Advantages of soft versus hard constraints in self-modeling curve resolution problems. Alternating least squares with penalty functions.

PubMed

Gemperline, Paul J; Cash, Eric

2003-08-15

A new algorithm for self-modeling curve resolution (SMCR) that yields improved results by incorporating soft constraints is described. The method uses least squares penalty functions to implement constraints in an alternating least squares algorithm, including nonnegativity, unimodality, equality, and closure constraints. By using least squares penalty functions, soft constraints are formulated rather than hard constraints. Significant benefits are (obtained using soft constraints, especially in the form of fewer distortions due to noise in resolved profiles. Soft equality constraints can also be used to introduce incomplete or partial reference information into SMCR solutions. Four different examples demonstrating application of the new method are presented, including resolution of overlapped HPLC-DAD peaks, flow injection analysis data, and batch reaction data measured by UV/visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Each example was selected to show one aspect of the significant advantages of soft constraints over traditionally used hard constraints. Incomplete or partial reference information into self-modeling curve resolution models is described. The method offers a substantial improvement in the ability to resolve time-dependent concentration profiles from mixture spectra recorded as a function of time.

On Quantile Regression in Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces with Data Sparsity Constraint

PubMed Central

Zhang, Chong; Liu, Yufeng; Wu, Yichao

2015-01-01

For spline regressions, it is well known that the choice of knots is crucial for the performance of the estimator. As a general learning framework covering the smoothing splines, learning in a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS) has a similar issue. However, the selection of training data points for kernel functions in the RKHS representation has not been carefully studied in the literature. In this paper we study quantile regression as an example of learning in a RKHS. In this case, the regular squared norm penalty does not perform training data selection. We propose a data sparsity constraint that imposes thresholding on the kernel function coefficients to achieve a sparse kernel function representation. We demonstrate that the proposed data sparsity method can have competitive prediction performance for certain situations, and have comparable performance in other cases compared to that of the traditional squared norm penalty. Therefore, the data sparsity method can serve as a competitive alternative to the squared norm penalty method. Some theoretical properties of our proposed method using the data sparsity constraint are obtained. Both simulated and real data sets are used to demonstrate the usefulness of our data sparsity constraint. PMID:27134575

Assessment of Blood Glucose Control in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: Extension of the Glycemic Penalty Index toward Children and Infants

PubMed Central

Van Herpe, Tom; Gielen, Marijke; Vanhonsebrouck, Koen; Wouters, Pieter J; Van den Berghe, Greet; De Moor, Bart; Mesotten, Dieter

2011-01-01

Background: The glycemic penalty index (GPI) is a measure to assess blood glucose (BG) control in critically ill adult patients but needs to be adapted for children and infants. Method: The squared differences between a clinical expertise penalty function and the corresponding polynomial function are minimized for optimization purposes. The average of all penalties (individually assigned to all BG readings) represents the patient-specific GPI. Results: Penalization in the hypoglycemic range is more severe than in the hyperglycemic range as the developing brains of infants and children may be more vulnerable to hypoglycemia. Similarly, hypoglycemia is also more heavily penalized in infants than in children. Conclusions: Extending the adult GPI toward the age-specific GPI is an important methodological step. Long-term clinical studies are needed to determine the clinically acceptable GPI cut-off level. PMID:21527105

SU-F-18C-14: Hessian-Based Norm Penalty for Weighted Least-Square CBCT Reconstruction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sun, T; Sun, N; Tan, S

Purpose: To develop a Hessian-based norm penalty for cone-beam CT (CBCT) reconstruction that has a similar ability in suppressing noise as the total variation (TV) penalty while avoiding the staircase effect and better preserving low-contrast objects. Methods: We extended the TV penalty to a Hessian-based norm penalty based on the Frobenius norm of the Hessian matrix of an image for CBCT reconstruction. The objective function was constructed using the penalized weighted least-square (PWLS) principle. An effective algorithm was developed to minimize the objective function using a majorization-minimization (MM) approach. We evaluated and compared the proposed penalty with the TV penaltymore » on a CatPhan 600 phantom and an anthropomorphic head phantom, each acquired at a low-dose protocol (10mA/10ms) and a high-dose protocol (80mA/12ms). For both penalties, contrast-to-noise (CNR) in four low-contrast regions-of-interest (ROIs) and the full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of two point-like objects in constructed images were calculated and compared. Results: In the experiment of CatPhan 600 phantom, the Hessian-based norm penalty has slightly higher CNRs and approximately equivalent FWHM values compared with the TV penalty. In the experiment of the anthropomorphic head phantom at the low-dose protocol, the TV penalty result has several artificial piece-wise constant areas known as the staircase effect while in the Hessian-based norm penalty the image appears smoother and more similar to that of the FDK result using the high-dose protocol. Conclusion: The proposed Hessian-based norm penalty has a similar performance in suppressing noise to the TV penalty, but has a potential advantage in suppressing the staircase effect and preserving low-contrast objects. This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC), under Grant Nos. 60971112 and 61375018, and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, under Grant No. 2012QN086.« less

Critical evaluation of methods to incorporate entropy loss upon binding in high-throughput docking.

