performances of solar cells.

Preliminary mineralogic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope study of the Mahd adh Dhahab gold mine, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rye, Robert O.; Hall, W.E.; Cunningham, C.G.; Czamanske, G.K.; Afifi, A.M.; Stacey, J.S.

1983-01-01

The Mahd adh Dhahab mine, located about 280 km northeast of Jiddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, has yielded more than 2 million ounces of gold from periodic production during the past 3,000 years. A new orebody on the southern side of the ancient workings, known as the South orebody, is being developed by Gold Fields-Mahd adh Dhahab Limited. A suite of samples was collected from the newly exposed orebody for preliminary mineralogic, stable isotope, fluid inclusion, and geochemical studies. The Mahd adh Dhahab deposit is in the carapace of a Proterozoic epizonal rhyolite stock that domed pyroclastic and metasedimentary rocks of the Proterozoic Halaban group. Ore of gold, silver, copper, zinc, tellurium, and lead is associated with north-trending, steeply dipping quartz veins in a zone 1,000 m long and 400 m wide. The veins include an assemblage of quartz-chlorite-pyrite-hematite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite-precious metals, which is similar to the mineral assemblage at the epithermal deposit at Creede, Colorado. The primary ore contains abundant chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and pyrite in addition to a complex precious metal assemblage. Gold and silver occur principally as minute grains of telluride minerals disseminated in quartz-chlorite-hematite and as inclusions in chalcopyrite and sphalerite. Telluride minerals include petzite, hessite, and sylvanite. Free gold is present but not abundant. All of the vein-quartz samples contained abundant, minute inclusions of both low-density, vapor-rich fluids and liquid-rich fluids. Primary fluid inclusions yielded homogenization temperatures of from 110? to 238? C. Preliminary light-stable isotope studies of the sulfide minerals and quartz showed that all of the d34S values are between 1.2 and 6.3 per mil, which is a typical range for hydrothermal sulfide minerals that derive their sulfur from an igneous source. The data-suggest that the sulfide sulfur isotope geochemistry was controlled by exchange with la large sulfur isotope reservoir at depth. The d18O values of all stages of vein quartz in the South orebody range between 8.5 and 11.1 per mil. This range is similar to that for quartz from the North orebody and indicates that the hydrothermal system consisted of dominantly exchanged meteoric water, which was uniform in temperature and d18O content throughout the area during the entire period of mineralization. Lead isotope analyses of two galena samples indicate that the lead in the South orebody is less radiogenic than that from the North orebody and confirm that the lead was derived from oceanic crust approximately 700 Ma ago.

An ounce of prevention. The AHA tries to ward off political attacks by showing its worth through healthcare ROI study, election cards and a new logo.

PubMed

Reilly, Patrick

2004-02-02

Fearing political backlash, the American Hospital Association is taking the offensive, crafting an image that shows hospitals are providing essential services despite the hefty price tag. In an attempt to rebrand itself, the AHA is touting a study on healthcare return on investment, has created an election card detailing "Seven Steps to a Healthier America" and debuted a new logo.

Effect of application timing on efficacy of site preparation treatments using Chopper® GEN2™

Treesearch

A.W. Ezell; J.L. Yeiser; D.K. Lauer; H.E. Quicke

2013-01-01

Chopper® GEN2™ is a new imazapyr product for use in forestry site preparation. A single treatment (32 ounces of Chopper® GEN2™ per acre) was applied at three timings on three sites (Louisiana, Mississippi, and Virginia) to test the effect of application timing on treatment efficacy. Hardwood control was excellent for all applications. Pine growth varied by site, but...

Estimating the potential of taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages to reduce consumption and generate revenue.

PubMed

Andreyeva, Tatiana; Chaloupka, Frank J; Brownell, Kelly D

2011-06-01

Beverage taxes came into light with increasing concerns about obesity, particularly among youth. Sugar-sweetened beverages have become a target of anti-obesity initiatives with increasing evidence of their link to obesity. Our paper offers a method for estimating revenues from an excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages that governments of various levels could direct towards obesity prevention. We construct a model projecting beverage consumption and tax revenues based on best available data on regional beverage consumption, historic trends and recent estimates of the price elasticity of sugar-sweetened beverage demand. The public health impact of beverage taxes could be substantial. An estimated 24% reduction in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption from a penny-per-ounce sugar-sweetened beverage tax could reduce daily per capita caloric intake from sugar-sweetened beverages from the current 190-200 cal to 145-150 cal, if there is no substitution to other caloric beverages or food. A national penny-per-ounce tax on sugar-sweetened beverages could generate new tax revenue of $79 billion over 2010-2015. A modest tax on sugar-sweetened beverages could both raise significant revenues and improve public health by reducing obesity. To the extent that at least some of the tax revenues get invested in obesity prevention programs, the public health benefits could be even more pronounced. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Metabolic responses to the acute ingestion of two commercially available carbonated beverages: A pilot study.

PubMed

Mendel, Ron W; Hofheins, Jennifer E

2007-09-14

The purpose of this placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over study was to compare the effects of two commercially available soft drinks on metabolic rate. After giving informed consent, twenty healthy men and women were randomly assigned to ingest 12 ounces of Celsiustrade mark and, on a separate day, 12 ounces of Diet Coke(R). All subjects completed both trials using a randomized, counterbalanced design. Metabolic rate (via indirect calorimetry) and substrate oxidation (via respiratory exchange ratio) were measured at baseline (pre-ingestion) and at the end of each hour for 3 hours post-ingestion. Two-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction (p < 0.001) between trials in metabolic rate. Scheffe post-hoc testing indicated that metabolic rate increased by 13.8% (+ 0.6 L/min, p < 0.001) 1 hr post, 14.4% (+0.63 L/min, p < 0.001) 2 hr post, and 8.5% (+0.37 L/min, p < 0.004) 3 hr post Celsiustrade mark ingestion. In contrast, small (~4-6%) but statistically insignificant increases in metabolic rate were noted following Diet Coke(R) ingestion. No differences in respiratory exchange ratio were noted between trials. These preliminary findings indicate Celsiustrade mark has thermogenic properties when ingested acutely. The effects of repeated, chronic ingestion of Celsiustrade mark on body composition are unknown at this time.

An Evaluation of Mother-Centered Anticipatory Guidance to Reduce Obesogenic Infant Feeding Behaviors

PubMed Central

Nicholson, Lisa; Skybo, Theresa; Klein, Elizabeth G.; Schwirian, Patricia M.; Murray-Johnson, Lisa; Sternstein, Amy; Eneli, Ihuoma; Boettner, Beth; Groner, Judith A.

2012-01-01

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of 2 anticipatory guidance styles (maternal focused [MOMS] and infant focused [Ounce of Prevention]) directed at mothers of infants aged newborn to 6 months on their infant feeding behaviors at 1 year compared with routine advice as outlined in Bright Futures (BF). METHODS: This is a cluster randomized trial. A total of 292 mother/infant dyads were enrolled at their first well-child visit to 3 urban pediatric clinics in Columbus, Ohio. Intervention-specific brief advice and 1-page handouts were given at each well visit. In addition to infant weights and lengths, surveys about eating habits and infant feeding practices were completed at baseline and 12 months. RESULTS: Baseline data revealed a group with high rates of maternal overweight (62%) and obesogenic habits. At 12 months, the maternal-focused group gave their infants less juice (8.97 oz vs 14.37 oz, P < .05), and more daily servings of fruit (1.40 vs 0.94, P < .05) and vegetables (1.41 vs 1.03, P < .05) compared with BF mothers. Ounce of Prevention mothers also gave less juice (9.3 oz, P < .05) and more fruit servings (1.26 P < .05) than BF. CONCLUSIONS: Brief specific interventions added to well-child care may affect obesogenic infant feeding behaviors of mothers and deserves further study as an inexpensive approach to preventing childhood obesity. PMID:22891225

Metabolic responses to the acute ingestion of two commercially available carbonated beverages: A pilot study

PubMed Central

Mendel, Ron W; Hofheins, Jennifer E

2007-01-01

Background The purpose of this placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over study was to compare the effects of two commercially available soft drinks on metabolic rate. Methods After giving informed consent, twenty healthy men and women were randomly assigned to ingest 12 ounces of Celsius™ and, on a separate day, 12 ounces of Diet Coke®. All subjects completed both trials using a randomized, counterbalanced design. Metabolic rate (via indirect calorimetry) and substrate oxidation (via respiratory exchange ratio) were measured at baseline (pre-ingestion) and at the end of each hour for 3 hours post-ingestion. Results Two-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction (p < 0.001) between trials in metabolic rate. Scheffe post-hoc testing indicated that metabolic rate increased by 13.8% (+ 0.6 L/min, p < 0.001) 1 hr post, 14.4% (+0.63 L/min, p < 0.001) 2 hr post, and 8.5% (+0.37 L/min, p < 0.004) 3 hr post Celsius™ ingestion. In contrast, small (~4–6%) but statistically insignificant increases in metabolic rate were noted following Diet Coke® ingestion. No differences in respiratory exchange ratio were noted between trials. Conclusion These preliminary findings indicate Celsius™ has thermogenic properties when ingested acutely. The effects of repeated, chronic ingestion of Celsius™ on body composition are unknown at this time. PMID:17908290

Silver(II) Oxide or Silver(I,III) Oxide?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tudela, David

2008-01-01

The often called silver peroxide and silver(II) oxide, AgO or Ag[subscript 2]O[subscript 2], is actually a mixed oxidation state silver(I,III) oxide. A thermochemical cycle, with lattice energies calculated within the "volume-based" thermodynamic approach, explain why the silver(I,III) oxide is more stable than the hypothetical silver(II) oxide.…

Process for making silver metal filaments

DOEpatents

Bamberger, Carlos E.

1997-01-01

A process for making silver metal particles from silver salt particles having the same morphology. Precursor silver salt particles selected from the group consisting of silver acetate and silver sulfide having a selected morphology are contained in a reactor vessel having means for supporting the particles in an air suspension to prevent the agglomeration of the particles. Air is flowed through the reactor vessel at a flow rate sufficient to suspend the particles in the reactor vessel. The suspended precursor silver salt particles are heated to a processing temperature and at a heating rate below which the physical deterioration of the suspended precursor silver salt particles takes place. The suspended precursor silver salt particles are maintained at the processing temperature for a period of time sufficient to convert the particles into silver metal particles having the same morphology as the precursor silver salt particles.

Room temperature synthesis of silver nanowires from tabular silver bromide crystals in the presence of gelatin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Suwen; Wehmschulte, Rudolf J.; Lian, Guoda; Burba, Christopher M.

2006-03-01

Long silver nanowires were synthesized at room temperature by a simple and fast process derived from the development of photographic films. A film consisting of an emulsion of tabular silver bromide grains in gelatin was treated with a photographic developer (4-(methylamino)phenol sulfate (metol), citric acid) in the presence of additional aqueous silver nitrate. The silver nanowires have lengths of more than 50 μm, some even more than 100 μm, and average diameters of about 80 nm. Approximately, 70% of the metallic silver formed in the reduction consists of silver nanowires. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) results indicate that the silver nanowires grow along the [111] direction. It was found that the presence of gelatin, tabular silver bromide crystals and silver ions in solution are essential for the formation of the silver nanowires. The nanowires appear to originate from the edges of the silver bromide crystals. They were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), SAED, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Survival of Seasonal Flooding in the Amazon by the Terrestrial Insect Conotrachelus dubiae O'Brien & Couturier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a Pest of the Camu-Camu Plant, Myrciaria dubia (Myrtaceae).

PubMed

Delgado, C; Couturier, G; Fine, P V A

2014-08-01

The weevil Conotrachelus dubiae O'Brien & Couturier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a pest of an economically important Amazonian fruit tree Myrciaria dubia (Myrtaceae). This tree grows in seasonally flooded environments, and how weevil larvae survive flooding has not been studied. From December 2004 to May 2009, five experiments were conducted in natural conditions and in the laboratory, with the aim of understanding the mechanisms that allow the survival of C. dubiae larvae in seasonal floods in Amazonia. The larvae of C. dubiae were kept under water for over 93 days. Older instars exposed to periodic circulation of water survived better than younger instars in addition to all larvae that were kept continuously under uncirculated water. Individuals that were collected from plots of M. dubia located in flooded soils and non-flooded soils did not exhibit statistically significant differences in their levels of survival indicating that the variation in survival of flooding events is due to phenotypic plasticity of the species and not to local adaptation by the populations in different environments. We speculate that larvae can survive floods without major physiological changes as larvae appear to obtain oxygen from water by cutaneous diffusion, assisted by caudal movements.

Antibacterial activity and toxicity of silver - nanosilver versus ionic silver

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kvitek, L.; Panacek, A.; Prucek, R.; Soukupova, J.; Vanickova, M.; Kolar, M.; Zboril, R.

2011-07-01

The in vitro study of antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (NPs), prepared via modified Tollens process, revealed high antibacterial activity even at very low concentrations around several units of mg/L. These concentrations are comparable with concentrations of ionic silver revealing same antibacterial effect. However, such low concentrations of silver NPs did not show acute cytotoxicity to mammalian cells - this occurs at concentrations higher than 60 mg/L of silver, while the cytotoxic level of ionic silver is much more lower (approx. 1 mg/L). Moreover, the silver NPs exhibit lower acute ecotoxicity against the eukaryotic organisms such as Paramecium caudatum, Monoraphidium sp. and D. melanogaster. The silver NPs are toxic to these organisms at the concentrations higher than 30 mg/L of silver. On contrary, ionic silver retains its cytoxicity and ecotoxicity even at the concentration equal to 1 mg/L. The performed experiments demonstrate significantly lower toxicity of silver NPs against the eukaryotic organisms than against the prokaryotic organisms.

