A Simple Method for Deriving the Confidence Regions for the Penalized Cox’s Model via the Minimand Perturbation†

PubMed Central

Lin, Chen-Yen; Halabi, Susan

2017-01-01

We propose a minimand perturbation method to derive the confidence regions for the regularized estimators for the Cox’s proportional hazards model. Although the regularized estimation procedure produces a more stable point estimate, it remains challenging to provide an interval estimator or an analytic variance estimator for the associated point estimate. Based on the sandwich formula, the current variance estimator provides a simple approximation, but its finite sample performance is not entirely satisfactory. Besides, the sandwich formula can only provide variance estimates for the non-zero coefficients. In this article, we present a generic description for the perturbation method and then introduce a computation algorithm using the adaptive least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalty. Through simulation studies, we demonstrate that our method can better approximate the limiting distribution of the adaptive LASSO estimator and produces more accurate inference compared with the sandwich formula. The simulation results also indicate the possibility of extending the applications to the adaptive elastic-net penalty. We further demonstrate our method using data from a phase III clinical trial in prostate cancer. PMID:29326496

A Simple Method for Deriving the Confidence Regions for the Penalized Cox's Model via the Minimand Perturbation.

PubMed

Lin, Chen-Yen; Halabi, Susan

2017-01-01

We propose a minimand perturbation method to derive the confidence regions for the regularized estimators for the Cox's proportional hazards model. Although the regularized estimation procedure produces a more stable point estimate, it remains challenging to provide an interval estimator or an analytic variance estimator for the associated point estimate. Based on the sandwich formula, the current variance estimator provides a simple approximation, but its finite sample performance is not entirely satisfactory. Besides, the sandwich formula can only provide variance estimates for the non-zero coefficients. In this article, we present a generic description for the perturbation method and then introduce a computation algorithm using the adaptive least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalty. Through simulation studies, we demonstrate that our method can better approximate the limiting distribution of the adaptive LASSO estimator and produces more accurate inference compared with the sandwich formula. The simulation results also indicate the possibility of extending the applications to the adaptive elastic-net penalty. We further demonstrate our method using data from a phase III clinical trial in prostate cancer.

Structured penalties for functional linear models-partially empirical eigenvectors for regression.

PubMed

Randolph, Timothy W; Harezlak, Jaroslaw; Feng, Ziding

2012-01-01

One of the challenges with functional data is incorporating geometric structure, or local correlation, into the analysis. This structure is inherent in the output from an increasing number of biomedical technologies, and a functional linear model is often used to estimate the relationship between the predictor functions and scalar responses. Common approaches to the problem of estimating a coefficient function typically involve two stages: regularization and estimation. Regularization is usually done via dimension reduction, projecting onto a predefined span of basis functions or a reduced set of eigenvectors (principal components). In contrast, we present a unified approach that directly incorporates geometric structure into the estimation process by exploiting the joint eigenproperties of the predictors and a linear penalty operator. In this sense, the components in the regression are 'partially empirical' and the framework is provided by the generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD). The form of the penalized estimation is not new, but the GSVD clarifies the process and informs the choice of penalty by making explicit the joint influence of the penalty and predictors on the bias, variance and performance of the estimated coefficient function. Laboratory spectroscopy data and simulations are used to illustrate the concepts.

Convex composite wavelet frame and total variation-based image deblurring using nonconvex penalty functions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, Zhengwei; Cheng, Lishuang

2017-09-01

Total variation (TV)-based image deblurring method can bring on staircase artifacts in the homogenous region of the latent images recovered from the degraded images while a wavelet/frame-based image deblurring method will lead to spurious noise spikes and pseudo-Gibbs artifacts in the vicinity of discontinuities of the latent images. To suppress these artifacts efficiently, we propose a nonconvex composite wavelet/frame and TV-based image deblurring model. In this model, the wavelet/frame and the TV-based methods may complement each other, which are verified by theoretical analysis and experimental results. To further improve the quality of the latent images, nonconvex penalty function is used to be the regularization terms of the model, which may induce a stronger sparse solution and will more accurately estimate the relative large gradient or wavelet/frame coefficients of the latent images. In addition, by choosing a suitable parameter to the nonconvex penalty function, the subproblem that splits by the alternative direction method of multipliers algorithm from the proposed model can be guaranteed to be a convex optimization problem; hence, each subproblem can converge to a global optimum. The mean doubly augmented Lagrangian and the isotropic split Bregman algorithms are used to solve these convex subproblems where the designed proximal operator is used to reduce the computational complexity of the algorithms. Extensive numerical experiments indicate that the proposed model and algorithms are comparable to other state-of-the-art model and methods.

A method for optimizing multi-objective reservoir operation upon human and riverine ecosystem demands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ai, Xueshan; Dong, Zuo; Mo, Mingzhu

2017-04-01

The optimal reservoir operation is in generally a multi-objective problem. In real life, most of the reservoir operation optimization problems involve conflicting objectives, for which there is no single optimal solution which can simultaneously gain an optimal result of all the purposes, but rather a set of well distributed non-inferior solutions or Pareto frontier exists. On the other hand, most of the reservoirs operation rules is to gain greater social and economic benefits at the expense of ecological environment, resulting to the destruction of riverine ecology and reduction of aquatic biodiversity. To overcome these drawbacks, this study developed a multi-objective model for the reservoir operating with the conflicting functions of hydroelectric energy generation, irrigation and ecological protection. To solve the model with the objectives of maximize energy production, maximize the water demand satisfaction rate of irrigation and ecology, we proposed a multi-objective optimization method of variable penalty coefficient (VPC), which was based on integrate dynamic programming (DP) with discrete differential dynamic programming (DDDP), to generate a well distributed non-inferior along the Pareto front by changing the penalties coefficient of different objectives. This method was applied to an existing China reservoir named Donggu, through a course of a year, which is a multi-annual storage reservoir with multiple purposes. The case study results showed a good relationship between any two of the objectives and a good Pareto optimal solutions, which provide a reference for the reservoir decision makers.

Inverse obstacle problem for the scalar Helmholtz equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crosta, Giovanni F.

1994-07-01

The method presented is aimed at identifying the shape of an axially symmetric, sound soft acoustic scatterer from knowledge of the incident plane wave and of the scattering amplitude. The method relies on the approximate back propagation (ABP) of the estimated far field coefficients to the obstacle boundary and iteratively minimizes a boundary defect, without the addition of any penalty term. The ABP operator owes its structure to the properties of complete families of linearly independent solutions of Helmholtz equation. If the obstacle is known, as it happens in simulations, the theory also provides some independent means of predicting the performance of the ABP method. The ABP algorithm and the related computer code are outlined. Several reconstruction examples are considered, where noise is added to the estimated far field coefficients and other errors are deliberately introduced in the data. Many numerical and graphical results are provided.

Penalized spline estimation for functional coefficient regression models.

PubMed

Cao, Yanrong; Lin, Haiqun; Wu, Tracy Z; Yu, Yan

2010-04-01

The functional coefficient regression models assume that the regression coefficients vary with some "threshold" variable, providing appreciable flexibility in capturing the underlying dynamics in data and avoiding the so-called "curse of dimensionality" in multivariate nonparametric estimation. We first investigate the estimation, inference, and forecasting for the functional coefficient regression models with dependent observations via penalized splines. The P-spline approach, as a direct ridge regression shrinkage type global smoothing method, is computationally efficient and stable. With established fixed-knot asymptotics, inference is readily available. Exact inference can be obtained for fixed smoothing parameter λ, which is most appealing for finite samples. Our penalized spline approach gives an explicit model expression, which also enables multi-step-ahead forecasting via simulations. Furthermore, we examine different methods of choosing the important smoothing parameter λ: modified multi-fold cross-validation (MCV), generalized cross-validation (GCV), and an extension of empirical bias bandwidth selection (EBBS) to P-splines. In addition, we implement smoothing parameter selection using mixed model framework through restricted maximum likelihood (REML) for P-spline functional coefficient regression models with independent observations. The P-spline approach also easily allows different smoothness for different functional coefficients, which is enabled by assigning different penalty λ accordingly. We demonstrate the proposed approach by both simulation examples and a real data application.

Path Following in the Exact Penalty Method of Convex Programming.

PubMed

Zhou, Hua; Lange, Kenneth

2015-07-01

Classical penalty methods solve a sequence of unconstrained problems that put greater and greater stress on meeting the constraints. In the limit as the penalty constant tends to ∞, one recovers the constrained solution. In the exact penalty method, squared penalties are replaced by absolute value penalties, and the solution is recovered for a finite value of the penalty constant. In practice, the kinks in the penalty and the unknown magnitude of the penalty constant prevent wide application of the exact penalty method in nonlinear programming. In this article, we examine a strategy of path following consistent with the exact penalty method. Instead of performing optimization at a single penalty constant, we trace the solution as a continuous function of the penalty constant. Thus, path following starts at the unconstrained solution and follows the solution path as the penalty constant increases. In the process, the solution path hits, slides along, and exits from the various constraints. For quadratic programming, the solution path is piecewise linear and takes large jumps from constraint to constraint. For a general convex program, the solution path is piecewise smooth, and path following operates by numerically solving an ordinary differential equation segment by segment. Our diverse applications to a) projection onto a convex set, b) nonnegative least squares, c) quadratically constrained quadratic programming, d) geometric programming, and e) semidefinite programming illustrate the mechanics and potential of path following. The final detour to image denoising demonstrates the relevance of path following to regularized estimation in inverse problems. In regularized estimation, one follows the solution path as the penalty constant decreases from a large value.

Path Following in the Exact Penalty Method of Convex Programming

PubMed Central

Zhou, Hua; Lange, Kenneth

2015-01-01

Classical penalty methods solve a sequence of unconstrained problems that put greater and greater stress on meeting the constraints. In the limit as the penalty constant tends to ∞, one recovers the constrained solution. In the exact penalty method, squared penalties are replaced by absolute value penalties, and the solution is recovered for a finite value of the penalty constant. In practice, the kinks in the penalty and the unknown magnitude of the penalty constant prevent wide application of the exact penalty method in nonlinear programming. In this article, we examine a strategy of path following consistent with the exact penalty method. Instead of performing optimization at a single penalty constant, we trace the solution as a continuous function of the penalty constant. Thus, path following starts at the unconstrained solution and follows the solution path as the penalty constant increases. In the process, the solution path hits, slides along, and exits from the various constraints. For quadratic programming, the solution path is piecewise linear and takes large jumps from constraint to constraint. For a general convex program, the solution path is piecewise smooth, and path following operates by numerically solving an ordinary differential equation segment by segment. Our diverse applications to a) projection onto a convex set, b) nonnegative least squares, c) quadratically constrained quadratic programming, d) geometric programming, and e) semidefinite programming illustrate the mechanics and potential of path following. The final detour to image denoising demonstrates the relevance of path following to regularized estimation in inverse problems. In regularized estimation, one follows the solution path as the penalty constant decreases from a large value. PMID:26366044

On the existence of maximum likelihood estimates for presence-only data

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hefley, Trevor J.; Hooten, Mevin B.

2015-01-01

It is important to identify conditions for which maximum likelihood estimates are unlikely to be identifiable from presence-only data. In data sets where the maximum likelihood estimates do not exist, penalized likelihood and Bayesian methods will produce coefficient estimates, but these are sensitive to the choice of estimation procedure and prior or penalty term. When sample size is small or it is thought that habitat preferences are strong, we propose a suite of estimation procedures researchers can consider using.

Convergence analysis of a monotonic penalty method for American option pricing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Kai; Yang, Xiaoqi; Teo, Kok Lay

2008-12-01

This paper is devoted to study the convergence analysis of a monotonic penalty method for pricing American options. A monotonic penalty method is first proposed to solve the complementarity problem arising from the valuation of American options, which produces a nonlinear degenerated parabolic PDE with Black-Scholes operator. Based on the variational theory, the solvability and convergence properties of this penalty approach are established in a proper infinite dimensional space. Moreover, the convergence rate of the combination of two power penalty functions is obtained.

A Path Algorithm for Constrained Estimation

PubMed Central

Zhou, Hua; Lange, Kenneth

2013-01-01

Many least-square problems involve affine equality and inequality constraints. Although there are a variety of methods for solving such problems, most statisticians find constrained estimation challenging. The current article proposes a new path-following algorithm for quadratic programming that replaces hard constraints by what are called exact penalties. Similar penalties arise in l1 regularization in model selection. In the regularization setting, penalties encapsulate prior knowledge, and penalized parameter estimates represent a trade-off between the observed data and the prior knowledge. Classical penalty methods of optimization, such as the quadratic penalty method, solve a sequence of unconstrained problems that put greater and greater stress on meeting the constraints. In the limit as the penalty constant tends to ∞, one recovers the constrained solution. In the exact penalty method, squared penalties!are replaced by absolute value penalties, and the solution is recovered for a finite value of the penalty constant. The exact path-following method starts at the unconstrained solution and follows the solution path as the penalty constant increases. In the process, the solution path hits, slides along, and exits from the various constraints. Path following in Lasso penalized regression, in contrast, starts with a large value of the penalty constant and works its way downward. In both settings, inspection of the entire solution path is revealing. Just as with the Lasso and generalized Lasso, it is possible to plot the effective degrees of freedom along the solution path. For a strictly convex quadratic program, the exact penalty algorithm can be framed entirely in terms of the sweep operator of regression analysis. A few well-chosen examples illustrate the mechanics and potential of path following. This article has supplementary materials available online. PMID:24039382

An Active Contour Model Based on Adaptive Threshold for Extraction of Cerebral Vascular Structures.

PubMed

Wang, Jiaxin; Zhao, Shifeng; Liu, Zifeng; Tian, Yun; Duan, Fuqing; Pan, Yutong

2016-01-01

Cerebral vessel segmentation is essential and helpful for the clinical diagnosis and the related research. However, automatic segmentation of brain vessels remains challenging because of the variable vessel shape and high complex of vessel geometry. This study proposes a new active contour model (ACM) implemented by the level-set method for segmenting vessels from TOF-MRA data. The energy function of the new model, combining both region intensity and boundary information, is composed of two region terms, one boundary term and one penalty term. The global threshold representing the lower gray boundary of the target object by maximum intensity projection (MIP) is defined in the first-region term, and it is used to guide the segmentation of the thick vessels. In the second term, a dynamic intensity threshold is employed to extract the tiny vessels. The boundary term is used to drive the contours to evolve towards the boundaries with high gradients. The penalty term is used to avoid reinitialization of the level-set function. Experimental results on 10 clinical brain data sets demonstrate that our method is not only able to achieve better Dice Similarity Coefficient than the global threshold based method and localized hybrid level-set method but also able to extract whole cerebral vessel trees, including the thin vessels.

Energetic and dynamic analysis of transport of Na + and K + through a cyclic peptide nanotube in water and in lipid bilayers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Song, Yeonho; Lee, Ji Hye; Hwang, Hoon

Potential of mean force (PMF) profiles and position-dependent diffusion coefficients of Na + and K + are calculated to elucidate the translocation of ions through a cyclic peptide nanotube, composed of 8 × cyclo[-(D-Leu-Trp) 4-] rings, in water and in hydrated DMPC bilayers. The PMF profiles and PMF decomposition analysis for the monovalent cations show that favorable interactions of the cations with the CPN as well as the lipid bilayer and dehydration free energy penalties are two major competing factors which determine the free energy surface for ion transport through CPNs both in water and lipid bilayers, and that themore » selectivity of CPNs to cations mainly arises from favorable interaction energies of cations with CPNs and lipid bilayers that are more dominant than the dehydration penalties. Calculations of the position-dependent diffusion coefficients and dynamic friction kernels of the cations indicate that the dehydration process along with the molecular rearrangements occurring outside the channel and the coupling of the ion motions with the chain-structured water movements inside the channel lead to decrease of the diffusion coefficients far away from the channel entrance and also reduced coefficients inside the channel. Here the PMF and diffusivity profiles for Na + and K + reveal that the energetics of ion transport through the CPN are governed by global interactions of ions with all the components in the system while the diffusivity of ions through the channel is mostly determined by local interactions of ions with the confined water molecules inside the channel. Comparison of Na + and K + ion distributions based on overdamped Brownian dynamics simulations based on the PMF and diffusivity profiles with the corresponding results from molecular dynamics shows good agreement, indicating accuracy of the Bayesian inference method for determining diffusion coefficients in this application. In addition this work shows that position-dependent diffusion coefficients of ions are required to explain the dynamics and conductance of ions through the CPN properly.« less

Energetic and dynamic analysis of transport of Na + and K + through a cyclic peptide nanotube in water and in lipid bilayers

DOE PAGES

Song, Yeonho; Lee, Ji Hye; Hwang, Hoon; ...

2016-11-04

Potential of mean force (PMF) profiles and position-dependent diffusion coefficients of Na + and K + are calculated to elucidate the translocation of ions through a cyclic peptide nanotube, composed of 8 × cyclo[-(D-Leu-Trp) 4-] rings, in water and in hydrated DMPC bilayers. The PMF profiles and PMF decomposition analysis for the monovalent cations show that favorable interactions of the cations with the CPN as well as the lipid bilayer and dehydration free energy penalties are two major competing factors which determine the free energy surface for ion transport through CPNs both in water and lipid bilayers, and that themore » selectivity of CPNs to cations mainly arises from favorable interaction energies of cations with CPNs and lipid bilayers that are more dominant than the dehydration penalties. Calculations of the position-dependent diffusion coefficients and dynamic friction kernels of the cations indicate that the dehydration process along with the molecular rearrangements occurring outside the channel and the coupling of the ion motions with the chain-structured water movements inside the channel lead to decrease of the diffusion coefficients far away from the channel entrance and also reduced coefficients inside the channel. Here the PMF and diffusivity profiles for Na + and K + reveal that the energetics of ion transport through the CPN are governed by global interactions of ions with all the components in the system while the diffusivity of ions through the channel is mostly determined by local interactions of ions with the confined water molecules inside the channel. Comparison of Na + and K + ion distributions based on overdamped Brownian dynamics simulations based on the PMF and diffusivity profiles with the corresponding results from molecular dynamics shows good agreement, indicating accuracy of the Bayesian inference method for determining diffusion coefficients in this application. In addition this work shows that position-dependent diffusion coefficients of ions are required to explain the dynamics and conductance of ions through the CPN properly.« less

Recovery of sparse translation-invariant signals with continuous basis pursuit

PubMed Central

Ekanadham, Chaitanya; Tranchina, Daniel; Simoncelli, Eero

2013-01-01

We consider the problem of decomposing a signal into a linear combination of features, each a continuously translated version of one of a small set of elementary features. Although these constituents are drawn from a continuous family, most current signal decomposition methods rely on a finite dictionary of discrete examples selected from this family (e.g., shifted copies of a set of basic waveforms), and apply sparse optimization methods to select and solve for the relevant coefficients. Here, we generate a dictionary that includes auxiliary interpolation functions that approximate translates of features via adjustment of their coefficients. We formulate a constrained convex optimization problem, in which the full set of dictionary coefficients represents a linear approximation of the signal, the auxiliary coefficients are constrained so as to only represent translated features, and sparsity is imposed on the primary coefficients using an L1 penalty. The basis pursuit denoising (BP) method may be seen as a special case, in which the auxiliary interpolation functions are omitted, and we thus refer to our methodology as continuous basis pursuit (CBP). We develop two implementations of CBP for a one-dimensional translation-invariant source, one using a first-order Taylor approximation, and another using a form of trigonometric spline. We examine the tradeoff between sparsity and signal reconstruction accuracy in these methods, demonstrating empirically that trigonometric CBP substantially outperforms Taylor CBP, which in turn offers substantial gains over ordinary BP. In addition, the CBP bases can generally achieve equally good or better approximations with much coarser sampling than BP, leading to a reduction in dictionary dimensionality. PMID:24352562

Reduction of the uncertainty due to fissile clusters in radioactive waste characterization with the Differential Die-away Technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Antoni, R.; Passard, C.; Perot, B.; Guillaumin, F.; Mazy, C.; Batifol, M.; Grassi, G.

2018-07-01

AREVA NC is preparing to process, characterize and compact old used fuel metallic waste stored at La Hague reprocessing plant in view of their future storage ("Haute Activité Oxyde" HAO project). For a large part of these historical wastes, the packaging is planned in CSD-C canisters ("Colis Standard de Déchets Compacté s") in the ACC hulls and nozzles compaction facility ("Atelier de Compactage des Coques et embouts"). . This paper presents a new method to take into account the possible presence of fissile material clusters, which may have a significant impact in the active neutron interrogation (Differential Die-away Technique) measurement of the CSD-C canisters, in the industrial neutron measurement station "P2-2". A matrix effect correction has already been investigated to predict the prompt fission neutron calibration coefficient (which provides the fissile mass) from an internal "drum flux monitor" signal provided during the active measurement by a boron-coated proportional counter located in the measurement cavity, and from a "drum transmission signal" recorded in passive mode by the detection blocks, in presence of an AmBe point source in the measurement cell. Up to now, the relationship between the calibration coefficient and these signals was obtained from a factorial design that did not consider the potential for occurrence of fissile material clusters. The interrogative neutron self-shielding in these clusters was treated separately and resulted in a penalty coefficient larger than 20% to prevent an underestimation of the fissile mass within the drum. In this work, we have shown that the incorporation of a new parameter in the factorial design, representing the fissile mass fraction in these clusters, provides an alternative to the penalty coefficient. This new approach finally does not degrade the uncertainty of the original prediction, which was calculated without taking into consideration the possible presence of clusters. Consequently, the accuracy of the fissile mass assessment is improved by this new method, and this last should be extended to similar DDT measurement stations of larger drums, also using an internal monitor for matrix effect correction.

Boundedness and convergence of online gradient method with penalty for feedforward neural networks.

PubMed

Zhang, Huisheng; Wu, Wei; Liu, Fei; Yao, Mingchen

2009-06-01

In this brief, we consider an online gradient method with penalty for training feedforward neural networks. Specifically, the penalty is a term proportional to the norm of the weights. Its roles in the method are to control the magnitude of the weights and to improve the generalization performance of the network. By proving that the weights are automatically bounded in the network training with penalty, we simplify the conditions that are required for convergence of online gradient method in literature. A numerical example is given to support the theoretical analysis.

Millimeter Wave Radio Frequency Propagation Model Development

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-08-28

two. According to the Beer - Lambert law , this term is defined as the absorption coefficient. When n’’ is positive, radiation is absorbed. If it is...4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law , no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply...size distribution has a power- law relationship to rainfall rate. From this knowledge, coefficients were developed based on Marshall and Palmer, Laws

Analytic regularization of uniform cubic B-spline deformation fields.

PubMed

Shackleford, James A; Yang, Qi; Lourenço, Ana M; Shusharina, Nadya; Kandasamy, Nagarajan; Sharp, Gregory C

2012-01-01

Image registration is inherently ill-posed, and lacks a unique solution. In the context of medical applications, it is desirable to avoid solutions that describe physically unsound deformations within the patient anatomy. Among the accepted methods of regularizing non-rigid image registration to provide solutions applicable to medical practice is the penalty of thin-plate bending energy. In this paper, we develop an exact, analytic method for computing the bending energy of a three-dimensional B-spline deformation field as a quadratic matrix operation on the spline coefficient values. Results presented on ten thoracic case studies indicate the analytic solution is between 61-1371x faster than a numerical central differencing solution.

Fast function-on-scalar regression with penalized basis expansions.

PubMed

Reiss, Philip T; Huang, Lei; Mennes, Maarten

2010-01-01

Regression models for functional responses and scalar predictors are often fitted by means of basis functions, with quadratic roughness penalties applied to avoid overfitting. The fitting approach described by Ramsay and Silverman in the 1990 s amounts to a penalized ordinary least squares (P-OLS) estimator of the coefficient functions. We recast this estimator as a generalized ridge regression estimator, and present a penalized generalized least squares (P-GLS) alternative. We describe algorithms by which both estimators can be implemented, with automatic selection of optimal smoothing parameters, in a more computationally efficient manner than has heretofore been available. We discuss pointwise confidence intervals for the coefficient functions, simultaneous inference by permutation tests, and model selection, including a novel notion of pointwise model selection. P-OLS and P-GLS are compared in a simulation study. Our methods are illustrated with an analysis of age effects in a functional magnetic resonance imaging data set, as well as a reanalysis of a now-classic Canadian weather data set. An R package implementing the methods is publicly available.

Improved estimation of subject-level functional connectivity using full and partial correlation with empirical Bayes shrinkage.

PubMed

Mejia, Amanda F; Nebel, Mary Beth; Barber, Anita D; Choe, Ann S; Pekar, James J; Caffo, Brian S; Lindquist, Martin A

2018-05-15

Reliability of subject-level resting-state functional connectivity (FC) is determined in part by the statistical techniques employed in its estimation. Methods that pool information across subjects to inform estimation of subject-level effects (e.g., Bayesian approaches) have been shown to enhance reliability of subject-level FC. However, fully Bayesian approaches are computationally demanding, while empirical Bayesian approaches typically rely on using repeated measures to estimate the variance components in the model. Here, we avoid the need for repeated measures by proposing a novel measurement error model for FC describing the different sources of variance and error, which we use to perform empirical Bayes shrinkage of subject-level FC towards the group average. In addition, since the traditional intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) is inappropriate for biased estimates, we propose a new reliability measure denoted the mean squared error intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC MSE ) to properly assess the reliability of the resulting (biased) estimates. We apply the proposed techniques to test-retest resting-state fMRI data on 461 subjects from the Human Connectome Project to estimate connectivity between 100 regions identified through independent components analysis (ICA). We consider both correlation and partial correlation as the measure of FC and assess the benefit of shrinkage for each measure, as well as the effects of scan duration. We find that shrinkage estimates of subject-level FC exhibit substantially greater reliability than traditional estimates across various scan durations, even for the most reliable connections and regardless of connectivity measure. Additionally, we find partial correlation reliability to be highly sensitive to the choice of penalty term, and to be generally worse than that of full correlations except for certain connections and a narrow range of penalty values. This suggests that the penalty needs to be chosen carefully when using partial correlations. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Bayesian penalized-likelihood reconstruction algorithm suppresses edge artifacts in PET reconstruction based on point-spread-function.

PubMed

Yamaguchi, Shotaro; Wagatsuma, Kei; Miwa, Kenta; Ishii, Kenji; Inoue, Kazumasa; Fukushi, Masahiro

2018-03-01

The Bayesian penalized-likelihood reconstruction algorithm (BPL), Q.Clear, uses relative difference penalty as a regularization function to control image noise and the degree of edge-preservation in PET images. The present study aimed to determine the effects of suppression on edge artifacts due to point-spread-function (PSF) correction using a Q.Clear. Spheres of a cylindrical phantom contained a background of 5.3 kBq/mL of [ 18 F]FDG and sphere-to-background ratios (SBR) of 16, 8, 4 and 2. The background also contained water and spheres containing 21.2 kBq/mL of [ 18 F]FDG as non-background. All data were acquired using a Discovery PET/CT 710 and were reconstructed using three-dimensional ordered-subset expectation maximization with time-of-flight (TOF) and PSF correction (3D-OSEM), and Q.Clear with TOF (BPL). We investigated β-values of 200-800 using BPL. The PET images were analyzed using visual assessment and profile curves, edge variability and contrast recovery coefficients were measured. The 38- and 27-mm spheres were surrounded by higher radioactivity concentration when reconstructed with 3D-OSEM as opposed to BPL, which suppressed edge artifacts. Images of 10-mm spheres had sharper overshoot at high SBR and non-background when reconstructed with BPL. Although contrast recovery coefficients of 10-mm spheres in BPL decreased as a function of increasing β, higher penalty parameter decreased the overshoot. BPL is a feasible method for the suppression of edge artifacts of PSF correction, although this depends on SBR and sphere size. Overshoot associated with BPL caused overestimation in small spheres at high SBR. Higher penalty parameter in BPL can suppress overshoot more effectively. Copyright © 2018 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Application of a sparseness constraint in multivariate curve resolution - Alternating least squares.

PubMed

Hugelier, Siewert; Piqueras, Sara; Bedia, Carmen; de Juan, Anna; Ruckebusch, Cyril

2018-02-13

The use of sparseness in chemometrics is a concept that has increased in popularity. The advantage is, above all, a better interpretability of the results obtained. In this work, sparseness is implemented as a constraint in multivariate curve resolution - alternating least squares (MCR-ALS), which aims at reproducing raw (mixed) data by a bilinear model of chemically meaningful profiles. In many cases, the mixed raw data analyzed are not sparse by nature, but their decomposition profiles can be, as it is the case in some instrumental responses, such as mass spectra, or in concentration profiles linked to scattered distribution maps of powdered samples in hyperspectral images. To induce sparseness in the constrained profiles, one-dimensional and/or two-dimensional numerical arrays can be fitted using a basis of Gaussian functions with a penalty on the coefficients. In this work, a least squares regression framework with L 0 -norm penalty is applied. This L 0 -norm penalty constrains the number of non-null coefficients in the fit of the array constrained without having an a priori on the number and their positions. It has been shown that the sparseness constraint induces the suppression of values linked to uninformative channels and noise in MS spectra and improves the location of scattered compounds in distribution maps, resulting in a better interpretability of the constrained profiles. An additional benefit of the sparseness constraint is a lower ambiguity in the bilinear model, since the major presence of null coefficients in the constrained profiles also helps to limit the solutions for the profiles in the counterpart matrix of the MCR bilinear model. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Smoothing two-dimensional Malaysian mortality data using P-splines indexed by age and year

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kamaruddin, Halim Shukri; Ismail, Noriszura

2014-06-01

Nonparametric regression implements data to derive the best coefficient of a model from a large class of flexible functions. Eilers and Marx (1996) introduced P-splines as a method of smoothing in generalized linear models, GLMs, in which the ordinary B-splines with a difference roughness penalty on coefficients is being used in a single dimensional mortality data. Modeling and forecasting mortality rate is a problem of fundamental importance in insurance company calculation in which accuracy of models and forecasts are the main concern of the industry. The original idea of P-splines is extended to two dimensional mortality data. The data indexed by age of death and year of death, in which the large set of data will be supplied by Department of Statistics Malaysia. The extension of this idea constructs the best fitted surface and provides sensible prediction of the underlying mortality rate in Malaysia mortality case.

Robust estimation for ordinary differential equation models.

PubMed

Cao, J; Wang, L; Xu, J

2011-12-01

Applied scientists often like to use ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to model complex dynamic processes that arise in biology, engineering, medicine, and many other areas. It is interesting but challenging to estimate ODE parameters from noisy data, especially when the data have some outliers. We propose a robust method to address this problem. The dynamic process is represented with a nonparametric function, which is a linear combination of basis functions. The nonparametric function is estimated by a robust penalized smoothing method. The penalty term is defined with the parametric ODE model, which controls the roughness of the nonparametric function and maintains the fidelity of the nonparametric function to the ODE model. The basis coefficients and ODE parameters are estimated in two nested levels of optimization. The coefficient estimates are treated as an implicit function of ODE parameters, which enables one to derive the analytic gradients for optimization using the implicit function theorem. Simulation studies show that the robust method gives satisfactory estimates for the ODE parameters from noisy data with outliers. The robust method is demonstrated by estimating a predator-prey ODE model from real ecological data. © 2011, The International Biometric Society.

Fast Spatial Resolution Analysis of Quadratic Penalized Least-Squares Image Reconstruction With Separate Real and Imaginary Roughness Penalty: Application to fMRI.

