Assessment of PAH-exposure among coke oven workers.

PubMed

Vähäkangas, K; Pyy, L; Yrjänheikki, E

1992-12-01

Coke oven workers are exposed to high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Only recently have methods been developed to try to assess the individual, biologically significant exposure. The only coke oven plant in Finland started to function in 1987, in Raahe, enabling the implementation of a cohort study among the workers to determine the usefulness of some currently available biomonitoring methods, e.g. methods of measuring PAH-DNA adducts. Urine and blood samples were taken several times from a sample of workers starting from before they worked at the plant. A questionnaire (smoking, diet, former and current occupations) was filled in by the workers at every sampling, and air samples (personal and stationary) were collected at the same time. The mean values of both benzo(a)pyrene diolepoxide (BPDE)-DNA adducts were measured by synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry (SFS) and the antibodies to these adducts increased somewhat after the work at the plant started. However, all the adduct values were low, and no differences between the smokers and non-smokers at any time point were detected. Battery workers had slightly increased means of BPDE-DNA adducts compared to non-battery workers. Also, coke oven workers had slightly higher adduct values than age, sex and smoking matched controls.

Assessment of potential damage to DNA in urine of coke oven workers: an assay of unscheduled DNA synthesis.

PubMed Central

Roos, F; Renier, A; Ettlinger, J; Iwatsubo, Y; Letourneux, M; Haguenoer, J M; Jaurand, M C; Pairon, J C

1997-01-01

OBJECTIVES: A study was conducted in coke oven workers to evaluate the biological consequences of the exposure of these workers, particularly production of potential genotoxic factors. METHODS: 60 coke oven workers and 40 controls were recruited in the same iron and steel works. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was assessed by job and measurement of 1-hydroxypyrene (1OHP) in urine samples. An unscheduled DNA synthesis assay was performed on rat pleural mesothelial cells used as a test system to evaluate the effect of the workers' filtered urine on the DNA repair capacity of rat cells to determine whether DNA damaging agents are present in the urine of these workers. RESULTS: Urinary concentrations of 1OHP ranged from 0.06 to 24.2 (mean (SD) 2.1 (3.6)) mumol/mol creatinine in exposed coke oven workers, and from 0.01 to 0.9 in controls (0.12 (0.15)). These high concentrations in coke oven workers reflected recent exposure to PAHs and were in agreement with the assessment of exposure by job. No significant difference was found between coke oven workers and controls in the DNA repair level of rat cells treated with urine samples. However, the rat cell repair capacity decreased with increasing 1OHP concentrations in the exposed population (r = -0.28, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As high concentrations of 1OHP were found in the urine of some workers, a more stringent control of exposures to PAHs in the workplace is required. Exposure to PAHs was not associated with a clear cut modification of the urinary excretion of DNA damaging factors in this test, as shown by the absence of increased unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat cells. However, impairment of some repair mechanisms by urinary constituents is suspected. PMID:9470892

Effectiveness of the United Steel Workers of America Coke Oven Intervention Program.

PubMed

Parkinson, D K; Bromet, E J; Dew, M A; Dunn, L O; Barkman, M; Wright, M

1989-05-01

This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of the Coke Oven Intervention Program developed jointly by the United Steel Workers of America and the University of Pittsburgh. The program was offered on four occasions at each of seven coke oven plants over a 2-year period. Participants were compared with nonparticipating co-workers and controls from matched plants on knowledge of the Coke Oven Standard and workplace behaviors. Few baseline differences were found among participants, nonparticipants, and controls. Participants improved significantly as a result of the program, with those attending multiple programs accruing the greatest benefits. Panel controls interviewed on six occasions throughout the 2-year period showed little improvement. Reasons for and implications of the effectiveness of the program are discussed.

Cross sectional study on lung function of coke oven workers: a lung function surveillance system from 1978 to 1990

PubMed Central

Wu, J; Kreis, I; Griffiths, D; Darling, C

2002-01-01

Aims: To determine the association between lung function of coke oven workers and exposure to coke oven emissions. Methods: Lung function data and detailed work histories for workers in recovery coke ovens of a steelworks were extracted from a lung function surveillance system. Multiple regressions were employed to determine significant predictors for lung function indices. The first sets of lung function tests for 613 new starters were pooled to assess the selection bias. The last sets of lung function tests for 834 subjects with one or more year of coke oven history were pooled to assess determinants of lung function. Results: Selection bias associated with the recruitment process was not observed among the exposure groups. For subjects with a history of one or more years of coke oven work, each year of working in the most exposed "operation" position was associated with reductions in FEV1 of around 9 ml (p = 0.006, 95% CI: 3 ml to 16 ml) and in FVC of around 12 ml (p = 0.002, 95% CI: 4 ml to 19 ml). Negative effects of smoking on lung function were also observed. Conclusions: Exposure to coke oven emissions was found to be associated with lower FEV1 and FVC. Effects of work exposure on lung function are similar to those found in other studies. PMID:12468747

Association of aryl hydrocarbon receptor gene polymorphism with the neurobehavioral function and autonomic nervous system function changes induced by benzo[a]pyrene exposure in coke oven workers.

PubMed

Zhang, Hongmei; Nie, Jisheng; Li, Xin; Niu, Qiao

2013-03-01

To analyze the association of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) gene polymorphism and the neurotoxicity induced by benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in coke oven workers. Subjects, 214 coke oven workers and 81 controls, were detected for neurobehavioral function and autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. Airborne B[a]P concentration, urinary 1-hydroxypyrene level, and AhR gene polymorphisms were determined and analyzed for their association with B[a]P neurotoxicity. Neurobehavioral function and ANS function were significantly decreased and dependent on B[a]P dose. The AhR GG, GA, and AA genotypes in G1661A fitted the Hardy-Weinberg equation, whereas C1549T and G1708A gene mutants were not detected. Indices indicating neurotoxicity showed no significant difference among individuals with AA, GG, or GA genotype except for the confusion-bewilderment (P > 0.05). The AhR gene polymorphism is not thought to correlate with B[a]P neurotoxicity among coke oven workers.

Methylation of CpG island of p14(ARK), p15(INK4b) and p16(INK4a) genes in coke oven workers.

PubMed

Zhang, H; Li, X; Ge, L; Yang, J; Sun, J; Niu, Q

2015-02-01

To detect the blood genomic DNA methylation in coke oven workers and find a possible early screening index for occupational lung cancer, 74 coke oven workers as the exposed group and 47 water pump workers as the controls were surveyed, and urine samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected. Airborne benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) levels in workplace and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-Py) levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. DNA damage of PBMCs and the p14(ARK), p15(INK4b) and p16(INK4a) gene CpG island methylation in the promoter region were detected by comet assay and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction techniques, respectively. Results show that compared with the controls, concentration of airborne B[a]Ps was elevated in the coke plant, and urinary 1-OH-Py's level and DNA olive tail moment in comet assay were significantly increased in the coke oven workers, and p14(ARK), p15(INK4b) and p16(INK4a) gene methylation rates were also significantly increased. With the working years and urinary 1-OH-Py's level, the rates of p14(ARK) and p16(INK4a) gene methylation were significantly increased while that of p15(INK4b) gene methylation displayed no statistical change. We conclude that PBMCs' p14(ARK) and p16(INK4a) gene methylation may be used for screening and warning lung cancer in coke oven workers. © The Author(s) 2015.

Biomarkers of carcinogen exposure and cancer risk in a coke plant.

PubMed Central

Assennato, G; Ferri, G M; Tockman, M S; Poirier, M C; Schoket, B; Porro, A; Corrado, V; Strickland, P T

1993-01-01

To evaluate the association between an indicator of carcinogen exposure (peripheral blood leukocyte DNA adducts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and an early indicator of neoplastic transformation (sputum epithelial cell membrane antigens binding by monoclonal antibodies against small cell lung cancer and against nonsmall cell lung cancer), a survey of 350 coke-oven workers and 100 unexposed workers was planned. This paper reports a pilot investigation on a subgroup of 23 coke-oven workers and 8 unexposed controls. A "gas regulator" worker with positive tumor antigen binding was identified. Results show that smokers, subjects with decreased pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 sec/forced vital capacity% < 80), and those with morphological dysplasia of sputum cells have higher levels of DNA adducts. The gas regulators showed the highest values for adducts; however, no significant difference of adduct levels was found between the coke-oven group and unexposed controls. PMID:8319632

Estimation of cytogenetic risk among coke oven workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

PubMed

Sureshkumar, Shanmugam; Balachandar, Vellingiri; Devi, Subramaniam Mohana; Arun, Meyyazhagan; Karthickkumar, Alagamuthu; Balamuralikrishnan, Balasubramanian; Sankar, Kathannan; Mustaqahamed, Shafi Ahammed Khan; Dharwadkar, Shanwaz N; Sasikala, Keshavarao; Cho, Ssang-Goo

2013-01-01

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) result from the incomplete combustion of natural or synthetic organic materials. The working environment at a coke plant can negatively affect the employed workers who were exposed to coke oven emissions containing PAHs, which formed and released into the environment by the process of pyrolysis of coke. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the exposure of PAHs and the risk of genetic damages such as chromosomal alteration (CA), micronucleus (MN), and DNA damage (PCR-RFLP) in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 27 coke oven workers and equal number of control subjects. The exposed subjects and controls were divided into two groups based on their age (group I<35 years and group II ≥35 years). The exposed subjects were further classified into two groups based on the exposure period (<12 years and ≥12 years). The frequencies of CA and MN in exposed subjects are relatively high with respect to controls. The XRCC1 399 Arg/gln polymorphism showed a substantial smaller difference in allele frequencies between exposed and control subjects. Based on present data, it was concluded that coke oven workers under risk should be monitored for adverse effects of the any long-term exposure.

The effects of heavy metals and their interactions with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the oxidative stress among coke-oven workers.

PubMed

Wang, Tian; Feng, Wei; Kuang, Dan; Deng, Qifei; Zhang, Wangzhen; Wang, Suhan; He, Meian; Zhang, Xiaomin; Wu, Tangchun; Guo, Huan

2015-07-01

Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are predominate toxic constituents of particulate air pollution that may be related to the increased risk of cardiopulmonary events. We aim to investigate the effects of the toxic heavy metals (arsenic, As; cadmium, Cd; chromium, Cr; nickel, Ni; and lead, Pb), and their interactions with PAHs on oxidative stress among coke-oven workers. A total of 1333 male workers were recruited in this study. We determined their urinary levels of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, twelve PAH metabolites, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α (8-iso-PGF2α). Multivariate linear regression models were used to analyze the effects of these metals and their interactions with PAHs on 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α levels. It was found that only urinary As and Ni showed marginal or significant positive linear dose-dependent effects on 8-OHdG in this study population, especially among smokers (β=0.103, P=0.073 and β=0.110, P=0.002, respectively). After stratifying all participants by the quartiles of ΣOH-PAH, all five metals showed linear association with 8-OHdG in the highest quartile subgroup (Q4) of ΣOH-PAHs. However, these five urinary metals showed significantly consistent linear associations with 8-iso-PGF2α in all subjects and each stratum. Urinary ΣOH-PAHs can significant modify the effects of heavy metals on oxidative stress, while co-exposure to both high levels of ΣOH-PAHs and heavy metals render the workers with highest 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α (all P(interaction)≤0.005). This study showed evidence on the interaction effects of heavy metals and PAHs on increasing the oxidative stress, and these results warrant further investigation in more longitudinal studies. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in coke oven workers

PubMed Central

Wu, M. T.; Mao, I. F.; Ho, C. K.; Wypij, D.; Lu, P. L.; Smith, T. J.; Chen, M. L.; Christiani, D. C.

1998-01-01

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relation of individual occupational exposure to total particulates benzene soluble fraction (BSF) of ambient air with urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) concentrations among coke oven workers in Taiwan. METHODS: 80 coke oven workers and 50 referents were monitored individually for the BSF of breathing zone air over three consecutive days. Exposures were categorised as high, medium, or low among coke oven workers based on exposure situations. The high exposure group (n = 18) worked over the oven. The medium and low exposure groups (n = 41 and n = 21) worked at the side of the oven for > 4 hours and < 4 hours a day, respectively. Urine was collected before the shift on the morning of day 1 and after the shift on the afternoon of day 3 to find the change of 1-OHP concentrations across the shift. RESULTS: The median (range) changes of urinary 1-OHP concentrations across the shift for various exposure situations (microgram/g creatinine) were as follows: high 182 (7 to 3168); medium 9 (-8 to 511); low 7 (-6 to 28); and referents 0.2 (-2 to 72). This change of urinary 1-OHP was highly associated with individual occupational exposure to the BSF in air (r = 0.74 and 0.64, p < 0.001). The regression model showed significant effects of individual exposures to the BSF and alcohol consumption on urinary postshift 1-OHP after adjusting for preshift 1-OHP in the total population (n = 130). More exposure to the BSF led to higher postshift 1-OHP (p < 0.001); current drinkers of > 120 g/week had lower urinary postshift 1-OHP than never and former drinkers (p = 0.01). A 10-fold increase in the average BSF in air resulted in about a 2.5-fold increase in postshift 1-OHP among the 80 coke oven workers. CONCLUSION: Urinary 1-OHP concentrations can be used as a good biomarker to assess individual exposure to the BSF in air. Alcohol drinking may modify the toxicokinetic pathway of the BSF; the effects of alcohol should be investigated further in occupational studies.   PMID:9816379

[Relationship between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolite and cell cycle of lymphocyte in coke oven workers].

PubMed

Pan, B L; Zhang, H T; Zhang, H J; Chen, W T; Yang, J

2016-11-20

Objective: To investigate the relationship between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolite and cell cycle of lymphocyte in coke oven workers. Methods: 437 coke oven workers and 163 work-ers in water treatment department were recruited in this study. Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycle of lymphocyte. For the measurement of urinary metabolites, urine samples were treated with β-glucuronidase and analyzed using HPLC with a fluorescence detector. Results: The concentrations of urinary 2-naphthol, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 9-phenanthrol and 1-hydroxypyrene l in coke oven workers were significantly higher than those in control group ( P <0.01) . The distributions of cell cycle were analyzed in high exposure group (the content of urinary metabolites high than P 75) and low exposure group (the content of urinary metabolites low than P 25) . According to the content of 1-hydroxypyrene, the proportions of S phase in high exposure group were significant-ly higher than those of low exposure group ( Z =-2.496, P =0.013) , but the proportions of G0/G1 phase were sig-nificantly lower than low exposure group ( Z =-2.074, P =0.038) . The similar results were not been found in other hydroxylated metabolites as internal exposure group. Conclusion: Increasing levels of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene might resulting in cell cycle of lymphocyte disorders, mainly for G0/G1 phase shorten and S phase arrest.

[Effects of smoking on the concentrations of urinary 10 metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coke oven workers].

PubMed

He, Yun-feng; Zhang, Wang-zhen; Kuang, Dan; Deng, Hua-xin; Li, Xiao-hai; Lin, Da-feng; Deng, Qi-fei; Huang, Kun; Wu, Tang-chun

2012-12-01

To explore the effects of smoking on urinary 10 metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the coke oven workers. Occupational health examination was performed on 1401 coke oven workers in one coking plant, their urine were collected respectively. The concentrations of the ten monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The 1401 workers were divided into four groups, namely control, adjunct workplaces, bottom and side, top group according to their workplaces and the different concentrations of PAHs in the environment. The concentrations of the ten monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between smokers and nonsmokers in each workplace group were compared using analysis of covariance, respectively. The levels of concentrations of the sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons we detected at control were significantly higher than those at other areas (P < 0.05). Comparing the ten monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons levels between smokers and nonsmokers, the levels of 1-hydroxynaphthalene and 2-hydroxynaphthalene among smokers were higher than nonsmokers with statistically significance in control, adjunct workplaces, bottom and side and top groups (P < 0.05). However, the levels of 1-hydroxypyrene had no statistically significant differences between the four areas. Urinary 1-hydroxynaphthalene and 2-hydroxynaphthalene may be used as biomarkers for the impact of smoking on monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the coke oven workers.

Cancer mortality among coke oven workers.

PubMed Central

Redmond, C K

1983-01-01

The OSHA standard for coke oven emissions, which went into effect in January 1977, sets a permissible exposure limit to coke oven emissions of 150 micrograms/m3 benzene-soluble fraction of total particulate matter (BSFTPM). Review of the epidemiologic evidence for the standard indicates an excess relative risk for lung cancer as high as 16-fold in topside coke oven workers with 15 years of exposure or more. There is also evidence for a consistent dose-response relationship in lung cancer mortality when duration and location of employment at the coke ovens are considered. Dose-response models fitted to these same data indicate that, while excess risks may still occur under the OSHA standard, the predicted levels of increased relative risk would be about 30-50% if a linear dose-response model is assumed and 3-7% if a quadratic model is assumed. Lung cancer mortality data for other steelworkers suggest the predicted excess risk has probably been somewhat overestimated, but lack of information on important confounding factors limits further dose-response analysis. PMID:6653539

Association between urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and genotoxic effects in coke oven workers

PubMed Central

Siwinska, E; Mielzynska, D; Kapka, L

2004-01-01

Methods: Blood and urine samples were collected immediately after a shift at the end of a working week from 50 coke oven workers and 50 control workers not exposed to PAHs. Methods included: (1) biomarkers of exposure: urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (HpU), urinary mutagenicity by the plate Salmonella test with strains TA98 and YG1024 after metabolic activation, expressed as mutagenic rate (MR98 and MR1024, respectively), urinary cotinine; and (2) biomarkers of biological effects in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL): sister chromatid exchanges (SCE/cell), cells of high frequency of SCE (% HFC), micronuclei (MN/1000 cells), chromosomal aberrations (CA/100 cells), and DNA damage by the Comet assay. Results: Occupational exposure to PAH resulted in significantly increased levels of HpU and mutagenic effect of urine. Median values of these biomarkers in coke oven workers were: 9.0 µmol/mol creatinine for HpU, 2.7 for MR98, and 8.2 for MR1024, compared to the controls: HpU = 0.6 µmol/mol creatinine, MR98 = 1.2, and MR1024 = 5.5. Occupational exposure caused significant induction of SCE, HFC, and MN in coke oven workers: median SCE = 5.9, HFC = 12.0%, MN = 6.0 compared to the controls: 3.9, 5.0%, and 3.0, respectively. No effect of occupational exposure was found in relation to CA and DNA damage measured with the Comet assay. HpU concentration was positively associated with SCE and HFC. The concentration of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene corresponding to a 5% probability of increased SCE was 1.0 µmol/mol creatinine. Conclusions: The occupational exposure to PAHs resulted in measurable biological effects (SCE, HFC, MN). In coke oven workers an increased level of SCE was not observed below the level of 1.0 µmol HpU/mol creatinine. PMID:14985527

Mortality of coke plant workers in The Netherlands.

PubMed Central

Swaen, G M; Slangen, J J; Volovics, A; Hayes, R B; Scheffers, T; Sturmans, F

1991-01-01

During the production of coke, large quantities of coke oven gas are emitted. People who work on the top or on the sides of coke ovens are exposed to this oven gas, which contains a range of carcinogenic chemicals. To investigate the cancer risks under these work conditions, a retrospective study was undertaken. In total 11,399 former workers were enrolled in the study. Of these, 5639 had worked in the coke plant for at least six months between 1945 and 1969. The other 5740 had worked in another plant during the same period and formed a non-exposed group for comparison. The study group was followed up until 1984 for mortality. The causes of death were obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics. Among the coke oven workers significantly higher death rates were found for lung cancer and non-malignant respiratory disease. Mortality in the byproduct section was similar to that expected. Among workers in the tar distillery the rate for lung cancer was higher than expected. The risk for gastric cancer and non-malignant respiratory disease among the workers of the coke shipping department was increased but the SMRs did not reach statistical significance. No data were collected about individual smoking habits or socioeconomic state of the study subjects and the possibility that the risk found could be attributed to these factors cannot be ruled out. It has been stated by other investigators, however, that the effect of not controlling for smoking tends to be modest. PMID:1998607

Assessment of genotoxic exposure in Swedish coke-oven work by different methods of biological monitoring.

PubMed

Reuterwall, C; Aringer, L; Elinder, C G; Rannug, A; Levin, J O; Juringe, L; Onfelt, A

1991-04-01

This study evaluated the results of several biological methods used simultaneously to monitor coke-oven work. Blood samples from 44 male coke-oven workers and 48 male referents, matched for age and smoking/snuff consumption, were examined for cytogenetic damage in lymphocytes. Urinary thioether excretion was determined for 62, and urine mutagenicity for 31, of the subjects, who followed a standardized diet during the urine sampling. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons varied with work task, the ambient air levels of benzo[a]pyrene sometimes exceeding 5 micrograms/m3. Cytogenetic damage, urine mutagenicity, and thioether excretion did not differ between the groups. The smokers, however, had significantly higher sister chromatid exchange frequencies, urine mutagenicity, and thioether excretion than the nonsmokers. The absence of biological indications of genotoxic exposure was unexpected and indicates that the studied methods are not adequate to assess the carcinogenic risks of Swedish coke-oven workers.

DNA single strand breakage, DNA adducts, and sister chromatid exchange in lymphocytes and phenanthrene and pyrene metabolites in urine of coke oven workers.

PubMed Central

Popp, W; Vahrenholz, C; Schell, C; Grimmer, G; Dettbarn, G; Kraus, R; Brauksiepe, A; Schmeling, B; Gutzeit, T; von Bülow, J; Norpoth, K

1997-01-01

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the specificity of biological monitoring variables (excretion of phenanthrene and pyrene metabolites in urine) and the usefulness of some biomarkers of effect (alkaline filter elution, 32P postlabelling assay, measurement of sister chromatid exchange) in workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). METHODS: 29 coke oven workers and a standardised control group were investigated for frequencies of DNA single strand breakage, DNA protein cross links (alkaline filter elution assay), sister chromatid exchange, and DNA adducts (32P postlabelling assay) in lymphocytes. Phenanthrene and pyrene metabolites were measured in 24 hour urine samples. 19 different PAHs (including benzo(a)pyrene, pyrene, and phenanthrene) were measured at the workplace by personal air monitoring. The GSTT1 activity in erythrocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations in blood was also measured. RESULTS: Concentrations of phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo(a)pyrene in air correlated well with the concentration of total PAHs in air; they could be used for comparisons of different workplaces if the emission compositions were known. The measurement of phenanthrene metabolites in urine proved to be a better biological monitoring variable than the measurement of 1-hydroxypyrene. Significantly more DNA strand breaks in lymphocytes of coke oven workers were found (alkaline filter elution assay); the DNA adduct rate was not significantly increased in workers, but correlated with exposure to PAHs in a semiquantitative manner. The number of sister chromatid exchanges was lower in coke oven workers but this was not significant; thus counting sister chromatid exchanges was not a good variable for biomonitoring of coke oven workers. Also, indications for immunotoxic influences (changes in lymphocyte subpopulations) were found. CONCLUSIONS: The measurement of phenanthrene metabolites in urine seems to be a better biological monitoring variable for exposure to PAHs than measurement of hydroxypyrene. The alkaline filter elution assay proved to be the most sensitive biomarker for genotoxic damage, whereas the postlabelling assay was the only one with some specificity for DNA alterations caused by known compounds. PMID:9155778

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine of coke oven workers by headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Waidyanatha, Suramya; Zheng, Yuxin; Rappaport, Stephen M

2003-05-06

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a complex mixture of toxic compounds that are ubiquitous in the environment. We investigated the utility of head space-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) to measure the following surrogate PAHs in urine: naphthalene (NAP), phenanthrene (PHE), pyrene (PYR), and benzo(a)pyrene (BAP), representing classes of 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-ring compounds, respectively. We then applied the method to urine from 28 coke oven workers (median levels (microg/l) were: NAP=3.65, PHE=1.51, PYR=0.003, BAP not detected) and 22 controls (median (microg/l) NAP=0.859, PHE=0.062, PYR=0.001, BAP not detected). Urinary levels of NAP, PHE, and PYR were all associated with exposure category (controls, side- and bottom-workers, and top-workers) but not with smoking status. Strong correlations were observed between urinary levels of NAP, PHE, and PYR in coke-oven workers. Our results indicate that unmetabolized 2-, 3- and 4-ring PAHs can be measured in urine by HS-SPME. Such measurements can be used to investigate the uptake and metabolism of complex PAH mixtures in humans.

Association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites and risk of diabetes in coke oven workers.

PubMed

Yang, Liangle; Yan, Kai; Zeng, Dan; Lai, Xuefeng; Chen, Xuguang; Fang, Qin; Guo, Huan; Wu, Tangchun; Zhang, Xiaomin

2017-04-01

Elevated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) metabolites have recently been linked to increased risk of diabetes in the general population, but little is known about the risk of diabetes due to high pollution levels of PAHs exposure. We aimed to examine whether occupational exposure to PAHs would be one of the important risk factors for diabetes in the coke oven workers. A total of 1472 coke oven workers with complete data were qualified for the present study. We measured 12 urinary monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between urinary OH-PAHs and risk of diabetes, with adjustment for the potential confounders. We found that elevated urinary 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (4-OHPh) was significantly associated, in a dose-dependent manner, with increased risk of diabetes (P trend  = 0.003). Compared with individuals with 4-OHPh in the lowest quartile, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of diabetes among those in the highest quartile was 2.80 (95% CI = 1.37-5.71). In stratified analysis, the association was more prominent in those who were smokers, overweight (BMI ≥24 kg/m 2 ), with longer working years (≥20 years) and worked at coke oven settings. In addition, high levels of 4-OHPh combined with longer working years or overweight had a joint effect on the risk of diabetes. Our data suggested that elevated 4-OHPh was dose-responsive associated with increased risk of diabetes in the coke oven workers. The risk assessment of diabetes related to occupational PAHs exposure should take working years and BMI into consideration. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

GSTM1 and GSTT1 Genes are Associated With DNA Damage of p53 Gene in Coke-oven Workers.

PubMed

He, Yuefeng; Qi, Jun; He, Fang; Zhang, Yongchang; Wang, Youlian; Zhang, Ruobing; Li, Gang

2017-06-01

This study investigated whether variations in GSTT1 and GSTM1 gene are associated with the DNA damage level of p53 gene. We quantified urinary 1-hydroxypyrene using high-performance liquid chromatography, and examined the DNA damage level of p53 gene by real-time quantitative PCR in 756 coke-oven workers. Multiplex PCR was used to detect the presence or absence of genes. DNA damage levels of p53 gene in the high exposure group and intermediate exposure group were significantly higher than that of p53 gene in the low exposure group (P < 0.01). In coke-oven workers, the DNA damage levels of subjects with non-null genotype in GSTT1 or GSTM1 gene were significantly higher than that of those with the null genotype (P < 0.01). GSTT1 and GSTM1 may modulate DNA damage levels of p53 gene when exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

1-Hydroxypyrene concentrations in first morning voids and 24-h composite urine: intra- and inter-individual comparisons.

PubMed

Han, In-Kyu; Duan, Xiaoli; Zhang, Lin; Yang, Hongbiao; Rhoads, George G; Wei, Fusheng; Zhang, Junfeng

2008-09-01

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) has been suggested as an exposure biomarker for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, it remains unknown whether a first morning urine sample can be used to reflect average exposure. In this paper, we examine intra-individual differences and inter-individual associations between first morning voids and 24-h composite urine samples. The analysis was performed using data collected from 100 adults who had a wide range of PAH exposure due to differences in their occupation, e.g., coke oven workers vs. non-coke oven workers. For each subject, all the urine voids within each of two 24-h measurement periods were collected. Results showed a significant (40% to 62%) intra-individual difference between first morning voids and 24-h urinary 1-OHP concentrations (in ng/ml urine). Creatinine adjustments of 1-OHP concentrations (in micromol/mol urinary creatinine) reduced the intra-individual difference by approximately 10%. Across all the subjects, a high overall correlation (r=0.76) was observed between first morning and 24-h average 1-OHP concentrations. Work environment and sampling season were found to significantly affect the relationship between first morning and 24-h 1-OHP concentrations. An increase of 1 ng/ml of first morning urinary 1-OHP predicted an increase of 0.5 and 0.25 ng/ml of 24-h urinary 1-OHP for coke oven workers and non-coke oven workers, respectively. Data collected in a winter season showed a higher correlation between first morning and 24-h concentrations than data collected in a fall season. Creatinine adjustments did not significantly improve overall correlations between first morning void and 24-h measurements, but increased total variances for 24-h urines explained by first morning urines in coke workers.

[Association between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and elevated serum uric acid levels in coke oven workers].

PubMed

Deng, Siyun; Deng, Qifei; Hu, Die; Li, Jun; Zhu, Xiaoyan; Guo, Huan; Wu, Tangchun

2014-06-01

To analyze the relationship between metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and serum uric acid levels in coke oven workers and to provide new clues to the pathogenic mechanism of PAHs. A total of 1302 coke oven workers were divided into four groups, namely control group and low-, intermediate-, and high-dose exposure groups. The concentrations of ambient PAHs at each workplace were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The detailed information on the occupational history and health of workers was collected by questionnaire survey and physical examination, and so were their blood and urine samples. Serum uric acid and creatinine levels were measured using a Hitachi 7020 automatic biochemical analyzer. Ten urinary PAH metabolites were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Serum uric acid levels were the highest in the high-dose exposure group, followed by the intermediate- and low-dose exposure groups, and were the lowest in the control group. There were significant correlations between serum uric acid levels and the quartiles of 1-hydroxynaphthalene and 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (P < 0.05). After adjustment for PAH metabolite-related relationship, only urinary 1-hydroxyphenanthrene was significantly correlated with serum uric acid levels (P = 0.001). After adjustment for confounding factors and using the 1st quartile of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene as a reference, the odds ratio for hyperuricemia in subjects with the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartiles of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene were 1.55, 1.57, and 2.35, respectively. Urinary 1-hydroxyphenanthrene is associated with a dose-response increase in serum uric acid levels in coke oven workers, and exposure to phenanthrene in PAHs may be a risk factor for hyperuricemia.

The Dose–Response Decrease in Heart Rate Variability: Any Association with the Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coke Oven Workers?

PubMed Central

Deng, Huaxin; Zhang, Wangzhen; Kuang, Dan; Deng, Qifei; Dai, Xiayun; Lin, Dafeng; Huang, Suli; Xin, Lili; He, Yunfeng; Huang, Kun; He, Meian; Guo, Huan; Zhang, Xiaomin; Wu, Tangchun

2012-01-01

Background Air pollution has been associated with an increased risk of cardiopulmonary mortality and decreased heart rate variability (HRV). However, it is unclear whether coke oven emissions (COEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are associated with HRV. Objectives Our goal in the present study was to investigate the association of exposure to COEs and the urinary metabolite profiles of PAHs with HRV of coke oven workers. Methods We measured benzene soluble matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matters, and PAHs at different workplaces of a coke oven plant. We determined 10 urinary PAH metabolites and HRV indices of 1333 workers using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and a 3-channel digital Holter monitor, respectively. Results Our results showed that there was a significant COEs-related dose-dependent decrease in HRV, and an inverse relationship between the quartiles of urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene and five HRV indices (p trend<0.01 for all). After adjustment for potential confounders, elevation per interquartile range (IQR) (1.81 µg/mmol creatinine) of urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene was associated with a 5.46% (95% CI, 2.50–8.32) decrease in standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN). As workers worked more years, SDNN gradually declined in the same quartiles of 2-hydroxynaphthalene levels (p trend = 1.40×10−4), especially in workers with the highest levels of 2-hydroxynaphthalene. Conclusions Occupational exposure to COEs is associated with a dose-response decrease in HRV. In particular, increased exposure to 2-hydroxynaphthalene is associated with significantly decreased HRV. Increase of working years and exposure levels has resulted in a gradual decline of HRV. PMID:23024753

The dose-response decrease in heart rate variability: any association with the metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coke oven workers?

PubMed

Li, Xiaohai; Feng, Yingying; Deng, Huaxin; Zhang, Wangzhen; Kuang, Dan; Deng, Qifei; Dai, Xiayun; Lin, Dafeng; Huang, Suli; Xin, Lili; He, Yunfeng; Huang, Kun; He, Meian; Guo, Huan; Zhang, Xiaomin; Wu, Tangchun

2012-01-01

Air pollution has been associated with an increased risk of cardiopulmonary mortality and decreased heart rate variability (HRV). However, it is unclear whether coke oven emissions (COEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are associated with HRV. Our goal in the present study was to investigate the association of exposure to COEs and the urinary metabolite profiles of PAHs with HRV of coke oven workers. We measured benzene soluble matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matters, and PAHs at different workplaces of a coke oven plant. We determined 10 urinary PAH metabolites and HRV indices of 1333 workers using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a 3-channel digital Holter monitor, respectively. Our results showed that there was a significant COEs-related dose-dependent decrease in HRV, and an inverse relationship between the quartiles of urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene and five HRV indices (p(trend)<0.01 for all). After adjustment for potential confounders, elevation per interquartile range (IQR) (1.81 µg/mmol creatinine) of urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene was associated with a 5.46% (95% CI, 2.50-8.32) decrease in standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN). As workers worked more years, SDNN gradually declined in the same quartiles of 2-hydroxynaphthalene levels (p(trend) = 1.40×10(-4)), especially in workers with the highest levels of 2-hydroxynaphthalene. Occupational exposure to COEs is associated with a dose-response decrease in HRV. In particular, increased exposure to 2-hydroxynaphthalene is associated with significantly decreased HRV. Increase of working years and exposure levels has resulted in a gradual decline of HRV.

Cytological detection of a peripheral lung carcinoma in a coke oven worker

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Teplitz, R.L.; Belman, M.J.; Nathwani, B.

1980-06-01

OSHA mandated programs of pulmonary cytology among coke oven workers have resulted in detection of a number of unsuspected tumors. While it is too early to determine the eventual impact of these programs, this report describes the detection of a 0.3 cm peripheral lesion, believed to be the smallest identified by cytology. In addition to being diminutive, the tumor proved to be of the epidermoid type, unusual for the location. Further investigation is required to determine whether peripheral epidermoid neoplasms are associated with exposure to coke vapors.

The effects of heavy metals and their interactions with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the oxidative stress among coke-oven workers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Tian; Feng, Wei; Kuang, Dan

Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are predominate toxic constituents of particulate air pollution that may be related to the increased risk of cardiopulmonary events. We aim to investigate the effects of the toxic heavy metals (arsenic, As; cadmium, Cd; chromium, Cr; nickel, Ni; and lead, Pb), and their interactions with PAHs on oxidative stress among coke-oven workers. A total of 1333 male workers were recruited in this study. We determined their urinary levels of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, twelve PAH metabolites, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α (8-iso-PGF2α). Multivariate linear regression models were used to analyze the effects ofmore » these metals and their interactions with PAHs on 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α levels. It was found that only urinary As and Ni showed marginal or significant positive linear dose-dependent effects on 8-OHdG in this study population, especially among smokers (β=0.103, P=0.073 and β=0.110, P=0.002, respectively). After stratifying all participants by the quartiles of ΣOH-PAH, all five metals showed linear association with 8-OHdG in the highest quartile subgroup (Q4) of ΣOH-PAHs. However, these five urinary metals showed significantly consistent linear associations with 8-iso-PGF2α in all subjects and each stratum. Urinary ΣOH-PAHs can significant modify the effects of heavy metals on oxidative stress, while co-exposure to both high levels of ΣOH-PAHs and heavy metals render the workers with highest 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α (all P{sub interaction}≤0.005). This study showed evidence on the interaction effects of heavy metals and PAHs on increasing the oxidative stress, and these results warrant further investigation in more longitudinal studies. - Highlights: • Heavy metals and PAHs are predominate toxic constituents of particulate matters. • Urinary As and Ni showed linear dose-dependent effects on 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α. • PAHs significant interact with toxic metal in increasing 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α. • Co-exposure to high PAHs and toxic metals contribute to highest oxidative stress.« less

[Assessment of occupational exposure to aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons determining urinary levels of 1-pyrenol].

PubMed

Pavanello, S; Genova, A; Foà, V; Clonfero, E

2000-01-01

In conformity with Italian law 626/94, occupational exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in several types of work environments was assessed by analysing urinary levels of 1-pyrenol. A total of 231 non-smokers exposed to PAH (82 workers, employed in two different thermoelectric power plants using combustible oil (30 subjects from plant A and 52 from plant B), 18 subjects working for a company recovering exhausted oils, 12 working on rubber production, 10 on road surface asphalting operations, 22 working in the anodizing section of an aluminium plant, 27 chimney-sweeps, and 60 coke-oven workers (30 topside workers, and 30 doing other jobs)) were enrolled. There were also 53 non-smoker control subjects, not occupationally exposed to PAH. Current smokers were excluded, since smoking is an important confounding factor when occupational exposure to low PAH concentrations are monitored. Confounding factors, i.e., diet and passive smoking, were checked by means of a questionnaire which, in addition to personal data and habits, also requested specific details about the type of diet followed and possible exposure to passive smoking during the 24-hour period preceding urine collection. In controls, exposure to PAH in the diet significantly increased 1-pyrenol levels in urine: in subjects introducing > or = 1 microgram of pyrene with the diet, the mean urinary level of 1-pyrenol was significantly higher than that introduced with < 1 microgram (high versus low dietary intake, mean +/- SD, 0.08 +/- 0.13 and 0.04 +/- 0.06 1-pyrenol mumoles/mole of creatinine, respectively; Mann-Whitney U-test Z = 2.67, p < 0.01). Conversely, passive smoking did not influence 1-pyrenol levels. In the overall population (controls and exposed), multiple linear regression analysis showed that levels of urinary 1-pyrenol were significantly influenced by occupational exposure to PAH in asphalt workers, anodizing plant workers, chimney-sweeps, and coke-oven workers, both those working at the top side of the oven and those doing other jobs (t = 2.19, p = 0.02; t = 2.56, p = 0.01; t = 5.25, p = 0.001; t = 3.34, p = 0.001; t = 7.82, p = 0.001, respectively; F = 9.7, p < 0.01), but not in power plant workers in contact with combustible oils, workers recovering exhausted oils, or rubber production workers. Diet and passive smoking did not influence urinary 1-pyrenol levels in the entire sample population. This biomarker also allowed an assessment of exposure levels among certainly exposed subjects. The percentage of subjects with urinary 1-pyrenol values higher than the 99th percentile of the reference population (0.67 mumoles 1-pyrenol/mole of creatinine) was significantly higher than that of controls in asphalt workers (20%), anodizing plant workers (14%), chimney-sweeps (13%) and coke-oven workers (33%) (chi-square test: asphalt workers = 6.1, p = 0.01; anodizing plant workers = 4.3, p = 0.04; chimney-sweeps = 7.1, p = 0.008; coke-oven workers with other duties = 4.4, p = 0.04; top side workers = 16.5, p < 0.001). In chimney sweeps and top side workers, respectively 2 and 4 subjects (7% and 13%) exceeded the precautionary level of 1.4 mumoles 1-pyrenol/mole of creatinine; of these, 1 chimney sweep and 3 top side workers (4% and 10%) exceeded the recommended biological threshold of 2.3 mumoles 1-pyrenol/mole of creatinine.

Sperm DNA oxidative damage and DNA adducts

PubMed Central

Jeng, Hueiwang Anna; Pan, Chih-Hong; Chao, Mu-Rong; Lin, Wen-Yi

2015-01-01

The objective of this study was to investigate DNA damage and adducts in sperm from coke oven workers who have been exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A longitudinal study was conducted with repeated measurements during spermatogenesis. Coke-oven workers (n=112) from a coke-oven plant served the PAH-exposed group, while administrators and security personnel (n=67) served the control. Routine semen parameters (concentration, motility, vitality, and morphology) were analyzed simultaneously; the assessment of sperm DNA integrity endpoints included DNA fragmentation, bulky DNA adducts, and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dGuo). The degree of sperm DNA fragmentation was measured using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay and sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA). The PAH-exposed group had a significant increase in bulky DNA adducts and 8-oxo-dGuo compared to the control subjects (Ps = 0.002 and 0.045, respectively). Coke oven workers' percentages of DNA fragmentation and denaturation from the PAH-exposed group were not significantly different from those of the control subjects (Ps = 0.232 and 0.245, respectively). Routine semen parameters and DNA integrity endpoints were not correlated. Concentrations of 8-oxo-dGuo were positively correlated with percentages of DNA fragmentation measured by both TUNEL and SCSA (Ps = 0.045 and 0.034, respectively). However, the concentrations of 8-oxo-dGuo and percentages of DNA fragmentation did not correlate with concentrations of bulky DNA adducts. In summary, coke oven workers with chronic exposure to PAHs experienced decreased sperm DNA integrity. Oxidative stress could contribute to the degree of DNA fragmentation. Bulky DNA adducts may be independent of the formation of DNA fragmentation and oxidative adducts in sperm. Monitoring sperm DNA integrity is recommended as a part of the process of assessing the impact of occupational and environmental toxins on sperm. PMID:26653986

[Association between genetic polymorphisms in pre-miR-146a and pre-miR-196a2 and genetic damage levels among coke oven workers].