Separation of silver ions and starch modified silver nanoparticles using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and inductively coupled mass spectrometric detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hanley, Traci A.; Saadawi, Ryan; Zhang, Peng; Caruso, Joseph A.; Landero-Figueroa, Julio

2014-10-01

The production of commercially available products marketed to contain silver nanoparticles is rapidly increasing. Species-specific toxicity is a phenomenon associated with many elements, including silver, making it imperative to develop a method to identify and quantify the various forms of silver (namely, silver ions vs. silver nanoparticles) possibly present in these products. In this study a method was developed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV-VIS) and inductively coupled mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) detection to separate starch stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver ions (Ag+) by cation exchange chromatography with 0.5 M nitric acid mobile phase. The silver nanoparticles and ions were baseline resolved with an ICP-MS response linear over four orders of magnitude, 0.04 mg kg- 1 detection limit, and 90% chromatographic recovery for silver solutions containing ions and starch stabilized silver nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mokhtari, Narges; Daneshpajouh, Shahram; Seyedbagheri, Seyedali

This study has investigated different visible-light irradiation's effect on the formation of silver nanoparticles from silver nitrate using the culture supernatant of Klebsiella pneumonia. Our study shows that visible-light emission can significantly prompt the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Also, the study experimentally investigated the liquid mixing process effect on silver nanoparticle synthesis by visible-light irradiation. This study successfully synthesized uniformly dispersed silver nanoparticles with a uniform size and shape in the range of 1-6 nm with an average size of 3 nm. Furthermore, the study investigated the mechanism of the reduction of silver ions by culture supernatant of K. pneumonia,more » and used X-ray diffraction to characterize silver chloride as an intermediate compound. Silver chloride was prepared synthetically and used as a substrate for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by culture supernatant of K. pneumonia. The silver nanoparticles have been prepared from silver chloride during this investigation for the first time.« less

Silver deposition and tissue staining associated with wound dressings containing silver.

PubMed

Walker, Michael; Cochrane, Christine A; Bowler, Philip G; Parsons, David; Bradshaw, Peter

2006-01-01

Argyria is the general term used to denote a clinical condition in which excessive administration and deposition of silver causes a permanent irreversible gray-blue discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes. The amount of discoloration usually depends on the route of silver delivery (ie, oral or topical administration) along with the body's ability to absorb and excrete the administered silver compound. Argyria is accepted as a rare dermatosis but once silver particles are deposited, they remain immobile and may accumulate during the aging process. Topical application of silver salts (eg, silver nitrate solution) may lead to transient skin staining. To investigate their potential to cause skin staining, two silver-containing dressings (Hydrofiber and nanocrystalline) were applied to human skin samples taken from electively amputated lower limbs. The potential for skin discoloration was assayed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. When the dressings were hydrated with water, a significantly higher amount of silver was released from the nanocrystalline dressing compared to the Hydrofiber dressing (P <0.005), which resulted in approximately 30 times more silver deposition. In contrast, when saline was used as the hydration medium, the release rates were low for both dressings and not significantly different (silver deposition was minimal). Controlling the amount of silver released from silver-containing dressings should help reduce excessive deposition of silver into wound tissue and minimize skin staining.

Preparation of starch-stabilized silver nanoparticles from amylose-sodium palmitate inclusion complexes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Starch-stabilized silver nanoparticles were prepared from amylose-sodium palmitate complexes by first converting sodium palmitate to silver palmitate by reaction with silver nitrate and then reducing the silver ion to metallic silver. This process produced water solutions that could be dried and the...

Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Silver Delivery Approaches in the Management of Partial-thickness Burns.

PubMed

Nherera, Leo; Trueman, Paul; Roberts, Christopher; Berg, Leena

2018-02-23

Burn injury is a common type of traumatic injury that causes considerable morbidity and mortality, resulting in about 30,000 admissions annually in specialist burn centers and costing around $1 billion per year in the United States. One percent silver sulfadiazine has been utilized widely in the management of burns and newer silver dressings are on the market, including nanocrystalline silver dressings, silver-impregnated hydrofiber dressings, and silver-impregnated foam dressings. This study sought to determine the cost effectiveness of the newer silver dressings using clinical data from an indirect treatment comparison using silver sulfadiazine as the baseline. A decision analytic model was developed from a US payer's perspective for burn patients with a total body surface area of < 20%. Outcomes were length of stay, infections and incidence of surgical procedures, quality adjusted life years (QALYs), and cost. The meta-analysis reported a statistically significant reduction in length of hospital stay and clinically important reductions in infections and incidence of surgical procedures in favor of the silver barrier dressing compared with other silver dressings. The estimated QALYs were 0.970 versus 0.969 versus 0.969 and mean cost per patient was $15,892, $23,799, and $24,269 for the nanocrystalline silver dressing, silver-impregnated hydrofiber dressing, and silver-impregnated foam dressing, respectively. The analysis showed the nanocrystalline silver dressing to be a dominant strategy (less costly with better outcomes). These findings were robust to a range of sensitivity analyses. According to data from an indirect treatment comparison, this analysis suggests that nanocrystalline silver dressing is the most cost-effective silver delivery system. Prospective head-to-head research on the costs and outcomes of these silver delivery systems in this patient population is necessary to validate the results of this economic evaluation.

Physicochemical properties of protein-modified silver nanoparticles in seawater

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhong, Hangyue

2013-10-01

This study investigated the physicochemical properties of silver nanoparticles stabilized with casein protein in seawater. UV?vis spectrometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied to measure the stability of silver nanoparticles in seawater samples. The obtained results show an increased aggregation tendency of silver nanoparticles in seawater, which could be attributed its relatively high cation concentration that could neutralize the negatively charges adsorbed on the surface of silver nanoparticles and reduce the electrostatic repulsion forces between nanoparticles. Similarly, due to the surface charge screening process, the zeta potential of silver nanoparticles in seawater decreased. This observation further supported the aggregation behavior of silver nanoparticles. This study also investigated the dissolution of silver nanoparticles in seawater. Result shows that the silver nanoparticle dissolution in DI water is lower than in seawater, which is attributed to the high Cl? concentration present in seawater. As Cl? can react with silver and form soluble AgCl complex, dissolution of silver nanoparticles was enhanced. Finally, this study demonstrated that silver nanoparticles are destabilized in seawater condition. These results may be helpful in understanding the environmental risk of discharged silver nanoparticles in seawater conditions.

Silver in medicine: a brief history BC 335 to present.

PubMed

Barillo, David J; Marx, David E

2014-12-01

Silver is a naturally occurring element. Similar to other metals, the ionized form of silver (Ag(+1)) has known antimicrobial properties. A number of wound dressings incorporating silver ion or silver compounds have recently been developed and marketed. In addition, the antimicrobial effects of silver are currently being promoted in consumer products such as clothing and household appliances. The present use of silver in medical and consumer products has prompted concerns for potential toxicity and ecological effects, including induction of microbial resistance to antibiotics. These concerns ignore the fact that silver has been used for medicinal purposes for several thousand years. A historical review of the uses of silver in medicine is presented.

The Electrodeposition of Silver from Supercritical Carbon Dioxide/Acetonitrile

PubMed Central

Bartlett, Philip N; Perdjon-Abel, Magdalena; Cook, David; Reid, Gillian; Levason, William; Cheng, Fei; Zhang, Wenjian; George, Michael W; Ke, Jie; Beanland, Richard; Sloan, Jeremy

2014-01-01

Cyclic voltammetry of silver coordination complexes in acetonitrile and in a single-phase supercritical carbon dioxide/acetonitrile (scCO2/CH3CN) system is reported. Five silver precursors are investigated: (1,5-cyclooctadiene)(hexafluoroacetylacetonato) silver(I) [Ag(hfac)(COD)], (hexafluoroacetylacetonato)(triphenylphosphine) silver(I) [Ag(hfac)(PPh3)], (perfluorooctanoato)bis(triphenylphosphine) silver(I) [Ag(CF3(CF2)6CO2)(PPh3)2], tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) silver(I) tetrafluoroborate [Ag(PPh3)4][BF4] and tetrakis(acetonitrile) silver(I) tetrafluoroborate [Ag(CH3CN)4][BF4]. Of these, [Ag(CH3CN)4][BF4] is found to be the most suitable for electrodeposition of silver from scCO2/CH3CN.

Room temperature synthesis of silver nanowires from tabular silver bromide crystals in the presence of gelatin

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu Suwen; Wehmschulte, Rudolf J.; Lian Guoda

2006-03-15

Long silver nanowires were synthesized at room temperature by a simple and fast process derived from the development of photographic films. A film consisting of an emulsion of tabular silver bromide grains in gelatin was treated with a photographic developer (4-(methylamino)phenol sulfate (metol), citric acid) in the presence of additional aqueous silver nitrate. The silver nanowires have lengths of more than 50 {mu}m, some even more than 100 {mu}m, and average diameters of about 80 nm. Approximately, 70% of the metallic silver formed in the reduction consists of silver nanowires. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) results indicate that the silvermore » nanowires grow along the [111] direction. It was found that the presence of gelatin, tabular silver bromide crystals and silver ions in solution are essential for the formation of the silver nanowires. The nanowires appear to originate from the edges of the silver bromide crystals. They were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), SAED, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD)« less

Iodized salt sales in the United States.

PubMed

Maalouf, Joyce; Barron, Jessica; Gunn, Janelle P; Yuan, Keming; Perrine, Cria G; Cogswell, Mary E

2015-03-10

Iodized salt has been an important source of dietary iodine, a trace element important for regulating human growth, development, and metabolic functions. This analysis identified iodized table salt sales as a percentage of retail salt sales using Nielsen ScanTrack. We identified 1117 salt products, including 701 salt blends and 416 other salt products, 57 of which were iodized. When weighted by sales volume in ounces or per item, 53% contained iodized salt. These findings may provide a baseline for future monitoring of sales of iodized salt.

Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in the U.S. Coast Guard

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-03-01

3) Not Fit For Duty information relating to loss of productive man-hour re.ourew. Second; eardiovascular heart disease (CHD) is the primary medical...the lowecr you can~ get it, t .he b~etter ,your chances are of living it longer and more productive life. Each RISK( FACTOR is defined on the...Pasta: macaroni, noodles (except egg noodles), spaghetti. LIS’T 4: Milk Product s SOne so:rvkin is eight ounces (one cup) Buy only skimmed milk that

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart Hhhh... - Method for Determining Free-Formaldehyde in Urea-Formaldehyde Resins by Sodium Sulfite (Iced...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....8Disposable pipettes. 2.1.9Several 5-ounce (oz.) plastic cups. 2.1.10Ice cube trays (small cubes). 2....0 5 1.0-3.0 2 3.0 1 2.3.4.1Pour about 1 inch of resin into a 5 oz. plastic cup. 2.3.4.2Determine the gross weight of the cup, resin, and disposable pipette (with the narrow tip broken off) fitted with a...

76 FR 9231 - New Customs Declarations Label Requirements

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-17

...The Postal Service is revising the Mailing Standards of the United States Postal Service, Domestic Mail Manual (DMM[supreg]) 608.2.4 to require all mailpieces containing goods that enter the Customs Territory of the United States (CTUS), from outside the CTUS, to bear a customs declaration label. Additionally, the Postal Service updates the standards for items weighing 16 ounces or more when sent to, from, or between, and in some circumstances, within certain U.S. territories, possessions, and Freely Associated States.

Chemoprevention Trial of Selenium and Prostate Cancer

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-10-01

use in slowing the growth of prostate cancer. This study will not use selenium as a treatment option for the possible cure of prostate cancer...slice or 1 piece o Q rj Chocolate candy and candy bars o o o o o Q o o c 1 small bar or 1 ounce ._> . ■Q Hard candy, jam, jelly, honey , or...your stream? Have you noticed any stress incontinence? (leakage of urine when sneezing, coughing or laughing) _1 -NOT AT ALL _ 2-LESS THAN 1 IN 5

View of Apollo 17 lunar rock sample no. 72415,0

NASA Image and Video Library

1972-01-18

S73-16199 (December 1972) --- A close-up view of Apollo 17 lunar sample number 72415,0 which was brought back from the Taurus-Littrow landing site by the Apollo 17 crewmen. This sample is a brecciated dunite clast weighing a little over 32 grams (about 1.14 ounces). This sample was collected at station 2 (South Massif) during the second Apollo 17 extravehicular activity (EVA). IMPORTANT NOTE FOR CREDIT: The view was photographed by Karl Mills, Scientific Photo Arts, Berkeley, California.

Metallized Products

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1980-01-01

Since the early 1960's, virtually all NASA spacecraft have used metallized films for a variety of purposes, principally thermal radiation insulation. King Seeley manufactures a broad line of industrial and consumer oriented metallized film, fabric, paper and foam in single layer sheets and multi-layer laminates. A few examples, commercialized by MPI Outdoor Safety Products, are the three ounce Thermos Emergency Blanket which reflects and retains up to 80 percent of the user's body heat helping prevent post accident shock or keeping a person warm for hours under emergency cold weather conditions.

Environmental Inventory and Analysis for Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Volume II. Appendices. Pine Bluff Metropolitan Area, Arkansas Urban Water Management Study. Revised.

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-10-01

pesticides were all taken on July 18, 1974. All samples were secured in six (6) ounce po.lyethylene Whirl-pac bags or one (1) liter polyethylene...tested for nutrients, minerals, o,~gen demands, trace metal’s and pesticides throughout the course of the study. The purpose of this quality control...Pastures, lawns, fields Self-heal Pycnanthemum albescens Open woods along streams White Basil Pycnanthemum muticum Dry open woods Mountain Mint Pycnanthemum

General Roy S. Geiger, USMC: Marine Aviator, Joint Force Commander

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

in a destroyed N-9 trainer.50 Geiger was attempting to land on Pensacola Bay , when a submarine surfaced at his intended point of landing... Corsairs , Hawks, Falcons, and SeaHawks, which replaced the WW I-vintage DH-4’s, out of which the Marine Corps had wrung every ounce of utility. Brown...CACTUS Air Force possessed a force of over 200 aircraft, including the formidable F4U Corsair , and the Japanese military had adopted a defensive

Report of the Defense Science Board 1981 Summer Study Panel on Operational Readiness with High Performance Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-01

Research and Engineering Colonel Francis D. Bettinger , USA Deputy Director, Soldier Support Center, National Capitol Region Major Andrew A . Gorman...WASHINGTON, D.C. NTIS GRA&I DTIC TABj Urlka ounced [] A 3Lstifi"•°to - APRIL 1982 COPY Distribution/__ Availability Codes Avail and/or 4o...SDSTRIBUTION STATEMENT A Appioved fox public teeoazel . Distribution Unlimited OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF Dm_..g TI- OFFICE Or WASHINGTON, D.C. Z0301 £ . 13

A review of the antibacterial effects of silver nanomaterials and potential implications for human health and the environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marambio-Jones, Catalina; Hoek, Eric M. V.