PubMed

Salaniwal, Sumeet; Manas, Eric S; Alvarez, Juan C; Unwalla, Rayomand J

2007-02-01

Proper accounting of the positional/orientational/conformational entropy loss associated with protein-ligand binding is important to obtain reliable predictions of binding affinity. Herein, we critically examine two simplified statistical mechanics-based approaches, namely a constant penalty per rotor method, and a more rigorous method, referred to here as the partition function-based scoring (PFS) method, to account for such entropy losses in high-throughput docking calculations. Our results on the estrogen receptor beta and dihydrofolate reductase proteins demonstrate that, while the constant penalty method over-penalizes molecules for their conformational flexibility, the PFS method behaves in a more "DeltaG-like" manner by penalizing different rotors differently depending on their residual entropy in the bound state. Furthermore, in contrast to no entropic penalty or the constant penalty approximation, the PFS method does not exhibit any bias towards either rigid or flexible molecules in the hit list. Preliminary enrichment studies using a lead-like random molecular database suggest that an accurate representation of the "true" energy landscape of the protein-ligand complex is critical for reliable predictions of relative binding affinities by the PFS method. Copyright 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Penalization of aperture complexity in inversely planned volumetric modulated arc therapy

PubMed Central

Younge, Kelly C.; Matuszak, Martha M.; Moran, Jean M.; McShan, Daniel L.; Fraass, Benedick A.; Roberts, Donald A.

2012-01-01

Purpose: Apertures obtained during volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) planning can be small and irregular, resulting in dosimetric inaccuracies during delivery. Our purpose is to develop and integrate an aperture-regularization objective function into the optimization process for VMAT, and to quantify the impact of using this objective function on dose delivery accuracy and optimized dose distributions. Methods: An aperture-based metric (“edge penalty”) was developed that penalizes complex aperture shapes based on the ratio of MLC side edge length and aperture area. To assess the utility of the metric, VMAT plans were created for example paraspinal, brain, and liver SBRT cases with and without incorporating the edge penalty in the cost function. To investigate the dose calculation accuracy, Gafchromic EBT2 film was used to measure the 15 highest weighted apertures individually and as a composite from each of two paraspinal plans: one with and one without the edge penalty applied. Films were analyzed using a triple-channel nonuniformity correction and measurements were compared directly to calculations. Results: Apertures generated with the edge penalty were larger, more regularly shaped and required up to 30% fewer monitor units than those created without the edge penalty. Dose volume histogram analysis showed that the changes in doses to targets, organs at risk, and normal tissues were negligible. Edge penalty apertures that were measured with film for the paraspinal plan showed a notable decrease in the number of pixels disagreeing with calculation by more than 10%. For a 5% dose passing criterion, the number of pixels passing in the composite dose distributions for the non-edge penalty and edge penalty plans were 52% and 96%, respectively. Employing gamma with 3% dose/1 mm distance criteria resulted in a 79.5% (without penalty)/95.4% (with penalty) pass rate for the two plans. Gradient compensation of 3%/1 mm resulted in 83.3%/96.2% pass rates. Conclusions: The use of the edge penalty during optimization has the potential to markedly improve dose delivery accuracy for VMAT plans while still maintaining high quality optimized dose distributions. The penalty regularizes aperture shape and improves delivery efficiency. PMID:23127107

Research on an augmented Lagrangian penalty function algorithm for nonlinear programming

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Frair, L.

1978-01-01

The augmented Lagrangian (ALAG) Penalty Function Algorithm for optimizing nonlinear mathematical models is discussed. The mathematical models of interest are deterministic in nature and finite dimensional optimization is assumed. A detailed review of penalty function techniques in general and the ALAG technique in particular is presented. Numerical experiments are conducted utilizing a number of nonlinear optimization problems to identify an efficient ALAG Penalty Function Technique for computer implementation.

Quantitative phase and amplitude imaging using Differential-Interference Contrast (DIC) microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Preza, Chrysanthe; O'Sullivan, Joseph A.

2009-02-01

We present an extension of the development of an alternating minimization (AM) method for the computation of a specimen's complex transmittance function (magnitude and phase) from DIC images. The ability to extract both quantitative phase and amplitude information from two rotationally-diverse DIC images (i.e., acquired by rotating the sample) extends previous efforts in computational DIC microscopy that have focused on quantitative phase imaging only. Simulation results show that the inverse problem at hand is sensitive to noise as well as to the choice of the AM algorithm parameters. The AM framework allows constraints and penalties on the magnitude and phase estimates to be incorporated in a principled manner. Towards this end, Green and De Pierro's "log-cosh" regularization penalty is applied to the magnitude of differences of neighboring values of the complex-valued function of the specimen during the AM iterations. The penalty is shown to be convex in the complex space. A procedure to approximate the penalty within the iterations is presented. In addition, a methodology to pre-compute AM parameters that are optimal with respect to the convergence rate of the AM algorithm is also presented. Both extensions of the AM method are investigated with simulations.