PubMed

Wang, Tian; Deng, Qi-fei; Zhang, Xiao; Li, Xiao-liang; Deng, Si-yun; Dai, Xia-yun; Huang, Su-li; Feng, Jing; Li, Jun; Wu, Tang-chun; Guo, Huan

2013-08-01

To investigate the association of rs2910164 G > C polymorphism and rs11614913 T > C polymorphism in pre-miR-146a and pre-miR-196a2 with genetic damage levels in coke oven workers. A total of 575 nonsmoking workers who have worked for more than one year in a coke-oven plant at Wuhan, Hubei Province were enrolled in this study in September to October, 2010. The general characteristics as well as blood and urine samples were collected. The genetic damage levels were detected by cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytom assay and represented as micronucleus (MN) frequencies of binucleate cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The rs2910164 G > C polymorphisms in pre-miR-146a and rs11614913 T > C polymorphisms in pre-miR-196a2 were genotyped by using TaqMan assay. The plasma concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene-diolepoxide (BPDE)-albumin adducts were determined by using ELISA. All data were analyzed, the frequency ratio (FR) and 95%CI were calculated. Totally, 575 workers were taken into consideration. The rs2910164 C allele was associated with increased MN frequencies in the coke oven workers (P trend = 0.025), and the MN frequencies were higher in rs2910164 CC genotype carriers (4.38 ± 3.46) than in wild-type rs2910164 GG genotype carriers (4.02 ± 3.09) (FR = 1.18, 95%CI:1.04-1.34). The further stratified analyses by working years, gender, alcohol consumption, and the levels of BPDE-albumin adducts showed that the effects of rs2910164 C allele in increasing MN frequencies were robust in subjects who were males (FR = 1.11, 95%CI:1.02-1.20), nondrinkers (FR = 1.07, 95%CI:1.00-1.14), working years less than 20 (FR = 1.12, 95%CI:1.03-1.22), and workers with lower BPDE-albumin adducts levels (FR = 1.11, 95%CI:1.02-1.21) (P trend = 0.011, 0.044, 0.006 and 0.020, respectively). In addition, the MN frequencies were higher in workers with rs11614913 TC genotype (4.27 ± 2.91) than workers with rs11614913 TT genotype (3.90 ± 3.32) (FR = 1.12, 95%CI:1.02-1.23).Workers carried both rs2910164 GG and rs11614913 TT genotypes were set as a control, and the MN frequencies of workers with both rs2910164 CC and rs11614913 CC genotypes (5.32 ± 4.94) were 1.51 (1.21-1.89) times higher than the control (3.75 ± 3.01). The rs2910164 C allele in pre-miR-146a and rs11614913 C allele in pre-miR-196a2 were associated with increased genetic damage levels in coke oven workers.

Mortality due to respiratory cancers in the coke oven plants of the Lorraine coalmining industry (Houillères du Bassin de Lorraine).

PubMed Central

Bertrand, J P; Chau, N; Patris, A; Mur, J M; Pham, Q T; Moulin, J J; Morviller, P; Auburtin, G; Figueredo, A; Martin, J

1987-01-01

The main activity of the Houillères du Bassin de Lorraine (Lorraine Collieries), employing 23,000 operatives and executives, is coalmining. The coke production is carried out by two coke oven plants with a workforce of respectively 747 and 552 workers. The coal coking process entails the emission of noxious products such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from the ovens. The influence of occupational exposure on mortality due to respiratory cancers, and particularly to lung and upper respiratory and alimentary tracts cancer, was investigated among a cohort of 534 male workers from the two coke oven plants who had retired from work between 1963 and 1982. The job history of each subject has been precisely reconstructed by indicating the duration of exposure on the ovens, close to the ovens, and in maintenance occupations. The cohort mortality has been analysed according to the method of indirect standardisation with reference to the French male population and by a case-control study concerning the consumption of tobacco per cohort. The mortality due to lung cancer is 2.51 times higher than expected. This excess of mortality differs, but not significantly, between the two coke oven plants (standardised mortality ratio equals 3.05 and 1.75 respectively). It is not significantly higher among subjects exposed for more than five years, directly exposed on the ovens or working near the ovens or at maintenance occupations on the ovens (SMR = 2.78), than among those exposed for less than five years (SMR = 2.35) or those not exposed at all. Even taking into account the excess of mortality due to lung cancers in the Moselle district (1.6 time that of France), the excess of lung cancers does not seem to be explained by the regional factor, or by tobacco and alcohol consumption. Although no significant relation was offered between lung cancer and the duration of exposure to PAH, even when taking smoking habits into account, the carcinogenic role of occupational nuisances cannot be excluded. PMID:3651355

Occupational exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a coke plant.

PubMed

Bieniek, Grażyna; Łusiak, Agnieszka

2012-08-01

The objective of this study was to assess the external exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of coke-oven workers and by-product workers at a coke plant in Poland. The content of benzene, toluene, xylene, and naphthalene in a gaseous phase and the content of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benz[ghi]perylene, chrysene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene in a particulate phase of coke plant workers were measured in the workers mentioned above. A toxic equivalency factor BaP(eq) was used to estimate human health risk associated with respiratory exposure to PAHs. Time-weighted values of the exposure to AHs in the coke plant were as follows: benzene (range 0.01-2.71 mg m(-3)), toluene (0.01-1.73 mg m(-3)), xylene (0.01-0.78 mg m(-3)), naphthalene (6.0-6079 μg m(-3)), and the concentrations of hydrocarbons did not exceed the exposure limits. The results for particle-bound PAHs were equal to 1.96 μg m(-3) for B(a)P, 0.73 μg m(-3) for DBA, 3.23 μg m(-3) for BaA, 4.35 μg m(-3) for BbF, 3.02 μg m(-3) for BkF, 4.54 μg m(-3) for IND, 4.32 μg m(-3) for CHR, and 0.73 μg m(-3) for Ant. The results of personal air measurements (median values of the sum of nine carcinogenic PAHs) were 2.115 μg m(-3) (coke-oven workers, n = 207), 0.326 μg m(-3) (coke by-product workers, n = 33), and 0.653 μg m(-3) (total area workers, n = 38). The benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentrations (BaP(eq)) of 10 PAHs were 1.33, 0.183, and 0.284 μg m(-3), respectively. We found out that coke plant workers are simultaneously exposed to a mixture of aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons present in the breathing zone air. Exposure levels are significantly influenced by job categories. Coke by-product workers are significantly more exposed to benzene, toluene, and xylene and less to PAHs. Coke-oven workers are mainly exposed to PAHs. Coke-oven workplaces (top side, coke side, and push side) are characterized by higher carcinogenic risk than other coke plant workplaces.

Association of HSP70 and genotoxic damage in lymphocytes of workers exposed to coke-oven emission

PubMed Central

Xiao, Chengfeng; Chen, Sheng; Li, Jizhao; Hai, Tao; Lu, Qiaofa; Sun, Enling; Wang, Ruibo; Tanguay, Robert M.; Wu, Tangchun

2002-01-01

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) have been reported to protect cells, tissues, and organisms against damage from a wide variety of stressful stimuli. Whether they protect against deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage in individuals exposed to environmental stresses and chemical carcinogens is unknown. In the study, we investigated the association between Hsp70 levels (the most abundant mammalian Hsp) and genotoxic damage in lymphocytes of workers exposed to coke-oven emission using Western dot blot and 2 DNA damage assays, the comet assay and the micronucleus test. The data show that there is a significant increase in Hsp70 levels, DNA damage score, and micronucleus rates in lymphocytes of workers exposed to coke-oven emission as compared with the control subjects. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation of Hsp70 levels with DNA damage scores in the comet assay (r = −0.663, P < 0.01) and with micronucleus rates (r = −0.461, P < 0.01) in the exposed group. In the control group, there was also a light negative correlation between Hsp70 with DNA damage and micronuclei rate (r = −0.236 and r = 0.242, respectively), but it did not reach a statistically significant level (P > 0.05). Our results show that individuals who had high Hsp70 levels generally showed lower genotoxic damage than others. These results suggest a role of Hsp70 in the protection of DNA from genotoxic damage induced by coke-oven emission. PMID:12653484

Lung function changes in coke oven workers during 12 years of follow up

PubMed Central

Wu, J; Griffiths, D; Kreis, I; Darling, C

2004-01-01

Aims: To investigate the effect of exposure to coke oven emissions on the lung function of coke oven workers. Methods: The study population, followed from 1978 and 1990, was 580 male workers with at least two sets of lung function measurements (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and FEF25–75%). An annual rate of change (time slope) for age and height adjusted lung function index was estimated for each subject. This "time slope" was then treated as the response variable in a weighted multiple regression analysis with selected predictors. Results: For all 580 subjects, each year of working in the "operation" group (the most exposed) was found to increase the FVC decline by around 0.7 ml/year (95% CI 0.1 to 1.3 ml/year). After the exclusion of 111 subjects without detailed work history, the above finding was confirmed and each year of exposure in "operation" was also found to increase the FEV1 decline by around 0.8 ml/year (95% CI 0.1 to 1.4 ml/year). Conclusions: These findings are consistent with the results of previous cross-sectional studies. Work duration in the most exposed position in the coke ovens was associated with increased annual decline for FVC and FEV1. The estimated effect of one year of work exposure in "operation" is equivalent, in terms of the reduction in lung function, to an estimated 2.1 pack-years of smoking for FVC and 1.2 pack-years of smoking for FEV1. PMID:15258275

Elevated Levels of Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, Lymphocytic Micronuclei, and Serum Glutathione S-Transferase in Workers Exposed to Coke Oven Emissions

PubMed Central

Liu, Ai-Lin; Lu, Wen-Qing; Wang, Zeng-Zhen; Chen, Wei-Hong; Lu, Wen-Hong; Yuan, Jing; Nan, Pei-Hong; Sun, Jian-Ya; Zou, Ya-Lin; Zhou, Li-Hong; Zhang, Chi; Wu, Tang-Chun

2006-01-01

To investigate associations among occupational exposure to coke oven emissions (COEs), oxidative stress, cytogenotoxic effects, change in the metabolizing enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST), and internal levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coke oven workers, we recruited 47 male coke oven workers and 31 male control subjects from a coke oven plant in northern China. We measured the levels of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in urine, micronucleated binucleated cells (BNMNs) in peripheral blood lymphocyte, and GST in serum. Our results showed that the group exposed to COEs had significantly increased levels of 1-OHP [median 5.7; interquartile range (IQR), 1.4–12.0 μmol/mol creatinine] compared with the control group (3; 0.5–6.4 μmol/mol creatinine). In addition, the median levels (IQR) of 8-OHdG, BNMNs, and GST were markedly increased in the exposed [1.9 (1.4–15.4) μmol/mol creatinine; 6 (2–8) per thousand; 22.1 (14.9–31.2) U/L, respectively] compared with controls [1.3 (1.0–4.0) μmol/mol creatinine, 2 (0–4) per thousand; and 13.1 (9.5–16.7) U/L, respectively]. These results appeared to be modified by smoking. However, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that exposure to COEs had the highest odds ratio among variables analyzed and that smoking was not a significant confounder of the levels of studied biomarkers. Overall, the present findings suggest that COE exposure led to increased internal PAH burden, genetic damage, oxidative stress, and GST activity. The consequences of the changes in these biomarkers, such as risk of cancer, warrant further investigations. PMID:16675419

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene in coke oven workers relative to exposure, alcohol consumption, and metabolic enzymes

PubMed Central

Zhang, J; Ichiba, M; Hara, K; Zhang, S; Hanaoka, T; Pan, G; Yamano, Y; Takahashi, K; Tomokuni, K

2001-01-01

OBJECTIVES—To investigate the influence of personal lifestyle—such as smoking and alcohol consumption—on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) concentrations in coke oven workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and to evaluate the association of 1-OHP concentrations with the genetic polymorphism of several metabolic enzymes including cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A1 and glutathione S-tranferases (GSTs).
METHODS—The study population contained 162 coke oven workers and 58 controls employed at the largest iron and steel factory in China. Personal data were collected at the interview. 1-OHP in urine was measured with high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Genetic polymorphisms were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
RESULTS—A positive association between excretion of urinary 1-OHP and the levels of exposure to PAHs was confirmed. Those people who consumed ⩾50 g/day ethanol had significantly higher 1-OHP excretion than did other coke oven workers (p<0.01). No significant difference in urinary 1-OHP was found between smokers and non-smokers, in both controls and exposed subjects. The variant homozygotes at exon 7 of the CYP1A1 gene had significantly higher urinary 1-OHP concentrations than other CYP1A1 genotypes among the exposed workers (p=0.03). There was less association between the concentrations of 1-OHP and the GSTM1, GSTP1, or GSTT1 polymorphism.
CONCLUSIONS—The present study confirmed that urinary 1-OHP is a good biomarker for exposure to PAHs. Alcohol consumption affected urinary 1-OHP excretion. The variant genotypes of the CYP1A1 gene may result in the enhancement of PAH metabolites. It is helpful to understand the role of individual susceptibility on metabolism of carcinogens. These findings suggest that the modulating effect of individual lifestyle factors or genetic nature should be considered in future studies on occupational exposure to PAHs and in evaluating the health risk from harmful chemicals.


Keywords: 1-hydroxypyrene; genetic polymorphism; alcohol drinking PMID:11600727

A review of the effectiveness of respirators in reducing exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for coke oven workers.

PubMed

Crawford, Joanne O; Dixon, Ken; Miller, Brian G; Cherrie, John W

2014-10-01

In 2011 recommendations for the prescription of lung cancer in coke oven workers were made in the UK. In the 1970s, a powered helmet respirator, the Airstream helmet, was introduced to the UK coking industry with the aim of reducing exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) aerosols and consequent lung cancer risks for workers on the coke oven tops. This review set out to identify the level of protection afforded by the Airstream helmet, when the helmets could be considered to have provided effective protection and whether the levels of protection have been maintained to the current time. Five approaches were taken to identify review material, including searching the peer-reviewed and grey literature; searching material held in the National Archive; using a Freedom of Information to the Health and Safety Executive; interviews with employees involved in the introduction of the Airstream helmet; and acquisition of company reports. The two principal companies involved in coke production in the UK took different approaches to the introduction of the Airstream helmets. Because of this, it can only be considered that effective wearing occurred in the industry as a whole from 1982 onwards. Exposure measurements made by British Steel in the late 1970s suggested that the mean protection factor of the Airstream helmet was ~10 (5th percentile~2.5), regardless of whether exposure was assessed as the inhalable aerosol or other measures more specific to aerosol of PAH. More recent data collected using biological monitoring has identified that average urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) generally correspond with the inhalation occupational exposure limit for benzene soluble material. Although on occasions, relatively high air concentrations in-mask and urinary 1-HP concentrations have been identified, underlining the necessity to maintain close supervision of workers wearing respirators. Overall, we concluded that the wearing of helmet respirators has effectively controlled long-term average exposure to PAH for most workers on coke ovens since 1982. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society.

Association of urinary metals levels with type 2 diabetes risk in coke oven workers.

PubMed

Liu, Bing; Feng, Wei; Wang, Jing; Li, Yaru; Han, Xu; Hu, Hua; Guo, Huan; Zhang, Xiaomin; He, Meian

2016-03-01

Studies indicated that occupationally exposed to metals could result in oxidative damage and inflammation and increase cardiovascular diseases risk. However, epidemiological studies about the associations of metals exposure with diabetes risk among coke oven workers were limited. This study aims to investigate the potential associations of 23 metals levels with the risk of diabetes among coke oven workers. The analysis was conducted in a cross-sectional study including 1493 participants. Urinary metals and urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) metabolites levels were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer respectively. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the associations of urinary metal levels with diabetes risk with adjustment for potential confounding factors including gender, age, BMI, education, smoking, drinking, physical activity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and urinary PAHs metabolites levels. Compared with the normoglycemia group, the levels of urinary copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, and cadmium were significantly higher in the diabetes group (all p < 0.05). Participants with the highest tertile of urinary copper and zinc had 2.12 (95%CI: 1.12-4.01) and 5.43 (95%CI: 2.61-11.30) fold risk of diabetes. Similar results were found for hyperglycemia risk. Besides, participants with the highest tertile of manganese, barium, and lead had 1.65(1.22-2.23), 1.60(1.19-2.16) and 1.45(1.05-1.99) fold risk of hyperglycemia when compared with the lowest tertlie. The results indicated that the urinary copper and zinc levels were positively associated with the risk of diabetes and hyperglycemia among coke oven workers. Urinary manganese, barium and lead levels were also associated with increased risk of hyperglycemia independently of other traditional risk factors. These findings need further validation in prospective study with larger sample size. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Association between plasma BPDE‐Alb adduct concentrations and DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes among coke oven workers

PubMed Central

Wang, Hong; Chen, Weihong; Zheng, Hongyan; Guo, Liang; Liang, Huashan; Yang, Xiaobo; Bai, Yun; Sun, Jianya; Su, Yougong; Chen, Yongwen; Yuan, Jing; Bi, Yongyi; Wei, Qingyi; Wu, Tangchun

2007-01-01

Objectives Coke oven emissions (COE) containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can induce both benzo[a]pyrene‐r‐7, t‐8, t‐9,c‐10‐tetrahydotetrol‐albumin (BPDE‐Alb) adducts and DNA damage. However, the relation between these biomarkers for early biological effects is not well documented in coke oven workers. Methods In this study, the authors recruited 207 male workers exposed to COE and 102 controls not exposed to COE in the same steel plant in northern China. They measured BPDE‐Alb adduct concentrations in plasma with reverse‐phase high performance liquid chromatography and DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes with alkaline comet assay. Results The results showed that the median concentration of BPDE‐Alb adducts in the exposed group (34.36 fmol/mg albumin) was significantly higher than that in the control group (21.90 fmol/mg albumin, p = 0.012). The mean Olive tail moment (Olive TM) of DNA damage in the exposed and control groups were 1.20 and 0.63, respectively (p = 0.000). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio (OR) for BPDE‐Alb adduct and Olive TM associated with the exposure were 1.72 (95% CI 1.06 to 2.81) and 1.96 (95% CI 1.20 to 3.19), respectively. These results show significant correlations between the concentrations of BPDE‐Alb adduct and Olive TM levels in exposed group (r = 0.235, p = 0.001) but not in control group (r = 0.093, p = 0.353). Conclusion The results suggest that occupational exposure to COE may induce both BPDE–Alb adducts and DNA damage in the lymphocytes of coke oven workers and that these two markers are useful for monitoring exposure to COE in the workplace. PMID:17449561

A pilot field evaluation on heat stress in sugarcane workers in Costa Rica: What to do next?

PubMed Central

Crowe, Jennifer; van Wendel de Joode, Berna; Wesseling, Catharina

2009-01-01

Background Climate change is producing major impacts including increasing temperatures in tropical countries, like Costa Rica, where the sugarcane industry employs thousands of workers who are exposed to extreme heat. Objectives This article outlines a pilot qualitative evaluation of working conditions and heat in the sugarcane industry. Design A literature review, direct observations and exploratory interviews with workers were conducted to reach a preliminary understanding of the dimensions of heat-related health issues in the sugarcane industry, as a basis for the design of future studies. Results The industry employs temporary workers from Nicaragua and Costa Rica as well as year-round employees. Temporary employees work 12-hour shifts during the harvest and processing (‘zafra’) season. In many cases, sugarcane field workers are required to carry their own water and often have no access to shade. Sugar mill workers are exposed to different levels of heat stress depending upon their job tasks, with the most intense heat and workload experienced by the oven (‘caldera’) cleaners. Conclusions Research is needed to achieve better understanding of the multiple factors driving and interacting with heat exposures in the sugarcane industry in order to improve the health and safety of workers while maintaining worker productivity. PMID:20052430

Lung cancer mortality and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in British coke oven workers.

PubMed

Miller, Brian G; Doust, Emma; Cherrie, John W; Hurley, J Fintan

2013-10-16

Workers on coke oven plants may be exposed to potentially carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly during work on the ovens tops. Two cohorts, employees of National Smokeless Fuels (NSF) and the British Steel Corporation (BSC) totalling more than 6,600 British coke plant workers employed in 1967, had been followed up to mid-1987 for mortality. Previous analyses suggested an excess in lung cancer risk of around 25%, or less when compared with Social Class IV ('partly skilled').Analyses based on internal comparisons within the cohorts identified statistical associations with estimates of individual exposures, up to the start of follow-up, to benzene-soluble materials (BSM), widely used as a metric for mixtures of PAHs. Some associations were also found with times spent in certain coke ovens jobs with specific exposure scenarios, but results were not consistent across the two cohorts and limitations in the exposure estimates were noted. The present study was designed to reanalyse the existing data on lung cancer mortality, incorporating revised and improved exposure estimates to BSM and to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), including increments during the follow-up and a lag for latency. Mean annual average concentrations of both BSM and B[a]P were estimated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) from concentration measurements at all NSF and six BSC plants, and summarised by job and plant, with a temporal trend (for the BSM only). These were combined with subjects' work histories, to produce exposure estimates in each year of follow-up, with a 10-year lag to allow for latency. Exposures to BSM and to B[a]P were sufficiently uncorrelated to permit analysis in relation to each variable separately.Lung cancer death risks during the follow-up were analysed in relation to the estimated time-dependent exposures, both continuous and grouped, using Cox regression models, with adjustment for age. Changing the exposure estimates changed the estimated relative risks compared with earlier results, but the new analyses showed no significant trends with continuous measures of exposure to either BSM or B[a]P, nor with time spent on ovens tops. Analyses with grouped exposures showed mixed results. Across all BSC plants, the relative risk coefficient for working 5 or more years on ovens tops, where the exposures were highest, was 1.81, which was statistically significant. However, results for those with 0-5 years on ovens tops did not suggest a trend; the evidence for an underlying relationship was thus suggestive but not strong. The new results are in line with previous findings; they show some signs consistent with an effect of coke ovens work on lung cancer risk, especially on ovens tops, but the preponderant absence of significant results, and the inconsistencies between results for NSF and BSC, highlight how little evidence there is in these data of any effect.

Lung cancer mortality and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in British coke oven workers

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Workers on coke oven plants may be exposed to potentially carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly during work on the ovens tops. Two cohorts, employees of National Smokeless Fuels (NSF) and the British Steel Corporation (BSC) totalling more than 6,600 British coke plant workers employed in 1967, had been followed up to mid-1987 for mortality. Previous analyses suggested an excess in lung cancer risk of around 25%, or less when compared with Social Class IV (‘partly skilled’). Analyses based on internal comparisons within the cohorts identified statistical associations with estimates of individual exposures, up to the start of follow-up, to benzene-soluble materials (BSM), widely used as a metric for mixtures of PAHs. Some associations were also found with times spent in certain coke ovens jobs with specific exposure scenarios, but results were not consistent across the two cohorts and limitations in the exposure estimates were noted. The present study was designed to reanalyse the existing data on lung cancer mortality, incorporating revised and improved exposure estimates to BSM and to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), including increments during the follow-up and a lag for latency. Methods Mean annual average concentrations of both BSM and B[a]P were estimated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) from concentration measurements at all NSF and six BSC plants, and summarised by job and plant, with a temporal trend (for the BSM only). These were combined with subjects’ work histories, to produce exposure estimates in each year of follow-up, with a 10-year lag to allow for latency. Exposures to BSM and to B[a]P were sufficiently uncorrelated to permit analysis in relation to each variable separately. Lung cancer death risks during the follow-up were analysed in relation to the estimated time-dependent exposures, both continuous and grouped, using Cox regression models, with adjustment for age. Results Changing the exposure estimates changed the estimated relative risks compared with earlier results, but the new analyses showed no significant trends with continuous measures of exposure to either BSM or B[a]P, nor with time spent on ovens tops. Analyses with grouped exposures showed mixed results. Across all BSC plants, the relative risk coefficient for working 5 or more years on ovens tops, where the exposures were highest, was 1.81, which was statistically significant. However, results for those with 0–5 years on ovens tops did not suggest a trend; the evidence for an underlying relationship was thus suggestive but not strong. Conclusions The new results are in line with previous findings; they show some signs consistent with an effect of coke ovens work on lung cancer risk, especially on ovens tops, but the preponderant absence of significant results, and the inconsistencies between results for NSF and BSC, highlight how little evidence there is in these data of any effect. PMID:24131617

Micronuclei related to anti-B[a]PDE-DNA adduct in peripheral blood lymphocytes of heavily polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-exposed nonsmoking coke-oven workers and controls.

PubMed

Pavanello, Sofia; Kapka, Lucyna; Siwinska, Ewa; Mielzyñska, Danuta; Bolognesi, Claudia; Clonfero, Erminio

2008-10-01

Micronuclei (MN) frequency associated to biologically effective dose of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAH; anti-benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide (B[a]PDE)-DNA] within the same subjects' peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) was evaluated. Study subjects were nonsmoking male Polish coke-oven workers (n=49) and matched controls (n=45) verified for PAH exposure by urinary 1-pyrenol. We found that coke-oven workers, heavily exposed to PAHs (80% workers exceeded the urinary 1-pyrenol biological exposure index value), presented significantly higher MN frequency in PBLs than controls (P<0.01). Substantial difference was also found for adduct levels in PBLs (P<0.01). Increase in MN levels was significantly related to anti-B[a]PDE-DNA formation, key adduct of the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of B[a]P (n=94; r=0.47; P<0.001). The dose-response relationship was improved when subjects with adduct levels above the 3rd tertile (>or=4.35 adducts/10(8) nucleotides) were excluded (n=61; r=0.69; P<0.001). Saturation of adduct/MN formation at high levels may disturb the underlying relationship. Linear multiple regression analysis, without subjects of 3rd tertile adduct level (n=61), revealed that adduct formation (t=4.61; P<0.001), but not 1-pyrenol, was the significant determinant in increasing MN. In conclusion, the increase in MN frequency is mainly related to the specific anti-B[a]PDE-DNA formation within PBLs of the same subject. Our results substantiate, with the use of an early indicator of biological effect as well, that workers are at higher cancer risk than controls.

Biological monitoring of workers exposed to benzene in the coke oven industry.

PubMed Central

Drummond, L; Luck, R; Afacan, A S; Wilson, H K

1988-01-01

Workers in the coke oven industry are potentially exposed to low concentrations of benzene. There is a need to establish a well validated biological monitoring procedure for low level benzene exposure. The use of breath and blood benzene and urinary phenol has been explored in conjunction with personal monitoring data. At exposures of about 1 ppm benzene, urinary phenol is of no value as an indicator of uptake/exposure. Benzene in blood was measured by head space gas chromatography but the concentrations were only just above the detection limit. The determination of breath benzene collected before the next shift is non-specific in the case of smokers. The most useful monitor at low concentrations appears to be breath benzene measured at the end-of-shift. PMID:3378002

Detection of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adducts in peripheral blood lymphocytes and antibodies to the adducts in serum from coke oven workers.

PubMed Central

Harris, C C; Vahakangas, K; Newman, M J; Trivers, G E; Shamsuddin, A; Sinopoli, N; Mann, D L; Wright, W E

1985-01-01

Coke oven workers are exposed to high levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and are at increased risk of lung cancer. Since B[a]P is enzymatically activated to 7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy(9 alpha, 10 alpha)epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (B[a]PDE) that forms adducts with DNA, the presence of these adducts was measured in DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes by synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry and enzyme radioimmunoassay. Approximately two-thirds of the workers had detectable levels of B[a]PDE-DNA adducts. Antibodies to the DNA adducts were also found in the serum of 27% of the workers. B[a]PDE-DNA adducts were not detectable in lymphocytes and antibodies to the adducts were not detected in sera from a control group of nonsmoking laboratory workers. DNA adducts and/or antibodies to the adducts indicate exposure to B[a]P and its metabolic activation to the carcinogenic metabolite that covalently binds to and damages DNA. Detection of adducts and antibodies to them may also be useful as internal dosimeters of the pathobiological effective doses of chemical carcinogens. PMID:2413443

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in Chinese coke oven workers relative to job category, respirator usage, and cigarette smoking

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bo Chen; Yunping Hu; Lixing Zheng

1-Hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) is a biomarker of recent exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We investigated whether urinary 1-OHP concentrations in Chinese coke oven workers (COWs) are modulated by job category, respirator usage, and cigarette smoking. The present cross-sectional study measured urinary 1-OHP concentrations in 197 COWs from Coking plant I and 250 COWs from Coking plant II, as well as 220 unexposed referents from Control plant I and 56 referents from Control plant II. Urinary 1-OHP concentrations (geometric mean, {mu}mol/mol creatinine) were 5.18 and 4.21 in workers from Coking plants I and II, respectively. The highest 1-OHP levels in urinemore » were found among topside workers including lidmen, tar chasers, and whistlers. Benchmen had higher 1-OHP levels than other workers at the sideoven. Above 75% of the COWs exceeded the recommended occupational exposure limit of 2.3 {mu}mol/mol creatinine. Respirator usage and increased body mass index (BMI) slightly reduced 1-OHP levels in COWs. Cigarette smoking significantly increased urinary 1-OHP levels in unexposed referents but had no effect in COWs. Chinese COWs, especially topside workers and benchmen, are exposed to high levels of PAHs. Urinary 1-OHP concentrations appear to be modulated by respirator usage and BMI in COWs, as well as by smoking in unexposed referents.« less

Coke workers' exposure to volatile organic compounds in northern China: a case study in Shanxi Province.

PubMed

He, Qiusheng; Yan, Yulong; Zhang, Yanli; Wang, Xinming; Wang, Yuhang

2015-06-01

China is the largest coke producer and exporter in the world, and it has been a major concern that large populations of coke workers are exposed to the associated air pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study aimed to preliminarily quantify the potential exposure to VOCs emitted from two representative coking plants and assess the potential health risks. Air samples from various stages of coking were collected from the topside of coke ovens and various plant areas and then analyzed for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). The time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations were used to quantify the coke oven emission (COE). The TWA concentrations for benzene were 705.6 and 290.4 μg m(-3) in plant A and plant B, respectively, which showed a higher exposure level than those reported in other countries. COE varied on the topside of coke ovens during charging and pushing processes, from 268.3 to 1197.7 μg m(-3) in plant A and 85.4-489.7 μg m(-3) in plant B. Our results indicate that benzene exposure from the diffusion of tar distillation also exerts significant health risks and thus should also be concerned. Charging and pushing activities accounted for nearly 70 % of benzene dose at the topside, and the benzene exposure risks to the coke oven workers in China were higher than those reported by US EPA. Compared to the reported emission sources, the weight-based ratios of average benzene to toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in different COE air samples showed unique characteristic profiles. Based on the B/T ratios from this work and from literatures on several major cities in northern China, it was evident that COE contributes significantly to the severe pollution of VOCs in the air of northern China. Future more rigorous studies are warranted to characterize VOC emission profiles in the stack gas of the coking processes in China.

Coke oven workers study: the effect of exposure and GSTM1 and NAT2 genotypes on DNA adduct levels in white blood cells and lymphocytes as determined by 32P-postlabelling.

PubMed

Binková, B; Topinka, J; Mracková, G; Gajdosová, D; Vidová, P; Stávková, Z; Peterka, V; Pilcík, T; Rimár, V; Dobiás, L; Farmer, P B; Srám, R J

1998-08-07

The DNA adduct levels in total white blood cells (WBC) and lymphocytes (LYM) isolated from the blood of the same individuals were evaluated using the 32P-postlabelling assay for bulky aromatic adducts. In this study, 68 male coke oven workers and 56 machines workers as a matched control were enrolled. Personal monitors were used to evaluate exposure to eight carcinogenic PAHs, including B[alpha]P, during an 8-h working shift. The exposure among coke even workers ranged widely from 0.6 to 547 micrograms/m3 and from 2 to 62,107 ng/m3, for carcinogenic PAHs and B[alpha]P, respectively. The respective values in controls were from 0.07-1.64 microgram/m3 and from 1-63 ng/m3. A significant correlation between WBC- and LYM-DNA adduct levels was found (r = 0.591, P < 0.001). DNA adduct levels in both WBC and LYM were significantly elevated in coke oven workers as compared with controls, but adduct levels were generally low (WBC: medians 2.61 vs. 1.83 LYM: 2.47 vs. 1.65 adducts/10(8) nucleotides). LYM-DNA adduct levels were significantly higher for smokers as compared with nonsmokers in both the exposed and control groups. No such differences in WBC-DNA adduct levels were observed. Positive significant correlations were found at the individual level between DNA adducts in both cell types and carcinogenic PAHs and/or B[alpha]P in the inhaled air (r = 0.38-0.45, P < 0.001). A significant correlation at the individual level between LYM-DNA adducts and urinary cotinine was also observed (r = 0.37, P < 0.001). No differences in DNA adduct levels could be attributed to GSTM1 or NAT2 genotype in either group. Nor was there any clear association of DNA adduct levels with combined GSTM1/NAT2 genotypes. The effect of personal exposure to carcinogenic PAHs on DNA adduct levels in both cell types was also investigated using a logistic regression model with adjustment for possible modulating effect of confounders (smoking, GSTM1, NAT2, age, plasma levels of vitamins A and E, body mass index and diet). The results showed that coke oven workers had a significantly (P < 0.05) increased adjusted Odds Ratio (OR = 4.2 and 3.9 for WBC and LYM-DNA adducts) for occurrence of higher DNA adduct levels as compared to controls. The results also showed that the relative risk of an increased prevalence of 'abnormal' values of DNA adduct levels was exposure-dose related. The influence of confounding variables was found not to be significant in this study of relatively limited size. In spite of this, the results suggest that the DNA adduct levels in LYM seem to be affected by smoking (OR = 1.8 for smokers) and are modulated by the influence of NAT2 genotypes (OR = 1.6 for slow acetylators). Our findings indicate that both cell types are generally suitable to monitor occupational exposure to PAHs, and the results suggest that coke oven workers, smoking individuals and slow acetylators sustain more genetic damage in their LYM-DNA from exposure to carcinogenic PAHs than individuals without these actors.

Dose-response relationships of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and oxidative damage to DNA and lipid in coke oven workers.

PubMed

Kuang, Dan; Zhang, Wangzhen; Deng, Qifei; Zhang, Xiao; Huang, Kun; Guan, Lei; Hu, Die; Wu, Tangchun; Guo, Huan

2013-07-02

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to induce reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, but the dose-response relationships between exposure to PAHs and oxidative stress levels have not been established. In this study, we recruited 1333 male coke oven workers, monitored the levels of environmental PAHs, and measured internal PAH exposure biomarkers including 12 urinary PAH metabolites and plasma benzo[a]pyrene-r-7,t-8,t-9,c-10-tetrahydotetrol-albumin (BPDE-Alb) adducts, as well as the two oxidative biomarkers urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α (8-iso-PGF2α). We found that the total concentration of urinary PAH metabolites and plasma BPDE-Alb adducts were both significantly associated with increased 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α in both smokers and nonsmokers (all p < 0.05). This exposure-response effect was also observed for most PAH metabolites (all p(trend) < 0.01), except for 4-hydroxyphenanthrene and 8-OHdG (p(trend) = 0.108). Furthermore, it was shown that only urinary 1-hydroxypyrene has a significant positive association with both 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α after a Bonferroni correction (p < 0.005). Our results indicated that urinary ΣOH-PAHs and plasma BPDE-Alb adducts can result in significant dose-related increases in oxidative damage to DNA and lipids. Furthermore, when a multianalyte method is unavailable, our findings demonstrate that urinary 1-hydroxypyrene is a useful biomarker for evaluating total PAHs exposure and assessing oxidative damage in coke oven workers.

Mortality in retired coke oven plant workers.

PubMed Central

Chau, N; Bertrand, J P; Mur, J M; Figueredo, A; Patris, A; Moulin, J J; Pham, Q T

1993-01-01

A previous study on 536 retired coke oven plant workers in Lorraine Collieries (France) reported an excess of deaths from lung cancer (standardised mortality ratio (SMR) = 251) compared with the French male population. Occupational exposures during working life were retraced for each subject, but the number of deaths during the observation period (1963-82) was small, and smoking habits were known only for dead subjects. In 1988, the cohort was re-examined (182 deaths occurred between 1963 and 1987) and smoking habits were determined for all the subjects. This study confirmed the excess of lung cancer (SMR = 238, p < 0.001). It showed an excess of mortality from all causes (SMR = 141, p < 0.001), overall cancers (SMR = 133, p < 0.05), and cardiovascular diseases (SMR = 133, p < 0.05). A significant excess of deaths was found for subjects who worked near the ovens for all causes (145, p < 0.01), lung cancer (SMR = 252, p < 0.01), colon cancer (SMR = 381, p < 0.05), and cardiovascular diseases (SMR = 155, p < 0.05). A significant excess mortality was also found from all causes (176, p < 0.05) and stomach cancer (SMR = 538, p < 0.01) in subjects who worked in byproducts, from lung cancer (SMR = 433, p < 0.001) in those in the workshops, and from cirrhosis of the liver and alcoholism (SMR = 360, p < 0.01) in those underground; but, due to small numbers, these figures were not robust. An excess of mortality from all causes (SMR = 163, p<001), lung cancer (SMR = 228, p<0.05) and cardiovascular diseases (SMR = 179, p<0.01) was shown also for non-exposed or slightly exposed subjects. The fact that, on the whole, mortality of various exposed groups was similar to that of non-exposed or slightly exposed workers may be explained in part by the selection at hiring and the healthy worker effect. As an increased risk of lung cancer was noted among subjects who worked in the old generations of plant compared with the other workers (although the relative risk was not significant) it is concluded that the role of occupational hazards could not be excluded. PMID:8435345

Using Lymphocyte and Plasma Hsp70 as Biomarkers for Assessing Coke Oven Exposure among Steel Workers

PubMed Central

Yang, Xiaobo; Zheng, Jinping; Bai, Yun; Tian, Fengjie; Yuan, Jing; Sun, Jianya; Liang, Huashan; Guo, Liang; Tan, Hao; Chen, Weihong; Tanguay, Robert M.; Wu, Tangchun

2007-01-01

Background Hsp70, an early-response protein induced when organisms are confronted with simple or complicated environmental stresses, can act as either a cellular protector or a danger signal. Objectives The goal of this study was to evaluate levels of lymphocyte and/or plasma Hsp70 as biomarkers for assessing exposure response to complex coke oven emissions (COEs). Methods We recruited 101 coke oven workers and determined levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure, urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), genotoxic damage by comet assay and micronuclei test, and other markers of damage, including plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). These were compared to levels of lymphocyte (intra-cellular) and plasma (extracellular) Hsp70 using Western blots and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), respectively. Results We observed a COEs-related dose-dependent increase in levels of DNA damage, micronuclei rate, MDA concentration, and LDH activity. Lymphocyte Hsp70 levels increased in the intermediate-exposure group (1.39 ± 0.88) but decreased in the high-exposure group (1.10 ± 0.55), compared with the low-exposure group. In contrast, plasma Hsp70 levels progressively increased as the dose of exposure increased. Negative correlations were seen between lymphocyte Hsp70 levels and olive tail moment and LDH activity in the intermediate- and high-exposure groups. However, we observed positive correlations between plasma Hsp70 levels and LDH activity in the low and intermediate groups. Conclusions In workers exposed to COEs, high lymphocyte Hsp70 levels may provide protection and high plasma Hsp70 levels may serve as a danger marker. Larger validation studies are needed to establish the utility of Hsp70 as a response marker. PMID:18007987

Association of plasma IL-6 and Hsp70 with HRV at different levels of PAHs metabolites.

PubMed

Ye, Jian; Zhu, Rui; He, Xiaosheng; Feng, Yingying; Yang, Liangle; Zhu, Xiaoyan; Deng, Qifei; Wu, Tangchun; Zhang, Xiaomin

2014-01-01

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is associated with reduced heart rate variability (HRV), a strong predictor of cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanism is not well understood. We hypothesized that PAHs might induce systemic inflammation and stress response, contributing to altered cardiac autonomic function. HRV indices were measured using a 3-channel digital Holter monitor in 800 coke oven workers. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) were determined using ELISA. Twelve urinary PAHs metabolites (OH-PAHs) were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We found that significant dose-dependent relationships between four urinary OH-PAHs and IL-6 (all Ptrend<0.05); and an increase in quartiles of IL-6 was significantly associated with a decrease in total power (TP) and low frequency (LF) (Ptrend = 0.014 and 0.006, respectively). In particular, elevated IL-6 was associated in a dose-dependent manner with decreased TP and LF in the high-PAHs metabolites groups (all Ptrend<0.05), but not in the low-PAHs metabolites groups. No significant association between Hsp70 and HRV in total population was found after multivariate adjustment. However, increased Hsp70 was significantly associated with elevated standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), TP and LF in the low-PAHs metabolites groups (all Ptrend<0.05). We also observed that both IL-6 and Hsp70 significantly interacted with multiple PAHs metabolites in relation to HRV. In coke oven workers, increased IL-6 was associated with a dose-response decreased HRV in the high-PAHs metabolites groups, whereas increase of Hsp70 can result in significant dose-related increase in HRV in the low-PAHs metabolites groups.

Association of Plasma IL-6 and Hsp70 with HRV at Different Levels of PAHs Metabolites

PubMed Central

He, Xiaosheng; Feng, Yingying; Yang, Liangle; Zhu, Xiaoyan; Deng, Qifei; Wu, Tangchun; Zhang, Xiaomin

2014-01-01

Background Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is associated with reduced heart rate variability (HRV), a strong predictor of cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanism is not well understood. Objectives We hypothesized that PAHs might induce systemic inflammation and stress response, contributing to altered cardiac autonomic function. Methods HRV indices were measured using a 3-channel digital Holter monitor in 800 coke oven workers. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) were determined using ELISA. Twelve urinary PAHs metabolites (OH-PAHs) were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results We found that significant dose-dependent relationships between four urinary OH-PAHs and IL-6 (all P trend<0.05); and an increase in quartiles of IL-6 was significantly associated with a decrease in total power (TP) and low frequency (LF) (P trend = 0.014 and 0.006, respectively). In particular, elevated IL-6 was associated in a dose-dependent manner with decreased TP and LF in the high-PAHs metabolites groups (all P trend<0.05), but not in the low-PAHs metabolites groups. No significant association between Hsp70 and HRV in total population was found after multivariate adjustment. However, increased Hsp70 was significantly associated with elevated standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), TP and LF in the low-PAHs metabolites groups (all P trend<0.05). We also observed that both IL-6 and Hsp70 significantly interacted with multiple PAHs metabolites in relation to HRV. Conclusions In coke oven workers, increased IL-6 was associated with a dose-response decreased HRV in the high-PAHs metabolites groups, whereas increase of Hsp70 can result in significant dose-related increase in HRV in the low-PAHs metabolites groups. PMID:24722336

Urinary naphthalene and phenanthrene as biomarkers of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PubMed Central

Sobus, Jon R.; Waidyanatha, Suramya; McClean, Michael D.; Herrick, Robert F.; Smith, Thomas J.; Garshick, Eric; Laden, Francine; Hart, Jaime E.; Zheng, Yuxin; Rappaport, Stephen M.