2010-06-01

Here, we present a review of the antibacterial effects of silver nanomaterials, including proposed antibacterial mechanisms and possible toxicity to higher organisms. For purpose of this review, silver nanomaterials include silver nanoparticles, stabilized silver salts, silver-dendrimer, polymer and metal oxide composites, and silver-impregnated zeolite and activated carbon materials. While there is some evidence that silver nanoparticles can directly damage bacteria cell membranes, silver nanomaterials appear to exert bacteriocidal activity predominantly through release of silver ions followed (individually or in combination) by increased membrane permeability, loss of the proton motive force, inducing de-energization of the cells and efflux of phosphate, leakage of cellular content, and disruption DNA replication. Eukaryotic cells could be similarly impacted by most of these mechanisms and, indeed, a small but growing body of literature supports this concern. Most antimicrobial studies are performed in simple aquatic media or cell culture media without proper characterization of silver nanomaterial stability (aggregation, dissolution, and re-precipitation). Silver nanoparticle stability is governed by particle size, shape, and capping agents as well as solution pH, ionic strength, specific ions and ligands, and organic macromolecules—all of which influence silver nanoparticle stability and bioavailability. Although none of the studies reviewed definitively proved any immediate impacts to human health or the environment by a silver nanomaterial containing product, the entirety of the science reviewed suggests some caution and further research are warranted given the already widespread and rapidly growing use of silver nanomaterials.

Migration of silver from commercial plastic food containers and implications for consumer exposure assessment.

PubMed

von Goetz, Natalie; Fabricius, Lars; Glaus, Reto; Weitbrecht, Volker; Günther, Detlef; Hungerbühler, Konrad

2013-01-01

Food storage containers with embedded silver as an antibacterial agent promise longer durability of food. For risk assessment the release of this silver into the stored food and resulting human exposure need to be known. For the purpose of exposure assessment, silver migration from commercial plastic containers with declared content of 'nano-' or 'micro-silver' into different food simulants (water, 10% ethanol, 3% acetic acid, olive oil) was quantitatively determined by ICP-MS and the form of the released silver was investigated. The highest migration of silver was observed for the acidic food simulant with 30 ng silver cm(-2) contact surface within 10 days at 20°C. In a second and third use cycle, migration dropped by a factor of up to 10, so that the maximum cumulated release over three use cycles was 34 ng cm(-2). The silver release over time was described using a power function and a numerical model that simulates Fickian diffusion through the plastic material. The released silver was found to be in ionic form, but also in the form of silver nanoparticles (around 12%). Consumer exposure to the total amount of silver released from the food containers is low in comparison with the background silver exposure of the general population, but since natural background concentrations are only known for ionic silver, the exposure to silver nanoparticles is not directly comparable with a safe background level.

Quantification of metal loading to Silver Creek through the Silver Maple Claims area, Park City, Utah, May 2002

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kimball, Briant A.; Johnson, Kevin K.; Runkel, Robert L.; Steiger, Judy I.

2004-01-01

The Silver Maple Claims area along Silver Creek, near Park City, Utah, is administered by the Bureau of Land Management. To quantify possible sources of elevated zinc concentrations in Silver Creek that exceed water-quality standards, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a mass-loading study in May 2002 along a 1,400-meter reach of Silver Creek that included the Silver Maple Claims area. Additional samples were collected upstream and downstream from the injection reach to investigate other possible sources of zinc and other metals to the stream. Many metals were investigated in the study, but zinc is of particular concern for water-quality standards. The total loading of zinc along the study reach from Park City to Wanship, Utah, was about 49 kilograms per day. The Silver Maple Claims area contributed about 38 percent of this load. The Silver Creek tailings discharge pipe, which empties just inside the Silver Maple Claims area, contributed more than half the load of the Silver Maple Claims area. Substantial zinc loads also were added to Silver Creek downstream from the Silver Maple Claims area. Ground-water discharge upstream from the waste-water treatment plant contributed 20 percent of the total zinc load, and another 17 percent was contributed near the waste-water treatment plant. By identifying the specific areas where zinc and other metal loads are contributed to Silver Creek, it is possible to assess the needs of a remediation plan. For example, removing the tailings from the Silver Maple Claims area could contribute to lowering the zinc concentration in Silver Creek, but without also addressing the loading from the Silver Creek tailings discharge pipe and the ground-water discharge farther downstream, the zinc concentration could not be lowered enough to meet water-quality standards. Additional existing sources of zinc loading downstream from the Silver Maple Claims area could complicate the process of lowering zinc concentration to meet water-quality standards.

Plasmonic characterization of photo-induced silver nanoparticles extracted from silver halide based TEM film

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sudheer,, E-mail: sudheer@rrcat.gov.in; Tiwari, P.; Rai, V. N.

The plasmonic responses of silver nanoparticles extracted from silver halide based electron microscope film are investigated. Photo-reduction process is carried out to convert the silver halide grains into the metallic silver. The centrifuge technique is used for separating the silver nanoparticles from the residual solution. Morphological study performed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) shows that all the nanoparticles have an average diameter of ~120 nm with a high degree of mono dispersion in size. The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption peak at ~537 nm confirms the presence of large size silver nanoparticles.

Silver ion-mediated killing of a food pathogen: Melting curve analysis data of silver resistance genes and growth curve data.

PubMed

Gokulan, Kuppan; Williams, Katherine; Khare, Sangeeta

2017-04-01

Limited antibacterial activity of silver ions leached from silver-impregnated food contact materials could be due to: 1) the presence of silver resistance genes in tested bacteria ; or 2) lack of susceptibility to silver ion-mediated killing in the bacterial strain (K. Williams, L. Valencia, K. Gokulan, R. Trbojevich, S. Khare, 2016 [1]). This study contains data to address the specificity of silver resistance genes in Salmonella Typhimurium during the real time PCR using melting curve analysis and an assessment of the minimum inhibitory concentration of silver ions for Salmonella .

Plasmonic particles of colloidal silver in high-resolution recording media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andreeva, O. V.; Andreeva, N. V.; Kuzmina, T. B.

2017-01-01

The optical properties of colloidal silver particles formed photographically in high-resolution silver halide photographic materials have been considered. The conditions that allow one to obtain exposed and developed light-sensitive silver halide particles in the form of colloidal particles of metallic silver having the properties of localized plasmons have been described. The results of the studies of the developed silver particles in traditional photographic materials for image holography and in nanoporous silver halide photographic materials for volume holography have been presented. The perspectives of using plasmonic silver nanoparticles produced photographically have been discussed.

Rapid deposition of triangular silver nanoplates on planar surfaces: application to metal-enhanced fluorescence.

PubMed

Aslan, Kadir; Lakowicz, Joseph R; Geddes, Chris D

2005-04-07

A simple and rapid wet-chemical technique for the deposition of silver triangles on conventional glass substrates, which alleviates the need for lithography, has been developed. The technique is based on the seed-mediated cetyltrimethylammonium-bromide-directed growth of silver triangles on glass surfaces, where smaller spherical silver seeds that were attached to the surface were subsequently converted and grown into silver triangles in the presence of a cationic surfactant and silver ions. The size of the silver triangles was controlled by sequential immersion of silver seed-coated glass substrates into a growth solution and by the duration time of immersion. Atomic force microscopy studies revealed that the size of the silver triangles ranged between 100 and 500 nm. Interestingly, these new surfaces are a significant improvement over traditional silver island films for applications in metal-enhanced fluorescence. A routine 16-fold enhancement in emission intensity was typically observed, for protein-immobilized indocyanine green, with a relatively very low loading density of silver triangles on the glass surface.

High purity silver microcrystals recovered from silver wastes by eco-friendly process using hydrogen peroxide.

PubMed

Gatemala, Harnchana; Ekgasit, Sanong; Wongravee, Kanet

2017-07-01

A simple, rapid, and environmentally friendly process using hydrogen peroxide, was developed for recovering high purity silver directly from industry and laboratory wastes. Silver ammine complex, [Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ] + Cl - , derived from AgCl were generated and then directly reduced using H 2 O 2 to reliably turn into high purity microcrystalline silver (99.99%) examined by EDS and XRD. Morphology of the recovered silver microcrystals could be selectively tuned by an addition of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). The main parameters in the recovering process including pH, concentration of Ag + and the mole ratio of H 2 O 2 :Ag + were carefully optimized though the central composite design (CCD). The optimized condition was employed for a trial recovery of 50 L silver ammine complex prepared from a collection of silver-wastes during 3-year research on industrial nanoparticle production. The recovered silver microcrystals >700 g could be recovered with 91.27%. The remaining solution after filtering of the recovered silver microcrystals can be used repeatedly (at least 8 cycles) without losing recovery efficiency. Matrix interferences including Pb 2+ and Cl - play a minimal role in our silver recovery process. Furthermore, the direct usage of the recovered silver microcrystals was demonstrated by using as a raw material of silver clay for creating a set of wearable silver jewelries. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mechanical, electrical, and thermal expansion properties of carbon nanotube-based silver and silver-palladium alloy composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pal, Hemant; Sharma, Vimal

2014-11-01

The mechanical, electrical, and thermal expansion properties of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based silver and silver-palladium (10:1, w/w) alloy nanocomposites are reported. To tailor the properties of silver, CNTs were incorporated into a silver matrix by a modified molecular level-mixing process. CNTs interact weakly with silver because of their non-reactive nature and lack of mutual solubility. Therefore, palladium was utilized as an alloying element to improve interfacial adhesion. Comparative microstructural characterizations and property evaluations of the nanocomposites were performed. The structural characterizations revealed that decorated type-CNTs were dispersed, embedded, and anchored into the silver matrix. The experimental results indicated that the modification of the silver and silver-palladium nanocomposite with CNT resulted in increases in the hardness and Young's modulus along with concomitant decreases in the electrical conductivity and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). The hardness and Young's modulus of the nanocomposites were increased by 30%-40% whereas the CTE was decreased to 50%-60% of the CTE of silver. The significantly improved CTE and the mechanical properties of the CNT-reinforced silver and silver-palladium nanocomposites are correlated with the intriguing properties of CNTs and with good interfacial adhesion between the CNTs and silver as a result of the fabrication process and the contact action of palladium as an alloying element.

21 CFR 310.548 - Drug products containing colloidal silver ingredients or silver salts offered over-the-counter...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... ingredients or silver salts offered over-the-counter (OTC) for the treatment and/or prevention of disease. 310...) for the treatment and/or prevention of disease. (a) Colloidal silver ingredients and silver salts have... disease conditions. There are serious and complicating aspects to many of the diseases these silver...

21 CFR 310.548 - Drug products containing colloidal silver ingredients or silver salts offered over-the-counter...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... ingredients or silver salts offered over-the-counter (OTC) for the treatment and/or prevention of disease. 310...) for the treatment and/or prevention of disease. (a) Colloidal silver ingredients and silver salts have... disease conditions. There are serious and complicating aspects to many of the diseases these silver...

21 CFR 310.548 - Drug products containing colloidal silver ingredients or silver salts offered over-the-counter...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... ingredients or silver salts offered over-the-counter (OTC) for the treatment and/or prevention of disease. 310...) for the treatment and/or prevention of disease. (a) Colloidal silver ingredients and silver salts have... disease conditions. There are serious and complicating aspects to many of the diseases these silver...

21 CFR 310.548 - Drug products containing colloidal silver ingredients or silver salts offered over-the-counter...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... ingredients or silver salts offered over-the-counter (OTC) for the treatment and/or prevention of disease. 310...) for the treatment and/or prevention of disease. (a) Colloidal silver ingredients and silver salts have... disease conditions. There are serious and complicating aspects to many of the diseases these silver...

21 CFR 310.548 - Drug products containing colloidal silver ingredients or silver salts offered over-the-counter...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... ingredients or silver salts offered over-the-counter (OTC) for the treatment and/or prevention of disease. 310...) for the treatment and/or prevention of disease. (a) Colloidal silver ingredients and silver salts have... disease conditions. There are serious and complicating aspects to many of the diseases these silver...

Mechanism of Prophylaxis by Silver Compounds against Infection of Burns

PubMed Central

Ricketts, C. R.; Lowbury, E. J. L.; Lawrence, J. C.; Hall, M.; Wilkins, M. D.

1970-01-01

To clarify tthe mechanism by which local application of silver compounds protects burns against infection, an ion-specific electrode was used to measùre the concentration of silver ions in solutions. By this method it was shown that in burn dressings silver ions were reduced to a very low level by precipitation as silver chloride. The antibacterial effect was found to depend on the availability of silver ions from solution in contact with precipitate. Between 10-5 and 10-6 molar silver nitrate solution in water was rapidly bactericidal. The minimal amount of silver nitrate causing inhibition of respiration of skin in tissue culture was about 25 times the minimal concentration of silver nitrate that inhibited growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PMID:4986877

Comment on "A re-assessment of the safety of silver in household water treatment: rapid systematic review of mammalian in vivo genotoxicity studies".