PubMed

Olafsson, Valur T; Noll, Douglas C; Fessler, Jeffrey A

2018-02-01

Penalized least-squares iterative image reconstruction algorithms used for spatial resolution-limited imaging, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), commonly use a quadratic roughness penalty to regularize the reconstructed images. When used for complex-valued images, the conventional roughness penalty regularizes the real and imaginary parts equally. However, these imaging methods sometimes benefit from separate penalties for each part. The spatial smoothness from the roughness penalty on the reconstructed image is dictated by the regularization parameter(s). One method to set the parameter to a desired smoothness level is to evaluate the full width at half maximum of the reconstruction method's local impulse response. Previous work has shown that when using the conventional quadratic roughness penalty, one can approximate the local impulse response using an FFT-based calculation. However, that acceleration method cannot be applied directly for separate real and imaginary regularization. This paper proposes a fast and stable calculation for this case that also uses FFT-based calculations to approximate the local impulse responses of the real and imaginary parts. This approach is demonstrated with a quadratic image reconstruction of fMRI data that uses separate roughness penalties for the real and imaginary parts.

Integrative Analysis of Cancer Diagnosis Studies with Composite Penalization

PubMed Central

Liu, Jin; Huang, Jian; Ma, Shuangge

2013-01-01

Summary In cancer diagnosis studies, high-throughput gene profiling has been extensively conducted, searching for genes whose expressions may serve as markers. Data generated from such studies have the “large d, small n” feature, with the number of genes profiled much larger than the sample size. Penalization has been extensively adopted for simultaneous estimation and marker selection. Because of small sample sizes, markers identified from the analysis of single datasets can be unsatisfactory. A cost-effective remedy is to conduct integrative analysis of multiple heterogeneous datasets. In this article, we investigate composite penalization methods for estimation and marker selection in integrative analysis. The proposed methods use the minimax concave penalty (MCP) as the outer penalty. Under the homogeneity model, the ridge penalty is adopted as the inner penalty. Under the heterogeneity model, the Lasso penalty and MCP are adopted as the inner penalty. Effective computational algorithms based on coordinate descent are developed. Numerical studies, including simulation and analysis of practical cancer datasets, show satisfactory performance of the proposed methods. PMID:24578589

Data preparation for functional data analysis of PM10 in Peninsular Malaysia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shaadan, Norshahida; Jemain, Abdul Aziz; Deni, Sayang Mohd

2014-07-01

The use of curves or functional data in the study analysis is increasingly gaining momentum in the various fields of research. The statistical method to analyze such data is known as functional data analysis (FDA). The first step in FDA is to convert the observed data points which are repeatedly recorded over a period of time or space into either a rough (raw) or smooth curve. In the case of the smooth curve, basis functions expansion is one of the methods used for the data conversion. The data can be converted into a smooth curve either by using the regression smoothing or roughness penalty smoothing approach. By using the regression smoothing approach, the degree of curve's smoothness is very dependent on k number of basis functions; meanwhile for the roughness penalty approach, the smoothness is dependent on a roughness coefficient given by parameter λ Based on previous studies, researchers often used the rather time-consuming trial and error or cross validation method to estimate the appropriate number of basis functions. Thus, this paper proposes a statistical procedure to construct functional data or curves for the hourly and daily recorded data. The Bayesian Information Criteria is used to determine the number of basis functions while the Generalized Cross Validation criteria is used to identify the parameter λ The proposed procedure is then applied on a ten year (2001-2010) period of PM10 data from 30 air quality monitoring stations that are located in Peninsular Malaysia. It was found that the number of basis functions required for the construction of the PM10 daily curve in Peninsular Malaysia was in the interval of between 14 and 20 with an average value of 17; the first percentile is 15 and the third percentile is 19. Meanwhile the initial value of the roughness coefficient was in the interval of between 10-5 and 10-7 and the mode was 10-6. An example of the functional descriptive analysis is also shown.

Optimization study on multiple train formation scheme of urban rail transit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xia, Xiaomei; Ding, Yong; Wen, Xin

2018-05-01

The new organization method, represented by the mixed operation of multi-marshalling trains, can adapt to the characteristics of the uneven distribution of passenger flow, but the research on this aspect is still not perfect enough. This paper introduced the passenger sharing rate and congestion penalty coefficient with different train formations. On this basis, this paper established an optimization model with the minimum passenger cost and operation cost as objective, and operation frequency and passenger demand as constraint. The ideal point method is used to solve this model. Compared with the fixed marshalling operation model, the overall cost of this scheme saves 9.24% and 4.43% respectively. This result not only validates the validity of the model, but also illustrate the advantages of the multiple train formations scheme.

Segmenting patients and physicians using preferences from discrete choice experiments.

PubMed

Deal, Ken

2014-01-01

People often form groups or segments that have similar interests and needs and seek similar benefits from health providers. Health organizations need to understand whether the same health treatments, prevention programs, services, and products should be applied to everyone in the relevant population or whether different treatments need to be provided to each of several segments that are relatively homogeneous internally but heterogeneous among segments. Our objective was to explain the purposes, benefits, and methods of segmentation for health organizations, and to illustrate the process of segmenting health populations based on preference coefficients from a discrete choice conjoint experiment (DCE) using an example study of prevention of cyberbullying among university students. We followed a two-level procedure for investigating segmentation incorporating several methods for forming segments in Level 1 using DCE preference coefficients and testing their quality, reproducibility, and usability by health decision makers. Covariates (demographic, behavioral, lifestyle, and health state variables) were included in Level 2 to further evaluate quality and to support the scoring of large databases and developing typing tools for assigning those in the relevant population, but not in the sample, to the segments. Several segmentation solution candidates were found during the Level 1 analysis, and the relationship of the preference coefficients to the segments was investigated using predictive methods. Those segmentations were tested for their quality and reproducibility and three were found to be very close in quality. While one seemed better than others in the Level 1 analysis, another was very similar in quality and proved ultimately better in predicting segment membership using covariates in Level 2. The two segments in the final solution were profiled for attributes that would support the development and acceptance of cyberbullying prevention programs among university students. Those segments were very different-where one wanted substantial penalties against cyberbullies and were willing to devote time to a prevention program, while the other felt no need to be involved in prevention and wanted only minor penalties. Segmentation recognizes key differences in why patients and physicians prefer different health programs and treatments. A viable segmentation solution may lead to adapting prevention programs and treatments for each targeted segment and/or to educating and communicating to better inform those in each segment of the program/treatment benefits. Segment members' revealed preferences showing behavioral changes provide the ultimate basis for evaluating the segmentation benefits to the health organization.

Integrative Analysis of High-throughput Cancer Studies with Contrasted Penalization

PubMed Central

Shi, Xingjie; Liu, Jin; Huang, Jian; Zhou, Yong; Shia, BenChang; Ma, Shuangge

2015-01-01

In cancer studies with high-throughput genetic and genomic measurements, integrative analysis provides a way to effectively pool and analyze heterogeneous raw data from multiple independent studies and outperforms “classic” meta-analysis and single-dataset analysis. When marker selection is of interest, the genetic basis of multiple datasets can be described using the homogeneity model or the heterogeneity model. In this study, we consider marker selection under the heterogeneity model, which includes the homogeneity model as a special case and can be more flexible. Penalization methods have been developed in the literature for marker selection. This study advances from the published ones by introducing the contrast penalties, which can accommodate the within- and across-dataset structures of covariates/regression coefficients and, by doing so, further improve marker selection performance. Specifically, we develop a penalization method that accommodates the across-dataset structures by smoothing over regression coefficients. An effective iterative algorithm, which calls an inner coordinate descent iteration, is developed. Simulation shows that the proposed method outperforms the benchmark with more accurate marker identification. The analysis of breast cancer and lung cancer prognosis studies with gene expression measurements shows that the proposed method identifies genes different from those using the benchmark and has better prediction performance. PMID:24395534

High-order Newton-penalty algorithms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dussault, Jean-Pierre

2005-10-01

Recent efforts in differentiable non-linear programming have been focused on interior point methods, akin to penalty and barrier algorithms. In this paper, we address the classical equality constrained program solved using the simple quadratic loss penalty function/algorithm. The suggestion to use extrapolations to track the differentiable trajectory associated with penalized subproblems goes back to the classic monograph of Fiacco & McCormick. This idea was further developed by Gould who obtained a two-steps quadratically convergent algorithm using prediction steps and Newton correction. Dussault interpreted the prediction step as a combined extrapolation with respect to the penalty parameter and the residual of the first order optimality conditions. Extrapolation with respect to the residual coincides with a Newton step.We explore here higher-order extrapolations, thus higher-order Newton-like methods. We first consider high-order variants of the Newton-Raphson method applied to non-linear systems of equations. Next, we obtain improved asymptotic convergence results for the quadratic loss penalty algorithm by using high-order extrapolation steps.

Blind beam-hardening correction from Poisson measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gu, Renliang; Dogandžić, Aleksandar

2016-02-01

We develop a sparse image reconstruction method for Poisson-distributed polychromatic X-ray computed tomography (CT) measurements under the blind scenario where the material of the inspected object and the incident energy spectrum are unknown. We employ our mass-attenuation spectrum parameterization of the noiseless measurements and express the mass- attenuation spectrum as a linear combination of B-spline basis functions of order one. A block coordinate-descent algorithm is developed for constrained minimization of a penalized Poisson negative log-likelihood (NLL) cost function, where constraints and penalty terms ensure nonnegativity of the spline coefficients and nonnegativity and sparsity of the density map image; the image sparsity is imposed using a convex total-variation (TV) norm penalty term. This algorithm alternates between a Nesterov's proximal-gradient (NPG) step for estimating the density map image and a limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno with box constraints (L-BFGS-B) step for estimating the incident-spectrum parameters. To accelerate convergence of the density- map NPG steps, we apply function restart and a step-size selection scheme that accounts for varying local Lipschitz constants of the Poisson NLL. Real X-ray CT reconstruction examples demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme.

Stable multi-domain spectral penalty methods for fractional partial differential equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Qinwu; Hesthaven, Jan S.

2014-01-01

We propose stable multi-domain spectral penalty methods suitable for solving fractional partial differential equations with fractional derivatives of any order. First, a high order discretization is proposed to approximate fractional derivatives of any order on any given grids based on orthogonal polynomials. The approximation order is analyzed and verified through numerical examples. Based on the discrete fractional derivative, we introduce stable multi-domain spectral penalty methods for solving fractional advection and diffusion equations. The equations are discretized in each sub-domain separately and the global schemes are obtained by weakly imposed boundary and interface conditions through a penalty term. Stability of the schemes are analyzed and numerical examples based on both uniform and nonuniform grids are considered to highlight the flexibility and high accuracy of the proposed schemes.

A novel conformity index for intensity modulated radiation therapy plan evaluation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cheung, Fion W. K.; Law, Maria Y. Y.; Medical Physics and Research Department, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, 999077 Hong Kong

2012-09-15

Purpose: Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has gained popularity in the treatment of cancers. Manual evaluation of IMRT plans for head-and-neck cancers has been especially challenging necessitating efficient and objective assessment tools. In this work, the authors address this issue by developing a personalized conformity index (CI) for comparison of IMRT plans for head-and-neck cancers and evaluating its plan quality discerning power in comparison with other widely used CIs. Methods: A two-dimensional CI with dose and distance incorporated (CI{sub DD}) was developed using the MATLAB program language, to quantify the planning target volume (PTV) coverage. Valuable information contained in themore » digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) RT objects were harvested for computation of each of the CI{sub DD} components. Apart from the dose penalty factor, a distance-based exponential function was employed by varying the penalty weight associated with the location of cold spots within the PTV. With the goal of deriving a customized penalty factor, the distances between individual pixel and its nearest PTV boundary was found. Using the exponential function, the impact of distance penalty was substantially larger for cold spots closer to the PTV centroid but petered out quickly wherever they were situated in the vicinity of PTV border. In order to evaluate the CI{sub DD} scoring system, three CT image data sets of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients were collected. Ten IMRT plans with degrading qualities were generated from each dataset and were ranked based on CI{sub DD} and other existing indices. The coefficient of variance was calculated for each dataset to compare the degree of variation. Results: The CI{sub DD} scoring system that considered spatial importance of each voxel within the PTV was successfully developed. The results demonstrated that the CI{sub DD} including four discrete factors could provide accurate rankings of plan quality by examining the relative importance of each cold spot within the PTVs. Apart from the dose penalty factor, a distance-based exponential function was employed taking the specific tumor geometry into account. Compared with other commonly used CIs, the CI{sub DD} resulted in the largest coefficient of variance among the ten IMRT plans for each dataset, indicating that its discerning power was the best among the CIs being compared. Conclusions: The CI{sub DD} scoring system was successfully developed to incorporate patient-specific spatial dose information and provide a geometry-based physical index for comparison of IMRT plans for head-and-neck cancers. By taking individual tumor geometry into account, the superiority of CI{sub DD} in plan discerning power was demonstrated. The use of CI{sub DD} could provide an effective means of benchmarking performance, reducing treatment plan variability, and advancing the quality of current IMRT planning.« less

Optimal trace inequality constants for interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin discretisations of elliptic operators using arbitrary elements with non-constant Jacobians

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Owens, A. R.; Kópházi, J.; Eaton, M. D.

2017-12-01

In this paper, a new method to numerically calculate the trace inequality constants, which arise in the calculation of penalty parameters for interior penalty discretisations of elliptic operators, is presented. These constants are provably optimal for the inequality of interest. As their calculation is based on the solution of a generalised eigenvalue problem involving the volumetric and face stiffness matrices, the method is applicable to any element type for which these matrices can be calculated, including standard finite elements and the non-uniform rational B-splines of isogeometric analysis. In particular, the presented method does not require the Jacobian of the element to be constant, and so can be applied to a much wider variety of element shapes than are currently available in the literature. Numerical results are presented for a variety of finite element and isogeometric cases. When the Jacobian is constant, it is demonstrated that the new method produces lower penalty parameters than existing methods in the literature in all cases, which translates directly into savings in the solution time of the resulting linear system. When the Jacobian is not constant, it is shown that the naive application of existing approaches can result in penalty parameters that do not guarantee coercivity of the bilinear form, and by extension, the stability of the solution. The method of manufactured solutions is applied to a model reaction-diffusion equation with a range of parameters, and it is found that using penalty parameters based on the new trace inequality constants result in better conditioned linear systems, which can be solved approximately 11% faster than those produced by the methods from the literature.

Comparison of Penalty Functions for Sparse Canonical Correlation Analysis

PubMed Central

Chalise, Prabhakar; Fridley, Brooke L.

2011-01-01

Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is a widely used multivariate method for assessing the association between two sets of variables. However, when the number of variables far exceeds the number of subjects, such in the case of large-scale genomic studies, the traditional CCA method is not appropriate. In addition, when the variables are highly correlated the sample covariance matrices become unstable or undefined. To overcome these two issues, sparse canonical correlation analysis (SCCA) for multiple data sets has been proposed using a Lasso type of penalty. However, these methods do not have direct control over sparsity of solution. An additional step that uses Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) has also been suggested to further filter out unimportant features. In this paper, a comparison of four penalty functions (Lasso, Elastic-net, SCAD and Hard-threshold) for SCCA with and without the BIC filtering step have been carried out using both real and simulated genotypic and mRNA expression data. This study indicates that the SCAD penalty with BIC filter would be a preferable penalty function for application of SCCA to genomic data. PMID:21984855

Critical evaluation of methods to incorporate entropy loss upon binding in high-throughput docking.

PubMed

Salaniwal, Sumeet; Manas, Eric S; Alvarez, Juan C; Unwalla, Rayomand J

2007-02-01

Proper accounting of the positional/orientational/conformational entropy loss associated with protein-ligand binding is important to obtain reliable predictions of binding affinity. Herein, we critically examine two simplified statistical mechanics-based approaches, namely a constant penalty per rotor method, and a more rigorous method, referred to here as the partition function-based scoring (PFS) method, to account for such entropy losses in high-throughput docking calculations. Our results on the estrogen receptor beta and dihydrofolate reductase proteins demonstrate that, while the constant penalty method over-penalizes molecules for their conformational flexibility, the PFS method behaves in a more "DeltaG-like" manner by penalizing different rotors differently depending on their residual entropy in the bound state. Furthermore, in contrast to no entropic penalty or the constant penalty approximation, the PFS method does not exhibit any bias towards either rigid or flexible molecules in the hit list. Preliminary enrichment studies using a lead-like random molecular database suggest that an accurate representation of the "true" energy landscape of the protein-ligand complex is critical for reliable predictions of relative binding affinities by the PFS method. Copyright 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Elastic SCAD as a novel penalization method for SVM classification tasks in high-dimensional data.

PubMed

Becker, Natalia; Toedt, Grischa; Lichter, Peter; Benner, Axel

2011-05-09

Classification and variable selection play an important role in knowledge discovery in high-dimensional data. Although Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms are among the most powerful classification and prediction methods with a wide range of scientific applications, the SVM does not include automatic feature selection and therefore a number of feature selection procedures have been developed. Regularisation approaches extend SVM to a feature selection method in a flexible way using penalty functions like LASSO, SCAD and Elastic Net.We propose a novel penalty function for SVM classification tasks, Elastic SCAD, a combination of SCAD and ridge penalties which overcomes the limitations of each penalty alone.Since SVM models are extremely sensitive to the choice of tuning parameters, we adopted an interval search algorithm, which in comparison to a fixed grid search finds rapidly and more precisely a global optimal solution. Feature selection methods with combined penalties (Elastic Net and Elastic SCAD SVMs) are more robust to a change of the model complexity than methods using single penalties. Our simulation study showed that Elastic SCAD SVM outperformed LASSO (L1) and SCAD SVMs. Moreover, Elastic SCAD SVM provided sparser classifiers in terms of median number of features selected than Elastic Net SVM and often better predicted than Elastic Net in terms of misclassification error.Finally, we applied the penalization methods described above on four publicly available breast cancer data sets. Elastic SCAD SVM was the only method providing robust classifiers in sparse and non-sparse situations. The proposed Elastic SCAD SVM algorithm provides the advantages of the SCAD penalty and at the same time avoids sparsity limitations for non-sparse data. We were first to demonstrate that the integration of the interval search algorithm and penalized SVM classification techniques provides fast solutions on the optimization of tuning parameters.The penalized SVM classification algorithms as well as fixed grid and interval search for finding appropriate tuning parameters were implemented in our freely available R package 'penalizedSVM'.We conclude that the Elastic SCAD SVM is a flexible and robust tool for classification and feature selection tasks for high-dimensional data such as microarray data sets.

Elastic SCAD as a novel penalization method for SVM classification tasks in high-dimensional data

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background Classification and variable selection play an important role in knowledge discovery in high-dimensional data. Although Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms are among the most powerful classification and prediction methods with a wide range of scientific applications, the SVM does not include automatic feature selection and therefore a number of feature selection procedures have been developed. Regularisation approaches extend SVM to a feature selection method in a flexible way using penalty functions like LASSO, SCAD and Elastic Net. We propose a novel penalty function for SVM classification tasks, Elastic SCAD, a combination of SCAD and ridge penalties which overcomes the limitations of each penalty alone. Since SVM models are extremely sensitive to the choice of tuning parameters, we adopted an interval search algorithm, which in comparison to a fixed grid search finds rapidly and more precisely a global optimal solution. Results Feature selection methods with combined penalties (Elastic Net and Elastic SCAD SVMs) are more robust to a change of the model complexity than methods using single penalties. Our simulation study showed that Elastic SCAD SVM outperformed LASSO (L1) and SCAD SVMs. Moreover, Elastic SCAD SVM provided sparser classifiers in terms of median number of features selected than Elastic Net SVM and often better predicted than Elastic Net in terms of misclassification error. Finally, we applied the penalization methods described above on four publicly available breast cancer data sets. Elastic SCAD SVM was the only method providing robust classifiers in sparse and non-sparse situations. Conclusions The proposed Elastic SCAD SVM algorithm provides the advantages of the SCAD penalty and at the same time avoids sparsity limitations for non-sparse data. We were first to demonstrate that the integration of the interval search algorithm and penalized SVM classification techniques provides fast solutions on the optimization of tuning parameters. The penalized SVM classification algorithms as well as fixed grid and interval search for finding appropriate tuning parameters were implemented in our freely available R package 'penalizedSVM'. We conclude that the Elastic SCAD SVM is a flexible and robust tool for classification and feature selection tasks for high-dimensional data such as microarray data sets. PMID:21554689

Analytical study of interior noise control by fuselage design techniques on high-speed, propeller-driven aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Revell, J. D.; Balena, F. J.; Koval, L. R.

1980-01-01

The acoustical treatment mass penalties required to achieve an interior noise level of 80 dBA for high speed, fuel efficient propfan-powered aircraft are determined. The prediction method used is based on theory developed for the outer shell dynamics, and a modified approach for add-on noise control element performance. The present synthesis of these methods is supported by experimental data. Three different sized aircraft are studied, including a widebody, a narrowbody and a business sized aircraft. Noise control penalties are calculated for each aircraft for two kinds of noise control designs: add-on designs, where the outer wall structure cannot be changed, and advanced designs where the outer wall stiffness level and the materials usage can be altered. For the add-on designs, the mass penalties range from 1.7 to 2.4 percent of the takeoff gross weight (TOGW) of the various aircraft, similar to preliminary estimates. Results for advanced designs show significant reductions of the mass penalties. For the advanced aluminum designs the penalties are 1.5% of TOGW, and for an all composite aircraft the penalties range from 0.74 to 1.4% of TOGW.

Robust and Efficient Spin Purification for Determinantal Configuration Interaction.

PubMed

Fales, B Scott; Hohenstein, Edward G; Levine, Benjamin G

2017-09-12

The limited precision of floating point arithmetic can lead to the qualitative and even catastrophic failure of quantum chemical algorithms, especially when high accuracy solutions are sought. For example, numerical errors accumulated while solving for determinantal configuration interaction wave functions via Davidson diagonalization may lead to spin contamination in the trial subspace. This spin contamination may cause the procedure to converge to roots with undesired ⟨Ŝ 2 ⟩, wasting computer time in the best case and leading to incorrect conclusions in the worst. In hopes of finding a suitable remedy, we investigate five purification schemes for ensuring that the eigenvectors have the desired ⟨Ŝ 2 ⟩. These schemes are based on projection, penalty, and iterative approaches. All of these schemes rely on a direct, graphics processing unit-accelerated algorithm for calculating the S 2 c matrix-vector product. We assess the computational cost and convergence behavior of these methods by application to several benchmark systems and find that the first-order spin penalty method is the optimal choice, though first-order and Löwdin projection approaches also provide fast convergence to the desired spin state. Finally, to demonstrate the utility of these approaches, we computed the lowest several excited states of an open-shell silver cluster (Ag 19 ) using the state-averaged complete active space self-consistent field method, where spin purification was required to ensure spin stability of the CI vector coefficients. Several low-lying states with significant multiply excited character are predicted, suggesting the value of a multireference approach for modeling plasmonic nanomaterials.

A Sparsity-Promoted Method Based on Majorization-Minimization for Weak Fault Feature Enhancement

PubMed Central

Hao, Yansong; Song, Liuyang; Tang, Gang; Yuan, Hongfang

2018-01-01

Fault transient impulses induced by faulty components in rotating machinery usually contain substantial interference. Fault features are comparatively weak in the initial fault stage, which renders fault diagnosis more difficult. In this case, a sparse representation method based on the Majorzation-Minimization (MM) algorithm is proposed to enhance weak fault features and extract the features from strong background noise. However, the traditional MM algorithm suffers from two issues, which are the choice of sparse basis and complicated calculations. To address these challenges, a modified MM algorithm is proposed in which a sparse optimization objective function is designed firstly. Inspired by the Basis Pursuit (BP) model, the optimization function integrates an impulsive feature-preserving factor and a penalty function factor. Second, a modified Majorization iterative method is applied to address the convex optimization problem of the designed function. A series of sparse coefficients can be achieved through iterating, which only contain transient components. It is noteworthy that there is no need to select the sparse basis in the proposed iterative method because it is fixed as a unit matrix. Then the reconstruction step is omitted, which can significantly increase detection efficiency. Eventually, envelope analysis of the sparse coefficients is performed to extract weak fault features. Simulated and experimental signals including bearings and gearboxes are employed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. In addition, comparisons are made to prove that the proposed method outperforms the traditional MM algorithm in terms of detection results and efficiency. PMID:29597280

A Sparsity-Promoted Method Based on Majorization-Minimization for Weak Fault Feature Enhancement.

PubMed

Ren, Bangyue; Hao, Yansong; Wang, Huaqing; Song, Liuyang; Tang, Gang; Yuan, Hongfang

2018-03-28

Fault transient impulses induced by faulty components in rotating machinery usually contain substantial interference. Fault features are comparatively weak in the initial fault stage, which renders fault diagnosis more difficult. In this case, a sparse representation method based on the Majorzation-Minimization (MM) algorithm is proposed to enhance weak fault features and extract the features from strong background noise. However, the traditional MM algorithm suffers from two issues, which are the choice of sparse basis and complicated calculations. To address these challenges, a modified MM algorithm is proposed in which a sparse optimization objective function is designed firstly. Inspired by the Basis Pursuit (BP) model, the optimization function integrates an impulsive feature-preserving factor and a penalty function factor. Second, a modified Majorization iterative method is applied to address the convex optimization problem of the designed function. A series of sparse coefficients can be achieved through iterating, which only contain transient components. It is noteworthy that there is no need to select the sparse basis in the proposed iterative method because it is fixed as a unit matrix. Then the reconstruction step is omitted, which can significantly increase detection efficiency. Eventually, envelope analysis of the sparse coefficients is performed to extract weak fault features. Simulated and experimental signals including bearings and gearboxes are employed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. In addition, comparisons are made to prove that the proposed method outperforms the traditional MM algorithm in terms of detection results and efficiency.

Glycemic penalty index for adequately assessing and comparing different blood glucose control algorithms

PubMed Central

Van Herpe, Tom; De Brabanter, Jos; Beullens, Martine; De Moor, Bart; Van den Berghe, Greet

2008-01-01

Introduction Blood glucose (BG) control performed by intensive care unit (ICU) nurses is becoming standard practice for critically ill patients. New (semi-automated) 'BG control' algorithms (or 'insulin titration' algorithms) are under development, but these require stringent validation before they can replace the currently used algorithms. Existing methods for objectively comparing different insulin titration algorithms show weaknesses. In the current study, a new approach for appropriately assessing the adequacy of different algorithms is proposed. Methods Two ICU patient populations (with different baseline characteristics) were studied, both treated with a similar 'nurse-driven' insulin titration algorithm targeting BG levels of 80 to 110 mg/dl. A new method for objectively evaluating BG deviations from normoglycemia was founded on a smooth penalty function. Next, the performance of this new evaluation tool was compared with the current standard assessment methods, on an individual as well as a population basis. Finally, the impact of four selected parameters (the average BG sampling frequency, the duration of algorithm application, the severity of disease, and the type of illness) on the performance of an insulin titration algorithm was determined by multiple regression analysis. Results The glycemic penalty index (GPI) was proposed as a tool for assessing the overall glycemic control behavior in ICU patients. The GPI of a patient is the average of all penalties that are individually assigned to each measured BG value based on the optimized smooth penalty function. The computation of this index returns a number between 0 (no penalty) and 100 (the highest penalty). For some patients, the assessment of the BG control behavior using the traditional standard evaluation methods was different from the evaluation with GPI. Two parameters were found to have a significant impact on GPI: the BG sampling frequency and the duration of algorithm application. A higher BG sampling frequency and a longer algorithm application duration resulted in an apparently better performance, as indicated by a lower GPI. Conclusion The GPI is an alternative method for evaluating the performance of BG control algorithms. The blood glucose sampling frequency and the duration of algorithm application should be similar when comparing algorithms. PMID:18302732

Distance-preserving rigidity penalty on deformable image registration of multiple skeletal components in the neck

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, Jihun, E-mail: jihun@umich.edu; Saitou, Kazuhiro; Matuszak, Martha M.

Purpose: This study aims at developing and testing a novel rigidity penalty suitable for the deformable registration of tightly located skeletal components in the head and neck from planning computed tomography (CT) and daily cone-beam CT (CBCT) scans of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Methods: The proposed rigidity penalty is designed to preserve intervoxel distances within each bony structure. This penalty was tested in the intensity-based B-spline deformable registration of five cervical vertebral bodies (C1–C5). The displacement vector fields (DVFs) from the registrations were compared to the DVFs generated by using rigid body motions of the cervical vertebrae, measured by the surfacemore » registration of vertebrae delineated on CT and CBCT images. Twenty five pairs of planning CT (reference) and treatment CBCTs (target) from five patients were aligned without and with the penalty. An existing penalty based on the orthonormality of the deformation gradient tensor was also tested and the effects of the penalties compared. Results: The mean magnitude of the maximum registration error with the proposed distance-preserving penalty was (0.86, 1.12, 1.33) mm compared to (2.11, 2.49, 2.46) without penalty and (1.53, 1.64, 1.64) with the existing orthonormality-based penalty. The improvement in the accuracy of the deformable image registration was also verified by comparing the Procrustes distance between the DVFs. With the proposed penalty, the average distance was 0.11 (σ 0.03 mm) which is smaller than 0.53 (0.1 mm) without penalty and 0.28 (0.04 mm) with the orthonormality-based penalty. Conclusions: The accuracy of aligning multiple bony elements was improved by using the proposed distance-preserving rigidity penalty. The voxel-based statistical analysis of the registration error shows that the proposed penalty improved the integrity of the DVFs within the vertebral bodies.« less

Distance-preserving rigidity penalty on deformable image registration of multiple skeletal components in the neck

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, Jihun, E-mail: jihun@umich.edu; Saitou, Kazuhiro; Matuszak, Martha M.

2013-12-15

Purpose: This study aims at developing and testing a novel rigidity penalty suitable for the deformable registration of tightly located skeletal components in the head and neck from planning computed tomography (CT) and daily cone-beam CT (CBCT) scans of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Methods: The proposed rigidity penalty is designed to preserve intervoxel distances within each bony structure. This penalty was tested in the intensity-based B-spline deformable registration of five cervical vertebral bodies (C1–C5). The displacement vector fields (DVFs) from the registrations were compared to the DVFs generated by using rigid body motions of the cervical vertebrae, measured by the surfacemore » registration of vertebrae delineated on CT and CBCT images. Twenty five pairs of planning CT (reference) and treatment CBCTs (target) from five patients were aligned without and with the penalty. An existing penalty based on the orthonormality of the deformation gradient tensor was also tested and the effects of the penalties compared. Results: The mean magnitude of the maximum registration error with the proposed distance-preserving penalty was (0.86, 1.12, 1.33) mm compared to (2.11, 2.49, 2.46) without penalty and (1.53, 1.64, 1.64) with the existing orthonormality-based penalty. The improvement in the accuracy of the deformable image registration was also verified by comparing the Procrustes distance between the DVFs. With the proposed penalty, the average distance was 0.11 (σ 0.03 mm) which is smaller than 0.53 (0.1 mm) without penalty and 0.28 (0.04 mm) with the orthonormality-based penalty. Conclusions: The accuracy of aligning multiple bony elements was improved by using the proposed distance-preserving rigidity penalty. The voxel-based statistical analysis of the registration error shows that the proposed penalty improved the integrity of the DVFs within the vertebral bodies.« less

Task-based statistical image reconstruction for high-quality cone-beam CT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dang, Hao; Webster Stayman, J.; Xu, Jennifer; Zbijewski, Wojciech; Sisniega, Alejandro; Mow, Michael; Wang, Xiaohui; Foos, David H.; Aygun, Nafi; Koliatsos, Vassilis E.; Siewerdsen, Jeffrey H.