2009-01-01

Objectives We investigated the utility of unmetabolized naphthalene (Nap) and phenanthrene (Phe) in urine as surrogates for exposures to mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Methods Our study included workers exposed to diesel exhausts (low PAH exposure level, n = 39) as well as those exposed to emissions from asphalt (medium PAH exposure level, n = 26) and coke ovens (high PAH exposure level, n = 28). Levels of Nap and Phe were measured in urine from each subject using head space-solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Published levels of airborne Nap, Phe, and other PAHs in the coke-producing and aluminum industries were also investigated. Results In post-shift urine, the highest estimated geometric mean concentrations of Nap and Phe were observed in coke-oven workers (Nap: 2,490 ng/l; Phe: 975 ng/l), followed by asphalt workers (Nap: 71.5 ng/l; Phe: 54.3 ng/l), and by diesel-exposed workers (Nap: 17.7 ng/l; Phe: 3.60 ng/l). After subtracting logged background levels of Nap and Phe from the logged post-shift levels of these PAHs in urine, the resulting values [referred to as ln(adjNap) and ln(adjPhe), respectively] were significantly correlated in each group of workers (0.71 ≤ Pearson r ≤ 0.89), suggesting a common exposure source in each case. Surprisingly, multiple linear regression analysis of ln(adjNap) on ln(adjPhe) showed no significant effect of the source of exposure (coke ovens, asphalt, and diesel exhaust) and further suggested that the ratio of urinary Nap/Phe (in natural scale) decreased with increasing exposure levels. These results were corroborated with published data for airborne Nap and Phe in the coke-producing and aluminum industries. The published air measurements also indicated that Nap and Phe levels were proportional to the levels of all combined PAHs in those industries. Conclusion Levels of Nap and Phe in urine reflect airborne exposures to these compounds and are promising surrogates for occupational exposures to PAH mixtures. Main Messages Urinary naphthalene and phenanthrene are promising surrogates for occupational exposures to PAHs. Policy Implications Measurement of urinary naphthalene and phenanthrene could simplify the assessment of occupational exposures to PAHs. PMID:19017700

Environmental and biological monitoring of PAHs exposure in coke-oven workers at the Taranto plant compared to two groups from the general population of Apulia, Italy.

PubMed

Campo, Laura; Vimercati, L; Carrus, A; Bisceglia, Lucia; Pesatori, Angela Cecilia; Bertazzi, P A; Assennato, G; Fustinoni, Silvia

2012-01-01

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure in the coke industry poses a risk for workers' health as well as for subjects living in the plant vicinity. To assess PAHs exposure in coke-oven workers (CW) at the Taranto plant, Apulia, and in subjects from the general population living near (NC) and far away (FC) from the plant. Exposure was assessed by personal air sampling and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) measured in 100 CW 18 NC and 15 FC. Median airborne benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) levels were 152, 1.5, and 3.6 ng/m3 in CW NC, and FC, respectively. In CW, median 1-OHP increased from 1.45 to 1.96 microg/g creatinine (crt) during the work shift (p > 0.05); in NC and FC, 1-OHP levels were 0.56 and 0.53 microg/g crt. No significant differences between NC and FC for both air and urinary indices were found. BaP exposure in CW exceeded the recently proposed German acceptable (70 ng/m3) and tolerable (700 ng/m3) risk-based limit values in 82 and 11% of subjects, respectively. In NC and FC, BaP exposure exceeded the European target value for ambient air (1 ng/m3) in 67 and 60% of subjects, respectively. Biomonitoring showed that 21% of CW had 1-OHP levels higher than the proposed biological limit value for the coke-oven industry (4.4 microg/g crt), while 93% of FC, and 88% of NC, had 1-OHP levels exceeding the Italian reference value (0.3 microg/g crt). Among non-smokers, a linear regression between 1-OHP and BaP (Pearson value r = 0.65, p < 0.05) allowed us to estimate levels of 1.2 and 1.9 microg/g crt for 1-OHP end-of-shift corresponding to acceptable and tolerable limit values. Although lower than in the past, PAHs exposure in the coke plant still poses a health risk for workers and the general population and requires further efforts to improve workplace conditions.

Lung function in retired coke oven plant workers.

PubMed Central

Chau, N; Bertrand, J P; Guenzi, M; Mayer, L; Téculescu, D; Mur, J M; Patris, A; Moulin, J J; Pham, Q T

1992-01-01

Lung function was studied in 354 coke oven plant workers in the Lorraine collieries (Houillères du Bassin de Lorraine, France) who retired between 1963 and 1982 and were still alive on 1 January 1988. A spirometric examination was performed on 68.4% of them in the occupational health service. Occupational exposure to respiratory hazards throughout their career was retraced for each subject. No adverse effect of occupational exposure on ventilatory function was found. Ventilatory function was, however negatively linked with smoking and with the presence of a respiratory symptom or discrete abnormalities visible on pulmonary x ray films. The functional values were mostly slightly lower than predicted values and the most reduced index was the mean expiratory flow, FEF25-75%. The decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was often parallel to that in forced vital capacity (FVC), but it was more pronounced for subjects who had worked underground, for smokers of more than 30 pack-years, and for subjects having a respiratory symptom. Pulmonary function indices were probably overestimated because of the exclusion of deceased subjects and the bias of the participants. PMID:1599869

Microwave Oven Experiments with Metals and Light Sources

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vollmer, Michael; Mollmann, Klaus-Peter; Karstadt, Detlef

2004-01-01

"Don't put metal objects in the microwave" is common safety advice. But why? Here we describe demonstration experiments involving placing household metallic objects in a microwave oven. These allow a better understanding of the interaction of microwaves with materials. Light bulbs and discharge lamps can also be used in instructive demonstrations.

Reduced nucleotide excision repair and GSTM1-null genotypes influence anti-B[a]PDE-DNA adduct levels in mononuclear white blood cells of highly PAH-exposed coke oven workers.

PubMed

Pavanello, Sofia; Pulliero, Alessandra; Siwinska, Ewa; Mielzynska, Danuta; Clonfero, Erminio

2005-01-01

It is important to identify the potential genetic-susceptible factors that are able to modulate individual responses to exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In the present study we evaluated the influence of four polymorphisms of nucleotide excision repair (NER) genes [xeroderma pigmentosum-C (XPC)-PAT +/-, xeroderma pigmentosum-A (XPA) 5' non-coding region-A23G, XPD-exon 23 A35931C Lys751Gln, xeroderma pigmentosum-D (XPD)-exon 10 G23591A Asp312Asn] and that of glutathione S-transferase mu1 (GSTM1-active or -null) on benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (B[a]PDE)-DNA adduct levels from the lympho-monocyte fraction (LMF) of highly PAH benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-exposed Polish coke oven workers (n = 67, 67% current smokers) with individual urinary post-shift excretion of 1-pyrenol exceeding the proposed biological exposure index (BEI) (2.28 micromol/mol creatinine). The bulky (+/-)-r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (anti-B[a]PDE)-DNA adduct levels were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/fluorescence analysis and genotypes by polymerase chain reaction. We found that workers with the low DNA repair capacity of XPC-PAT+/+ and XPA-A23A genotypes had significantly increased anti-B[a]PDE-DNA adduct levels (Mann-Whitney U-test, z = 2.24, P = 0.02 and z = 2.65, P = 0.01). Moreover, DNA adducts were also raised in workers without GSTM1 activity (GSTM1-null genotype) (Mann-Whitney U-test, z = 2.25, P = 0.0246). Workers with unfavourable XPC-PAT+/+ and XPA-A23A NER genotypes, alone (approximately 65% of workers) or combined with GSTM1-null genotype (approximately 75% of workers) were in the tertile with the highest adduct level, i.e. >4.11 adducts/10(8) nt (chi2 = 5.85, P = 0.0156 and chi2 = 5.40, P = 0.01). The increase in anti-B[a]PDE-DNA adduct levels (ln values) was significantly related in a multiple linear regression analysis to PAH exposure (i.e. urinary post-shift excretion of 1-pyrenol) (t = 2.61, P = 0.0115), lack of GSTM1 activity (t = 2.41, P = 0.0192) and to low DNA repair capacity of the XPC-PAT+/+ genotype (t = 2.34, P = 0.0226). The influence of the XPA-A23A genotype was not evident in this statistical analysis, and no associations with XPD polymorphisms, dietary habits or tobacco smoking were found. The modulation of anti-B[a]PDE-DNA adducts in the LMF by GSTM1-null and some low-activity NER genotypes may be considered as a potential genetic susceptibility factor capable of modulating individual responses to PAH (B[a]P) genotoxic exposure and the consequent risk of cancer in coke oven workers.

An outbreak of Brucella melitensis infection by airborne transmission among laboratory workers.

PubMed Central

Ollé-Goig, J E; Canela-Soler, J

1987-01-01

An outbreak of acute brucellosis infection was detected among the employees of a biologicals manufacturing laboratory located in Girona, Spain. The first cases appeared six weeks after a vaccine with attenuated Brucella melitensis, Rev-1 had been produced for one week. A clinical and epidemiologic investigation conducted among the 164 employees found 22 patients with clinical symptoms and positive serology, and six patients detected by serology only (attack rate: 17.1 per cent). Blood cultures were obtained from two patients and Brucella melitensis was isolated. Employees working in areas with open windows above the laboratory air extracting system had an attack rate of 39.5 per cent, substantially higher than those working in other locations. When vaccine was manufactured again, an electric oven reaching 300 degrees C had been installed in the air extracting system just before its exit to the exterior. Appropriate culture medium plates were exposed to the laboratory air before and after passing through the oven. Brucellae were isolated from the plates exposed to the air before passing through the oven but not after doing so. PMID:3812841

Effectiveness of oxygen barrier oven bags in low temperature cooking on reduction of warmed-over flavor in beef roasts.

PubMed

Lepper-Blilie, A N; Berg, E P; Buchanan, D S; Keller, W L; Maddock-Carlin, K R; Berg, P T

2014-03-01

A 3×3×2 factorial was utilized to determine if roast size (small, medium, large), cooking method (open-pan, oven bag, vacuum bag), and heating process (fresh, reheated) prevented warmed-over flavor (WOF) in beef clod roasts. Fresh vacuum bag and reheated open-pan roasts had higher cardboardy flavor scores compared with fresh open-pan roast scores. Reheated roasts in oven and vacuum bags did not differ from fresh roasts for cardboardy flavor. Brothy and fat intensity were increased in reheated roasts in oven and vacuum bags compared with fresh roasts in oven and vacuum bags. Differences in TBARS were found in the interaction of heating process and roast size with the fresh and reheated large, and reheated medium roasts having the lowest values. Based on TBARS data, to prevent WOF in reheated beef roasts, a larger size roast in a cooking bag is the most effective method. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of microwave oven heating for prediction of drug-excipient compatibilities and accelerated stability studies.

PubMed

Schou-Pedersen, Anne Marie V; Østergaard, Jesper; Cornett, Claus; Hansen, Steen Honoré

2015-05-15

Microwave ovens have been used extensively in organic synthesis in order to accelerate reaction rates. Here, a set up comprising a microwave oven combined with silicon carbide (SiC) plates for the controlled microwave heating of model formulations has been applied in order to investigate, if a microwave oven is applicable for accelerated drug stability testing. Chemical interactions were investigated in three selected model formulations of drug and excipients regarding the formation of ester and amide reaction products. In the accelerated stability studies, a design of experiments (DoE) approach was applied in order to be able to rank excipients regarding reactivity: Study A: cetirizine with PEG 400, sorbitol, glycerol and propylene glycol. Study B: 6-aminocaproic acid with citrate, acetate, tartrate and gluconate. Study C: atenolol with citric, tartaric, malic, glutaric, and sorbic acid. The model formulations were representative for oral solutions (co-solvents), parenteral solutions (buffer species) and solid dosage forms (organic acids applicable for solubility enhancement). The DoE studies showed overall that the same impurities were generated by microwave oven heating leading to temperatures between 150°C and 180°C as compared to accelerated stability studies performed at 40°C and 80°C using a conventional oven. Ranking of the reactivity of the excipients could be made in the DoE studies performed at 150-180°C, which was representative for the ranking obtained after storage at 40°C and 80°C. It was possible to reduce the time needed for drug-excipient compatibility testing of the three model formulations from weeks to less than an hour in the three case studies. The microwave oven is therefore considered to be an interesting alternative to conventional thermal techniques for the investigation of drug-excipient interactions during preformulation. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Occult exposure to asbestos in steel workers revealed by bronchoalveolar lavage

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Corhay, J.-L.; Delavignette, J.-P.; Bury, T.

To investigate the asbestos burden in a steelplant environment, we counted asbestos bodies (ABs) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of 65 steel workers who had retired during the previous 5 y. They had worked for at least 15 y in the same area of the plant (coke oven or blast furnace) as maintenance or production workers. On the basis of occupational anamnesis, 28 had occasional past professional exposure to asbestos; the remaining 37 workers denied any contact with asbestos. A total of 54 white-collar workers who had no occupational exposure to asbestos were included in the study as controls.more » An increased prevalence and concentration of ABs was found in the BALF of steel workers. Electron microscopy and EDAX analysis of AB from steel workers revealed that the core fibers were mainly amphiboles. More ABs were found in the BALF of maintenance workers than in production workers. However, the BALF from steel workers who denied any contact with asbestos revealed an increased AB burden v. controls. This demonstrates that steel workers may be subject to an occult exposure to amphiboles in the steelplant environment.« less

Estimation of Radiofrequency Power Leakage from Microwave Ovens for Dosimetric Assessment at Nonionizing Radiation Exposure Levels

PubMed Central

Lopez-Iturri, Peio; de Miguel-Bilbao, Silvia; Aguirre, Erik; Azpilicueta, Leire; Falcone, Francisco; Ramos, Victoria

2015-01-01

The electromagnetic field leakage levels of nonionizing radiation from a microwave oven have been estimated within a complex indoor scenario. By employing a hybrid simulation technique, based on coupling full wave simulation with an in-house developed deterministic 3D ray launching code, estimations of the observed electric field values can be obtained for the complete indoor scenario. The microwave oven can be modeled as a time- and frequency-dependent radiating source, in which leakage, basically from the microwave oven door, is propagated along the complete indoor scenario interacting with all of the elements present in it. This method can be of aid in order to assess the impact of such devices on expected exposure levels, allowing adequate minimization strategies such as optimal location to be applied. PMID:25705676

Benzo(a)pyrene-albumin adducts in humans exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an industrial area of Poland.

PubMed Central

Kure, E H; Andreassen, A; Ovrebø, S; Grzybowska, E; Fiala, Z; Strózyk, M; Chorazy, M; Haugen, A

1997-01-01

OBJECTIVES: The interaction of benzo(a)pyrene with serum albumin was measured in an attempt to identify the actual exposure and to evaluate albumin adduct measurements as biomarkers for exposure monitoring. METHODS: Benzo(a)pyrene-diol-epoxide (BPDE)-albumin adducts were measured by competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in plasma of coke oven plant workers from three plants and from people living in a highly industrialised area of Silesia in Poland. Due to the high air concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in this area, a control group was selected from a rural non-industrialised area in Poland. Breathing zone air measurements of PAHs were collected from some of the participants. RESULTS: Coke oven plant workers and non-occupationally exposed people had similar concentrations of albumin adducts whereas the rural controls were significantly lower (2.74 fmol adducts/microgram albumin (SEM 0.124)). The mean concentration of BPDE-albumin adduct in plasma of both the occupational and the environmental groups were significantly higher in the summer samples (4.34 fmol adducts/microgram albumin (SEM 0.335) and 4.55 fmol adducts/microgram albumin (SEM 0.296), respectively) than in the winter samples (3.06 fmol adducts/microgram albumin (SEM 0.187) and 3.04 fmol adducts/microgram albumin (SEM 0.184), respectively) even though the air measurements showed higher concentrations of PAHs in the winter. The statistical analysis did not show any effects of air exposures on concentrations of BPDE-albumin adduct. CONCLUSIONS: A multiple regression analysis of the measured concentrations of BPDE-albumin adducts for all the groups, during both seasons, indicates that occupational exposures do not contribute significantly to the formation of adducts. In general, the concentrations of albumin adducts found vary within relatively small limits for the two seasons and between the various groups of participants. No extreme differences were found. PMID:9423579

Cancer risks among iron and steel workers in Anshan, China, Part II: Case-control studies of lung and stomach cancer.

PubMed

Xu, Z; Brown, L M; Pan, G W; Liu, T F; Gao, G S; Stone, B J; Cao, R M; Guan, D X; Sheng, J H; Yan, Z S; Dosemeci, M; Fraumeni, J F; Blot, W J

1996-07-01

Nested case-control interview studies of lung cancer (610 incident cases), stomach cancer (292 incident cases), and 959 controls were conducted to follow up leads from a proportional mortality analysis of deaths among male workers in a large integrated iron-steel complex in Anshan, China. For lung cancer, after adjusting for the significant non-occupational risk factors (smoking, other pulmonary disease, family history of lung cancer, and low consumption of fruit or tea), risks were significantly elevated for those employed for 15 or more years in smelting and rolling (OR = 1.5, CI = 1.1-2.2), in the fire-resistant brick factory (OR = 2.9, CI = 1.4-5.9), in general loading (OR = 2.5, CI = 1.0-6.1), and as coke oven workers (OR = 3.4; CI = 1.4-8.5). For stomach cancer, after adjusting for consumption of pickled vegetables, prior gastric diseases, family history of stomach cancer, low intake of fruits and vegetables, and education, risks were significantly elevated for those employed for 15 or more years in ore sintering and transportation (OR = 2.1, CI = 1.0-4.4), in the fire-resistant brick factory (OR = 2.5, CI = 1.1-5.8), in general loading (OR = 3.2, CI = 1.2-8.9), as boilerworkers and cooks (OR = 2.6, CI = 1.2-5.6), and as coke oven workers (OR = 5.4, CI = 1.8-16.0). For both lung and stomach cancers, significant dose-response gradients were observed for exposure to total dust and benzo(a)pyrene, but not for specific chemical components of dust. Overall, long-term steel workers with exposure to workplace pollutants had a 40% increased risk of both lung and stomach cancers. These case-control studies confirm many of the occupational findings reported in the proportionate mortality analysis, and suggest avenues for further work to evaluate the carcinogenicity of individual components of dust.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

V.I. Rudyka; Y.E. Zingerman; V.V. Grabko

Recent trends in the design of chemical equipment at coke plants are described, through the lens of experience at Giprokoks. The main priorities were to improve the removal of impurities from coke oven gas; to improve equipment design on the basis of new materials; to reduce reagent consumption; to reduce the materials and energy consumed in the construction of new equipment; and to minimize impacts on the environment and worker health. Some technological equipment is briefly characterized.

Effects of a fruit-vegetable dietary pattern on oxidative stress and genetic damage in coke oven workers: a cross-sectional study.

PubMed

Xie, Zheng; Lin, Haijiang; Fang, Renfei; Shen, Weiwei; Li, Shuguang; Chen, Bo

2015-05-06

Coke oven workers (COWs) are exposed to high level of genotoxic chemicals that induce oxidative stress and genetic damage. The dietary intake of certain types of foods may reverse these effects. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 51 topside COWs, 79 other COWs, and 67 controls, to assess the effects of dietary patterns on oxidative stress and genetic damage. Compared to the controls, both topside and other COWs had significantly higher urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels, serum oxidant levels [malondialdehyde, (MDA)], and genetic damage [micronucleus (MN) frequency & 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG)], but lower antioxidant levels [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase, (GPx)]. The fruit-vegetable (FV) dietary pattern was positively correlated with serum SOD levels and negative correlated with serum MDA, MN frequency, and urinary 8-OH-dG. COWs with an FV patter in the highest quartile (Q4) had significantly increased antioxidant levels (SOD and GPx) and decreased oxidant levels (MDA) and genetic damage (MN frequency and 8-OH-dG) than those with an FV pattern in the lowest quartile (Q1). Compared to control subjects, COWs had increased oxidative stress and genetic damage. A FV dietary pattern may reverse oxidative stress and genetic damage in COWs.

The interaction of APEX1 variant with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on increasing chromosome damage and lung cancer risk among male Chinese.

PubMed

Li, Xiaoliang; Wei, Jinyu; Xu, Ping; Yin, Xiangqian; Hu, Die; Zhang, Xiao; Liu, Li; Zhang, Kai; Zhou, Changchun; Wang, Tian; Zhang, Xiaomin; He, Meian; Wu, Tangchun; Yang, Ming; Guo, Huan

2015-06-01

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the most significant contributors to tobacco-induced lung carcinogenesis. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is a central enzyme in the removal of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites caused by DNA damaging agents. This study aimed to investigate the potential interaction of APEX1 polymorphisms and PAHs on genetic damage and lung cancer risk among male Chinese. We recruited an occupational cohort of 922 male coke oven workers and determined their DNA damage levels by calculating the lymphocytic micronucleus (MN) frequencies. Two well-studied APEX1 polymorphisms (-307A > C and Asp148Glu) and their associations with MN frequencies were examined. The impact of MN-related single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on lung cancer risk was further investigated in two case-control studies including 1634 male lung cancer patients and 1678 controls. It was shown that, the APEX1 148Glu allele was associated with significantly higher MN frequencies than 148Asp allele, with strongest associations among the highest PAH-exposure workers (P = 0.008). The APEX1 148Glu allele was also associated with increased lung cancer risk among male smokers, especially among heavy smokers in both case-control studies (odd ratio: 4.40, 95%CI: 3.29-5.72). In addition, APEX1 148Glu variant interacts with smoking in increasing male lung cancer risk, as measured by the attributable proportion due to interaction, which was 0.23 (95%CI: 0.06-0.39). This study showed evidence on interaction between APEX1 148Glu variant and cigarette smoking in increasing lung cancer susceptibility among male Chinese, which may be due to the synergistic effects of APEX1 148Glu and PAHs in increasing chromosome damage levels. The results provide a new insight into gene-interactions in lung carcinogenesis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Urinary excretion of mutagens in coke oven workers.

PubMed

Clonfero, E; Granella, M; Marchioro, M; Barra, E L; Nardini, B; Ferri, G; Foà, V

1995-03-01

The influence of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on urinary mutagenic activity was assessed in 75 coke oven workers, using a highly sensitive bacterial mutagen technique (extraction with C18 resin and liquid micro-preincubation test on strain TA98 of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence of metabolizing and deconjugating enzymes). Exposure to PAHs was assessed according to the urinary excretion of 1-pyrenol; the main confounding factors were checked by the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the levels of nicotine and its metabolites in urine, or by ascertaining whether recommended dietary restrictions had been followed. Of the 20 urine samples which turned out to be positive (producing at least double the number of spontaneous revertants), 19 (95%) belonged to smokers. Only one non-smoker had obvious urinary mutagenic activity, and was highly exposed occupationally to PAHs (urinary 1-pyrenol of 3.930 mumol/mol of creatinine). Of the five urine samples from subjects who had not followed the recommended diet, two (40%) were clearly mutagenic. Multiple regression analysis (n = 67) showed that the presence of samples positive for urinary mutagenic activity depended only on smoking habits, if this confounding factor was assessed according to the number of cigarettes smoked per day, while the significant influence of exposure to PAH could be shown when the confounding factor was objectively estimated according to the urinary levels of nicotine and its metabolites. Assessment of the mutagenic potency of urinary extracts (net revertants/mmol creatinine) confirmed the strong influence of smoking habits on urinary mutagenic activity (all smokers 2156 +/- 2691 versus non-smokers 939 +/- 947 net revertants/mmol creatinine; Mann-Whitney test: P < 0.01). In smokers highly exposed to PAHs, greater excretion of mutagens with respect to low-exposure smokers was revealed (3548 +/- 4009 versus 1552 +/- 1227 net revertants/mmol creatinine; Mann-Whitney test: P < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that the mutagenic potency of urinary extracts of coke oven workers depended on exposure to PAHs, tobacco smoking habits, and consumption of fried, grilled or barbecued meat. Increased urinary mutagenic activity strengthens epidemiological evidence of the increased risk of renal and urinary tract tumours in these workers. The presence of mutagenic metabolites in urine as a result of occupational exposure to PAH may be demonstrated only by using highly sensitive techniques for assessing urinary mutagenic activity in studies which include careful checking of the main confounding factors.

A mortality study of coke oven workers in two South Wales integrated steelworks.

PubMed Central

Davies, G M

1977-01-01

Six hundred and ten coke oven personnel were studied retrospectively over a period of 11 years (1954-65). During this time 82 died, 88 retired and 80 left, but all were treated. The Standardised Mortality Ratios (SMRs) have been calculated for four principal causes which have then been further analysed into 30 subgroups. The work was limited because the population was small and the records not detailed enough to analyse the mortality rates according to environmental exposures. Differences between SMRs obtained at the two works were quite marked (73 and 98) and the overall SMR of 85% was better than expected. The observed number of deaths from respiratory disease, malignant neoplasms and all other causes excluding cardiovascular, was very near that expected, but the numbers of deaths from cardiovascular disease and in particular arteriosclerotic disease, showed a significant deficit. PMID:588485

[Size distribution characteristics of particulate matter in the top areas of coke oven].

PubMed

Xie, Qiuyan; Zhao, Hongwei; Yu, Tao; Ning, Zhaojun; Li, Jinmu; Niu, Yong; Zheng, Yuxin; Zhao, Xiulan; Duan, Huawei

2015-03-01

To systematically evaluate the environmental exposure information of coke oven workers, we investigated the concentration and size distribution characteristics of the particle matter (PM) in the top working area of coke oven. The aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer was employed to collect the concentration and size distribution information of PM at a top working area. The PM was divided into PM ≤ 1.0 µm, 1.0 µm < PM ≤ 2.5 µm, 2.5 µm < PM ≤ 5.0 µm, 5.0 µm < PM ≤ 10.0 µm and PM>10.0 µm based on their aerodynamic diameters. The number concentration, surface area concentration, and mass concentration were analyzed between different groups. We also conducted the correlation analysis on these parameters among groups. We found the number and surface area concentration of top area particulate was negatively correlated with particle size, but mass concentration curve showed bimodal type with higher point at PM = 1.0 µm and PM = 5.0 µm. The average number concentration of total particulate matter in the top working area was 661.27 number/cm³, surface area concentration was 523.92 µm²/cm³, and mass concentration was 0.12 mg/m³. The most number of particulate matter is not more than 1 µm (PM(1.0)), and its number concentration and surface area concentration accounted for 96.85% and 67.01% of the total particles respectively. In the correlation analysis, different particle size correlated with the total particulate matter differently. And the characteristic parameters of PM2.5 cannot fully reflect the total information of particles. The main particulate matter pollutants in the top working area of coke oven is PM1.0, and it with PM(5.0) can account for a large proportion in the mass concentration of PM. It suggest that PM1.0 and PM(5.0) should be considered for occupational health surveillance on the particulate matter in the top area of coke oven.

Declining Pulmonary Function in Populations with Long-term Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons-Enriched PM2.5.

PubMed

Shen, Meili; Xing, Jie; Ji, Qianpeng; Li, Zhihui; Wang, Yanhua; Zhao, Hongwei; Wang, Qingrong; Wang, Ting; Yu, Liwei; Zhang, Xiuchuan; Sun, Yaxin; Zhang, Zhihu; Niu, Yong; Wang, Huanqiang; Chen, Wen; Dai, Yufei; Su, Wenge; Duan, Huawei

2018-06-05

This study assesses the effects of long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants on inflammatory response and lung function. We selected 390 male coke oven workers with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and 115 control workers. The average duration in the exposed group was 9.10 years. The total amount of PAHs was more enriched in PM 2.5 which collected from the coke oven workshops compared with the control areas. Correspondingly, the internal PAHs exposure indicated by urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in the exposure group increased 25.7-fold compared to that of the control group. Moreover, the increasing level of urinary 1-OHP was associated with the decrease of forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity ratio (FEV 1 /FVC). In non-current smokers of exposure group, inverse correlation of 1-OHP with FEV 1 /FVC was also found. Particularly, an exposure duration-dependent decline in FEV 1 /FVC and mean forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF 25-75% ) indicated that small airways were functionally obstructed. Furthermore, the increasing serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was correlated with the decline in pulmonary function in all subjects. These findings provide a clue that long-term exposure to PAHs-enriched PM 2.5 impairs pulmonary function in occupational population.

Health survey of former workers in a Norwegian coke plant: Part. 1. Estimation of historical exposures

PubMed Central

Romundstad, P. R.; Ronneberg, A.; Leira, H. L.; Bye, T.

1998-01-01

OBJECTIVE: To estimate historical exposure levels at a coke plant for all agents considered to be of importance for epidemiological studies of mortality and cancer incidence. METHODS: Time weighted average exposure (8 h TWA) was estimated based on personal measurements for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonaceous particulates. Exposure to quartz was estimated relative to the concentration of carbonaceous particulates. These estimates were adjusted for the use of airstream helmets. Exposure to other agents were estimated qualitatively (asbestos, benzene, and arsenic) or semi-quantitatively (carbon monoxide (CO) and heat) based on measurements and other indicators of exposure. RESULTS: Exposure to PAHs was highest for those who worked at the top of the ovens (300 micrograms/m3) in the period from 1970-6. The estimated PAH exposure was reduced to an average of 65 micrograms/m3 after the introduction of exposure control measures in 1976. The estimates for carbonaceous particulates ranged from 1 to 16 mg/m3, with the highest exposure for workers at the top of the ovens and at the coke screening station. CONCLUSIONS: The exposure of greatest concern in this study is to PAHs, but exposures to carbonaceous particulates and CO may also be of importance. The major limitations of this study are the lack of personal measurements before 1975 and the total lack of measurements for some of the exposed categories of workers. Despite these limitations, we think that this assessment reflects the actual exposures for most of the former employees. The assessment thus provides a reasonable tool for the subsequent epidemiological study and for future epidemiological follow up studies at the coke plant.   PMID:9861184

Fugitive coke oven gas emission profile by continuous line averaged open-path Fourier transform infrared monitoring.

PubMed

Lin, Chitsan; Liou, Naiwei; Chang, Pao-Erh; Yang, Jen-Chin; Sun, Endy

2007-04-01

Although most coke oven research is focused on the emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, well-known carcinogens, little has been done on the emission of volatile organic compounds, some of which are also thought to be hazardous to workers and the environment. To profile coke oven gas (COG) emissions, we set up an open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) system on top of a battery of coke ovens at a steel mill located in Southern Taiwan and monitored average emissions in a coke processing area for 16.5 hr. Nine COGs were identified, including ammonia, CO, methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propylene, cyclohexane, and O-xylene. Time series plots indicated that the type of pollutants differed over time, suggesting that different emission sources (e.g., coke pushing, quench tower, etc.) were involved at different times over the study period. This observation was confirmed by the low cross-correlation coefficients of the COGs. It was also found that, with the help of meteorological analysis, the data collected by the OP-FTIR system could be analyzed effectively to characterize differences in the location of sources. Although the traditional single-point samplings of emissions involves sampling various sources in a coke processing area at several different times and is a credible profiling of emissions, our findings strongly suggest that they are not nearly as efficient or as cost-effective as the continuous line average method used in this study. This method would make it easier and cheaper for engineers and health risk assessors to identify and to control fugitive volatile organic compound emissions and to improve environmental health.

Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Environmental Toxicology (7th) 13, 14 and 15 October 1976

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-04-01

ONCOGENESIS IN RATS AND MICE EX- POSED TO COAL TAR AEROSOLS ... .......... 66 James D. MacEwen 2 - A HEALTH EFFECTS STUDY IN COKE OVEN WORKERS . 82...University of California, PHALEN, Robert F., Ph.D. Irvine Assistant Adjunct Professor of Dayton, Ohio Toxicology Air Pollution Health Effects Laboratory...insecticides, pesticides, and food additives in the last 40 years appears to have had no detectable effect on the incidence of the main human cancers

A comparison of freeze-drying and oven-drying preparation methods for bulk and compound-specific carbon stable isotope analyses: examples using the benthic macroinvertebrates Stenopsyche marmorata and Epeorus latifolium.

PubMed

Akamatsu, Fumikazu; Suzuki, Yaeko; Kato, Yoshikazu; Yoshimizu, Chikage; Tayasu, Ichiro

2016-01-15

Carbon stable isotope analysis of bulk samples and fatty acids is an established method for tracing carbon flow pathways and reconstructing trophic interactions, but there is no consensus on which sample drying method should be used for sample preparation. The aim of this study was to determine if freeze-drying and oven-drying treatments used to prepare samples of the benthic macroinvertebrates Stenopsyche marmorata and Epeorus latifolium for bulk and fatty-acid-specific carbon stable isotope analysis yield different isotopic ratio values. Five individuals each from two species were split in half; one half was freeze-dried and the other half was oven-dried. The samples were ground and the δ(13)C values of the bulk samples and eight fatty acids were measured following combustion using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer coupled to an elemental analyzer or gas chromatography system. The mean difference in the bulk and fatty acid δ(13)C values between freeze-dried and oven-dried samples was small (≤0.1‰ in both cases), although relatively large variations were observed in individual fatty-acid-specific δ(13)C values (maximum of ≤0.9 ‰). There were no significant differences in either bulk sample or fatty-acid-specific δ(13)C values between freeze-dried or oven-dried samples of the same species. Freeze-drying and oven-drying are equally acceptable methods for preparing freshly caught S. marmorata and E. latifolium samples for bulk and fatty-acid-specific carbon stable isotope analyses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Competitive position of natural gas: Industrial baking

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Minsker, B.S.; Salama, S.Y.

Industrial baking is one of the largest natural gas consumers in the food industry. In 1985, bread, rolls, cookies, and crackers accounted for over 82 percent of all baked goods production. Bread accounting for 46 percent of all production. The baking industry consumed approximately 16 trillion Btu in 1985. About 93 percent was natural gas, while distillate fuel oil accounted for seven percent, and electricity accounted for much less than one percent. The three main types of baking ovens are the single lap, tunnel, and Lanham ovens. In the single lap oven, trays carry the product back and forth throughmore » the baking chamber once. The single lap oven is the most common type of oven and is popular due to its long horizontal runs, extensive steam zone, and simple construction. The tunnel oven is slightly more efficient and more expensive that the single lap oven. IN the tunnel oven, the hearth is a motorized conveyor which passes in a straight line through a series of heating zones, with loading and unloading occurring at opposite ends of the oven. The advantages of the tunnel oven include flexibility with respect to pan size and simple, accurate top and bottom heat control. The tunnel oven is used exclusively in the cookie and cracker baking, with the product being deposited directly on the oven band. The most recently developed type of oven is the Lanham oven. The Lanham oven is the most efficient type of oven, with a per pound energy consumption approaching the practical minimum for baking bread. Between one--half and two--thirds of all new industrial baking ovens are Lanham ovens. In the Lanham oven, the product enters the oven near the top of the chamber, spirals down through a series of heating zones, and exits near the bottom of the oven. The oven is gas--fired directly by ribbon burners. 31 refs.« less

10 CFR 429.23 - Conventional cooking tops, conventional ovens, microwave ovens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Conventional cooking tops, conventional ovens, microwave... Conventional cooking tops, conventional ovens, microwave ovens. (a) Sampling plan for selection of units for... and microwave ovens; and (2) For each basic model of conventional cooking tops, conventional ovens and...

10 CFR 429.23 - Conventional cooking tops, conventional ovens, microwave ovens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Conventional cooking tops, conventional ovens, microwave... Conventional cooking tops, conventional ovens, microwave ovens. (a) Sampling plan for selection of units for... and microwave ovens; and (2) For each basic model of conventional cooking tops, conventional ovens and...

10 CFR 429.23 - Conventional cooking tops, conventional ovens, microwave ovens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Conventional cooking tops, conventional ovens, microwave... Conventional cooking tops, conventional ovens, microwave ovens. (a) Sampling plan for selection of units for... and microwave ovens; and (2) For each basic model of conventional cooking tops, conventional ovens and...

Urinary carcinogenic 4-6 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coke oven workers and in subjects belonging to the general population: role of occupational and environmental exposure.

PubMed

Campo, Laura; Fustinoni, Silvia; Consonni, Dario; Pavanello, Sofia; Kapka, Lucyna; Siwinska, Ewa; Mielzyňska, Danuta; Bertazzi, PierAlberto

2014-03-01

A new solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method (SPME-GC-MS) to detect urinary unmetabolized 3-, 6-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was applied to coke oven workers and general population subjects with the aim to assess exposure to carcinogenic PAHs, to evaluate the role of occupational and environmental variables on PAHs levels, and to compare present results with those previously obtained with a less sensitive method. A total of 104 coke oven workers (CW) from Poland [recruited in 2000 (CW-2000; n=55) and 2006 (CW-2006; n=49)], and 45 control subjects from the same area, provided urine spot samples for measurement of 10 PAHs (from phenanthrene to benzo[g,h,i]perylene). The comparison between the two methods was performed only on CW-2000 subjects. Information regarding personal characteristics and job variables was collected by a questionnaire. The new method enables the quantification of 5-, 6-ring PAHs; precision and accuracy were in the 7.3-20.8% and 89.4-110% range, respectively; in CW-2000 samples results obtained with the new and the old method were highly correlated (Lin's concordance correlation coefficients: from 0.790 to 0.965); the mean difference between measured PAHS increased with the molecular weight of the analytes (from +5 to +27%). Urinary PAHs were above or equal to the quantification limit, depending on the compound, in 67-100% (min-max), 26-100% and 6-100% of samples from CW-2000, CW-2006 and controls, respectively. Chrysene and benz[a]anthracene were the most abundant carcinogenic PAHs with median levels of 43.4, 13.4, and 2.3 ng/L and 45.9, 14.9, and 0.7 ng/L in CW-2000, CW-2006, and controls, respectively, while benzo[a]pyrene levels were 6.5, 0.7 and <0.5 ng/L. The multiple linear regression model showed that the determinants of exposure were the use of wood and/or coke for house heating for controls, and job title or the plant for CW-2006. Urinary benzo[a]pyrene and other carcinogenic PAHs were, for the first time, quantified in urine samples from both occupationally and environmentally exposed subjects. These results show that urinary PAHs can discriminate exposure at different levels. Moreover, the simultaneous determination of several PAHs allows for the development of excretion profiles to assess exposure to specific compounds. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Occupational and environmental lead exposure to adolescent workers in battery recycling workshops.

PubMed

Kazi, Tasneem Gul; Shah, Faheem; Afridi, Hassan Imran; Naeemullah

2015-12-01

Lead (Pb), as other environmental neurotoxicant substances, has the capability to interfere with many biochemical events present in cells throughout the body. In the present study, the environmental and occupational exposure to Pb has been assessed by analyzing the scalp hair samples of male adolescents aged 12-15 years, who have worked for the last 12-36 months in Pb battery recycling workshops (BRWs). For comparative purposes, gender and age-matched subjects living in the vicinity of recycling workshops as well as in areas without industrial activity were used as controls. The scalp hair samples were oxidized by acid in a microwave oven prior to determination of Pb by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The results indicated that both workers and nonworking exposed subjects had higher levels of Pb than nonexposed controls. The contents of Pb in scalp hair of adolescent workers in the present study were compared with those reported in other studies. © The Author(s) 2013.

[Results of risk and impairment assessment in groups of workers exposed to repetitive strain and movement of the upper limbs in various sectors of industry].

PubMed

Colombini, Daniela; Occhipinti, E

2004-01-01

This presents study the results of a number of investigations regarding risks associated with biomechanical overload of the upper limbs and the consequent health effects (UL-WMSDs) in a large sample of workers in various different jobs. Risk assessment regarded 15 different working environments in which 4044 subjects were employed. Most were metalworking factories in which the workers performed assembly tasks (3015 workers). Some made motors for electrical appliances (714 workers), others assembled miniature components (shock absorbers and remote controls: 259 workers), while others handled larger sized parts such as components of large domestic appliances (refrigerators, freezers, ovens: 2037 workers). The sample also included workers in the meat processing industry (chicken and turkey, 969 workers) and hotel room cleaners (60). Exposure assessment was performed using the OCRA checklist for quantifying the risk attributable intrinsically to each individual workstation, as if used for the entire shift. The values thus obtained were entered into a special software program that, for each working area, produced mean weighted values for the results of the checklist and their percentage distribution over four categories: no risk (green), low risk (yellow), moderate risk (red) and high risk (purple). In 11 of the 15 working environments considered, a total of 3511 workers (2221 women and 1290 men) underwent a complete and standardized clinical examination of the upper limbs. Comparisons of the results of exposure evaluation and of the clinical surveys were made between the different types of jobs and between males and females.

[Anti-B[a]PDE-DNA formation in lymphomonocytes of humans environmentally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons].