Comparison of some optimal control methods for the design of turbine blades

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Desilva, B. M. E.; Grant, G. N. C.

1977-01-01

This paper attempts a comparative study of some numerical methods for the optimal control design of turbine blades whose vibration characteristics are approximated by Timoshenko beam idealizations with shear and incorporating simple boundary conditions. The blade was synthesized using the following methods: (1) conjugate gradient minimization of the system Hamiltonian in function space incorporating penalty function transformations, (2) projection operator methods in a function space which includes the frequencies of vibration and the control function, (3) epsilon-technique penalty function transformation resulting in a highly nonlinear programming problem, (4) finite difference discretization of the state equations again resulting in a nonlinear program, (5) second variation methods with complex state differential equations to include damping effects resulting in systems of inhomogeneous matrix Riccatti equations some of which are stiff, (6) quasi-linear methods based on iterative linearization of the state and adjoint equation. The paper includes a discussion of some substantial computational difficulties encountered in the implementation of these techniques together with a resume of work presently in progress using a differential dynamic programming approach.

An historical survey of computational methods in optimal control.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Polak, E.

1973-01-01

Review of some of the salient theoretical developments in the specific area of optimal control algorithms. The first algorithms for optimal control were aimed at unconstrained problems and were derived by using first- and second-variation methods of the calculus of variations. These methods have subsequently been recognized as gradient, Newton-Raphson, or Gauss-Newton methods in function space. A much more recent addition to the arsenal of unconstrained optimal control algorithms are several variations of conjugate-gradient methods. At first, constrained optimal control problems could only be solved by exterior penalty function methods. Later algorithms specifically designed for constrained problems have appeared. Among these are methods for solving the unconstrained linear quadratic regulator problem, as well as certain constrained minimum-time and minimum-energy problems. Differential-dynamic programming was developed from dynamic programming considerations. The conditional-gradient method, the gradient-projection method, and a couple of feasible directions methods were obtained as extensions or adaptations of related algorithms for finite-dimensional problems. Finally, the so-called epsilon-methods combine the Ritz method with penalty function techniques.

Spatiotemporal reconstruction of list-mode PET data.

PubMed

Nichols, Thomas E; Qi, Jinyi; Asma, Evren; Leahy, Richard M

2002-04-01

We describe a method for computing a continuous time estimate of tracer density using list-mode positron emission tomography data. The rate function in each voxel is modeled as an inhomogeneous Poisson process whose rate function can be represented using a cubic B-spline basis. The rate functions are estimated by maximizing the likelihood of the arrival times of detected photon pairs over the control vertices of the spline, modified by quadratic spatial and temporal smoothness penalties and a penalty term to enforce nonnegativity. Randoms rate functions are estimated by assuming independence between the spatial and temporal randoms distributions. Similarly, scatter rate functions are estimated by assuming spatiotemporal independence and that the temporal distribution of the scatter is proportional to the temporal distribution of the trues. A quantitative evaluation was performed using simulated data and the method is also demonstrated in a human study using 11C-raclopride.

Identification of moving vehicle forces on bridge structures via moving average Tikhonov regularization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Chu-Dong; Yu, Ling; Liu, Huan-Lin

2017-08-01

Traffic-induced moving force identification (MFI) is a typical inverse problem in the field of bridge structural health monitoring. Lots of regularization-based methods have been proposed for MFI. However, the MFI accuracy obtained from the existing methods is low when the moving forces enter into and exit a bridge deck due to low sensitivity of structural responses to the forces at these zones. To overcome this shortcoming, a novel moving average Tikhonov regularization method is proposed for MFI by combining with the moving average concepts. Firstly, the bridge-vehicle interaction moving force is assumed as a discrete finite signal with stable average value (DFS-SAV). Secondly, the reasonable signal feature of DFS-SAV is quantified and introduced for improving the penalty function (∣∣x∣∣2 2) defined in the classical Tikhonov regularization. Then, a feasible two-step strategy is proposed for selecting regularization parameter and balance coefficient defined in the improved penalty function. Finally, both numerical simulations on a simply-supported beam and laboratory experiments on a hollow tube beam are performed for assessing the accuracy and the feasibility of the proposed method. The illustrated results show that the moving forces can be accurately identified with a strong robustness. Some related issues, such as selection of moving window length, effect of different penalty functions, and effect of different car speeds, are discussed as well.

Application of L1-norm regularization to epicardial potential reconstruction based on gradient projection.