2017-11-01

Task-based analysis of medical imaging performance underlies many ongoing efforts in the development of new imaging systems. In statistical image reconstruction, regularization is often formulated in terms to encourage smoothness and/or sharpness (e.g. a linear, quadratic, or Huber penalty) but without explicit formulation of the task. We propose an alternative regularization approach in which a spatially varying penalty is determined that maximizes task-based imaging performance at every location in a 3D image. We apply the method to model-based image reconstruction (MBIR—viz., penalized weighted least-squares, PWLS) in cone-beam CT (CBCT) of the head, focusing on the task of detecting a small, low-contrast intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and we test the performance of the algorithm in the context of a recently developed CBCT prototype for point-of-care imaging of brain injury. Theoretical predictions of local spatial resolution and noise are computed via an optimization by which regularization (specifically, the quadratic penalty strength) is allowed to vary throughout the image to maximize local task-based detectability index ({{d}\\prime} ). Simulation studies and test-bench experiments were performed using an anthropomorphic head phantom. Three PWLS implementations were tested: conventional (constant) penalty; a certainty-based penalty derived to enforce constant point-spread function, PSF; and the task-based penalty derived to maximize local detectability at each location. Conventional (constant) regularization exhibited a fairly strong degree of spatial variation in {{d}\\prime} , and the certainty-based method achieved uniform PSF, but each exhibited a reduction in detectability compared to the task-based method, which improved detectability up to ~15%. The improvement was strongest in areas of high attenuation (skull base), where the conventional and certainty-based methods tended to over-smooth the data. The task-driven reconstruction method presents a promising regularization method in MBIR by explicitly incorporating task-based imaging performance as the objective. The results demonstrate improved ICH conspicuity and support the development of high-quality CBCT systems.

Optimal control penalty finite elements - Applications to integrodifferential equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chung, T. J.

The application of the optimal-control/penalty finite-element method to the solution of integrodifferential equations in radiative-heat-transfer problems (Chung et al.; Chung and Kim, 1982) is discussed and illustrated. The nonself-adjointness of the convective terms in the governing equations is treated by utilizing optimal-control cost functions and employing penalty functions to constrain auxiliary equations which permit the reduction of second-order derivatives to first order. The OCPFE method is applied to combined-mode heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation, both without and with scattering and viscous dissipation; the results are presented graphically and compared to those obtained by other methods. The OCPFE method is shown to give good results in cases where standard Galerkin FE fail, and to facilitate the investigation of scattering and dissipation effects.

Nonlinear optimization method of ship floating condition calculation in wave based on vector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ding, Ning; Yu, Jian-xing

2014-08-01

Ship floating condition in regular waves is calculated. New equations controlling any ship's floating condition are proposed by use of the vector operation. This form is a nonlinear optimization problem which can be solved using the penalty function method with constant coefficients. And the solving process is accelerated by dichotomy. During the solving process, the ship's displacement and buoyant centre have been calculated by the integration of the ship surface according to the waterline. The ship surface is described using an accumulative chord length theory in order to determine the displacement, the buoyancy center and the waterline. The draught forming the waterline at each station can be found out by calculating the intersection of the ship surface and the wave surface. The results of an example indicate that this method is exact and efficient. It can calculate the ship floating condition in regular waves as well as simplify the calculation and improve the computational efficiency and the precision of results.

Continuous-time discrete-space models for animal movement

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hanks, Ephraim M.; Hooten, Mevin B.; Alldredge, Mat W.

2015-01-01

The processes influencing animal movement and resource selection are complex and varied. Past efforts to model behavioral changes over time used Bayesian statistical models with variable parameter space, such as reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo approaches, which are computationally demanding and inaccessible to many practitioners. We present a continuous-time discrete-space (CTDS) model of animal movement that can be fit using standard generalized linear modeling (GLM) methods. This CTDS approach allows for the joint modeling of location-based as well as directional drivers of movement. Changing behavior over time is modeled using a varying-coefficient framework which maintains the computational simplicity of a GLM approach, and variable selection is accomplished using a group lasso penalty. We apply our approach to a study of two mountain lions (Puma concolor) in Colorado, USA.

Direct Reconstruction of CT-Based Attenuation Correction Images for PET With Cluster-Based Penalties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Soo Mee; Alessio, Adam M.; De Man, Bruno; Kinahan, Paul E.

2017-03-01

Extremely low-dose (LD) CT acquisitions used for PET attenuation correction have high levels of noise and potential bias artifacts due to photon starvation. This paper explores the use of a priori knowledge for iterative image reconstruction of the CT-based attenuation map. We investigate a maximum a posteriori framework with cluster-based multinomial penalty for direct iterative coordinate decent (dICD) reconstruction of the PET attenuation map. The objective function for direct iterative attenuation map reconstruction used a Poisson log-likelihood data fit term and evaluated two image penalty terms of spatial and mixture distributions. The spatial regularization is based on a quadratic penalty. For the mixture penalty, we assumed that the attenuation map may consist of four material clusters: air + background, lung, soft tissue, and bone. Using simulated noisy sinogram data, dICD reconstruction was performed with different strengths of the spatial and mixture penalties. The combined spatial and mixture penalties reduced the root mean squared error (RMSE) by roughly two times compared with a weighted least square and filtered backprojection reconstruction of CT images. The combined spatial and mixture penalties resulted in only slightly lower RMSE compared with a spatial quadratic penalty alone. For direct PET attenuation map reconstruction from ultra-LD CT acquisitions, the combination of spatial and mixture penalties offers regularization of both variance and bias and is a potential method to reconstruct attenuation maps with negligible patient dose. The presented results, using a best-case histogram suggest that the mixture penalty does not offer a substantive benefit over conventional quadratic regularization and diminishes enthusiasm for exploring future application of the mixture penalty.

On implementation of the extended interior penalty function. [optimum structural design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cassis, J. H.; Schmit, L. A., Jr.

1976-01-01

The extended interior penalty function formulation is implemented. A rational method for determining the transition between the interior and extended parts is set forth. The formulation includes a straightforward method for avoiding design points with some negative components, which are physically meaningless in structural analysis. The technique, when extended to problems involving parametric constraints, can facilitate closed form integration of the penalty terms over the most important parts of the parameter interval. The method lends itself well to the use of approximation concepts, such as design variable linking, constraint deletion and Taylor series expansions of response quantities in terms of design variables. Examples demonstrating the algorithm, in the context of planar orthogonal frames subjected to ground motion, are included.

[New method of mixed gas infrared spectrum analysis based on SVM].

PubMed

Bai, Peng; Xie, Wen-Jun; Liu, Jun-Hua

2007-07-01

A new method of infrared spectrum analysis based on support vector machine (SVM) for mixture gas was proposed. The kernel function in SVM was used to map the seriously overlapping absorption spectrum into high-dimensional space, and after transformation, the high-dimensional data could be processed in the original space, so the regression calibration model was established, then the regression calibration model with was applied to analyze the concentration of component gas. Meanwhile it was proved that the regression calibration model with SVM also could be used for component recognition of mixture gas. The method was applied to the analysis of different data samples. Some factors such as scan interval, range of the wavelength, kernel function and penalty coefficient C that affect the model were discussed. Experimental results show that the component concentration maximal Mean AE is 0.132%, and the component recognition accuracy is higher than 94%. The problems of overlapping absorption spectrum, using the same method for qualitative and quantitative analysis, and limit number of training sample, were solved. The method could be used in other mixture gas infrared spectrum analyses, promising theoretic and application values.

Fuel Economy and Emissions Effects of Low Tire Pressure, Open Windows, Roof Top and Hitch-Mounted Cargo, and Trailer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thomas, John F; Huff, Shean P; West, Brian H

To quantify the fuel economy (FE) effect of some common vehicle accessories or alterations, a compact passenger sedan and a sport utility vehicle (SUV) were subjected to SAE J2263 coastdown procedures. Coastdowns were conducted with low tire pressure, all windows open, with a roof top or hitch-mounted cargo carrier, and with the SUV pulling an enclosed cargo trailer. From these coastdowns, vehicle dynamometer coefficients were developed which enabled the execution of vehicle dynamometer experiments to determine the effect of these changes on vehicle FE and emissions over standard drive cycles and at steady highway speeds. The FE penalty associated withmore » the rooftop cargo box mounted on the compact sedan was as high as 25-27% at higher speeds, where the aerodynamic drag is most pronounced. For both vehicles, use of a hitch mounted cargo tray carrying a similar load resulted in very small FE penalties, unlike the rooftop cargo box. The results for the SUV pulling a 3500 pound enclosed cargo trailer were rather dramatic, resulting in FE penalties ranging from 30%, for the city cycle, to 50% at 80 mph, at which point significant CO generation indicated protective enrichment due to high load. Low tire pressure cases resulted in negligible to 10% FE penalty depending on the specific case and test point. Driving with all four windows open decreased FE by 4-8.5% for the compact sedan, and 1-4% for the SUV.« less

A comparison of linear interpolation models for iterative CT reconstruction.

PubMed

Hahn, Katharina; Schöndube, Harald; Stierstorfer, Karl; Hornegger, Joachim; Noo, Frédéric

2016-12-01

Recent reports indicate that model-based iterative reconstruction methods may improve image quality in computed tomography (CT). One difficulty with these methods is the number of options available to implement them, including the selection of the forward projection model and the penalty term. Currently, the literature is fairly scarce in terms of guidance regarding this selection step, whereas these options impact image quality. Here, the authors investigate the merits of three forward projection models that rely on linear interpolation: the distance-driven method, Joseph's method, and the bilinear method. The authors' selection is motivated by three factors: (1) in CT, linear interpolation is often seen as a suitable trade-off between discretization errors and computational cost, (2) the first two methods are popular with manufacturers, and (3) the third method enables assessing the importance of a key assumption in the other methods. One approach to evaluate forward projection models is to inspect their effect on discretized images, as well as the effect of their transpose on data sets, but significance of such studies is unclear since the matrix and its transpose are always jointly used in iterative reconstruction. Another approach is to investigate the models in the context they are used, i.e., together with statistical weights and a penalty term. Unfortunately, this approach requires the selection of a preferred objective function and does not provide clear information on features that are intrinsic to the model. The authors adopted the following two-stage methodology. First, the authors analyze images that progressively include components of the singular value decomposition of the model in a reconstructed image without statistical weights and penalty term. Next, the authors examine the impact of weights and penalty on observed differences. Image quality metrics were investigated for 16 different fan-beam imaging scenarios that enabled probing various aspects of all models. The metrics include a surrogate for computational cost, as well as bias, noise, and an estimation task, all at matched resolution. The analysis revealed fundamental differences in terms of both bias and noise. Task-based assessment appears to be required to appreciate the differences in noise; the estimation task the authors selected showed that these differences balance out to yield similar performance. Some scenarios highlighted merits for the distance-driven method in terms of bias but with an increase in computational cost. Three combinations of statistical weights and penalty term showed that the observed differences remain the same, but strong edge-preserving penalty can dramatically reduce the magnitude of these differences. In many scenarios, Joseph's method seems to offer an interesting compromise between cost and computational effort. The distance-driven method offers the possibility to reduce bias but with an increase in computational cost. The bilinear method indicated that a key assumption in the other two methods is highly robust. Last, strong edge-preserving penalty can act as a compensator for insufficiencies in the forward projection model, bringing all models to similar levels in the most challenging imaging scenarios. Also, the authors find that their evaluation methodology helps appreciating how model, statistical weights, and penalty term interplay together.

Penalty dynamic programming algorithm for dim targets detection in sensor systems.

PubMed

Huang, Dayu; Xue, Anke; Guo, Yunfei

2012-01-01

In order to detect and track multiple maneuvering dim targets in sensor systems, an improved dynamic programming track-before-detect algorithm (DP-TBD) called penalty DP-TBD (PDP-TBD) is proposed. The performances of tracking techniques are used as a feedback to the detection part. The feedback is constructed by a penalty term in the merit function, and the penalty term is a function of the possible target state estimation, which can be obtained by the tracking methods. With this feedback, the algorithm combines traditional tracking techniques with DP-TBD and it can be applied to simultaneously detect and track maneuvering dim targets. Meanwhile, a reasonable constraint that a sensor measurement can originate from one target or clutter is proposed to minimize track separation. Thus, the algorithm can be used in the multi-target situation with unknown target numbers. The efficiency and advantages of PDP-TBD compared with two existing methods are demonstrated by several simulations.

On the origin of the drag force on golf balls

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balaras, Elias; Beratlis, Nikolaos; Squires, Kyle

2017-11-01

It is well establised that dimples accelerate the drag-crisis on a sphere. The result of the early drag-crisis is a reduction of the drag coefficient by more than a factor of two when compared to a smooth sphere at the same Reynolds number. However, when the drag coefficients for smooth and dimpled spheres in the supercritical regime are compared, the latter is higher by a factor of two to three. To understand the origin of this behavior we conducted direct numerical simulations of the flow around a dimpled sphere, which is similar to commercially available golf balls, in the supercritical regime. By comparing the results to those for a smooth sphere it is found that dimples, although effective in accelerating the drag crisis, impose a local drag-penalty, which contributes significantly to the overall drag force. This finding challenges the broadly accepted view, that the dimples only indirectly affect the drag force on a golf ball by manipulating the structure of the turbulent boundary layer near the wall and consequently affect global separation. Within this view, typically the penalty on the drag force imposed by the dimples is assumed to be small and coming primarily from skin friction. The direct numerical simulations we will report reveal a very different picture.

SU-F-18C-14: Hessian-Based Norm Penalty for Weighted Least-Square CBCT Reconstruction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sun, T; Sun, N; Tan, S

Purpose: To develop a Hessian-based norm penalty for cone-beam CT (CBCT) reconstruction that has a similar ability in suppressing noise as the total variation (TV) penalty while avoiding the staircase effect and better preserving low-contrast objects. Methods: We extended the TV penalty to a Hessian-based norm penalty based on the Frobenius norm of the Hessian matrix of an image for CBCT reconstruction. The objective function was constructed using the penalized weighted least-square (PWLS) principle. An effective algorithm was developed to minimize the objective function using a majorization-minimization (MM) approach. We evaluated and compared the proposed penalty with the TV penaltymore » on a CatPhan 600 phantom and an anthropomorphic head phantom, each acquired at a low-dose protocol (10mA/10ms) and a high-dose protocol (80mA/12ms). For both penalties, contrast-to-noise (CNR) in four low-contrast regions-of-interest (ROIs) and the full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of two point-like objects in constructed images were calculated and compared. Results: In the experiment of CatPhan 600 phantom, the Hessian-based norm penalty has slightly higher CNRs and approximately equivalent FWHM values compared with the TV penalty. In the experiment of the anthropomorphic head phantom at the low-dose protocol, the TV penalty result has several artificial piece-wise constant areas known as the staircase effect while in the Hessian-based norm penalty the image appears smoother and more similar to that of the FDK result using the high-dose protocol. Conclusion: The proposed Hessian-based norm penalty has a similar performance in suppressing noise to the TV penalty, but has a potential advantage in suppressing the staircase effect and preserving low-contrast objects. This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC), under Grant Nos. 60971112 and 61375018, and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, under Grant No. 2012QN086.« less

MO-FG-CAMPUS-IeP2-04: Multiple Penalties with Different Orders for Structure Adaptive CBCT Reconstruction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shi, Q; Cheng, P; Tan, S

2016-06-15

Purpose: To combine total variation (TV) and Hessian penalty in a structure adaptive way for cone-beam CT (CBCT) reconstruction. Methods: TV is a widely used first order penalty with good ability in suppressing noise and preserving edges but leads to the staircase effect in regions with smooth intensity transition. The second order Hessian penalty can effectively suppress the staircase effect with extra cost of blurring object edges. To take the best of both penalties we proposed a novel method to combine both for CBCT reconstruction in a structure adaptive way. The proposed method adaptively determined the weight of each penaltymore » according to the geometry of local regions. An specially-designed exponent term with image gradient involved was used to characterize the local geometry such that the weights for Hessian and TV were 1 and 0 respectively at uniform local regions and 0 and 1 at edge regions. For other local regions the weights varied from 0 to 1. The objective functional was minimized using the majorzationminimization approach. We evaluated the proposed method on a modified 3D shepp-logan and a CatPhan 600 phantom. The full-width-at-halfmaximum (FWHM) and contrast-to-noise (CNR) were calculated. Results: For 3D shepp-logan the reconstructed images using TV had an obvious staircase effect while those using the proposed method and Hessian preserved the smooth transition regions well. FWHMs of the proposed method TV and Hessian penalty were 1.75 1.61 and 3.16 respectively, indicating that both TV and the proposed method is able to preserve edges. For CatPhan 600 CNR values of the proposed method were similar to those of TV and Hessian. Conclusion: The proposed method retains favorable properties of TV like preserving edges and also has the ability in better preserving gradual transition structure as Hessian does. All methods performs similarly in suppressing noise. This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) under Grant Nos.60971112 and 61375018 grants from the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP130109 and RP110562-P2) National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01 EB020366) and a grant from the American Cancer Society (RSG-13-326-01-CCE).« less

A Study of Penalty Function Methods for Constraint Handling with Genetic Algorithm

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ortiz, Francisco

2004-01-01

COMETBOARDS (Comparative Evaluation Testbed of Optimization and Analysis Routines for Design of Structures) is a design optimization test bed that can evaluate the performance of several different optimization algorithms. A few of these optimization algorithms are the sequence of unconstrained minimization techniques (SUMT), sequential linear programming (SLP) and the sequential quadratic programming techniques (SQP). A genetic algorithm (GA) is a search technique that is based on the principles of natural selection or "survival of the fittest". Instead of using gradient information, the GA uses the objective function directly in the search. The GA searches the solution space by maintaining a population of potential solutions. Then, using evolving operations such as recombination, mutation and selection, the GA creates successive generations of solutions that will evolve and take on the positive characteristics of their parents and thus gradually approach optimal or near-optimal solutions. By using the objective function directly in the search, genetic algorithms can be effectively applied in non-convex, highly nonlinear, complex problems. The genetic algorithm is not guaranteed to find the global optimum, but it is less likely to get trapped at a local optimum than traditional gradient-based search methods when the objective function is not smooth and generally well behaved. The purpose of this research is to assist in the integration of genetic algorithm (GA) into COMETBOARDS. COMETBOARDS cast the design of structures as a constrained nonlinear optimization problem. One method used to solve constrained optimization problem with a GA to convert the constrained optimization problem into an unconstrained optimization problem by developing a penalty function that penalizes infeasible solutions. There have been several suggested penalty function in the literature each with there own strengths and weaknesses. A statistical analysis of some suggested penalty functions is performed in this study. Also, a response surface approach to robust design is used to develop a new penalty function approach. This new penalty function approach is then compared with the other existing penalty functions.

The absence of cruelty is not the presence of humanness: physicians and the death penalty in the United States.

PubMed

Zivot, Joel B

2012-12-03

The death penalty by lethal injection is a legal punishment in the United States. Sodium Thiopental, once used in the death penalty cocktail, is no longer available for use in the United States as a consequence of this association. Anesthesiologists possess knowledge of Sodium Thiopental and possible chemical alternatives. Further, lethal injection has the look and feel of a medical act thereby encouraging physician participation and comment. Concern has been raised that the death penalty by lethal injection, is cruel. Physicians are ethically directed to prevent cruelty within the doctor-patient relationship and ethically prohibited from participation in any component of the death penalty. The US Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty is not cruel per se and is not in conflict with the 8th amendment of the US constitution. If the death penalty is not cruel, it requires no further refinement. If, on the other hand, the death penalty is in fact cruel, physicians have no mandate outside of the doctor patient relationship to reduce cruelty. Any intervention in the name of cruelty reduction, in the setting of lethal injection, does not lead to a more humane form of punishment. If physicians contend that the death penalty can be botched, they wrongly direct that it can be improved. The death penalty cocktail, as a method to reduce suffering during execution, is an unverifiable claim. At best, anesthetics produce an outward appearance of calmness only and do not address suffering as a consequence of the anticipation of death on the part of the condemned.

The absence of cruelty is not the presence of humanness: physicians and the death penalty in the United States

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

The death penalty by lethal injection is a legal punishment in the United States. Sodium Thiopental, once used in the death penalty cocktail, is no longer available for use in the United States as a consequence of this association. Anesthesiologists possess knowledge of Sodium Thiopental and possible chemical alternatives. Further, lethal injection has the look and feel of a medical act thereby encouraging physician participation and comment. Concern has been raised that the death penalty by lethal injection, is cruel. Physicians are ethically directed to prevent cruelty within the doctor-patient relationship and ethically prohibited from participation in any component of the death penalty. The US Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty is not cruel per se and is not in conflict with the 8th amendment of the US constitution. If the death penalty is not cruel, it requires no further refinement. If, on the other hand, the death penalty is in fact cruel, physicians have no mandate outside of the doctor patient relationship to reduce cruelty. Any intervention in the name of cruelty reduction, in the setting of lethal injection, does not lead to a more humane form of punishment. If physicians contend that the death penalty can be botched, they wrongly direct that it can be improved. The death penalty cocktail, as a method to reduce suffering during execution, is an unverifiable claim. At best, anesthetics produce an outward appearance of calmness only and do not address suffering as a consequence of the anticipation of death on the part of the condemned. PMID:23199336

Generic Feature Selection with Short Fat Data

PubMed Central

Clarke, B.; Chu, J.-H.

2014-01-01

SUMMARY Consider a regression problem in which there are many more explanatory variables than data points, i.e., p ≫ n. Essentially, without reducing the number of variables inference is impossible. So, we group the p explanatory variables into blocks by clustering, evaluate statistics on the blocks and then regress the response on these statistics under a penalized error criterion to obtain estimates of the regression coefficients. We examine the performance of this approach for a variety of choices of n, p, classes of statistics, clustering algorithms, penalty terms, and data types. When n is not large, the discrimination over number of statistics is weak, but computations suggest regressing on approximately [n/K] statistics where K is the number of blocks formed by a clustering algorithm. Small deviations from this are observed when the blocks of variables are of very different sizes. Larger deviations are observed when the penalty term is an Lq norm with high enough q. PMID:25346546

An algorithm to assess methodological quality of nutrition and mortality cross-sectional surveys: development and application to surveys conducted in Darfur, Sudan

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background Nutrition and mortality surveys are the main tools whereby evidence on the health status of populations affected by disasters and armed conflict is quantified and monitored over time. Several reviews have consistently revealed a lack of rigor in many surveys. We describe an algorithm for analyzing nutritional and mortality survey reports to identify a comprehensive range of errors that may result in sampling, response, or measurement biases and score quality. We apply the algorithm to surveys conducted in Darfur, Sudan. Methods We developed an algorithm based on internationally agreed upon methods and best practices. Penalties are attributed for a list of errors, and an overall score is built from the summation of penalties accrued by the survey as a whole. To test the algorithm reproducibility, it was independently applied by three raters on 30 randomly selected survey reports. The algorithm was further applied to more than 100 surveys conducted in Darfur, Sudan. Results The Intra Class Correlation coefficient was 0.79 for mortality surveys and 0.78 for nutrition surveys. The overall median quality score and range of about 100 surveys conducted in Darfur were 0.60 (0.12-0.93) and 0.675 (0.23-0.86) for mortality and nutrition surveys, respectively. They varied between the organizations conducting the surveys, with no major trend over time. Conclusion Our study suggests that it is possible to systematically assess quality of surveys and reveals considerable problems with the quality of nutritional and particularly mortality surveys conducted in the Darfur crisis. PMID:22071133

Wind-tunnel test results of airfoil modifications for the EA-6B

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sewall, W. G.; Mcghee, R. J.; Ferris, J. C.

1987-01-01

Wind-tunnel tests have been conducted (to determine the effects on airfoil performance for several airfoil modifications) for the EA-6B Wing Improvement Program. The modifications consist of contour changes to the leading-edge slat and trailing-edge flap to provide a higher low-speed maximum lift with no high-speed cruise-drag penalty. Airfoil sections from the 28- and 76-percent span stations were selected as baseline shapes with the major testing devoted to the inboard airfoil section (28-percent span station). The airfoil modifications increased the low-speed maximum lift coefficient between 20 and 35 percent over test conditions of 3 to 14 million chord Reynolds number and 0.14 to 0.34 Mach number. At the high-speed test conditions of 0.4 to 0.80 Mach number and 10 million chord Reynolds number, the modified airfoils had either matched or had lower drag coefficients for all normal-force coefficients above 0.2 as compared to the baseline airfoil. At normal-force coefficients less than 0.2, the baseline (original) airfoil had lower drag coefficients than any of the modified airfoils.

Electrode Placement for Active Tuning of Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Ring Resonator Structure Clad in Nematic Liquid Crystals

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-08-01

Beer – Lambert law :    0 expI z I z  , (1) where α is the attenuation coefficient expressed as 02 ,k k  (2) and 0 02 /k   , where λ0...notwithstanding any other provision of law , no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it

Penalty Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Dim Targets Detection in Sensor Systems

PubMed Central

Huang, Dayu; Xue, Anke; Guo, Yunfei

2012-01-01

In order to detect and track multiple maneuvering dim targets in sensor systems, an improved dynamic programming track-before-detect algorithm (DP-TBD) called penalty DP-TBD (PDP-TBD) is proposed. The performances of tracking techniques are used as a feedback to the detection part. The feedback is constructed by a penalty term in the merit function, and the penalty term is a function of the possible target state estimation, which can be obtained by the tracking methods. With this feedback, the algorithm combines traditional tracking techniques with DP-TBD and it can be applied to simultaneously detect and track maneuvering dim targets. Meanwhile, a reasonable constraint that a sensor measurement can originate from one target or clutter is proposed to minimize track separation. Thus, the algorithm can be used in the multi-target situation with unknown target numbers. The efficiency and advantages of PDP-TBD compared with two existing methods are demonstrated by several simulations. PMID:22666074

Reconstruction of methods of execution of the death penalty by shooting in the years 1949-1954 based on exhumation research of "prison fields" in Osobowicki Cemetery in Wroclaw. Part I--Historical outline and results of research conducted prior to exhumations performed in 2011.

PubMed

Szleszkowski, Łukasz

2012-01-01

In the period between October and December 2011, a series of exhumation research of the so-called prison quarters dating back to 1949-1954 was conducted in Osobowicki Cemetery in Wrocław. Among the buried there were political prisoners executed by shooting--genuine or alleged members of post-war independence organizations. It was a unique opportunity to determine the method of execution of the death penalty in that period because, according to historical data and the results of two test exhumations, this method considerably differed from instructions on the use of a firing squad during execution of the death penalty.

Controlled wavelet domain sparsity for x-ray tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Purisha, Zenith; Rimpeläinen, Juho; Bubba, Tatiana; Siltanen, Samuli

2018-01-01

Tomographic reconstruction is an ill-posed inverse problem that calls for regularization. One possibility is to require sparsity of the unknown in an orthonormal wavelet basis. This, in turn, can be achieved by variational regularization, where the penalty term is the sum of the absolute values of the wavelet coefficients. The primal-dual fixed point algorithm showed that the minimizer of the variational regularization functional can be computed iteratively using a soft-thresholding operation. Choosing the soft-thresholding parameter \

Army Physical Therapy Productivity According to the Performance Based Adjustment Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-02

variation in processes often fell along a bell shaped curve or normal distribution. Shewart later developed a control chart to track and analyze variation in...References Abdi, H. (2003). Partial regression coefficients. In M. Lewis-Beck, A . Bryman & T. Futing (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Social Sciences Research...other provision of law. no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a

Ultra-fast 160:10 Gbit/s time demultiplexing by four wave mixing in 1 m-long B 2O 3-based fiber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scaffardi, M.; Fresi, F.; Meloni, G.; Bogoni, A.; Potì, L.; Calabretta, N.; Guglielmucci, M.

2006-12-01

One meter-long spool of bismuth oxide-based fiber, with nonlinear coefficient of 1250 W -1 km -1, is used to realize an optical 160-to-10 Gbit/s demultiplexer based on four wave mixing. Bit-Error-Rate measurements demonstrate a demultiplexing penalty lower than 2 dB confirming the suitability of bismuth oxide-based fiber for 160 Gbit/s all-optical processing.

Separation in Logistic Regression: Causes, Consequences, and Control.

PubMed

Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Geroldinger, Angelika; Greenland, Sander; Heinze, Georg

2018-04-01

Separation is encountered in regression models with a discrete outcome (such as logistic regression) where the covariates perfectly predict the outcome. It is most frequent under the same conditions that lead to small-sample and sparse-data bias, such as presence of a rare outcome, rare exposures, highly correlated covariates, or covariates with strong effects. In theory, separation will produce infinite estimates for some coefficients. In practice, however, separation may be unnoticed or mishandled because of software limits in recognizing and handling the problem and in notifying the user. We discuss causes of separation in logistic regression and describe how common software packages deal with it. We then describe methods that remove separation, focusing on the same penalized-likelihood techniques used to address more general sparse-data problems. These methods improve accuracy, avoid software problems, and allow interpretation as Bayesian analyses with weakly informative priors. We discuss likelihood penalties, including some that can be implemented easily with any software package, and their relative advantages and disadvantages. We provide an illustration of ideas and methods using data from a case-control study of contraceptive practices and urinary tract infection.

A Penalty Method for the Numerical Solution of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) Equations in Finance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Witte, J. H.; Reisinger, C.

2010-09-01

We present a simple and easy to implement method for the numerical solution of a rather general class of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations. In many cases, the considered problems have only a viscosity solution, to which, fortunately, many intuitive (e.g. finite difference based) discretisations can be shown to converge. However, especially when using fully implicit time stepping schemes with their desireable stability properties, one is still faced with the considerable task of solving the resulting nonlinear discrete system. In this paper, we introduce a penalty method which approximates the nonlinear discrete system to an order of O(1/ρ), where ρ>0 is the penalty parameter, and we show that an iterative scheme can be used to solve the penalised discrete problem in finitely many steps. We include a number of examples from mathematical finance for which the described approach yields a rigorous numerical scheme and present numerical results.

Hot-spot selection and evaluation methods for whole slice images of meningiomas and oligodendrogliomas.

PubMed

Swiderska, Zaneta; Markiewicz, Tomasz; Grala, Bartlomiej; Slodkowska, Janina

2015-01-01

The paper presents a combined method for an automatic hot-spot areas selection based on penalty factor in the whole slide images to support the pathomorphological diagnostic procedure. The studied slides represent the meningiomas and oligodendrogliomas tumor on the basis of the Ki-67/MIB-1 immunohistochemical reaction. It allows determining the tumor proliferation index as well as gives an indication to the medical treatment and prognosis. The combined method based on mathematical morphology, thresholding, texture analysis and classification is proposed and verified. The presented algorithm includes building a specimen map, elimination of hemorrhages from them, two methods for detection of hot-spot fields with respect to an introduced penalty factor. Furthermore, we propose localization concordance measure to evaluation localization of hot spot selection by the algorithms in respect to the expert's results. Thus, the results of the influence of the penalty factor are presented and discussed. It was found that the best results are obtained for 0.2 value of them. They confirm effectiveness of applied approach.

Penalty methods for the numerical solution of American multi-asset option problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nielsen, Bjørn Fredrik; Skavhaug, Ola; Tveito, Aslak

2008-12-01

We derive and analyze a penalty method for solving American multi-asset option problems. A small, non-linear penalty term is added to the Black-Scholes equation. This approach gives a fixed solution domain, removing the free and moving boundary imposed by the early exercise feature of the contract. Explicit, implicit and semi-implicit finite difference schemes are derived, and in the case of independent assets, we prove that the approximate option prices satisfy some basic properties of the American option problem. Several numerical experiments are carried out in order to investigate the performance of the schemes. We give examples indicating that our results are sharp. Finally, the experiments indicate that in the case of correlated underlying assets, the same properties are valid as in the independent case.

The Bassi Rebay 1 scheme is a special case of the Symmetric Interior Penalty formulation for discontinuous Galerkin discretisations with Gauss-Lobatto points

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Manzanero, Juan; Rueda-Ramírez, Andrés M.; Rubio, Gonzalo; Ferrer, Esteban

2018-06-01

In the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) community, several formulations have been proposed to solve PDEs involving second-order spatial derivatives (e.g. elliptic problems). In this paper, we show that, when the discretisation is restricted to the usage of Gauss-Lobatto points, there are important similarities between two common choices: the Bassi-Rebay 1 (BR1) method, and the Symmetric Interior Penalty (SIP) formulation. This equivalence enables the extrapolation of properties from one scheme to the other: a sharper estimation of the minimum penalty parameter for the SIP stability (compared to the more general estimate proposed by Shahbazi [1]), more efficient implementations of the BR1 scheme, and the compactness of the BR1 method for straight quadrilateral and hexahedral meshes.