PubMed

Lantagne, Daniele; Rayner, Justine; Mittelman, Anjuliee; Pennell, Kurt

2017-11-13

We wish to thank Fewtrell, Majuru, and Hunter for their article highlighting genotoxic risks associated with the use of particulate silver for primary drinking water treatment. The recent promotion of colloidal silver products for household water treatment in developing countries is problematic due to previously identified concerns regarding manufacturing quality and questionable advertising practices, as well as the low efficiency of silver nanoparticles to treat bacteria, viruses, and protozoa in source waters. However, in the conclusion statement of the manuscript, Fewtrell et al. state, "Before colloidal Ag or AgNP are used in filter matrices for drinking water treatment, consideration needs to be given to how much silver is likely to be released from the matrix during the life of the filter." Unfortunately, it appears Fewtrell et al. were unaware that studies of silver nanoparticle and silver ion elution from ceramic filters manufactured and used in developing countries have already been completed. These existing studies have found that: 1) silver ions, not silver nanoparticles, are eluted from ceramic filters treated with silver nanoparticles or silver nitrate; and, 2) silver ions have not been shown to be genotoxic. Thus, the existing recommendation of applying silver nanoparticles to ceramic filters to prevent biofilm formation within the filter and improve microbiological efficacy should still be adhered to, as there is no identified risk to people who drink water from ceramic filters treated with silver nanoparticles or silver nitrate. We note that efforts should continue to minimize exposure to silver nanoparticles (and silica) to employees in ceramic filter factories in collaboration with the organizations that provide technical assistance to ceramic filter factories.

New Paradigm Shift for the Green Synthesis of Antibacterial Silver Nanoparticles Utilizing Plant Extracts

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

This review covers general information regarding the green synthesis of antibacterial silver nanoparticles. Owing to their antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles are widely used in many areas, especially biomedical applications. In green synthesis practices, the chemical reducing agents are eliminated, and biological entities are utilized to convert silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Among the various biological entities, natural plant extracts have emerged as green reducing agents, providing eco-friendly routes for the preparation of silver nanomaterials. The most obvious merits of green synthesis are the increased biocompatibility of the resulting silver nanoparticles and the ease with which the reaction can be carried out. This review summarizes some of the plant extracts that are used to produce antibacterial silver nanoparticles. Additionally, background information regarding the green synthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles is provided. Finally, the toxicological aspects of silver nanoparticles are briefly mentioned. PMID:25343010

Silver Recycling in the United States in 2000

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hilliard, Henry E.

2003-01-01

In 2000, the global silver supply deficit (the difference between mine and scrap supply and silver demand) was more than 3,000 metric tons. U.S. silver demand for photographic applications alone was nearly equal to annual U.S. silver production. Until 1968, the U.S. silver deficit was filled by withdrawals from the U.S. Treasury reserves. In 2000, the deficit was filled by destocking, imports, and recycling. Photographic wastes, spent catalysts, and electronic scrap are the major sources of materials for silver recycling. Nearly 1,800 tons of silver contained in these materials were available for recycling in 2000. Other recyclable silver-bearing materials include dental alloys, jewelry, and silverware. In 2000, an estimated 1,700 tons of silver were recovered from secondary sources in the United States. The U.S. recycling efficiency for old scrap was calculated to have been 97 percent in 2000; the recycling rate was estimated to be 32 percent.

Silver recycling in the United States in 2000

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hilliard, Henry E.

2003-01-01

In 2000, the global silver supply deficit (the difference between mine and scrap supply and silver demand) was more than 3,000 metric tons. U.S. silver demand for photographic applications alone was nearly equal to annual U.S. silver production. Until 1968, the U.S. silver deficit was filled by withdrawals from the U.S. Treasury reserves. In 2000, the deficit was filled by destocking, imports, and recycling. Photographic wastes, spent catalysts, and electronic scrap are the major sources of materials for silver recycling. Nearly 1,800 metric tons of silver contained in these materials were available for recycling in 2000. Other recyclable silver-bearing materials include dental alloys, jewelry, and silverware. In 2000, an estimated 1,700 tons of silver were recovered from secondary sources in the United States. The U.S. recycling efficiency for old scrap was calculated to have been 97 percent in 2000; the recycling rate was estimated to be 32 percent.

Silver distribution and release from an antimicrobial denture base resin containing silver colloidal nanoparticles.

PubMed

Monteiro, Douglas Roberto; Gorup, Luiz Fernando; Takamiya, Aline Satie; de Camargo, Emerson Rodrigues; Filho, Adhemar Colla Ruvolo; Barbosa, Debora Barros

2012-01-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate a denture base resin containing silver colloidal nanoparticles through morphological analysis to check the distribution and dispersion of these particles in the polymer and by testing the silver release in deionized water at different time periods. A Lucitone 550 denture resin was used, and silver nanoparticles were synthesized by reduction of silver nitrate with sodium citrate. The acrylic resin was prepared in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions, and silver nanoparticle suspension was added to the acrylic resin monomer in different concentrations (0.05, 0.5, and 5 vol% silver colloidal). Controls devoid of silver nanoparticles were included. The specimens were stored in deionized water at 37°C for 7, 15, 30, 60, and 120 days, and each solution was analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Silver was not detected in deionized water regardless of the silver nanoparticles added to the resin and of the storage period. Micrographs showed that with lower concentrations, the distribution of silver nanoparticles was reduced, whereas their dispersion was improved in the polymer. Moreover, after 120 days of storage, nanoparticles were mainly located on the surface of the nanocomposite specimens. Incorporation of silver nanoparticles in the acrylic resin was evidenced. Moreover, silver was not detected by the detection limit of the atomic absorption spectrophotometer used in this study, even after 120 days of storage in deionized water. Silver nanoparticles are incorporated in the PMMA denture resin to attain an effective antimicrobial material to help control common infections involving oral mucosal tissues in complete denture wearers. © 2011 by the American College of Prosthodontists.

Unprecedented Silver Resistance in Clinically Isolated Enterobacteriaceae: Major Implications for Burn and Wound Management

PubMed Central

Norton, Rhy; Austin, Cindy; Mitchell, Amber; Zank, Sara; Durham, Paul

2015-01-01

Increased utilization of inorganic silver as an adjunctive to many medical devices has raised concerns of emergent silver resistance in clinical bacteria. Although the molecular basis for silver resistance has been previously characterized, to date, significant phenotypic expression of these genes in clinical settings is yet to be observed. Here, we identified the first strains of clinical bacteria expressing silver resistance at a level that could significantly impact wound care and the use of silver-based dressings. Screening of 859 clinical isolates confirmed 31 harbored at least 1 silver resistance gene. Despite the presence of these genes, MIC testing revealed most of the bacteria displayed little or no increase in resistance to ionic silver (200 to 300 μM Ag+). However, 2 isolates (Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterobacter cloacae) were capable of robust growth at exceedingly high silver concentrations, with MIC values reaching 5,500 μM Ag+. DNA sequencing of these two strains revealed the presence of genes homologous to known genetic determinants of heavy metal resistance. Darkening of the bacteria's pigment was observed after exposure to high silver concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the presence of silver nanoparticles embedded in the extracellular polymeric substance of both isolates. This finding suggested that the isolates may neutralize ionic silver via reduction to elemental silver. Antimicrobial testing revealed both organisms to be completely resistant to many commercially available silver-impregnated burn and wound dressings. Taken together, these findings provide the first evidence of clinical bacteria capable of expressing silver resistance at levels that could significantly impact wound management. PMID:26014954

Similarities and Differences between Silver Ions and Silver in Nanoforms as Antibacterial Agents

PubMed Central

Kędziora, Anna; Speruda, Mateusz; Rybka, Jacek; Łukowiak, Anna; Bugla-Płoskońska, Gabriela

2018-01-01

Silver is considered as antibacterial agent with well-known mode of action and bacterial resistance against it is well described. The development of nanotechnology provided different methods for the modification of the chemical and physical structure of silver, which may increase its antibacterial potential. The physico-chemical properties of silver nanoparticles and their interaction with living cells differs substantially from those of silver ions. Moreover, the variety of the forms and characteristics of various silver nanoparticles are also responsible for differences in their antibacterial mode of action and probably bacterial mechanism of resistance. The paper discusses in details the aforementioned aspects of silver activity. PMID:29393866

The dual role of silver during silicon etching in HF solution.

PubMed

Abouda-Lachiheb, Manel; Nafie, Nesma; Bouaicha, Mongi

2012-08-13

It was reported that during silicon etching, silver was subjected to have a controversial role. Some researchers debate that silver protects silicon, and, at the same time, other ones confirm that silver catalyzes silicon underneath. In this paper, we give experimental results arguing the dual role that silver has during the formation of silicon nanostructures. We give a proof that the role of silver depends on the experimental details and the intrinsic properties of silver during its deposition on the silicon wafer. Through our investigations, we tracked the silver particles that indicated which mechanism is involved. Characterizations of the prepared samples were made using a scanning electron microscope.

Colored and semitransparent silver nanoparticle layers deposited by spin coating of silver nanoink

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoon, Hoi Jin; Jo, Yejin; Jeong, Sunho; Lim, Jung Wook; Lee, Seung-Yun

2018-05-01

In this letter, we report on the fabrication and characterization of colored and semitransparent silver nanoparticle layers. A spin coating of silver nanoink is used to deposit silver nanoparticle layers onto substrates. The transmittance and color of the silver nanoparticle layers are significantly dependent on the spin speed and nanoink concentration, owing to variations in the size and distribution of the nanoparticles. Both color variation and efficiency improvement are achieved with the application of silver nanoparticles to semitransparent Si thin-film solar cells, which is associated with the excitation of the dipole or quadruple plasmon modes of the silver nanoparticles.

Silver nanoparticles: A new view on mechanistic aspects on antimicrobial activity.

PubMed

Durán, Nelson; Durán, Marcela; de Jesus, Marcelo Bispo; Seabra, Amedea B; Fávaro, Wagner J; Nakazato, Gerson

2016-04-01

Silver nanoparticles are well known potent antimicrobial agents. Although significant progresses have been achieved on the elucidation of antimicrobial mechanism of silver nanoparticles, the exact mechanism of action is still not completely known. This overview incorporates a retrospective of previous reviews published and recent original contributions on the progress of research on antimicrobial mechanisms of silver nanoparticles. The main topics discussed include release of silver nanoparticles and silver ions, cell membrane damage, DNA interaction, free radical generation, bacterial resistance and the relationship of resistance to silver ions versus resistance to silver nanoparticles. The focus of the overview is to summarize the current knowledge in the field of antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles. The possibility that pathogenic microbes may develop resistance to silver nanoparticles is also discussed. Antibacterial effect of nanoscopic silver generated a lot of interest both in research projects and in practical applications. However, the exact mechanism is still will have to be elucidated. This overview incorporates a retrospective of previous reviews published from 2007 to 2013 and recent original contributions on the progress of research on antimicrobial mechanisms to summarize our current knowledge in the field of antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

In situ green synthesis and characterization of sericin-silver nanoparticle composite with effective antibacterial activity and good biocompatibility.

PubMed

He, Huawei; Tao, Gang; Wang, Yejing; Cai, Rui; Guo, Pengchao; Chen, Liqun; Zuo, Hua; Zhao, Ping; Xia, Qingyou

2017-11-01

Silver nanoparticle has been widely applied to a variety of fields for its outstanding antimicrobial activity. However, the stability of silver nanoparticle limits its application under certain conditions. Thus, improving the stability of silver nanoparticle via biosynthesis is a promising shortcut to expand its application. Sericin from silkworm cocoon has good hydrophilicity, reaction activity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, we developed a novel, simple, one-step biosynthesis method to prepare sericin-silver nanoparticle composite in situ in solution. Sericin served as the reductant of silver ion, the dispersant and stabilizer of the prepared sericin-silver nanoparticle composite. Natural light was the only power source used to catalyze the synthesis of silver nanoparticle in situ in solution. The novel sericin-silver nanoparticle composite was characterized by ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed silver nanoparticle could be synthesized through the reduction of AgNO 3 by the phenolic hydroxyl group of tyrosine residues of sericin under the catalysis of natural light. The synthesized silver nanoparticle had good crystalline, size distribution and long-term stability at room temperature. Light irradiation was essential for the preparation of sericin-silver nanoparticle composite. The antibacterial activity assay showed 25mg/L and 100mg/L were the minimum concentrations of sericin-silver nanoparticle composite required to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and kill this bacterium, respectively. The cytotoxicity assay showed cell viability and cell growth were almost not affected by sericin-silver nanoparticle composite under the concentration of 25mg/L. Our study suggested the preparation of sericin-silver nanoparticle composite was environmentally friendly and energy conservation, and the prepared sericin-silver nanoparticle composite had long-term stability, effective antibacterial activity and good biocompatibility. This novel sericin-silver nanoparticle composite has shown great potentials for biomedical application such as antibacterial agent and wound care. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Analyzing silver concentration in soil using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prasetyo, S.; Isnaeni; Zaitun; Mitchell, K.; Suliyanti, M. M.; Herbani, Y.

2018-03-01

Determination of concentration of heavy metal ions in soil, such as silver, is very important to study soil pollution levels. Several techniques have been developed to determine silver ion concentration in soil. In this paper, we utilized laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to study silver concentration in soil. We used four different data analysis methods to calculate silver concentration. In this case, we prepared soil samples with different silver ion concentrations from 400 ppm to 1000 ppm. Our analysis was focused on the 843.15 nm silver atomic absorption line. We found that plasma intensity increased as silver concentration increased. Our findings were based on our analysis using four different analysis methods. We believe that these analysis methods are able to calculate silver concentration in soil using LIBS.

Characterization of engineered nanoparticles in commercially available spray disinfectant products advertised to contain colloidal silver.