PubMed

Wang, Liansheng; Qin, Jing; Wong, Tien Tsin; Heng, Pheng Ann

2011-10-07

The epicardial potential (EP)-targeted inverse problem of electrocardiography (ECG) has been widely investigated as it is demonstrated that EPs reflect underlying myocardial activity. It is a well-known ill-posed problem as small noises in input data may yield a highly unstable solution. Traditionally, L2-norm regularization methods have been proposed to solve this ill-posed problem. But the L2-norm penalty function inherently leads to considerable smoothing of the solution, which reduces the accuracy of distinguishing abnormalities and locating diseased regions. Directly using the L1-norm penalty function, however, may greatly increase computational complexity due to its non-differentiability. We propose an L1-norm regularization method in order to reduce the computational complexity and make rapid convergence possible. Variable splitting is employed to make the L1-norm penalty function differentiable based on the observation that both positive and negative potentials exist on the epicardial surface. Then, the inverse problem of ECG is further formulated as a bound-constrained quadratic problem, which can be efficiently solved by gradient projection in an iterative manner. Extensive experiments conducted on both synthetic data and real data demonstrate that the proposed method can handle both measurement noise and geometry noise and obtain more accurate results than previous L2- and L1-norm regularization methods, especially when the noises are large.

Genetic algorithm-based multi-objective optimal absorber system for three-dimensional seismic structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ren, Wenjie; Li, Hongnan; Song, Gangbing; Huo, Linsheng

2009-03-01

The problem of optimizing an absorber system for three-dimensional seismic structures is addressed. The objective is to determine the number and position of absorbers to minimize the coupling effects of translation-torsion of structures at minimum cost. A procedure for a multi-objective optimization problem is developed by integrating a dominance-based selection operator and a dominance-based penalty function method. Based on the two-branch tournament genetic algorithm, the selection operator is constructed by evaluating individuals according to their dominance in one run. The technique guarantees the better performing individual winning its competition, provides a slight selection pressure toward individuals and maintains diversity in the population. Moreover, due to the evaluation for individuals in each generation being finished in one run, less computational effort is taken. Penalty function methods are generally used to transform a constrained optimization problem into an unconstrained one. The dominance-based penalty function contains necessary information on non-dominated character and infeasible position of an individual, essential for success in seeking a Pareto optimal set. The proposed approach is used to obtain a set of non-dominated designs for a six-storey three-dimensional building with shape memory alloy dampers subjected to earthquake.

Convex composite wavelet frame and total variation-based image deblurring using nonconvex penalty functions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, Zhengwei; Cheng, Lishuang

2017-09-01

Total variation (TV)-based image deblurring method can bring on staircase artifacts in the homogenous region of the latent images recovered from the degraded images while a wavelet/frame-based image deblurring method will lead to spurious noise spikes and pseudo-Gibbs artifacts in the vicinity of discontinuities of the latent images. To suppress these artifacts efficiently, we propose a nonconvex composite wavelet/frame and TV-based image deblurring model. In this model, the wavelet/frame and the TV-based methods may complement each other, which are verified by theoretical analysis and experimental results. To further improve the quality of the latent images, nonconvex penalty function is used to be the regularization terms of the model, which may induce a stronger sparse solution and will more accurately estimate the relative large gradient or wavelet/frame coefficients of the latent images. In addition, by choosing a suitable parameter to the nonconvex penalty function, the subproblem that splits by the alternative direction method of multipliers algorithm from the proposed model can be guaranteed to be a convex optimization problem; hence, each subproblem can converge to a global optimum. The mean doubly augmented Lagrangian and the isotropic split Bregman algorithms are used to solve these convex subproblems where the designed proximal operator is used to reduce the computational complexity of the algorithms. Extensive numerical experiments indicate that the proposed model and algorithms are comparable to other state-of-the-art model and methods.

Direct Reconstruction of CT-Based Attenuation Correction Images for PET With Cluster-Based Penalties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Soo Mee; Alessio, Adam M.; De Man, Bruno; Kinahan, Paul E.

2017-03-01

Extremely low-dose (LD) CT acquisitions used for PET attenuation correction have high levels of noise and potential bias artifacts due to photon starvation. This paper explores the use of a priori knowledge for iterative image reconstruction of the CT-based attenuation map. We investigate a maximum a posteriori framework with cluster-based multinomial penalty for direct iterative coordinate decent (dICD) reconstruction of the PET attenuation map. The objective function for direct iterative attenuation map reconstruction used a Poisson log-likelihood data fit term and evaluated two image penalty terms of spatial and mixture distributions. The spatial regularization is based on a quadratic penalty. For the mixture penalty, we assumed that the attenuation map may consist of four material clusters: air + background, lung, soft tissue, and bone. Using simulated noisy sinogram data, dICD reconstruction was performed with different strengths of the spatial and mixture penalties. The combined spatial and mixture penalties reduced the root mean squared error (RMSE) by roughly two times compared with a weighted least square and filtered backprojection reconstruction of CT images. The combined spatial and mixture penalties resulted in only slightly lower RMSE compared with a spatial quadratic penalty alone. For direct PET attenuation map reconstruction from ultra-LD CT acquisitions, the combination of spatial and mixture penalties offers regularization of both variance and bias and is a potential method to reconstruct attenuation maps with negligible patient dose. The presented results, using a best-case histogram suggest that the mixture penalty does not offer a substantive benefit over conventional quadratic regularization and diminishes enthusiasm for exploring future application of the mixture penalty.