40 CFR 63.1551 - Affirmative defense for exceedance of emission limit during malfunction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for exceedances of such standards that are caused by... malfunction event at issue. The analysis shall also specify, using best monitoring methods and engineering... avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction. The owner or operator...

40 CFR 63.1551 - Affirmative defense for exceedance of emission limit during malfunction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for exceedances of such standards that are caused by... malfunction event at issue. The analysis shall also specify, using best monitoring methods and engineering... avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction. The owner or operator...

Low-contrast underwater living fish recognition using PCANet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Xin; Yang, Jianping; Wang, Changgang; Dong, Junyu; Wang, Xinhua

2018-04-01

Quantitative and statistical analysis of ocean creatures is critical to ecological and environmental studies. And living fish recognition is one of the most essential requirements for fishery industry. However, light attenuation and scattering phenomenon are present in the underwater environment, which makes underwater images low-contrast and blurry. This paper tries to design a robust framework for accurate fish recognition. The framework introduces a two stage PCA Network to extract abstract features from fish images. On a real-world fish recognition dataset, we use a linear SVM classifier and set penalty coefficients to conquer data unbalanced issue. Feature visualization results show that our method can avoid the feature distortion in boundary regions of underwater image. Experiments results show that the PCA Network can extract discriminate features and achieve promising recognition accuracy. The framework improves the recognition accuracy of underwater living fishes and can be easily applied to marine fishery industry.

Moving object detection via low-rank total variation regularization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Pengcheng; Chen, Qian; Shao, Na

2016-09-01

Moving object detection is a challenging task in video surveillance. Recently proposed Robust Principal Component Analysis (RPCA) can recover the outlier patterns from the low-rank data under some mild conditions. However, the l-penalty in RPCA doesn't work well in moving object detection because the irrepresentable condition is often not satisfied. In this paper, a method based on total variation (TV) regularization scheme is proposed. In our model, image sequences captured with a static camera are highly related, which can be described using a low-rank matrix. Meanwhile, the low-rank matrix can absorb background motion, e.g. periodic and random perturbation. The foreground objects in the sequence are usually sparsely distributed and drifting continuously, and can be treated as group outliers from the highly-related background scenes. Instead of l-penalty, we exploit the total variation of the foreground. By minimizing the total variation energy, the outliers tend to collapse and finally converge to be the exact moving objects. The TV-penalty is superior to the l-penalty especially when the outlier is in the majority for some pixels, and our method can estimate the outlier explicitly with less bias but higher variance. To solve the problem, a joint optimization function is formulated and can be effectively solved through the inexact Augmented Lagrange Multiplier (ALM) method. We evaluate our method along with several state-of-the-art approaches in MATLAB. Both qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate that our proposed method works effectively on a large range of complex scenarios.

Computing Optimal Stochastic Portfolio Execution Strategies: A Parametric Approach Using Simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moazeni, Somayeh; Coleman, Thomas F.; Li, Yuying

2010-09-01

Computing optimal stochastic portfolio execution strategies under appropriate risk consideration presents great computational challenge. We investigate a parametric approach for computing optimal stochastic strategies using Monte Carlo simulations. This approach allows reduction in computational complexity by computing coefficients for a parametric representation of a stochastic dynamic strategy based on static optimization. Using this technique, constraints can be similarly handled using appropriate penalty functions. We illustrate the proposed approach to minimize the expected execution cost and Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR).

A GA based penalty function technique for solving constrained redundancy allocation problem of series system with interval valued reliability of components

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, R. K.; Bhunia, A. K.; Roy, D.

2009-10-01

In this paper, we have considered the problem of constrained redundancy allocation of series system with interval valued reliability of components. For maximizing the overall system reliability under limited resource constraints, the problem is formulated as an unconstrained integer programming problem with interval coefficients by penalty function technique and solved by an advanced GA for integer variables with interval fitness function, tournament selection, uniform crossover, uniform mutation and elitism. As a special case, considering the lower and upper bounds of the interval valued reliabilities of the components to be the same, the corresponding problem has been solved. The model has been illustrated with some numerical examples and the results of the series redundancy allocation problem with fixed value of reliability of the components have been compared with the existing results available in the literature. Finally, sensitivity analyses have been shown graphically to study the stability of our developed GA with respect to the different GA parameters.

Noise, Turbulence, and Thrust of Subsonic Free Jets from Lobed Nozzles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zaman, K. B. M. Q.; Wang, F. Y.

2002-01-01

A study of noise benefit, vis-a-vis thrust penalty, and its correlation to turbulence intensities was conducted for free jets issuing from lobed nozzles. Four convergent nozzles with constant exit area were used in the experiments. Three of these were of rectangular lobed configuration having six, ten and fourteen lobes; the fourth was a circular nozzle. Increasing the number of lobes resulted in a progressive reduction in the turbulence intensities as well as in the overall radiated noise. The noise reduction was pronounced at the low frequency end of the spectrum. However, there was an increase in the high frequency noise that rendered the overall benefit less attractive when compared on a scaled-up A-weighted basis. A reduction in noise was accompanied by a commensurate reduction in the turbulent kinetic energy in the flow field. As expected, increasing the number of lobes involved progressive reduction in the thrust coefficient. Among the cases studied, the six-lobed nozzle had the optimum reduction in turbulence and noise with the least thrust penalty.

Weighted interior penalty discretization of fully nonlinear and weakly dispersive free surface shallow water flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Di Pietro, Daniele A.; Marche, Fabien

2018-02-01

In this paper, we further investigate the use of a fully discontinuous Finite Element discrete formulation for the study of shallow water free surface flows in the fully nonlinear and weakly dispersive flow regime. We consider a decoupling strategy in which we approximate the solutions of the classical shallow water equations supplemented with a source term globally accounting for the non-hydrostatic effects. This source term can be computed through the resolution of elliptic second-order linear sub-problems, which only involve second order partial derivatives in space. We then introduce an associated Symmetric Weighted Internal Penalty discrete bilinear form, allowing to deal with the discontinuous nature of the elliptic problem's coefficients in a stable and consistent way. Similar discrete formulations are also introduced for several recent optimized fully nonlinear and weakly dispersive models. These formulations are validated again several benchmarks involving h-convergence, p-convergence and comparisons with experimental data, showing optimal convergence properties.

Energy-conserving impact algorithm for the heel-strike phase of gait.

PubMed

Kaplan, M L; Heegaard, J H

2000-06-01

Significant ground reaction forces exceeding body weight occur during the heel-strike phase of gait. The standard methods of analytical dynamics used to solve the impact problem do not accommodate well the heel-strike collision due to the persistent contact at the front foot and presence of contact at the back foot. These methods can cause a non-physical energy gain on the order of the total kinetic energy of the system at impact. Additionally, these standard techniques do not quantify the contact force, but the impulse over the impact. We present an energy-conserving impact algorithm based on the penalty method to solve for the ground reaction forces during gait. The rigid body assumptions are relaxed and the bodies are allowed to penetrate one another to a small degree. Associated with the deformation is a potential, from which the contact forces are derived. The empirical coefficient-of-restitution used in the standard approaches is replaced by two parameters to characterize the stiffness and the damping of the materials. We solve two simple heel-strike models to illustrate the shortcomings of a standard approach and the suitability of the proposed method for use with gait.

Penalization of aperture complexity in inversely planned volumetric modulated arc therapy

PubMed Central

Younge, Kelly C.; Matuszak, Martha M.; Moran, Jean M.; McShan, Daniel L.; Fraass, Benedick A.; Roberts, Donald A.

2012-01-01

Purpose: Apertures obtained during volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) planning can be small and irregular, resulting in dosimetric inaccuracies during delivery. Our purpose is to develop and integrate an aperture-regularization objective function into the optimization process for VMAT, and to quantify the impact of using this objective function on dose delivery accuracy and optimized dose distributions. Methods: An aperture-based metric (“edge penalty”) was developed that penalizes complex aperture shapes based on the ratio of MLC side edge length and aperture area. To assess the utility of the metric, VMAT plans were created for example paraspinal, brain, and liver SBRT cases with and without incorporating the edge penalty in the cost function. To investigate the dose calculation accuracy, Gafchromic EBT2 film was used to measure the 15 highest weighted apertures individually and as a composite from each of two paraspinal plans: one with and one without the edge penalty applied. Films were analyzed using a triple-channel nonuniformity correction and measurements were compared directly to calculations. Results: Apertures generated with the edge penalty were larger, more regularly shaped and required up to 30% fewer monitor units than those created without the edge penalty. Dose volume histogram analysis showed that the changes in doses to targets, organs at risk, and normal tissues were negligible. Edge penalty apertures that were measured with film for the paraspinal plan showed a notable decrease in the number of pixels disagreeing with calculation by more than 10%. For a 5% dose passing criterion, the number of pixels passing in the composite dose distributions for the non-edge penalty and edge penalty plans were 52% and 96%, respectively. Employing gamma with 3% dose/1 mm distance criteria resulted in a 79.5% (without penalty)/95.4% (with penalty) pass rate for the two plans. Gradient compensation of 3%/1 mm resulted in 83.3%/96.2% pass rates. Conclusions: The use of the edge penalty during optimization has the potential to markedly improve dose delivery accuracy for VMAT plans while still maintaining high quality optimized dose distributions. The penalty regularizes aperture shape and improves delivery efficiency. PMID:23127107

Implicit Multibody Penalty-BasedDistributed Contact.

PubMed

Xu, Hongyi; Zhao, Yili; Barbic, Jernej

2014-09-01

The penalty method is a simple and popular approach to resolving contact in computer graphics and robotics. Penalty-based contact, however, suffers from stability problems due to the highly variable and unpredictable net stiffness, and this is particularly pronounced in simulations with time-varying distributed geometrically complex contact. We employ semi-implicit integration, exact analytical contact gradients, symbolic Gaussian elimination and a SVD solver to simulate stable penalty-based frictional contact with large, time-varying contact areas, involving many rigid objects and articulated rigid objects in complex conforming contact and self-contact. We also derive implicit proportional-derivative control forces for real-time control of articulated structures with loops. We present challenging contact scenarios such as screwing a hexbolt into a hole, bowls stacked in perfectly conforming configurations, and manipulating many objects using actively controlled articulated mechanisms in real time.

40 CFR 60.5181 - How do I establish an affirmative defense for exceedance of an emission limit or standard during...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....5165, you may assert an affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for exceedances of emission... malfunction event at issue. The analysis shall also specify, using best monitoring methods and engineering... an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction. The owner or operator seeking to...

40 CFR 60.5181 - How do I establish an affirmative defense for exceedance of an emission limit or standard during...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....5165, you may assert an affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for exceedances of emission... malfunction event at issue. The analysis shall also specify, using best monitoring methods and engineering... an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction. The owner or operator seeking to...

40 CFR 63.11226 - How can I assert an affirmative defense if I exceed an emission limit during a malfunction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... you may assert an affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for exceedances of numerical... malfunction event at issue. The analysis shall also specify, using best monitoring methods and engineering... avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction. The owner or operator...

40 CFR 63.1344 - Affirmative defense for exceedance of emission limit during malfunction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... in paragraph § 63.1343(b) you may assert an affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for... methods and engineering judgment, the amount of excess emissions that were the result of the malfunction... malfunction, if it wishes to avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction...

40 CFR 63.1344 - Affirmative defense for exceedance of emission limit during malfunction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... in paragraph § 63.1343(b) you may assert an affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for... methods and engineering judgment, the amount of excess emissions that were the result of the malfunction... malfunction, if it wishes to avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction...

Stationary wavelet transform for under-sampled MRI reconstruction.

PubMed

Kayvanrad, Mohammad H; McLeod, A Jonathan; Baxter, John S H; McKenzie, Charles A; Peters, Terry M

2014-12-01

In addition to coil sensitivity data (parallel imaging), sparsity constraints are often used as an additional lp-penalty for under-sampled MRI reconstruction (compressed sensing). Penalizing the traditional decimated wavelet transform (DWT) coefficients, however, results in visual pseudo-Gibbs artifacts, some of which are attributed to the lack of translation invariance of the wavelet basis. We show that these artifacts can be greatly reduced by penalizing the translation-invariant stationary wavelet transform (SWT) coefficients. This holds with various additional reconstruction constraints, including coil sensitivity profiles and total variation. Additionally, SWT reconstructions result in lower error values and faster convergence compared to DWT. These concepts are illustrated with extensive experiments on in vivo MRI data with particular emphasis on multiple-channel acquisitions. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

An interior penalty stabilised incompressible discontinuous Galerkin-Fourier solver for implicit large eddy simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferrer, Esteban

2017-11-01

We present an implicit Large Eddy Simulation (iLES) h / p high order (≥2) unstructured Discontinuous Galerkin-Fourier solver with sliding meshes. The solver extends the laminar version of Ferrer and Willden, 2012 [34], to enable the simulation of turbulent flows at moderately high Reynolds numbers in the incompressible regime. This solver allows accurate flow solutions of the laminar and turbulent 3D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on moving and static regions coupled through a high order sliding interface. The spatial discretisation is provided by the Symmetric Interior Penalty Discontinuous Galerkin (IP-DG) method in the x-y plane coupled with a purely spectral method that uses Fourier series and allows efficient computation of spanwise periodic three-dimensional flows. Since high order methods (e.g. discontinuous Galerkin and Fourier) are unable to provide enough numerical dissipation to enable under-resolved high Reynolds computations (i.e. as necessary in the iLES approach), we adapt the laminar version of the solver to increase (controllably) the dissipation and enhance the stability in under-resolved simulations. The novel stabilisation relies on increasing the penalty parameter included in the DG interior penalty (IP) formulation. The latter penalty term is included when discretising the linear viscous terms in the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. These viscous penalty fluxes substitute the stabilising effect of non-linear fluxes, which has been the main trend in implicit LES discontinuous Galerkin approaches. The IP-DG penalty term provides energy dissipation, which is controlled by the numerical jumps at element interfaces (e.g. large in under-resolved regions) such as to stabilise under-resolved high Reynolds number flows. This dissipative term has minimal impact in well resolved regions and its implicit treatment does not restrict the use of large time steps, thus providing an efficient stabilization mechanism for iLES. The IP-DG stabilisation is complemented with a Spectral Vanishing Viscosity (SVV) method, in the z-direction, to enhance stability in the continuous Fourier space. The coupling between the numerical viscosity in the DG plane and the SVV damping, provides an efficient approach to stabilise high order methods at moderately high Reynolds numbers. We validate the formulation for three turbulent flow cases: a circular cylinder at Re = 3900, a static and pitch oscillating NACA 0012 airfoil at Re = 10000 and finally a rotating vertical-axis turbine at Re = 40000, with Reynolds based on the circular diameter, airfoil chord and turbine diameter, respectively. All our results compare favourably with published direct numerical simulations, large eddy simulations or experimental data. We conclude that the DG-Fourier high order solver, with IP-SVV stabilisation, proves to be a valuable tool to predict turbulent flows and associated statistics for both static and rotating machinery.

Variation in the Use of Federal and State Civil Money Penalties for Nursing Homes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harrington, Charlene; Tsoukalas, Theodore; Rudder, Cynthia; Mollot, Richard J.; Carrillo, Helen

2008-01-01

Purpose: The study examined factors associated with state variations in the use of federal and state civil money penalties (CMPs) for nursing homes. Design and Methods: We collected federal and state CMP data from state survey and certification agencies for 2004. We also used federal CMP data from the federal enforcement action database for…

40 CFR 60.4861 - How do I establish an affirmative defense for exceedance of an emission limit or standard during...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for exceedances of emission limits that are caused by..., using best monitoring methods and engineering judgment, the amount of excess emissions that were the... malfunction, if it wishes to avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction...

40 CFR 60.4861 - How do I establish an affirmative defense for exceedance of an emission limit or standard during...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for exceedances of emission limits that are caused by..., using best monitoring methods and engineering judgment, the amount of excess emissions that were the... malfunction, if it wishes to avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction...

Saudi Arabia’s Counterterrorism Methods: A Case Study on Homeland Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

laws to safeguard the homeland and its borders, Saudi Arabia has enacted laws that impose stiff penalties aimed at money laundering and other illicit...safeguard the homeland and its borders, Saudi Arabia has enacted laws that impose stiff penalties aimed at money laundering and other illicit activities...34 1. Combating Financing Terrorist Organizations ............... 34 2. Combating Money Laundering by

Quantitative phase and amplitude imaging using Differential-Interference Contrast (DIC) microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Preza, Chrysanthe; O'Sullivan, Joseph A.

2009-02-01

We present an extension of the development of an alternating minimization (AM) method for the computation of a specimen's complex transmittance function (magnitude and phase) from DIC images. The ability to extract both quantitative phase and amplitude information from two rotationally-diverse DIC images (i.e., acquired by rotating the sample) extends previous efforts in computational DIC microscopy that have focused on quantitative phase imaging only. Simulation results show that the inverse problem at hand is sensitive to noise as well as to the choice of the AM algorithm parameters. The AM framework allows constraints and penalties on the magnitude and phase estimates to be incorporated in a principled manner. Towards this end, Green and De Pierro's "log-cosh" regularization penalty is applied to the magnitude of differences of neighboring values of the complex-valued function of the specimen during the AM iterations. The penalty is shown to be convex in the complex space. A procedure to approximate the penalty within the iterations is presented. In addition, a methodology to pre-compute AM parameters that are optimal with respect to the convergence rate of the AM algorithm is also presented. Both extensions of the AM method are investigated with simulations.

Penalty-Based Finite Element Interface Technology for Analysis of Homogeneous and Composite Structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Averill, Ronald C.

2002-01-01

An effective and robust interface element technology able to connect independently modeled finite element subdomains has been developed. This method is based on the use of penalty constraints and allows coupling of finite element models whose nodes do not coincide along their common interface. Additionally, the present formulation leads to a computational approach that is very efficient and completely compatible with existing commercial software. A significant effort has been directed toward identifying those model characteristics (element geometric properties, material properties, and loads) that most strongly affect the required penalty parameter, and subsequently to developing simple 'formulae' for automatically calculating the proper penalty parameter for each interface constraint. This task is especially critical in composite materials and structures, where adjacent sub-regions may be composed of significantly different materials or laminates. This approach has been validated by investigating a variety of two-dimensional problems, including composite laminates.

Assessment of Blood Glucose Control in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: Extension of the Glycemic Penalty Index toward Children and Infants

PubMed Central

Van Herpe, Tom; Gielen, Marijke; Vanhonsebrouck, Koen; Wouters, Pieter J; Van den Berghe, Greet; De Moor, Bart; Mesotten, Dieter

2011-01-01

Background: The glycemic penalty index (GPI) is a measure to assess blood glucose (BG) control in critically ill adult patients but needs to be adapted for children and infants. Method: The squared differences between a clinical expertise penalty function and the corresponding polynomial function are minimized for optimization purposes. The average of all penalties (individually assigned to all BG readings) represents the patient-specific GPI. Results: Penalization in the hypoglycemic range is more severe than in the hyperglycemic range as the developing brains of infants and children may be more vulnerable to hypoglycemia. Similarly, hypoglycemia is also more heavily penalized in infants than in children. Conclusions: Extending the adult GPI toward the age-specific GPI is an important methodological step. Long-term clinical studies are needed to determine the clinically acceptable GPI cut-off level. PMID:21527105

Simultaneous grouping pursuit and feature selection over an undirected graph*

PubMed Central

Zhu, Yunzhang; Shen, Xiaotong; Pan, Wei

2013-01-01

Summary In high-dimensional regression, grouping pursuit and feature selection have their own merits while complementing each other in battling the curse of dimensionality. To seek a parsimonious model, we perform simultaneous grouping pursuit and feature selection over an arbitrary undirected graph with each node corresponding to one predictor. When the corresponding nodes are reachable from each other over the graph, regression coefficients can be grouped, whose absolute values are the same or close. This is motivated from gene network analysis, where genes tend to work in groups according to their biological functionalities. Through a nonconvex penalty, we develop a computational strategy and analyze the proposed method. Theoretical analysis indicates that the proposed method reconstructs the oracle estimator, that is, the unbiased least squares estimator given the true grouping, leading to consistent reconstruction of grouping structures and informative features, as well as to optimal parameter estimation. Simulation studies suggest that the method combines the benefit of grouping pursuit with that of feature selection, and compares favorably against its competitors in selection accuracy and predictive performance. An application to eQTL data is used to illustrate the methodology, where a network is incorporated into analysis through an undirected graph. PMID:24098061

40 CFR 63.7501 - How can I assert an affirmative defense if I exceed an emission limitations during a malfunction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... operating limits set forth in § 63.7500 you may assert an affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties... monitoring methods and engineering judgment, the amount of excess emissions that were the result of the... malfunction, if it wishes to avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction...

40 CFR 63.7501 - How can I assert an affirmative defense if I exceed an emission limitations during a malfunction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... operating limits set forth in § 63.7500 you may assert an affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties... monitoring methods and engineering judgment, the amount of excess emissions that were the result of the... malfunction, if it wishes to avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction...

Distortion Representation of Forecast Errors for Model Skill Assessment and Objective Analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hoffman, Ross N.

2001-01-01

We completed the formulation of the smoothness penalty functional this past quarter. We used a simplified procedure for estimating the statistics of the FCA solution spectral coefficients from the results of the unconstrained, low-truncation FCA (stopping criterion) solutions. During the current reporting period we have completed the calculation of GEOS-2 model-equivalent brightness temperatures for the 6.7 micron and 11 micron window channels used in the GOES imagery for all 10 cases from August 1999. These were simulated using the AER-developed Optimal Spectral Sampling (OSS) model.

PROPULSION AND POWER RAPID RESPONSE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D) SUPPORT. Deliver Order 0002: Power-Dense, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems: High-Performance, High-Power-Density Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - Materials and Load Control

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-01

aluminum titanate has evolved from a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) lowering additive in traditional nickel/YSZ cermets to an anchoring...provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently...volumetric concentrations well below percolation for traditional cermets . The coarsening of nickel after high temperature thermal treatment poses

Semi-Global Matching with Self-Adjusting Penalties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karkalou, E.; Stentoumis, C.; Karras, G.

2017-02-01

The demand for 3D models of various scales and precisions is strong for a wide range of applications, among which cultural heritage recording is particularly important and challenging. In this context, dense image matching is a fundamental task for processes which involve image-based reconstruction of 3D models. Despite the existence of commercial software, the need for complete and accurate results under different conditions, as well as for computational efficiency under a variety of hardware, has kept image-matching algorithms as one of the most active research topics. Semi-global matching (SGM) is among the most popular optimization algorithms due to its accuracy, computational efficiency, and simplicity. A challenging aspect in SGM implementation is the determination of smoothness constraints, i.e. penalties P1, P2 for disparity changes and discontinuities. In fact, penalty adjustment is needed for every particular stereo-pair and cost computation. In this work, a novel formulation of self-adjusting penalties is proposed: SGM penalties can be estimated solely from the statistical properties of the initial disparity space image. The proposed method of self-adjusting penalties (SGM-SAP) is evaluated using typical cost functions on stereo-pairs from the recent Middlebury dataset of interior scenes, as well as from the EPFL Herz-Jesu architectural scenes. Results are competitive against the original SGM estimates. The significant aspects of self-adjusting penalties are: (i) the time-consuming tuning process is avoided; (ii) SGM can be used in image collections with limited number of stereo-pairs; and (iii) no heuristic user intervention is needed.

Group Variable Selection Via Convex Log-Exp-Sum Penalty with Application to a Breast Cancer Survivor Study

PubMed Central

Geng, Zhigeng; Wang, Sijian; Yu, Menggang; Monahan, Patrick O.; Champion, Victoria; Wahba, Grace

2017-01-01

Summary In many scientific and engineering applications, covariates are naturally grouped. When the group structures are available among covariates, people are usually interested in identifying both important groups and important variables within the selected groups. Among existing successful group variable selection methods, some methods fail to conduct the within group selection. Some methods are able to conduct both group and within group selection, but the corresponding objective functions are non-convex. Such a non-convexity may require extra numerical effort. In this article, we propose a novel Log-Exp-Sum(LES) penalty for group variable selection. The LES penalty is strictly convex. It can identify important groups as well as select important variables within the group. We develop an efficient group-level coordinate descent algorithm to fit the model. We also derive non-asymptotic error bounds and asymptotic group selection consistency for our method in the high-dimensional setting where the number of covariates can be much larger than the sample size. Numerical results demonstrate the good performance of our method in both variable selection and prediction. We applied the proposed method to an American Cancer Society breast cancer survivor dataset. The findings are clinically meaningful and may help design intervention programs to improve the qualify of life for breast cancer survivors. PMID:25257196

A cubic extended interior penalty function for structural optimization

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Prasad, B.; Haftka, R. T.

1979-01-01

This paper describes an optimization procedure for the minimum weight design of complex structures. The procedure is based on a new cubic extended interior penalty function (CEIPF) used with the sequence of unconstrained minimization technique (SUMT) and Newton's method. The Hessian matrix of the penalty function is approximated using only constraints and their derivatives. The CEIPF is designed to minimize the error in the approximation of the Hessian matrix, and as a result the number of structural analyses required is small and independent of the number of design variables. Three example problems are reported. The number of structural analyses is reduced by as much as 50 per cent below previously reported results.

Stripe nonuniformity correction for infrared imaging system based on single image optimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hua, Weiping; Zhao, Jufeng; Cui, Guangmang; Gong, Xiaoli; Ge, Peng; Zhang, Jiang; Xu, Zhihai

2018-06-01

Infrared imaging is often disturbed by stripe nonuniformity noise. Scene-based correction method can effectively reduce the impact of stripe noise. In this paper, a stripe nonuniformity correction method based on differential constraint is proposed. Firstly, the gray distribution of stripe nonuniformity is analyzed and the penalty function is constructed by the difference of horizontal gradient and vertical gradient. With the weight function, the penalty function is optimized to obtain the corrected image. Comparing with other single-frame approaches, experiments show that the proposed method performs better in both subjective and objective analysis, and does less damage to edge and detail. Meanwhile, the proposed method runs faster. We have also discussed the differences between the proposed idea and multi-frame methods. Our method is finally well applied in hardware system.

An algorithm to assess methodological quality of nutrition and mortality cross-sectional surveys: development and application to surveys conducted in Darfur, Sudan.

PubMed

Prudhon, Claudine; de Radiguès, Xavier; Dale, Nancy; Checchi, Francesco

2011-11-09

Nutrition and mortality surveys are the main tools whereby evidence on the health status of populations affected by disasters and armed conflict is quantified and monitored over time. Several reviews have consistently revealed a lack of rigor in many surveys. We describe an algorithm for analyzing nutritional and mortality survey reports to identify a comprehensive range of errors that may result in sampling, response, or measurement biases and score quality. We apply the algorithm to surveys conducted in Darfur, Sudan. We developed an algorithm based on internationally agreed upon methods and best practices. Penalties are attributed for a list of errors, and an overall score is built from the summation of penalties accrued by the survey as a whole. To test the algorithm reproducibility, it was independently applied by three raters on 30 randomly selected survey reports. The algorithm was further applied to more than 100 surveys conducted in Darfur, Sudan. The Intra Class Correlation coefficient was 0.79 for mortality surveys and 0.78 for nutrition surveys. The overall median quality score and range of about 100 surveys conducted in Darfur were 0.60 (0.12-0.93) and 0.675 (0.23-0.86) for mortality and nutrition surveys, respectively. They varied between the organizations conducting the surveys, with no major trend over time. Our study suggests that it is possible to systematically assess quality of surveys and reveals considerable problems with the quality of nutritional and particularly mortality surveys conducted in the Darfur crisis.

SU-E-I-01: Iterative CBCT Reconstruction with a Feature-Preserving Penalty

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lyu, Q; Li, B; Southern Medical University, Guangzhou

2015-06-15

Purpose: Low-dose CBCT is desired in various clinical applications. Iterative image reconstruction algorithms have shown advantages in suppressing noise in low-dose CBCT. However, due to the smoothness constraint enforced during the reconstruction process, edges may be blurred and image features may lose in the reconstructed image. In this work, we proposed a new penalty design to preserve image features in the image reconstructed by iterative algorithms. Methods: Low-dose CBCT is reconstructed by minimizing the penalized weighted least-squares (PWLS) objective function. Binary Robust Independent Elementary Features (BRIEF) of the image were integrated into the penalty of PWLS. BRIEF is a generalmore » purpose point descriptor that can be used to identify important features of an image. In this work, BRIEF distance of two neighboring pixels was used to weigh the smoothing parameter in PWLS. For pixels of large BRIEF distance, weaker smooth constraint will be enforced. Image features will be better preserved through such a design. The performance of the PWLS algorithm with BRIEF penalty was evaluated by a CatPhan 600 phantom. Results: The image quality reconstructed by the proposed PWLS-BRIEF algorithm is superior to that by the conventional PWLS method and the standard FDK method. At matched noise level, edges in PWLS-BRIEF reconstructed image are better preserved. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the proposed PWLS-BRIEF algorithm has great potential on preserving image features in low-dose CBCT.« less

29 CFR 2700.31 - Penalty settlement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Penalty settlement. 2700.31 Section 2700.31 Labor... Contests of Proposed Penalties § 2700.31 Penalty settlement. (a) General. A proposed penalty that has been... motion to approve a penalty settlement shall include for each violation the amount of the penalty...

A stable penalty method for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. 1: Open boundary conditions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hesthaven, J. S.; Gottlieb, D.

1994-01-01

The purpose of this paper is to present asymptotically stable open boundary conditions for the numerical approximation of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations in three spatial dimensions. The treatment uses the conservation form of the Navier-Stokes equations and utilizes linearization and localization at the boundaries based on these variables. The proposed boundary conditions are applied through a penalty procedure, thus ensuring correct behavior of the scheme as the Reynolds number tends to infinity. The versatility of this method is demonstrated for the problem of a compressible flow past a circular cylinder.

Inverse determination of the penalty parameter in penalized weighted least-squares algorithm for noise reduction of low-dose CBCT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Jing; Guan, Huaiqun; Solberg, Timothy

2011-07-15

Purpose: A statistical projection restoration algorithm based on the penalized weighted least-squares (PWLS) criterion can substantially improve the image quality of low-dose CBCT images. The performance of PWLS is largely dependent on the choice of the penalty parameter. Previously, the penalty parameter was chosen empirically by trial and error. In this work, the authors developed an inverse technique to calculate the penalty parameter in PWLS for noise suppression of low-dose CBCT in image guided radiotherapy (IGRT). Methods: In IGRT, a daily CBCT is acquired for the same patient during a treatment course. In this work, the authors acquired the CBCTmore » with a high-mAs protocol for the first session and then a lower mAs protocol for the subsequent sessions. The high-mAs projections served as the goal (ideal) toward, which the low-mAs projections were to be smoothed by minimizing the PWLS objective function. The penalty parameter was determined through an inverse calculation of the derivative of the objective function incorporating both the high and low-mAs projections. Then the parameter obtained can be used for PWLS to smooth the noise in low-dose projections. CBCT projections for a CatPhan 600 and an anthropomorphic head phantom, as well as for a brain patient, were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique. Results: The penalty parameter in PWLS was obtained for each CBCT projection using the proposed strategy. The noise in the low-dose CBCT images reconstructed from the smoothed projections was greatly suppressed. Image quality in PWLS-processed low-dose CBCT was comparable to its corresponding high-dose CBCT. Conclusions: A technique was proposed to estimate the penalty parameter for PWLS algorithm. It provides an objective and efficient way to obtain the penalty parameter for image restoration algorithms that require predefined smoothing parameters.« less

New methodology for shaft design based on life expectancy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Loewenthal, S. H.