PubMed

Pavanello, S; Pulliero, A; Lai, A; Gaiardo, A; Mastrangelo, G; Clonfero, E

2005-01-01

[Anti-B[a]PDE-DNA formation in lymphomonocytes of humans environmentally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons] We are currently evaluating anti-benzo[a]pyrenediolepoxide-(B[a]PDE)-DNA adduct levels in lymphomonocytes of humans exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to validate this indicator of biologically effective dose in a surrogate tissue. The study protocol (October 2002-June 2005) implies: (a) a signed informed consent by each participant; (b) recruitment of 600 Padua municipal workers during visits at our outpatient clinic; (c) administration of a questionnaire regarding non occupational sources of PAH (B[a]P) exposure; (d) collection of blood (15 ml) and urine (200 ml) samples. Anti-B[a]PDE-DNA adduct levels in lymphomonocytes are detected by HPLC-fluorescence analysis. To date, 438 subjects have been examined (age range 20-62 years; 52% males). We found that: (i) anti-B[a]PDE-DNA adduct levels are significantly lower than those we previously found in coke-oven workers (N=95) occupationally exposed to high levels of PAHs (1.51 +/- 2.68 versus 4.07 +/- 3.78 anti-B[a]PDE-adduct/10(8) nucleotides, p < 0.001; 37% versus 97% positive subjects with > or =1 adduct/10(8) nucleotides; p < 0.001); (ii) smokers (23%) have significantly higher adduct levels than non smokers (p < 0.001); iii) non smokers who consume PAH-rich meals > or =52 times/year (142 subjects, 42%) have significantly increased adduct levels than those <52 times/year (p < 0.01). Dietary and smoking habits did not influence the occupationally-induced adduct levels in coke-oven workers. This is the first study that examines anti-B[a]PDE-DNA adduct levels in a large cohort showing that anti-B[a]PDE-DNA adducts can be detected in humans environmentally exposed to low doses of PAH (B[a]P and are modulated by smoke and dietary habits.

78 FR 7939 - Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Microwave Ovens (Active Mode)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-04

...The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) proposes to revise its test procedures for microwave ovens established under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. The proposed amendments would add provisions for measuring the active mode energy use for microwave ovens, including both microwave-only ovens and convection microwave ovens. Specifically, DOE is proposing provisions for measuring the energy use of the microwave-only cooking mode for both microwave-only ovens and convection microwave ovens based on the testing methods in the latest draft version of the International Electrotechnical Commission Standard 60705, ``Household microwave ovens--Methods for measuring performance.'' DOE is proposing provisions for measuring the energy use of the convection-only cooking mode for convection microwave ovens based on the DOE test procedure for conventional ovens in our regulations. DOE is also proposing to calculate the energy use of the convection-microwave cooking mode for convection microwave ovens by apportioning the microwave-only mode and convection-only mode energy consumption measurements based on typical consumer use.

40 CFR 63.3165 - How do I determine the emission capture system efficiency?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... purposes of this subpart, a bake oven air seal is not considered a natural draft opening in a PTE or a... between the bake oven air seal and the bake oven is into the bake oven. You may use lightweight strips of... as a natural draft opening. You cannot count air flowing from a bake oven air seal into a bake oven...

Physical optics for oven-plate scattering prediction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baldauf, J.; Lambert, K.

1991-01-01

An oven assembly design is described, which will be used to determine the effects of temperature on the electrical properties of materials which are used as coatings for metal plates. Experimentally, these plates will be heated to a very high temperature in the oven assembly, and measured using a microwave reflectance measurement system developed for the NASA Lewis Research Center, Near-Field Facility. One unknown in this measurement is the effect that the oven assembly will have on the reflectance properties of the plate. Since the oven will be much larger than the plate, the effect could potentially be significant as the size of the plate becomes smaller. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the effect of the oven on the measurement of the plate. A method for predicting the oven effect is described, and the theoretical oven effect is compared to experimental results of the oven material. The computer code which is used to predict the oven effect is also described.

Effect of oven cooking method on formation of heterocyclic amines and quality characteristics of chicken patties: steam-assisted hybrid oven versus convection ovens.

PubMed

Isleroglu, Hilal; Kemerli, Tansel; Özdestan, Özgül; Uren, Ali; Kaymak-Ertekin, Figen

2014-09-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of steam-assisted hybrid oven cooking method in comparison with convection ovens (natural and forced) on quality characteristics (color, hardness, cooking loss, soluble protein content, fat retention, and formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines) of chicken patties. The cooking experiments of chicken patties (n = 648) were conducted at oven temperatures of 180, 210, and 240°C until 3 different end point temperatures (75, 90, and 100°C) were reached. Steam-assisted hybrid oven cooking enabled faster cooking than convection ovens and resulted in chicken patties having lower a* and higher L* value, lower hardness, lower fat, and soluble protein content (P < 0.05), and higher cooking loss than convection ovens. Steam-assisted hybrid oven could reduce the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines that have mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on humans. © 2014 Poultry Science Association Inc.

[Measurement of chemical agents in metallurgy field: electric steel plant].

PubMed

Cottica, D; Grignani, E; Ghitti, R; Festa, D; Apostoli, P

2012-01-01

The steel industry maintains its important position in the context of the Italian production involving thousands of workers. The iron and steel processes are divided into primary steel industry, production of intermediate minerals, and secondary steel, scrap from the production of semi-finished industrial and consumer sector (metal inserted into components and metal used for dissipative uses, primarily coatings) and industrial waste. The paper presents the results of environmental monitoring carried out in some electric steel plant for the measurement of airborne chemicals that characterize the occupational exposure of workers employed in particular area like electric oven, to treatment outside the furnace, continuous casting area. For the sampling of the pollutants were used both personal and in fixed positions samplers. The pollutants measured are those typical of steel processes inhalable dust, metals, respirable dust, crystalline silica, but also Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs).

Exposures of lead to adolescent workers in battery recycling workshops and surrounding communities.

PubMed

Shah, Faheem; Kazi, Tasneem Gul; Afridi, Hassan Imran; Naeemullah; Arain, Sadaf Sadia

2012-11-01

In the present study, the environmental and occupational exposure of lead (Pb) has been assessed by analyzing the whole-blood samples of early adolescents (boys) aged 12-15 years working for the past 1-3 years in battery recycling workshops (BRW). For comparative purpose, boys of the same age group residing in the vicinity of BRW (exposed non-workers) and who lived in domestic areas devoid of any industrial activity (referents boys) were selected. The blood samples were analyzed for Pb, along with biochemical parameters of blood. Both biological samples were oxidized by acid in a microwave oven before determination of Pb by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean value of Pb concentration in blood samples of working boys was threefold higher as compared with referent boys. The significant negative correlations of blood Pb level with % Hb (r=-0.862) were observed in working boys.

40 CFR 63.302 - Standards for by-product coke oven batteries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... batteries. 63.302 Section 63.302 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.302 Standards for by-product coke oven batteries... oven emissions from each affected existing by-product coke oven battery that exceed any of the...

40 CFR 63.302 - Standards for by-product coke oven batteries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... batteries. 63.302 Section 63.302 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.302 Standards for by-product coke oven batteries... oven emissions from each affected existing by-product coke oven battery that exceed any of the...

40 CFR 63.302 - Standards for by-product coke oven batteries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... batteries. 63.302 Section 63.302 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.302 Standards for by-product coke oven batteries... oven emissions from each affected existing by-product coke oven battery that exceed any of the...

40 CFR 63.302 - Standards for by-product coke oven batteries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... batteries. 63.302 Section 63.302 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.302 Standards for by-product coke oven batteries... oven emissions from each affected existing by-product coke oven battery that exceed any of the...

40 CFR 63.302 - Standards for by-product coke oven batteries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... batteries. 63.302 Section 63.302 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.302 Standards for by-product coke oven batteries... oven emissions from each affected existing by-product coke oven battery that exceed any of the...

Products cooked in preheated versus non-preheated ovens. Baking times, calculated energy consumption, and product quality compared.

PubMed

Odland, D; Davis, C

1982-08-01

Plain muffins, yellow cake, baked custard, apple pie, tuna casserole, frozen tuna casserole, cheese soufflé, and meat loaf were baked in preheated and non-preheated standard gas, continuous-clean gas, standard electric, and self-cleaning electric ovens. Products generally required 5 min. or less extra baking time when cooked in non-preheated rather than in preheated ovens. The variability in baking times often was less between preheated and non-preheated ovens than among oven types. Calculated energy consumption values showed that usually less energy was required to bake products in non-preheated than in preheated ovens; savings averaged about 10 percent. Few significant differences were found in physical measurements or eating quality either between preheated and non-preheated ovens or among oven types. Overall, for the products tested, findings confirmed that preheating the oven is not essential for good product quality and, therefore, is an unnecessary use of energy.

Occupational Heat Stress Impacts on Health and Productivity in a Steel Industry in Southern India.

PubMed

Krishnamurthy, Manikandan; Ramalingam, Paramesh; Perumal, Kumaravel; Kamalakannan, Latha Perumal; Chinnadurai, Jeremiah; Shanmugam, Rekha; Srinivasan, Krishnan; Venugopal, Vidhya

2017-03-01

Workers laboring in steel industries in tropical settings with high ambient temperatures are subjected to thermally stressful environments that can create well-known risks of heat-related illnesses and limit workers' productivity. A cross-sectional study undertaken in a steel industry in a city nicknamed "Steel City" in Southern India assessed thermal stress by wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and level of dehydration from urine color and urine specific gravity. A structured questionnaire captured self-reported heat-related health symptoms of workers. Some 90% WBGT measurements were higher than recommended threshold limit values (27.2-41.7°C) for heavy and moderate workloads and radiational heat from processes were very high in blooming-mill/coke-oven (67.6°C globe temperature). Widespread heat-related health concerns were prevalent among workers, including excessive sweating, fatigue, and tiredness reported by 50% workers. Productivity loss was significantly reported high in workers with direct heat exposures compared to those with indirect heat exposures (χ 2  = 26.1258, degrees of freedom = 1, p  < 0.001). Change in urine color was 7.4 times higher among workers exposed to WBGTs above threshold limit values (TLVs). Preliminary evidence shows that high heat exposures and heavy workload adversely affect the workers' health and reduce their work capacities. Health and productivity risks in developing tropical country work settings can be further aggravated by the predicted temperature rise due to climate change, without appropriate interventions. Apart from industries enhancing welfare facilities and designing control interventions, further physiological studies with a seasonal approach and interventional studies are needed to strengthen evidence for developing comprehensive policies to protect workers employed in high heat industries.

Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Polish Coke Plant Workers.

PubMed

Zając, Joanna; Gomółka, Ewa; Maziarz, Barbara; Szot, Wojciech

2016-11-01

Assessment of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is an urgent and important task to prevent workers' illnesses. 1-Hydroxypyrene is one of the most commonly used biomarkers. The presented study assessed exposure to PAHs molecules among 619 individuals, men working in coke plant. Average number of years spent on working posts in exposition to PAHs was 31.5 years with standard deviation = 5.3. About 35% were smokers with 14.7 cigarettes per day. For each individual, 1-hydroxypyrene concentration in urine samples was measured. Urine 1-hydroxypyrene concentration correlated with air PAHs concentration. Difference between smokers and non-smokers was statistically significant. The median value for post-shift samples was 1.3 µg g -1 and for pre-shift sample concentration reached 0.3 µg g -1 Maximal assessed concentration was 7.6 µg g -1 among pre-shift samples and 27.8 µg g -1 among post-shift samples. The most exposed working posts were coke oven workers and coal derivatives production workers. Results obtained in presented study are relatively low in comparison to other countries or other Polish results but for further improvement a regular measurement of any PAHs' biomarker should be included to standard periodic health examinations for coke plant workers. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society.

Do Termites Avoid Carcasses? Behavioral Responses Depend on the Nature of the Carcasses

PubMed Central

Neoh, Kok-Boon; Yeap, Beng-Keok; Tsunoda, Kunio; Yoshimura, Tsuyoshi; Lee, Chow-Yang

2012-01-01

Background Undertaking behavior is a significant adaptation to social life in enclosed nests. Workers are known to remove dead colony members from the nest. Such behavior prevents the spread of pathogens that may be detrimental to a colony. To date, little is known about the ethological aspects of how termites deal with carcasses. Methodology and Principal Findings In this study, we tested the responses to carcasses of four species from different subterranean termite taxa: Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes speratus (Kolbe) (lower termites) and Microcerotermes crassus Snyder and Globitermes sulphureus Haviland (higher termites). We also used different types of carcasses (freshly killed, 1-, 3-, and 7-day-old, and oven-killed carcasses) and mutilated nestmates to investigate whether the termites exhibited any behavioral responses that were specific to carcasses in certain conditions. Some behavioral responses were performed specifically on certain types of carcasses or mutilated termites. C. formosanus and R. speratus exhibited the following behaviors: (1) the frequency and time spent in antennating, grooming, and carcass removal of freshly killed, 1-day-old, and oven-killed carcasses were high, but these behaviors decreased as the carcasses aged; (2) the termites repeatedly crawled under the aging carcass piles; and (3) only newly dead termites were consumed as a food source. In contrast, M. crassus and G. sulphureus workers performed relatively few behavioral acts. Our results cast a new light on the previous notion that termites are necrophobic in nature. Conclusion We conclude that the behavioral response towards carcasses depends largely on the nature of the carcasses and termite species, and the response is more complex than was previously thought. Such behavioral responses likely are associated with the threat posed to the colony by the carcasses and the feeding habits and nesting ecology of a given species. PMID:22558452

Validation of a combi oven cooking method for preparation of chicken breast meat for quality assessment.

PubMed

Zhuang, H; Savage, E M

2008-10-01

Quality assessment results of cooked meat can be significantly affected by sample preparation with different cooking techniques. A combi oven is a relatively new cooking technique in the U.S. market. However, there was a lack of published data about its effect on quality measurements of chicken meat. Broiler breast fillets deboned at 24-h postmortem were cooked with one of the 3 methods to the core temperature of 80 degrees C. Cooking methods were evaluated based on cooking operation requirements, sensory profiles, Warner-Bratzler (WB) shear and cooking loss. Our results show that the average cooking time for the combi oven was 17 min compared with 31 min for the commercial oven method and 16 min for the hot water method. The combi oven did not result in a significant difference in the WB shear force values, although the cooking loss of the combi oven samples was significantly lower than the commercial oven and hot water samples. Sensory profiles of the combi oven samples did not significantly differ from those of the commercial oven and hot water samples. These results demonstrate that combi oven cooking did not significantly affect sensory profiles and WB shear force measurements of chicken breast muscle compared to the other 2 cooking methods. The combi oven method appears to be an acceptable alternative for preparing chicken breast fillets in a quality assessment.

19. VIEW OF THE TWO ROWS OF COKE OVENS, LOOKING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

19. VIEW OF THE TWO ROWS OF COKE OVENS, LOOKING EAST. THE OVENS LIE TO THE EAST OF THE MINE BUILDINGS. BEEHIVE OVENS FORM THE ROW ON THE LEFT OF THE PHOTOGRAPH. THE RECTANGULAR OVENS ARE ON THE RIGHT. - Tower Hill No. 2 Mine, Approximately 0.47 mile Southwest of intersection of Stone Church Road & Township Route 561, Hibbs, Fayette County, PA

40 CFR 63.3165 - How do I determine the emission capture system efficiency?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... For purposes of this subpart, a bake oven air seal is not considered a natural draft opening in a PTE... interface between the bake oven air seal and the bake oven is into the bake oven. You may use lightweight... air seal as a natural draft opening. You cannot count air flowing from a bake oven air seal into a...

40 CFR 63.3165 - How do I determine the emission capture system efficiency?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... For purposes of this subpart, a bake oven air seal is not considered a natural draft opening in a PTE... interface between the bake oven air seal and the bake oven is into the bake oven. You may use lightweight... air seal as a natural draft opening. You cannot count air flowing from a bake oven air seal into a...

Optimization of combined microwave-hot air roasting of malt based on energy consumption and neo-formed contaminants content.

PubMed

Akkarachaneeyakorn, S; Laguerre, J C; Tattiyakul, J; Neugnot, B; Boivin, P; Morales, F J; Birlouez-Aragon, I

2010-05-01

To produce specialty malt, malts were roasted by combined microwave-hot air at various specific microwave powers (SP = 2.5 to 3 W/g), microwave heating times (t(mw) = 3.3 to 3.5 min), oven temperatures (T(oven) = 180 to 220 degrees C), and oven heating times (t(oven) = 60 to 150 min). The response variables, color, energy consumption by microwave (E(mw)) and oven (E(oven)), total energy consumption (E(tot)), quantity of neo-formed contaminants (NFCs), which include hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, furan, and acrylamide were determined. Response surface methodology (RSM) was performed to analyze and predict the optimum conditions for the specialty malt. Production using combined microwave-hot air roasting process based on minimum energy consumption and level of NFCs. At 95% confident level, SP, T(oven), and t(oven) were the most influencing effects with regard to E(tot), whereas t(mw) did not affect E(tot). T(oven) and t(oven) significantly affected malt color. Only T(oven) significantly influenced the NFCs content. The optimum parameters were: SP = 2.68 W/g for 3.44 min, T(oven) = 206 degrees C for 136 min for coffee malt, SP = 2.5 W/g for 3.48 min, T(oven) = 214 degrees C for 136 min for chocolate malt, and SP = 2.5 W/g for 3.48 min, T(oven) = 211 degrees C for 150 min for black malt. Comparing with conventional process, combined microwave-hot air reduced E(tot) by approximately 40%, 26%, and 26% for coffee, chocolate, and black malts, respectively, and reduced HMF, furfural, furan, and acrylamide contents by 40%, 18%, 23%, and 95%, respectively, for black malt. An important goal for research institutions and the brewery industry is to produce colored malt by combining microwave and hot air roasting, while saving energy, getting desirable color, and avoiding the formation of carcinogenic and toxic neo-formed contaminants (NFCs). Therefore, one objective of this study was to compare energy consumption and content of NFCs during roasting of malt by hot air-only and combined microwave-hot air processes as well as to determine the effect of specific power, microwave processing time, oven temperature, and oven processing time during combined microwave-hot air roasting. Another objective was to predict the optimum conditions for the production of coffee, chocolate, and black malts.

KSC-08pd1969

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-14

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the tile shop at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, a worker removes a Boeing Replacement Insulation 18, or BRI-18, tile from a 2,200-degree oven. The baking is part of the process to prepare the tiles for installation on space shuttles. BRI-18 is the strongest material used for thermal insulation on the orbiters and, when coated to produce toughened unipiece fibrous insulation, provides a tile with extremely high-impact resistance. It is replacing other tiles on areas of the vehicle where impact risk is high, such as the landing gear doors, the wing leading edge and the external tank doors. Photo credit: NASA/Jim Grossmann

40 CFR 63.303 - Standards for nonrecovery coke oven batteries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... batteries. 63.303 Section 63.303 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.303 Standards for nonrecovery coke oven batteries... existing nonrecovery coke oven battery that exceed any of the following emission limitations or...

40 CFR 63.303 - Standards for nonrecovery coke oven batteries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... batteries. 63.303 Section 63.303 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.303 Standards for nonrecovery coke oven batteries... existing nonrecovery coke oven battery that exceed any of the following emission limitations or...

40 CFR 63.303 - Standards for nonrecovery coke oven batteries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... batteries. 63.303 Section 63.303 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.303 Standards for nonrecovery coke oven batteries... existing nonrecovery coke oven battery that exceed any of the following emission limitations or...

40 CFR 63.303 - Standards for nonrecovery coke oven batteries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... batteries. 63.303 Section 63.303 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.303 Standards for nonrecovery coke oven batteries... existing nonrecovery coke oven battery that exceed any of the following emission limitations or...

40 CFR 63.303 - Standards for nonrecovery coke oven batteries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... batteries. 63.303 Section 63.303 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.303 Standards for nonrecovery coke oven batteries... existing nonrecovery coke oven battery that exceed any of the following emission limitations or...

Influence of final baking technologies in partially baked frozen gluten-free bread quality.

PubMed

Aguilar, Núria; Albanell, Elena; Miñarro, Begoña; Gallardo, Joan; Capellas, Marta

2015-03-01

The effect of final baking in convection oven (FBC), microwave oven (FBM), and microwave oven with susceptor packaging material (FBMS) on partially baked (PB) frozen gluten-free bread characteristics was investigated. Specific volume and crust color of loaves were measured at day 0. Bread moisture, water activity, and crumb and crust texture (at 15, 45, and 90 min after baking) were analyzed at day 0 and after 28 d of frozen storage (-18 °C). Volatile compounds from breads baked in convection oven or microwave oven with susceptor packaging material were also evaluated. Bread finally baked in convection oven or in microwave oven with susceptor packaging increased crust browning. Crumb and roll hardness increased with time after final baking (measured at 15, 45, 90 min) and after 28 d of frozen storage. Bread finally baked in microwave oven was the hardest, due to high water losses. At day 0, bread finally baked in convection oven had softer crumb than bread finally baked in microwave oven with susceptor packaging but, after 28 d of frozen storage, there were no differences between them. Moreover, FBC and FBMS rendered gluten-free breads that could not be distinguished in a triangular test and had the same volatile compounds profile. In conclusion, FBMS could be an alternative to FBC. © 2015 Institute of Food Technologists®

Reflow-oven-processing of pressureless sintered-silver interconnects

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wereszczak, Andrew A.; Chen, Branndon R.; Oistad, Brian A.

Here, a method was developed to pressurelessly fabricate strong and consistent sinterable-silver joints or interconnects using reflow oven heating. Circular sinterable-silver interconnects, having nominal diameter of 5 mm and 0.1 mm thickness were stencil printed, contact-dried, and then pressurelessly sinter-bonded to Au-plated direct copper bonded ceramic substrates at 250 °C in ambient air. That sintering was done in either a reflow oven or a convective oven (latter being a conventional heating source for processing sinterable-silver). Consistently strong (>40 MPa) interconnects were produced with reflow oven heating and were as strong as those produced with convective oven heating. This is significantmore » because reflow oven technology affords better potential for continuous mass production and it was shown that strong sintered-silver bonds can indeed be achieved with its use.« less

Reflow-oven-processing of pressureless sintered-silver interconnects

DOE PAGES

Wereszczak, Andrew A.; Chen, Branndon R.; Oistad, Brian A.

2018-01-04

Here, a method was developed to pressurelessly fabricate strong and consistent sinterable-silver joints or interconnects using reflow oven heating. Circular sinterable-silver interconnects, having nominal diameter of 5 mm and 0.1 mm thickness were stencil printed, contact-dried, and then pressurelessly sinter-bonded to Au-plated direct copper bonded ceramic substrates at 250 °C in ambient air. That sintering was done in either a reflow oven or a convective oven (latter being a conventional heating source for processing sinterable-silver). Consistently strong (>40 MPa) interconnects were produced with reflow oven heating and were as strong as those produced with convective oven heating. This is significantmore » because reflow oven technology affords better potential for continuous mass production and it was shown that strong sintered-silver bonds can indeed be achieved with its use.« less

Trace elements in human alveolar macrophages studied by PIXE

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weber, G.; Roelandts, I.; Corhay, J. L.; Radermecker, M.; Delavignette, J. P.

1990-04-01

The purpose of this study is to determine the metal content of alveolar macrophages by PIXE from 94 subjects divided into two groups as follows: group (1) — subjects with non-occupational exposure to industrial dust: 30 healthy volunteers (controls), 16 patients suffering from lung cancer; group (2) — 48 healthy steel workers from the Liège area (blast-furnace [ n=29] and coke oven [ n=19]). We hope to define more precisely the influence of carcinoma, smoking habit, pathology and occupational exposure in the steel industry on the macrophage metal content. This study has shown: (a) an Fe and Sr increase and a Br decrease in the macrophages of smokers (especially in heavy smokers): (b) a significant Fe, Ti, Br and Cu increase and a trend to Pb, Cr, As and Sr increase in macrophages of healthy steel workers (especially blast-furnace workers) in comparison with non-exposed controls; (c) a significant Fe, Br, Cu and Zn increase and a trend to Pb, As and Ni increase in macrophages of non-exposed patients with lung cancer by comparison with non-exposed controls. The mechanism of metal change could be explained by professional exposure and endogenous changes (protein synthesis, inflammation, bronchial bleeding, …)

40 CFR 60.391 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... truck including hoods, fenders, cargo boxes, doors, and grill opening panels. Bake oven means a device...-duty truck assembly lines between the coating application system (dip tank or spray booth) and the bake oven. Guide coat operation means the guide coat spray booth, flash-off area and bake oven(s) which are...

40 CFR 60.391 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... truck including hoods, fenders, cargo boxes, doors, and grill opening panels. Bake oven means a device...-duty truck assembly lines between the coating application system (dip tank or spray booth) and the bake oven. Guide coat operation means the guide coat spray booth, flash-off area and bake oven(s) which are...

40 CFR 60.391 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... truck including hoods, fenders, cargo boxes, doors, and grill opening panels. Bake oven means a device...-duty truck assembly lines between the coating application system (dip tank or spray booth) and the bake oven. Guide coat operation means the guide coat spray booth, flash-off area and bake oven(s) which are...

40 CFR 60.391 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... truck including hoods, fenders, cargo boxes, doors, and grill opening panels. Bake oven means a device...-duty truck assembly lines between the coating application system (dip tank or spray booth) and the bake oven. Guide coat operation means the guide coat spray booth, flash-off area and bake oven(s) which are...

40 CFR 60.391 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... truck including hoods, fenders, cargo boxes, doors, and grill opening panels. Bake oven means a device...-duty truck assembly lines between the coating application system (dip tank or spray booth) and the bake oven. Guide coat operation means the guide coat spray booth, flash-off area and bake oven(s) which are...

Inhalation trauma due to overheating in a microwave oven.

PubMed Central

Zanen, A L; Rietveld, A P

1993-01-01

The microwave oven is a kitchen appliance that has become increasingly popular in recent years. In some instances the temperature in the microwave oven can become exceedingly high. A case is discussed of a patient with respiratory distress after inhalation of gas from an overheated microwave oven. Images PMID:8497834

Multiple delivery cesium oven system for negative ion sources

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bansal, G.; Bhartiya, S.; Pandya, K.

2012-02-15

Distribution of cesium in large negative ion beam sources to be operational in ITER, is presently based on the use of three or more cesium ovens, which operate simultaneously and are controlled remotely. However, use of multiple Cs ovens simultaneously is likely to pose difficulties in operation and maintenance of the ovens. An alternate method of Cs delivery, based on a single oven distribution system is proposed as one which could reduce the need of simultaneous operation of many ovens. A proof of principle experiment verifying the concept of a multinozzle distributor based Cs oven has been carried out atmore » Institute for Plasma Research. It is also observed that the Cs flux is not controlled by Cs reservoir temperature after few hours of operation but by the temperature of the distributor which starts behaving as a Cs reservoir.« less

40 CFR 63.304 - Standards for compliance date extension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.304 Standards for compliance date extension. (a) An owner or operator of an existing coke oven battery (including a cold-idle coke oven battery), a padup rebuild, or a brownfield coke oven battery, may elect an extension of the compliance date for...

40 CFR 63.304 - Standards for compliance date extension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.304 Standards for compliance date extension. (a) An owner or operator of an existing coke oven battery (including a cold-idle coke oven battery), a padup rebuild, or a brownfield coke oven battery, may elect an extension of the compliance date for...

40 CFR 63.304 - Standards for compliance date extension.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.304 Standards for compliance date extension. (a) An owner or operator of an existing coke oven battery (including a cold-idle coke oven battery), a padup rebuild, or a brownfield coke oven battery, may elect an extension of the compliance date for...

40 CFR 63.3171 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... of electrodeposition bake oven emissions. You must show that the electrodeposition bake oven meets... of the exhaust gases from the bake oven to an add-on control device. For purposes of this showing, an electrodeposition bake oven air seal is not considered a natural draft opening provided you demonstrate that the...

40 CFR 63.3171 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... of electrodeposition bake oven emissions. You must show that the electrodeposition bake oven meets... of the exhaust gases from the bake oven to an add-on control device. For purposes of this showing, an electrodeposition bake oven air seal is not considered a natural draft opening provided you demonstrate that the...

40 CFR 63.3171 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of electrodeposition bake oven emissions. You must show that the electrodeposition bake oven meets... of the exhaust gases from the bake oven to an add-on control device. For purposes of this showing, an electrodeposition bake oven air seal is not considered a natural draft opening provided you demonstrate that the...

40 CFR 63.3171 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... of electrodeposition bake oven emissions. You must show that the electrodeposition bake oven meets... of the exhaust gases from the bake oven to an add-on control device. For purposes of this showing, an electrodeposition bake oven air seal is not considered a natural draft opening provided you demonstrate that the...

40 CFR 63.3176 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... automobiles or light-duty trucks, including coating facilities and processes. Bake oven air seal means an entry or entry vestibule to or an exit or exit vestibule from a bake oven which isolates the bake oven... exit or exit vestibule) the bake oven. No significant VOC generating activity takes place in a bake...

40 CFR 63.3171 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... of electrodeposition bake oven emissions. You must show that the electrodeposition bake oven meets... of the exhaust gases from the bake oven to an add-on control device. For purposes of this showing, an electrodeposition bake oven air seal is not considered a natural draft opening provided you demonstrate that the...

16 CFR 255.1 - General considerations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... an uncooked chicken in the oven roasting bag and places the bag in one oven. He then takes a chicken roasting bag from a second oven, removes from the bag what appears to be a perfectly cooked chicken, tastes... conduct. Example 4: A well-known celebrity appears in an infomercial for an oven roasting bag that...

40 CFR 63.305 - Alternative standards for coke oven doors equipped with sheds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.305 Alternative standards for coke oven doors equipped with sheds. (a) The owner or operator of a new or existing coke oven battery... the efficiency of the control device for removal of particulate matter by conducting measurements at...

40 CFR 63.305 - Alternative standards for coke oven doors equipped with sheds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.305 Alternative standards for coke oven doors equipped with sheds. (a) The owner or operator of a new or existing coke oven battery... the efficiency of the control device for removal of particulate matter by conducting measurements at...

40 CFR 63.305 - Alternative standards for coke oven doors equipped with sheds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.305 Alternative standards for coke oven doors equipped with sheds. (a) The owner or operator of a new or existing coke oven battery... the efficiency of the control device for removal of particulate matter by conducting measurements at...

40 CFR 63.305 - Alternative standards for coke oven doors equipped with sheds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.305 Alternative standards for coke oven doors equipped with sheds. (a) The owner or operator of a new or existing coke oven battery... the efficiency of the control device for removal of particulate matter by conducting measurements at...

40 CFR 63.305 - Alternative standards for coke oven doors equipped with sheds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.305 Alternative standards for coke oven doors equipped with sheds. (a) The owner or operator of a new or existing coke oven battery... the efficiency of the control device for removal of particulate matter by conducting measurements at...

Sterilization of instruments in solar ovens.

PubMed

Jørgensen, A F; Nøhr, K; Boisen, F; Nøhr, J

2002-01-01

The sterilization of instruments in rural health clinics in less developed countries is an increasing problem as chemical methods can no longer be recommended and fuel wood is becoming increasingly scarce. It seems obvious, therefore, to utilize solar energy for sterilization purposes. A solar oven was designed and manufactured using local materials and simple tools. It was tested by physical, chemical and microbiological methods and, after successful testing, installed in a rural clinic. The oven was able to generate temperatures above 180 degrees C. On days with direct sunlight the oven fulfilled the international recommendations for hot air sterilization. The chemical indicators, Browne's tubes type 3 and 5, also changed colour. It was difficult to reach the right value for the sterilization effect during months with a low sun position. A moveable oven, or two ovens, must be installed to solve this problem. The solar oven has proven to be a realistic method for the sterilization of instruments. The solar oven is easy to make and use. It saves fuel and can be used in most tropical areas.

Combination microwave ovens: an innovative design strategy.

PubMed

Tinga, Wayne R; Eke, Ken

2012-01-01

Reducing the sensitivity of microwave oven heating and cooking performance to load volume, load placement and load properties has been a long-standing challenge for microwave and microwave-convection oven designers. Conventional design problem and solution methods are reviewed to provide greater insight into the challenge and optimum operation of a microwave oven after which a new strategy is introduced. In this methodology, a special load isolating and energy modulating device called a transducer-exciter is used containing an iris, a launch box, a phase, amplitude and frequency modulator and a coupling plate designed to provide spatially distributed coupling to the oven. This system, when applied to a combined microwave-convection oven, gives astounding performance improvements to all kinds of baked and roasted foods including sensitive items such as cakes and pastries, with the only compromise being a reasonable reduction in the maximum available microwave power. Large and small metal utensils can be used in the oven with minimal or no performance penalty on energy uniformity and cooking results. Cooking times are greatly reduced from those in conventional ovens while maintaining excellent cooking performance.

Optimization of formulation of soy-cakes baked in infrared-microwave combination oven by response surface methodology.

PubMed

Şakıyan, Özge

2015-05-01

The aim of present work is to optimize the formulation of a functional cake (soy-cake) to be baked in infrared-microwave combination oven. For this optimization process response surface methodology was utilized. It was also aimed to optimize the processing conditions of the combination baking. The independent variables were the baking time (8, 9, 10 min), the soy flour concentration (30, 40, 50 %) and the DATEM (diacetyltartaric acid esters of monoglycerides) concentration (0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 %). The quality parameters that were examined in the study were specific volume, weight loss, total color change and firmness of the cake samples. The results were analyzed by multiple regression; and the significant linear, quadratic, and interaction terms were used in the second order mathematical model. The optimum baking time, soy-flour concentration and DATEM concentration were found as 9.5 min, 30 and 0.72 %, respectively. The corresponding responses of the optimum points were almost comparable with those of conventionally baked soy-cakes. So it may be declared that it is possible to produce high quality soy cakes in a very short time by using infrared-microwave combination oven.

Space shuttle/food system study. Volume 2: Supporting appendices, oven study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

Calculations and data regarding the development of a galley oven for use in the space shuttle are presented. Heat flow, heat transfer, and food heating characteristics are given for various oven designs. A design approach to guarantee structural reliability is also presented, in which the oven closure, door, and basic mounting points are considered.

40 CFR 63.3165 - How do I determine the emission capture system efficiency?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., a bake oven air seal is not considered a natural draft opening in a PTE or a temporary total enclosure provided you demonstrate that the direction of air movement across the interface between the bake oven air seal and the bake oven is into the bake oven. You may use lightweight strips of fabric or...

40 CFR 63.3165 - How do I determine the emission capture system efficiency?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., a bake oven air seal is not considered a natural draft opening in a PTE or a temporary total enclosure provided you demonstrate that the direction of air movement across the interface between the bake oven air seal and the bake oven is into the bake oven. You may use lightweight strips of fabric or...

Effectiveness of modified 1-hour air-oven moisture methods for determining popcorn moisture

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Two of the most commonly used approved grain moisture air-oven reference methods are the air oven method ASAE S352.2, which requires long heating time (72-h) for unground samples, and the AACC 44-15.02 air-oven method, which dries a ground sample for 1 hr, but there is specific moisture measurement ...

40 CFR 63.7351 - Who implements and enforces this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-product coke oven battery with vertical flues, fugitive pushing emissions in § 63.7292(a) for a by-product... coke oven battery, soaking for a by-product coke oven battery in § 63.7294(a), and quenching for a coke... for a by-product coke oven battery under § 63.6(h)(9). (3) Approval of major alternatives to test...

Skin exposure: Assessing the hazard in the workplace

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cummins, Kevin

1994-01-01

An outline of the Occupational Safety and Health Agency's concerns of skin exposure to hazardous chemicals is presented, followed by the corresponding slide narrations. Specifically, dermatitis and skin absorption as compared to lung absorption are addressed. Lung versus skin exposure is examined for glycol ethers and acrylamide. Examples of skin exposure include PBC's in transformers, toluene and xylene from autobody work, polynuclear aromatics (PNA's) among Coke oven workers, toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and occupational chemical exposures in an academic medical center. Permeation through gloves in the semiconductor industry is addressed as evidence for the need to assess the effectiveness of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment). This leads to the revisions of the PPE standard and the Safety and Health Program standard.

KSC-08pd1966

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-14

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the tile shop at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, a worker places a Boeing Replacement Insulation 18, or BRI-18, tile in the oven. The tile will be baked at 2,200 degrees Fahrenheit to cure the ceramic coating, part of the process to prepare the tiles for installation on space shuttles. BRI-18 is the strongest material used for thermal insulation on the orbiters and, when coated to produce toughened unipiece fibrous insulation, provides a tile with extremely high-impact resistance. It is replacing other tiles on areas of the vehicle where impact risk is high, such as the landing gear doors, the wing leading edge and the external tank doors. Photo credit: NASA/Jim Grossmann

Radiation and health*

PubMed Central

Lindell, B.

1987-01-01

Radiation has been a source of fascination and concern ever since Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen discovered X-rays on 8 November 1895. Over the years, health workers as well as the public have been concerned about medical uses of X-rays, the presence of radon in buildings, radioactive waste from nuclear power stations, fallout from nuclear test explosions, radioactive consumer products, microwave ovens, and many other sources of radiation. Most recently, the tragic accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station in the USSR, and the subsequent contamination over most of Europe, has again wakened interest and concern and also reminded us about a number of misconceptions about radiation. This article describes the essentials about radiation (especially ionizing radiation) and its health effects. PMID:3496982

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart L of... - Operating Coke Oven Batteries as of April 1, 1992

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Operating Coke Oven Batteries as of... SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries Pt. 63, Subpt. L, App. A Appendix A to Subpart L of Part 63—Operating Coke Oven Batteries as of April 1, 1992 No. Plant Battery 1 ABC...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart L of... - Operating Coke Oven Batteries as of April 1, 1992

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Operating Coke Oven Batteries as of... SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries Pt. 63, Subpt. L, App. A Appendix A to Subpart L of Part 63—Operating Coke Oven Batteries as of April 1, 1992 No. Plant Battery 1 ABC...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart L of... - Operating Coke Oven Batteries as of April 1, 1992

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Operating Coke Oven Batteries as of... SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries Pt. 63, Subpt. L, App. A Appendix A to Subpart L of Part 63—Operating Coke Oven Batteries as of April 1, 1992 No. Plant Battery 1 ABC...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart L of... - Operating Coke Oven Batteries as of April 1, 1992

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Operating Coke Oven Batteries as of... SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries Pt. 63, Subpt. L, App. A Appendix A to Subpart L of Part 63—Operating Coke Oven Batteries as of April 1, 1992 No. Plant Battery 1 ABC...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart L of... - Operating Coke Oven Batteries as of April 1, 1992

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Operating Coke Oven Batteries as of... SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries Pt. 63, Subpt. L, App. A Appendix A to Subpart L of Part 63—Operating Coke Oven Batteries as of April 1, 1992 No. Plant Battery 1 ABC...

EXTERIOR VIEW, BEE HIVE COKE OVEN DOOR. Pratt Coal ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

EXTERIOR VIEW, BEE HIVE COKE OVEN DOOR. - Pratt Coal & Coke Company, Pratt Mines, Coke Ovens & Railroad, Bounded by First Street, Avenue G, Third Place, Birmingham Southern Railroad, Birmingham, Jefferson County, AL

40 CFR 63.5875 - How do I determine the capture efficiency of the enclosure on my wet-out area and the capture...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... efficiency of the enclosure on my wet-out area and the capture efficiency of my oven(s) for continuous... efficiency of the enclosure on my wet-out area and the capture efficiency of my oven(s) for continuous lamination/casting operations? (a) The capture efficiency of a wet-out area enclosure is assumed to be 100...

Building a Low Cost Solar Oven: An Opportunity to Teach Thermodynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nogueira, Ana

2014-03-01

We suggested building a solar oven using cardboard boxes, glass wool and metal plate as part of a school project permeated by the discussion of physical concepts. The main topics addressed are from the heat and thermodynamics areas, and for these themes we followed the standard books used in high school. We can work in a practical manner with the thermometer, along with the concept of temperature, measuring the temperature of the oven when cooking. To discuss how the oven works, we introduce the concept of heat as an energy flow of a body with a higher temperature to one with lower temperature. Threads as heat capacity and specific heat of a substance are introduced, also discussing the use of glass wool, which function is to prevent heat exchange from the oven's interior with the environment. It is possible to demonstrate the three forms of heat transfer using the solar oven, and how the greenhouse effect is harnessed. One can discuss topics such as electromagnetic radiation, black-body radiation and the Stefan-Boltzmann law. We surveyed the response curve of our oven and an estimate of its total solar energy absorption efficiency. The development of this project allows a good understanding of the operation principles of a solar oven. UNIMONTES.

In vitro starch digestibility and expected glycemic index of pound cakes baked in two-cycle microwave-toaster and conventional oven.

PubMed

García-zaragoza, Francisco J; Sánchez-Pardo, María E; Ortiz-Moreno, Alicia; Bello-Pérez, Luis A

2010-11-01

Bread baking technology has an important effect on starch digestibility measured as its predicted glycemic index tested in vitro. The aim of this work was to evaluate the changes in predicted glycemic index of pound cake baked in a two-cycle microwave toaster and a conventional oven. The glycemic index was calculated from hydrolysis index values by the Granfeldt method. Non-significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in hydrolysis index (60.67 ± 3.96 for the product baked in microwave oven and 65.94 ± 4.09 for the product baked in conventional oven) and predicted glycemic index content (60.5 for product baked in microwave oven and 65 for the product baked in conventional oven) in freshly-baked samples. Results clearly demonstrate that the baking pound cake conventional process could be replicated using a two-cycle multifunction microwave oven, reducing the traditional baking time. Further research is required in order to achieve pound cake crumb uniformity.

25. DETAIL OF INSCRIPTION ON BAKE OVEN WHICH READS: PREMIUM ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

25. DETAIL OF INSCRIPTION ON BAKE OVEN WHICH READS: PREMIUM PATENT BAKE OVEN ROASTER BY ALFRED H. REIP NO. 337 BALT. STREET BALTIMORE - Hazelwood, 18611 Queen Anne Road, Upper Marlboro, Prince George's County, MD

65. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE LIMENITROGEN (CALCIUM CYANAMIDE) OVEN BUILDING, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

65. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE LIME-NITROGEN (CALCIUM CYANAMIDE) OVEN BUILDING, LOOKING AT 2 BANKS OF OVENS. MARCH 2, 1919. - United States Nitrate Plant No. 2, Reservation Road, Muscle Shoals, Muscle Shoals, Colbert County, AL

5 Tips for Using Your Microwave Oven Safely

MedlinePlus

... not being emitted in this situation.” How to Report Problems In the FDA’s experience, most microwave ovens ... FDA’s page on microwave ovens .) You also can report any suspected radiation-related problems or injuries directly ...