Task-based statistical image reconstruction for high-quality cone-beam CT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dang, Hao; Webster Stayman, J.; Xu, Jennifer; Zbijewski, Wojciech; Sisniega, Alejandro; Mow, Michael; Wang, Xiaohui; Foos, David H.; Aygun, Nafi; Koliatsos, Vassilis E.; Siewerdsen, Jeffrey H.

2017-11-01

Task-based analysis of medical imaging performance underlies many ongoing efforts in the development of new imaging systems. In statistical image reconstruction, regularization is often formulated in terms to encourage smoothness and/or sharpness (e.g. a linear, quadratic, or Huber penalty) but without explicit formulation of the task. We propose an alternative regularization approach in which a spatially varying penalty is determined that maximizes task-based imaging performance at every location in a 3D image. We apply the method to model-based image reconstruction (MBIR—viz., penalized weighted least-squares, PWLS) in cone-beam CT (CBCT) of the head, focusing on the task of detecting a small, low-contrast intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and we test the performance of the algorithm in the context of a recently developed CBCT prototype for point-of-care imaging of brain injury. Theoretical predictions of local spatial resolution and noise are computed via an optimization by which regularization (specifically, the quadratic penalty strength) is allowed to vary throughout the image to maximize local task-based detectability index ({{d}\\prime} ). Simulation studies and test-bench experiments were performed using an anthropomorphic head phantom. Three PWLS implementations were tested: conventional (constant) penalty; a certainty-based penalty derived to enforce constant point-spread function, PSF; and the task-based penalty derived to maximize local detectability at each location. Conventional (constant) regularization exhibited a fairly strong degree of spatial variation in {{d}\\prime} , and the certainty-based method achieved uniform PSF, but each exhibited a reduction in detectability compared to the task-based method, which improved detectability up to ~15%. The improvement was strongest in areas of high attenuation (skull base), where the conventional and certainty-based methods tended to over-smooth the data. The task-driven reconstruction method presents a promising regularization method in MBIR by explicitly incorporating task-based imaging performance as the objective. The results demonstrate improved ICH conspicuity and support the development of high-quality CBCT systems.

On the expected discounted penalty functions for two classes of risk processes under a threshold dividend strategy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Zhaoyang; Xu, Wei; Sun, Decai; Han, Weiguo

2009-10-01

In this paper, the discounted penalty (Gerber-Shiu) functions for a risk model involving two independent classes of insurance risks under a threshold dividend strategy are developed. We also assume that the two claim number processes are independent Poisson and generalized Erlang (2) processes, respectively. When the surplus is above this threshold level, dividends are paid at a constant rate that does not exceed the premium rate. Two systems of integro-differential equations for discounted penalty functions are derived, based on whether the surplus is above this threshold level. Laplace transformations of the discounted penalty functions when the surplus is below the threshold level are obtained. And we also derive a system of renewal equations satisfied by the discounted penalty function with initial surplus above the threshold strategy via the Dickson-Hipp operator. Finally, analytical solutions of the two systems of integro-differential equations are presented.

Coherence penalty functional: A simple method for adding decoherence in Ehrenfest dynamics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Akimov, Alexey V., E-mail: alexvakimov@gmail.com, E-mail: oleg.prezhdo@rochester.edu; Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973; Long, Run

2014-05-21

We present a new semiclassical approach for description of decoherence in electronically non-adiabatic molecular dynamics. The method is formulated on the grounds of the Ehrenfest dynamics and the Meyer-Miller-Thoss-Stock mapping of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation onto a fully classical Hamiltonian representation. We introduce a coherence penalty functional (CPF) that accounts for decoherence effects by randomizing the wavefunction phase and penalizing development of coherences in regions of strong non-adiabatic coupling. The performance of the method is demonstrated with several model and realistic systems. Compared to other semiclassical methods tested, the CPF method eliminates artificial interference and improves agreement with the fullymore » quantum calculations on the models. When applied to study electron transfer dynamics in the nanoscale systems, the method shows an improved accuracy of the predicted time scales. The simplicity and high computational efficiency of the CPF approach make it a perfect practical candidate for applications in realistic systems.« less