PubMed

Rogers, Kim R; Navratilova, Jana; Stefaniak, Aleksandr; Bowers, Lauren; Knepp, Alycia K; Al-Abed, Souhail R; Potter, Phillip; Gitipour, Alireza; Radwan, Islam; Nelson, Clay; Bradham, Karen D

2018-04-01

Given the potential for human exposure to silver nanoparticles from spray disinfectants and dietary supplements, we characterized the silver-containing nanoparticles in 22 commercial products that advertised the use of silver or colloidal silver as the active ingredient. Characterization parameters included: total silver, fractionated silver (particulate and dissolved), primary particle size distribution, hydrodynamic diameter, particle number, and plasmon resonance absorbance. A high degree of variability between claimed and measured values for total silver was observed. Only 7 of the products showed total silver concentrations within 20% of their nominally reported values. In addition, significant variations in the relative percentages of particulate vs. soluble silver were also measured in many of these products reporting to be colloidal. Primary silver particle size distributions by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed two populations of particles - smaller particles (<5nm) and larger particles between 20 and 40nm. Hydrodynamic diameter measurements using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) correlated well with TEM analysis for the larger particles. Z-average (Z-Avg) values measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS); however, were typically larger than both NTA or TEM particle diameters. Plasmon resonance absorbance signatures (peak absorbance at around 400nm indicative of metallic silver nanoparticles) were only noted in 4 of the 9 yellow-brown colored suspensions. Although the total silver concentrations were variable among products, ranging from 0.54mg/L to 960mg/L, silver containing nanoparticles were identified in all of the product suspensions by TEM. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Silver Flakes and Silver Dendrites for Hybrid Electrically Conductive Adhesives with Enhanced Conductivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Hongru; Li, Zhuo; Tian, Xun; Yan, Shaocun; Li, Zhe; Guo, Xuhong; Ma, Yanqing; Ma, Lei

2018-03-01

Silver dendrites were prepared by a facile replacement reaction between silver nitrate and zinc microparticles of 20 μm in size. The influence of reactant molar ratio, reaction solution volume, silver nitrate concentration, and reaction time on the morphology of dendrites was investigated systematically. It was found that uniform tree-like silver structures are synthesized under the optimal conditions. Their structure can be described as a trunk, symmetrical branches, and leaves, which length scales of 5-10, 1-2 μm, and 100-300 nm, respectively. All features were systematically characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, and x-ray powder diffraction. A hybrid fillers system using silver flakes and dendrites as electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) exhibited excellent overall performance. This good conductivity can be attributed mainly to the synergy between the silver microflakes (5-20 μm sized irregular sheet structures) and dendrites, allowing more conductive pathways to be formed between the fillers. In order to further optimize the overall electrical conductivity, various mixtures of silver microflakes and silver dendrites were tested in ECAs, with results indicating that the highest conductivity was shown when the amounts of silver microflakes, silver dendrites and the polymer matrix were 69.4 wt.% (20.82 vol.%), 0.6 wt.% (0.18 vol.%), and 30.0 wt.% (79.00 vol.%), respectively. The corresponding mass ratio of silver flakes to silver dendrites was 347:3. The resistivity of ECAs reached as low as 1.7 × 10-4 Ω cm.

Multilevel modeling of retention and disinfection efficacy of silver nanoparticles on ceramic water filters.

PubMed

Mikelonis, Anne M; Lawler, Desmond F; Passalacqua, Paola

2016-10-01

This research examined how variations in synthesis methods of silver nanoparticles affect both the release of silver from ceramic water filters (CWFs) and disinfection efficacy. The silver nanoparticles used were stabilized by four different molecules: citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, branched polyethylenimine, and casein. A multilevel statistical model was built to quantify if there was a significant difference in: a) extent of silver lost, b) initial amount of silver lost, c) silver lost for water of different quality, and d) total coliform removal. Experiments were performed on location at Pure Home Water, a CWF factory in Tamale, Ghana using stored rainwater and dugout water (a local surface water). The results indicated that using dugout vs. rainwater significantly affects the initial (p-value 0.0015) and sustained (p-value 0.0124) loss of silver, but that silver type does not have a significant effect. On average, dugout water removed 37.5μg/L more initial silver and had 1.1μg/L more silver in the filtrate than rainwater. Initially, filters achieved 1.9 log reduction values (LRVs) on average, but among different silver and water types this varied by as much as 2.5 LRV units. Overall, bacterial removal effectiveness was more challenging to evaluate, but some data suggest that the branched polyethylenimine silver nanoparticles provided improved initial bacterial removal over filters which were not painted with silver nanoparticles (p-value 0.038). Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Silver removal from aqueous solution by biochar produced from biosolids via microwave pyrolysis.

PubMed

Antunes, Elsa; Jacob, Mohan V; Brodie, Graham; Schneider, Philip A

2017-12-01

The contamination of water with silver has increased due to the widespread applications of products with silver employed as antimicrobial agent. Adsorption is a cost-effective method for silver removal from aqueous solution. In this study biochar, produced from the microwave assisted pyrolysis of biosolids, was used for silver removal from an aqueous solution. The adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics were investigated to better understand the silver removal process by biochar. X-ray diffraction results demonstrated that silver removal was a combination two consecutive mechanisms, reduction and physical adsorption. The Langmuir model fitted the experimental data well, showing that silver removal was predominantly a surface mechanism. The thermodynamic investigation demonstrated that silver removal by biochar was an exothermic process. The final nanocomposite Ag-biochar (biochar plus silver) was used for methylene blue adsorption and photodegradation. This study showed the potential of using biochar produced from biosolids for silver removal as a promising solution to mitigate water pollution and an environmentally sustainable approach for biosolids management and re-use. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An investigation of in vivo wound healing activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaler, Abhishek; Mittal, Amit Kumar; Katariya, Mahesh; Harde, Harshad; Agrawal, Ashish Kumar; Jain, Sanyog; Banerjee, Uttam Chand

2014-09-01

Therapeutic use of nano-silver is claimed to have reduced side effects and enhanced curative activity as compared to its ionic counterpart (silver ions). The present work aims to screen microbes for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), to formulate the nano-silver-based Carbopol gel and evaluating its wound healing efficacy on rat model. The goal was to develop the topical formulation based on bio-nano-silver to control the infection and healing the wounds with higher efficacy. Procedure involved the use of Saccharomyces boulardii for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles in the size range of 3-10 nm and these nanoparticles were used for the preparation of Carbopol-based nano-silver gel. Highly stable Carbopol nanogel was developed with good rheological properties. The burn wound healing potential of this nano-silver gel was evaluated on SD rats via visual observation, transepidermal water loss and histology of skin. Excellent wound healing was observed with AgNPs. Biologically synthesized AgNPs-based nano-silver gel showed superior wound healing efficacy as compared to marketed formulations and silver ions.

Branchial versus intestinal silver toxicity and uptake in the marine teleost Parophrys vetulus.

PubMed

Grosell, M; Wood, C M

2001-10-01

Exposure to elevated waterborne silver as AgNO3 (4.07 microM=448 microg l(-1)) in seawater resulted in osmoregulatory disturbance in the lemon sole (Parophrys vetulus). The main effects were increased plasma Na+ and Cl- concentrations which translated into increased plasma osmolality. Plasma Mg2+ levels were also slightly increased after 96 h exposure. Using radioisotopic flux measurements, a 50% reduction in branchial unidirectional Na+ extrusion was observed after 48 h silver exposure. By applying an intestinal perfusion approach, we were able to separate and thus quantify the intestinal contribution to the observed silver-induced physiological disturbance and internal silver accumulation. This analysis revealed that the intestinal contribution to silver-induced ionoregulatory toxicity was as high as 50-60%. In marked contrast, internal silver accumulation (in liver and kidney) was found to be derived exclusively from uptake across the gills. Drinking of silver-contaminated seawater resulted in substantial silver accumulation in the intestinal tissue (but apparently not silver uptake across the intestine), which probably explains the intestinal contribution to silver-induced physiological disturbance.

Argyria secondary to ingestion of homemade silver solution.

PubMed

Brandt, Douglas; Park, Betty; Hoang, Mai; Jacobe, Heidi T

2005-08-01

Argyria is a rare skin disease caused by cutaneous deposition of silver granules in the skin as a result of exposure to silver substrate or ingestion of silver salt. This report describes a patient with generalized argyria caused by ingestion of homemade colloidal silver solution. The patient learned about the uses of the silver solution and its preparation at a convention for "natural medicine."

Biopersistence of silver nanoparticles in tissues from Sprague–Dawley rats

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Silver nanoparticles are known to be distributed in many tissues after oral or inhalation exposure. Thus, understanding the tissue clearance of such distributed nanoparticles is very important to understand the behavior of silver nanoparticles in vivo. For risk assessment purposes, easy clearance indicates a lower overall cumulative toxicity. Accordingly, to investigate the clearance of tissue silver concentrations following oral silver nanoparticle exposure, Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to 3 groups: control, low dose (100 mg/kg body weight), and high dose (500 mg/kg body weight), and exposed to two different sizes of silver nanoparticles (average diameter 10 and 25 nm) over 28 days. Thereafter, the rats were allowed to recover for 4 months. Regardless of the silver nanoparticle size, the silver content in most tissues gradually decreased during the 4-month recovery period, indicating tissue clearance of the accumulated silver. The exceptions were the silver concentrations in the brain and testes, which did not clear well, even after the 4-month recovery period, indicating an obstruction in transporting the accumulated silver out of these tissues. Therefore, the results showed that the size of the silver nanoparticles did not affect their tissue distribution. Furthermore, biological barriers, such as the blood–brain barrier and blood-testis barrier, seemed to play an important role in the silver clearance from these tissues. PMID:24059869

X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) Spectroscopy Study of the Interaction of Silver Ions with Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli

PubMed Central

Zanzen, Ulrike; Krishna, Katla Sai; Hormes, Josef

2013-01-01

Silver ions are widely used as antibacterial agents, but the basic molecular mechanism of this effect is still poorly understood. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the Ag LIII, S K, and P K edges reveals the chemical forms of silver in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (Ag+ treated). The Ag LIII-edge XANES spectra of the bacteria are all slightly different and very different from the spectra of silver ions (silver nitrate and silver acetate), which confirms that a reaction occurs. Death or inactivation of bacteria was observed by plate counting and light microscopy. Silver bonding to sulfhydryl groups (Ag-S) in cysteine and Ag-N or Ag-O bonding in histidine, alanine, and dl-aspartic acid was detected by using synthesized silver-amino acids. Significantly lower silver-cysteine content, coupled with higher silver-histidine content, in Gram-positive S. aureus and Listeria monocytogenes cells indicates that the peptidoglycan multilayer could be buffering the biocidal effect of silver on Gram-positive bacteria, at least in part. Bonding of silver to phosphate groups was not detected. Interaction with DNA or proteins can occur through Ag-N bonding. The formation of silver-cysteine can be confirmed for both bacterial cell types, which supports the hypothesis that enzyme-catalyzed reactions and the electron transport chain within the cell are disrupted. PMID:23934494

Accuracy, precision, usability, and cost of portable silver test methods for ceramic filter factories.

PubMed

Meade, Rhiana D; Murray, Anna L; Mittelman, Anjuliee M; Rayner, Justine; Lantagne, Daniele S

2017-02-01

Locally manufactured ceramic water filters are one effective household drinking water treatment technology. During manufacturing, silver nanoparticles or silver nitrate are applied to prevent microbiological growth within the filter and increase bacterial removal efficacy. Currently, there is no recommendation for manufacturers to test silver concentrations of application solutions or filtered water. We identified six commercially available silver test strips, kits, and meters, and evaluated them by: (1) measuring in quintuplicate six samples from 100 to 1,000 mg/L (application range) and six samples from 0.0 to 1.0 mg/L (effluent range) of silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate to determine accuracy and precision; (2) conducting volunteer testing to assess ease-of-use; and (3) comparing costs. We found no method accurately detected silver nanoparticles, and accuracy ranged from 4 to 91% measurement error for silver nitrate samples. Most methods were precise, but only one method could test both application and effluent concentration ranges of silver nitrate. Volunteers considered test strip methods easiest. The cost for 100 tests ranged from 36 to 1,600 USD. We found no currently available method accurately and precisely measured both silver types at reasonable cost and ease-of-use, thus these methods are not recommended to manufacturers. We recommend development of field-appropriate methods that accurately and precisely measure silver nanoparticle and silver nitrate concentrations.

Silver Dissolution and Release from Ceramic Water Filters.

PubMed

Mittelman, Anjuliee M; Lantagne, Daniele S; Rayner, Justine; Pennell, Kurt D

2015-07-21

Application of silver nanoparticles (nAg) or silver nitrate (AgNO3) has been shown to improve the microbiological efficacy of ceramic water filters used for household water treatment. Silver release, however, can lead to undesirable health effects and reduced filter effectiveness over time. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the contribution of nanoparticle detachment, dissolution, and cation exchange to silver elution, and to estimate silver retention under different influent water chemistries. Dissolved silver (Ag(+)) and nAg release from filter disks painted with 0.03 mg/g casein-coated nAg or AgNO3 were measured as a function of pH (5-9), ionic strength (1-50 mM), and cation species (Na(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+)). Silver elution was controlled by dissolution as Ag(+) and subsequent cation exchange reactions regardless of the applied silver form. Effluent silver levels fell below the drinking water standard (0.1 mg/L) after flushing with 30-42 pore volumes of pH 7, 10 mM NaNO3 at pH 7. When the influent water was at pH 5, contained divalent cations or 50 mM NaNO3, silver concentrations were 5-10 times above the standard. Our findings support regular filter replacement and indicate that saline, hard, or acidic waters should be avoided to minimize effluent silver concentrations and preserve silver treatment integrity.

Preliminary flight prototype silver ion monitoring system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brady, J.

1974-01-01

The design, fabrication, and testing of a preliminary flight prototype silver ion monitoring system based on potentiometric principles and utilizing a solid-state silver sulfide electrode paired with a pressurized double-junction reference electrode housing a replaceable electrolyte reservoir is described. The design provides automatic electronic calibration utilizing saturated silver bromide solution as a silver ion standard. The problem of loss of silver ion from recirculating fluid, its cause, and corrective procedures are reported. The instability of the silver sulfide electrode is discussed as well as difficulties met in implementing the autocalibration procedure.