Multiphoton laser ionization for energy conversion in barium vapor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Makdisi, Y.; Kokaj, J.; Afrousheh, K.; Mathew, J.; Nair, R.; Pichler, G.

2013-03-01

We have studied the ion detection of barium atoms in special heated ovens with a tungsten rod in the middle of the stainless steel tube. The tungsten rod was heated indirectly by the oven body heaters. A bias voltage between the cell body and the tungsten rod of 9 V was used to collect electrons, after the barium ions had been created. However, we could collect the electrons even without the bias voltage, although with ten times less efficiency. We studied the conditions for the successful bias-less thermionic signal detection using excimer/dye laser two-photon excitation of Rydberg states below and above the first ionization limit (two-photon wavelength at 475.79 nm). We employed a hot-pipe oven and heat-pipe oven (with inserted mesh) in order to generate different barium vapor distributions inside the oven. The thermionic signal increased by a factor of two under heat-pipe oven conditions.

Blanching, salting and sun drying of different pumpkin fruit slices.

PubMed

Workneh, T S; Zinash, A; Woldetsadik, K

2014-11-01

The study was aimed at assessing the quality of pumpkin (Cucuribita Spp.) slices that were subjected to pre-drying treatments and drying using two drying methods (uncontrolled sun and oven) fruit accessions. Pre-drying had significant (P ≤ 0.05) effect on the quality of dried pumpkin slices. 10 % salt solution dipped pumpkin fruit slices had good chemical quality. The two-way interaction between drying methods and pre-drying treatments had significant (P ≤ 0.05) effect on chemical qualities. Pumpkin subjected to salt solution dipping treatment and oven dried had higher chemical concentrations. Among the pumpkin fruit accessions, pumpkin accession 8007 had the superior TSS, total sugar and sugar to acid ratio after drying. Among the three pre-drying treatment, salt solution dipping treatment had significant (P ≤ 0.05) effect and the most efficient pre-drying treatment to retain the quality of dried pumpkin fruits without significant chemical quality deterioration. Salt dipping treatment combined with low temperature (60 °C) oven air circulation drying is recommended to maintain quality of dried pumpkin slices. However, since direct sun drying needs extended drying time due to fluctuation in temperature, it is recommended to develop or select best successful solar dryer for use in combination with pre-drying salt dipping or blanching treatments.

Production against static electricity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shteiner, A.L.; Minaev, G.S.; Shatkov, O.P.

1978-01-01

Coke industry shops process electrifiable, highly inflammable and explosive substances (benzene, toluene, xylenes, sulfur, coal dust, and coke-oven gas). The electrification of those materials creates a danger of buildup of static electricity charges in them and on the surface of objects interacting with them, followed by an electrical discharge which may cause explosion, fire, or disruption of the technological process. Some of the regulations for protection against static electricity do not reflect modern methods of static electricity control. The regulations are not always observed by workers in the plant services. The main means of protection used to remove static electricitymore » charges in grounding. In many cases it completely drains the charge from the surface of the electrifiable bodies. However, in the processing of compounds with a high specific volumetric electrical resistence grounding is insufficient, since it does not drain the charge from the interior of the substance. Gigh adsorption capacity) are generally met by brown coal low-temperature ompared with predictions using the hourly computer program. The concept of a lumped thermal network for predicting heat losses from in-ground heat storage tanks, developed earlier in the project, has beethe cased-hole log data from various companies and additional comparison factors were calculated for the cased-hole log data. These comparison factors allow for some quantification of these uncalibrated log data.« less

Type and Frequency of Social Interaction among Workers with and without Mental Retardation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ferguson, Brad; And Others

1993-01-01

The social/verbal interactions of six employees with moderate or severe mental retardation and six workers without mental retardation were observed in restaurant settings. Among findings was that interactions between workers with mental retardation and the job coach correlated negatively with the workers' initiation of interactions with co-workers…

Rapid drying soils with microwave ovens.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2002-07-01

Soils are normally dried in either a convection oven or stove. Inspections of field and laboratory moisture content testing indicated that the typical drying durations for a convection oven and stove were, 24 hours and 60 minutes, respectively. The o...

Microwave ovens and food safety: preparation of Not-Ready-to-Eat products in standard and smart ovens.

PubMed

Schiffmann, Robert F

2013-01-01

The introduction of several Not-Ready-to-Eat (NRTE) products, beginning in 2007, has resulted in several recalls and has caused serious concerns about their safe-cooking in microwave ovens. These products are not fully-thermally processed prior to sale but depend upon the consumer to finish cooking them to the safe minimum temperatures, defined by the USDA, in order to destroy any sources of foodborne illnesses. While microwave ovens are a primary means of this finish-cooking step, they are known to cook foods unevenly in terms of temperature distribution, especially from a frozen state, and this may cause parts of the food to be below the required safe-temperature. Hence there are concerns regarding how reliably microwave ovens can provide the minimum required safe temperatures in order to avoid the possibility of foodborne illnesses. To determine this, temperature profiling tests were preformed upon three frozen NRTE entrées, heating them in eight new brand-name 1100-watt and 1200-watt microwave ovens in order to evaluate how well the minimum temperatures were reached throughout the products. By comparison, these same tests were repeated using three "smart" microwave ovens in which internal computer-control makes them user-independent. In addition, a comparison was also made of the microwave output power claimed by the manufacturers of these ovens to that determined using the IEC procedures.

22. VIEW OF A SINGLE BEEHIVE COKE OVEN SHOWING THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

22. VIEW OF A SINGLE BEEHIVE COKE OVEN SHOWING THE INTERIOR STRUCTURE OF THE OVEN. - Tower Hill No. 2 Mine, Approximately 0.47 mile Southwest of intersection of Stone Church Road & Township Route 561, Hibbs, Fayette County, PA

28. CROSS SECTION OF A RECTANGULAR COKE OVEN SHOWING THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

28. CROSS SECTION OF A RECTANGULAR COKE OVEN SHOWING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE OVEN. - Tower Hill No. 2 Mine, Approximately 0.47 mile Southwest of intersection of Stone Church Road & Township Route 561, Hibbs, Fayette County, PA

DETAIL OF BEEHIVE COKE OVEN DOOR, LOOKING NORTH; NOTE FIREBRICK ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

DETAIL OF BEEHIVE COKE OVEN DOOR, LOOKING NORTH; NOTE FIRE-BRICK ARCH AND IRON JAMB AND SILL - Nuttallburg Mine Complex, Coke Ovens, North side of New River, 2.7 miles upstream from Fayette Landing, Lookout, Fayette County, WV

16. 110 SANSOM STREET, OBLIQUE VIEW OF BAKE OVEN IN ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

16. 110 SANSOM STREET, OBLIQUE VIEW OF BAKE OVEN IN CELLAR (Note the double arch in front of the oven. The front arch supported the structural framing.) - James McCrea Houses, 108-110 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

TWO OF THE FORTYSIX EXTANT BEEHIVE COKE OVENS CONSTRUCTED BY ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

TWO OF THE FORTY-SIX EXTANT BEEHIVE COKE OVENS CONSTRUCTED BY JOHN NUTTALL DURING THE EARLY 1870S, LOOKING NORTHWEST - Nuttallburg Mine Complex, Coke Ovens, North side of New River, 2.7 miles upstream from Fayette Landing, Lookout, Fayette County, WV

4. DETAIL VIEW OF OVEN NO. 7 LOOKING NORTH, SHOWING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. DETAIL VIEW OF OVEN NO. 7 LOOKING NORTH, SHOWING REFRACTORY BRICK OF ARCHED OPENING READING 'H-W 8-61 48 ARCH' (HARBISON-WALKER) - Lucernemines Coke Works, Coke Ovens, 0.5 mile East of Lucerne, adjacent, Lucerne Mines, Indiana County, PA

Feasibility study analysis for multi-function dual energy oven (case study: tapioca crackers small medium enterprise)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soraya, N. W.; El Hadi, R. M.; Chumaidiyah, E.; Tripiawan, W.

2017-12-01

Conventional drying process is constrained by weather (cloudy / rainy), and requires wide drying area, and provides low-quality product. Multi-function dual energy oven is the appropriate technology to solve these problems. The oven uses solar thermal or gas heat for drying various type of products, including tapioca crackers. Investment analysis in technical, operational, and financial aspects show that the multi-function dual energy oven is feasible to be implemented for small medium enterprise (SME) processing tapioca crackers.

Microwave Cooking Practices in Minnesota Food Service Establishments.

PubMed

Hedeen, Nicole; Reimann, David; Everstine, Karen

2016-03-01

Uneven cooking due to consumer use of microwave ovens to cook food products that have been prepared but are not ready to eat has been a documented risk factor in several foodborne disease outbreaks. However, the use of microwave ovens in restaurants and other food service establishments has not been well documented. The aim of this study was to describe the types of food service establishments that use microwave ovens, how these ovens are used, types of foods heated or cooked in these ovens, types of microwave ovens used in food service establishments, and the level of compliance with U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines. From 2008 to 2009, the Minnesota Department of Health collected data from a convenience sample of 60 food establishments within the state. Facility types included fast-food restaurants, sit-down restaurants, school food service, nursing homes, hotels and motels, and daycare centers. Food preparation practices were classified as prep-serve, cookserve, or complex. Minnesota environmental health specialists administered a study questionnaire to managers during routine inspections. Establishments included in this study reported using microwave ovens primarily to warm commercial ready-to-eat products (67%) and to warm foods for palatability (50%). No minimum temperatures are required for these processes because these foods do not require pathogen destruction. However, food establishments using complex preparation practices more often reported using microwave ovens for multiple processes and for processes that require pathogen destruction. For establishments that did report microwave oven use for food requiring pathogen destruction, the majority of managers reported following most FDA recommendations for cooking and reheating for hot-holding potentially hazardous foods, but many did not report letting food stand for 2 min after cooking. Additional training on stand time after microwave cooking could be beneficial because of low reporting of this practice among study participants.

Physico-chemical characteristics of microwave-dried wheat distillers grain with solubles.

PubMed

Mosqueda, Maria Rosario P; Tabil, Lope G; Meda, Venkatesh

2013-01-01

Laboratory-prepared samples of wheat distillers grain with solubles with varying condensed distillers solubles (CDS) content were dried under varying microwave power, and microwave convection settings using a domestic microwave oven to examine their effect on the chemical, structural, color, flow, compression, thermal, and frictional properties of the product, which is dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS). As CDS level increased, protein and ash content increased, while fat and fiber content decreased in wheat-based DDGS. Fat content was also markedly effected by the microwave oven drying conditions. While CDS level, microwave power or microwave convection setting, and/or their interactions significantly effected a number of physical properties; results indicated that CDS level had a stronger influence compared to the other factors. DDGS samples with high CDS levels were significantly denser, finer but more differentiated in size, less flowable, and less dispersible. These also produced denser and stronger pellets.

Fertility and semen quality of workers exposed to high temperatures in the ceramics industry.

PubMed

Figà-Talamanca, I; Dell'Orco, V; Pupi, A; Dondero, F; Gandini, L; Lenzi, A; Lombardo, F; Scavalli, P; Mancini, G

1992-01-01

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that chronic occupational exposure to high temperatures may be detrimental to male reproduction. The study was based on 92 healthy ceramics oven operators with a long exposure to high temperatures, and 87 controls, recruited from the shipment department of the same industry. Interviews with all subjects provided data on sociodemographic characteristics, health status, and fertility problems. Semen analysis was carried out on 46 of the workers exposed to high temperatures, and 14 of the controls, and included evaluation of the sperm concentration, morphology, and motility, including computer-assisted sperm motion analysis (velocity, linearity, ALH, BCF). The results of the questionnaire showed that exposed individuals had a higher incidence of childlessness and of self-reported difficulty in conceiving than controls. The semen analysis showed no significant differences except in sperm velocity. Although differences in semen parameters, taken singly, were not statistically significant, the overall evaluation of the sperm parameters indicated a higher prevalence of pathologic sperm profiles among the exposed compared to the controls.

40 CFR 63.301 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Coke... implement the provisions of this subpart or its designated agent). Brownfield coke oven battery means a new coke oven battery that replaces an existing coke oven battery or batteries with no increase in the...

40 CFR 63.301 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Coke... implement the provisions of this subpart or its designated agent). Brownfield coke oven battery means a new coke oven battery that replaces an existing coke oven battery or batteries with no increase in the...

40 CFR 63.301 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Coke... implement the provisions of this subpart or its designated agent). Brownfield coke oven battery means a new coke oven battery that replaces an existing coke oven battery or batteries with no increase in the...

40 CFR 63.301 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Coke... implement the provisions of this subpart or its designated agent). Brownfield coke oven battery means a new coke oven battery that replaces an existing coke oven battery or batteries with no increase in the...

Influence of electrical and hybrid heating on bread quality during baking.

PubMed

Chhanwal, N; Ezhilarasi, P N; Indrani, D; Anandharamakrishnan, C

2015-07-01

Energy efficiency and product quality are the key factors for any food processing industry. The aim of the study was to develop energy and time efficient baking process. The hybrid heating (Infrared + Electrical) oven was designed and fabricated using two infrared lamps and electric heating coils. The developed oven can be operated in serial or combined heating modes. The standardized baking conditions were 18 min at 220°C to produce the bread from hybrid heating oven. Effect of baking with hybrid heating mode (H-1 and H-2, hybrid oven) on the quality characteristics of bread as against conventional heating mode (C-1, pilot scale oven; C-2, hybrid oven) was studied. The results showed that breads baked in hybrid heating mode (H-2) had higher moisture content (28.87%), higher volume (670 cm(3)), lower crumb firmness value (374.6 g), and overall quality score (67.0) comparable to conventional baking process (68.5). Moreover, bread baked in hybrid heating mode showed 28% reduction in baking time.

KSC-08pd1967

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-14

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the tile shop at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, a worker reaches for the door to close the oven with the Boeing Replacement Insulation 18, or BRI-18, tile inside. The tile will be baked at 2,200 degrees Fahrenheit to cure the ceramic coating, part of the process to prepare the tiles for installation on space shuttles. BRI-18 is the strongest material used for thermal insulation on the orbiters and, when coated to produce toughened unipiece fibrous insulation, provides a tile with extremely high-impact resistance. It is replacing other tiles on areas of the vehicle where impact risk is high, such as the landing gear doors, the wing leading edge and the external tank doors. Photo credit: NASA/Jim Grossmann

KSC-08pd1965

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-07-14

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the tile shop at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, a worker is ready to place a Boeing Replacement Insulation 18, or BRI-18, tile in the oven. The tile will be baked at 2,200 degrees Fahrenheit to cure the ceramic coating, part of the process to prepare the tiles for installation on space shuttles. BRI-18 is the strongest material used for thermal insulation on the orbiters and, when coated to produce toughened unipiece fibrous insulation, provides a tile with extremely high-impact resistance. It is replacing other tiles on areas of the vehicle where impact risk is high, such as the landing gear doors, the wing leading edge and the external tank doors. Photo credit: NASA/Jim Grossmann

Bad Food and Good Physics: The Development of Domestic Microwave Cookery

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Parker, Kerry; Vollmer, Michael

2004-01-01

This article forms the second of two papers on the subject of microwave cookers. In the first paper Michael Vollmer describes the physics behind the production of microwaves in the magnetron of the oven, the waveguide and the interaction between the microwaves and the food. This article looks at the physics of cooking, and how the appliance and…

27. VIEW LOOKING THROUGH A RECTANGULAR COKE OVEN. NOTE THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

27. VIEW LOOKING THROUGH A RECTANGULAR COKE OVEN. NOTE THE USE OF BOTH BRICK AND STONE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE OVEN. - Tower Hill No. 2 Mine, Approximately 0.47 mile Southwest of intersection of Stone Church Road & Township Route 561, Hibbs, Fayette County, PA

75 FR 42579 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test Procedure for Microwave Ovens; Repeal of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-22

... the usable baking space. If there is a selector switch for selecting the mode of operation of the oven, set it for normal baking. If an oven permits baking by either forced convection by using a fan, or...

21. VIEW OF A SINGLE BEEHIVE COKE OVEN. THE USE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

21. VIEW OF A SINGLE BEEHIVE COKE OVEN. THE USE OF BRICK AND STONE TO FACE THE OVEN WAS A TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE. - Tower Hill No. 2 Mine, Approximately 0.47 mile Southwest of intersection of Stone Church Road & Township Route 561, Hibbs, Fayette County, PA

40 CFR 63.313 - Implementation and enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.313 Implementation and enforcement. (a) This subpart can be... shall notify the coke oven battery owner or operator that inspections and performance tests shall be... Administrator shall give the coke oven battery owner or operator at least 15 days notice that implementation...

40 CFR 63.7330 - What are my monitoring requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and... each baghouse applied to pushing emissions from a coke oven battery, you must at all times monitor the...(i). (e) For each by-product coke oven battery, you must monitor at all times the opacity of...

40 CFR 63.309 - Performance tests and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.309 Performance tests and procedures. (a) Except as otherwise... coke oven battery, the results of which shall be used in accordance with procedures specified in this subpart to determine compliance with each of the applicable visible emission limitations for coke oven...

40 CFR 63.312 - Existing regulations and requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.312 Existing regulations and requirements. (a) The..., topside port lids, coke oven doors, and charging operations in effect on September 15, 1992, or which have... method of monitoring in effect on September 15, 1992, and that ensures coke oven emission reductions...

40 CFR 63.312 - Existing regulations and requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.312 Existing regulations and requirements. (a) The..., topside port lids, coke oven doors, and charging operations in effect on September 15, 1992, or which have... method of monitoring in effect on September 15, 1992, and that ensures coke oven emission reductions...

40 CFR 63.309 - Performance tests and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.309 Performance tests and procedures. (a) Except as otherwise... coke oven battery, the results of which shall be used in accordance with procedures specified in this subpart to determine compliance with each of the applicable visible emission limitations for coke oven...

40 CFR 63.306 - Work practice standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.306 Work practice standards. (a) Work practice plan. On or before... plan for each coke oven battery. The plan shall be designed to achieve compliance with visible emission limitations for coke oven doors, topside port lids, offtake systems, and charging operations under this...

40 CFR 63.313 - Implementation and enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.313 Implementation and enforcement. (a) This subpart can be... shall notify the coke oven battery owner or operator that inspections and performance tests shall be... Administrator shall give the coke oven battery owner or operator at least 15 days notice that implementation...

40 CFR 63.313 - Implementation and enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.313 Implementation and enforcement. (a) This subpart can be... shall notify the coke oven battery owner or operator that inspections and performance tests shall be... Administrator shall give the coke oven battery owner or operator at least 15 days notice that implementation...

40 CFR 63.312 - Existing regulations and requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.312 Existing regulations and requirements. (a) The..., topside port lids, coke oven doors, and charging operations in effect on September 15, 1992, or which have... method of monitoring in effect on September 15, 1992, and that ensures coke oven emission reductions...

40 CFR 63.312 - Existing regulations and requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.312 Existing regulations and requirements. (a) The..., topside port lids, coke oven doors, and charging operations in effect on September 15, 1992, or which have... method of monitoring in effect on September 15, 1992, and that ensures coke oven emission reductions...

40 CFR 63.306 - Work practice standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.306 Work practice standards. (a) Work practice plan. On or before... plan for each coke oven battery. The plan shall be designed to achieve compliance with visible emission limitations for coke oven doors, topside port lids, offtake systems, and charging operations under this...

40 CFR 63.310 - Requirements for startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.310 Requirements for startups, shutdowns... or operator shall operate and maintain the coke oven battery and its pollution control equipment... operator of a coke oven battery shall develop, according to paragraph (c) of this section, a written...

40 CFR 63.306 - Work practice standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.306 Work practice standards. (a) Work practice plan. On or before... plan for each coke oven battery. The plan shall be designed to achieve compliance with visible emission limitations for coke oven doors, topside port lids, offtake systems, and charging operations under this...

40 CFR 63.306 - Work practice standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.306 Work practice standards. (a) Work practice plan. On or before... plan for each coke oven battery. The plan shall be designed to achieve compliance with visible emission limitations for coke oven doors, topside port lids, offtake systems, and charging operations under this...

40 CFR 63.309 - Performance tests and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.309 Performance tests and procedures. (a) Except as otherwise... coke oven battery, the results of which shall be used in accordance with procedures specified in this subpart to determine compliance with each of the applicable visible emission limitations for coke oven...

40 CFR 63.7330 - What are my monitoring requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and... each baghouse applied to pushing emissions from a coke oven battery, you must at all times monitor the...(i). (e) For each by-product coke oven battery, you must monitor at all times the opacity of...

40 CFR 63.313 - Implementation and enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.313 Implementation and enforcement. (a) This subpart can be... shall notify the coke oven battery owner or operator that inspections and performance tests shall be... Administrator shall give the coke oven battery owner or operator at least 15 days notice that implementation...

40 CFR 63.312 - Existing regulations and requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.312 Existing regulations and requirements. (a) The..., topside port lids, coke oven doors, and charging operations in effect on September 15, 1992, or which have... method of monitoring in effect on September 15, 1992, and that ensures coke oven emission reductions...

40 CFR 63.7330 - What are my monitoring requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and... each baghouse applied to pushing emissions from a coke oven battery, you must at all times monitor the...(i). (e) For each by-product coke oven battery, you must monitor at all times the opacity of...

40 CFR 63.309 - Performance tests and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.309 Performance tests and procedures. (a) Except as otherwise... coke oven battery, the results of which shall be used in accordance with procedures specified in this subpart to determine compliance with each of the applicable visible emission limitations for coke oven...

40 CFR 63.7330 - What are my monitoring requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... baghouse applied to pushing emissions from a coke oven battery, you must at all times monitor the relative...(i). (e) For each by-product coke oven battery, you must monitor at all times the opacity of...

40 CFR 63.313 - Implementation and enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.313 Implementation and enforcement. (a) This subpart can be... shall notify the coke oven battery owner or operator that inspections and performance tests shall be... Administrator shall give the coke oven battery owner or operator at least 15 days notice that implementation...

40 CFR 63.309 - Performance tests and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.309 Performance tests and procedures. (a) Except as otherwise... coke oven battery, the results of which shall be used in accordance with procedures specified in this subpart to determine compliance with each of the applicable visible emission limitations for coke oven...

76 FR 65631 - Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Microwave Ovens

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-24

... Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Microwave Ovens AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable... (DOE) has initiated a test procedure rulemaking to develop active mode testing methodologies for... Federal Register a final rule for the microwave oven test procedure rulemaking (July TP repeal final rule...

78 FR 4015 - Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Microwave Ovens

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-18

... Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Microwave Ovens AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable... Energy (DOE) issued a supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking (SNOPR) to amend the test procedures for microwave ovens. That SNOPR proposed amendments to the DOE test procedure to incorporate provisions from the...

Physics of the Microwave Oven

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vollmer, Michael

2004-01-01

This is the first of two articles about the physics of microwave ovens. This article deals with the generation of microwaves in the oven and includes the operation of the magnetrons, waveguides and standing waves in resonant cavities. It then considers the absorption of microwaves by foods, discussing the dielectric relaxation of water,…

76 FR 27610 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Maryland; Adoption of Control...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-12

..., freezers, water heaters, dishwashers, trash compactors, air conditioners, ovens, microwave ovens, and other... appliance product. A large appliance product is also defined as any organic surface-coated metal range, oven, microwave, refrigerator, freezer, washer, dryer, dishwasher, water heater, or trash compactor manufactured...

Modification of a Microwave Oven for Laboratory Use.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Andrews, Judith; Atkinson, George F.

1984-01-01

Discusses use of a domestic microwave oven for drying analytical samples with time savings compared to conventional ovens, providing a solution to the problem of loss of load as samples dry. Presents a system for examining emitted gases from drying process and reports results of several test dryings. (JM)

40 CFR 86.317-79 - Hydrocarbon analyzer specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... flame ionization detector (HFID) analyzer. (b) Option. A non-heated flame ionization detector (FID) that... temperature oven housing the detector and sample-handling components. It shall maintain temperature with 2 °C of the set point. The detector, oven, and sample-handling components within the oven shall be...

40 CFR 86.317-79 - Hydrocarbon analyzer specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... flame ionization detector (HFID) analyzer. (b) Option. A non-heated flame ionization detector (FID) that... temperature oven housing the detector and sample-handling components. It shall maintain temperature with 2 °C of the set point. The detector, oven, and sample-handling components within the oven shall be...

40 CFR 86.317-79 - Hydrocarbon analyzer specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... flame ionization detector (HFID) analyzer. (b) Option. A non-heated flame ionization detector (FID) that... temperature oven housing the detector and sample-handling components. It shall maintain temperature with 2 °C of the set point. The detector, oven, and sample-handling components within the oven shall be...

40 CFR 86.317-79 - Hydrocarbon analyzer specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... flame ionization detector (HFID) analyzer. (b) Option. A non-heated flame ionization detector (FID) that... temperature oven housing the detector and sample-handling components. It shall maintain temperature with 2 °C of the set point. The detector, oven, and sample-handling components within the oven shall be...

More Experiments with Microwave Ovens

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vollmer, Michael; Mollmann, Klaus-Peter; Karstadt, Detlef

2004-01-01

Microwave ovens can be used to perform exciting demonstrations that illustrate a variety of physics topics. Experiments discussed here show superheating, visualize the inhomogeneous heating that takes place in a microwave and also show how to use a mobile phone to detect radiation leaking from the oven. Finally eggs can give some spectacular…

75 FR 8963 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Comment Request; Reporting and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-26

... Annual Report'' FDA Form 3642 ``General Correspondence'' FDA Form 3643 ``Microwave Oven Products Annual... Television Products'' FDA Form 3660 ``Guidance for Preparing Reports on Radiation Safety of Microwave Ovens... ``Abbreviated Reports on Radiation Safety for Microwave Products (Other than Microwave Ovens)'' The most likely...

Eating on Demand

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1998-01-01

Under subcontract to McDonnell-Douglas Corporation, Enersyst Development Center developed air impingement technology through oven designs for NASA's Space Station Freedom. Jets of hot air at the top and bottom of the oven are focused on the food, rather than heating the oven cavity as in a traditional thermal oven. By heating the food directly, foods cook faster and more consistently, retaining flavor and texture. Several companies have licensed this technology, including KRh Thermal Systems, which has introduced a line of Hot Choice vending machines. Enersyst has also licensed the first home application to Thermador.

Calibration and standardization of microwave ovens for fixation of brain and peripheral nerve tissue.

PubMed

Login, G R; Leonard, J B; Dvorak, A M

1998-06-01

Rapid and reproducible fixation of brain and peripheral nerve tissue for light and electron microscopy studies can be done in a microwave oven. In this review we report a standardized nomenclature for diverse fixation techniques that use microwave heating: (1) microwave stabilization, (2) fast and ultrafast primary microwave-chemical fixation, (3) microwave irradiation followed by chemical fixation, (4) primary chemical fixation followed by microwave irradiation, and (5) microwave fixation used in various combinations with freeze fixation. All of these methods are well suited to fix brain tissue for light microscopy. Fast primary microwave-chemical fixation is best for immunoelectron microscopy studies. We also review how the physical characteristics of the microwave frequency and the dimensions of microwave oven cavities can compromise microwave fixation results. A microwave oven can be calibrated for fixation when the following parameters are standardized: irradiation time; water load volume, initial temperature, and placement within the oven; fixative composition, volume, and initial temperature; and specimen container shape and placement within the oven. Using two recently developed calibration tools, the neon bulb array and the agar-saline-Giemsa tissue phantom, we report a simple calibration protocol that identifies regions within a microwave oven for uniform microwave fixation. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

SU-E-T-112: Experimental Characterization of a Novel Thermal Reservoir for Consistent and Accurate Annealing of High-Sensitivity TLDs.

PubMed

Donahue, W; Bongiorni, P; Hearn, R; Rodgers, J; Nath, R; Chen, Z

2012-06-01

To develop and characterize a novel thermal reservoir for consistent and accurate annealing of high-sensitivity thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD-100H) for dosimetry of brachytherapy sources. The sensitivity of TLD-100H is about 18 times that of TLD-100 which has clear advantages in for interstitial brachytherapy sources. However, the TLD-100H requires a short high temperature annealing cycle (15 min.) and opening and closing the oven door causes significant temperature fluctuations leading to unreliable measurements. A new thermal reservoir made of aluminum alloy was developed to provide stable temperature environment in a standard hot air oven. The thermal reservoir consisted of a 20 cm × 20 cm × 8 cm Al block with a machine-milled chamber in the middle to house the aluminum TLD holding tray. The thermal reservoir was placed inside the oven until it reaches thermal equilibrium with oven chamber. The temperatures of the oven chamber, heat reservoir, and TLD holding tray were monitored by two independent thermo-couples which interfaced digitally to a control computer. A LabView interface was written for monitoring and recording the temperatures in TLD holding tray, the thermal reservoir, and oven chamber. The temperature profiles were measured as a function of oven-door open duration. The settings for oven chamber temperature and oven door open-close duration were optimized to achieve a stable temperature of 240 0C in the TLD holding tray. Complete temperature profiles of the TLD annealing tray over the entire annealing process were obtained. A LabView interface was written for monitoring and recording the temperatures in TLD holding The use of the thermal reservoir has significantly reduced the temperature fluctuations caused by the opening of oven door when inserting the TLD holding tray into the oven chamber. It has enabled consistent annealing of high-sensitivity TLDs. A comprehensive characterization of a custom-built novel thermal reservoir for annealing high-sensitivity TLD has been carried out. It enabled consistent and accurate annealing of high- sensitivity TLDs which could significantly improve the efficiency of brachytherapy source characterizations. Supported in part by NIH grant R01-CA134627. © 2012 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

Examining the spatial and temporal variation of groundwater inflows to a valley-to-floodplain river using 222Rn, geochemistry and river discharge: the Ovens River, southeast Australia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, M. C. L.; Cartwright, I.; Braden, J. L.; de Bree, S. T.

2013-12-01

Radon (222Rn) and major ion geochemistry were used to define and quantify the catchment-scale groundwater-surface water interactions along the Ovens River in the southeast Murray-Darling Basin, Victoria, Australia, between September 2009 and October 2011. The Ovens River is characterized by the transition from a single channel within a mountain valley in the upper catchment to a multi-channel meandering river on flat alluvial plains in the lower catchment. Overall, the Ovens River is dominated by gaining reaches, receiving groundwater from both alluvial and basement aquifers. The distribution of gaining and losing reaches is governed by catchment morphology and lithology. In the upper catchment, rapid groundwater recharge through the permeable aquifers increases the water table. The rising water table, referred to as hydraulic loading, increases the hydraulic head gradient toward the river and hence causes high baseflow to the river during wet (high flow) periods. In the lower catchment, lower rainfall and finer-gained sediments reduce the magnitude and variability of hydraulic gradient between the aquifer and the river, producing lower but more constant groundwater inflows. The water table in the lower reaches has a shallow gradient, and small changes in river height or groundwater level can result in fluctuating gaining and losing behaviour. The middle catchment represents a transition in river-aquifer interactions from the upper to the lower catchment. High baseflow in some parts of the middle and lower catchments is caused by groundwater flowing over basement highs. Mass balance calculations based on 222Rn activities indicate that groundwater inflows are 2 to 17% of total flow with higher inflows occurring during high flow periods. In comparison to 222Rn activities, estimates of groundwater inflows from Cl concentrations are higher by up to 2000% in the upper and middle catchment but lower by 50 to 100% in the lower catchment. The high baseflow estimates using Cl concentrations may be due to the lack of sufficient difference between groundwater and surface water Cl concentrations. Both hydrograph separation and differential flow gauging yield far higher baseflow fluxes than 222Rn activities and Cl concentrations, probably indicating the input of other sources to the river in additional to regional groundwater, such as bank return flows.

40 CFR 63.7351 - Who implements and enforces this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and...-product coke oven battery with vertical flues, fugitive pushing emissions in § 63.7292(a) for a by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues, fugitive pushing emissions in § 63.7293 for a non-recovery...

40 CFR 63.307 - Standards for bypass/bleeder stacks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.307 Standards for bypass/bleeder stacks. (a)(1) Except as otherwise... flow generated by the battery, which shall thereafter be operated and maintained. (2) Coke oven... operator of a brownfield coke oven battery or a padup rebuild shall install such a flare system before...

40 CFR 63.7351 - Who implements and enforces this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and...-product coke oven battery with vertical flues, fugitive pushing emissions in § 63.7292(a) for a by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues, fugitive pushing emissions in § 63.7293 for a non-recovery...

40 CFR 63.7300 - What are my operation and maintenance requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and... operation and maintenance of new or existing by-product coke oven batteries. Each plan must address, at a... emissions from a new or existing coke oven battery. Each plan must address at a minimum the elements in...

40 CFR 63.7351 - Who implements and enforces this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and...-product coke oven battery with vertical flues, fugitive pushing emissions in § 63.7292(a) for a by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues, fugitive pushing emissions in § 63.7293 for a non-recovery...

40 CFR 63.307 - Standards for bypass/bleeder stacks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.307 Standards for bypass/bleeder stacks. (a)(1.... (2) Coke oven emissions shall not be vented to the atmosphere through bypass/bleeder stacks, except.... (3) The owner or operator of a brownfield coke oven battery or a padup rebuild shall install such a...

40 CFR 63.307 - Standards for bypass/bleeder stacks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.307 Standards for bypass/bleeder stacks. (a)(1.... (2) Coke oven emissions shall not be vented to the atmosphere through bypass/bleeder stacks, except.... (3) The owner or operator of a brownfield coke oven battery or a padup rebuild shall install such a...

40 CFR 63.7300 - What are my operation and maintenance requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and... operation and maintenance of new or existing by-product coke oven batteries. Each plan must address, at a... emissions from a new or existing coke oven battery. Each plan must address at a minimum the elements in...

40 CFR 63.7300 - What are my operation and maintenance requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and... operation and maintenance of new or existing by-product coke oven batteries. Each plan must address, at a... emissions from a new or existing coke oven battery. Each plan must address at a minimum the elements in...

40 CFR 63.307 - Standards for bypass/bleeder stacks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.307 Standards for bypass/bleeder stacks. (a)(1) Except as otherwise... flow generated by the battery, which shall thereafter be operated and maintained. (2) Coke oven... operator of a brownfield coke oven battery or a padup rebuild shall install such a flare system before...

40 CFR 63.7294 - What work practice standard must I meet for soaking?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing... standard must I meet for soaking? (a) For each new and existing by-product coke oven battery, you must... from raw coke oven gas leaking from the collecting main through the damper, and emissions that result...

40 CFR 63.7351 - Who implements and enforces this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and...-product coke oven battery with vertical flues, fugitive pushing emissions in § 63.7292(a) for a by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues, fugitive pushing emissions in § 63.7293 for a non-recovery...

40 CFR 63.307 - Standards for bypass/bleeder stacks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.307 Standards for bypass/bleeder stacks. (a)(1.... (2) Coke oven emissions shall not be vented to the atmosphere through bypass/bleeder stacks, except.... (3) The owner or operator of a brownfield coke oven battery or a padup rebuild shall install such a...

40 CFR 63.7300 - What are my operation and maintenance requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and... operation and maintenance of new or existing by-product coke oven batteries. Each plan must address, at a... emissions from a new or existing coke oven battery. Each plan must address at a minimum the elements in...

40 CFR 63.7300 - What are my operation and maintenance requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and... operation and maintenance of new or existing by-product coke oven batteries. Each plan must address, at a... emissions from a new or existing coke oven battery. Each plan must address at a minimum the elements in...

76 FR 72332 - Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedure for Microwave Ovens

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-23

... Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedure for Microwave Ovens AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and.... Department of Energy (DOE) published an interim final rule on March 9, 2011, amending its test procedures for... standby mode and off mode power use by microwave ovens. Those amendments incorporated into the DOE test...

40 CFR 63.3176 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... facility which assembles automobiles or light-duty trucks, including coating facilities and processes. Bake oven air seal means an entry or entry vestibule to or an exit or exit vestibule from a bake oven which isolates the bake oven from the area immediately preceding (for an entry or entry vestibule) or immediately...

40 CFR 63.3176 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... facility which assembles automobiles or light-duty trucks, including coating facilities and processes. Bake oven air seal means an entry or entry vestibule to or an exit or exit vestibule from a bake oven which isolates the bake oven from the area immediately preceding (for an entry or entry vestibule) or immediately...

Portable oven air circulator

DOEpatents

Jorgensen, Jorgen A.; Nygren, Donald W.

1983-01-01

A portable air circulating apparatus for use in cooking ovens which is used to create air currents in the oven which transfer heat to cooking foodstuffs to promote more rapid and more uniform cooking or baking, the apparatus including a motor, fan blade and housing of metallic materials selected from a class of heat resistant materials.

40 CFR 63.3176 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... facility which assembles automobiles or light-duty trucks, including coating facilities and processes. Bake oven air seal means an entry or entry vestibule to or an exit or exit vestibule from a bake oven which isolates the bake oven from the area immediately preceding (for an entry or entry vestibule) or immediately...

21 CFR 1030.10 - Microwave ovens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... interlock on a fully assembled microwave oven shall not be operable by any part of the human body, or any... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Microwave ovens. 1030.10 Section 1030.10 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) RADIOLOGICAL...

21 CFR 1030.10 - Microwave ovens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... interlock on a fully assembled microwave oven shall not be operable by any part of the human body, or any... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Microwave ovens. 1030.10 Section 1030.10 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) RADIOLOGICAL...

Energy Use and Quality of Foods Cooked by Different Appliances.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Odland, Dianne; And Others

1987-01-01

The authors compared energy consumption, cooking time, and quality of five foods cooked using electric range surface units and oven, induction cooktop, electric frypan, microwave oven, and toaster oven. The induction cooktop was among the most energy conserving. For most products, cooking treatment had little impact on quality. (Author/CH)

40 CFR 63.300 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., the provisions of this subpart apply to existing by-product coke oven batteries at a coke plant and to..., 1995, for existing by-product coke oven batteries subject to emission limitations in § 63.302(a)(1) or..., 2003, for existing by-product coke oven batteries subject to emission limitations in § 63.302(a)(2); (3...

40 CFR 63.7352 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... standards; storm water runoff and production area clean up water except for water from the by-product...-product coke oven battery means a group of ovens connected by common walls, where coal undergoes destructive distillation under positive pressure to produce coke and coke oven gas from which by-products are...

Effect of six different cooking techniques in the nutritional composition of two fish species previously selected as optimal for renal patient's diet.

PubMed

Castro-González, Isabel; Maafs-Rodríguez, Ana Gabriela; Pérez-Gil Romo, Fernando

2015-07-01

Benefits of fish consumption are widely known, but there is little information about nutrient values of raw and cooked fish. The aim was to study the impact that six cooking techniques have on the nutritional composition of two fish species with low content of adverse nutrients in renal diet. Raw and steamed, foiled with aluminum, foiled with banana leaf, gas oven-baked, microwave oven-coked and fried lightly samples were chemically analyzed to determine their protein, phosphorus and lipid content. Crevalle jack: all methods increased lipid and protein content and fatty acids (FA) varied in all cooking methods. Phosphorus decreased in the steamed and microwave oven-cooked samples. Red drum: foiled and fried lightly increased lipid content compared to the raw sample. FA concentration changed in all cooking methods. Protein increased with every technique and phosphorus decreased in the steamed and gas oven-baked samples. Renal patients should preferably consume crevalle jack steamed or microwave oven-cooked and red drum steamed or gas oven-baked.

Study of hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural formation in cakes during baking in different ovens, using a validated multiple-stage extraction-based analytical method.

PubMed

Petisca, Catarina; Henriques, Ana Rita; Pérez-Palacios, Trinidad; Pinho, Olívia; Ferreira, Isabel M P L V O

2013-12-15

A procedure for extraction of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural from cakes was validated. Higher yield was achieved by multiple step extraction with water/methanol (70/30) and clarification with Carrez I and II reagents. Oven type and baking time strongly influenced HMF, moisture and volatile profile of model cakes, whereas furfural content was not significantly affected. No correlation was found between these parameters. Baking time influenced moisture and HMF formation in cakes from traditional and microwave ovens but not in steam oven cakes. Significant moisture decrease and HMF increase (3.63, 9.32, and 41.9 mg kg(-1)dw at 20, 40 and 60 min, respectively) were observed during traditional baking. Cakes baked by microwave also presented a significant increase of HMF (up to 16.84 mg kg(-1)dw at 2.5 min). Steam oven cakes possessed the highest moisture content and no significant differences in HMF and furfural. This oven is likely to form low HMF and furfural, maintaining cake moisture and aroma compounds. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Wireless Portable High Temperature Data Monitor for Tunnel Ovens

PubMed Central

Bayón, Ricardo Mayo; González Suárez, Víctor M.; Martín, Felipe Mateos; Lopera Ronda, Juan M.; Álvarez Antón, Juan C.