A Path Algorithm for Constrained Estimation

PubMed Central

Zhou, Hua; Lange, Kenneth

2013-01-01

Many least-square problems involve affine equality and inequality constraints. Although there are a variety of methods for solving such problems, most statisticians find constrained estimation challenging. The current article proposes a new path-following algorithm for quadratic programming that replaces hard constraints by what are called exact penalties. Similar penalties arise in l1 regularization in model selection. In the regularization setting, penalties encapsulate prior knowledge, and penalized parameter estimates represent a trade-off between the observed data and the prior knowledge. Classical penalty methods of optimization, such as the quadratic penalty method, solve a sequence of unconstrained problems that put greater and greater stress on meeting the constraints. In the limit as the penalty constant tends to ∞, one recovers the constrained solution. In the exact penalty method, squared penalties!are replaced by absolute value penalties, and the solution is recovered for a finite value of the penalty constant. The exact path-following method starts at the unconstrained solution and follows the solution path as the penalty constant increases. In the process, the solution path hits, slides along, and exits from the various constraints. Path following in Lasso penalized regression, in contrast, starts with a large value of the penalty constant and works its way downward. In both settings, inspection of the entire solution path is revealing. Just as with the Lasso and generalized Lasso, it is possible to plot the effective degrees of freedom along the solution path. For a strictly convex quadratic program, the exact penalty algorithm can be framed entirely in terms of the sweep operator of regression analysis. A few well-chosen examples illustrate the mechanics and potential of path following. This article has supplementary materials available online. PMID:24039382

Inverse determination of the penalty parameter in penalized weighted least-squares algorithm for noise reduction of low-dose CBCT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Jing; Guan, Huaiqun; Solberg, Timothy

2011-07-15

Purpose: A statistical projection restoration algorithm based on the penalized weighted least-squares (PWLS) criterion can substantially improve the image quality of low-dose CBCT images. The performance of PWLS is largely dependent on the choice of the penalty parameter. Previously, the penalty parameter was chosen empirically by trial and error. In this work, the authors developed an inverse technique to calculate the penalty parameter in PWLS for noise suppression of low-dose CBCT in image guided radiotherapy (IGRT). Methods: In IGRT, a daily CBCT is acquired for the same patient during a treatment course. In this work, the authors acquired the CBCTmore » with a high-mAs protocol for the first session and then a lower mAs protocol for the subsequent sessions. The high-mAs projections served as the goal (ideal) toward, which the low-mAs projections were to be smoothed by minimizing the PWLS objective function. The penalty parameter was determined through an inverse calculation of the derivative of the objective function incorporating both the high and low-mAs projections. Then the parameter obtained can be used for PWLS to smooth the noise in low-dose projections. CBCT projections for a CatPhan 600 and an anthropomorphic head phantom, as well as for a brain patient, were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique. Results: The penalty parameter in PWLS was obtained for each CBCT projection using the proposed strategy. The noise in the low-dose CBCT images reconstructed from the smoothed projections was greatly suppressed. Image quality in PWLS-processed low-dose CBCT was comparable to its corresponding high-dose CBCT. Conclusions: A technique was proposed to estimate the penalty parameter for PWLS algorithm. It provides an objective and efficient way to obtain the penalty parameter for image restoration algorithms that require predefined smoothing parameters.« less

Advantages of soft versus hard constraints in self-modeling curve resolution problems. Penalty alternating least squares (P-ALS) extension to multi-way problems.

PubMed

Richards, Selena; Miller, Robert; Gemperline, Paul

2008-02-01

An extension to the penalty alternating least squares (P-ALS) method, called multi-way penalty alternating least squares (NWAY P-ALS), is presented. Optionally, hard constraints (no deviation from predefined constraints) or soft constraints (small deviations from predefined constraints) were applied through the application of a row-wise penalty least squares function. NWAY P-ALS was applied to the multi-batch near-infrared (NIR) data acquired from the base catalyzed esterification reaction of acetic anhydride in order to resolve the concentration and spectral profiles of l-butanol with the reaction constituents. Application of the NWAY P-ALS approach resulted in the reduction of the number of active constraints at the solution point, while the batch column-wise augmentation allowed hard constraints in the spectral profiles and resolved rank deficiency problems of the measurement matrix. The results were compared with the multi-way multivariate curve resolution (MCR)-ALS results using hard and soft constraints to determine whether any advantages had been gained through using the weighted least squares function of NWAY P-ALS over the MCR-ALS resolution.

49 CFR 1503.603 - Separation of functions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Rules of Practice in TSA Civil Penalty Actions § 1503.603 Separation of functions. (a) Civil penalty... the ALJ or by the TSA decision maker on appeal, except as counsel or a witness in the public... advise the TSA decision maker regarding an initial decision or any appeal of a civil penalty action to...

Hybrid genetic algorithm with an adaptive penalty function for fitting multimodal experimental data: application to exchange-coupled non-Kramers binuclear iron active sites.