1986-01-01

The design of power transmission shafting for reliability has not historically received a great deal of attention. However, weight sensitive aerospace and vehicle applications and those where the penalties of shaft failure are great, require greater confidence in shaft design than earlier methods provided. This report summarizes a fatigue strength-based, design method for sizing shafts under variable amplitude loading histories for limited or nonlimited service life. Moreover, applications factors such as press-fitted collars, shaft size, residual stresses from shot peening or plating, corrosive environments can be readily accommodated into the framework of the analysis. Examples are given which illustrate the use of the method, pointing out the large life penalties due to occasional cyclic overloads.

Reconstruction of methods of execution of the death penalty by shooting in the years 1949-1954 based on exhumation research of "prison fields" in Osobowicki Cemetery in Wroclaw. Part II--analysis of gunshot injuries and an attempt at reconstructing the course of execution.

PubMed

Szleszkowski, Łukasz; Thannhäuser, Agata; Kawecki, Jerzy; Szwagrzyk, Krzysztof; Swiatek, Barbara

2012-01-01

The analysis of gunshot injuries in prisoners who were executed in Wroclaw penitentiary in the years 1949-1954 shows divergences from legal regulations describing the method of execution. This observation leads to the conclusion that the predominant method of execution of the death penalty was a gunshot or gunshots to the back of the head, which is analogous to the results of exhumation works on collective graves of war prisoners executed during World War II in the territory of the former Soviet Union.

Polychromatic sparse image reconstruction and mass attenuation spectrum estimation via B-spline basis function expansion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gu, Renliang, E-mail: Venliang@iastate.edu, E-mail: ald@iastate.edu; Dogandžić, Aleksandar, E-mail: Venliang@iastate.edu, E-mail: ald@iastate.edu

2015-03-31

We develop a sparse image reconstruction method for polychromatic computed tomography (CT) measurements under the blind scenario where the material of the inspected object and the incident energy spectrum are unknown. To obtain a parsimonious measurement model parameterization, we first rewrite the measurement equation using our mass-attenuation parameterization, which has the Laplace integral form. The unknown mass-attenuation spectrum is expanded into basis functions using a B-spline basis of order one. We develop a block coordinate-descent algorithm for constrained minimization of a penalized negative log-likelihood function, where constraints and penalty terms ensure nonnegativity of the spline coefficients and sparsity of themore » density map image in the wavelet domain. This algorithm alternates between a Nesterov’s proximal-gradient step for estimating the density map image and an active-set step for estimating the incident spectrum parameters. Numerical simulations demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme.« less

Beyond union of subspaces: Subspace pursuit on Grassmann manifold for data representation

DOE PAGES

Shen, Xinyue; Krim, Hamid; Gu, Yuantao

2016-03-01

Discovering the underlying structure of a high-dimensional signal or big data has always been a challenging topic, and has become harder to tackle especially when the observations are exposed to arbitrary sparse perturbations. Here in this paper, built on the model of a union of subspaces (UoS) with sparse outliers and inspired by a basis pursuit strategy, we exploit the fundamental structure of a Grassmann manifold, and propose a new technique of pursuing the subspaces systematically by solving a non-convex optimization problem using the alternating direction method of multipliers. This problem as noted is further complicated by non-convex constraints onmore » the Grassmann manifold, as well as the bilinearity in the penalty caused by the subspace bases and coefficients. Nevertheless, numerical experiments verify that the proposed algorithm, which provides elegant solutions to the sub-problems in each step, is able to de-couple the subspaces and pursue each of them under time-efficient parallel computation.« less

Fuzzy bilevel programming with multiple non-cooperative followers: model, algorithm and application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ke, Hua; Huang, Hu; Ralescu, Dan A.; Wang, Lei

2016-04-01

In centralized decision problems, it is not complicated for decision-makers to make modelling technique selections under uncertainty. When a decentralized decision problem is considered, however, choosing appropriate models is no longer easy due to the difficulty in estimating the other decision-makers' inconclusive decision criteria. These decision criteria may vary with different decision-makers because of their special risk tolerances and management requirements. Considering the general differences among the decision-makers in decentralized systems, we propose a general framework of fuzzy bilevel programming including hybrid models (integrated with different modelling methods in different levels). Specially, we discuss two of these models which may have wide applications in many fields. Furthermore, we apply the proposed two models to formulate a pricing decision problem in a decentralized supply chain with fuzzy coefficients. In order to solve these models, a hybrid intelligent algorithm integrating fuzzy simulation, neural network and particle swarm optimization based on penalty function approach is designed. Some suggestions on the applications of these models are also presented.

42 CFR 488.430 - Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty... PROCEDURES Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.430 Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty. (a) CMS or the State may impose a civil money penalty for either the...

42 CFR 488.430 - Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty... PROCEDURES Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.430 Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty. (a) CMS or the State may impose a civil money penalty for either the...

42 CFR 488.440 - Civil money penalties: Effective date and duration of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Effective date and duration... Civil money penalties: Effective date and duration of penalty. (a)(1) The per day civil money penalty... by CMS or the State. (2) A civil money penalty for each instance of noncompliance is imposed in a...

42 CFR 488.430 - Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty... PROCEDURES Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.430 Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty. (a) CMS or the State may impose a civil money penalty for either the...

42 CFR 488.430 - Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty... PROCEDURES Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.430 Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty. (a) CMS or the State may impose a civil money penalty for either the...

42 CFR 488.440 - Civil money penalties: Effective date and duration of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Effective date and duration... Civil money penalties: Effective date and duration of penalty. (a)(1) The per day civil money penalty... by CMS or the State. (2) A civil money penalty for each instance of noncompliance is imposed in a...

42 CFR 488.430 - Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty... PROCEDURES Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.430 Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty. (a) CMS or the State may impose a civil money penalty for either the...

A convex penalty for switching control of partial differential equations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Clason, Christian; Rund, Armin; Kunisch, Karl

2016-01-19

A convex penalty for promoting switching controls for partial differential equations is introduced; such controls consist of an arbitrary number of components of which at most one should be simultaneously active. Using a Moreau–Yosida approximation, a family of approximating problems is obtained that is amenable to solution by a semismooth Newton method. In conclusion, the efficiency of this approach and the structure of the obtained controls are demonstrated by numerical examples.

Proteus: a direct forcing method in the simulations of particulate flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Zhi-Gang; Michaelides, Efstathios E.

2005-01-01

A new and efficient direct numerical method for the simulation of particulate flows is introduced. The method combines desired elements of the immersed boundary method, the direct forcing method and the lattice Boltzmann method. Adding a forcing term in the momentum equation enforces the no-slip condition on the boundary of a moving particle. By applying the direct forcing scheme, Proteus eliminates the need for the determination of free parameters, such as the stiffness coefficient in the penalty scheme or the two relaxation parameters in the adaptive-forcing scheme. The method presents a significant improvement over the previously introduced immersed-boundary-lattice-Boltzmann method (IB-LBM) where the forcing term was computed using a penalty method and a user-defined parameter. The method allows the enforcement of the rigid body motion of a particle in a more efficient way. Compared to the "bounce-back" scheme used in the conventional LBM, the direct-forcing method provides a smoother computational boundary for particles and is capable of achieving results at higher Reynolds number flows. By using a set of Lagrangian points to track the boundary of a particle, Proteus eliminates any need for the determination of the boundary nodes that are prescribed by the "bounce-back" scheme at every time step. It also makes computations for particles of irregular shapes simpler and more efficient. Proteus has been developed in two- as well as three-dimensions. This new method has been validated by comparing its results with those from experimental measurements for a single sphere settling in an enclosure under gravity. As a demonstration of the efficiency and capabilities of the present method, the settling of a large number (1232) of spherical particles is simulated in a narrow box under two different boundary conditions. It is found that when the no-slip boundary condition is imposed at the front and rear sides of the box the particles motion is significantly hindered. Under the periodic boundary conditions, the particles move faster. The simulations show that the sedimentation characteristics in a box with periodic boundary conditions at the two sides are very close to those found in the sedimentation of two-dimensional circular particles. In the Greek mythology Proteus is a hero, the son of Poseidon. In addition to his ability to change shapes and take different forms at will, Zeus granted him the power to make correct predictions for the future. One cannot expect better attributes from a numerical code.

Mathematical optimization of high dose-rate brachytherapy—derivation of a linear penalty model from a dose-volume model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morén, B.; Larsson, T.; Carlsson Tedgren, Å.

2018-03-01

High dose-rate brachytherapy is a method for cancer treatment where the radiation source is placed within the body, inside or close to a tumour. For dose planning, mathematical optimization techniques are being used in practice and the most common approach is to use a linear model which penalizes deviations from specified dose limits for the tumour and for nearby organs. This linear penalty model is easy to solve, but its weakness lies in the poor correlation of its objective value and the dose-volume objectives that are used clinically to evaluate dose distributions. Furthermore, the model contains parameters that have no clear clinical interpretation. Another approach for dose planning is to solve mixed-integer optimization models with explicit dose-volume constraints which include parameters that directly correspond to dose-volume objectives, and which are therefore tangible. The two mentioned models take the overall goals for dose planning into account in fundamentally different ways. We show that there is, however, a mathematical relationship between them by deriving a linear penalty model from a dose-volume model. This relationship has not been established before and improves the understanding of the linear penalty model. In particular, the parameters of the linear penalty model can be interpreted as dual variables in the dose-volume model.

Considerations affecting the additional weight required in mass balance of ailerons

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Diehl, W S

1937-01-01

This paper is essentially a consideration of mass balance of ailerons from a preliminary design standpoint, in which the extra weight of the mass counterbalance is the most important phase of the problem. Equations are developed for the required balance weight for a simple aileron and this weight is correlated with the mass-balance coefficient. It is concluded the location of the c.g. of the basic aileron is of paramount importance and that complete mass balance imposes no great weight penalty if the aileron is designed to have its c.g. inherently near to the hinge axis.

A novel collaborative representation and SCAD based classification method for fibrosis and inflammatory activity analysis of chronic hepatitis C

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cai, Jiaxin; Chen, Tingting; Li, Yan; Zhu, Nenghui; Qiu, Xuan

2018-03-01

In order to analysis the fibrosis stage and inflammatory activity grade of chronic hepatitis C, a novel classification method based on collaborative representation (CR) with smoothly clipped absolute deviation penalty (SCAD) penalty term, called CR-SCAD classifier, is proposed for pattern recognition. After that, an auto-grading system based on CR-SCAD classifier is introduced for the prediction of fibrosis stage and inflammatory activity grade of chronic hepatitis C. The proposed method has been tested on 123 clinical cases of chronic hepatitis C based on serological indexes. Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art baselines for the classification of fibrosis stage and inflammatory activity grade of chronic hepatitis C.

49 CFR 1503.401 - Maximum penalty amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Maximum penalty amounts. 1503.401 Section 1503.401... Assessment of Civil Penalties by TSA § 1503.401 Maximum penalty amounts. (a) General. TSA may assess civil.... TSA may adjust the maximum civil penalty amounts in conformity with the Federal Civil Penalties...

Hybrid-Based Dense Stereo Matching

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chuang, T. Y.; Ting, H. W.; Jaw, J. J.

2016-06-01

Stereo matching generating accurate and dense disparity maps is an indispensable technique for 3D exploitation of imagery in the fields of Computer vision and Photogrammetry. Although numerous solutions and advances have been proposed in the literature, occlusions, disparity discontinuities, sparse texture, image distortion, and illumination changes still lead to problematic issues and await better treatment. In this paper, a hybrid-based method based on semi-global matching is presented to tackle the challenges on dense stereo matching. To ease the sensitiveness of SGM cost aggregation towards penalty parameters, a formal way to provide proper penalty estimates is proposed. To this end, the study manipulates a shape-adaptive cross-based matching with an edge constraint to generate an initial disparity map for penalty estimation. Image edges, indicating the potential locations of occlusions as well as disparity discontinuities, are approved by the edge drawing algorithm to ensure the local support regions not to cover significant disparity changes. Besides, an additional penalty parameter 𝑃𝑒 is imposed onto the energy function of SGM cost aggregation to specifically handle edge pixels. Furthermore, the final disparities of edge pixels are found by weighting both values derived from the SGM cost aggregation and the U-SURF matching, providing more reliable estimates at disparity discontinuity areas. Evaluations on Middlebury stereo benchmarks demonstrate satisfactory performance and reveal the potency of the hybrid-based dense stereo matching method.

Transform methods for precision continuum and control models of flexible space structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lupi, Victor D.; Turner, James D.; Chun, Hon M.

1991-01-01

An open loop optimal control algorithm is developed for general flexible structures, based on Laplace transform methods. A distributed parameter model of the structure is first presented, followed by a derivation of the optimal control algorithm. The control inputs are expressed in terms of their Fourier series expansions, so that a numerical solution can be easily obtained. The algorithm deals directly with the transcendental transfer functions from control inputs to outputs of interest, and structural deformation penalties, as well as penalties on control effort, are included in the formulation. The algorithm is applied to several structures of increasing complexity to show its generality.

Distributed Environment Control Using Wireless Sensor/Actuator Networks for Lighting Applications

PubMed Central

Nakamura, Masayuki; Sakurai, Atsushi; Nakamura, Jiro

2009-01-01

We propose a decentralized algorithm to calculate the control signals for lights in wireless sensor/actuator networks. This algorithm uses an appropriate step size in the iterative process used for quickly computing the control signals. We demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of this approach compared with the penalty method by using Mote-based mesh sensor networks. The estimation error of the new approach is one-eighth as large as that of the penalty method with one-fifth of its computation time. In addition, we describe our sensor/actuator node for distributed lighting control based on the decentralized algorithm and demonstrate its practical efficacy. PMID:22291525

Advantages of soft versus hard constraints in self-modeling curve resolution problems. Alternating least squares with penalty functions.

PubMed

Gemperline, Paul J; Cash, Eric

2003-08-15

A new algorithm for self-modeling curve resolution (SMCR) that yields improved results by incorporating soft constraints is described. The method uses least squares penalty functions to implement constraints in an alternating least squares algorithm, including nonnegativity, unimodality, equality, and closure constraints. By using least squares penalty functions, soft constraints are formulated rather than hard constraints. Significant benefits are (obtained using soft constraints, especially in the form of fewer distortions due to noise in resolved profiles. Soft equality constraints can also be used to introduce incomplete or partial reference information into SMCR solutions. Four different examples demonstrating application of the new method are presented, including resolution of overlapped HPLC-DAD peaks, flow injection analysis data, and batch reaction data measured by UV/visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Each example was selected to show one aspect of the significant advantages of soft constraints over traditionally used hard constraints. Incomplete or partial reference information into self-modeling curve resolution models is described. The method offers a substantial improvement in the ability to resolve time-dependent concentration profiles from mixture spectra recorded as a function of time.

42 CFR 488.438 - Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty. 488.438... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.438 Civil money penalties... review authority) finds that the basis for imposing a civil money penalty exists, as specified in § 488...

76 FR 60017 - Technical Conference on Penalty Guidelines; Notice of Technical Conference on Penalty Guidelines

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-28

... Conference on Penalty Guidelines; Notice of Technical Conference on Penalty Guidelines The staff of the... the Penalty Guidelines, which the Commission issued on September 17, 2010.\\1\\ The conference will be... impact of the Penalty Guidelines on compliance and enforcement matters. More information on the topics to...

46 CFR 506.4 - Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties... MONETARY PENALTY INFLATION ADJUSTMENT § 506.4 Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties. (a... penalty for each civil monetary penalty by the cost-of-living adjustment. Any increase determined under...

46 CFR 506.4 - Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties... MONETARY PENALTY INFLATION ADJUSTMENT § 506.4 Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties. (a... penalty for each civil monetary penalty by the cost-of-living adjustment. Any increase determined under...

46 CFR 506.4 - Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties... MONETARY PENALTY INFLATION ADJUSTMENT § 506.4 Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties. (a... penalty for each civil monetary penalty by the cost-of-living adjustment. Any increase determined under...

46 CFR 506.4 - Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties... MONETARY PENALTY INFLATION ADJUSTMENT § 506.4 Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties. (a... penalty for each civil monetary penalty by the cost-of-living adjustment. Any increase determined under...

46 CFR 506.4 - Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties... MONETARY PENALTY INFLATION ADJUSTMENT § 506.4 Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties. (a... penalty for each civil monetary penalty by the cost-of-living adjustment. Any increase determined under...

Error vector magnitude based parameter estimation for digital filter back-propagation mitigating SOA distortions in 16-QAM.

PubMed

Amiralizadeh, Siamak; Nguyen, An T; Rusch, Leslie A

2013-08-26

We investigate the performance of digital filter back-propagation (DFBP) using coarse parameter estimation for mitigating SOA nonlinearity in coherent communication systems. We introduce a simple, low overhead method for parameter estimation for DFBP based on error vector magnitude (EVM) as a figure of merit. The bit error rate (BER) penalty achieved with this method has negligible penalty as compared to DFBP with fine parameter estimation. We examine different bias currents for two commercial SOAs used as booster amplifiers in our experiments to find optimum operating points and experimentally validate our method. The coarse parameter DFBP efficiently compensates SOA-induced nonlinearity for both SOA types in 80 km propagation of 16-QAM signal at 22 Gbaud.

The role of airfoil geometry in minimizing the effect of insect contamination of laminar flow sections

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Maresh, J. L.; Bragg, M. B.

1984-01-01

A method has been developed to predict the contamination of an airfoil by insects and the resultant performance penalty. Insect aerodynamics have been modeled and the impingement of insects on an airfoil are solved by calculating their trajectories. Upon impact, insect rupture and the resulting height of the debris is determined based on experimental data. A boundary layer analysis is performed to determine which insects cause boundary layer transition and the resultant drag penalty. A contaminated airfoil figure of merit is presented to be used to compare airfoil susceptibility. Results show that the insect contamination effects depend on accretion conditions, airfoil angle of attack and Reynolds number. The importance of the stagnation region to designing airfoils for minimum drag penalties is discussed.

Improved dynamic MRI reconstruction by exploiting sparsity and rank-deficiency.

PubMed

Majumdar, Angshul

2013-06-01

In this paper we address the problem of dynamic MRI reconstruction from partially sampled K-space data. Our work is motivated by previous studies in this area that proposed exploiting the spatiotemporal correlation of the dynamic MRI sequence by posing the reconstruction problem as a least squares minimization regularized by sparsity and low-rank penalties. Ideally the sparsity and low-rank penalties should be represented by the l(0)-norm and the rank of a matrix; however both are NP hard penalties. The previous studies used the convex l(1)-norm as a surrogate for the l(0)-norm and the non-convex Schatten-q norm (0

42 CFR 488.436 - Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction of penalty amount.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction of penalty amount. 488.436 Section 488.436 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES... the civil money penalty. (b) Reduction of penalty amount. (1) If the facility waives its right to a...

42 CFR 488.436 - Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction of penalty amount.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction of penalty amount. 488.436 Section 488.436 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES... the civil money penalty. (b) Reduction of penalty amount. (1) If the facility waives its right to a...

42 CFR 488.436 - Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction of penalty amount.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction of penalty amount. 488.436 Section 488.436 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES... the civil money penalty. (b) Reduction of penalty amount. (1) If the facility waives its right to a...

12 CFR 622.61 - Adjustment of civil money penalties by the rate of inflation under the Federal Civil Penalties...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... of inflation under the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990, as amended. 622.61... civil money penalties by the rate of inflation under the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment... is adjusted in accordance with the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990, as...

42 CFR 488.438 - Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., immediate jeopardy, or result in the death of a resident; (v) The civil money penalty was not imposed for a... 42 Public Health 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty. 488.438... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.438 Civil money penalties...

42 CFR 488.438 - Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., immediate jeopardy, or result in the death of a resident; (v) The civil money penalty was not imposed for a... 42 Public Health 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty. 488.438... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.438 Civil money penalties...

42 CFR 488.438 - Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., immediate jeopardy, or result in the death of a resident; (v) The civil money penalty was not imposed for a... 42 Public Health 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty. 488.438... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.438 Civil money penalties...

42 CFR 488.438 - Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., immediate jeopardy, or result in the death of a resident; (v) The civil money penalty was not imposed for a... 42 Public Health 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty. 488.438... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.438 Civil money penalties...

Self-Paced Prioritized Curriculum Learning With Coverage Penalty in Deep Reinforcement Learning.

PubMed

Ren, Zhipeng; Dong, Daoyi; Li, Huaxiong; Chen, Chunlin; Zhipeng Ren; Daoyi Dong; Huaxiong Li; Chunlin Chen; Dong, Daoyi; Li, Huaxiong; Chen, Chunlin; Ren, Zhipeng

2018-06-01

In this paper, a new training paradigm is proposed for deep reinforcement learning using self-paced prioritized curriculum learning with coverage penalty. The proposed deep curriculum reinforcement learning (DCRL) takes the most advantage of experience replay by adaptively selecting appropriate transitions from replay memory based on the complexity of each transition. The criteria of complexity in DCRL consist of self-paced priority as well as coverage penalty. The self-paced priority reflects the relationship between the temporal-difference error and the difficulty of the current curriculum for sample efficiency. The coverage penalty is taken into account for sample diversity. With comparison to deep Q network (DQN) and prioritized experience replay (PER) methods, the DCRL algorithm is evaluated on Atari 2600 games, and the experimental results show that DCRL outperforms DQN and PER on most of these games. More results further show that the proposed curriculum training paradigm of DCRL is also applicable and effective for other memory-based deep reinforcement learning approaches, such as double DQN and dueling network. All the experimental results demonstrate that DCRL can achieve improved training efficiency and robustness for deep reinforcement learning.

Anatomical contouring variability in thoracic organs at risk

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McCall, Ross, E-mail: rmccall86@gmail.com; MacLennan, Grayden; Taylor, Matthew

2016-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine whether contouring thoracic organs at risk was consistent among medical dosimetrists and to identify how trends in dosimetrist's education and experience affected contouring accuracy. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to contextualize the raw data that were obtained. A total of 3 different computed tomography (CT) data sets were provided to medical dosimetrists (N = 13) across 5 different institutions. The medical dosimetrists were directed to contour the lungs, heart, spinal cord, and esophagus. The medical dosimetrists were instructed to contour in line with their institutional standards and were allowed to usemore » any contouring tool or technique that they would traditionally use. The contours from each medical dosimetrist were evaluated against “gold standard” contours drawn and validated by 2 radiation oncology physicians. The dosimetrist-derived contours were evaluated against the gold standard using both a Dice coefficient method and a penalty-based metric scoring system. A short survey was also completed by each medical dosimetrist to evaluate their individual contouring experience. There was no significant variation in the contouring consistency of the lungs and spinal cord. Intradosimetrist contouring was consistent for those who contoured the esophagus and heart correctly; however, medical dosimetrists with a poor metric score showed erratic and inconsistent methods of contouring.« less

Numerical investigation on the performance of fin and tube heat exchangers using rectangular vortex generators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zeeshan, Mohd; Hazarika, Saheera Azmi; Nath, Sujit; Bhanja, Dipankar

2017-07-01

In the present work, a 3-D numerical investigation has been performed to explore the effect of attack angles on the thermal-hydraulic performance of fin and tube heat exchanger (FTHE) using rectangular winglet pairs (RWPs). RWPs are placed adjacent to the tubes and three attack angels are considered for the study i.e. 5°, 15° and 25°. The effect of attack angles are examined on the heat transfer characteristics as well as in pressure drop penalty with airside Reynolds number Rea ranges from 500 to 900. Two performance evaluation criteria namely PEC1 i.e. area goodness factor (j/f) and PEC2 i.e. heat transfer rate per unit fan power consumption (Q/Pf) are considered for the performance evaluation. Furthermore, MOORA method is applied to obtain the performance order of FTHE configurations by taking PEC1 and PEC2 as beneficial attributes and fan power Pf as a non-beneficial attribute, keeping equal importance to each attribute. The results show that 5° attack angle provides the better performance in terms of PEC1 as heat transfer coefficient is increased by 27.70% at Rea=500 and 32.73% at Rea=900 respectively with 13.01% increased pressure drop penalty at Rea=500 and 14.26% at Rea=900 respectively. In terms of PEC2, though the 5° attack angle provides the high values of Q/Pf factor among the 15° and 25° attack angles, but it is found insignificant to replace the baseline configuration i.e. plain fin and tube heat exchanger configuration without vortex generators. Moreover, in MOORA optimization analysis also, it is found that 5° attack angle provides the better thermal-hydraulic performance.

42 CFR 488.436 - Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction of penalty amount.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction... the civil money penalty. (b) Reduction of penalty amount. (1) If the facility waives its right to a... reduces the civil money penalty amount by 35 percent. (2) If the facility does not waive its right to a...

42 CFR 488.436 - Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction of penalty amount.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction... the civil money penalty. (b) Reduction of penalty amount. (1) If the facility waives its right to a... reduces the civil money penalty amount by 35 percent. (2) If the facility does not waive its right to a...

42 CFR 488.433 - Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS. 488.433 Section 488.433 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID... Deficiencies § 488.433 Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS. Ten...

42 CFR 488.433 - Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS. 488.433 Section 488.433 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID... Deficiencies § 488.433 Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS. Ten...

42 CFR 488.433 - Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS. 488.433 Section 488.433 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID... Deficiencies § 488.433 Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS. Ten...

76 FR 67725 - Technical Conference on Penalty Guidelines; Second Notice of Technical Conference on Penalty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-02

... Conference on Penalty Guidelines; Second Notice of Technical Conference on Penalty Guidelines On September 21... Conference on Penalty Guidelines to be held on November 17, 2011. The conference will be held from 1 p.m. to... impact of the Penalty Guidelines, which the Commission issued on September 17, 2010,\\1\\ on compliance and...

Comparison of penalty functions on a penalty approach to mixed-integer optimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Francisco, Rogério B.; Costa, M. Fernanda P.; Rocha, Ana Maria A. C.; Fernandes, Edite M. G. P.

2016-06-01

In this paper, we present a comparative study involving several penalty functions that can be used in a penalty approach for globally solving bound mixed-integer nonlinear programming (bMIMLP) problems. The penalty approach relies on a continuous reformulation of the bMINLP problem by adding a particular penalty term to the objective function. A penalty function based on the `erf' function is proposed. The continuous nonlinear optimization problems are sequentially solved by the population-based firefly algorithm. Preliminary numerical experiments are carried out in order to analyze the quality of the produced solutions, when compared with other penalty functions available in the literature.

Power-output regularization in global sound equalization.

PubMed

Stefanakis, Nick; Sarris, John; Cambourakis, George; Jacobsen, Finn

2008-01-01

The purpose of equalization in room acoustics is to compensate for the undesired modification that an enclosure introduces to signals such as audio or speech. In this work, equalization in a large part of the volume of a room is addressed. The multiple point method is employed with an acoustic power-output penalty term instead of the traditional quadratic source effort penalty term. Simulation results demonstrate that this technique gives a smoother decline of the reproduction performance away from the control points.

Time domain convergence properties of Lyapunov stable penalty methods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kurdila, A. J.; Sunkel, John

1991-01-01

Linear hyperbolic partial differential equations are analyzed using standard techniques to show that a sequence of solutions generated by the Liapunov stable penalty equations approaches the solution of the differential-algebraic equations governing the dynamics of multibody problems arising in linear vibrations. The analysis does not require that the system be conservative and does not impose any specific integration scheme. Variational statements are derived which bound the error in approximation by the norm of the constraint violation obtained in the approximate solutions.

49 CFR 190.221 - Civil penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Civil penalties generally. 190.221 Section 190.221... REGULATORY PROCEDURES Enforcement Civil Penalties § 190.221 Civil penalties generally. When a Regional... appropriate civil penalty. [Amdt. 190-16, 78 FR 58912, Sept. 25, 2013] ...

An immersogeometric variational framework for fluid–structure interaction: application to bioprosthetic heart valves

PubMed Central

Kamensky, David; Hsu, Ming-Chen; Schillinger, Dominik; Evans, John A.; Aggarwal, Ankush; Bazilevs, Yuri; Sacks, Michael S.; Hughes, Thomas J. R.

2014-01-01

In this paper, we develop a geometrically flexible technique for computational fluid–structure interaction (FSI). The motivating application is the simulation of tri-leaflet bioprosthetic heart valve function over the complete cardiac cycle. Due to the complex motion of the heart valve leaflets, the fluid domain undergoes large deformations, including changes of topology. The proposed method directly analyzes a spline-based surface representation of the structure by immersing it into a non-boundary-fitted discretization of the surrounding fluid domain. This places our method within an emerging class of computational techniques that aim to capture geometry on non-boundary-fitted analysis meshes. We introduce the term “immersogeometric analysis” to identify this paradigm. The framework starts with an augmented Lagrangian formulation for FSI that enforces kinematic constraints with a combination of Lagrange multipliers and penalty forces. For immersed volumetric objects, we formally eliminate the multiplier field by substituting a fluid–structure interface traction, arriving at Nitsche’s method for enforcing Dirichlet boundary conditions on object surfaces. For immersed thin shell structures modeled geometrically as surfaces, the tractions from opposite sides cancel due to the continuity of the background fluid solution space, leaving a penalty method. Application to a bioprosthetic heart valve, where there is a large pressure jump across the leaflets, reveals shortcomings of the penalty approach. To counteract steep pressure gradients through the structure without the conditioning problems that accompany strong penalty forces, we resurrect the Lagrange multiplier field. Further, since the fluid discretization is not tailored to the structure geometry, there is a significant error in the approximation of pressure discontinuities across the shell. This error becomes especially troublesome in residual-based stabilized methods for incompressible flow, leading to problematic compressibility at practical levels of refinement. We modify existing stabilized methods to improve performance. To evaluate the accuracy of the proposed methods, we test them on benchmark problems and compare the results with those of established boundary-fitted techniques. Finally, we simulate the coupling of the bioprosthetic heart valve and the surrounding blood flow under physiological conditions, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed techniques in practical computations. PMID:25541566

34 CFR 82.405 - Penalty procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Penalty procedures. 82.405 Section 82.405 Education Office of the Secretary, Department of Education NEW RESTRICTIONS ON LOBBYING Penalties and Enforcement § 82.405 Penalty procedures. Agencies shall impose and collect civil penalties pursuant to the...

76 FR 71431 - Civil Penalty Calculation Methodology

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-17

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Civil Penalty Calculation... is currently evaluating its civil penalty methodology. Part of this evaluation includes a forthcoming... civil penalties. UFA takes into account the statutory penalty factors under 49 U.S.C. 521(b)(2)(D). The...

49 CFR 209.101 - Civil penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil penalties generally. 209.101 Section 209.101..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Civil Penalties § 209.101 Civil penalties generally. (a) Sections 209.101 through 209.121 prescribe rules of...

49 CFR 209.101 - Civil penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Civil penalties generally. 209.101 Section 209.101..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Civil Penalties § 209.101 Civil penalties generally. (a) Sections 209.101 through 209.121 prescribe rules of...

49 CFR 209.103 - Minimum and maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Minimum and maximum penalties. 209.103 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Civil Penalties § 209.103 Minimum and maximum penalties. (a) A person who knowingly violates a...

49 CFR 209.103 - Minimum and maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Minimum and maximum penalties. 209.103 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Civil Penalties § 209.103 Minimum and maximum penalties. (a) A person who knowingly violates a...

49 CFR 209.103 - Minimum and maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Minimum and maximum penalties. 209.103 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Civil Penalties § 209.103 Minimum and maximum penalties. (a) A person who knowingly violates a...

49 CFR 209.103 - Minimum and maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Minimum and maximum penalties. 209.103 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Civil Penalties § 209.103 Minimum and maximum penalties. (a) A person who knowingly violates a...

49 CFR 209.103 - Minimum and maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Minimum and maximum penalties. 209.103 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Civil Penalties § 209.103 Minimum and maximum penalties. (a) A person who knowingly violates a...