Photochemical Synthesis of Silver Nanodecahedrons and Related Nanostructures for Plasmonic Field Enhancement Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Haifei

Noble-metal nanocrystals have received considerable attention in recent years for their size and shape dependent localized surface Plasmon resonances (LSPR). Various applications based on colloidal nanoparticles, such as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), surface enhanced fluorescence (SEF), plasmonic sensing, photothermal therapy etc., have been broadly explored in the field of biomedicine, because of their extremely large optical scattering and absorption cross sections, as well as giant electric field enhancement on their surface. However, despite its high chemical stability, gold exhibits quite large losses and electric field enhancement is comparatively weaker than silver. Silver nanoparticles synthesized by the traditional technique only cover an LSPR ranged from 420~500 nm. On the other hand, the range of 500~660 nm, which is covered by several easily available commercial laser lines, very limited colloidal silver nanostructures with controllable size and shape have been reported, and realization of tuning the resonance to longer wavelengths is very important for the practical applications. In this thesis, a systematic study on photochemical synthesis of silver nanodecahedrons (NDs) and related nanostructures, and their plasmonic field enhancements are presented. First, the roles of chemicals and the light source during the formation of silver nanoparticles have been studied. We have also developed a preparation route for the production size-controlled silver nanodecahedrons (LSPR range 420 ~ 660 nm) in high purity. Indeed our experiments indicate that both the chemicals and the light sources can affect the shape and purity of final products. Adjusting the molar ratio between sodium citrate and silver nitrate can help to control the crystal structure following rapid reduction from sodium borohydride. Light from a blue LED (465 nm) can efficiently transform the polyvinylpyrrolidone stabilized small silver nanoparticles into silver NDs through photo excitation. These silver NDs acting as seeds can be re-grown into larger silver NDs with LSPR ranging from 490 nm to 590 nm, upon receiving LED irradiation with emission close to the LSPR of silver ND seeds, which are suspended in a precursor solution containing small silver nanoparticles. With the aid of centrifugation, silver NDs with high purity can be obtained. Furthermore, silver ND with a broad tuning range (LSPR 490 ~ 660 nm) can be synthesized from these seeds using irradiation from a 500 nm LED. Second, the optical properties of silver NDs and their SERS application for sensitive molecular detection are presented. Raman signal obtained from silver NDs show remarkable advantage over noble nanoparticles of other shaped, thus revealing their strong localized field enhancement. Experimental results demonstrate that average enhancement factor from individual silver ND may be as high as 106. In order to explore their application for biosensing and bioimaging, stable silica coated SERS tags based on silver ND producing high Raman intensity have been studied. Our experiment results indicate that 10-8 M 4-MBA in solution can be detected by silver NDs modified silicon chip through SERS. Simulation result on the geometry of silver ND/silica spacer/gold film/substrate shows that the Raman sensitivity of the NDs modified chip can be further improved with the insertion of a dielectric/conductor film between them. Finally, we present a photochemical method for the preparation of silver nanostructures preparation with the use of 633 nm laser. Silver nanostructures composed of silver nanoplates could be grown from small silver nanoparticles deposited on a glass substrate. The periodicity of the silver nanostructures is several micrometers, revealing that this photochemical method has the potential for "writing" silver pattern on a solid substrate. Raman spectroscopy has also been explored for real-time monitoring of silver nanostructure growth and SERS hotspots formation.

Antibacterial Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Cariogenic Organisms.

PubMed

Lou, Yali; Darvell, Brain W; Botelho, Michael G

2018-05-01

To screen the possible antimicrobial activity of a range of clinically used, silver-based compounds on cariogenic organisms: silver diamine fluoride (SDF), silver fluoride, and silver nitrate. Preliminary screening disk-diffusion susceptibility tests were conducted on Mueller-Hinton agar plates inoculated with Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Actinomyces naeslundii, organisms known to be cariogenic. In order to identify which component of the silver compounds was responsible for any antibacterial (AB) effect, and to provide controls, the following were also investigated at high and low concentrations: sodium fluoride, ammonium fluoride, ammonium chloride, sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, and sodium nitrate, as well as deionized water as control. A volume of 10 pL of a test solution was dispensed onto a paper disk resting on the inoculated agar surface, and the plate incubated anaerobically at 37°C for 48 hours. The zones of inhibition were then measured. Silver diamine fluoride, silver fluoride, silver nitrate, and ammonium fluoride had significant AB effect (p < 0.05) on all three test organisms, although ammonium fluoride had no effect at low concentration; the remaining other compounds had no effect. Silver ions appear to be the principal AB agent at both high and low concentration; fluoride ions only have an AB effect at high concentration, while ammonium, nitrate, chloride and sodium ions have none. The anticaries effect of topical silver solutions appears restricted to that of the silver ions. Silver compounds, such as SDF, silver fluoride, and silver nitrate have AB effect against cariogenic organisms and these may have clinical impact in arresting or preventing dental decay. Sodium fluoride did not have AB effect under the conditions tested.

The concentration effect of capping agent for synthesis of silver nanowire by using the polyol method

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lin, Jian-Yang; Hsueh, Yu-Lee; Huang, Jung-Jie, E-mail: jjhuang@mdu.edu.tw

2014-06-01

Silver nanowires were synthesized by the polyol method employing ethylene glycol, Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and silver nitrate (AgNO{sub 3}) as the precursors. Most of the studies used metal salts (PtCl{sub 2}, NaCl) as seed precursor to synthesize the silver nanowires. In the study, the metal salts were not used and the concentration of capping agent was changed to observe the aspect ratio of silver nanowires. The experimental results showed that controlling synthesis temperature, Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) molecular weight, reactant concentrations, and addition rates of AgNO{sub 3} affects the growth characteristics of silver nanowires. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy, UV–vis spectrophotometry, and X-ray diffractometrymore » were employed to characterize the silver nanowires. As increasing the concentration of PVP, the silver nanowire diameter widened and resulted in a smaller aspect ratio. We successfully prepared silver nanowires (diameter: 170 nm, length: 20 μm). The silver nanowire thin film suspension showed high transmittance, low sheet resistance, and may be used for transparent conductive film applications. - Graphical abstract: The FE-SEM image shows that nanostructures with considerable quantities of silver nanowires can also be produced when the PVP (Mw=360 K)/AgNO{sub 3} molar ratio was 2.5. - Highlights: • The polyol method was used to synthesize of silver nanowire. • The metal seed precursors were not used before synthesizing the silver nanowires. • The silver nanowire diameter and length was 170 nm and 20 μm, respectively. • Silver nanowire film with high transmittance (>85%) and low sheet resistance (<110 Ω/sq)« less

XPS characterization of silver exchanged ETS-10 and mordenite molecular sieves.

PubMed

Anson, A; Maham, Y; Lin, C C H; Kuznicki, T M; Kuznicki, S M

2009-05-01

Silver exchanged molecular sieves ETS-10 (Ag-ETS-10) and mordenite (Ag-mordenite) were dehydrated under vacuum at temperatures between 100 degrees C-350 degrees C. Changes in the state of the silver were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Silver cations in titanosilicate Ag-ETS-10 are fully reduced to Ag(0) at temperatures as low as 150 degrees C. The characteristic features of the XPS spectrum of silver in this Ag-ETS-10 species correspond to only metallic silver. The signal for metallic silver is not observed in the XPS spectrum of aluminosilicate Ag-mordenite, indicating that silver cations are not reduced, even after heating to 350 degrees C.

The dual role of silver during silicon etching in HF solution

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

It was reported that during silicon etching, silver was subjected to have a controversial role. Some researchers debate that silver protects silicon, and, at the same time, other ones confirm that silver catalyzes silicon underneath. In this paper, we give experimental results arguing the dual role that silver has during the formation of silicon nanostructures. We give a proof that the role of silver depends on the experimental details and the intrinsic properties of silver during its deposition on the silicon wafer. Through our investigations, we tracked the silver particles that indicated which mechanism is involved. Characterizations of the prepared samples were made using a scanning electron microscope. PMID:22888998

Antibacterial potency of V.A.C. GranuFoam Silver(®) Dressing.

PubMed

Sachsenmaier, Saskia; Peschel, Andreas; Ipach, Ingmar; Kluba, Torsten

2013-10-01

V.A.C.(®) GranuFoam™ therapy is regularly used in the surgical therapy of infected wounds and soft tissue injuries. Silver nanoparticles can destroy bacterial cell walls and inhibit enzymes for cell replication. Silver dressings are therefore successfully used for many indications in wound therapy. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial potency of ionic silver released from the silver-coated V.A.C.(®) GranuFoam™ during vacuum therapy. Silver dressing was exposed to agar plates populated with bacteria to measure silver release. A total of 15 agar plates colonised with either Staphylococcus aureus populations or with Staphylococcus epidermidis, were loaded with V.A.C. GranuFoam Silver(®) Dressing polyurethane foam (KCI, San Antonio, Texas). Each of 13 pieces of silver-coated foam was applied to an agar plate. Two plates were loaded with conventional black foam without any coating. After connecting to a vacuum pump, the vacuum therapy of the 15 plates lasted 5 days. The zone of inhibition of bacterial growth around the foam was measured daily. Silver release was also determined as a function of time. At each time point, there was evidence of silver in the agar independent of bacterial colonisation. The S. aureus agar showed a consecutive increase in silver concentration from baseline upon 48 h after exposure to the negative pressure of V.A.C. therapy. An increasing mean silver level after 48, 72 and 96 h was measured under V.A.C. therapy with a peak value after 120 h. In contrast, the results from the S. epidermidis plates did not follow a linear pattern. At the beginning of vacuum therapy, we documented a rise in silver concentration. After 48-96h, the silver levels fluctuated. A maximum zone of inhibition in both bacterial colonised plates (S. aureus and S. epidermidis) was found 39 h after the start of the V.A.C. GranuFoam Silver(®) therapy. From our results, we confirmed the antimicrobial effect of the silver ions against S. aureus and S. epidermidis under continuous V.A.C. GranuFoam(®) Silver therapy with a negative pressure of 25 mmHg. Furthermore we could quantify the amounts of silver, which were released from the foam under negative pressure as a function of time. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of silver-doping on the crystal structure, morphology and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanofibers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barakat, N. A. M.; Kim, H. Y.

2012-09-01

In this study, effect of sliver-doping on the crystal structure, the nanofibrous morphology and the photocatalytic activity of titanium oxide nanofibers have been investigated. Silver-doped TiO2 nanofibers having different silver contents were prepared by calcination of electrospun nanofiber mats consisting of silver nitrate, titanium isopropoxide and poly(vinyl acetate) at 600 °C. The results affirmed formation of silver-doped TiO2 nanofibers composed of anatase and rutile when the silver nitrate content in the original electrospun solution was more than 3 wt%. The rutile phase content was directly proportional with the AgNO3 concentration in the electrospun solution. Negative impact of the silver-doping on the nanofibrous morphology was observed as increase the silver content caused to decrease the aspect ratio, i.e. producing nanorods rather nanofibers. However, silver-doping leads to modify the surface roughness. Study of the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye clarified that increase the silver content strongly enhances the dye oxidation process.

Electrically Conductive Silver Paste Obtained by Use of Silver Neodecanoate as Precursor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, Longguang; Liu, Jianguo; Zeng, Xiaoyan; Ren, Zhao

2015-02-01

An electrically conductive silver paste has been prepared from an organometallic compound, silver neodecanoate, as silver precursor. The precursor was highly soluble in organic solvents and decomposed into metallic silver at low sintering temperatures (<200°C). Thermogravimetric analysis showed the silver content of the paste was approximately 25 wt.%. Viscosity studies indicated the paste was a pseudoplastic liquid with viscosity in the range 6.5-9 Pa s. The paste was compatible with the micro-pen direct-writing process, enabling production of silver lines on a substrate. The electrical resistivity of the silver lines was 9 × 10-6 Ω cm after sintering at 115°C for 60 min, 5.8 × 10-6 Ω cm when sintered at 150°C for 60 min, and 3 × 10-6 Ω cm when sintered above 300°C, values which are similar to those of bulk silver. Hence, the prepared paste can be successfully used on flexible substrates such as polymers.

A long-term study examining the antibacterial effectiveness of Agion silver zeolite technology on door handles within a college campus.

PubMed

Potter, B A; Lob, M; Mercaldo, R; Hetzler, A; Kaistha, V; Khan, H; Kingston, N; Knoll, M; Maloy-Franklin, B; Melvin, K; Ruiz-Pelet, P; Ozsoy, N; Schmitt, E; Wheeler, L; Potter, M; Rutter, M A; Yahn, G; Parente, D H

2015-02-01

Laboratory studies have shown that small concentrations of silver are effective at inhibiting the growth micro-organisms through the disruption of important cell structures and processes. The additional ability to incorporate silver into surfaces has increased the usage of silver in the medical field and expanded its use into the consumer market. To understand the impact of increased silver-containing antimicrobial use, it is important to determine whether silver-based consumer goods are effective at reducing bacterial populations. Our study examined the antibacterial effectiveness of Agion silver zeolite technology applied to 25 silver- and control-coated door handles across a college campus. Door handles were sampled for 6 week periods in both the fall and spring semester, and bacteria were cultured and enumerated on tryptic soy agar (TSA), MacConkey agar (MAC) and mannitol salt agar (MSA). A significant difference was observed between the bacterial populations isolated from silver- and control-coated door handles after 3 years. However, bacteria were consistently isolated from silver-coated door handles suggesting that the silver zeolite was only effective against a portion of the bacterial populations, and further studies are necessary to determine the identities of the isolated bacteria and the prevalence of silver resistance. © 2014 The Society for Applied Microbiology.

Synthesis and characterization of silver nanowires with zigzag morphology in N, N-dimethylformamide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Xin; Zhao, Xiujian; Chen, Yunxia; Feng, Jinyang; Sun, Zhenya

2007-08-01

Zigzag silver nanowires with a uniform diameter of 20±5 nm were prepared by reducing silver nitrate (AgNO 3) with N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) and acetylacetone (AcAc) at 373 K for 18 h. X-ray and selected area electron diffraction (XRD and SAED) patterns reveal that the prepared product is made of pure silver with face centered cubic structure. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations suggest that the amount of silver nanowires is enhanced with increase in reaction time, and the end-to-end assemblies of silver nanorods are observed during the reaction process. After 18 h reaction, silver nanowires with zigzag morphology are obtained. In this paper, a possible growth process of silver nanowires with this interesting shape is described. Silver nanoparticles with small sizes were obtained by reducing Ag + ions with DMF, providing seeds for homogeneous growth of silver nanorods. With the extending reaction time, the synthesized silver nanorods were connected in an end-to-end manner, and the interface between the connections of two nanorods gradually disappeared. The final product shows zigzag morphology with various angles. The angles between two connecting straight parts of zigzag nanowires exhibit an alterable range of 74-151°. These silver nanowires show tremendous potential applications in future nanoscale electronic circuits.