2014-01-01

Tunnel ovens are widely used in the food industry to produce biscuits and pastries. In order to obtain a high quality product, it is very important to control the heat transferred to each piece of dough during baking. This paper proposes an innovative, non-distorting, low cost wireless temperature measurement system, called “eBiscuit”, which, due to its size, format and location in the metal rack conveyor belt in the oven, is able to measure the temperature a real biscuit experience while baking. The temperature conditions inside the oven are over 200 °C for several minutes, which could damage the “eBiscuit” electronics. This paper compares several thermal insulating materials that can be used in order to avoid exceeding the maximum operational conditions (80 °C) in the interior of the “eBiscuit. The data registered is then transmitted to a base station where information can be processed to obtain an oven model. The experimental results with real tunnel ovens confirm its good performance, which allows detecting production anomalies early on. PMID:25120161

RESOLVE OVEN Field Demonstration Unit for Lunar Resource Extraction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Paz, Aaron; Oryshchyn, Lara; Jensen, Scott; Sanders, Gerald B.; Lee, Kris; Reddington, Mike

2013-01-01

The Oxygen and Volatile Extraction Node (OVEN) is a subsystem within the Regolith & Environment Science and Oxygen & Lunar Volatile Extraction (RESOLVE) project. The purpose of the OVEN subsystem is to release volatiles from lunar regolith and extract oxygen by means of a hydrogen reduction reaction. The complete process includes receiving, weighing, sealing, heating, and disposing of core sample segments while transferring all gaseous contents to the Lunar Advanced Volatile Analysis (LAVA) subsystem. This document will discuss the design and performance of the OVEN Field Demonstration Unit (FDU), which participated in the 2012 RESOLVE field demonstration.

40 CFR 761.72 - Scrap metal recovery ovens and smelters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Scrap metal recovery ovens and..., AND USE PROHIBITIONS Storage and Disposal § 761.72 Scrap metal recovery ovens and smelters. Any person... § 761.60(b), metal surfaces in PCB remediation waste regulated under § 761.61, or metal surfaces in PCB...

78 FR 26251 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Texas; Revisions to Control of Air...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-06

... ovens used in wet-laid non-woven fiber mat manufacturing operations when nitrogen containing resins or other additives are used. These two actions affect NOx sources operating in the Dallas Fort-Worth (DFW... include low-temperature drying ovens and curing ovens used in wet-laid, non-woven fiber mat manufacturing...

40 CFR 63.7328 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the operation and maintenance requirements that...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial Compliance...); (b) You will operate each by-product coke oven battery and each capture system and control device applied to pushing emissions from a coke oven battery according to the procedures in the plans beginning...

40 CFR 63.7328 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the operation and maintenance requirements that...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial...); (b) You will operate each by-product coke oven battery and each capture system and control device applied to pushing emissions from a coke oven battery according to the procedures in the plans beginning...

40 CFR 63.7328 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the operation and maintenance requirements that...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial...); (b) You will operate each by-product coke oven battery and each capture system and control device applied to pushing emissions from a coke oven battery according to the procedures in the plans beginning...

76 FR 52350 - Coke Oven Emissions Standard; Extension of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Approval...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-22

... DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Occupational Safety and Health Administration [Docket No. OSHA-2011-0181] Coke... requirements specified in the Standard on Coke Oven Emissions (29 CFR 1910.1029). DATES: Comments must be... obtaining information (29 U.S.C. 657). The information collection requirements in the Coke Oven Emissions...

40 CFR 63.7327 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the work practice standards that apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial Compliance... me? (a) For each by-product coke oven battery with vertical flues subject to the work practice...-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues subject to the work practice standards for fugitive...

40 CFR 63.7327 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the work practice standards that apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial Compliance... me? (a) For each by-product coke oven battery with vertical flues subject to the work practice...-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues subject to the work practice standards for fugitive...

40 CFR 63.7335 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the operation and maintenance requirements that...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Continuous... maintenance requirements that apply to me? (a) For each by-product coke oven battery, you must demonstrate... each coke oven battery with a capture system or control device applied to pushing emissions, you must...

40 CFR 63.7328 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the operation and maintenance requirements that...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial...); (b) You will operate each by-product coke oven battery and each capture system and control device applied to pushing emissions from a coke oven battery according to the procedures in the plans beginning...

40 CFR 63.7335 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the operation and maintenance requirements that...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Continuous... maintenance requirements that apply to me? (a) For each by-product coke oven battery, you must demonstrate... each coke oven battery with a capture system or control device applied to pushing emissions, you must...

40 CFR 98.172 - GHGs to report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... combustion units include, but are not limited to, by-product recovery coke oven battery combustion stacks... flares that burn blast furnace gas or coke oven gas according to the procedures in § 98.253(b)(1) of...)(B) and § 98.253(b)(1)(iii)(C), you must use the default CO2 emission factors for coke oven gas and...

40 CFR 63.7327 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the work practice standards that apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial Compliance... me? (a) For each by-product coke oven battery with vertical flues subject to the work practice...-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues subject to the work practice standards for fugitive...

40 CFR 63.7328 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the operation and maintenance requirements that...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial...); (b) You will operate each by-product coke oven battery and each capture system and control device applied to pushing emissions from a coke oven battery according to the procedures in the plans beginning...

40 CFR 63.7335 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the operation and maintenance requirements that...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Continuous... maintenance requirements that apply to me? (a) For each by-product coke oven battery, you must demonstrate... each coke oven battery with a capture system or control device applied to pushing emissions, you must...

40 CFR 63.7335 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the operation and maintenance requirements that...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Continuous... maintenance requirements that apply to me? (a) For each by-product coke oven battery, you must demonstrate... each coke oven battery with a capture system or control device applied to pushing emissions, you must...

40 CFR 63.7327 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the work practice standards that apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial Compliance... me? (a) For each by-product coke oven battery with vertical flues subject to the work practice...-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues subject to the work practice standards for fugitive...

40 CFR 98.172 - GHGs to report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... combustion units include, but are not limited to, by-product recovery coke oven battery combustion stacks... flares that burn blast furnace gas or coke oven gas according to the procedures in § 98.253(b)(1) of...)(B) and § 98.253(b)(1)(iii)(C), you must use the default CO2 emission factors for coke oven gas and...

40 CFR 98.172 - GHGs to report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... combustion units include, but are not limited to, by-product recovery coke oven battery combustion stacks... except you must use the default CO2 emission factors for coke oven gas and blast furnace gas from Table C... flares according to the requirements in § 98.33(c)(2) using the emission factors for coke oven gas and...

40 CFR 98.172 - GHGs to report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... combustion units include, but are not limited to, by-product recovery coke oven battery combustion stacks... flares that burn blast furnace gas or coke oven gas according to the procedures in § 98.253(b)(1) of...)(B) and § 98.253(b)(1)(iii)(C), you must use the default CO2 emission factors for coke oven gas and...

40 CFR 98.172 - GHGs to report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... combustion units include, but are not limited to, by-product recovery coke oven battery combustion stacks... flares that burn blast furnace gas or coke oven gas according to the procedures in § 98.253(b)(1) of...)(B) and § 98.253(b)(1)(iii)(C), you must use the default CO2 emission factors for coke oven gas and...

40 CFR 63.7335 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the operation and maintenance requirements that...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Continuous... maintenance requirements that apply to me? (a) For each by-product coke oven battery, you must demonstrate... each coke oven battery with a capture system or control device applied to pushing emissions, you must...

Whole Genome Expression in Peripheral-Blood Samples of Workers Professionally Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

PubMed Central

Wu, Ming-Tsang; Lee, Tzu-Chi; Su, Hung-Ju; Huang, Jie-Len; Peng, Chiung-Yu; Wang, Weihsin; Chou, Ting-Yu; Lin, Ming-Yen; Lin, Wen-Yi; Huang, Chia-Tsuan; Pan, Chih-Hong; Ho, Chi-Kung

2011-01-01

This study aims to examine global gene expression profiles before and after the work-shift among coke-oven workers (COW). COW work six consecutive days and then take two days off. Two blood and urine samples in each worker were collected before starting to work after two-days off and end-of-shift in the sixth-day work in 2009. Altered gene expressions (ratio of gene expression levels between end-of-shift and pre-shift work) were performed by Human OneArray expression system which probes ∼30,000-transcription expression profiling of human genes. Sixteen workers, all men, were enrolled in this study. Median urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1OHP) levels (μmole/mole creatinine) in end-of-shift work were significantly higher than those in pre-shift work (2.58 vs. 0.29, p = 0.0002). Among the 20,341 genes which passed experimental quality control, 26 gene expression changes, 7 positive and 19 negative, were highly correlated with across-the-shift urinary 1OHP levels (end-of-shift – pre-shift 1OHP) (p-value < 0.001). The high and low exposure groups of across-the-shift urinary 1OHP levels dichotomized in ∼2.00 μmole/mole creatinine were able to be distinguished by these 26 genes. Some of them are known to be involved in apoptosis, chromosome stability/DNA repair, cell cycle control/tumor suppressor, cell adhesion, development/spermatogenesis, immune function, and neuronal cell function. These findings in COW will be an ideal model to study the relationship of PAHs exposure with acute changes of gene expressions. PMID:21854004

[Health risk assessment of coke oven PAHs emissions].

PubMed

Bo, Xin; Wang, Gang; Wen, Rou; Zhao, Chun-Li; Wu, Tie; Li, Shi-Bei

2014-07-01

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produced by coke oven are with strong toxicity and carcinogenicity. Taken typical coke oven of iron and steel enterprises as the case study, the dispersion and migration of 13 kinds of PAHs emitted from coke oven were analyzed using AERMOD dispersion model, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks at the receptors within the modeling domain were evaluated using BREEZE Risk Analyst and the Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol for Hazardous Waste Combustion (HHRAP) was followed, the health risks caused by PAHs emission from coke oven were quantitatively evaluated. The results indicated that attention should be paid to the non-carcinogenic risk of naphthalene emission (the maximum value was 0.97). The carcinogenic risks of each single pollutant were all below 1.0E-06, while the maximum value of total carcinogenic risk was 2.65E-06, which may have some influence on the health of local residents.

Analysis and numerical simulation research of the heating process in the oven

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Yawei; Lei, Dingyou

2016-10-01

How to use the oven to bake delicious food is the most concerned problem of the designers and users of the oven. For this intent, this paper analyzed the heat distribution in the oven based on the basic operation principles and proceeded the data simulation of the temperature distribution on the rack section. Constructing the differential equation model of the temperature distribution changes in the pan when the oven works based on the heat radiation and heat transmission, based on the idea of utilizing cellular automation to simulate heat transfer process, used ANSYS software to proceed the numerical simulation analysis to the rectangular, round-cornered rectangular, elliptical and circular pans and giving out the instantaneous temperature distribution of the corresponding shapes of the pans. The temperature distribution of the rectangular and circular pans proves that the product gets overcooked easily at the corners and edges of rectangular pans but not of a round pan.

Cultural change--empowerment at Sweetheart Cup Company, Inc., Bakery Division.

PubMed

Altomonte, W; Mooney, W; Sheldon, D H

1999-08-01

Sweetheart Cup Company always has been associated with fun products--fast food containers, straws, ballpark drink glasses, and maybe the most fun of all--ice cream cones! But making these products of pleasantry at times has not been as festive as it would seem. Sweetheart Cup Company has had its ups and downs in terms of many of the typical manufacturing measurements, but in 1994--under the direction of newly appointed Chief Operating Officer Bill McLaughlin--Sweetheart Cup Company embarked on a new mission. This time everyone would be involved, from headquarters staff in Owings Mills to the fourth-floor oven area workers in the Dallas bakery. The new process goal, "Business Excellence," as we called it, was really an implementation of Class A ERP/MRP II.

40 CFR 63.7327 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the work practice standards that apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial Compliance Requirements § 63.7327... each by-product coke oven battery with vertical flues subject to the work practice standards for... than the compliance date that is specified in § 63.7283. (b) For each by-product coke oven battery with...

40 CFR 63.7324 - What procedures must I use to demonstrate initial compliance with the opacity limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial Compliance Requirements § 63.7324... of 15 percent for a by-product coke oven battery on a normal coking cycle or 20 percent for a by-product coke oven battery on batterywide extended coking, follow the test methods and procedures in...

40 CFR 63.7324 - What procedures must I use to demonstrate initial compliance with the opacity limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial Compliance Requirements § 63.7324... of 15 percent for a by-product coke oven battery on a normal coking cycle or 20 percent for a by-product coke oven battery on batterywide extended coking, follow the test methods and procedures in...

40 CFR 63.7324 - What procedures must I use to demonstrate initial compliance with the opacity limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial Compliance Requirements § 63.7324... of 15 percent for a by-product coke oven battery on a normal coking cycle or 20 percent for a by-product coke oven battery on batterywide extended coking, follow the test methods and procedures in...

40 CFR 63.7324 - What procedures must I use to demonstrate initial compliance with the opacity limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial Compliance Requirements § 63.7324... of 15 percent for a by-product coke oven battery on a normal coking cycle or 20 percent for a by-product coke oven battery on batterywide extended coking, follow the test methods and procedures in...

Reference method for total water in lint cotton by automated oven drying combined with volumetric Karl Fischer titration

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In a preliminary study to measure total water in lint cotton we demonstrated that volumetric Karl Fischer Titration of moisture transported by a carrier gas from an attached small oven is more accurate than standard oven drying in air. The objective of the present study was to assess the measuremen...

Understanding the bias between moisture content by oven drying and water content by Karl Fischer titration at moisture equilibrium

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Multiple causes of the difference between equilibrium moisture and water content have been found. The errors or biases were traced to the oven drying procedure to determine moisture content. The present paper explains the nature of the biases in oven drying and how it is possible to suppress one ...

40 CFR 63.7292 - What work practice standards must I meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues? 63...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues? (a...

40 CFR 63.7291 - What work practice standards must I meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with vertical flues? 63...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with vertical flues? (a...

40 CFR 63.7291 - What work practice standards must I meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with vertical flues? 63...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with vertical flues? (a...

40 CFR 63.7292 - What work practice standards must I meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues? 63...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues? (a...

40 CFR 63.7291 - What work practice standards must I meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with vertical flues? 63...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with vertical flues? (a...

40 CFR 63.7292 - What work practice standards must I meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues? 63...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues? (a...

40 CFR 63.7292 - What work practice standards must I meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues? 63...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues? (a...

40 CFR 63.7291 - What work practice standards must I meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with vertical flues? 63...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with vertical flues? (a...

40 CFR 63.7292 - What work practice standards must I meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues? 63...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues? (a...

40 CFR 63.7291 - What work practice standards must I meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with vertical flues? 63...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a by-product coke oven battery with vertical flues? (a...

Cooked yields, color, tenderness, and sensory traits of beef roasts cooked in an oven with steam generation versus a commercial convection oven to different endpoint temperatures.

PubMed

Bowers, L J; Dikeman, M E; Murray, L; Stroda, S L

2012-10-01

A CVap steam generation oven was compared with a Blodgett convection oven to examine effects on yields, cooked color, tenderness, and sensory traits of beef Longissimus lumborum (LL), Deep pectoralis (DP), and Biceps femoris (BF) muscles cooked to 1 of 3 temperatures (65.6, 71.1, or 76.7°C). Four roasts were cooked in the CVap for a constant time, and 2 roasts were cooked in the Blodgett until they reached target temperatures (3 replications). Cooking yields were higher (P<0.05) for BF and LL roasts in the CVap. Slice shear force (SSF) for BF roasts was lowest (P<0.05) in the CVap but lowest (P<0.05) for DP roasts in the Blodgett. No oven effect (P>0.05) was found for LL roasts. Sensory tenderness for BF roasts in the CVap was higher (P<0.05) than those in the Blodgett. Juiciness was higher (P<0.05) for LL roasts in the Blodgett. The CVap oven offers some tenderization (BF) and cooking yield advantages (BF and DP) over forced-air convection cooking. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Frequency Distribution in Domestic Microwave Ovens and Its Influence on Heating Pattern.

PubMed

Luan, Donglei; Wang, Yifen; Tang, Juming; Jain, Deepali

2017-02-01

In this study, snapshots of operating frequency profiles of domestic microwave ovens were collected to reveal the extent of microwave frequency variations under different operation conditions. A computer simulation model was developed based on the finite difference time domain method to analyze the influence of the shifting frequency on heating patterns of foods in a microwave oven. The results showed that the operating frequencies of empty and loaded domestic microwave ovens varied widely even among ovens of the same model purchased on the same date. Each microwave oven had its unique characteristic operating frequencies, which were also affected by the location and shape of the load. The simulated heating patterns of a gellan gel model food when heated on a rotary plate agreed well with the experimental results, which supported the reliability of the developed simulation model. Simulation indicated that the heating patterns of a stationary model food load changed with the varying operating frequency. However, the heating pattern of a rotary model food load was not sensitive to microwave frequencies due to the severe edge heating overshadowing the effects of the frequency variations. © 2016 Institute of Food Technologists®.

[Aerosol size distribution of organic carbon and elemental carbon on the top of coke oven and in the plant area].

PubMed

Liu, Xiao-Feng; Peng, Lin; Bai, Hui-Ling; Mu, Ling; Song, Chong-Fang

2013-08-01

In order to investigate the characteristic of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in particles on the top of coke oven and in the plant area, the particle matter samples of five size fraction including < or = 1.4 microm, 1.4-2.1 microm, 2.1-4.2 microm, 4.2-10.2 microm and > or = 10.2 microm were collected using Staplex234 cascade impactor, and OC and EC were analyzed by Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH vario EL cube. The mass concentrations of OC and EC associated with TSP on the top of coke oven were 291.6 microg x m(-3) and 255.1 microg x m(-3), while those in the plant area were 377.8 microg x m(-3) and 151.7 microg x m(-3). The mass concentration of secondary organic carbon (SOC) in particles with size of < or = 1.4 microm was 147.3 microg x m(-3) in the plant area. The value of OC/EC in particles less than 2.1 microm was 1.3 on the top of coke oven. The mass concentration of EC in TSP in the plant area was lower than that on the top of coke oven, while the mass concentration of OC in the plant area was significantly higher than that on the top of coke oven. The mass concentrations of OC and EC associated with particles less than 10.2 microm in the plant area were far higher than those in the atmosphere of area where the coke plant is located. The OC and EC in particles, which were collected both on the top of coke oven and in the plant area, were mainly enriched in fine particles. The size distribution of OC showed a clear distinction between the coke oven top and the plant area, which revealed that OC in the plant area was more preferably enriched in fine particles than that on the top of coke oven, and the same size distribution of EC was found on the top of coke oven and in the plant area. In the plant area, the mass concentration of SOC and the contribution of SOC to OC increased with the decreasing diameter in particles with diameter of less than 10.2 microm.

Role of the conducting layer substrate on TiO2 nucleation when using microwave activated chemical bath deposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zumeta, I.; Espinosa, R.; Ayllón, J. A.; Vigil, E.

2002-12-01

Nanostructured TiO2 is used in novel dye sensitized solar cells. Because of their interaction with light, thin TiO2 films are also used as coatings for self-cleaning glasses and tiles. Microwave activated chemical bath deposition represents a simple and cost-effective way to obtain nanostructured TiO2 films. It is important to study, in this technique, the role of the conducting layer used as the substrate. The influence of microwave-substrate interactions on TiO2 deposition is analysed using different substrate positions, employing substrates with different conductivities, and also using different microwave radiation powers for film deposition. We prove that a common domestic microwave oven with a large cavity and inhomogeneous radiation field can be used with equally satisfactory results. The transmittance spectra of the obtained films were studied and used to analyse film thickness and to obtain gap energy values. The results, regarding different indium-tin oxide resistivities and different substrate positions in the oven cavity, show that the interaction of the microwave field with the conducting layer is determinant in layer deposition. It has also been found that film thickness increases with the power of the applied radiation while the gap energies of the TiO2 films decrease approaching the 3.2 eV value reported for bulk anatase. This indicates that these films are not crystalline and it agrees with x-ray spectra that do not reveal any peak.

A Descriptive Analysis of Interactions between Co-Workers and Supported Employees.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rusch, Frank R.; And Others

This study describes varying types of nonhandicapped co-worker interactions with supported employees. The sample included 341 supported employees with mental retardation served by community rehabilitation facilities in Illinois. Results indicated that co-workers interact extensively with persons who are mentally retarded. These interactions…

Disinfection of Wastewater by Microwaves.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

used. Thermophilic B. stearothermophilus cells were used to try to determine if the mechanism of destruction was thermal. The microwave oven was set at...curve for E. coli B cells heated in a microwave oven temperature programed for 600 C ...... ............ 8 7. Survivor curve for B. stearothermophilus ...ATCC 12980 cells heated in a microwave oven temperature programed for 600 C. 98. Survivor curve for B. stearothermophilus AICC 12980 ........ 9 9

Cooking with the Sun. How To Build and Use Solar Cookers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Halacy, Beth; Halacy, Dan

For those working with solar energy and/or conservation and the careful use of resources, constructing a solar oven can be a fun and useful activity. This book describes the construction and use of solar ovens for cooking. Construction details are provided for two inexpensive solar ovens and a reflector hot plate that can then be used to cook 100…

40 CFR 63.7293 - What work practice standards must I meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a non-recovery...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a non-recovery coke oven battery? 63.7293 Section 63.7293... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Emission... pushing emissions if I have a non-recovery coke oven battery? (a) You must meet the requirements in...

40 CFR 63.7293 - What work practice standards must I meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a non-recovery...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a non-recovery coke oven battery? 63.7293 Section 63.7293... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Emission... pushing emissions if I have a non-recovery coke oven battery? (a) You must meet the requirements in...

40 CFR 63.7293 - What work practice standards must I meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a non-recovery...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a non-recovery coke oven battery? 63.7293 Section 63.7293... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Emission... pushing emissions if I have a non-recovery coke oven battery? (a) You must meet the requirements in...

40 CFR 63.7293 - What work practice standards must I meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a non-recovery...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a non-recovery coke oven battery? 63.7293 Section 63.7293... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Emission... pushing emissions if I have a non-recovery coke oven battery? (a) You must meet the requirements in...

40 CFR 63.7293 - What work practice standards must I meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a non-recovery...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... meet for fugitive pushing emissions if I have a non-recovery coke oven battery? 63.7293 Section 63.7293... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Emission... pushing emissions if I have a non-recovery coke oven battery? (a) You must meet the requirements in...

Operational test of micro-oven for 48Ca beam

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ozeki, K.; Kageyama, T.; Kidera, M.; Higurashi, Y.; Nakagawa, T.

2014-02-01

In order to supply a high-intensity and stable 48Ca beam from the RIKEN 18-GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source, we are conducting operational tests of a micro-oven. A mixture of CaO and Al powders is placed into the crucible of the micro-oven and heated to produce metallic calcium by a reductive reaction. The successful production of a calcium beam was confirmed. In addition, we reduced the material consumption rate by using a so-called "hot liner," and we enhanced the beam intensity by applying a negative voltage bias to the micro-oven, the effect of which is similar to the effect of a "biased disk."

Biomarkers in humans exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Binkova, B.; Topinka, J.; Mrackova, G.

1997-10-01

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been identified as a major source of carcinogenic risk in the coke-oven industry. This study evaluates following markers: personal exposure to PAH, DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) polymorphisms. 23 top side coke-oven workers and 13 unexposed workers employed in the same plant at Kosice, Slovakia were studied. Personal monitors were used to measure carcinogenic PAH exposure during 8 h of working shift prior the collection of blood and urine samples. Personal exposure to eight carcinogenic PAHs ranged from 0.6 to 632 {mu}g/m{sup 3}more » and from 0.07 to 0.62 {mu}g/m{sup 3} for exposed and control groups, respectively. Based on the values of individual persons, the positive significant correlations were found between DNA adducts detected in WBC and LYM (Spearman r=0.451, p=0.044), between DNA adducts and SCE (r=0.363, p=0.034) and between AB.C. and SCE-H (SCE evaluated as the index of heterogeneity H-variance/mean: r=0.381, p=0.024). Using individual PAH exposure data the following significant correlations between exposure and biomarkers were found: WBC-DNA adducts (r=0.325;p=0.058);SCE-H (r=0.467, p=0.007). Groupwise comparison of the exposed and control groups (Mann-Whitney U-test) showed significantly increased values of SCE (6.71{+-}1.20 vs. 5.20 {+-}1.16, respectively) and DNA adducts in WBC and LYM (2.70{+-}0.74 vs 1.94{+-}0.51 adducts/10{sup 8} nucleotides; 2.46{+-}0.83 vs. 1.60{+-}0.32 adducts/10{sup 8}nucleotides, respectively). No influence of the smoking habits on the biomarkers was detectable in exposed or unexposed individuals. Multifactor analysis of variance taking into account confounding factors such as GSTM1, NAT2, diet and adjusting the data for age and smoking clearly showed the effect of exposure on DNA adducts, AB.C and SCE-H.« less

Evaluation of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a coke production and a graphite electrode manufacturing plant: assessment of urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene as a biological indicator of exposure.

PubMed Central

Buchet, J P; Gennart, J P; Mercado-Calderon, F; Delavignette, J P; Cupers, L; Lauwerys, R

1992-01-01

OBJECTIVES--Characterisation of the airborne concentration of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at various workplaces in a graphite electrode and a coke production plant. Validation of the urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene (hydroxypyrene) as a biological marker of exposure to PAH. DESIGN--Cross sectional study of workers exposed to PAHs (106 in the graphite electrode producing plant and 16 in the coke works). METHODS--Personal air sampling during at least six hours per workshift using a glass fibre filter and a Chromosorb 102 solid sorbent tube and analysis of PAHs by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrofluorometric detection (SFD). Collection of spot urine samples before and after the shift and analysis of 1-hydroxypyrene by HPLC and SFD. RESULTS--The workers most exposed to PAHs were those occupied at the topside area of the coke oven plant and those working in the blending and impregnation areas of the graphite electrode producing plant (mean airborne concentration of total PAHs: 199 and 223 micrograms/m3 respectively). Except for naphthalene and perylene, the relative proportion of the different PAHs did not differ between the plants. Pyrene concentration in air was highly correlated with the total airborne PAH concentration (r = 0.83, p < 0.0001) and the correlation coefficients between hydroxypyrene concentration in postshift urine samples and pyrene or total PAHs in air were 0.67 (p < 0.0001) and 0.72 (p < 0.0001) respectively. Excretion of hydroxypyrene doubled when the exposure to pyrene in air increased 10-fold. The half life for the urinary excretion of hydroxypyrene was around 18 hours (95% confidence interval 16.1-19.8). Smoking habits only explained 2.3% of the variance in hydroxypyrene excretion compared with 45% for the pyrene concentration in air. CONCLUSION--The determination of the urinary excretion of hydroxypyrene in postshift urine samples can be used as a suitable biomarker to assess individual exposure to PAHs in coke ovens and in graphite electrode manufacturing plants. PMID:1463676

Apparatus for making photovoltaic devices

DOEpatents

Foote, James B.; Kaake, Steven A. F.; Meyers, Peter V.; Nolan, James F.

1994-12-13

A process and apparatus (70) for making a large area photovoltaic device (22) that is capable of generating low cost electrical power. The apparatus (70) for performing the process includes an enclosure (126) providing a controlled environment in which an oven (156) is located. At least one and preferably a plurality of deposition stations (74,76,78) provide heated vapors of semiconductor material within the oven (156) for continuous elevated temperature deposition of semiconductor material on a sheet substrate (24) including a glass sheet (26) conveyed within the oven. The sheet substrate (24) is conveyed on a roller conveyor (184) within the oven (156) and the semiconductor material whose main layer (82) is cadmium telluride is deposited on an upwardly facing surface (28) of the substrate by each deposition station from a location within the oven above the roller conveyor. A cooling station (86) rapidly cools the substrate (24) after deposition of the semiconductor material thereon to strengthen the glass sheet of the substrate.

A blackbody-pumped CO2-N2 transfer laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deyoung, R. J.; Higdon, N. S.

1984-08-01

A compact blackbody-pumped CO2-N2 transfer laser was constructed and the significant operating parameters were investigated. Lasing was achieved at 10.6 microns by passing preheated N2 through a 1.5-mm-diameter nozzle to a laser cavity where the N2 was mixed with CO2 and He. An intrinsic efficiency of 0.7 percent was achieved for an oven temperature of 1473 K and N2 oven pressure of 440 torr. The optimum laser cavity consisted of a back mirror with maximum reflectivity and an output mirror with 97.5-percent reflectivity. The optimum gas mixture was 1CO2/.5He/6N2. The variation of laser output was measured as a function of oven temperature, nozzle diameter, N2 oven pressure, He and CO2 partial pressures, nozzle-to-oven separation, laser cell temperature, and output laser mirror reflectivity. With these parameters optimized, outputs approaching 1.4 watts were achieved.

Computational fluid dynamics modeling of bun baking process under different oven load conditions.

PubMed

Tank, A; Chhanwal, N; Indrani, D; Anandharamakrishnan, C

2014-09-01

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to study the temperature profile of the bun during baking process. Evaporation-condensation mechanism and effect of the latent heat during phase change of water was incorporated in this model to represent actual bun baking process. Simulation results were validated with experimental measurements of bun temperature at two different positions. Baking process is completed within 20 min, after the temperature of crumb become stable at 98 °C. Further, this study was extended to investigate the effect of partially (two baking trays) loaded and fully loaded (eight baking trays) oven on temperature profile of bun. Velocity and temperature profile differs in partially loaded and fully loaded oven. Bun placed in top rack showed rapid baking while bun placed in bottom rack showed slower baking due to uneven temperature distribution in the oven. Hence, placement of bun inside the oven affects temperature of bun and consequently, the quality of the product.

A blackbody-pumped CO2-N2 transfer laser

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deyoung, R. J.; Higdon, N. S.

1984-01-01

A compact blackbody-pumped CO2-N2 transfer laser was constructed and the significant operating parameters were investigated. Lasing was achieved at 10.6 microns by passing preheated N2 through a 1.5-mm-diameter nozzle to a laser cavity where the N2 was mixed with CO2 and He. An intrinsic efficiency of 0.7 percent was achieved for an oven temperature of 1473 K and N2 oven pressure of 440 torr. The optimum laser cavity consisted of a back mirror with maximum reflectivity and an output mirror with 97.5-percent reflectivity. The optimum gas mixture was 1CO2/.5He/6N2. The variation of laser output was measured as a function of oven temperature, nozzle diameter, N2 oven pressure, He and CO2 partial pressures, nozzle-to-oven separation, laser cell temperature, and output laser mirror reflectivity. With these parameters optimized, outputs approaching 1.4 watts were achieved.

Process for making photovoltaic devices and resultant product

DOEpatents

Foote, James B.; Kaake, Steven A. F.; Meyers, Peter V.; Nolan, James F.

1996-07-16

A process and apparatus (70) for making a large area photovoltaic device (22) that is capable of generating low cost electrical power. The apparatus (70) for performing the process includes an enclosure (126) providing a controlled environment in which an oven (156) is located. At least one and preferably a plurality of deposition stations (74,76,78) provide heated vapors of semiconductor material within the oven (156) for continuous elevated temperature deposition of semiconductor material on a sheet substrate (24) including a glass sheet (26) conveyed within the oven. The sheet substrate (24) is conveyed on a roller conveyor (184) within the oven (156) and the semiconductor material whose main layer (82) is cadmium telluride is deposited on an upwardly facing surface (28) of the substrate by each deposition station from a location within the oven above the roller conveyor. A cooling station (86) rapidly cools the substrate (24) after deposition of the semiconductor material thereon to strengthen the glass sheet of the substrate.

Process for making photovoltaic devices and resultant product

DOEpatents

Foote, James B.; Kaake, Steven A. F.; Meyers, Peter V.; Nolan, James F.

1995-11-28

A process and apparatus (70) for making a large area photovoltaic device (22) that is capable of generating low cost electrical power. The apparatus (70) for performing the process includes an enclosure (126) providing a controlled environment in which an oven (156) is located. At least one and preferably a plurality of deposition stations (74,76,78) provide heated vapors of semiconductor material within the oven (156) for continuous elevated temperature deposition of semiconductor material on a sheet substrate (24) including a glass sheet (26) conveyed within the oven. The sheet substrate (24) is conveyed on a roller conveyor (184) within the oven (156) and the semiconductor material whose main layer (82) is cadmium telluride is deposited on an upwardly facing surface (28) of the substrate by each deposition station from a location within the oven above the roller conveyor. A cooling station (86) rapidly cools the substrate (24) after deposition of the semiconductor material thereon to strengthen the glass sheet of the substrate.

Process for making photovoltaic devices and resultant product

DOEpatents

Foote, James B.; Kaake, Steven A. F.; Meyers, Peter V.; Nolan, James F.

1993-09-28

A process and apparatus (70) for making a large area photovoltaic device (22) that is capable of generating low cost electrical power. The apparatus (70) for performing the process includes an enclosure (126) providing a controlled environment in which an oven (156) is located. At least one and preferably a plurality of deposition stations (74,76,78) provide heated vapors of semiconductor material within the oven (156) for continuous elevated temperature deposition of semiconductor material on a sheet substrate (24) including a glass sheet (26) conveyed within the oven. The sheet substrate (24) is conveyed on a roller conveyor (184) within the oven (156) and the semiconductor material whose main layer (82) is cadmium telluride is deposited on an upwardly facing surface (28) of the substrate by each deposition station from a location within the oven above the roller conveyor. A cooling station (86) rapidly cools the substrate (24) after deposition of the semiconductor material thereon to strengthen the glass sheet of the substrate.

Microwave Meat Roasting - A Computer Analysis for Cylindrical Roasts

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-07-01

Temperatures for Various Oven Temperature Settings Table A2. Radiosity Values for Various Oven Temperature Settings Table A3. Radiant Energy Received by...the radiosities Jj, were written for the measured surface temperatures for each oven setting. Using the calculated radiosities , radiant heat...transfer to the roast was calculated by multiplying the difference in radiosities by the shape factor. Appendix A shows the details, and the slopes and

Temperature variations in sintering ovens for metal ceramic dental prostheses: non-destructive assessment using OCT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sinescu, C.; Bradu, A.; Duma, V.-F.; Topala, F. I.; Negrutiu, M. L.; Podoleanu, A. G.

2018-02-01

We present a recent investigation regarding the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the monitoring of the calibration loss of sintering ovens for the manufacturing of metal ceramic dental prostheses. Differences in the temperatures of such ovens with regard to their specifications lead to stress and even cracks in the prostheses material, therefore to the failure of the dental treatment. Evaluation methods of the ovens calibration consist nowadays of firing supplemental samples; this is subjective, expensive, and time consuming. Using an in-house developed swept source (SS) OCT system, we have demonstrated that a quantitative assessment of the internal structure of the prostheses, therefore of the temperature settings of the ovens can be made. Using en-face OCT images acquired at similar depths inside the samples, the differences in reflectivity allow for the evaluation of the differences in granulation (i.e., in number and size of ceramic grains) of the prostheses material. Fifty samples, divided in five groups, each sintered at different temperatures (lower, higher, or equal to the prescribed one) have been analyzed. The consequences of the temperature variations with regard to the one prescribed were determined. Rules-of-thumb were extracted to monitor objectively, using only OCT images of currently manufactured samples, the settings of the oven. The method proposed allows for avoiding producing prostheses with defects. While such rules-of-thumb achieve a qualitative assessment, an insight in our on-going work on the quantitative assessment of such losses of calibration on dental ovens using OCT is also made.

Biodegradation of Fresh vs. Oven-Dried Inedible Crop Residue in a Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crawford, Kamau; Strayer, Richard

1998-01-01

The degradation of soluble organics and mineral recovery from fresh and oven-dried biomass were compared in an Intermediate-Scale Aerobic Bioreactor (8 L working volume) to determine if drying crop residue improves performance in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The study was conducted in an Intermediate-Scale Aerobic Bioreactor (ISAB) CSTR with dimensions of 390 mm height x 204 mm diameter. The pH in the bioreactor was controlled at 6.0, temperature at 30 C, and aeration at 7.0 L/min. Gases monitored were CO2 evolution and dissolved oxygen. Homogeneously mixed wheat cultures, used either fresh or oven-dried biomass and were leached, then placed in the ISAB for a 4-day degradation period. Studies found that mineral recovery was greater for leached oven-dried crop residue. However, after activity by the mixed microbial communities in the ISAB CSTR, there were little notable differences in the measured mineral recovery and degradation of soluble organic compounds. Degradation of soluble organic compounds was also shown to improve for leached oven-dried crop residue, but after mixing in the CSTR the degradation of the fresh biomass seemed to be slightly greater. Time for the biomass to turn in the CSTR appeared to be one factor for the experimental differences between the fresh and oven-dried biomass. Other factors, although not as defined, were the differing physical structures in the cell walls and varying microbial components of the fresh and oven-dried treatments due to changes in chemical composition after drying of the biomass.

The Effect of Fermentation and Drying on Clicanthus Nutans Lindai Extract Chemical Constituents and Bioactivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Y. Y.; Teh, P. S.; Kumaresan, S.; Tiong, C. H.

2017-06-01

In this study, two processes (fermentation and drying) were conducted on Clicanthus Nutans Lindau, which is well-known for its antioxidant activities. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of these processes towards the Total Phenolic Content (TPC), antioxidant activity and the crude yield of the leaves. For the fermentation process, the fermentation time is varied for 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. For drying, oven drying (40, 45 and 50°C, freeze-drying and shade drying are investigated. Blanching was also conducted for oven dried samples (90°C for 1 minute). It was found that 12 hours fermentation produced the highest yield corresponding to Total Phenolic Content at 0.33 while 6 hours fermentation produced the highest Antioxidant Activity and yield at 2.218 x 10-10 mg/mL and 0.64 . On the other hand, 48 hours fermentation produced the highest overall extract yield at 0.64 . Analysis for antioxidant activity was carried out using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Folin-Ciocalteau method for Total Phenolic Content. Thermal inactivation kinetics (blanching) has been investigated for oven drying samples. Results showed that 40°C oven drying and 50°C oven drying with blanching has better retention of bioactive constituents. Blanching has no significant effect on phenolic content but has increased the crude extract for higher temperature oven drying. It has no positive effect on antioxidant activity. Drying is also a better processing method compared to fermentation as drying has slightly favorable results in all three aspects. Through comparison with extraction time of 60 minutes for 40°C oven drying and 6 hour fermented samples, yield of total phenolic content and overall yield of oven dried sample is higher than fermented sample by 4.14 and 0.39 respectively as well as showing better antioxidant activity.

26. DETAIL OF THE NORTH SIDE OF A RECTANGULAR COKE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

26. DETAIL OF THE NORTH SIDE OF A RECTANGULAR COKE OVEN. THE OVENS ADDRESS, '140', APPEARS ABOVE THE CENTER OF THE OVEN. THE CUT STONES LINING THE OPENINGS ARE NUMBERED AND LABELED 'L' AND 'R', INDICATING THEIR PROPER PLACEMENT ALONG THE ARCH. THE CENTER STONE IS LABELED 'KEY.' - Tower Hill No. 2 Mine, Approximately 0.47 mile Southwest of intersection of Stone Church Road & Township Route 561, Hibbs, Fayette County, PA

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart IIIi... - Determination of Capture Efficiency of Automobile and Light-Duty Truck Spray Booth Emissions From...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... coating, i. 2.5.1You must weigh the blank panel. (Same as in bake oven panel test.) The mass of the blank... spray booth zones being tested. (Different than bake oven panel test.) This weighing must be conducted... and before the bake oven where the coating applied to the panel is cured, 2.5.5.2All of the flash-off...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart IIIi... - Determination of Capture Efficiency of Automobile and Light-Duty Truck Spray Booth Emissions From...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... coating, i. 2.5.1You must weigh the blank panel. (Same as in bake oven panel test.) The mass of the blank... spray booth zones being tested. (Different than bake oven panel test.) This weighing must be conducted... and before the bake oven where the coating applied to the panel is cured, 2.5.5.2All of the flash-off...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart IIIi... - Determination of Capture Efficiency of Automobile and Light-Duty Truck Spray Booth Emissions From...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... coating, i. 2.5.1You must weigh the blank panel. (Same as in bake oven panel test.) The mass of the blank... spray booth zones being tested. (Different than bake oven panel test.) This weighing must be conducted... and before the bake oven where the coating applied to the panel is cured, 2.5.5.2All of the flash-off...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart IIIi... - Determination of Capture Efficiency of Automobile and Light-Duty Truck Spray Booth Emissions From...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... coating, i. 2.5.1You must weigh the blank panel. (Same as in bake oven panel test.) The mass of the blank... spray booth zones being tested. (Different than bake oven panel test.) This weighing must be conducted... and before the bake oven where the coating applied to the panel is cured, 2.5.5.2All of the flash-off...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart IIIi... - Determination of Capture Efficiency of Automobile and Light-Duty Truck Spray Booth Emissions From...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... coating, i. 2.5.1You must weigh the blank panel. (Same as in bake oven panel test.) The mass of the blank... spray booth zones being tested. (Different than bake oven panel test.) This weighing must be conducted... and before the bake oven where the coating applied to the panel is cured, 2.5.5.2All of the flash-off...

Comparative carcinogenic potencies of particulates from diesel engine exhausts, coke oven emissions, roofing tar aerosols and cigarette smoke.

PubMed Central

Albert, R E

1983-01-01

Mammalian cell mutagenesis, transformation and skin tumorigenesis assays show similar results in comparing the potencies of diesel, coke oven, roofing tar and cigarette smoke particulates. These assay results are reasonably consistent with the comparative carcinogenic potencies of coke oven and roofing tar emissions as determined by epidemiological studies. The bacterial mutagenesis assay tends to show disproportionately high potencies, particularly with diesel particulates. Results to date encourage the approach to the assessment for carcinogenic risks from diesel emissions based on the use of epidemiological data on cancer induced by coke oven emissions, roofing tar particulates and cigarette smoke with the comparative potencies of these materials determined by in vivo and in vitro bioassays. PMID:6186481

Dry, portable calorimeter for nondestructive measurement of the activity of nuclear fuel

DOEpatents

Beyer, Norman S.; Lewis, Robert N.; Perry, Ronald B.