A Comprehensive Docking and MM/GBSA Rescoring Study of Ligand Recognition upon Binding Antithrombin

DOE PAGES

Zhang, Xiaohua; Perez-Sanchez, Horacio; C. Lightstone, Felice

2017-04-06

A high-throughput virtual screening pipeline has been extended from single energetically minimized structure Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) rescoring to ensemble-average MM/GBSA rescoring. The correlation coefficient (R2) of calculated and experimental binding free energies for a series of antithrombin ligands has been improved from 0.36 to 0.69 when switching from the single-structure MM/GBSA rescoring to ensemble-average one. The electrostatic interactions in both solute and solvent are identified to play an important role in determining the binding free energy after the decomposition of the calculated binding free energy. Furthermore, the increasing negative charge of the compounds provides a more favorablemore » electrostatic energy change but creates a higher penalty for the solvation free energy. Such a penalty is compensated by the electrostatic energy change, which results in a better binding affinity. A highly hydrophobic ligand is determined by the docking program to be a non-specific binder. Finally, these results have demonstrated that it is very important to keep a few top poses for rescoring, if the binding is non-specific or the binding mode is not well determined by the docking calculation.« less

A Comprehensive Docking and MM/GBSA Rescoring Study of Ligand Recognition upon Binding Antithrombin

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Xiaohua; Perez-Sanchez, Horacio; C. Lightstone, Felice

A high-throughput virtual screening pipeline has been extended from single energetically minimized structure Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) rescoring to ensemble-average MM/GBSA rescoring. The correlation coefficient (R2) of calculated and experimental binding free energies for a series of antithrombin ligands has been improved from 0.36 to 0.69 when switching from the single-structure MM/GBSA rescoring to ensemble-average one. The electrostatic interactions in both solute and solvent are identified to play an important role in determining the binding free energy after the decomposition of the calculated binding free energy. Furthermore, the increasing negative charge of the compounds provides a more favorablemore » electrostatic energy change but creates a higher penalty for the solvation free energy. Such a penalty is compensated by the electrostatic energy change, which results in a better binding affinity. A highly hydrophobic ligand is determined by the docking program to be a non-specific binder. Finally, these results have demonstrated that it is very important to keep a few top poses for rescoring, if the binding is non-specific or the binding mode is not well determined by the docking calculation.« less

49 CFR 190.221 - Civil penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil penalties generally. 190.221 Section 190.221... PROCEDURES Enforcement Civil Penalties § 190.221 Civil penalties generally. When the Associate Administrator..., if appropriate, compromise a civil penalty. [Amdt. 190-6, 61 FR 18515, Apr. 26, 1996] ...

49 CFR 209.131 - Criminal penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Criminal penalties generally. 209.131 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Criminal Penalties § 209.131 Criminal penalties generally. A person who knowingly violates 49 U.S.C. 5104(b...

49 CFR 209.131 - Criminal penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Criminal penalties generally. 209.131 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Criminal Penalties § 209.131 Criminal penalties generally. A person who knowingly violates 49 U.S.C. 5104(b...

49 CFR 209.131 - Criminal penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Criminal penalties generally. 209.131 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Criminal Penalties § 209.131 Criminal penalties generally. A person who knowingly violates 49 U.S.C. 5104(b...

49 CFR 209.131 - Criminal penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Criminal penalties generally. 209.131 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Criminal Penalties § 209.131 Criminal penalties generally. A person who knowingly violates 49 U.S.C. 5104(b...

Teaching about the Death Penalty.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ryan, John Paul; Eden, John Michael

1998-01-01

Examines the reasons for the death penalty, the reasons why the death penalty attracts so much attention, whether the death penalty is applied consistently, and the evidence that the application of the death penalty may be racially biased. Provides an accompanying article on "Teaching Ideas" by Ronald A. Banaszak. (CMK)

49 CFR 209.131 - Criminal penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Criminal penalties generally. 209.131 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Criminal Penalties § 209.131 Criminal penalties generally. A person who knowingly violates 49 U.S.C. 5104(b...

46 CFR 506.3 - Civil monetary penalty inflation adjustment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Civil monetary penalty inflation adjustment. 506.3... PENALTY INFLATION ADJUSTMENT § 506.3 Civil monetary penalty inflation adjustment. The Commission shall... each civil monetary penalty provided by law within the jurisdiction of the Commission by the inflation...

78 FR 5722 - Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-28

... our Class I penalties to account for inflation since 2004, we are making a second round of penalty... Class I civil penalties under the Clean Water Act and the National Fishing Enhancement Act to account for inflation. The adjustment of civil penalties to account for inflation is required by the Federal...

15 CFR 30.72 - Civil penalty procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Civil penalty procedures. 30.72... CENSUS, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE FOREIGN TRADE REGULATIONS Penalties § 30.72 Civil penalty procedures. (a) General. Whenever a civil penalty is sought for a violation of this part, the charged party is entitled to...

12 CFR 411.405 - Penalty procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Penalty procedures. 411.405 Section 411.405 Banks and Banking EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF THE UNITED STATES NEW RESTRICTIONS ON LOBBYING Penalties and Enforcement § 411.405 Penalty procedures. Agencies shall impose and collect civil penalties pursuant to the...

8 CFR 270.3 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Penalties. 270.3 Section 270.3 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS PENALTIES FOR DOCUMENT FRAUD § 270.3 Penalties. (a) Criminal penalties. Nothing in section 274C of the Act shall be construed to diminish or...

42 CFR 488.434 - Civil money penalties: Notice of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SERVICES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION SURVEY, CERTIFICATION, AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES... procedures for all non-State operated NFs when the State takes the action. (2) The State's notice must— (i...: Notice of penalty. (a) CMS notice of penalty. (1) CMS sends a written notice of the penalty to the...

42 CFR 488.434 - Civil money penalties: Notice of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... SERVICES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION SURVEY, CERTIFICATION, AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES... procedures for all non-State operated NFs when the State takes the action. (2) The State's notice must— (i...: Notice of penalty. (a) CMS notice of penalty. (1) CMS sends a written notice of the penalty to the...

42 CFR 488.434 - Civil money penalties: Notice of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... SERVICES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION SURVEY, CERTIFICATION, AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES... procedures for all non-State operated NFs when the State takes the action. (2) The State's notice must— (i...: Notice of penalty. (a) CMS notice of penalty. (1) CMS sends a written notice of the penalty to the...

42 CFR 488.434 - Civil money penalties: Notice of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... SERVICES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION SURVEY, CERTIFICATION, AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES... procedures for all non-State operated NFs when the State takes the action. (2) The State's notice must— (i...: Notice of penalty. (a) CMS notice of penalty. (1) CMS sends a written notice of the penalty to the...

42 CFR 488.434 - Civil money penalties: Notice of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... SERVICES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION SURVEY, CERTIFICATION, AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES... procedures for all non-State operated NFs when the State takes the action. (2) The State's notice must— (i...: Notice of penalty. (a) CMS notice of penalty. (1) CMS sends a written notice of the penalty to the...

42 CFR 488.444 - Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties. 488.444 Section 488.444 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.444 Civil money penalties...

42 CFR 423.2340 - Compliance monitoring and civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Compliance monitoring and civil money penalties... BENEFIT Medicare Coverage Gap Discount Program § 423.2340 Compliance monitoring and civil money penalties... Agreement. (b) Basis for imposing civil money penalties. CMS imposes a civil money penalty (CMP) on a...

42 CFR 488.444 - Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties. 488.444 Section 488.444 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.444 Civil money penalties...

42 CFR 488.444 - Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties. 488.444 Section 488.444 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.444 Civil money penalties...

42 CFR 423.2340 - Compliance monitoring and civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Compliance monitoring and civil money penalties... BENEFIT Medicare Coverage Gap Discount Program § 423.2340 Compliance monitoring and civil money penalties... Agreement. (b) Basis for imposing civil money penalties. CMS imposes a civil money penalty (CMP) on a...

42 CFR 488.444 - Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties. 488.444 Section 488.444 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.444 Civil money penalties...

42 CFR 488.444 - Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties. 488.444 Section 488.444 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.444 Civil money penalties...

78 FR 4057 - Inflation Adjustment of Civil Money Penalty Amounts

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-18

...] RIN 2501-AD59 Inflation Adjustment of Civil Money Penalty Amounts AGENCY: Office of the Secretary, HUD. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: This final rule amends HUD's civil money penalty and civil penalty... outdated cross-reference in its civil money penalty regulations. DATES: Effective Date: February 19, 2013...

49 CFR 190.223 - Maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Maximum penalties. 190.223 Section 190.223... PROCEDURES Enforcement Civil Penalties § 190.223 Maximum penalties. (a) Any person who is determined to have... except that the maximum civil penalty may not exceed $1,000,000 for any related series of violations. (b...

30 CFR 903.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 903.845 Section 903.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE ARIZONA § 903.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, applies to the assessment of civil penalties for violations...

30 CFR 937.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 937.845 Section 937.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE OREGON § 937.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 921.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 921.845 Section 921.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MASSACHUSETTS § 921.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 947.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 947.845 Section 947.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE WASHINGTON § 947.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 910.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 910.845 Section 910.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE GEORGIA § 910.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 941.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 941.845 Section 941.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE SOUTH DAKOTA § 941.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 903.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 903.845 Section 903.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE ARIZONA § 903.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, applies to the assessment of civil penalties for violations...

10 CFR 2.205 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Civil penalties. 2.205 Section 2.205 Energy NUCLEAR... for Imposing Civil Penalties § 2.205 Civil penalties. (a) Before instituting any proceeding to impose a civil penalty under section 234 of the Act, the Executive Director for Operations or the Executive...

30 CFR 937.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 937.845 Section 937.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE OREGON § 937.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 905.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 905.845 Section 905.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE CALIFORNIA § 905.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

30 CFR 939.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 939.845 Section 939.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE RHODE ISLAND § 939.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 921.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 921.845 Section 921.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MASSACHUSETTS § 921.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 921.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 921.845 Section 921.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MASSACHUSETTS § 921.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 921.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 921.845 Section 921.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MASSACHUSETTS § 921.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 941.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 941.845 Section 941.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE SOUTH DAKOTA § 941.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 912.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 912.845 Section 912.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE IDAHO § 912.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 937.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 937.845 Section 937.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE OREGON § 937.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 933.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 933.845 Section 933.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE NORTH CAROLINA § 933.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chaper, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 910.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 910.845 Section 910.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE GEORGIA § 910.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 912.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 912.845 Section 912.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE IDAHO § 912.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

10 CFR 2.205 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Civil penalties. 2.205 Section 2.205 Energy NUCLEAR... for Modification, Suspension, or Revocation of a License, or for Imposing Civil Penalties § 2.205 Civil penalties. (a) Before instituting any proceeding to impose a civil penalty under section 234 of...

30 CFR 933.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 933.845 Section 933.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE NORTH CAROLINA § 933.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chaper, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 912.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 912.845 Section 912.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE IDAHO § 912.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 937.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 937.845 Section 937.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE OREGON § 937.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 910.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 910.845 Section 910.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE GEORGIA § 910.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 937.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 937.845 Section 937.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE OREGON § 937.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 922.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 922.845 Section 922.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MICHIGAN § 922.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

36 CFR 296.16 - Civil penalty amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalty amounts. 296.16... ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES: UNIFORM REGULATIONS § 296.16 Civil penalty amounts. (a) Maximum amount of penalty. (1) Where the person being assessed a civil penalty has not committed any previous violation of any...

30 CFR 905.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 905.845 Section 905.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE CALIFORNIA § 905.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

49 CFR 1503.703 - Civil penalty letter; referral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 9 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil penalty letter; referral. 1503.703 Section... AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Judicial Assessment of Civil Penalties § 1503.703 Civil penalty letter; referral. (a) Issuance. In a civil penalty action in which the amount in controversy exceeds the amounts...

30 CFR 942.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 942.845 Section 942.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE TENNESSEE § 942.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

30 CFR 912.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 912.845 Section 912.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE IDAHO § 912.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 941.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 941.845 Section 941.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE SOUTH DAKOTA § 941.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

49 CFR 1503.419 - Order Assessing Civil Penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 9 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Order Assessing Civil Penalty. 1503.419 Section... AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Assessment of Civil Penalties by TSA § 1503.419 Order Assessing Civil Penalty. (a) Issuance pursuant to a settlement. TSA will issue an Order Assessing Civil Penalty if the...

30 CFR 939.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 939.845 Section 939.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE RHODE ISLAND § 939.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 942.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 942.845 Section 942.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE TENNESSEE § 942.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

30 CFR 947.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 947.845 Section 947.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE WASHINGTON § 947.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 905.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 905.845 Section 905.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE CALIFORNIA § 905.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

10 CFR 2.205 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Civil penalties. 2.205 Section 2.205 Energy NUCLEAR... for Imposing Civil Penalties § 2.205 Civil penalties. (a) Before instituting any proceeding to impose a civil penalty under section 234 of the Act, the Executive Director for Operations or the Executive...

30 CFR 903.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 903.845 Section 903.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE ARIZONA § 903.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, applies to the assessment of civil penalties for violations...

10 CFR 2.205 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Civil penalties. 2.205 Section 2.205 Energy NUCLEAR... for Imposing Civil Penalties § 2.205 Civil penalties. (a) Before instituting any proceeding to impose a civil penalty under section 234 of the Act, the Executive Director for Operations or the Executive...

30 CFR 942.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 942.845 Section 942.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE TENNESSEE § 942.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

30 CFR 942.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 942.845 Section 942.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE TENNESSEE § 942.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

30 CFR 903.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 903.845 Section 903.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE ARIZONA § 903.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, applies to the assessment of civil penalties for violations...

30 CFR 947.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 947.845 Section 947.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE WASHINGTON § 947.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

32 CFR 229.16 - Civil penalty amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalty amounts. 229.16 Section 229.16...) MISCELLANEOUS PROTECTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES: UNIFORM REGULATIONS § 229.16 Civil penalty amounts. (a) Maximum amount of penalty. (1) Where the person being assessed a civil penalty has not committed any...

30 CFR 905.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 905.845 Section 905.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE CALIFORNIA § 905.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

30 CFR 910.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 910.845 Section 910.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE GEORGIA § 910.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 939.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 939.845 Section 939.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE RHODE ISLAND § 939.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 922.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 922.845 Section 922.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MICHIGAN § 922.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 947.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 947.845 Section 947.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE WASHINGTON § 947.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 922.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 922.845 Section 922.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MICHIGAN § 922.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 933.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 933.845 Section 933.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE NORTH CAROLINA § 933.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chaper, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 941.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 941.845 Section 941.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE SOUTH DAKOTA § 941.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

22 CFR 1104.15 - Civil penalty amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Civil penalty amounts. 1104.15 Section 1104.15... SECTION PROTECTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES § 1104.15 Civil penalty amounts. (a) Maximum amount of penalty. (1) Where the person being assessed a civil penalty has not committed any previous violation of...

30 CFR 933.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 933.845 Section 933.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE NORTH CAROLINA § 933.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chaper, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 903.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 903.845 Section 903.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE ARIZONA § 903.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, applies to the assessment of civil penalties for violations...

30 CFR 939.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 939.845 Section 939.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE RHODE ISLAND § 939.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 922.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 922.845 Section 922.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MICHIGAN § 922.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 947.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 947.845 Section 947.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE WASHINGTON § 947.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

10 CFR 2.205 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Civil penalties. 2.205 Section 2.205 Energy NUCLEAR... for Modification, Suspension, or Revocation of a License, or for Imposing Civil Penalties § 2.205 Civil penalties. (a) Before instituting any proceeding to impose a civil penalty under section 234 of...

30 CFR 910.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 910.845 Section 910.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE GEORGIA § 910.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 933.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 933.845 Section 933.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE NORTH CAROLINA § 933.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chaper, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 922.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 922.845 Section 922.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MICHIGAN § 922.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 921.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 921.845 Section 921.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MASSACHUSETTS § 921.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 942.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 942.845 Section 942.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE TENNESSEE § 942.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

30 CFR 939.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 939.845 Section 939.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE RHODE ISLAND § 939.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 905.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 905.845 Section 905.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE CALIFORNIA § 905.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

30 CFR 912.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 912.845 Section 912.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE IDAHO § 912.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 941.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 941.845 Section 941.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE SOUTH DAKOTA § 941.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

20 CFR 498.102 - Basis for civil monetary penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Basis for civil monetary penalties and... PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDED EXCLUSIONS § 498.102 Basis for civil monetary penalties and assessments. (a) The Office of the Inspector General may impose a penalty and assessment, as applicable...

16 CFR 1119.4 - Factors considered in determining civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... penalties. 1119.4 Section 1119.4 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS CIVIL PENALTY FACTORS § 1119.4 Factors considered in determining civil penalties...) of the FFA, specify factors considered by the Commission in determining the amount of a civil penalty...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 386 - Penalty Schedule; Violations and Monetary Penalties

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Penalty Schedule; Violations and Monetary Penalties B Appendix B to Part 386 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued... HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PROCEEDINGS Pt. 386, App. B Appendix B to Part 386— Penalty Schedule; Violations and...

20 CFR 498.102 - Basis for civil monetary penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Basis for civil monetary penalties and... PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDED EXCLUSIONS § 498.102 Basis for civil monetary penalties and assessments. (a) The Office of the Inspector General may impose a penalty and assessment, as applicable...

49 CFR 107.329 - Maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... maximum civil penalty is $110,000 if the violation results in death, serious illness or severe injury to... 49 Transportation 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Maximum penalties. 107.329 Section 107.329... PROGRAM PROCEDURES Enforcement Compliance Orders and Civil Penalties § 107.329 Maximum penalties. (a) A...

16 CFR 1119.4 - Factors considered in determining civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... penalties. 1119.4 Section 1119.4 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS CIVIL PENALTY FACTORS § 1119.4 Factors considered in determining civil penalties...) of the FFA, specify factors considered by the Commission in determining the amount of a civil penalty...

16 CFR 1119.4 - Factors considered in determining civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... penalties. 1119.4 Section 1119.4 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS CIVIL PENALTY FACTORS § 1119.4 Factors considered in determining civil penalties...) of the FFA, specify factors considered by the Commission in determining the amount of a civil penalty...

30 CFR 100.5 - Determination of penalty amount; special assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Determination of penalty amount; special... CIVIL PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT OF 1977 CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES FOR PROPOSED ASSESSMENT OF CIVIL PENALTIES § 100.5 Determination of penalty amount; special assessment...

20 CFR 498.102 - Basis for civil monetary penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Basis for civil monetary penalties and... PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDED EXCLUSIONS § 498.102 Basis for civil monetary penalties and assessments. (a) The Office of the Inspector General may impose a penalty and assessment, as applicable...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 386 - Penalty Schedule; Violations and Monetary Penalties

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... civil penalties set out in paragraphs (e)(1) through (4) of this appendix results in death, serious... 49 Transportation 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Penalty Schedule; Violations and Monetary Penalties B Appendix B to Part 386 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued...

49 CFR 107.329 - Maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... maximum civil penalty is $110,000 if the violation results in death, serious illness or severe injury to... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Maximum penalties. 107.329 Section 107.329... PROGRAM PROCEDURES Enforcement Compliance Orders and Civil Penalties § 107.329 Maximum penalties. (a) A...

20 CFR 498.102 - Basis for civil monetary penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Basis for civil monetary penalties and... PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDED EXCLUSIONS § 498.102 Basis for civil monetary penalties and assessments. (a) The Office of the Inspector General may impose a penalty and assessment, as applicable...

30 CFR 100.5 - Determination of penalty amount; special assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Determination of penalty amount; special... CIVIL PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT OF 1977 CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES FOR PROPOSED ASSESSMENT OF CIVIL PENALTIES § 100.5 Determination of penalty amount; special assessment...

30 CFR 100.5 - Determination of penalty amount; special assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Determination of penalty amount; special... CIVIL PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT OF 1977 CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES FOR PROPOSED ASSESSMENT OF CIVIL PENALTIES § 100.5 Determination of penalty amount; special assessment...

49 CFR 107.329 - Maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... maximum civil penalty is $110,000 if the violation results in death, serious illness or severe injury to... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Maximum penalties. 107.329 Section 107.329... PROGRAM PROCEDURES Enforcement Compliance Orders and Civil Penalties § 107.329 Maximum penalties. (a) A...

Religious characteristics and the death penalty.

PubMed

Miller, Monica K; Hayward, R David

2008-04-01

Using one mock trial scenario, this study investigated whether religious and demographic factors were related to death penalty attitudes and sentencing verdicts. Those who favored the death penalty differed from those who had doubts about the penalty in gender, affiliation, fundamentalism, evangelism, literal Biblical interpretism, beliefs about God's attitudes toward murders, and perceptions of how their religious groups felt about the death penalty. These relationships generally held after mock jurors were death qualified. Gender, fundamentalism, literal interpretism, beliefs about God's death penalty position, and perceptions of how one's religious group felt about the death penalty predicted death penalty sentencing verdicts. Future research could determine whether using peremptory challenges to exclude potential jurors based on religion can help lawyers choose a more favorable jury.

The penalty immersed boundary method and its application to aerodynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Yongsam

The Immersed Boundary (IB) method has been widely applied to problems involving a moving elastic boundary that is immersed in fluid and interacting with it. But most applications of the IB method have involved a massless elastic boundary. Extending the method to cover the case of a massive boundary has required spreading the boundary mass out onto the fluid grid and then solving the Navier-Stokes equations with a variable mass density. The variable mass density makes Fourier transform methods inapplicable, and requires a multigrid solver. Here we propose a new and simple way to give mass to the elastic boundary. The key idea of the method is to introduce two representations of each boundary: one is a massive boundary which does not interact with the fluid, and the other is messless and plays the same role as the boundary of the IB method with the massless assumption. Although they are almost the same, we allow these two representations of the boundary to be different as long as the gap between them is small. This can be ensured by connecting them with a stiff spring with a zero rest length which generates force acting on both boundaries and pulling them together. We call this the 'Penalty IB method'. It does not spread mass to the fluid grid, retains the use of Fourier transform methodology, and is easy to implement in the context of an existing IB method code for the massless case. This thesis introduces the Penalty IB method and applies it to several problems in which the mass of the boundary is important. These problems are filaments in a flowing soap film, flows past a cylinder, windsocks, flags, and parachutes.

Application of L1-norm regularization to epicardial potential reconstruction based on gradient projection.

PubMed

Wang, Liansheng; Qin, Jing; Wong, Tien Tsin; Heng, Pheng Ann

2011-10-07

The epicardial potential (EP)-targeted inverse problem of electrocardiography (ECG) has been widely investigated as it is demonstrated that EPs reflect underlying myocardial activity. It is a well-known ill-posed problem as small noises in input data may yield a highly unstable solution. Traditionally, L2-norm regularization methods have been proposed to solve this ill-posed problem. But the L2-norm penalty function inherently leads to considerable smoothing of the solution, which reduces the accuracy of distinguishing abnormalities and locating diseased regions. Directly using the L1-norm penalty function, however, may greatly increase computational complexity due to its non-differentiability. We propose an L1-norm regularization method in order to reduce the computational complexity and make rapid convergence possible. Variable splitting is employed to make the L1-norm penalty function differentiable based on the observation that both positive and negative potentials exist on the epicardial surface. Then, the inverse problem of ECG is further formulated as a bound-constrained quadratic problem, which can be efficiently solved by gradient projection in an iterative manner. Extensive experiments conducted on both synthetic data and real data demonstrate that the proposed method can handle both measurement noise and geometry noise and obtain more accurate results than previous L2- and L1-norm regularization methods, especially when the noises are large.

Pixel-based OPC optimization based on conjugate gradients.

PubMed

Ma, Xu; Arce, Gonzalo R

2011-01-31

Optical proximity correction (OPC) methods are resolution enhancement techniques (RET) used extensively in the semiconductor industry to improve the resolution and pattern fidelity of optical lithography. In pixel-based OPC (PBOPC), the mask is divided into small pixels, each of which is modified during the optimization process. Two critical issues in PBOPC are the required computational complexity of the optimization process, and the manufacturability of the optimized mask. Most current OPC optimization methods apply the steepest descent (SD) algorithm to improve image fidelity augmented by regularization penalties to reduce the complexity of the mask. Although simple to implement, the SD algorithm converges slowly. The existing regularization penalties, however, fall short in meeting the mask rule check (MRC) requirements often used in semiconductor manufacturing. This paper focuses on developing OPC optimization algorithms based on the conjugate gradient (CG) method which exhibits much faster convergence than the SD algorithm. The imaging formation process is represented by the Fourier series expansion model which approximates the partially coherent system as a sum of coherent systems. In order to obtain more desirable manufacturability properties of the mask pattern, a MRC penalty is proposed to enlarge the linear size of the sub-resolution assistant features (SRAFs), as well as the distances between the SRAFs and the main body of the mask. Finally, a projection method is developed to further reduce the complexity of the optimized mask pattern.

Measurement and modelling of forced convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of Al2O3- and SiO2-water nanofluids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Julia, J. E.; Hernández, L.; Martínez-Cuenca, R.; Hibiki, T.; Mondragón, R.; Segarra, C.; Jarque, J. C.

2012-11-01

Forced convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of SiO2- and Al2O3-water nanofluids were characterized. The experimental facility was composed of thermal-hydraulic loop with a tank with an immersed heater, a centrifugal pump, a bypass with a globe valve, an electromagnetic flow-meter, a 18 kW in-line pre-heater, a test section with band heaters, a differential pressure transducer and a heat exchanger. The test section consists of a 1000 mm long aluminium pipe with an inner diameter of 31.2 mm. Eighteen band heaters were placed all along the test section in order to provide a uniform heat flux. Heat transfer coefficient was calculated measuring fluid temperature using immersed thermocouples (Pt100) placed at both ends of the test section and surface thermocouples in 10 axial locations along the test section (Pt1000). The measurements have been performed for different nanoparticles (Al2O3 and SiO2 with primary size of 11 nm and 12 nm, respectively), volume concentrations (1% v., 5% v.), and flow rates (3 103Re<105). Maximum heat transfer coefficient enhancement (300%) and pressure drop penalty (1000%) is obtained with 5% v. SiO2 nanofluid. Existing correlations can predict, at least in a first approximation, the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of nanofluids if thermal conductivity, viscosity and specific heat were properly modelled.

49 CFR 383.133 - Test methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Test methods. 383.133 Section 383.133... STANDARDS; REQUIREMENTS AND PENALTIES Tests § 383.133 Test methods. (a) All tests must be constructed in... and provides to all State Driver Licensing Agencies. (2) The State method of generating knowledge...

49 CFR 383.133 - Test methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Test methods. 383.133 Section 383.133... STANDARDS; REQUIREMENTS AND PENALTIES Tests § 383.133 Test methods. (a) All tests must be constructed in... and provides to all State Driver Licensing Agencies. (2) The State method of generating knowledge...

49 CFR 383.133 - Test methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Test methods. 383.133 Section 383.133... STANDARDS; REQUIREMENTS AND PENALTIES Tests § 383.133 Test methods. (a) All tests must be constructed in... and provides to all State Driver Licensing Agencies. (2) The State method of generating knowledge...

49 CFR 383.133 - Test methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Test methods. 383.133 Section 383.133... STANDARDS; REQUIREMENTS AND PENALTIES Tests § 383.133 Test methods. (a) All tests must be constructed in... and provides to all State Driver Licensing Agencies. (2) The State method of generating knowledge...

Pressure and heating-rate distributions on a corrugated surface in a supersonic turbulent boundary layer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sawyer, J. W.

1977-01-01

Drag and heating rates on wavy surfaces typical of current corrugated plate designs for thermal protection systems were determined experimentally. Pressure-distribution, heating-rate, and oil-flow tests were conducted in the Langley Unitary Plan wind tunnel at Mach numbers of 2.4 and 4.5 with the corrugated surface exposed to both thick and thin turbulent boundary layers. Tests were conducted with the corrugations at cross-flow angles from 0 deg to 90 deg to the flow. Results show that for cross-flow angles of 30 deg or less, the pressure drag coefficients are less than the local flat-plate skin-friction coefficients and are not significantly affected by Mach number, Reynolds number, or boundary-layer thickness over the ranges investigated. For cross-flow angles greater than 30 deg, the drag coefficients increase significantly with cross-flow angle and moderately with Reynolds number. Increasing the Mach number causes a significant reduction in the pressure drag. The average and peak heating penalties due to the corrugated surface are small for cross-flow angles of 10 deg or less but are significantly higher for the larger cross-flow angles.

31 CFR 598.706 - Judicial review of civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Judicial review of civil penalty. 598.706 Section 598.706 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... REGULATIONS Penalties § 598.706 Judicial review of civil penalty. A civil penalty imposed pursuant to this...

31 CFR 598.706 - Judicial review of civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Judicial review of civil penalty. 598.706 Section 598.706 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... REGULATIONS Penalties § 598.706 Judicial review of civil penalty. A civil penalty imposed pursuant to this...

31 CFR 598.706 - Judicial review of civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Judicial review of civil penalty. 598.706 Section 598.706 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... REGULATIONS Penalties § 598.706 Judicial review of civil penalty. A civil penalty imposed pursuant to this...

31 CFR 598.706 - Judicial review of civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Judicial review of civil penalty. 598.706 Section 598.706 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... REGULATIONS Penalties § 598.706 Judicial review of civil penalty. A civil penalty imposed pursuant to this...

31 CFR 598.706 - Judicial review of civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Judicial review of civil penalty. 598.706 Section 598.706 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... REGULATIONS Penalties § 598.706 Judicial review of civil penalty. A civil penalty imposed pursuant to this...

45 CFR 286.195 - What penalties will apply to Tribes?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false What penalties will apply to Tribes? 286.195... TRIBAL TANF PROVISIONS Accountability and Penalties § 286.195 What penalties will apply to Tribes? (a) Tribes will be subject to fiscal penalties and requirements as follows: (1) If we determine that a Tribe...

45 CFR 286.195 - What penalties will apply to Tribes?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false What penalties will apply to Tribes? 286.195... TRIBAL TANF PROVISIONS Accountability and Penalties § 286.195 What penalties will apply to Tribes? (a) Tribes will be subject to fiscal penalties and requirements as follows: (1) If we determine that a Tribe...

45 CFR 286.195 - What penalties will apply to Tribes?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 2 2013-10-01 2012-10-01 true What penalties will apply to Tribes? 286.195... TRIBAL TANF PROVISIONS Accountability and Penalties § 286.195 What penalties will apply to Tribes? (a) Tribes will be subject to fiscal penalties and requirements as follows: (1) If we determine that a Tribe...

45 CFR 286.195 - What penalties will apply to Tribes?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 2 2014-10-01 2012-10-01 true What penalties will apply to Tribes? 286.195... TRIBAL TANF PROVISIONS Accountability and Penalties § 286.195 What penalties will apply to Tribes? (a) Tribes will be subject to fiscal penalties and requirements as follows: (1) If we determine that a Tribe...

31 CFR 539.701 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Penalties § 539.701 Penalties. (a) Attention is directed to section 206 of the International Emergency... Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (Pub. L. 101-410, as amended, 28 U.S.C. 2461 note). (2) The criminal penalties provided in the Act are subject to adjustment pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 3571. (c) Attention...

31 CFR 539.701 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Penalties § 539.701 Penalties. (a) Attention is directed to section 206 of the International Emergency... Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (Pub. L. 101-410, as amended, 28 U.S.C. 2461 note). (2) The criminal penalties provided in the Act are subject to adjustment pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 3571. (c) Attention...

31 CFR 540.701 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... REGULATIONS Penalties § 540.701 Penalties. (a) Attention is directed to section 206 of the International... Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (Pub. L. 101-410, as amended, 28 U.S.C. 2461 note). (2) The criminal penalties provided in the Act are subject to adjustment pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 3571. (c) Attention...

31 CFR 540.701 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... REGULATIONS Penalties § 540.701 Penalties. (a) Attention is directed to section 206 of the International... Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (Pub. L. 101-410, as amended, 28 U.S.C. 2461 note). (2) The criminal penalties provided in the Act are subject to adjustment pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 3571. (c) Attention...