Would banning atrazine benefit farmers?

PubMed Central

Ackerman, Frank; Whited, Melissa; Knight, Patrick

2014-01-01

Atrazine, an herbicide used on most of the US corn (maize) crop, is the subject of ongoing controversy, with increasing documentation of its potentially harmful health and environmental impacts. Supporters of atrazine often claim that it is of great value to farmers; most recently, Syngenta, the producer of atrazine, sponsored an “Atrazine Benefits Team” (ABT) of researchers who released a set of five papers in 2011, reporting huge economic benefits from atrazine use in US agriculture. A critical review of the ABT papers shows that they have underestimated the growing problem of atrazine-resistant weeds, offered only a partial review of the effectiveness of alternative herbicides, and ignored the promising option of non-chemical weed management techniques. In addition, the most complete economic analysis in the ABT papers implies that withdrawal of atrazine would lead to a decrease in corn yields of 4.4% and an increase in corn prices of 8.0%. The result would be an increase in corn growers’ revenues, equal to US$1.7 billion annually under ABT assumptions. Price impacts on consumers would be minimal: at current levels of ethanol production and use, gasoline prices would rise by no more than US$0.03 per gallon; beef prices would rise by an estimated US$0.01 for a 4-ounce hamburger and US$0.05 for an 8-ounce steak. Thus withdrawal of atrazine would boost farm revenues, while only changing consumer prices by pennies. PMID:24804340

Exposure-related health effects of silver and silver compounds: a review.

PubMed

Drake, Pamela L; Hazelwood, Kyle J

2005-10-01

A critical review of studies examining exposures to the various forms of silver was conducted to determine if some silver species are more toxic than others. The impetus behind conducting this review is that several occupational exposure limits and guidelines exist for silver, but the values for each depend on the form of silver as well as the individual agency making the recommendations. For instance, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists has established separate threshold limit values for metallic silver (0.1 mg/m3) and soluble compounds of silver (0.01 mg/m3). On the other hand, the permissible exposure limit (PEL) recommended by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the recommended exposure limit set by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is 0.01 mg/m3 for all forms of silver. The adverse effects of chronic exposure to silver are a permanent bluish-gray discoloration of the skin (argyria) or eyes (argyrosis). Most studies discuss cases of argyria and argyrosis that have resulted primarily from exposure to the soluble forms of silver. Besides argyria and argyrosis, exposure to soluble silver compounds may produce other toxic effects, including liver and kidney damage, irritation of the eyes, skin, respiratory, and intestinal tract, and changes in blood cells. Metallic silver appears to pose minimal risk to health. The current occupational exposure limits do not reflect the apparent difference in toxicities between soluble and metallic silver; thus, many researchers have recommended that separate PELs be established.

A perspective on the hemolytic activity of chemical and green-synthesized silver and silver oxide nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ashokraja, C.; Sakar, M.; Balakumar, S.

2017-10-01

We report the hemolysis properties of silver and silver oxide nanoparticles (NPs) prepared by chemical and green-synthesis methods. The prepared silver and silver oxide NPs were analyzed using UV-vis spectroscopy to confirm their formation by characterizing their surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and absorption band peaks respectively. The Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR) spectra of the materials showed the characteristic functional groups corresponding to the molecules present in leaf extracts, which is proposed to be acted as reducing and capping agents that are also found on the surface of silver and silver oxide nanoparticles that synthesized via green-synthesis method. Zeta potential analysis revealed the surface charge and stability of the prepared NPs. HRTEM images showed almost spherical shape nanoparticles with an average size of 15.2 and 31.5 nm for wet chemical synthesized silver and silver oxide nanoparticles respectively. In the case of green synthesized silver and silver oxide nanoparticles, it was observed to be 19.4 and 30.4 nm respectively. The order of hemolysis efficacy of the materials is found to be as follows: chemically synthesized Ag2O>  chemically synthesized Ag NPs followed by green-synthesized Ag2O and green-synthesized Ag NPs which showed almost similar hemolysis with respect to concentration. The relatively stable nature of the silver NPs could be attributed to their lower hemolysis efficacy, while the increased lysis properties of silver oxide could be attributed due to reductive/oxidative processes that give rise to the hemolysis through interfacial charge interactions with RBCs.

Characterization of engineered nanoparticles in commercially available spray disinfectant products advertised to contain colloidal silver

EPA Science Inventory

Given the potential for human exposure to silver nanoparticles from spray disinfectants and dietary supplements, we characterized the silver-containing nanoparticles in 22 commercial products that advertised the use of silver or colloidal silver as the active ingredient. Characte...

Protective Gel Composition for Treating White Phosphorus Burn Wounds.

DTIC Science & Technology

Water soluble hydrogels of alkali metal alginate and glycerin containing 0.01% to 1% cupric ( copper ) sulfate pentahydrate or silver salts such as...burns. Cupric sulfate pentahydrate of silver salts such as silver acetate, silver lactate monohydrate and silver nitrate in the gel reacts with the

Stable silver/biopolymer hybrid plasmonic nanostructures for high performance surface enhanced raman scattering (SERS)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Silver/biopolymer nanoparticles were prepared by adding 100 mg silver nitrate to 2% polyvinyl alcohol solution and reduced the silver nitrate into silver ion using 2 % trisodium citrate for high performance Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) substrates. Optical properties of nanoparticle were ...

Mechanism of Silver Sulfadiazine Action on Burn Wound Infections

PubMed Central

Fox, Charles L.; Modak, Shanta M.

1974-01-01

The role of silver and sulfadiazine in the mechanism of action of silver sulfadiazine on burn wound infections was investigated. Silver, but not sulfadiazine, was bound by bacteria. Sulfadiazine did not act as an antibacterial agent in low concentrations, but exhibited specific synergism in combination with subinhibitory levels of silver sulfadiazine. The efficacy of silver sulfadiazine is thought to result from its slow and steady reactions with serum and other sodium chloride-containing body fluids, which permits the slow and sustained delivery of silver ions into the wound environs. In this circumstance, a relatively minute amount of sulfadiazine appears active. PMID:15825409

Synthesis and characterization of bactericidal silver nanoparticles using cultural filtrate of simulated microgravity grown Klebsiella pneumoniae.

PubMed

Kalpana, Duraisamy; Lee, Yang Soo

2013-03-05

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by biological method using cultural filtrate of Klebsiella pneumoniae cultured under simulated microgravity and silver nitrate solution as precursor. The nanoparticles exhibited typical plasmon absorption maximum of silver nanoparticles between 405 and 407 nm. Spherical silver nanoparticles were found to have size between 15 and 37 nm by TEM analysis. XRD pattern corresponding to planes (111), (200), (220) (311) revealed the crystalline nature of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles. FTIR spectrum proposed stabilization of silver nanoparticles by the protein molecules present in the cultural filtrate. The silver nanoparticles exhibited high bactericidal activity against Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and moderate bactericidal activity against Streptococcus pyogenes. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Antibacterial properties of Ag-doped hydroxyapatite layers prepared by PLD method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jelínek, Miroslav; Kocourek, Tomáš; Jurek, Karel; Remsa, Jan; Mikšovský, Jan; Weiserová, Marie; Strnad, Jakub; Luxbacher, Thomas

2010-12-01

Thin hydroxyapatite (HA), silver-doped HA and silver layers were prepared using a pulsed laser deposition method. Doped layers were ablated from silver/HA targets. Amorphous and crystalline films of silver concentrations of 0.06 at.%, 1.2 at.%, 4.4 at.%, 8.3 at.% and 13.7 at.% were synthesized. Topology was studied using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Contact angle and zeta potential measurements were conducted to determine the wettability, surface free energy and electric surface properties. In vivo measurement (using Escherichia coli cells) of antibacterial properties of the HA, silver-doped HA and silver layers was carried out. The best antibacterial results were achieved for silver-doped HA layers of silver concentration higher than 1.2 at.%.

Colloidal silver fabrication using the spark discharge system and its antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus.

PubMed

Tien, Der-Chi; Tseng, Kuo-Hsiung; Liao, Chih-Yu; Tsung, Tsing-Tshih

2008-10-01

Nanoscale techniques for silver production may assist the resurgence of the medical use of silver, especially given that pathogens are showing increasing resistance to antibiotics. Traditional chemical synthesis methods for colloidal silver (CS) may lead to the presence of toxic chemical species or chemical residues, which may inhibit the effectiveness of CS as an antibacterial agent. To counter these problems a spark discharge system (SDS) was used to fabricate a suspension of colloidal silver in deionized water with no added chemical surfactants. SDS-CS contains both metallic silver nanoparticles (Ag(0)) and ionic silver forms (Ag(+)). The antimicrobial affect of SDS-CS on Staphylococcus aureus was studied. The results show that CS solutions with an ionic silver concentration of 30 ppm or higher are strong enough to destroy S. aureus. In addition, it was found that a solution's antimicrobial potency is directly related to its level of silver ion concentration.

Sunlight-assisted synthesis of colloidal silver nanoparticles using chitosan as reducing agent

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Susilowati, E.; Maryani; Ashadi

2018-04-01

The present study we explore an environmentally friendly colloidal silver nanoparticles preparation using chitosan as reducing agent and stabilizer. It develops a new strategy on preparation of silver nanoparticles through the gel phase using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as accelerator reagent. Sunlight irradiation was employed to assisted reducing process of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon of silver nanoparticles was investigated using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The shape and size of silver particles were analyzed using TEM. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by the appearance of LSPR absorption peak at 396.0–412.0 nm. The absorption peak of LSPR were affected by NaOH amount, time of sulight irradiation and concentration of AgNO3. The produced silver nanoparticles were spherical with dominant size range of 5 to 8 nm as shown by TEM images. All colloidals were stable without any aggregation for 30 days after preparation.

Sintered silver joints via controlled topography of electronic packaging subcomponents

DOEpatents

Wereszczak, Andrew A.

2014-09-02

Disclosed are sintered silver bonded electronic package subcomponents and methods for making the same. Embodiments of the sintered silver bonded EPSs include topography modification of one or more metal surfaces of semiconductor devices bonded together by the sintered silver joint. The sintered silver bonded EPSs include a first semiconductor device having a first metal surface, the first metal surface having a modified topography that has been chemically etched, grit blasted, uniaxial ground and/or grid sliced connected to a second semiconductor device which may also include a first metal surface with a modified topography, a silver plating layer on the first metal surface of the first semiconductor device and a silver plating layer on the first metal surface of the second semiconductor device and a sintered silver joint between the silver plating layers of the first and second semiconductor devices which bonds the first semiconductor device to the second semiconductor device.

Ink composition for making a conductive silver structure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Walker, Steven B.; Lewis, Jennifer A.

An ink composition for making a conductive silver structure comprises a silver salt and a complex of (a) a complexing agent and a short chain carboxylic acid or (b) a complexing agent and a salt of a short chain carboxylic acid, according to one embodiment. A method for making a silver structure entails combining a silver salt and a complexing agent, and then adding a short chain carboxylic acid or a salt of the short chain carboxylic acid to the combined silver salt and a complexing agent to form an ink composition. A concentration of the complexing agent in themore » ink composition is reduced to form a concentrated formulation, and the silver salt is reduced to form a conductive silver structure, where the concentrated formulation and the conductive silver structure are formed at a temperature of about 120.degree. C. or less.« less

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticle and silver based chitosan bionanocomposite using stem extract of Saccharum officinarum and assessment of its antibacterial activity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paulkumar, Kanniah; Gnanajobitha, Gnanadhas; Vanaja, Mahendran; Pavunraj, Manickam; Annadurai, Gurusamy

2017-09-01

Synthesis of nanoparticles and nanocomposites using green route is a major focus of modern nanotechnology. Herein we demonstrate the synthesis of silver nanoparticle and silver based chitosan bionanocomposite using the stem extract of Saccharum officinarum. The absorbance peak at 460 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum reveals the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the stem extract of Saccharum officinarum. The size of the synthesized silver nanoparticle was in the range of 10-60 nm obtained from transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. The presence of silver nanoparticles on the chitosan suspension was identified by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The presence of possible functional group involved in the reduction of silver metal ions into silver nanoparticles was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized silver based chitosan bionanocomposite was evaluated against Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 3053), Klebsiella planticola (MTCC 2277), Streptococcus faecalis (ATCC 8043), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739). The antibacterial activity of silver based chitosan bionanocomposite has remarkable scope in medicine, food packaging, textile and pharmaceuticals.

Silver Film Surface Modification by Ion Bombardment Decreases Surface Plasmon Resonance Absorption.

PubMed

Fryauf, David M; Diaz Leon, Juan J; Phillips, Andrew C; Kobayashi, Nobuhiko P

2017-05-10

Silver thin films covered with dielectric films serving as protective coatings are desired for telescope mirrors, but durable coatings have proved elusive. As part of an effort to develop long-lived protected-silver mirrors, silver thin films were deposited by electron beam evaporation using a physical vapor deposition system at the University of California Observatories Astronomical Coatings Lab. The silver films were later covered with a stack of dielectric films utilizing silicon nitride and titanium dioxide deposited by ion-assisted electron beam evaporation to fabricate protected mirrors. In-situ argon ion bombardment was introduced after silver deposition and prior to the deposition of dielectric films to assess its effects on the performance of the mirrors. We found that ion bombardment of the silver influenced surface morphology and reflectivity, and these effects correlated with time between silver deposition and ion bombardment. The overall reflectivity at wavelengths in the range of 350-800 nm was found to improve due to ion bombardment, which was qualitatively interpreted as a result of decreased surface plasmon resonance coupling. We suggest that the observed decrease in coupling is caused by silver grain boundary pinning due to ion bombardment suppressing silver surface diffusion, forming smoother silver-dielectric interfaces.

Comparison on Bactericidal and Cytotoxic Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Different Methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mala, R.; Celsia, A. S. Ruby; Malathi Devi, S.; Geerthika, S.