1976-01-01

The activity of a quantity of heat-producing nuclear fuel is measured rapidly, accurately and nondestructively by a portable dry calorimeter comprising a preheater, an array of temperature-controlled structures comprising a thermally guarded temperature-controlled oven, and a calculation and control unit. The difference between the amounts of electric power required to maintain the oven temperature with and without nuclear fuel in the oven is measured to determine the power produced by radioactive disintegration and hence the activity of the fuel. A portion of the electronic control system is designed to terminate a continuing sequence of measurements when the standard deviation of the variations of the amount of electric power required to maintain oven temperature is within a predetermined value.

Online Workers' Intentions toward Building Interactive Communications: Probing Their Partnerships via the Theory of Planned Behavior (TpB)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kurubacak, Gulsun

2006-01-01

The main purpose of this qualitative research is to find out online workers' intentions toward Interactive Communication Networks (ICNs) that they redesign and revolutionize their new roles in these new interactive milieus carefully. In this study, the online workers' intentions are indications of their readiness and immediate antecedent of…

Difficulties of attribution of effect in workers exposed to fiberglass and asbestos.

PubMed

Kilburn, K H; Warshaw, R H

1991-01-01

Man-made mineral fibers have many properties of asbestos that raise concern about their safety. We studied 175 fiberglass production workers, using chest radiographs, measurement of total lung capacity, chest examinations, and occupational and medical histories. Pulmonary volumes and flows were calculated as percent of predicted, adjusted for height, age, ethnicity, and cigarette smoking. Thirty-one men with radiographically evident small irregular opacities of profusion of 1/0 or greater and/or pleural abnormalities were observed. Eight of 38 men with such changes said they had been exposed only to fiberglass; the other 23 with radiologically detectable pleural and/or pulmonary changes were among the 137 whose histories indicated that they had been exposed to asbestos and to fiberglass. Pulmonary function measurements as group means were reduced in the 175: FVC was 94.8% predicted, FEV1 was 91.3% predicted, FEF25-75 was 80.7% predicted, FEF75-85 was 73.1% predicted and FEV1/FVC was 0.73. Total lung capacity (TLC) was elevated to 114.2% predicted (mean) and RV/TLC (mean 0.46) was also elevated. Although only 78% of fiberglass production workers gave histories of asbestos exposure, all had shared the air in a manufacturing plant where ovens insulated with asbestos were continuously cleaned, repaired, dismantled, and rebuilt. It appears that attribution of the effects of their exposure to fiberglass could not be estimated independently of the effects of asbestos exposure.

Psychosocial risk factors among telephone service workers: a study of the interaction between customer and worker.

PubMed

Scarone, Mireya; Cedillo, Leonor A

2007-01-01

Many activities in the telephone industry involve interaction with customers, including both traditional (for example, client assistance) and emerging services (product sales). Interaction with customers has been reported to cause stress in workers. The study was initiated as a consequence of changes in dialing of long-distance numbers. The main sources of stress among workers in Traffic and Customer Services Departments were analyzed, together with the resulting psychological distress and other health symptoms. Information was gathered through semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire containing the Spanish version of the Job Content Questionnaire, as well as psychological strain and health symptoms items. Questions developed specifically for this study concerned emotional demands, client interactions, and mechanisms used to deal with violent or unpleasant interactions. Workers received valuable information from the study that empowered them to demand improved working conditions.

Equipment for Hot-to-serve Foods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, D. P.

1985-01-01

Patented surface heating devices with a much faster air-to-solid heat transfer rate than previous air ovens were developed. The accelerated surface heating can brown, sear or crisp much more rapidly than in conventional ovens so that partially prepared food can be finished quickly and tastefully immediately before serving. The crisp, freshly browned surfaces result from the faster heat transfer which does not dry out the food. The devices are then compared to convection ovens and microwave heating processes.

Acoustic emission feedback control for control of boiling in a microwave oven

DOEpatents

White, Terry L.

1991-01-01

An acoustic emission based feedback system for controlling the boiling level of a liquid medium in a microwave oven is provided. The acoustic emissions from the medium correlated with surface boiling is used to generate a feedback control signal proportional to the level of boiling of the medium. This signal is applied to a power controller to automatically and continuoulsly vary the power applied to the oven to control the boiling at a selected level.

Development of a high-temperature oven for the 28 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source.

PubMed

Ohnishi, J; Higurashi, Y; Kidera, M; Ozeki, K; Nakagawa, T

2014-02-01

We have been developing the 28 GHz ECR ion source in order to accelerate high-intensity uranium beams at the RIKEN RI-beam Factory. Although we have generated U(35+) beams by the sputtering method thus far, we began developing a high-temperature oven with the aim of increasing and stabilizing the beams. Because the oven method uses UO2, a crucible must be heated to a temperature higher than 2000 °C to supply an appropriate amount of UO2 vapor to the ECR plasma. Our high-temperature oven uses a tungsten crucible joule-heated with DC current of approximately 450 A. Its inside dimensions are ϕ11 mm × 13.5 mm. Since the crucible is placed in a magnetic field of approximately 3 T, it is subject to a magnetic force of approximately 40 N. Therefore, we used ANSYS to carefully design the crucible, which was manufactured by machining a tungsten rod. We could raise the oven up to 1900 °C in the first off-line test. Subsequently, UO2 was loaded into the crucible, and the oven was installed in the 28 GHz ECR ion source and was tested. As a result, a U(35+) beam current of 150 μA was extracted successfully at a RF power of approximately 3 kW.

Analysis of temperature profile and electric field in natural rubber glove due to microwave heating: effects of waveguide position

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keangin, P.; Narumitbowonkul, U.; Rattanadecho, P.

2018-01-01

Natural rubber (NR) is the key raw material used in the manufacture of other products such as rubber band, tire and shoes. Recently, the NR is used in natural rubber glove ( NRG) manufacturing in the industrial and medical fields. This research aims to investigate the electromagnetic wave propagation and heat transfer in NRG due to heating with microwave energy within the microwave oven at a microwave frequency of 2.45 GHz. Three-dimensional model of NRG and microwave oven are considered in this work. The comparative effects of waveguide position on the electric field and temperature profile in NRG when subjected to microwave energy are discussed. The finite element method (FEM) is used to solve the transient Maxwell’s equation coupled with the transient heat transfer equation. The simulation results with computer programs are validated with experimental results. The placement of waveguides in three cases are left hand side of microwave oven, right hand side of microwave oven and left and right hand sides of microwave oven are investigated. The findings revealed that the placing the waveguide on the right side of the microwave oven gives the highest electric field and temperature profile. The values obtained provide an indication toward understanding the study of heat transfer in NRG during microwave heating in the industry.

Assessment of thermal efficiency of heat recovery coke making

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tiwari, H. P.; Saxena, V. K.; Haldar, S. K.; Sriramoju, S. K.

2017-08-01

The heat recovery stamp charge coke making process is quite complicated due to the evolved volatile matter during coking, is partially combusted in oven crown and sole flue in a controlled manner to provide heat for producing metallurgical coke. Therefore, the control and efficient utilization of heat in the oven crown, and sole flue is difficult, which directly affects the operational efficiency. Considering the complexity and importance of thermal efficiency, evolution of different gases, combustion of gasses in oven crown and sole flue, and heating process of coke oven has been studied. A nonlinear regression methodology was used to predict temperature profile of different depth of coal cake during the coking. It was observed that the predicted temperature profile is in good agreement with the actual temperature profile (R2 = 0.98) and is validated with the actual temperature profile of other ovens. A complete study is being done to calculate the material balance, heat balance, and heat losses. This gives an overall understanding of heat flow which affects the heat penetration into the coal cake. The study confirms that 60% heat was utilized during coking.

Inverse optimal design of the radiant heating in materials processing and manufacturing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fedorov, A. G.; Lee, K. H.; Viskanta, R.

1998-12-01

Combined convective, conductive, and radiative heat transfer is analyzed during heating of a continuously moving load in the industrial radiant oven. A transient, quasi-three-dimensional model of heat transfer between a continuous load of parts moving inside an oven on a conveyor belt at a constant speed and an array of radiant heaters/burners placed inside the furnace enclosure is developed. The model accounts for radiative exchange between the heaters and the load, heat conduction in the load, and convective heat transfer between the moving load and oven environment. The thermal model developed has been used to construct a general framework for an inverse optimal design of an industrial oven as an example. In particular, the procedure based on the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear least squares optimization algorithm has been developed to obtain the optimal temperatures of the heaters/burners that need to be specified to achieve a prescribed temperature distribution of the surface of a load. The results of calculations for several sample cases are reported to illustrate the capabilities of the procedure developed for the optimal inverse design of an industrial radiant oven.

Power Generator with Thermo-Differential Modules

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Saiz, John R.; Nguyen, James

2010-01-01

A thermoelectric power generator consists of an oven box and a solar cooker/solar reflector unit. The solar reflector concentrates sunlight into heat and transfers the heat into the oven box via a heat pipe. The oven box unit is surrounded by five thermoelectric modules and is located at the bottom end of the solar reflector. When the heat is pumped into one side of the thermoelectric module and ejected from the opposite side at ambient temperatures, an electrical current is produced. Typical temperature accumulation in the solar reflector is approximately 200 C (392 F). The heat pipe then transfers heat into the oven box with a loss of about 40 percent. At the ambient temperature of about 20 C (68 F), the temperature differential is about 100 C (180 F) apart. Each thermoelectric module, generates about 6 watts of power. One oven box with five thermoelectric modules produces about 30 watts. The system provides power for unattended instruments in remote areas, such as space colonies and space vehicles, and in polar and other remote regions on Earth.

Microwave Ovens

MedlinePlus

... Commission (CPSC) Website Laws, Regulations & Standards Manufacturers of electronic radiation emitting products sold in the United States ... and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), Chapter V, Subchapter C - Electronic Product Radiation Control . Manufacturers of microwave ovens are ...

3. Historic American Buildings Survey, Frederick Tilberg, Photographer August 25, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. Historic American Buildings Survey, Frederick Tilberg, Photographer August 25, 1957 INTERIOR OF OVEN CHAMBER. - Bricker Outdoor Bake Oven, Taneytown & Wheat Fields Roads, Gettysburg, Adams County, PA

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Senaratne, Ruwan, E-mail: rsenarat@physics.ucsb.edu; Rajagopal, Shankari V.; Geiger, Zachary A.

We present a simple and inexpensive design for a multichannel effusive oven nozzle which provides improved atomic beam collimation and thus extended oven lifetimes. Using this design, we demonstrate an atomic lithium source suitable for trapped-atom experiments. At a nozzle temperature of 525 °C, the collimated atomic beam flux directly after the nozzle is 1.2 × 10{sup 14} atoms/s with a peak beam intensity greater than 5.0 × 10{sup 16} atoms/s/sr. This suggests an oven lifetime of several decades of continuous operation.

4. Historic American Buildings Survey, Frederick Tilberg, Photographer August 25, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. Historic American Buildings Survey, Frederick Tilberg, Photographer August 25, 1957 DETAIL OF EXTERIOR OF OVEN. - Bricker Outdoor Bake Oven, Taneytown & Wheat Fields Roads, Gettysburg, Adams County, PA

40 CFR 63.7280 - What is the purpose of this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and..., and battery stacks at coke oven batteries. This subpart also establishes requirements to demonstrate...

40 CFR 63.7280 - What is the purpose of this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and..., and battery stacks at coke oven batteries. This subpart also establishes requirements to demonstrate...

40 CFR 63.7280 - What is the purpose of this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and..., and battery stacks at coke oven batteries. This subpart also establishes requirements to demonstrate...

40 CFR 63.7280 - What is the purpose of this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and..., and battery stacks at coke oven batteries. This subpart also establishes requirements to demonstrate...

40 CFR 63.7280 - What is the purpose of this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... battery stacks at coke oven batteries. This subpart also establishes requirements to demonstrate initial...

1. Historic American Buildings Survey, Frederick Tilberg, Photographer August 25, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Historic American Buildings Survey, Frederick Tilberg, Photographer August 25, 1957 EXTERIOR OF OVEN FROM THE SOUTHWEST. - Bricker Outdoor Bake Oven, Taneytown & Wheat Fields Roads, Gettysburg, Adams County, PA

Microwave Oven Observations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sumrall, William J.; Richardson, Denise; Yan, Yuan

1998-01-01

Explains a series of laboratory activities which employ a microwave oven to help students understand word problems that relate to states of matter, collect data, and calculate and compare electrical costs to heat energy costs. (DDR)

[Burn injuries in children].

PubMed

Brudvik, Christina; Hoem, Eli Leirdal; Luggenes, Brita; Vindenes, Hallvard

2011-01-07

Burn injuries in children may cause permanent harm. This study reports data on incidence, injury mechanisms and products that cause burn injuries (in the period 01.01.07-31.12.07) and compares findings with those from previous studies (in 1989 and 1998). Semi-structured questionnaires were filled in by patients or next-of-kin and health workers at Bergen Accident and Emergency Department, casualty centres in three municipalities in western Norway (Fana, Åsane and Loddefjord) and at the National Burns Centre, Haukeland University Hospital. Missing data were retrieved retrospectively from medical records. We recorded 142 children with burn injuries; 35% were boys under two years of age. The annual incidence was the same as earlier; 6.6 per 1,000 under five years and 3.1 per 1,000 children under 15 years living in the community of Bergen. Contact injuries and scalds were most common and were caused by contact with ovens, stoves and hot food or liquids. Most children (93%) had less severe burns; 6% (9) were hospitalized (four of them had a non-western background). Almost 95% were given first aid by cooling. Children under two years, especially boys, are most at risk of burn injuries. Ovens were the cause more often now than before. The incidence has been the same the last 20 years and is the same as that in Trondheim ten years ago. The fact that the small city, Harstad, (northern Norway) attained substantially less injuries after the introduction of preventive actions indicates that such actions are needed to reduce the number of burn injuries among children.

PERSPECTIVE VIEW LOOKING SOUTHWEST AT THE CYANAMIDE (LN) OVEN BUILDING, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PERSPECTIVE VIEW LOOKING SOUTHWEST AT THE CYANAMIDE (L-N) OVEN BUILDING, AMMONIA SPHERES IN FOREGROUND. - United States Nitrate Plant No. 2, Reservation Road, Muscle Shoals, Muscle Shoals, Colbert County, AL

40 CFR 63.7340 - What notifications must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and...). (f) For each by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues, you must notify the Administrator...

40 CFR 63.7340 - What notifications must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and...). (f) For each by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues, you must notify the Administrator...

40 CFR 63.7340 - What notifications must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and...). (f) For each by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues, you must notify the Administrator...

40 CFR 63.7340 - What notifications must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and...). (f) For each by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues, you must notify the Administrator...

40 CFR 63.7340 - What notifications must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and...). (f) For each by-product coke oven battery with horizontal flues, you must notify the Administrator...

Ovenized microelectromechanical system (MEMS) resonator

DOEpatents

Olsson, Roy H; Wojciechowski, Kenneth; Kim, Bongsang

2014-03-11

An ovenized micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) resonator including: a substantially thermally isolated mechanical resonator cavity; a mechanical oscillator coupled to the mechanical resonator cavity; and a heating element formed on the mechanical resonator cavity.

2. Historic American Buildings Survey, Frederick Tilberg, Photographer August 25, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. Historic American Buildings Survey, Frederick Tilberg, Photographer August 25, 1957 DETAIL OF OVEN DOOR AND FRONT WALL. - Bricker Outdoor Bake Oven, Taneytown & Wheat Fields Roads, Gettysburg, Adams County, PA

63. Refrigerator, microwave oven, storage cabinet open, north side ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

63. Refrigerator, microwave oven, storage cabinet open, north side - Ellsworth Air Force Base, Delta Flight, Launch Control Facility, County Road CS23A, North of Exit 127, Interior, Jackson County, SD

Container for heat treating materials in microwave ovens

DOEpatents

Holcombe, Cressie E.; Dykes, Norman L.; Kimrey, Jr., Harold D.; Mills, James E.

1989-01-01

The efficiency of a microwave oven of a conventional two-source configuration and energy level is increased by providing the oven with a container for housing a refractory material to be treated. The container is formed of top and bottom walls transparent to microwaves while the sidewalls, in a circular configuration, are formed of a nonmetallic material opaque to microwave radiation reflecting the radiation penetrating the top and bottom walls radially inwardly into the center of the container wherein a casket of heat-insulating material is provided for housing the material to be heat treated. The reflection of the microwave radiation from the sidewalls increases the concentration of the microwaves upon the material being heat treated while the casket retains the heat to permit the heating of the material to a substantially higher temperature than achieveable in the oven without the container.

High levels of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins and polybrominated diphenyl ethers on the inside of several household baking oven doors.

PubMed

Gallistl, Christoph; Sprengel, Jannik; Vetter, Walter

2018-02-15

Fat obtained by wipe tests on the inner surface of 21 baking ovens from Stuttgart (Germany) were analyzed for halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), dechlorane plus (DP), short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs), as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In ~50% of the samples chlorinated paraffins (CPs) were present in the mg/g fat range, i.e. three to four orders of magnitude higher concentrated than the sum of all other target compounds. In contrast the remaining ~50% of the samples were free of CPs, while the other HFRs were comparable in CP-positive and CP-negative samples. The exceptionally high concentrations and exclusive presence of CPs in half of the samples produced strong evidence that these compounds were released from the baking oven itself. This hypothesis was supported by detection of MCCPs at even higher concentrations in the inner components of one dismantled baking oven. The release of substantial amounts of HFRs from the oven casing during its use may contribute to human exposure to these compounds, especially MCCPs and SCCPs. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Impact of volatile composition on the sensorial attributes of dried paprikas.

PubMed

Martín, Alberto; Hernández, Alejandro; Aranda, Emilio; Casquete, Rocio; Velázquez, Rocio; Bartolomé, Teresa; Córdoba, María G

2017-10-01

Here we characterised the aroma of smoked, oven-dried, and sun-dried paprikas by sensorial evaluation and analysis of their volatile profiles. The sensorial panel defined smoked paprikas as having an intense, persistent, smoked odour and flavour and the highest acceptability. The oven-dried paprikas had a fruity odour and flavour related with aroma notes to fresh peppers. The sun-dried paprikas were associated with straw aromas and the worse valued. The chemical classes of volatile compounds also defined the paprika types. The smoked paprikas were richer in alcohols, phenols, pyrroles, and pyranones, whereas the oven-dried samples were characterised by their aldehydes and terpenes. The sun-dried paprikas had significantly lower amounts of odorant substances than the smoked and oven-dried paprikas. The intensity, persistence and smokiness descriptors (associated with smoked paprika) were positively associated with phenols and alcohols. Aldehydes were positively correlated with a fruity descriptor, which defined oven-dried paprikas, and negatively correlated with intensity, persistence, smokiness, toasted, and dried pepper descriptors. The descriptor straw, which defined sun-dried paprikas, was negatively correlated with alcohols, phenols, furans, and pyrroles. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

GENERAL OVERVIEW, LOOKING NORTH FROM BEE HIVE COKE OVEN SITE. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

GENERAL OVERVIEW, LOOKING NORTH FROM BEE HIVE COKE OVEN SITE. - Pratt Coal & Coke Company, Pratt Mines, Tailings Pile, Bounded by First Street, Avenue G, Third Place, Birmingham Southern Railroad, Birmingham, Jefferson County, AL

VIEW OF EIGHT COKE OVENS ON EAST SIDE OF TOWN ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW OF EIGHT COKE OVENS ON EAST SIDE OF TOWN OF ALVERTON, CONSTRUCTED OF YELLOW REFRACTORY BRICK. "WOODLAND M2" AND "BENEZETT - Alverton Coke Works, State Route 981, Alverton, Westmoreland County, PA

7. FIRST FLOOR, INTERIOR, DETAIL OF FISH SMOKING OVEN LOCATED ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

7. FIRST FLOOR, INTERIOR, DETAIL OF FISH SMOKING OVEN LOCATED IN NORTH END OF BUILDING, ALONG WEST WALL; LOOKING WEST - Gerber Sheet Metal Works Building, 128 Porthand Avenue, South, Minneapolis, Hennepin County, MN

76 FR 69122 - Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Certain Consumer Products...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-08

..., Microwave Ovens, and Electric and Gas Kitchen Ranges and Ovens) and for Certain Commercial and Industrial... 431--ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT 0 1. The authority...

Non-Ionizing Radiation Used in Microwave Ovens

MedlinePlus

... Human Services (HHS), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) sets ... public health. These standards can be viewed on FDA's Code of Federal Regulations on Microwave Ovens . FDA ...

62. Refrigerator, microwave oven, equipment storage at top, north side ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

62. Refrigerator, microwave oven, equipment storage at top, north side - Ellsworth Air Force Base, Delta Flight, Launch Control Facility, County Road CS23A, North of Exit 127, Interior, Jackson County, SD

An Orthotropic Oven for Loading Vapor Traps

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maddi, J.; Dinneen, T.; Gould, H.

1998-05-01

Orthotropic ovens(T. Dinneen, A. Ghiorso, and H. Gould, Rev. Sci. Inst. 67, 752 (1996) ) produce collimated beams of alkali atoms with high efficiency. They are useful for producing beams of rare species such as short-lived radioactive atoms. We describe the design and operation of the UHV orthotropic oven used in vapor-capture trapping and cooling(Z.-T. Lu, K.L. Corwin, K.R. Vogel, C.E. Wieman, T.P. Dinneen, J. Maddi, and H. Gould, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 994 (1997)) of ^221Fr, and recent improvments in its design.

A short response time atomic source for trapped ion experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ballance, T. G.; Goodwin, J. F.; Nichol, B.; Stephenson, L. J.; Ballance, C. J.; Lucas, D. M.

2018-05-01

Ion traps are often loaded from atomic beams produced by resistively heated ovens. We demonstrate an atomic oven which has been designed for fast control of the atomic flux density and reproducible construction. We study the limiting time constants of the system and, in tests with 40Ca, show that we can reach the desired level of flux in 12 s, with no overshoot. Our results indicate that it may be possible to achieve an even faster response by applying an appropriate one-off heat treatment to the oven before it is used.

Effects of cooking method and final core-temperature on cooking loss, lipid oxidation, nucleotide-related compounds and aroma volatiles of Hanwoo brisket

PubMed Central

2018-01-01

Objective This study observed the effects of cooking method and final core temperature on cooking loss, lipid oxidation, aroma volatiles, nucleotide-related compounds and aroma volatiles of Hanwoo brisket (deep pectoralis). Methods Deep pectoralis muscles (8.65% of crude fat) were obtained from three Hanwoo steer carcasses with 1+ quality grade. Samples were either oven-roasted at 180°C (dry heat) or cooked in boiling water (moist heat) to final core temperature of 70°C (medium) or 77°C (well-done). Results Boiling method reduced more fat but retained more moisture than did the oven roasting method (p<0.001), thus no significant differences were found on cooking loss. However, samples lost more weight as final core temperature increased (p<0.01). Further, total saturated fatty acid increased (p = 0.02) while total monounsaturated fatty acid decreased (p = 0.03) as final core temperature increased. Regardless the method used for cooking, malondialdehyde (p<0.01) and free iron contents (p<0.001) were observed higher in samples cooked to 77°C. Oven roasting retained more inosinic acid, inosine and hypoxanthine in samples than did the boiling method (p<0.001), of which the concentration decreased as final core temperature increased except for hypoxanthine. Samples cooked to 77°C using oven roasting method released more intense aroma than did the others and the aroma pattern was discriminated based on the intensity. Most of aldehydes and pyrazines were more abundant in oven-roasted samples than in boiled samples. Among identified volatiles, hexanal had the highest area unit in both boiled and oven-roasted samples, of which the abundance increased as the final core temperature increased. Conclusion The boiling method extracted inosinic acid and rendered fat from beef brisket, whereas oven roasting intensified aroma derived from aldehydes and pyrazines and prevented the extreme loss of inosinic acid. PMID:28728407

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Crandall, M.S.; Wilcox, T.G.

An evaluation was made of working conditions at the Graphic Packaging Corporation, Paoli, Pennsylvania. Particular attention was given to workers making microwave popcorn bags who reported swelling around the eyes and dermatitis. One employee also reported an asthma attack while working on the bags. Special water-based epoxy adhesives were used for these bags as the product must withstand heating in a microwave oven. Environmental and personal breathing-zone air samples were taken and medical questionnaires were filled out. Use of the adhesive was discontinued in May of 1987 and the symptoms have disappeared. Chemical analysis of the adhesive indicated the presencemore » of several chemicals that are potential irritants or allergic sensitizers both to skin and the respiratory tract. These irritants included formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzoic acid, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, p-dioxane, and ethyl acetate. Samples taken before the switchover to another adhesive was made did not indicate a hazardous level of any of these substances to be present.« less

Global and gene-specific promoter methylation changes are related to anti-B[a]PDE-DNA adduct levels and influence micronuclei levels in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-exposed individuals.

PubMed

Pavanello, Sofia; Bollati, Valentina; Pesatori, Angela Cecilia; Kapka, Lucyna; Bolognesi, Claudia; Bertazzi, Pier Alberto; Baccarelli, Andrea

2009-10-01

We investigated the effect of chronic exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on DNA methylation states (percentage of methylated cytosines (%mC)) in Polish male nonsmoking coke-oven workers and matched controls. Methylation states of gene-specific promoters (p53, p16, HIC1 and IL-6) and of Alu and LINE-1 repetitive elements, as surrogate measures of global methylation, were quantified by pyrosequencing in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). DNA methylation was evaluated in relation to PAH exposure, assessed by urinary 1-pyrenol and anti-benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide (anti-B[a]PDE)-DNA adduct levels, a critical genetic damage from B[a]P. We also evaluated whether PAH-induced DNA methylation states were in turn associated with micronuclei in PBLs, an indicator of chromosomal instability.

40 CFR 63.308 - Standards for collecting mains.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.308 Standards for collecting mains. (a) On and after November 15, 1993, the owner or operator of a by-product coke oven battery shall inspect the collecting main for...

40 CFR 63.308 - Standards for collecting mains.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.308 Standards for collecting mains. (a) On and after November 15, 1993, the owner or operator of a by-product coke oven battery shall inspect the collecting main for...

40 CFR 63.308 - Standards for collecting mains.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.308 Standards for collecting mains. (a) On and after November 15, 1993, the owner or operator of a by-product coke oven battery shall inspect the collecting main for...

GENERAL OVERVIEW, LOOKING NORTH FROM COKE OVEN SITE, HEIGHT C. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

GENERAL OVERVIEW, LOOKING NORTH FROM COKE OVEN SITE, HEIGHT C. 20 FEET. - Pratt Coal & Coke Company, Pratt Mines, Tailings Pile, Bounded by First Street, Avenue G, Third Place, Birmingham Southern Railroad, Birmingham, Jefferson County, AL

40 CFR 63.308 - Standards for collecting mains.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.308 Standards for collecting mains. (a) On and after November 15, 1993, the owner or operator of a by-product coke oven battery shall inspect the collecting main for...

40 CFR 63.308 - Standards for collecting mains.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Standards for Coke Oven Batteries § 63.308 Standards for collecting mains. (a) On and after November 15, 1993, the owner or operator of a by-product coke oven battery shall inspect the collecting main for...

75 FR 77650 - Buy American Exceptions Under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-13

... Housing Authority for the purchase and installation of microwave ovens and Ground Fault Circuit... HUD on the basis that the relevant manufactured goods (GFCI outlets and microwave ovens) are not...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

V.T. Krivoshein; A.V. Makarov

The sequence of pushing coke ovens is one of the most important aspects of battery operation. The sequence must satisfy a number of technical and process conditions: (1) achieve maximum heating-wall life by avoiding destructive expansion pressure in freshly charged ovens and during pushing of the finished coke; (2) ensure uniform brickwork temperature and prevent overheating by compensating for the high thermal flux in freshly charged ovens due to accumulated heat in adjacent ovens that are in the second half of the coking cycle; (3) ensure the most favorable working conditions and safety for operating personnel; (4) provide additional opportunitiesmore » for repair personnel to perform various types of work, such as replacing coke-machine rails, without interrupting coal production; (5) perform the maximum number of coke-machine operations simultaneously: pushing, charging, and cleaning doors, frames, and standpipe elbows; and (6) reduce electricity consumption by minimizing idle travel of coke machines.« less

Thermocouple, multiple junction reference oven

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leblanc, L. P. (Inventor)

1981-01-01

An improved oven for maintaining the junctions of a plurality of reference thermocouples at a common and constant temperature is described. The oven is characterized by a cylindrical body defining a heat sink with axially extended-cylindrical cavity a singularized heating element which comprises a unitary cylindrical heating element consisting of a resistance heating coil wound about the surface of metallic spool with an axial bore defined and seated in the cavity. Other features of the oven include an annular array of radially extended bores defined in the cylindrical body and a plurality of reference thermocouple junctions seated in the bores in uniformly spaced relation with the heating element, and a temperature sensing device seated in the axial bore for detecting temperature changes as they occur in the spool and circuit to apply a voltage across the coil in response to detected drops in temperatures of the spool.

Alternative control technology document for bakery oven emissions. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanford, C.W.

The document was produced in response to a request by the baking industry for Federal guidance to assist in providing a more uniform information base for State decision-making with regard to control of bakery oven emissions. The information in the document pertains to bakeries that produce yeast-leavened bread, rolls, buns, and similar products but not crackers, sweet goods, or baked foodstuffs that are not yeast leavened. Information on the baking processes, equipment, operating parameters, potential emissions from baking, and potential emission control options are presented. Catalytic and regenerative oxidation are identified as the most appropriate existing control technologies applicable tomore » VOC emissions from bakery ovens. Cost analyses for catalytic and regenerative oxidation are included. A predictive formula for use in estimating oven emissions has been derived from source tests done in junction with the development of the document. Its use and applicability are described.« less

A container for heat treating materials in microwave ovens

DOEpatents

Holcombe, C.E.; Dykes, N.L.; Kimrey, H.D. Jr.; Mills, J.E.

1988-01-26

The efficiency of a microwave oven of a conventional two-source configuration and energy level is increased by providing the oven with a container for housing a refractory material to be treated. The container is formed to top and bottom walls transparent to microwaves while the sidewalls, in a circular configuration, are formed of a nonmetallic material opaque to microwave radiation for reflecting the radiation penetrating the top and bottom walls radially inwardly into the center of the container wherein a casket of heat-insulating material is provided for housing the material to be heat treated. The reflection of the microwave radiation from the sidewalls increases the concentration of the microwaves upon the material being heat treated while the concentration of the microwaves upon the material being heat treated while the casket retains the heat to permit the heating of the material to a substantially higher temperature than achievable in the oven without the container.

Geomagnetic paleointensity between 1300 and 1750 A.D. derived from a bread oven floor sequence in Lübeck, Germany

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schnepp, Elisabeth; Lanos, Philippe; Chauvin, Annick

2009-08-01

Geomagnetic paleointensities have been determined from a single archaeological site in Lübeck, Germany, where a sequence of 25 bread oven floors has been preserved in a bakery from medieval times until today. Age dating confines the time interval from about 1300 A.D. to about 1750 A.D. Paleomagnetic directions have been published from each oven floor and are updated here. The specimens have very stable directions and no or only weak secondary components. The oven floor material was characterized rock magnetically using Thellier viscosity indices, median destructive field values, Curie point determinations, and hysteresis measurements. Magnetic carriers are mixtures of SD, PSD, and minor MD magnetite and/or maghemite together with small amounts of hematite. Paleointensity was measured from selected specimens with the double-heating Thellier method including pTRM checks and determination of TRM anisotropy tensors. Corrections for anisotropy as well as for cooling rate turned out to be unnecessary. Ninety-two percent of the Thellier experiments passed the assigned acceptance criteria and provided four to six reliable paleointensity estimates per oven floor. Mean paleointensity values derived from 22 oven floors show maxima in the 15th and early 17th centuries A.D., followed by a decrease of paleointensity of about 20% until 1750 A.D. Together with the directions the record represents about 450 years of full vector secular variation. The results compare well with historical models of the Earth's magnetic field as well as with a selected high-quality paleointensity data set for western and central Europe.

Microstructure, texture and colour development during crust formation on whole muscle chicken fillets.

PubMed

Barbut, S

2013-01-01

1. The development of crust during a 22-min period was evaluated in an oven, and in previously cooked-in-bag products (no crust) placed in an oven for 10 min. The oven-roasted products started to develop a thin (2-4 μm) crust layer after 4 min. At that point, the colour of the fillets turned white but no browning was observed. As roasting time increased, crust thickness and shear force increased, the product turned brown and eventually black at certain spots. 2. Light microscopy revealed the shrinking of muscle fibres close to the surface, as they also lost water. At a certain point, tears between the different layers started to appear. The inner muscle fibres also progressively shrank and the spaces between them increased. Microscopy of cook-in-bag products revealed no crust formation during heating. Upon moving to the oven, crust started to form but was much faster compared with the other products. 3. Cook-in-the-bag samples showed a higher rate of cook loss during the first 12 min (to internal 70°C) compared with oven heating. This could have been due to the fast heating rate in water and/or no crust formation. 4. White colour was fully formed on water-cooked fillets within 2 min (L* = 83), while it was gradually forming on oven-roasted samples (max L* of 79 after 12 min). 5. Shear force measurements showed an increase in both treatments up to 18 min, with a decrease thereafter (when dry crust started to crack).

Enhancement of ibuprofen dissolution via wet granulation with beta-cyclodextrin.

PubMed

Ghorab, M K; Adeyeye, M C

2001-08-01

The purpose was to investigate the effect of wet granulation with beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD) on the enhancement of ibuprofen (IBU) dissolution. The effect of the granulation variables on the physical properties as well as the dissolution of tablets prepared from these granules was also examined. Granulation was performed using three granulating solvents: water, ethanol (95 vol%), and isopropanol. Granules were either oven-dried for 2 h or air-dried for 3 days. The granules or respective physical mixtures were compressed into tablets. Powder X-ray diffraction showed that oven-dried granulation resulted in less amorphous entities thatfacilitated IBU-betaCD complexation in solution and enhanced the dissolution of the corresponding tablets compared to the physical mixture with or without oven drying. In contrast, air-dried granulation did not cause any differences in the X-ray diffraction pattern (crystallinity) or the dissolution compared to the physical mixture without drying. Isopropanol and water, as granulating solvents, enhanced the dissolution of the oven-dried batches more than ethanol. The Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data showed that tablets prepared from oven-dried granules, but not air-dried granules, had lower AH values and percent loss in weight, respectively, than those prepared from the physical mixture as a result of the expulsion of the water molecules from the betaCD cavity and enhancement of the complexation in solution. These results showed that oven-dried granulation of IBU and betaCD provided faster IBU dissolution than the physical mixture; air-dried granulation did not substantially affect the dissolution of IBU.

Risk of Burns from Eruptions of Hot Water Overheated in Microwave Ovens

MedlinePlus

... Products Risk of Burns from Eruptions of Hot Water Overheated in Microwave Ovens Share Tweet Linkedin Pin ... What Can Consumers Do to Avoid Super-Heated Water? Follow the precautions and recommendations found in the ...

Coke oven emissions

Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

Coke oven emissions ; CASRN NA Human health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in the IRIS database only after a comprehensive review of toxicity data , as outlined in the IRIS assessment development process . Sections I ( Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Effects

40 CFR 63.7281 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... if you own or operate a coke oven battery at a coke plant that is (or is part of) a major source of...

40 CFR 63.7331 - What are the installation, operation, and maintenance requirements for my monitors?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Continuous Compliance Requirements § 63... each by-product coke oven battery, you must install, operate, and maintain a COMS to measure and record...

40 CFR 63.7331 - What are the installation, operation, and maintenance requirements for my monitors?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Continuous Compliance Requirements § 63... each by-product coke oven battery, you must install, operate, and maintain a COMS to measure and record...

40 CFR 63.7281 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... if you own or operate a coke oven battery at a coke plant that is (or is part of) a major source of...

1. GENERAL VIEW OF COKE WORKS LOOKING WEST, SHOWING OVENS ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. GENERAL VIEW OF COKE WORKS LOOKING WEST, SHOWING OVENS IN FOREGROUND, LARRY CAR TIPPLE TO THE RIGHT, AND COAL TIPPLE IN CENTERGROUND - Lucernemines Coke Works, 0.2 mile East of Lucerne, Lucerne Mines, Indiana County, PA

40 CFR 63.7281 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... if you own or operate a coke oven battery at a coke plant that is (or is part of) a major source of...

40 CFR 63.7281 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... if you own or operate a coke oven battery at a coke plant that is (or is part of) a major source of...

40 CFR 63.7331 - What are the installation, operation, and maintenance requirements for my monitors?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Continuous Compliance Requirements § 63... each by-product coke oven battery, you must install, operate, and maintain a COMS to measure and record...

40 CFR 63.7331 - What are the installation, operation, and maintenance requirements for my monitors?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Continuous Compliance Requirements § 63... each by-product coke oven battery, you must install, operate, and maintain a COMS to measure and record...

40 CFR 63.7281 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery... if you own or operate a coke oven battery at a coke plant that is (or is part of) a major source of...

The low-power potential of oven-controlled MEMS oscillators.

PubMed

Vig, John; Kim, Yoonkee

2013-04-01

It is shown that oven-controlled micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) oscillators have the potential of attaining a higher frequency stability, with a lower power consumption, than temperature-compensated crystal oscillators (TCXOs) and the currently manufactured MEMS oscillators.

40 CFR 63.1179 - For curing ovens, what standards must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... operating limits for each curing oven: (1) Maintain the free-formaldehyde content of each resin lot and the formaldehyde content of each binder formulation at or below the specification ranges of the resin and binder...

40 CFR 63.1179 - For curing ovens, what standards must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... operating limits for each curing oven: (1) Maintain the free-formaldehyde content of each resin lot and the formaldehyde content of each binder formulation at or below the specification ranges of the resin and binder...

DETAIL INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CYANAMIDE (LN) OVEN BUILDING LOOKING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

DETAIL INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CYANAMIDE (L-N) OVEN BUILDING LOOKING SOUTHEAST AT INGERSOLL-RAND COMPRESSORS #BE565 & 564. (NOT ORIGINAL LOCATION). - United States Nitrate Plant No. 2, Reservation Road, Muscle Shoals, Muscle Shoals, Colbert County, AL

DETAIL INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CYANAMIDE (LN) OVEN BUILDING LOOKING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

DETAIL INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CYANAMIDE (L-N) OVEN BUILDING LOOKING NORTHWEST AT A C. 1932 CHICAGO PNEUMATIC COMPRESSOR. (NOT ORIGINAL LOCATION). - United States Nitrate Plant No. 2, Reservation Road, Muscle Shoals, Muscle Shoals, Colbert County, AL

DETAIL INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CYANAMIDE (LN) OVEN BUILDING LOOKING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

DETAIL INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CYANAMIDE (L-N) OVEN BUILDING LOOKING WEST AT INGERSOLL-RAND COMPRESSORS #BE565 & 564. (NOT ORIGINAL LOCATION). - United States Nitrate Plant No. 2, Reservation Road, Muscle Shoals, Muscle Shoals, Colbert County, AL

DETAIL INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CYANAMIDE (LN) OVEN BUILDING LOOKING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

DETAIL INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CYANAMIDE (L-N) OVEN BUILDING LOOKING NORTHEAST AT A C. 1932 CHICAGO PNEUMATIC COMPRESSOR. (NOT ORIGINAL LOCATION). - United States Nitrate Plant No. 2, Reservation Road, Muscle Shoals, Muscle Shoals, Colbert County, AL

Microwave Sterilization in School Microbiology.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wynn, Brian; Dixon, Angela

1988-01-01

Described are two investigations carried out in a high school biology department using a domestic microwave oven to compare the relative attributes of the autoclave and microwave oven in school use. Discussed are equipment, methods, and results of each investigation. (Author/CW)

Sulfur-Bearing Phases Detected by Evolved Gas Analysis of the Rocknest Aeolian Deposit, Gale Crater, Mars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcadam, Amy Catherine; Franz, Heather Bryant

2014-01-01

The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite detected SO2, H2S, OCS, and CS2 from approx.450 to 800 C during evolved gas analysis (EGA) of materials from the Rocknest aeolian deposit in Gale Crater, Mars. This was the first detection of evolved sulfur species from a Martian surface sample during in situ EGA. SO2(approx. 3-22 micro-mol) is consistent with the thermal decomposition of Fe sulfates or Ca sulfites, or evolution/desorption from sulfur-bearing amorphous phases. Reactions between reduced sulfur phases such as sulfides and evolved O2 or H2O in the SAM oven are another candidate SO2 source. H2S (approx.41-109 nmol) is consistent with interactions of H2O, H2 and/or HCl with reduced sulfur phases and/or SO2 in the SAM oven. OCS (approx.1-5 nmol) and CS2(approx.0.2-1 nmol) are likely derived from reactions between carbon-bearing compounds and reduced sulfur. Sulfates and sulfites indicate some aqueous interactions, although not necessarily at the Rocknest site; Fe sulfates imply interaction with acid solutions whereas Ca sulfites can form from acidic to near-neutral solutions. Sulfides in the Rocknest materials suggest input from materials originally deposited in a reducing environment or from detrital sulfides from an igneous source. The presence of sulfides also suggests that the materials have not been extensively altered by oxidative aqueous weathering. The possibility of both reduced and oxidized sulfur compounds in the deposit indicates a nonequilibrium assemblage. Understanding the sulfur mineralogy in Rocknest materials, which exhibit chemical similarities to basaltic fines analyzed elsewhere on Mars, can provide insight in to the origin and alteration history of Martian surface materials.

Risk Assessment Document for Coke Oven MACT Residual Risk

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The residual risk analysis described in this report addresses four coke plants subject to the 1993coke oven MACT standards (40 CFR Part 63 Subpart L) and estimates potential risks due to HAPsemissions from facilities involved in coking operations.

Oven Evaporates Isopropyl Alcohol Without Risk Of Explosion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Morgan, Gene E.; Hoult, William S.