42 CFR 1003.102 - Basis for civil money penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Basis for civil money penalties and assessments... AND HUMAN SERVICES OIG AUTHORITIES CIVIL MONEY PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND EXCLUSIONS § 1003.102 Basis for civil money penalties and assessments. (a) The OIG may impose a penalty and assessment against any...

42 CFR 1003.102 - Basis for civil money penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Basis for civil money penalties and assessments... AND HUMAN SERVICES OIG AUTHORITIES CIVIL MONEY PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND EXCLUSIONS § 1003.102 Basis for civil money penalties and assessments. (a) The OIG may impose a penalty and assessment against any...

45 CFR 160.404 - Amount of a civil money penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Amount of a civil money penalty. 160.404 Section... RELATED REQUIREMENTS GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS Imposition of Civil Money Penalties § 160.404 Amount of a civil money penalty. (a) The amount of a civil money penalty will be determined in accordance...

29 CFR 530.302 - Amounts of civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Amounts of civil money penalties. 530.302 Section 530.302... EMPLOYMENT OF HOMEWORKERS IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIES Civil Money Penalties § 530.302 Amounts of civil money penalties. (a) A civil money penalty, not to exceed $500 per affected homeworker for any one violation, may...

45 CFR 160.404 - Amount of a civil money penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Amount of a civil money penalty. 160.404 Section... RELATED REQUIREMENTS GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS Imposition of Civil Money Penalties § 160.404 Amount of a civil money penalty. (a) The amount of a civil money penalty will be determined in accordance...

29 CFR 530.302 - Amounts of civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Amounts of civil money penalties. 530.302 Section 530.302... EMPLOYMENT OF HOMEWORKERS IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIES Civil Money Penalties § 530.302 Amounts of civil money penalties. (a) A civil money penalty, not to exceed $500 per affected homeworker for any one violation, may...

24 CFR 81.83 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Civil money penalties. 81.83... § 81.83 Civil money penalties. (a) Imposition. The Secretary may impose a civil money penalty on a GSE... writing of the Secretary's determination to impose a civil money penalty by issuing a Notice of Intent to...

12 CFR 1209.7 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Civil money penalties. 1209.7 Section 1209.7... Civil money penalties. (a) Civil money penalty proceedings—(1) In general. Section 1376 of the Safety and Soundness Act (12 U.S.C. 4636) governs the imposition of civil money penalties. Upon written...

29 CFR 530.302 - Amounts of civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Amounts of civil money penalties. 530.302 Section 530.302... EMPLOYMENT OF HOMEWORKERS IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIES Civil Money Penalties § 530.302 Amounts of civil money penalties. (a) A civil money penalty, not to exceed $500 per affected homeworker for any one violation, may...

12 CFR 1209.7 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Civil money penalties. 1209.7 Section 1209.7... Civil money penalties. (a) Civil money penalty proceedings—(1) In general. Section 1376 of the Safety and Soundness Act (12 U.S.C. 4636) governs the imposition of civil money penalties. Upon written...

42 CFR 1003.102 - Basis for civil money penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Basis for civil money penalties and assessments... AND HUMAN SERVICES OIG AUTHORITIES CIVIL MONEY PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND EXCLUSIONS § 1003.102 Basis for civil money penalties and assessments. (a) The OIG may impose a penalty and assessment against any...

29 CFR 530.302 - Amounts of civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Amounts of civil money penalties. 530.302 Section 530.302... EMPLOYMENT OF HOMEWORKERS IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIES Civil Money Penalties § 530.302 Amounts of civil money penalties. (a) A civil money penalty, not to exceed $500 per affected homeworker for any one violation, may...

45 CFR 160.404 - Amount of a civil money penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Amount of a civil money penalty. 160.404 Section... RELATED REQUIREMENTS GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS Imposition of Civil Money Penalties § 160.404 Amount of a civil money penalty. (a) The amount of a civil money penalty will be determined in accordance...

42 CFR 1003.102 - Basis for civil money penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Basis for civil money penalties and assessments... AND HUMAN SERVICES OIG AUTHORITIES CIVIL MONEY PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND EXCLUSIONS § 1003.102 Basis for civil money penalties and assessments. (a) The OIG may impose a penalty and assessment against any...

24 CFR 81.83 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Civil money penalties. 81.83... § 81.83 Civil money penalties. (a) Imposition. The Secretary may impose a civil money penalty on a GSE... writing of the Secretary's determination to impose a civil money penalty by issuing a Notice of Intent to...

24 CFR 81.83 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Civil money penalties. 81.83... § 81.83 Civil money penalties. (a) Imposition. The Secretary may impose a civil money penalty on a GSE... writing of the Secretary's determination to impose a civil money penalty by issuing a Notice of Intent to...

45 CFR 160.404 - Amount of a civil money penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Amount of a civil money penalty. 160.404 Section... RELATED REQUIREMENTS GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS Imposition of Civil Money Penalties § 160.404 Amount of a civil money penalty. (a) The amount of a civil money penalty will be determined in accordance...

24 CFR 81.83 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Civil money penalties. 81.83... § 81.83 Civil money penalties. (a) Imposition. The Secretary may impose a civil money penalty on a GSE... writing of the Secretary's determination to impose a civil money penalty by issuing a Notice of Intent to...

45 CFR 160.404 - Amount of a civil money penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Amount of a civil money penalty. 160.404 Section... RELATED REQUIREMENTS GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS Imposition of Civil Money Penalties § 160.404 Amount of a civil money penalty. (a) The amount of a civil money penalty will be determined in accordance...

29 CFR 530.302 - Amounts of civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Amounts of civil money penalties. 530.302 Section 530.302... EMPLOYMENT OF HOMEWORKERS IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIES Civil Money Penalties § 530.302 Amounts of civil money penalties. (a) A civil money penalty, not to exceed $500 per affected homeworker for any one violation, may...

24 CFR 81.83 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Civil money penalties. 81.83... § 81.83 Civil money penalties. (a) Imposition. The Secretary may impose a civil money penalty on a GSE... writing of the Secretary's determination to impose a civil money penalty by issuing a Notice of Intent to...

49 CFR 1503.413 - Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Assessment of Civil Penalties by TSA § 1503.413 Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty. (a) Issuance. TSA may initiate a civil penalty action under this section by serving a Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty on the person charged with a violation of a TSA requirement. TSA will serve the...

43 CFR 10.12 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil penalties. 10.12 Section 10.12... Museums and Federal Collections § 10.12 Civil penalties. (a) The Secretary's authority to assess civil penalties. The Secretary is authorized by section 9 of the Act to assess civil penalties on any museum that...

14 CFR 406.9 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Civil penalties. 406.9 Section 406.9... § 406.9 Civil penalties. (a) Civil penalty liability. Under 51 U.S.C. 50917(c), a person found by the... civil penalty of not more than $110,000 for each violation, as adjusted for inflation. A separate...

33 CFR 401.102 - Civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalty. 401.102 Section... TRANSPORTATION SEAWAY REGULATIONS AND RULES Penalties-Violations of Seaway Regulations § 401.102 Civil penalty. (a) A person, as described in § 401.101(b), who violates a regulation is liable to a civil penalty of...

43 CFR 3163.2 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Civil penalties. 3163.2 Section 3163.2..., Assessments, and Penalties § 3163.2 Civil penalties. (a) Whenever an operating rights owner or operator, as... for a civil penalty of up to $500 per violation for each day such violation continues, dating from the...

33 CFR 401.102 - Civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalty. 401.102 Section... TRANSPORTATION SEAWAY REGULATIONS AND RULES Penalties-Violations of Seaway Regulations § 401.102 Civil penalty. (a) A person, as described in § 401.101(b), who violates a regulation is liable to a civil penalty of...

43 CFR 7.16 - Civil penalty amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil penalty amounts. 7.16 Section 7.16... Uniform Regulations § 7.16 Civil penalty amounts. (a) Maximum amount of penalty. (1) Where the person being assessed a civil penalty has not committed any previous violation of any prohibition in § 7.4 or...

14 CFR 406.9 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Civil penalties. 406.9 Section 406.9... § 406.9 Civil penalties. (a) Civil penalty liability. Under 51 U.S.C. 50917(c), a person found by the... civil penalty of not more than $110,000 for each violation, as adjusted for inflation. A separate...

33 CFR 401.102 - Civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalty. 401.102 Section... TRANSPORTATION SEAWAY REGULATIONS AND RULES Penalties-Violations of Seaway Regulations § 401.102 Civil penalty. (a) A person, as described in § 401.101(b), who violates a regulation is liable to a civil penalty of...

33 CFR 1.07-95 - Civil and criminal penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil and criminal penalties. 1... GENERAL GENERAL PROVISIONS Enforcement; Civil and Criminal Penalty Proceedings § 1.07-95 Civil and criminal penalties. (a) If a violation of law or regulation carries both a civil and a criminal penalty...

33 CFR 1.07-85 - Collection of civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Collection of civil penalties. 1... GENERAL GENERAL PROVISIONS Enforcement; Civil and Criminal Penalty Proceedings § 1.07-85 Collection of civil penalties. (a) Payment of a civil penalty may be made by check or postal money order payable to...

43 CFR 3163.2 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Civil penalties. 3163.2 Section 3163.2..., Assessments, and Penalties § 3163.2 Civil penalties. (a) Whenever an operating rights owner or operator, as... for a civil penalty of up to $500 per violation for each day such violation continues, dating from the...

14 CFR 406.9 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Civil penalties. 406.9 Section 406.9... § 406.9 Civil penalties. (a) Civil penalty liability. Under 49 U.S.C. 70115(c), a person found by the... civil penalty of not more than $110,000 for each violation, as adjusted for inflation. A separate...

43 CFR 3163.5 - Assessments and civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Assessments and civil penalties. 3163.5... Noncompliance, Assessments, and Penalties § 3163.5 Assessments and civil penalties. (a) Assessments made under... CFR Group 202. (b) Civil penalties under § 3163.2 of this title shall be paid within 30 days of...

49 CFR 599.514 - Assessment of civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Assessment of civil penalties. 599.514 Section 599... ASSISTANCE TO RECYCLE AND SAVE ACT PROGRAM Enforcement § 599.514 Assessment of civil penalties. (a) Not later... Hearing Officer's assessment of a civil penalty, or decision not to assess a civil penalty. In determining...

33 CFR 401.102 - Civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalty. 401.102 Section... TRANSPORTATION SEAWAY REGULATIONS AND RULES Penalties-Violations of Seaway Regulations § 401.102 Civil penalty. (a) A person, as described in § 401.101(b), who violates a regulation is liable to a civil penalty of...

43 CFR 10.12 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Civil penalties. 10.12 Section 10.12... Museums and Federal Collections § 10.12 Civil penalties. (a) The Secretary's authority to assess civil penalties. The Secretary is authorized by section 9 of the Act to assess civil penalties on any museum that...

33 CFR 401.102 - Civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalty. 401.102 Section... TRANSPORTATION SEAWAY REGULATIONS AND RULES Penalties-Violations of Seaway Regulations § 401.102 Civil penalty. (a) A person, as described in § 401.101(b), who violates a regulation is liable to a civil penalty of...

43 CFR 7.16 - Civil penalty amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil penalty amounts. 7.16 Section 7.16... Uniform Regulations § 7.16 Civil penalty amounts. (a) Maximum amount of penalty. (1) Where the person being assessed a civil penalty has not committed any previous violation of any prohibition in § 7.4 or...

12 CFR 1209.7 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Civil money penalties. 1209.7 Section 1209.7... Civil money penalties. (a) Civil money penalty proceedings.—(1) In general. Section 1376 of the Safety and Soundness Act (12 U.S.C. 4636) governs the imposition of civil money penalties. Upon written...

29 CFR 2570.84 - Payment of civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Payment of civil penalty. 2570.84 Section 2570.84 Labor... UNDER THE EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT INCOME SECURITY ACT Procedure for the Assessment of Civil Penalties Under ERISA Section 502(l) § 2570.84 Payment of civil penalty. (a) The civil penalty must be paid within 60...

43 CFR 10.12 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil penalties. 10.12 Section 10.12... Museums and Federal Collections § 10.12 Civil penalties. (a) The Secretary's authority to assess civil penalties. The Secretary is authorized by section 9 of the Act to assess civil penalties on any museum that...

43 CFR 10.12 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2012-10-01 2011-10-01 true Civil penalties. 10.12 Section 10.12 Public... Museums and Federal Collections § 10.12 Civil penalties. (a) The Secretary's authority to assess civil penalties. The Secretary is authorized by section 9 of the Act to assess civil penalties on any museum that...

14 CFR 406.9 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Civil penalties. 406.9 Section 406.9... § 406.9 Civil penalties. (a) Civil penalty liability. Under 49 U.S.C. 70115(c), a person found by the... civil penalty of not more than $100,000 for each violation, as adjusted for inflation. A separate...

32 CFR 229.15 - Assessment of civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Assessment of civil penalties. 229.15 Section... civil penalties. (a) The Federal land manager may assess a civil penalty against any person who has... shall serve a notice of violation upon any person believed to be subject to a civil penalty, either in...

43 CFR 3163.2 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil penalties. 3163.2 Section 3163.2..., Assessments, and Penalties § 3163.2 Civil penalties. (a) Whenever an operating rights owner or operator, as... for a civil penalty of up to $500 per violation for each day such violation continues, dating from the...

14 CFR 406.9 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Civil penalties. 406.9 Section 406.9... § 406.9 Civil penalties. (a) Civil penalty liability. Under 49 U.S.C. 70115(c), a person found by the... civil penalty of not more than $110,000 for each violation, as adjusted for inflation. A separate...

43 CFR 3163.2 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil penalties. 3163.2 Section 3163.2..., Assessments, and Penalties § 3163.2 Civil penalties. (a) Whenever an operating rights owner or operator, as... for a civil penalty of up to $500 per violation for each day such violation continues, dating from the...

49 CFR 228.6 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... has created an imminent hazard of death or injury to persons, or has caused death or injury, a penalty... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Penalties. 228.6 Section 228.6 Transportation... § 228.6 Penalties. (a) Civil penalties. Any person (an entity of any type covered under 1 U.S.C. 1...

49 CFR 228.6 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... has created an imminent hazard of death or injury to persons, or has caused death or injury, a penalty... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Penalties. 228.6 Section 228.6 Transportation... § 228.6 Penalties. (a) Civil penalties. Any person (an entity of any type covered under 1 U.S.C. 1...

29 CFR 501.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 501.19 Section 501.19 Labor... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Enforcement § 501.19 Civil money penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty... violation. (b) In determining the amount of penalty to be assessed for each violation, the WHD Administrator...

49 CFR 234.6 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... death or injury to persons, or has caused death or injury, a penalty not to exceed $105,000 per... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Penalties. 234.6 Section 234.6 Transportation... SYSTEMS General § 234.6 Penalties. (a) Civil penalty. Any person (an entity of any type covered under 1 U...

49 CFR 228.6 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... has created an imminent hazard of death or injury to persons, or has caused death or injury, a penalty... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Penalties. 228.6 Section 228.6 Transportation... § 228.6 Penalties. (a) Civil penalties. Any person (an entity of any type covered under 1 U.S.C. 1...

29 CFR 501.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 501.19 Section 501.19 Labor... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Enforcement § 501.19 Civil money penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty... violation. (b) In determining the amount of penalty to be assessed for each violation, the WHD Administrator...

29 CFR 501.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 501.19 Section 501.19 Labor... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Enforcement § 501.19 Civil money penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty... violation. (b) In determining the amount of penalty to be assessed for each violation, the WHD Administrator...

49 CFR 234.6 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... death or injury to persons, or has caused death or injury, a penalty not to exceed $105,000 per... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Penalties. 234.6 Section 234.6 Transportation... SYSTEMS General § 234.6 Penalties. (a) Civil penalty. Any person (an entity of any type covered under 1 U...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 386 - Penalty Schedule; Violations and Maximum Civil Penalties

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... civil penalties set out in paragraphs (e)(1) through (4) of this appendix results in death, serious... 49 Transportation 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Penalty Schedule; Violations and Maximum Civil Penalties B Appendix B to Part 386 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued...

49 CFR 234.6 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... death or injury to persons, or has caused death or injury, a penalty not to exceed $105,000 per... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Penalties. 234.6 Section 234.6 Transportation... SYSTEMS General § 234.6 Penalties. (a) Civil penalty. Any person (an entity of any type covered under 1 U...

29 CFR 501.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 501.19 Section 501.19 Labor... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Enforcement § 501.19 Civil money penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty... violation. (b) In determining the amount of penalty to be assessed for each violation, the WHD Administrator...

An historical survey of computational methods in optimal control.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Polak, E.

1973-01-01

Review of some of the salient theoretical developments in the specific area of optimal control algorithms. The first algorithms for optimal control were aimed at unconstrained problems and were derived by using first- and second-variation methods of the calculus of variations. These methods have subsequently been recognized as gradient, Newton-Raphson, or Gauss-Newton methods in function space. A much more recent addition to the arsenal of unconstrained optimal control algorithms are several variations of conjugate-gradient methods. At first, constrained optimal control problems could only be solved by exterior penalty function methods. Later algorithms specifically designed for constrained problems have appeared. Among these are methods for solving the unconstrained linear quadratic regulator problem, as well as certain constrained minimum-time and minimum-energy problems. Differential-dynamic programming was developed from dynamic programming considerations. The conditional-gradient method, the gradient-projection method, and a couple of feasible directions methods were obtained as extensions or adaptations of related algorithms for finite-dimensional problems. Finally, the so-called epsilon-methods combine the Ritz method with penalty function techniques.

44 CFR 18.405 - Penalty procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY GENERAL NEW RESTRICTIONS ON LOBBYING Penalties and Enforcement § 18.405 Penalty procedures. Agencies shall impose and collect civil penalties pursuant to the provisions of the Program Fraud...

Blind compressive sensing dynamic MRI

PubMed Central

Lingala, Sajan Goud; Jacob, Mathews

2013-01-01

We propose a novel blind compressive sensing (BCS) frame work to recover dynamic magnetic resonance images from undersampled measurements. This scheme models the dynamic signal as a sparse linear combination of temporal basis functions, chosen from a large dictionary. In contrast to classical compressed sensing, the BCS scheme simultaneously estimates the dictionary and the sparse coefficients from the undersampled measurements. Apart from the sparsity of the coefficients, the key difference of the BCS scheme with current low rank methods is the non-orthogonal nature of the dictionary basis functions. Since the number of degrees of freedom of the BCS model is smaller than that of the low-rank methods, it provides improved reconstructions at high acceleration rates. We formulate the reconstruction as a constrained optimization problem; the objective function is the linear combination of a data consistency term and sparsity promoting ℓ1 prior of the coefficients. The Frobenius norm dictionary constraint is used to avoid scale ambiguity. We introduce a simple and efficient majorize-minimize algorithm, which decouples the original criterion into three simpler sub problems. An alternating minimization strategy is used, where we cycle through the minimization of three simpler problems. This algorithm is seen to be considerably faster than approaches that alternates between sparse coding and dictionary estimation, as well as the extension of K-SVD dictionary learning scheme. The use of the ℓ1 penalty and Frobenius norm dictionary constraint enables the attenuation of insignificant basis functions compared to the ℓ0 norm and column norm constraint assumed in most dictionary learning algorithms; this is especially important since the number of basis functions that can be reliably estimated is restricted by the available measurements. We also observe that the proposed scheme is more robust to local minima compared to K-SVD method, which relies on greedy sparse coding. Our phase transition experiments demonstrate that the BCS scheme provides much better recovery rates than classical Fourier-based CS schemes, while being only marginally worse than the dictionary aware setting. Since the overhead in additionally estimating the dictionary is low, this method can be very useful in dynamic MRI applications, where the signal is not sparse in known dictionaries. We demonstrate the utility of the BCS scheme in accelerating contrast enhanced dynamic data. We observe superior reconstruction performance with the BCS scheme in comparison to existing low rank and compressed sensing schemes. PMID:23542951

16 CFR 1.98 - Adjustment of civil monetary penalty amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... OF PRACTICE GENERAL PROCEDURES Civil Penalty Adjustments Under the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation... monetary penalty amounts. This section makes inflation adjustments in the dollar amounts of civil monetary...

49 CFR 383.133 - Testing methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Testing methods. 383.133 Section 383.133... STANDARDS; REQUIREMENTS AND PENALTIES Tests § 383.133 Testing methods. (a) All tests shall be constructed in... must be at least as stringent as the Federal standards. (c) States shall determine specific methods for...

42 CFR 488.432 - Civil money penalties: When a penalty is collected.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Civil money penalties: When a penalty is collected. 488.432 Section 488.432 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH... waives, in writing, its right to a hearing as specified in § 488.436, for a civil money penalty imposed...

30 CFR 241.70 - How does MMS decide what the amount of the penalty should be?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... penalty should be? 241.70 Section 241.70 Mineral Resources MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS REVENUE MANAGEMENT PENALTIES Penalties for Federal and Indian Oil and Gas Leases General... the penalty by considering the severity of the violations, your history of compliance, and if you are...

12 CFR 19.240 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Civil money penalties. 19.240 Section 19.240... PROCEDURE Civil Money Penalty Adjustments § 19.240 Civil money penalties. (a) The maximum amount of each civil money penalty within the OCC's jurisdiction is set forth as follows: ER06NO12.002 (b) Except as...

12 CFR 19.240 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Civil money penalties. 19.240 Section 19.240... PROCEDURE Civil Money Penalty Adjustments § 19.240 Civil money penalties. (a) The maximum amount of each civil money penalty within the OCC's jurisdiction is set forth as follows: ER06NO12.002 (b) Except as...

17 CFR Table 1 to Subpart E of... - Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustments

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... monetary penalty description Year penalty amount was last set by law Original statutory maximum penalty amount Adjusted maximum penalty amount SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION: 15 USC 77t(d) FOR NATURAL PERSON 1990 $5,000 $5,500 FOR ANY OTHER PERSON 1990 50,000 55,000 FOR NATURAL PERSON/FRAUD 1990 50,000 55...

17 CFR Table 1 to Subpart E of... - Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustments

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... monetary penalty description Year penalty amount was last set by law Original statutory maximum penalty amount Adjusted maximum penalty amount SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION: 15 USC 77t(d) FOR NATURAL PERSON 1990 $5,000 $5,500 FOR ANY OTHER PERSON 1990 50,000 55,000 FOR NATURAL PERSON/FRAUD 1990 50,000 55...

17 CFR Table 1 to Subpart E of... - Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustments

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... monetary penalty description Year penalty amount was last set by law Original statutory maximum penalty amount Adjusted maximum penalty amount SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION: 15 USC 77t(d) FOR NATURAL PERSON 1990 $5,000 $5,500 FOR ANY OTHER PERSON 1990 50,000 55,000 FOR NATURAL PERSON/FRAUD 1990 50,000 55...

29 CFR 501.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 501.19 Section 501.19 Labor... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Enforcement § 501.19 Civil money penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty... workers. (c) A civil money penalty for each violation of the work contract or a requirement of 8 U.S.C...

28 CFR 76.3 - Basis for civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Basis for civil penalty. 76.3 Section 76... CIVIL PENALTIES FOR POSSESSION OF CERTAIN CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES § 76.3 Basis for civil penalty. (a) Any....C. 844a shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty in an amount of not to exceed $10...

49 CFR Appendix A to Part 242 - Schedule of Civil Penalties

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Schedule of Civil Penalties A Appendix A to Part... Appendix A to Part 242—Schedule of Civil Penalties A penalty may be assessed against an individual only for...—Schedule of Civil Penalties 1 Section Violation Willful violation Subpart B—Program and Eligibility...

28 CFR 76.3 - Basis for civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Basis for civil penalty. 76.3 Section 76... CIVIL PENALTIES FOR POSSESSION OF CERTAIN CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES § 76.3 Basis for civil penalty. (a) Any....C. 844a shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty in an amount of not to exceed $10...

29 CFR 502.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 502.19 Section 502.19 Labor... penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty may be assessed by the Administrator, WHD for each violation... of penalty to be assessed for any violation of the work contract as provided in the H-2A provisions...

29 CFR 502.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 502.19 Section 502.19 Labor... penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty may be assessed by the Administrator, WHD for each violation... of penalty to be assessed for any violation of the work contract as provided in the H-2A provisions...

29 CFR 502.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 502.19 Section 502.19 Labor... penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty may be assessed by the Administrator, WHD for each violation... of penalty to be assessed for any violation of the work contract as provided in the H-2A provisions...

29 CFR 502.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 502.19 Section 502.19 Labor... penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty may be assessed by the Administrator, WHD for each violation... of penalty to be assessed for any violation of the work contract as provided in the H-2A provisions...

Digital coherent receiver based transmitter penalty characterization.

PubMed

Geisler, David J; Kaufmann, John E

2016-12-26

For optical communications links where receivers are signal-power-starved, such as through free-space, it is important to design transmitters and receivers that can operate as close as practically possible to theoretical limits. A total system penalty is typically assessed in terms of how far the end-to-end bit-error rate (BER) is from these limits. It is desirable, but usually difficult, to determine the division of this penalty between the transmitter and receiver. This paper describes a new rigorous and computationally based method that isolates which portion of the penalty can be assessed against the transmitter. There are two basic parts to this approach: (1) use of a coherent optical receiver to perform frequency down-conversion of a transmitter's optical signal waveform to the electrical domain, preserving both optical field amplitude and phase information, and (2): software-based analysis of the digitized electrical waveform. The result is a single numerical metric that quantifies how close a transmitter's signal waveform is to the ideal, based on its BER performance with a perfect software-defined matched-filter receiver demodulator. A detailed description of applying the proposed methodology to the waveform characterization of an optical burst-mode differential phase-shifted keying (DPSK) transmitter is experimentally demonstrated.

Advantages of soft versus hard constraints in self-modeling curve resolution problems. Penalty alternating least squares (P-ALS) extension to multi-way problems.

PubMed

Richards, Selena; Miller, Robert; Gemperline, Paul

2008-02-01

An extension to the penalty alternating least squares (P-ALS) method, called multi-way penalty alternating least squares (NWAY P-ALS), is presented. Optionally, hard constraints (no deviation from predefined constraints) or soft constraints (small deviations from predefined constraints) were applied through the application of a row-wise penalty least squares function. NWAY P-ALS was applied to the multi-batch near-infrared (NIR) data acquired from the base catalyzed esterification reaction of acetic anhydride in order to resolve the concentration and spectral profiles of l-butanol with the reaction constituents. Application of the NWAY P-ALS approach resulted in the reduction of the number of active constraints at the solution point, while the batch column-wise augmentation allowed hard constraints in the spectral profiles and resolved rank deficiency problems of the measurement matrix. The results were compared with the multi-way multivariate curve resolution (MCR)-ALS results using hard and soft constraints to determine whether any advantages had been gained through using the weighted least squares function of NWAY P-ALS over the MCR-ALS resolution.

Using rewards and penalties to obtain desired subject performance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cook, M.; Jex, H. R.; Stein, A. C.; Allen, R. W.

1981-01-01

Operant conditioning procedures, specifically the use of negative reinforcement, in achieving stable learning behavior is described. The critical tracking test (CTT) a method of detecting human operator impairment was tested. A pass level is set for each subject, based on that subject's asymptotic skill level while sober. It is critical that complete training take place before the individualized pass level is set in order that the impairment can be detected. The results provide a more general basis for the application of reward/penalty structures in manual control research.

Coherence penalty functional: A simple method for adding decoherence in Ehrenfest dynamics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Akimov, Alexey V., E-mail: alexvakimov@gmail.com, E-mail: oleg.prezhdo@rochester.edu; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973; Long, Run

2014-05-21

We present a new semiclassical approach for description of decoherence in electronically non-adiabatic molecular dynamics. The method is formulated on the grounds of the Ehrenfest dynamics and the Meyer-Miller-Thoss-Stock mapping of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation onto a fully classical Hamiltonian representation. We introduce a coherence penalty functional (CPF) that accounts for decoherence effects by randomizing the wavefunction phase and penalizing development of coherences in regions of strong non-adiabatic coupling. The performance of the method is demonstrated with several model and realistic systems. Compared to other semiclassical methods tested, the CPF method eliminates artificial interference and improves agreement with the fullymore » quantum calculations on the models. When applied to study electron transfer dynamics in the nanoscale systems, the method shows an improved accuracy of the predicted time scales. The simplicity and high computational efficiency of the CPF approach make it a perfect practical candidate for applications in realistic systems.« less

49 CFR 107.336 - Limitation on fines and penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... MATERIALS PROGRAM PROCEDURES Enforcement Criminal Penalties § 107.336 Limitation on fines and penalties. If a State or political subdivision or Indian tribe assesses any fine or penalty determined by the...

49 CFR 1503.419 - Order Assessing Civil Penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Assessment of Civil Penalties by TSA § 1503.419 Order Assessing Civil Penalty. (a) Issuance pursuant to a settlement. TSA will issue an Order Assessing Civil Penalty if the...

Smoothing Spline ANOVA Decomposition of Arbitrary Splines: An Application to Eye Movements in Reading

PubMed Central

Matuschek, Hannes; Kliegl, Reinhold; Holschneider, Matthias

2015-01-01

The Smoothing Spline ANOVA (SS-ANOVA) requires a specialized construction of basis and penalty terms in order to incorporate prior knowledge about the data to be fitted. Typically, one resorts to the most general approach using tensor product splines. This implies severe constraints on the correlation structure, i.e. the assumption of isotropy of smoothness can not be incorporated in general. This may increase the variance of the spline fit, especially if only a relatively small set of observations are given. In this article, we propose an alternative method that allows to incorporate prior knowledge without the need to construct specialized bases and penalties, allowing the researcher to choose the spline basis and penalty according to the prior knowledge of the observations rather than choosing them according to the analysis to be done. The two approaches are compared with an artificial example and with analyses of fixation durations during reading. PMID:25816246

Extended duration Orbiter life support definition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kleiner, G. N.; Thompson, C. D.

1978-01-01

Extending the baseline seven-day Orbiter mission to 30 days or longer and operating with a solar power module as the primary source for electrical power requires changes to the existing environmental control and life support (ECLS) system. The existing ECLS system imposes penalties on longer missions which limit the Orbiter capabilities and changes are required to enhance overall mission objectives. Some of these penalties are: large quantities of expendables, the need to dump or store large quantities of waste material, the need to schedule fuel cell operation, and a high landing weight penalty. This paper presents the study ground rules and examines the limitations of the present ECLS system against Extended Duration Orbiter mission requirements. Alternate methods of accomplishing ECLS functions for the Extended Duration Orbiter are discussed. The overall impact of integrating these options into the Orbiter are evaluated and significant Orbiter weight and volume savings with the recommended approaches are described.

Statistical modelling of gaze behaviour as categorical time series: what you should watch to save soccer penalties.

PubMed

Button, C; Dicks, M; Haines, R; Barker, R; Davids, K

2011-08-01

Previous research on gaze behaviour in sport has typically reported summary fixation statistics thereby largely ignoring the temporal sequencing of gaze. In the present study on penalty kicking in soccer, our aim was to apply a Markov chain modelling method to eye movement data obtained from goalkeepers. Building on the discrete analysis of gaze employed by Dicks et al. (Atten Percept Psychophys 72(3):706-720, 2010b), we wanted to statistically model the relative probabilities of the goalkeeper's gaze being directed to different locations throughout the penalty taker's approach (Dicks et al. in Atten Percept Psychophys 72(3):706-720, 2010b). Examination of gaze behaviours under in situ and video-simulation task constraints reveals differences in information pickup for perception and action (Attention, Perception and Psychophysics 72(3), 706-720). The probabilities of fixating anatomical locations of the penalty taker were high under simulated movement response conditions. In contrast, when actually required to intercept kicks, the goalkeepers initially favoured watching the penalty taker's head but then rapidly shifted focus directly to the ball for approximately the final second prior to foot-ball contact. The increased spatio-temporal demands of in situ interceptive actions over laboratory-based simulated actions lead to different visual search strategies being used. When eye movement data are modelled as time series, it is possible to discern subtle but important behavioural characteristics that are less apparent with discrete summary statistics alone.