2017-08-01

Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticle are biocompatible for medical applications. The present work is aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticle using the fruit pulp of Tamarindusindica and to evaluate its antibacterial and anticancer activity against lung cancercell lines. Antibacterial activity was assessed by well diffusion method. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay. GC-MS of fruit pulp extract showed the presence of levoglucosenone, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid etc. Antioxidant activity of the fruit pulp was determined by DPPH assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and lipid peroxidation. The size of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticle varied from 50 nm to 76 nm. It was 59 nm to 98 nm for chemically synthesized silver nanoparticle. Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticle showed 26 mm inhibition zone against E. coli and chemically synthesized silver nanoparticle showed 20 mm. Antioxidant activity of fruit extract by DPPH showed 84 % reduction. The IC 50 of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticle against lung cancer cell lines was 48 µg/ml. It was 95 µg/ml for chemically synthesized silver nanoparticle. The increased activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticle was due to its smaller size, stability and the bioactive compounds capping the silver nanoparticle extracted from the fruit extract.

Selective recovery of silver from waste low-temperature co-fired ceramic and valorization through silver nanoparticle synthesis.

PubMed

Swain, Basudev; Shin, Dongyoon; Joo, So Yeong; Ahn, Nak Kyoon; Lee, Chan Gi; Yoon, Jin-Ho

2017-11-01

Considering the value of silver metal and silver nanoparticles, the waste generated during manufacturing of low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) were recycled through the simple yet cost effective process by chemical-metallurgy. Followed by leaching optimization, silver was selectively recovered through precipitation. The precipitated silver chloride was valorized though silver nanoparticle synthesis by a simple one-pot greener synthesis route. Through leaching-precipitation optimization, quantitative selective recovery of silver chloride was achieved, followed by homogeneous pure silver nanoparticle about 100nm size were synthesized. The reported recycling process is a simple process, versatile, easy to implement, requires minimum facilities and no specialty chemicals, through which semiconductor manufacturing industry can treat the waste generated during manufacturing of LTCC and reutilize the valorized silver nanoparticles in manufacturing in a close loop process. Our reported process can address issues like; (i) waste disposal, as well as value-added silver recovery, (ii) brings back the material to production stream and address the circular economy, and (iii) can be part of lower the futuristic carbon economy and cradle-to-cradle technology management, simultaneously. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Percutaneous penetration of silver from a silver containing garment in healthy volunteers and patients with atopic dermatitis.

PubMed

Pluut, Olivier A; Bianco, Carlotta; Jakasa, Ivone; Visser, Maaike J; Krystek, Petra; Larese-Filon, Francesca; Rustemeyer, Thomas; Kezic, Sanja

2015-06-01

Human data on dermal absorption of silver under "in use" scenario are scarce which hampers health risk assessment. The main objective of the present study was to determine percutaneous penetration of silver after dermal exposure to silver containing garment in healthy individuals and atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. Next to assess pro-inflammatory effect of silver in the skin. Healthy subjects (n=15) and patients with AD (n=15) wore a sleeve containing 3.6% (w/w) silver on their lower arms for 8h during 5 consecutive days. The percutaneous penetration parameters were deduced from the silver concentration-depth profiles in the stratum corneum (SC) collected by adhesive tapes. Furthermore, silver was measured in urine samples collected before and after exposure. Inflammatory response was assessed by measuring IL-1α and IL-1RA in the exposed and non-exposed skin sites. Dermal flux of silver in healthy subjects and AD patients was respectively 0.23 and 0.20 ng/cm(2)/h. The urine silver concentrations showed no increase after exposure. Furthermore, exposure to silver did not lead to the changes in the profiles of IL-1α and IL-1RA. Dermal absorption of silver under "real life scenario" was lower than the current reference dose. Furthermore, dermal exposure did not lead to altered expression of inflammatory IL-1 cytokines in the skin. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Synthesis of water soluble glycine capped silver nanoparticles and their surface selective interaction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Agasti, Nityananda, E-mail: nnagasti@gmail.com; Singh, Vinay K.; Kaushik, N.K.

Highlights: • Synthesis of water soluble silver nanoparticles at ambient reaction conditions. • Glycine as stabilizing agent for silver nanoparticles. • Surface selective interaction of glycine with silver nanoparticles. • Glycine concentration influences crystalinity and optical property of silver nanoparticles. - Abstract: Synthesis of biocompatible metal nanoparticles has been an area of significant interest because of their wide range of applications. In the present study, we have successfully synthesized water soluble silver nanoparticles assisted by small amino acid glycine. The method is primarily based on reduction of AgNO{sub 3} with NaBH{sub 4} in aqueous solution under atmospheric air in themore » presence of glycine. UV–vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X–ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques used for characterization of resulting silver nanoparticles demonstrated that, glycine is an effective capping agent to stabilize silver nanoparticles. Surface selective interaction of glycine on (1 1 1) face of silver nanoparticles has been investigated. The optical property and crystalline behavior of silver nanoparticles were found to be sensitive to concentration of glycine. X–ray diffraction studies ascertained the phase specific interaction of glycine on silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles synthesized were of diameter 60 nm. We thus demonstrated an efficient synthetic method for synthesis of water soluble silver nanoparticles capped by amino acid under mild reaction conditions with excellent reproducibility.« less

Engineered Escherichia coli Silver-Binding Periplasmic Protein That Promotes Silver Tolerance

PubMed Central

Hall Sedlak, Ruth; Hnilova, Marketa; Grosh, Carolynn; Fong, Hanson; Baneyx, Francois; Schwartz, Dan; Sarikaya, Mehmet; Tamerler, Candan

2012-01-01

Silver toxicity is a problem that microorganisms face in medical and environmental settings. Through exposure to silver compounds, some bacteria have adapted to growth in high concentrations of silver ions. Such adapted microbes may be dangerous as pathogens but, alternatively, could be potentially useful in nanomaterial-manufacturing applications. While naturally adapted isolates typically utilize efflux pumps to achieve metal resistance, we have engineered a silver-tolerant Escherichia coli strain by the use of a simple silver-binding peptide motif. A silver-binding peptide, AgBP2, was identified from a combinatorial display library and fused to the C terminus of the E. coli maltose-binding protein (MBP) to yield a silver-binding protein exhibiting nanomolar affinity for the metal. Growth experiments performed in the presence of silver nitrate showed that cells secreting MBP-AgBP2 into the periplasm exhibited silver tolerance in a batch culture, while those expressing a cytoplasmic version of the fusion protein or MBP alone did not. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of silver-tolerant cells revealed the presence of electron-dense silver nanoparticles. This is the first report of a specifically engineered metal-binding peptide exhibiting a strong in vivo phenotype, pointing toward a novel ability to manipulate bacterial interactions with heavy metals by the use of short and simple peptide motifs. Engineered metal-ion-tolerant microorganisms such as this E. coli strain could potentially be used in applications ranging from remediation to interrogation of biomolecule-metal interactions in vivo. PMID:22286990

Governing factors affecting the impacts of silver nanoparticles on wastewater treatment.

PubMed

Zhang, Chiqian; Hu, Zhiqiang; Li, Ping; Gajaraj, Shashikanth

2016-12-01

Silver nanoparticles (nanosilver or AgNPs) enter municipal wastewater from various sources, raising concerns about their potential adverse effects on wastewater treatment processes. We argue that the biological effects of silver nanoparticles at environmentally realistic concentrations (μgL -1 or lower) on the performance of a full-scale municipal water resource recovery facility (WRRF) are minimal. Reactor configuration is a critical factor that reduces or even mutes the toxicity of silver nanoparticles towards wastewater microbes in a full-scale WRRF. Municipal sewage collection networks transform silver nanoparticles into silver(I)-complexes/precipitates with low ecotoxicity, and preliminary/primary treatment processes in front of biological treatment utilities partially remove silver nanoparticles to sludge. Microbial functional redundancy and microbial adaptability to silver nanoparticles also greatly alleviate the adverse effects of silver nanoparticles on the performance of a full-scale WRRF. Silver nanoparticles in a lab-scale bioreactor without a sewage collection system and/or a preliminary/primary treatment process, in contrast to being in a full scale system, may deteriorate the reactor performance at relatively high concentrations (e.g., mgL -1 levels or higher). However, in many cases, silver nanoparticles have minimal impacts on lab-scale bioreactors, such as sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), especially when at relatively low concentrations (e.g., less than 1mgL -1 ). The susceptibility of wastewater microbes to silver nanoparticles is species-specific. In general, silver nanoparticles have higher toxicity towards nitrifying bacteria than heterotrophic bacteria. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Determination of colloidal and dissolved silver in water samples using colorimetric solid-phase extraction.

PubMed

Hill, April A; Lipert, Robert J; Porter, Marc D

2010-03-15

The increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics has led to resurgence in the use of silver as a biocidal agent in applications ranging from washing machine additives to the drinking water treatment system on the International Space Station (ISS). However, growing concerns about the possible toxicity of colloidal silver to bacteria, aquatic organisms and humans have led to recently issued regulations by the US EPA and FDA regarding the usage of silver. As part of an ongoing project, we have developed a rapid, simple method for determining total silver, both ionic (silver(I)) and colloidal, in 0.1-1mg/L aqueous samples, which spans the ISS potable water target of 0.3-0.5mg/L (total silver) and meets the US EPA limit of 0.1mg/L in drinking water. The method is based on colorimetric solid-phase extraction (C-SPE) and involves the extraction of silver(I) from water samples by passage through a solid-phase membrane impregnated with the colorimetric reagent DMABR (5-[4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene]rhodanine). Silver(I) exhaustively reacts with impregnated DMABR to form a colored compound, which is quantified using a handheld diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer. Total silver is determined by first passing the sample through a cartridge containing Oxone, which exhaustively oxidizes colloidal silver to dissolved silver(I). The method, which takes less than 2 min to complete and requires only approximately 1 mL of sample, has been validated through a series of tests, including a comparison with the ICP-MS analysis of a water sample from ISS that contained both silver(I) and colloidal silver. Potential earth-bound applications are also briefly discussed. Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Oxidative stress mediated cytotoxicity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Jae Woong; Gurunathan, Sangiliyandi; Jeong, Jae-Kyo; Choi, Yun-Jung; Kwon, Deug-Nam; Park, Jin-Ki; Kim, Jin-Hoi

2014-09-01

The goal of the present study was to investigate the toxicity of biologically prepared small size of silver nanoparticles in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cells A549. Herein, we describe a facile method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by treating the supernatant from a culture of Escherichia coli with silver nitrate . The formation of silver nanoparticles was characterized using various analytical techniques. The results from UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis show a characteristic strong resonance centered at 420 nm and a single crystalline nature, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the possible bio-molecules responsible for the reduction of silver from silver nitrate into nanoparticles. The particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscopy results suggest that silver nanoparticles are spherical in shape with an average diameter of 15 nm. The results derived from in vitro studies showed a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability when A549 cells were exposed to silver nanoparticles. This decrease in cell viability corresponded to increased leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), increased intracellular reactive oxygen species generation (ROS), and decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP). Furthermore, uptake and intracellular localization of silver nanoparticles were observed and were accompanied by accumulation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in A549 cells. The results indicate that silver nanoparticles play a significant role in apoptosis. Interestingly, biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles showed more potent cytotoxicity at the concentrations tested compared to that shown by chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles. Therefore, our results demonstrated that human lung epithelial A549 cells could provide a valuable model to assess the cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles.

Evaluation of bactericidal efficacy of silver ions on Escherichia coli for drinking water disinfection.

PubMed

Pathak, Satya P; Gopal, K

2012-07-01

The purpose of this study is the development of a suitable process for the disinfection of drinking water by evaluating bactericidal efficacy of silver ions from silver electrodes. A prototype of a silver ioniser with silver electrodes and control unit has been fabricated. Silver ions from silver electrodes in water samples were estimated with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A fresh culture of Escherichia coli (1.75 × 10(3) c.f.u./ml) was exposed to 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 ppb of silver ions in 100 ml of autoclaved tap water for 60 min. The effect of different pH and temperatures on bactericidal efficacy was observed at constant silver ion concentration (5 ppb) and contact time of 30 min. The maximum bactericidal activity (100%) was observed at 20 ppb of silver ion concentration indicating total disinfection after 20 min while minimum bactericidal activity (25%) was observed after 10 min at 01 ppb of silver ions. Likewise, 100% bactericidal activity was noticed with 2, 5 and 10 ppb of silver ions after 60, 50 and 40 min, respectively. Bactericidal activity at pH 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 was observed at 79.9%, 79.8%, 80.5%, 100% and 100%, respectively, whereas it was 80.4%, 88.3%, 100%, 100% and 100% at 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C and 50°C, respectively. The findings of this study revealed that very low concentrations of silver ions at pH 8-9 and temperature >20°C have bactericidal efficacy for total disinfection of drinking water. Silver ionisation is suitable for water disinfection and an appropriate alternative to chlorination which forms carcinogenic disinfection by-products.

Oxidative stress mediated cytotoxicity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

The goal of the present study was to investigate the toxicity of biologically prepared small size of silver nanoparticles in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cells A549. Herein, we describe a facile method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by treating the supernatant from a culture of Escherichia coli with silver nitrate. The formation of silver nanoparticles was characterized using various analytical techniques. The results from UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis show a characteristic strong resonance centered at 420 nm and a single crystalline nature, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the possible bio-molecules responsible for the reduction of silver from silver nitrate into nanoparticles. The particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscopy results suggest that silver nanoparticles are spherical in shape with an average diameter of 15 nm. The results derived from in vitro studies showed a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability when A549 cells were exposed to silver nanoparticles. This decrease in cell viability corresponded to increased leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), increased intracellular reactive oxygen species generation (ROS), and decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP). Furthermore, uptake and intracellular localization of silver nanoparticles were observed and were accompanied by accumulation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in A549 cells. The results indicate that silver nanoparticles play a significant role in apoptosis. Interestingly, biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles showed more potent cytotoxicity at the concentrations tested compared to that shown by chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles. Therefore, our results demonstrated that human lung epithelial A549 cells could provide a valuable model to assess the cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles. PMID:25242904