1996-01-01

Ordinary convection oven with capacity of 1 ft.(sup3) modified for use in drying objects washed in isopropyl alcohol. Nitrogen-purge equipment and safety interlocks added to prevent explosive ignition of flammable solvent evaporating from object to be dried.

40 CFR 63.7320 - By what date must I conduct performance tests or other initial compliance demonstrations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial Compliance... coke oven battery stack by the compliance date that is specified in § 63.7283. (c) For each work...

40 CFR 60.421 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... stream to the reactor/crystallizer for synthetic and coke oven by-product ammonium sulfate manufacturing...-product from process streams generated during caprolactam manufacture. Coke oven by-product ammonium... ammonia recovered as a by-product from the manufacture of coke. Synthetic ammonium sulfate manufacturing...

40 CFR 60.421 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... stream to the reactor/crystallizer for synthetic and coke oven by-product ammonium sulfate manufacturing...-product from process streams generated during caprolactam manufacture. Coke oven by-product ammonium... ammonia recovered as a by-product from the manufacture of coke. Synthetic ammonium sulfate manufacturing...

40 CFR 63.7320 - By what date must I conduct performance tests or other initial compliance demonstrations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial Compliance... coke oven battery stack by the compliance date that is specified in § 63.7283. (c) For each work...

40 CFR 60.421 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... stream to the reactor/crystallizer for synthetic and coke oven by-product ammonium sulfate manufacturing...-product from process streams generated during caprolactam manufacture. Coke oven by-product ammonium... ammonia recovered as a by-product from the manufacture of coke. Synthetic ammonium sulfate manufacturing...

40 CFR 60.421 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... stream to the reactor/crystallizer for synthetic and coke oven by-product ammonium sulfate manufacturing...-product from process streams generated during caprolactam manufacture. Coke oven by-product ammonium... ammonia recovered as a by-product from the manufacture of coke. Synthetic ammonium sulfate manufacturing...

40 CFR 63.7320 - By what date must I conduct performance tests or other initial compliance demonstrations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial Compliance... coke oven battery stack by the compliance date that is specified in § 63.7283. (c) For each work...

40 CFR 63.7320 - By what date must I conduct performance tests or other initial compliance demonstrations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Hazardous Air Pollutants for Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks Initial Compliance... coke oven battery stack by the compliance date that is specified in § 63.7283. (c) For each work...

77 FR 31376 - Buy American Exceptions Under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-25

... Phoenix Housing Department for the purchase and installation of microwave ovens for the Marcos de Niza... the basis that the relevant manufactured goods (microwave ovens) are not produced in the U.S. in...

40 CFR 60.421 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... stream to the reactor/crystallizer for synthetic and coke oven by-product ammonium sulfate manufacturing...-product ammonium sulfate manufacturing plant means any plant which produces ammonium sulfate as a by-product from process streams generated during caprolactam manufacture. Coke oven by-product ammonium...

77 FR 28805 - Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Microwave Ovens

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-16

...On November 23, 2011, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) issued a supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking (SNOPR) to amend the test procedures for microwave ovens. That SNOPR proposed amendments to the DOE test procedure to incorporate provisions from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard 62301, ``Household electrical appliances--Measurement of standby power,'' Edition 2.0 2011-01 (IEC Standard 62301 (Second Edition)). Today's SNOPR proposes additional provisions for measuring the standby mode and off mode energy use of products that combine a microwave oven with other appliance functionality, as well as minor technical clarifications.

Effect of hydrated lime on compressive strength mortar of fly ash laterite soil geopolymer mortar

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wangsa, F. A.; Tjaronge, M. W.; Djamaluddin, A. R.; Muhiddin, A. B.

2017-11-01

This paper explored the suitability of fly ash, hydrated lime, and laterite soil with several activator (sodium hydroxide and sodium tiosulfate) to produce geopolymer mortar. Furthermore, the heat that released by hydrated lime was used instead of oven curing. In order to produce geopolymer mortar without oven curing, three variations of curing condition has been applied. Based on the result, all the curing condition showed that the hardener mortar can be produced and exhibited the increasing of compressive strength of geopolymer mortar from 3 days to 7 days without oven curing.

Strength of Geopolymer Cement Curing at Ambient Temperature by Non-Oven Curing Approaches: An Overview

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wattanachai, Pitiwat; Suwan, Teewara

2017-06-01

At the present day, a concept of environmentally friendly construction materials has been intensively studying to reduce the amount of releasing greenhouse gases. Geopolymer is one of the cementitious binders which can be produced by utilising pozzolanic wastes (e.g. fly ash or furnace slag) and also receiving much more attention as a low-CO2 emission material. However, to achieve excellent mechanical properties, heat curing process is needed to apply to geopolymer cement in a range of temperature around 40 to 90°C. To consume less oven-curing energy and be more convenience in practical work, the study on geopolymer curing at ambient temperature (around 20 to 25°C) is therefore widely investigated. In this paper, a core review of factors and approaches for non-oven curing geopolymer has been summarised. The performance, in term of strength, of each non-oven curing method, is also presented and analysed. The main aim of this review paper is to gather the latest study of ambient temperature curing geopolymer and to enlarge a feasibility of non-oven curing geopolymer development. Also, to extend the directions of research work, some approaches or techniques can be combined or applied to the specific properties for in-field applications and embankment stabilization by using soil-cement column.

Control of final moisture content of food products baked in continuous tunnel ovens

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McFarlane, Ian

2006-02-01

There are well-known difficulties in making measurements of the moisture content of baked goods (such as bread, buns, biscuits, crackers and cake) during baking or at the oven exit; in this paper several sensing methods are discussed, but none of them are able to provide direct measurement with sufficient precision. An alternative is to use indirect inferential methods. Some of these methods involve dynamic modelling, with incorporation of thermal properties and using techniques familiar in computational fluid dynamics (CFD); a method of this class that has been used for the modelling of heat and mass transfer in one direction during baking is summarized, which may be extended to model transport of moisture within the product and also within the surrounding atmosphere. The concept of injecting heat during the baking process proportional to the calculated heat load on the oven has been implemented in a control scheme based on heat balance zone by zone through a continuous baking oven, taking advantage of the high latent heat of evaporation of water. Tests on biscuit production ovens are reported, with results that support a claim that the scheme gives more reproducible water distribution in the final product than conventional closed loop control of zone ambient temperatures, thus enabling water content to be held more closely within tolerance.

Using devitalized moss for active biomonitoring of water pollution.

PubMed

Debén, S; Fernández, J A; Carballeira, A; Aboal, J R

2016-03-01

This paper presents the results of an experiment carried out for the first time in situ to select a treatment to devitalize mosses for use in active biomonitoring of water pollution. Three devitalizing treatments for the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica were tested (i.e. oven-drying at 100 °C, oven-drying with a 50-80-100 °C temperature ramp, and boiling in water), and the effects of these on loss of material during exposure of the transplants and on the accumulation of different heavy metals and metalloids were determined. The suitability of using devitalized samples of the terrestrial moss Sphagnum denticulatum to biomonitor aquatic environments was also tested. The structure of mosses was altered in different ways by the devitalizing treatments. Devitalization by boiling water led to significantly less loss of material (p < 0.01) than the oven-drying treatments. However, devitalization by oven-drying with a temperature ramp yielded more stable results in relation to both loss of material and accumulation of elements. With the aim of standardizing the moss bag technique, the use of F. antipyretica devitalized by oven-drying with a temperature ramp is recommended, rather than other devitalization treatments or use of S. denticulatum. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Temporal and spatial variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations around a coke oven plant.

PubMed

Stella, Anna; Piccardo, Maria Teresa; Pala, Mauro; Balducci, Daniele; Cipolla, Massimo; Ceppi, Marcello; Valerio, Federico

2012-09-01

From 1995 to 2004, in Genoa, Italy, daily concentrations of twelve polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in particulate phase (PM10), around a coke oven plant in operation from the 1950s and closed in 2002. The study permitted to identify the coke oven as the main PAH source in Genoa, causing constant exceeding of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) air quality target (1.0 ng/m3) in the urban area till 1,900 meters distance downwind the plant. For this reason the plant was closed. Distance and daily hours downwind the coke plant were the main sources of variability of toxic BaP equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations and equations that best fitted these variables were experimentally obtained. During full plant activity, annual average BaPeq concentrations, measured in the three sampling sites aligned downwind to the summer prevalent winds, were: 85 ng/m3 at 40 m (site 2, industrial area), 13.2 ng/m3 at 300 m (site 3, residential area) and 5.6 ng/m3 at 575 m (site 4, residential area). Soon after the coke oven's closure (February 2002) BaPeq concentrations (annual average) measured in residential area, decreased drastically: 0.2 ng/m3 at site 3, 0.4 ng/m3 at site 4. Comparing 1998 and 2003 data, BaPeq concentrations decreased 97.6% in site 3 and 92.8% in site 4. Samples collected at site 3, during the longest downwind conditions, provided a reliable PAH profile of fugitive coke oven emissions. This profile was significantly different from the PAH profile, contemporary found at site 5, near the traffic flow. This study demonstrates that risk assessment based only on distance of residences from a coke plant can be heavily inaccurate and confirmed that seasonal variability of BaPeq concentrations and high variability of fugitive emissions of PAHs during coke oven activities require at least one year of frequent and constant monitoring (10-15 samples each month). Around a coking plant, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), concentrations depend mainly on downwind hours and distance. Equations that best fit these variables were experimentally calculated. Fugitive emissions of an old coke oven did not comply with the threshold BAP air concentration proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), up to 1,900 m distance. The study identified the PAH profile of fugitive emissions of a coke oven, statistically different from the profile of traffic emissions. During its activity, in the Genoa residential area, 575 m away from the plant, 92.8% of found PAHs was due to coke oven emission only.

Gamma-Ray Holdup Measurements of U-235, Np-237, and Am-241 Content in the C and D Out-gassing Ovens in the Deactivation and Decommissioning Activities in 321-M

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

RAYMOND, DEWBERRY

2004-09-16

The Analytical Development Section of Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) was requested by the Facilities Disposition Projects (FDP) to determine the holdup of enriched uranium in the 321-M facility as part of an overall deactivation project of the facility. The 321-M facility was used to fabricate enriched uranium fuel assemblies, lithium-aluminum target tubes, neptunium assemblies, and miscellaneous components for the production reactors. The results of the holdup assays are essential for determining compliance with the Waste Acceptance Criteria, Material Control and Accountability, and to meet criticality safety controls. This report covers holdup measurements in the C and D out-gassing ovensmore » that were used to remove gas entrained in billet assembly material prior to the billets being extruded into rods by the extrusion press. A portable high purity germanium (HPGe) detection system and a portable sodium iodide (NaI) detection system were used to determine highly enriched uranium (HEU) holdup and to determine holdup of Np-237 and Am-241 that were observed in these components. The HPGe detector was run by an EG and G Dart (TM) system that contains the high voltage power supply and signal processing electronics. A personal computer with Gamma-Vision software was used to control the Dart (TM) MCA and provide space to store and manipulate multiple 4096-channel spectra. The NaI detector was run with a Canberra NaI plus MCA card that converts a personal computer to a full function multichannel analyzer and with Canberra Genie-2000 acquisition and analysis software. The measured Np-237 and Am-241 contents were especially important in these components because their presence is unusual and unexpected in 321-M. It was important to obtain a measured value of these two species to disposition the out-gassing ovens and to determine whether a separate waste stream was necessary for release of these contaminated components to the E-Area Solid Waste Vault. The reported values for Np-237 are (17 plus or minus 7) mg in oven C and less than 0.5 mg in oven D. The reported values for Am-241 are (1.3 plus or minus 0.2) in oven C and less than 400 ng in oven D. Our results indicate an upper limit of U-235 content of 0.2 g for oven C and (0.105 plus or minus 0.048) g in oven D. This report discusses the methodology, non-destructive assay (NDA) measurements, and results of the holdup measured for each of the three actinide species in these out-gassing ovens.« less

29. Coke oven byproduct building "XX" with ammonia stills; powerhouse ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

29. Coke oven by-product building "XX" with ammonia stills; powerhouse with 8 sisters (stacks) in background; conveyor #20 (with break) on right, pulevrized coal storage bunker on left. Looking north/northwest - Rouge Steel Company, 3001 Miller Road, Dearborn, MI

EXTERIOR VIEW, LOOKING WEST, AT FORMER TCIUS STEEL COMPANY BEE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

EXTERIOR VIEW, LOOKING WEST, AT FORMER TCI-US STEEL COMPANY BEE HIVE OVEN RUINS WITH FORESTED OVERGROWTH. - Pratt Coal & Coke Company, Pratt Mines, Coke Ovens & Railroad, Bounded by First Street, Avenue G, Third Place, Birmingham Southern Railroad, Birmingham, Jefferson County, AL

2. VIEW OF TIPPLE LOOKING WEST FROM TOP OF OVENS, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. VIEW OF TIPPLE LOOKING WEST FROM TOP OF OVENS, SHOWING ROBINS CAR SHAKER (ON RIGHT) WHERE COAL WAS UNLOADED AND CONVEYED TO LARRY CAR TIPPLE - Lucernemines Coke Works, Larry Car Tipple, East of Lucerne, Lucerne Mines, Indiana County, PA

What Is a Pacemaker?

MedlinePlus

... your pacemaker. • If you work around industrial microwaves, electricity, cars or other large motors, ask your doctor about possible effects. Can I use a cell phone or microwave oven if I have a pacemaker? Microwave ovens, electric blankets, remote controls for TV and other common ...

9 CFR 381.163 - “(Kind) baked” or “(Kind) roasted.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Composition § 381.163 “(Kind) baked” or “(Kind) roasted.” Such product consists of ready-to-cook poultry of the kind indicated, that has been cooked in dry source heat, e.g., oven roasted or oven baked. ...

9 CFR 381.163 - “(Kind) baked” or “(Kind) roasted.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Composition § 381.163 “(Kind) baked” or “(Kind) roasted.” Such product consists of ready-to-cook poultry of the kind indicated, that has been cooked in dry source heat, e.g., oven roasted or oven baked. ...

9 CFR 381.163 - “(Kind) baked” or “(Kind) roasted.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Composition § 381.163 “(Kind) baked” or “(Kind) roasted.” Such product consists of ready-to-cook poultry of the kind indicated, that has been cooked in dry source heat, e.g., oven roasted or oven baked. ...

9 CFR 381.163 - “(Kind) baked” or “(Kind) roasted.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Composition § 381.163 “(Kind) baked” or “(Kind) roasted.” Such product consists of ready-to-cook poultry of the kind indicated, that has been cooked in dry source heat, e.g., oven roasted or oven baked. ...

9 CFR 381.163 - “(Kind) baked” or “(Kind) roasted.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Composition § 381.163 “(Kind) baked” or “(Kind) roasted.” Such product consists of ready-to-cook poultry of the kind indicated, that has been cooked in dry source heat, e.g., oven roasted or oven baked. ...

[Characteristics of particulate matter pollution in coke oven plant].

PubMed

Deng, Hua-xin; Zhang, Wang-zhen; Huang, Kun; He, Yun-feng; Li, Xiao-hai; Kuang, Dan; Lin, Da-feng; Zhang, Xiao-min; Wu, Tang-chun

2012-12-01

To explore the characteristics of particulate matter pollution in coke oven plant, so as to provide scientific data for establishing occupational exposure limits for coke oven emissions. Concentrations of CO, SO₂, BSM, BTEX (concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene were determined in this study), PM₁₀, PM₂.₅, 16 selected PAHs in PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ were determined in the work environment of a coke oven plant in Wuhan. The work environment was divided into the adjunct area, the bottom of, the side of and the top of coke oven. The concentrations of CO, SO₂, BSM, BETX, PM₁₀, PM₂.₅, PAHs in PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ were significantly related to working environmental categories, respectively, and were increasing as the adjunct area < bottom < side < top (P (trend) < 0.05). PM₁₀ was statistically significantly correlated with CO, SO₂, benzene, BTEX and BSM (0.705, 0.823, 0.664, 0.624 and 0.734, respectively). PM₂.₅ was statistically significantly correlated with CO, SO₂, benzene, BTEX and BSM (0.635, 0.916, 0. 680, 0.553 and 0.726, respectively). BSM was statistically significantly correlated with benzene (0.689). The ratios of PM₂.₅ to PM₁₀ between different work environments were not significantly different in one-way ANOVA (P > 0.05). The distribution of aromatic rings and the concentrations of total benzo[a] pyrene equivalents in PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ were not statistically different between work environments. The concentrations of particulate matter was related with other contents of coke oven emissions in coke work environment, and the contents and types of PAHs in PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ were similar.

Leakage of Microwave Ovens

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Abdul-Razzaq, W.; Bushey, R.; Winn, G.

2011-01-01

Physics is essential for students who want to succeed in science and engineering. Excitement and interest in the content matter contribute to enhancing this success. We have developed a laboratory experiment that takes advantage of microwave ovens to demonstrate important physical concepts and increase interest in physics. This experiment…

40 CFR 60.451 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...-coated metal range, oven, microwave oven, refrigerator, freezer, washer, dryer, dishwasher, water heater... submerged in a tank filled with coating material suspended in water and an electrical potential is used to... is fused into a continuous coating film through the use of heat. Spray booth means the structure...

40 CFR 60.451 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-coated metal range, oven, microwave oven, refrigerator, freezer, washer, dryer, dishwasher, water heater... submerged in a tank filled with coating material suspended in water and an electrical potential is used to... is fused into a continuous coating film through the use of heat. Spray booth means the structure...

40 CFR 60.451 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...-coated metal range, oven, microwave oven, refrigerator, freezer, washer, dryer, dishwasher, water heater... submerged in a tank filled with coating material suspended in water and an electrical potential is used to... is fused into a continuous coating film through the use of heat. Spray booth means the structure...

40 CFR 60.451 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...-coated metal range, oven, microwave oven, refrigerator, freezer, washer, dryer, dishwasher, water heater... submerged in a tank filled with coating material suspended in water and an electrical potential is used to... is fused into a continuous coating film through the use of heat. Spray booth means the structure...

40 CFR 60.451 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...-coated metal range, oven, microwave oven, refrigerator, freezer, washer, dryer, dishwasher, water heater... submerged in a tank filled with coating material suspended in water and an electrical potential is used to... is fused into a continuous coating film through the use of heat. Spray booth means the structure...

40 CFR 63.7324 - What procedures must I use to demonstrate initial compliance with the opacity limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... of 15 percent for a by-product coke oven battery on a normal coking cycle or 20 percent for a by-product coke oven battery on batterywide extended coking, follow the test methods and procedures in...

Effect of oven drying and freeze drying on the antioxidant and functional properties of protein hydrolysates derived from freshwater fish (Cirrhinus mrigala) using papain enzyme.

PubMed

Elavarasan, Krishnamoorthy; Shamasundar, Bangalore Aswathnarayan

2016-02-01

Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) was prepared from fresh water fish Cirrhinus mrigala using papain and dried in oven (OD-FPH) and freeze dryer (FD-FPH). The electron micrographs of FD-FPH samples showed porous structure. The browning intensity of OD-FPH samples was higher than the FD-FPH samples. The DPPH (2, 2 Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity and linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition activity of FPH were not affected by oven drying process. The sequential digestion of FPH with pepsin and pancreatin reduced the antioxidant properties in both OD-FPH and FD-FPH samples. The solubility of proteins in OD-FPH was lower at pH 5 while for that of FD-FPH it was at pH 7 with water as solvent. The surface active properties of FD-FPH samples were higher than OD-FPH samples. The oven drying of fish protein hydrolysates may be advocated considering the properties and cost of production.

Organic extracts of coke oven emissions can induce genetic damage in metabolically competent HepG2 cells.

PubMed

Xin, Lili; Wang, Jianshu; Guo, Sifan; Wu, Yanhu; Li, Xiaohai; Deng, Huaxin; Kuang, Dan; Xiao, Wei; Wu, Tangchun; Guo, Huan

2014-05-01

Coke oven emissions (COEs) containing various carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent the coal-burning pollution in the air. Organic pollutants in the aerosol and particulate matter of COEs were collected from the bottom, side, and top of a coke oven. The Comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay were conducted to analyze the genetic damage of extractable organic matter (EOM) of COEs on HepG2 cells. All the three EOMs could induce significant dose-dependent increases in Olive tail moment, tail DNA, and tail length, micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds frequencies, which were mostly positively correlated with the total PAHs concentration in each EOM. In conclusion, EOMs of COEs in the three typical working places of coke oven can induce DNA strand breaks and genomic instability in the metabolically competent HepG2 cells. The PAHs in EOMs may be important causative agents for the genotoxic effects of COEs. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of different flours on quality of legume cakes to be baked in microwave-infrared combination oven and conventional oven.

PubMed

Ozkahraman, Betul Canan; Sumnu, Gulum; Sahin, Serpil

2016-03-01

The objective of this study was to compare the quality of legume cakes baked in microwave-infrared combination (MW-IR) oven with conventional oven. Legume cake formulations were developed by replacing 10 % wheat flour by lentil, chickpea and pea flour. As a control, wheat flour containing cakes were used. Weight loss, specific volume, texture, color, gelatinization degree, macro and micro-structure of cakes were investigated. MW-IR baked cakes had higher specific volume, weight loss and crust color change and lower hardness values than conventionally baked cakes. Larger pores were observed in MW-IR baked cakes according to scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Pea flour giving the hardest structure, lowest specific volume and gelatinization degree was determined to be the least acceptable legume flour. On the other hand, lentil and chickpea flour containing cakes had the softest structure and highest specific volume showing that lentil and chickpea flour can be used to produce functional cakes.

Exposure assessment of microwave ovens and impact on total exposure in WLANs

PubMed Central

Plets, David; Verloock, Leen; Van Den Bossche, Matthias; Tanghe, Emmeric; Joseph, Wout; Martens, Luc

2016-01-01

In situ exposure of electric fields of 11 microwave ovens is assessed in an occupational environment and in an office. Measurements as a function of distance without load and with a load of 275 ml of tap water were performed at distances of <1 m. The maximal measured field was 55.2 V m−1 at 5 cm from the oven (without load), which is 2.5 and 1.1 times below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection reference level for occupational exposure and general public exposure, respectively. For exposure at distances of >1 m, a model of the electric field in a realistic environment is proposed. In an office scenario, switching on a microwave oven increases the median field strength from 91 to 145 mV m−1 (+91 %) in a traditional Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) deployment and from 44 to 92 mV m−1 (+109 %) in an exposure-optimised WLAN deployment. PMID:25956787

Toxicity resulting from exposure to oven cleaners as reported to the UK National Poisons Information Service (NPIS) from 2009 to 2015.

PubMed

Day, Rachael C; Bradberry, Sally M; Sandilands, Euan A; Thomas, Simon H L; Thompson, John P; Vale, J Allister

2017-08-01

Oven cleaning products contain corrosive substances, typically sodium or potassium hydroxide. To determine the reported toxicity from exposure to oven cleaning products. Telephone enquiries to the UK National Poisons Information Service regarding oven cleaning products were analysed retrospectively for the period January 2009 to December 2015. There were 796 enquiries relating to 780 patients. Ninety-six percent of the products involved in the reported exposures contained sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide. Ingestion alone (n = 285) or skin contact alone (n = 208) accounted for the majority of cases; inhalation alone (n = 101), eye contact alone (n = 97), and multiple routes of exposure (n = 89) accounted for the remainder. Ninety-five percent of patients exposed by inhalation, 94% exposed dermally and 85% reporting eye exposure, developed features of toxicity. Patients exposed by multiple routes developed symptoms in 70% of cases. Only 103 of the 285 patients ingested oven cleaner directly, whereas 182 patients ingested food they considered to have been contaminated with oven cleaner. In 100 of the 103 direct ingestions where the features and World Health Organisation/International Programme on Chemical Safety/European Commission/European Association of Poison Centres and Clinical Toxicologists Poisoning Severity Score were known, 56 reported symptoms which were minor in 51 cases. The most common features following ingestion were vomiting (n = 26), abdominal pain (n = 22) or pharyngitis (n = 15). Skin burns (n = 91) predominantly involving the hands or arms, occurred in 44% of dermal exposures. Following inhalation, patients frequently developed respiratory features (n = 52) including coughing and chest pain/tightness. Eye pain (n = 43) and conjunctivitis (n = 33) commonly occurred following ocular exposure. Most (71%) patients exposed to an oven cleaner irrespective of the route of exposure developed features of toxicity, though in most cases only minor features developed; moderate or severe features ensued in ∼4%. Those patients exposed dermally, ophthalmically or by inhalation developed features more frequently (≥85%) than those who ingested a product directly (56%).

Elucidation of solution state complexation in wet-granulated oven-dried ibuprofen and beta-cyclodextrin: FT-IR and 1H-NMR studies.

PubMed

Ghorab, M K; Adeyeye, M C

2001-08-01

The effect of oven-dried wet granulation on the complexation of beta-cyclodextrin with ibuprofen (IBU) in solution was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and molecular modeling. Granulation was carried out using 5 mL of three different granulating solvents; water, ethanol (95% v/v), and isopropanol and the granules were oven-dried at 60 degrees C for 2 h. The granules were compared to oven-dried physical mixture and conventionally prepared complex. Phase solubility study was performed to investigate the stability of the granulation-formed complexes in solution. FT-IR was used to examine the complexation in the granules while 1H NMR, and molecular modeling studies were carried out to determine the mechanism of complexation in the water-prepared granules. The solubility studies suggested a 1:1 complex between IBU and betaCD. It also showed that the stability of the complex in solution was in the following order with respect to the granulating solvents: ethanol > water > isopropanol. The FT-IR study revealed a shift in the carboxylic acid stretching band and decrease in the intensities of the C-H bending bands of the isopropyl group and the out-of-plane aromatic ring, of IBU, in granules compared to the oven-dried physical mixture. This indicated that granules might have some extent of solid state complexation that could further enhance dissolution and the IBU-betaCD solution state complexation. 1H NMR showed that water prepared oven-dried granules had a different 1H NMR spectrum compared to similarly made oven-dried physical mixture, indicative of complexation in the former. The 1H NMR and the molecular modeling studies together revealed that solution state complexation from the granules occurred by inclusion of the isopropyl group together with part of the aromatic ring of IBU into the betaCD cavity probably through its wider side. These results indicate that granulation process induced faster complexation in solution which enhances the solubility and the dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs. The extent of complexation in the granules was dependent on the type of solvent used.

Prediction of operating parameters range for ammonia removal unit in coke making by-products

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tiwari, Hari Prakash; Kumar, Rajesh; Bhattacharjee, Arunabh; Lingam, Ravi Kumar; Roy, Abhijit; Tiwary, Shambhu

2018-02-01

Coke oven gas treatment plants are well equipped with distributed control systems (DCS) and therefore recording the vast amount of operational data efficiently. Analyzing the stored information manually from historians is practically impossible. In this study, data mining technique was examined for lowering the ammonia concentration in clean coke oven gas. Results confirm that concentration of ammonia in clean coke oven gas depends on the average PCDC temperature; gas scrubber temperatures stripped liquor flow, stripped liquor concentration and stripped liquor temperature. The optimum operating ranges of the above dependent parameters using data mining technique for lowering the concentration of ammonia is described in this paper.

21 CFR 1030.10 - Microwave ovens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... after October 6, 1971. (b) Definitions—(1) Microwave oven means a device designed to heat, cook, or dry food through the application of electromagnetic energy at frequencies assigned by the Federal... prevent emission of microwave energy from the passage or opening which provides access to the cavity. (4...

21 CFR 1030.10 - Microwave ovens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... after October 6, 1971. (b) Definitions—(1) Microwave oven means a device designed to heat, cook, or dry food through the application of electromagnetic energy at frequencies assigned by the Federal... prevent emission of microwave energy from the passage or opening which provides access to the cavity. (4...

21 CFR 1030.10 - Microwave ovens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... after October 6, 1971. (b) Definitions—(1) Microwave oven means a device designed to heat, cook, or dry food through the application of electromagnetic energy at frequencies assigned by the Federal... prevent emission of microwave energy from the passage or opening which provides access to the cavity. (4...

29 CFR 1910.1029 - Coke oven emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., including at least one sample during each shift for each battery and each job classification within the... controls to control coke oven emissions during charging operations: (a) One of the following methods of...) Aspiration systems designed and operated to provide sufficient negative pressure and flow volume to...

29 CFR 1910.1029 - Coke oven emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., including at least one sample during each shift for each battery and each job classification within the... controls to control coke oven emissions during charging operations: (a) One of the following methods of...) Aspiration systems designed and operated to provide sufficient negative pressure and flow volume to...

29 CFR 1910.1029 - Coke oven emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., including at least one sample during each shift for each battery and each job classification within the... controls to control coke oven emissions during charging operations: (a) One of the following methods of...) Aspiration systems designed and operated to provide sufficient negative pressure and flow volume to...

29 CFR 1926.1129 - Coke oven emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Coke oven emissions. 1926.1129 Section 1926.1129 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Toxic and Hazardous Substances § 1926.1129 Coke...

29 CFR 1926.1129 - Coke oven emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 8 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Coke oven emissions. 1926.1129 Section 1926.1129 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Toxic and Hazardous Substances § 1926.1129 Coke...

29 CFR 1926.1129 - Coke oven emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 8 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Coke oven emissions. 1926.1129 Section 1926.1129 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Toxic and Hazardous Substances § 1926.1129 Coke...

29 CFR 1926.1129 - Coke oven emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 8 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Coke oven emissions. 1926.1129 Section 1926.1129 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Toxic and Hazardous Substances § 1926.1129 Coke...

29 CFR 1926.1129 - Coke oven emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 8 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Coke oven emissions. 1926.1129 Section 1926.1129 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Toxic and Hazardous Substances § 1926.1129 Coke...

Data Development of Detail Standards For Outside Machinery Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-01-01

the preparation of food . oven operates differently than the conventional free heat The convection oven forces the heat to circulate by the For the...that the product at the various stages meets quality and technical workmanship established by drawings, Manufact - uring Standard Processes, as well as

40 CFR 63.3120 - What reports must I submit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... deviation. (8) Deviations: separate electrodeposition primer bake oven capture and control limitations. If you used the separate electrodeposition primer bake oven capture and control limitations in § 63.3092... dates of each month during which there was a deviation from the separate electrodeposition primer bake...

40 CFR 63.3120 - What reports must I submit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... deviation. (8) Deviations: separate electrodeposition primer bake oven capture and control limitations. If you used the separate electrodeposition primer bake oven capture and control limitations in § 63.3092... dates of each month during which there was a deviation from the separate electrodeposition primer bake...

40 CFR 63.3120 - What reports must I submit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... deviation. (8) Deviations: separate electrodeposition primer bake oven capture and control limitations. If you used the separate electrodeposition primer bake oven capture and control limitations in § 63.3092... dates of each month during which there was a deviation from the separate electrodeposition primer bake...

40 CFR 63.3120 - What reports must I submit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... deviation. (8) Deviations: separate electrodeposition primer bake oven capture and control limitations. If you used the separate electrodeposition primer bake oven capture and control limitations in § 63.3092... dates of each month during which there was a deviation from the separate electrodeposition primer bake...

15. 110 SANSOM STREET, BAKE OVEN IN CELLAR (Above the ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. 110 SANSOM STREET, BAKE OVEN IN CELLAR (Above the chamber is the entrance to the squirrel tail flue. Below and to the right at floor level is a wood storage compartment.) - James McCrea Houses, 108-110 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

40 CFR 63.3120 - What reports must I submit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... deviation. (8) Deviations: separate electrodeposition primer bake oven capture and control limitations. If you used the separate electrodeposition primer bake oven capture and control limitations in § 63.3092... dates of each month during which there was a deviation from the separate electrodeposition primer bake...

Potential job facilitation benefits of "water cooler" conversations: the importance of social interactions in the workplace.

PubMed

Lin, Iris Y; Kwantes, Catherine T

2015-01-01

This study looked at the extent to which personality and cultural factors predicted participants' perceptions of the importance private interactions played in the workplace. The 134 participants read a vignette (where a new employee socially interacted at low or high levels with co-workers) and completed the Big Five Inventory, Social Axioms Survey, and questions concerning expected workplace experiences. Results indicated employees who engaged in high levels of private interaction with co-workers were expected to be better liked, to receive better performance evaluations, were more likely to receive co-worker assistance, and were thought to be more likely chosen for future projects. However, the personality and social axiom variables studied did not significantly interact with social interaction to influence expectations of workplace outcomes.

Ambient air quality and emission characteristics in and around a non-recovery type coke oven using high sulphur coal.

PubMed

Saikia, Jyotilima; Saikia, Prasenjit; Boruah, Ratan; Saikia, Binoy K

2015-10-15

The objective of this study is to determine the concentrations of gaseous species and aerosols in and around a non-recovery type coke making oven using high sulphur coals. In this paper, physico-chemical properties of the feed coal sample are reported along with the collection and measurement of the emitted gases (SO2, NO2, and NH3) and aerosol particles (PM2.5, PM10) during the coal carbonization in the oven. The coals used are from northeast India and they are high sulphur in nature. The concentrations of the gases e.g., SO2, NO2 and NH3 emitted are observed to be within the limit of National Ambient Air Quality Standard for 24h. The mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations are found to be 125.4 μg/m(3) and 48.6 μg/m(3) respectively, as measured during three days of coke oven operations. About 99% of the SO2 in flue gases is captured by using an alkali treatment during the coke oven operation. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) after Centred Log Ratio (clr) transformation is also performed to know the positive and negative correlation among the coal properties and the emission parameters. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Experimental study on the drying of natural latex medical gloves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chankrachang, Mano; Yongyingsakthavorn, Pisit; Tohsan, Atitaya; Nontakaew, Udomkiat

2018-01-01

The purpose of this research was to study latex film drying at 70 °C using a laboratory drying oven. Two different total solid content (TSC) latex compounds, which 45% TSC and 35% TSC were used. The undried latex films were prepared according to the common procedures used in latex gloves manufacturers, that is, by dry coagulant dipping process. The experimental results such as initial moisture content, the amount of moisture and drying time of latex films in each latex compound formula were determined. After that, the results were projected to calculate on the production capacity expand by 1 million piece/day of natural latex medical gloves. Finally, the rate of moisture entering the latex drying oven and the energy consumption of the drying oven were estimated. The results indicated that when the 35% TSC of latex compound was used. The initial moisture content of latex film was higher than 45% TSC of latex compound about 7%. The drying time of 35% TSC was longer than 45% TSC for 2.5 min and consume more energy about 10%. As a result, the 45% TSC latex compound was the better way to saving energy and managing humidity in the production line. Therefore, it was found to very useful to an approximate design length and size of actual of latex drying oven and the rate of moisture entering the oven as well.

Effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy of rambutan seed under different drying methods to promote storage stability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmad, So'bah; Shamsul Anuar, Mohd; Saleena Taip, Farah; Shamsudin, Rosnah; M, Siti Roha A.

2017-05-01

The effects of two drying methods, oven and microwave drying on the effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy of rambutan seed were studied. Effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy are the main indicators used for moisture movement within the material. Hence, it is beneficial to determine an appropriate drying method to attain a final moisture content of rambutan seed that potentially could be used as secondary sources in the industry. An appropriate final moisture content will provide better storage stability that can extend the lifespan of the rambutan seed. The rambutan seeds were dried with two drying methods (oven and microwave) at two level of the process variables (oven temperature; 40°C and 60°C and microwave power; 250W and 1000W) at constant initial moisture contents. The result showed that a higher value of effective moisture diffusivity and less activation energy were observed in microwave drying compared to oven drying. This finding portrays microwave drying expedites the moisture removal to achieve the required final moisture content and the most appropriate drying method for longer storage stability for rambutan seed. With respect to the process variables; higher oven temperatures and lower microwave powers also exhibit similar trends. Hopefully, this study would provide a baseline data to determine an appropriate drying method for longer storage period for turning waste to by-products.

Enhancing performance and uniformity of CH3NH3PbI3-xClx perovskite solar cells by air-heated-oven assisted annealing under various humidities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Qing; Jin, Zhiwen; Li, Hui; Wang, Jizheng

2016-02-01

To fabricate high-performance metal-halide perovskite solar cells, a thermal annealing process is indispensable in preparing high quality perovskite film. And usually such annealing is performed on hot plate. However hot-plate annealing could cause problems such as inhomogeneous heating (induced by non-tight contact between the sample and the plate), it is also not fit for large scale manufactory. In this paper, we conduct the annealing process in air-heated oven under various humidity environments, and compared the resulted films (CH3NH3PbI3-xClx) and devices (Al/PC61BM/CH3NH3PbI3-xClx/PEDOT:PSS/ITO/glass) with that obtained via hot-plate annealing. It is found that the air-heated-oven annealing is superior to the hot-plate annealing: the annealing time is shorter, the films are more uniform, and the devices exhibit higher power conversion efficiency and better uniformity. The highest efficiencies achieved for the oven and hot-plate annealing processes are 14.9% and 13.5%, and the corresponding standard deviations are 0.5% and 0.8%, respectively. Our work here indicates that air-heated-oven annealing could be a more reliable and more efficient way for both lab research and large-scale production.

The Earth's magnetic field in Italy during the Neolithic period: New data from the Early Neolithic site of Portonovo (Marche, Italy)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tema, Evdokia; Ferrara, Enzo; Camps, Pierre; Conati Barbaro, Cecilia; Spatafora, Simone; Carvallo, Claire; Poidras, Thierry

2016-08-01

We present new, full geomagnetic field vector results from three Neolithic ovens discovered at the archaeological site of Portonovo (Marche, Italy). The discovered structures are a rare example of very well preserved underground ovens from the Early Neolithic period. Standard thermal demagnetization procedures were used to isolate the direction of the Characteristic Remanent Magnetization acquired by the baked clay during the ovens' last firing. The corresponding archaeointensities were determined by the multi-specimen procedure (MSP-DSC) and show a clear intensity low during the Neolithic period. Both directional and intensity results are of high quality, offering the first contribution of full geomagnetic field vector data for this period in Italy. The new data are compared with other contemporaneous data from Europe and with global geomagnetic field models. Independent archaeomagnetic dating of the three ovens was also performed by means of the SCHA.DIF.14k model. The obtained results are in excellent agreement with available radiocarbon dates and confirm that all ovens belong to the Neolithic. These new data importantly enrich our knowledge of the geomagnetic field during the Neolithic period that is poorly documented by data, not only in Italy but also in the whole of Europe and show that archaeomagnetic dating can provide precise results even for prehistoric periods.

Variable effect of steam injection level on beef muscles: semitendinosus and biceps femoris cooked in convection-steam oven.

PubMed

Zając, Marzena; Kącik, Sławomir; Palka, Krystyna; Widurek, Paweł

2015-01-01

Combi ovens are used very often in restaurants to heat up food. According to the producers the equipment allows to cook meat portions which are more tender and flavoursome comparing to conventional cooking techniques. Beef steaks from muscles semitendinosus and biceps femoris were cooked in convection-steam oven at three humidity levels: 10, 60 and 100%. Chemical composition, including total and insoluble collagen content and cook losses were analysed along with the texture and colour parameters. M. biceps femoris was the hardest and the most chewy at 100% steam saturation level and hardness measured for m. semitendinosus was the lowest at 10% of vapour injection. Changing the steam conditions in the oven chamber did not affect the detectable colour differences of m. biceps femoris, but it was significant for m. semitendinosus. Applying 100% steam saturation caused higher cook losses and the increase of insoluble collagen fractions in both analysed muscles. The results are beneficial for caterers using steam-convection ovens in terms of providing evidence that the heating conditions should be applied individually depending on the muscle used. The tenderness of m. semitendinosus muscle cooked at 10% steam saturation level was comparable to the tenderness obtained for the same muscle aged for 10 days and cooked with 100% steam saturation. Steaks from m. biceps femoris muscle should be cooked with maximum 60% saturation level to obtain higher tenderness.

Factors shaping interactions among community health workers in rural Ethiopia: rethinking workplace trust and teamwork.

PubMed

Dynes, Michelle M; Stephenson, Rob; Hadley, Craig; Sibley, Lynn M

2014-01-01

Worldwide, a shortage of skilled health workers has prompted a shift toward community-based health workers taking on greater responsibility in the provision of select maternal and newborn health services. Research in mid- and high-income settings suggests that coworker collaboration increases productivity and performance. A major gap in this research, however, is the exploration of factors that influence teamwork among diverse community health worker cadres in rural, low-resource settings. The purpose of this study is to examine how sociodemographic and structural factors shape teamwork among community-based maternal and newborn health workers in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with health extension workers, community health development agents, and traditional birth attendants in 3 districts of the West Gojam Zone in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. Communities were randomly selected from Maternal and Newborn Health in Ethiopia Partnership (MaNHEP) sites; health worker participants were recruited using a snowball sampling strategy. Fractional logit modeling and average marginal effects analyses were carried out to identify the influential factors for frequency of work interactions with each cadre. One hundred and ninety-four health workers participated in the study. A core set of factors-trust in coworkers, gender, and cadre-were influential for teamwork across groups. Greater geographic distance and perception of self-interested motivations were barriers to interactions with health extension workers, while greater food insecurity (a proxy for wealth) was associated with increased interactions with traditional birth attendants. Interventions that promote trust and gender sensitivity and improve perceptions of health worker motivations may help bridge the gap in health services delivery between low- and high-resource settings. Inter-cadre training may be one mechanism to increase trust and respect among diverse health workers, thereby increasing collaboration. Large-scale, longitudinal research is needed to understand how changes in trust, gender norms, and perceptions of motivations influence teamwork over time. © 2014 by the American College of Nurse-Midwives.

Evaluation of retention factor and moisture correction for determining asphalt content in asphalt concrete mixtures.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1985-05-01

The purpose of this report is to compare the differences in asphalt contents determined after correction of mix and extracted aggregate weights for moisture when drying with the standard oven and microwave oven. It is also intended to determine if th...