MARRIAGE, BMI, AND WAGES: A DOUBLE SELECTION APPROACH

PubMed Central

Brown, Heather

2011-01-01

Obesity rates have been rising over the past decade. As more people become obese, the social stigma of obesity may be reduced. Marriage has typically been used as a positive signal to employers. If obese individuals possess other characteristics that are valued in the labour market they may no longer face a wage penalty for their physical appearance. This paper investigates the relationship between marital status, body mass index (BMI), and wages by estimating a double selection model that controls for selection into the labour and marriage markets using waves 14 and 16 (2004 and 2006) of the British Household Panel Survey. Results suggest that unobserved characteristics related to marriage and labour market participation are causing an upward bias onthe BMI coefficients. The BMI coefficient is positive and significant for married men only in the double selection model. The findings provide evidence that unobserved characteristics related to success in the marriage and labour market may influence the relationship between BMI and wages. PMID:21910281

Stiffness of frictional contact of dissimilar elastic solids

DOE PAGES

Lee, Jin Haeng; Gao, Yanfei; Bower, Allan F.; ...

2017-12-22

The classic Sneddon relationship between the normal contact stiffness and the contact size is valid for axisymmetric, frictionless contact, in which the two contacting solids are approximated by elastic half-spaces. Deviation from this result critically affects the accuracy of the load and displacement sensing nanoindentation techniques. This study gives a thorough numerical and analytical investigation of corrections needed to the Sneddon solution when finite Coulomb friction exists between an elastic half-space and a flat-ended rigid punch with circular or noncircular shape. Because of linearity of the Coulomb friction, the correction factor is found to be a function of the frictionmore » coefficient, Poisson's ratio, and the contact shape, but independent of the contact size. Two issues are of primary concern in the finite element simulations – adequacy of the mesh near the contact edge and the friction implementation methodology. Although the stick or slip zone sizes are quite different from the penalty or Lagrangian methods, the calculated contact stiffnesses are almost the same and may be considerably larger than those in Sneddon's solution. For circular punch contact, the numerical solutions agree remarkably well with a previous analytical solution. For non-circular punch contact, the results can be represented using the equivalence between the contact problem and bi-material fracture mechanics. Finally, the correction factor is found to be a product of that for the circular contact and a multiplicative factor that depends only on the shape of the punch but not on the friction coefficient or Poisson's ratio.« less

Stiffness of frictional contact of dissimilar elastic solids

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, Jin Haeng; Gao, Yanfei; Bower, Allan F.

The classic Sneddon relationship between the normal contact stiffness and the contact size is valid for axisymmetric, frictionless contact, in which the two contacting solids are approximated by elastic half-spaces. Deviation from this result critically affects the accuracy of the load and displacement sensing nanoindentation techniques. This study gives a thorough numerical and analytical investigation of corrections needed to the Sneddon solution when finite Coulomb friction exists between an elastic half-space and a flat-ended rigid punch with circular or noncircular shape. Because of linearity of the Coulomb friction, the correction factor is found to be a function of the frictionmore » coefficient, Poisson's ratio, and the contact shape, but independent of the contact size. Two issues are of primary concern in the finite element simulations – adequacy of the mesh near the contact edge and the friction implementation methodology. Although the stick or slip zone sizes are quite different from the penalty or Lagrangian methods, the calculated contact stiffnesses are almost the same and may be considerably larger than those in Sneddon's solution. For circular punch contact, the numerical solutions agree remarkably well with a previous analytical solution. For non-circular punch contact, the results can be represented using the equivalence between the contact problem and bi-material fracture mechanics. Finally, the correction factor is found to be a product of that for the circular contact and a multiplicative factor that depends only on the shape of the punch but not on the friction coefficient or Poisson's ratio.« less

Stiffness of frictional contact of dissimilar elastic solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Jin Haeng; Gao, Yanfei; Bower, Allan F.; Xu, Haitao; Pharr, George M.

2018-03-01

The classic Sneddon relationship between the normal contact stiffness and the contact size is valid for axisymmetric, frictionless contact, in which the two contacting solids are approximated by elastic half-spaces. Deviation from this result critically affects the accuracy of the load and displacement sensing nanoindentation techniques. This paper gives a thorough numerical and analytical investigation of corrections needed to the Sneddon solution when finite Coulomb friction exists between an elastic half-space and a flat-ended rigid punch with circular or noncircular shape. Because of linearity of the Coulomb friction, the correction factor is found to be a function of the friction coefficient, Poisson's ratio, and the contact shape, but independent of the contact size. Two issues are of primary concern in the finite element simulations - adequacy of the mesh near the contact edge and the friction implementation methodology. Although the stick or slip zone sizes are quite different from the penalty or Lagrangian methods, the calculated contact stiffnesses are almost the same and may be considerably larger than those in Sneddon's solution. For circular punch contact, the numerical solutions agree remarkably well with a previous analytical solution. For non-circular punch contact, the results can be represented using the equivalence between the contact problem and bi-material fracture mechanics. The correction factor is found to be a product of that for the circular contact and a multiplicative factor that depends only on the shape of the punch but not on the friction coefficient or Poisson's ratio.

12 CFR 1411.1 - Inflation adjustment of civil money penalties for failure to file a certified statement, pay any...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Inflation adjustment of civil money penalties... Collection of Civil Money Penalties § 1411.1 Inflation adjustment of civil money penalties for failure to... convicted of criminal offenses. In accordance with the Federal Civil Money Penalties Inflation Adjustment...

42 CFR 3.404 - Amount of a civil money penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Amount of a civil money penalty. 3.404 Section 3... money penalty. (a) The amount of a civil money penalty will be determined in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section and § 3.408 of this subpart. (b) The Secretary may impose a civil money penalty...

42 CFR 3.404 - Amount of a civil money penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Amount of a civil money penalty. 3.404 Section 3... money penalty. (a) The amount of a civil money penalty will be determined in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section and § 3.408 of this subpart. (b) The Secretary may impose a civil money penalty...

42 CFR 3.404 - Amount of a civil money penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Amount of a civil money penalty. 3.404 Section 3... money penalty. (a) The amount of a civil money penalty will be determined in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section and § 3.408 of this subpart. (b) The Secretary may impose a civil money penalty...

42 CFR 3.404 - Amount of a civil money penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Amount of a civil money penalty. 3.404 Section 3... money penalty. (a) The amount of a civil money penalty will be determined in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section and § 3.408 of this subpart. (b) The Secretary may impose a civil money penalty...

12 CFR 747.1001 - Adjustment of civil money penalties by the rate of inflation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Adjustment of civil money penalties by the rate... civil money penalties by the rate of inflation. (a) NCUA is required by the Federal Civil Penalties... adjust the maximum amount of each civil money penalty within its jurisdiction by the rate of inflation...

12 CFR 747.1001 - Adjustment of civil money penalties by the rate of inflation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Adjustment of civil money penalties by the rate... civil money penalties by the rate of inflation. (a) NCUA is required by the Federal Civil Penalties... adjust the maximum amount of each civil money penalty within its jurisdiction by the rate of inflation...

17 CFR Table 1 to Subpart E of... - Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustments

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... monetary penalty description Year penalty amount was last set by law Original statutory maximum penalty amount Adjusted maximum penalty amount SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION: 15 U.S.C. 77t(d) FOR NATURAL PERSON 1990 $5,000 $5,500 FOR ANY OTHER PERSON 1990 50,000 55,000 FOR NATURAL PERSON/FRAUD 1990 50,000 55...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 237 - Schedule of Civil Penalties1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Schedule of Civil Penalties1 B Appendix B to Part...—Schedule of Civil Penalties1 Section 2 Violation Willful violation Subpart B—Railroad Bridge Safety... designated by a “penalty code,” which is used to facilitate assessment of civil penalties, and which may or...

29 CFR 579.5 - Determining the amount of the penalty and assessing the penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... assessment of civil penalties not to exceed $50,000 with regard to each violation that causes the death or... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Determining the amount of the penalty and assessing the penalty. 579.5 Section 579.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION...

29 CFR 579.5 - Determining the amount of the penalty and assessing the penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... assessment of civil penalties not to exceed $50,000 with regard to each violation that causes the death or... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Determining the amount of the penalty and assessing the penalty. 579.5 Section 579.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION...

29 CFR 579.5 - Determining the amount of the penalty and assessing the penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... assessment of civil penalties not to exceed $50,000 with regard to each violation that causes the death or... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Determining the amount of the penalty and assessing the penalty. 579.5 Section 579.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION...

29 CFR 579.5 - Determining the amount of the penalty and assessing the penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... assessment of civil penalties not to exceed $50,000 with regard to each violation that causes the death or... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Determining the amount of the penalty and assessing the penalty. 579.5 Section 579.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION...

A general reconstruction of the recent expansion history of the universe

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vitenti, S.D.P.; Penna-Lima, M., E-mail: dias@iap.fr, E-mail: pennal@apc.in2p3.fr

Distance measurements are currently the most powerful tool to study the expansion history of the universe without specifying its matter content nor any theory of gravitation. Assuming only an isotropic, homogeneous and flat universe, in this work we introduce a model-independent method to reconstruct directly the deceleration function via a piecewise function. Including a penalty factor, we are able to vary continuously the complexity of the deceleration function from a linear case to an arbitrary (n+1)-knots spline interpolation. We carry out a Monte Carlo (MC) analysis to determine the best penalty factor, evaluating the bias-variance trade-off, given the uncertainties ofmore » the SDSS-II and SNLS supernova combined sample (JLA), compilations of baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) and H(z) data. The bias-variance analysis is done for three fiducial models with different features in the deceleration curve. We perform the MC analysis generating mock catalogs and computing their best-fit. For each fiducial model, we test different reconstructions using, in each case, more than 10{sup 4} catalogs in a total of about 5× 10{sup 5}. This investigation proved to be essential in determining the best reconstruction to study these data. We show that, evaluating a single fiducial model, the conclusions about the bias-variance ratio are misleading. We determine the reconstruction method in which the bias represents at most 10% of the total uncertainty. In all statistical analyses, we fit the coefficients of the deceleration function along with four nuisance parameters of the supernova astrophysical model. For the full sample, we also fit H{sub 0} and the sound horizon r{sub s}(z{sub d}) at the drag redshift. The bias-variance trade-off analysis shows that, apart from the deceleration function, all other estimators are unbiased. Finally, we apply the Ensemble Sampler Markov Chain Monte Carlo (ESMCMC) method to explore the posterior of the deceleration function up to redshift 1.3 (using only JLA) and 2.3 (JLA+BAO+H(z)). We obtain that the standard cosmological model agrees within 3σ level with the reconstructed results in the whole studied redshift intervals. Since our method is calibrated to minimize the bias, the error bars of the reconstructed functions are a good approximation for the total uncertainty.« less

42 CFR 3.418 - Exclusivity of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... ORGANIZATIONS AND PATIENT SAFETY WORK PRODUCT Enforcement Program § 3.418 Exclusivity of penalty. (a) Except as... other penalty prescribed by law. (b) Civil money penalties shall not be imposed both under this part and...

Genetic algorithm-based multi-objective optimal absorber system for three-dimensional seismic structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ren, Wenjie; Li, Hongnan; Song, Gangbing; Huo, Linsheng

2009-03-01

The problem of optimizing an absorber system for three-dimensional seismic structures is addressed. The objective is to determine the number and position of absorbers to minimize the coupling effects of translation-torsion of structures at minimum cost. A procedure for a multi-objective optimization problem is developed by integrating a dominance-based selection operator and a dominance-based penalty function method. Based on the two-branch tournament genetic algorithm, the selection operator is constructed by evaluating individuals according to their dominance in one run. The technique guarantees the better performing individual winning its competition, provides a slight selection pressure toward individuals and maintains diversity in the population. Moreover, due to the evaluation for individuals in each generation being finished in one run, less computational effort is taken. Penalty function methods are generally used to transform a constrained optimization problem into an unconstrained one. The dominance-based penalty function contains necessary information on non-dominated character and infeasible position of an individual, essential for success in seeking a Pareto optimal set. The proposed approach is used to obtain a set of non-dominated designs for a six-storey three-dimensional building with shape memory alloy dampers subjected to earthquake.

49 CFR 1503.417 - Final Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty and Order.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... INVESTIGATIVE AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Assessment of Civil Penalties by TSA § 1503.417 Final Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty and Order. (a) Issuance. TSA may issue a Final Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty and...

49 CFR 272.11 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Penalties. 272.11 Section 272.11 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CRITICAL INCIDENT STRESS PLANS General § 272.11 Penalties. (a) Civil penalties. A person who...

77 FR 55175 - Civil Penalties

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-07

... [Docket No. NHTSA-2012-0131; Notice 1] RIN 2127-AL16 Civil Penalties AGENCY: National Highway Traffic... proposes to increase the maximum civil penalty amounts for violations of motor vehicle safety requirements... and consumer information provisions. Specifically, this proposes increases in maximum civil penalty...

75 FR 5244 - Civil Penalties

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-02

... [Docket No. NHTSA-2009-0066; Notice 2] RIN 2127-AK40 Civil Penalties AGENCY: National Highway Traffic... civil penalty amounts for violations of motor vehicle safety requirements involving school buses, bumper... theft protection requirements. This action is taken pursuant to the Federal Civil Monetary Penalty...

75 FR 15993 - Civil Penalty Factors

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-31

... CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION 16 CFR Part 1119 Civil Penalty Factors AGENCY: Consumer Product... final rule providing its interpretation of the civil penalty factors found in the Consumer Product... consider certain factors in determining the amount of any civil penalty to seek. The Commission published...

77 FR 70710 - Civil Penalties

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-27

... [Docket No. NHTSA-2012-0131; Notice 2] RIN 2127-AL16 Civil Penalties AGENCY: National Highway Traffic... civil penalty amounts for violations of motor vehicle safety requirements for the National Traffic and... provisions. Specifically, this increases the maximum civil penalty amounts for single violations of motor...

76 FR 74720 - Inflation Adjustment of Civil Monetary Penalties; Correction

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-01

... of Civil Monetary Penalties; Correction AGENCY: Federal Maritime Commission. ACTION: Correcting... maximum amount of each statutory civil penalty subject to Federal Maritime Commission jurisdiction, in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990, as amended...

Structure-adaptive CBCT reconstruction using weighted total variation and Hessian penalties

PubMed Central

Shi, Qi; Sun, Nanbo; Sun, Tao; Wang, Jing; Tan, Shan

2016-01-01

The exposure of normal tissues to high radiation during cone-beam CT (CBCT) imaging increases the risk of cancer and genetic defects. Statistical iterative algorithms with the total variation (TV) penalty have been widely used for low dose CBCT reconstruction, with state-of-the-art performance in suppressing noise and preserving edges. However, TV is a first-order penalty and sometimes leads to the so-called staircase effect, particularly over regions with smooth intensity transition in the reconstruction images. A second-order penalty known as the Hessian penalty was recently used to replace TV to suppress the staircase effect in CBCT reconstruction at the cost of slightly blurring object edges. In this study, we proposed a new penalty, the TV-H, which combines TV and Hessian penalties for CBCT reconstruction in a structure-adaptive way. The TV-H penalty automatically differentiates the edges, gradual transition and uniform local regions within an image using the voxel gradient, and adaptively weights TV and Hessian according to the local image structures in the reconstruction process. Our proposed penalty retains the benefits of TV, including noise suppression and edge preservation. It also maintains the structures in regions with gradual intensity transition more successfully. A majorization-minimization (MM) approach was designed to optimize the objective energy function constructed with the TV-H penalty. The MM approach employed a quadratic upper bound of the original objective function, and the original optimization problem was changed to a series of quadratic optimization problems, which could be efficiently solved using the Gauss-Seidel update strategy. We tested the reconstruction algorithm on two simulated digital phantoms and two physical phantoms. Our experiments indicated that the TV-H penalty visually and quantitatively outperformed both TV and Hessian penalties. PMID:27699100

Structure-adaptive CBCT reconstruction using weighted total variation and Hessian penalties.

PubMed

Shi, Qi; Sun, Nanbo; Sun, Tao; Wang, Jing; Tan, Shan

2016-09-01

The exposure of normal tissues to high radiation during cone-beam CT (CBCT) imaging increases the risk of cancer and genetic defects. Statistical iterative algorithms with the total variation (TV) penalty have been widely used for low dose CBCT reconstruction, with state-of-the-art performance in suppressing noise and preserving edges. However, TV is a first-order penalty and sometimes leads to the so-called staircase effect, particularly over regions with smooth intensity transition in the reconstruction images. A second-order penalty known as the Hessian penalty was recently used to replace TV to suppress the staircase effect in CBCT reconstruction at the cost of slightly blurring object edges. In this study, we proposed a new penalty, the TV-H, which combines TV and Hessian penalties for CBCT reconstruction in a structure-adaptive way. The TV-H penalty automatically differentiates the edges, gradual transition and uniform local regions within an image using the voxel gradient, and adaptively weights TV and Hessian according to the local image structures in the reconstruction process. Our proposed penalty retains the benefits of TV, including noise suppression and edge preservation. It also maintains the structures in regions with gradual intensity transition more successfully. A majorization-minimization (MM) approach was designed to optimize the objective energy function constructed with the TV-H penalty. The MM approach employed a quadratic upper bound of the original objective function, and the original optimization problem was changed to a series of quadratic optimization problems, which could be efficiently solved using the Gauss-Seidel update strategy. We tested the reconstruction algorithm on two simulated digital phantoms and two physical phantoms. Our experiments indicated that the TV-H penalty visually and quantitatively outperformed both TV and Hessian penalties.

77 FR 65100 - Adjustment of Civil Monetary Penalties for Inflation

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-25

... Penalties for Inflation AGENCY: Commodity Futures Trading Commission ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The... civil monetary penalties, to adjust for inflation. This rule sets forth the maximum, inflation-adjusted... Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990, as amended by the Debt Collection Improvement...

76 FR 74625 - Civil Monetary Penalties Inflation Adjustment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-01

...-2011] RIN 1125-AA69 Civil Monetary Penalties Inflation Adjustment AGENCIES: U.S. Customs and Border... adjust for inflation certain civil monetary penalties assessed under the Immigration and Nationality Act... assessed under the INA. The Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (Adjustment Act...

31 CFR 546.701 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Penalties. 546.701 Section 546.701 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY DARFUR SANCTIONS REGULATIONS Penalties § 546.701 Penalties. (a...

7 CFR 1463.10 - Civil penalties and criminal penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Civil penalties and criminal penalties. 1463.10 Section 1463.10 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LOANS, PURCHASES, AND OTHER OPERATIONS 2005-2014 TOBACCO TRANSITION...

5 CFR 1315.11 - Additional penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Additional penalties. 1315.11 Section 1315.11 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES PROMPT PAYMENT § 1315.11 Additional penalties. (a) Vendor entitlements. A vendor shall be entitled to an additional penalty...

75 FR 79978 - Civil Penalties

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-21

... [Docket No. NHTSA-2010-0114; Notice 2] RIN 2127-AK78 Civil Penalties AGENCY: National Highway Traffic... civil penalty amounts for related series of violations of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety... Federal Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990, as amended by the Debt Collection...

20 CFR 416.724 - Amounts of penalty deductions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Amounts of penalty deductions. 416.724 Section 416.724 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME FOR THE AGED, BLIND, AND DISABLED Reports Required Penalty Deductions § 416.724 Amounts of penalty deductions...

20 CFR 416.724 - Amounts of penalty deductions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Amounts of penalty deductions. 416.724 Section 416.724 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME FOR THE AGED, BLIND, AND DISABLED Reports Required Penalty Deductions § 416.724 Amounts of penalty deductions...

48 CFR 32.907 - Interest penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Interest penalties. 32.907... REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Prompt Payment 32.907 Interest penalties. (a) Late payment. The designated payment office will pay an interest penalty automatically, without request from the contractor, when all...

48 CFR 32.907 - Interest penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Interest penalties. 32.907... REQUIREMENTS CONTRACT FINANCING Prompt Payment 32.907 Interest penalties. (a) Late payment. The designated payment office will pay an interest penalty automatically, without request from the contractor, when all...

49 CFR 190.229 - Criminal penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Criminal penalties generally. 190.229 Section 190... PROGRAMS AND RULEMAKING PROCEDURES Enforcement Criminal Penalties § 190.229 Criminal penalties generally... resulting in death, serious bodily harm, or property damage exceeding $50,000; (2) Subsequently damages a...

49 CFR 190.229 - Criminal penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Criminal penalties generally. 190.229 Section 190... PROGRAMS AND RULEMAKING PROCEDURES Enforcement Criminal Penalties § 190.229 Criminal penalties generally... resulting in death, serious bodily harm, or property damage exceeding $50,000; (2) Subsequently damages a...

49 CFR 190.229 - Criminal penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Criminal penalties generally. 190.229 Section 190... ENFORCEMENT AND REGULATORY PROCEDURES Enforcement Criminal Penalties § 190.229 Criminal penalties generally...) Subsequently damages a pipeline facility resulting in death, serious bodily harm, or property damage exceeding...

49 CFR 190.229 - Criminal penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Criminal penalties generally. 190.229 Section 190... PROGRAMS AND RULEMAKING PROCEDURES Enforcement Criminal Penalties § 190.229 Criminal penalties generally... resulting in death, serious bodily harm, or property damage exceeding $50,000; (2) Subsequently damages a...

Hitting the Goalpost: Calculating the Fine Line Between Winning and Losing a Penalty Shootout

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Widenhorn, Ralf

2016-10-01

The Portland Timbers won their first Major League Soccer (MLS) Cup Championship in December 2015. However, if it had not been for a kind double goalpost miss during a penalty shootout a few weeks earlier, the Timbers would never have been in the finals. On Oct. 30th, after what has been called "the greatest penalty kick shootout in MLS history," featuring a combined 22 penalties that included penalties by both goalkeepers, the Timbers won their first-round playoff against Sporting Kansas City. During the thrilling shootout, which can be watched, for example, for example on the MLS website, Sporting had two potentially game-winning penalties miss by the smallest of margins. One penalty bounced off the goalpost back into the field and another was an improbable double post miss. For a physicist, this prompts an interesting research question. Could we find an estimate by what distance the double post penalty shown in Fig. 1 failed to be the game winning shot?

Resource-constrained scheduling with hard due windows and rejection penalties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garcia, Christopher

2016-09-01

This work studies a scheduling problem where each job must be either accepted and scheduled to complete within its specified due window, or rejected altogether. Each job has a certain processing time and contributes a certain profit if accepted or penalty cost if rejected. There is a set of renewable resources, and no resource limit can be exceeded at any time. Each job requires a certain amount of each resource when processed, and the objective is to maximize total profit. A mixed-integer programming formulation and three approximation algorithms are presented: a priority rule heuristic, an algorithm based on the metaheuristic for randomized priority search and an evolutionary algorithm. Computational experiments comparing these four solution methods were performed on a set of generated benchmark problems covering a wide range of problem characteristics. The evolutionary algorithm outperformed the other methods in most cases, often significantly, and never significantly underperformed any method.

Turbofan forced mixer lobe flow modeling. Part 3: Application to augment engines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barber, T.; Moore, G. C.; Blatt, J. R.

1988-01-01

Military engines frequently need large quantities of thrust for short periods of time. The addition of an augmentor can provide such thrust increases but with a penalty of increased duct length and engine weight. The addition of a forced mixer to the augmentor improves performance and reduces the penalty, as well as providing a method for siting the required flame holders. In this report two augmentor concepts are investigated: a swirl-mixer augmentor and a mixer-flameholder augmentor. Several designs for each concept are included and an experimental assessment of one of the swirl-mixer augmentors is presented.

A Poisson equation formulation for pressure calculations in penalty finite element models for viscous incompressible flows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sohn, J. L.; Heinrich, J. C.

1990-01-01

The calculation of pressures when the penalty-function approximation is used in finite-element solutions of laminar incompressible flows is addressed. A Poisson equation for the pressure is formulated that involves third derivatives of the velocity field. The second derivatives appearing in the weak formulation of the Poisson equation are calculated from the C0 velocity approximation using a least-squares method. The present scheme is shown to be efficient, free of spurious oscillations, and accurate. Examples of applications are given and compared with results obtained using mixed formulations.

The energy expenditure of normal and pathologic gait.

PubMed

Waters, R L; Mulroy, S

1999-07-01

Physiological energy expenditure measurement has proven to be a reliable method of quantitatively assessing the penalties imposed by gait disability. The purpose of this review is to outline the basic principles of exercise physiology relevant to human locomotion; detail the energy expenditure of normal walking; and summarize the results of energy expenditure studies performed in patients with specific neurologic and orthopedic disabilities. The magnitude of the disabilities and the patients' capacity to tolerate the increased energy requirements are compared. This paper also will examine the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions at mitigating the energetic penalties of disability during ambulation.

46 CFR 506.1 - Scope and purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... MARITIME COMMISSION GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS CIVIL MONETARY PENALTY INFLATION ADJUSTMENT § 506... for inflation of civil monetary penalties and to adjust such penalties in conformity with the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (28 U.S.C. 2461 note), as amended by the Debt...

10 CFR 1707.401 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Penalties. 1707.401 Section 1707.401 Energy DEFENSE NUCLEAR FACILITIES SAFETY BOARD TESTIMONY BY DNFSB EMPLOYEES AND PRODUCTION OF OFFICIAL RECORDS IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Penalties § 1707.401 Penalties. (a) An employee who discloses official records or information or...

10 CFR 1707.401 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Penalties. 1707.401 Section 1707.401 Energy DEFENSE NUCLEAR FACILITIES SAFETY BOARD TESTIMONY BY DNFSB EMPLOYEES AND PRODUCTION OF OFFICIAL RECORDS IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Penalties § 1707.401 Penalties. (a) An employee who discloses official records or information or...

10 CFR 1707.401 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Penalties. 1707.401 Section 1707.401 Energy DEFENSE NUCLEAR FACILITIES SAFETY BOARD TESTIMONY BY DNFSB EMPLOYEES AND PRODUCTION OF OFFICIAL RECORDS IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Penalties § 1707.401 Penalties. (a) An employee who discloses official records or information or...

10 CFR 1707.401 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Penalties. 1707.401 Section 1707.401 Energy DEFENSE NUCLEAR FACILITIES SAFETY BOARD TESTIMONY BY DNFSB EMPLOYEES AND PRODUCTION OF OFFICIAL RECORDS IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Penalties § 1707.401 Penalties. (a) An employee who discloses official records or information or...

10 CFR 1707.401 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Penalties. 1707.401 Section 1707.401 Energy DEFENSE NUCLEAR FACILITIES SAFETY BOARD TESTIMONY BY DNFSB EMPLOYEES AND PRODUCTION OF OFFICIAL RECORDS IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Penalties § 1707.401 Penalties. (a) An employee who discloses official records or information or...

78 FR 49370 - Inflation Adjustment of Maximum Forfeiture Penalties

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-14

... ``civil monetary penalties provided by law'' at least once every four years. DATES: Effective September 13... increases the maximum civil monetary forfeiture penalties available to the Commission under its rules... maximum civil penalties established in that section to account for inflation since the last adjustment to...

5 CFR 890.1061 - Bases for penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Bases for penalties and assessments. 890.1061 Section 890.1061 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE... Health Care Providers Civil Monetary Penalties and Financial Assessments § 890.1061 Bases for penalties...

5 CFR 890.1061 - Bases for penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Bases for penalties and assessments. 890.1061 Section 890.1061 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE... Health Care Providers Civil Monetary Penalties and Financial Assessments § 890.1061 Bases for penalties...

5 CFR 890.1061 - Bases for penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Bases for penalties and assessments. 890.1061 Section 890.1061 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE... Health Care Providers Civil Monetary Penalties and Financial Assessments § 890.1061 Bases for penalties...

5 CFR 890.1061 - Bases for penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Bases for penalties and assessments. 890.1061 Section 890.1061 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) CIVIL SERVICE... Health Care Providers Civil Monetary Penalties and Financial Assessments § 890.1061 Bases for penalties...

45 CFR 150.343 - Notice of proposed penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... CMS ENFORCEMENT IN GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL INSURANCE MARKETS CMS Enforcement With Respect to Issuers and Non-Federal Governmental Plans-Civil Money Penalties § 150.343 Notice of proposed penalty. If CMS... penalty. The notice includes the following: (a) A description of the HIPAA requirements that CMS has...

43 CFR 4770.2 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Civil penalties. 4770.2 Section 4770.2 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT... HORSES AND BURROS Prohibited Acts, Administrative Remedies, and Penalties § 4770.2 Civil penalties. (a) A...

10 CFR 824.4 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Civil penalties. 824.4 Section 824.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF CIVIL PENALTIES FOR CLASSIFIED INFORMATION SECURITY VIOLATIONS § 824.4 Civil penalties. (a) Any person who violates a classified information protection...

10 CFR 824.4 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Civil penalties. 824.4 Section 824.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF CIVIL PENALTIES FOR CLASSIFIED INFORMATION SECURITY VIOLATIONS § 824.4 Civil penalties. (a) Any person who violates a classified information protection...

43 CFR 4770.2 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Civil penalties. 4770.2 Section 4770.2 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT... HORSES AND BURROS Prohibited Acts, Administrative Remedies, and Penalties § 4770.2 Civil penalties. (a) A...

10 CFR 824.4 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Civil penalties. 824.4 Section 824.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF CIVIL PENALTIES FOR CLASSIFIED INFORMATION SECURITY VIOLATIONS § 824.4 Civil penalties. (a) Any person who violates a classified information protection...

15 CFR 904.106 - Compromise of civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Compromise of civil penalty. 904.106...) NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE GENERAL REGULATIONS CIVIL PROCEDURES Civil Penalties § 904.106 Compromise of civil penalty. (a) NOAA, in its sole discretion, may...

43 CFR 4770.2 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil penalties. 4770.2 Section 4770.2 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT... HORSES AND BURROS Prohibited Acts, Administrative Remedies, and Penalties § 4770.2 Civil penalties. (a) A...

43 CFR 4770.2 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil penalties. 4770.2 Section 4770.2 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT... HORSES AND BURROS Prohibited Acts, Administrative Remedies, and Penalties § 4770.2 Civil penalties. (a) A...

10 CFR 824.4 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Civil penalties. 824.4 Section 824.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PROCEDURAL RULES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF CIVIL PENALTIES FOR CLASSIFIED INFORMATION SECURITY VIOLATIONS § 824.4 Civil penalties. (a) Any person who violates a classified information protection...

14 CFR 13.305 - Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... monetary penalties. 13.305 Section 13.305 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PROCEDURAL RULES INVESTIGATIVE AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustment § 13.305 Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties. (a) Except for the...

14 CFR 13.305 - Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... monetary penalties. 13.305 Section 13.305 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PROCEDURAL RULES INVESTIGATIVE AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustment § 13.305 Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties. (a) Except for the...

49 CFR 225.29 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... persons, or has caused death or injury, a penalty not to exceed $105,000 per violation may be assessed... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Penalties. 225.29 Section 225.29 Transportation... TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD ACCIDENTS/INCIDENTS: REPORTS CLASSIFICATION, AND INVESTIGATIONS § 225.29 Penalties. Any...

49 CFR 209.409 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., or has caused death or injury, a penalty not to exceed $100,000 per violation may be assessed. Each... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Penalties. 209.409 Section 209.409 Transportation... TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Reporting of Remedial Actions § 209.409 Penalties. Any...

14 CFR 13.305 - Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... monetary penalties. 13.305 Section 13.305 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PROCEDURAL RULES INVESTIGATIVE AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustment § 13.305 Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties. (a) Except for the...

14 CFR 13.305 - Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... monetary penalties. 13.305 Section 13.305 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PROCEDURAL RULES INVESTIGATIVE AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustment § 13.305 Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties. (a) Except for the...