PubMed

Beaser, Eric; Schwartz, Jennifer K; Bell, Caleb B; Solomon, Edward I

2011-09-26

A Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a stochastic optimization technique based on the mechanisms of biological evolution. These algorithms have been successfully applied in many fields to solve a variety of complex nonlinear problems. While they have been used with some success in chemical problems such as fitting spectroscopic and kinetic data, many have avoided their use due to the unconstrained nature of the fitting process. In engineering, this problem is now being addressed through incorporation of adaptive penalty functions, but their transfer to other fields has been slow. This study updates the Nanakorrn Adaptive Penalty function theory, expanding its validity beyond maximization problems to minimization as well. The expanded theory, using a hybrid genetic algorithm with an adaptive penalty function, was applied to analyze variable temperature variable field magnetic circular dichroism (VTVH MCD) spectroscopic data collected on exchange coupled Fe(II)Fe(II) enzyme active sites. The data obtained are described by a complex nonlinear multimodal solution space with at least 6 to 13 interdependent variables and are costly to search efficiently. The use of the hybrid GA is shown to improve the probability of detecting the global optimum. It also provides large gains in computational and user efficiency. This method allows a full search of a multimodal solution space, greatly improving the quality and confidence in the final solution obtained, and can be applied to other complex systems such as fitting of other spectroscopic or kinetics data.

Transform methods for precision continuum and control models of flexible space structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lupi, Victor D.; Turner, James D.; Chun, Hon M.

1991-01-01

An open loop optimal control algorithm is developed for general flexible structures, based on Laplace transform methods. A distributed parameter model of the structure is first presented, followed by a derivation of the optimal control algorithm. The control inputs are expressed in terms of their Fourier series expansions, so that a numerical solution can be easily obtained. The algorithm deals directly with the transcendental transfer functions from control inputs to outputs of interest, and structural deformation penalties, as well as penalties on control effort, are included in the formulation. The algorithm is applied to several structures of increasing complexity to show its generality.

Functional Principal Component Analysis and Randomized Sparse Clustering Algorithm for Medical Image Analysis

PubMed Central

Lin, Nan; Jiang, Junhai; Guo, Shicheng; Xiong, Momiao

2015-01-01

Due to the advancement in sensor technology, the growing large medical image data have the ability to visualize the anatomical changes in biological tissues. As a consequence, the medical images have the potential to enhance the diagnosis of disease, the prediction of clinical outcomes and the characterization of disease progression. But in the meantime, the growing data dimensions pose great methodological and computational challenges for the representation and selection of features in image cluster analysis. To address these challenges, we first extend the functional principal component analysis (FPCA) from one dimension to two dimensions to fully capture the space variation of image the signals. The image signals contain a large number of redundant features which provide no additional information for clustering analysis. The widely used methods for removing the irrelevant features are sparse clustering algorithms using a lasso-type penalty to select the features. However, the accuracy of clustering using a lasso-type penalty depends on the selection of the penalty parameters and the threshold value. In practice, they are difficult to determine. Recently, randomized algorithms have received a great deal of attentions in big data analysis. This paper presents a randomized algorithm for accurate feature selection in image clustering analysis. The proposed method is applied to both the liver and kidney cancer histology image data from the TCGA database. The results demonstrate that the randomized feature selection method coupled with functional principal component analysis substantially outperforms the current sparse clustering algorithms in image cluster analysis. PMID:26196383

MO-FG-CAMPUS-IeP2-04: Multiple Penalties with Different Orders for Structure Adaptive CBCT Reconstruction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shi, Q; Cheng, P; Tan, S

2016-06-15

Purpose: To combine total variation (TV) and Hessian penalty in a structure adaptive way for cone-beam CT (CBCT) reconstruction. Methods: TV is a widely used first order penalty with good ability in suppressing noise and preserving edges but leads to the staircase effect in regions with smooth intensity transition. The second order Hessian penalty can effectively suppress the staircase effect with extra cost of blurring object edges. To take the best of both penalties we proposed a novel method to combine both for CBCT reconstruction in a structure adaptive way. The proposed method adaptively determined the weight of each penaltymore » according to the geometry of local regions. An specially-designed exponent term with image gradient involved was used to characterize the local geometry such that the weights for Hessian and TV were 1 and 0 respectively at uniform local regions and 0 and 1 at edge regions. For other local regions the weights varied from 0 to 1. The objective functional was minimized using the majorzationminimization approach. We evaluated the proposed method on a modified 3D shepp-logan and a CatPhan 600 phantom. The full-width-at-halfmaximum (FWHM) and contrast-to-noise (CNR) were calculated. Results: For 3D shepp-logan the reconstructed images using TV had an obvious staircase effect while those using the proposed method and Hessian preserved the smooth transition regions well. FWHMs of the proposed method TV and Hessian penalty were 1.75 1.61 and 3.16 respectively, indicating that both TV and the proposed method is able to preserve edges. For CatPhan 600 CNR values of the proposed method were similar to those of TV and Hessian. Conclusion: The proposed method retains favorable properties of TV like preserving edges and also has the ability in better preserving gradual transition structure as Hessian does. All methods performs similarly in suppressing noise. This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) under Grant Nos.60971112 and 61375018 grants from the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP130109 and RP110562-P2) National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01 EB020366) and a grant from the American Cancer Society (RSG-13-326-01-CCE).« less

Moving object detection via low-rank total variation regularization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Pengcheng; Chen, Qian; Shao, Na

2016-09-01

Moving object detection is a challenging task in video surveillance. Recently proposed Robust Principal Component Analysis (RPCA) can recover the outlier patterns from the low-rank data under some mild conditions. However, the l-penalty in RPCA doesn't work well in moving object detection because the irrepresentable condition is often not satisfied. In this paper, a method based on total variation (TV) regularization scheme is proposed. In our model, image sequences captured with a static camera are highly related, which can be described using a low-rank matrix. Meanwhile, the low-rank matrix can absorb background motion, e.g. periodic and random perturbation. The foreground objects in the sequence are usually sparsely distributed and drifting continuously, and can be treated as group outliers from the highly-related background scenes. Instead of l-penalty, we exploit the total variation of the foreground. By minimizing the total variation energy, the outliers tend to collapse and finally converge to be the exact moving objects. The TV-penalty is superior to the l-penalty especially when the outlier is in the majority for some pixels, and our method can estimate the outlier explicitly with less bias but higher variance. To solve the problem, a joint optimization function is formulated and can be effectively solved through the inexact Augmented Lagrange Multiplier (ALM) method. We evaluate our method along with several state-of-the-art approaches in MATLAB. Both qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate that our proposed method works effectively on a large range of complex scenarios.

A numerical procedure for transient free surface seepage through fracture networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Qinghui; Ye, Zuyang; Zhou, Chuangbing

2014-11-01

A parabolic variational inequality (PVI) formulation is presented for the transient free surface seepage problem defined for a whole fracture network. Because the seepage faces are specified as Signorini-type conditions, the PVI formulation can effectively eliminate the singularity of spillpoints that evolve with time. By introducing a continuous penalty function to replace the original Heaviside function, a finite element procedure based on the PVI formulation is developed to predict the transient free surface response in the fracture network. The effects of the penalty parameter on the solution precision are analyzed. A relative error formula for evaluating the flow losses at steady state caused by the penalty parameter is obtained. To validate the proposed method, three typical examples are solved. The solutions for the first example are compared with the experimental results. The results from the last two examples further demonstrate that the orientation, extent and density of fractures significantly affect the free surface seepage behavior in the fracture network.

A partially penalty immersed Crouzeix-Raviart finite element method for interface problems.

PubMed

An, Na; Yu, Xijun; Chen, Huanzhen; Huang, Chaobao; Liu, Zhongyan

2017-01-01

The elliptic equations with discontinuous coefficients are often used to describe the problems of the multiple materials or fluids with different densities or conductivities or diffusivities. In this paper we develop a partially penalty immersed finite element (PIFE) method on triangular grids for anisotropic flow models, in which the diffusion coefficient is a piecewise definite-positive matrix. The standard linear Crouzeix-Raviart type finite element space is used on non-interface elements and the piecewise linear Crouzeix-Raviart type immersed finite element (IFE) space is constructed on interface elements. The piecewise linear functions satisfying the interface jump conditions are uniquely determined by the integral averages on the edges as degrees of freedom. The PIFE scheme is given based on the symmetric, nonsymmetric or incomplete interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin formulation. The solvability of the method is proved and the optimal error estimates in the energy norm are obtained. Numerical experiments are presented to confirm our theoretical analysis and show that the newly developed PIFE method has optimal-order convergence in the [Formula: see text] norm as well. In addition, numerical examples also indicate that this method is valid for both the isotropic and the anisotropic elliptic interface problems.

Noise reduction in Lidar signal using correlation-based EMD combined with soft thresholding and roughness penalty

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chang, Jianhua; Zhu, Lingyan; Li, Hongxu; Xu, Fan; Liu, Binggang; Yang, Zhenbo

2018-01-01

Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is widely used to analyze the non-linear and non-stationary signals for noise reduction. In this study, a novel EMD-based denoising method, referred to as EMD with soft thresholding and roughness penalty (EMD-STRP), is proposed for the Lidar signal denoising. With the proposed method, the relevant and irrelevant intrinsic mode functions are first distinguished via a correlation coefficient. Then, the soft thresholding technique is applied to the irrelevant modes, and the roughness penalty technique is applied to the relevant modes to extract as much information as possible. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated using three typical signals contaminated by white Gaussian noise. The denoising performance was then compared to the denoising capabilities of other techniques, such as correlation-based EMD partial reconstruction, correlation-based EMD hard thresholding, and wavelet transform. The use of EMD-STRP on the measured Lidar signal resulted in the noise being efficiently suppressed, with an improved signal to noise ratio of 22.25 dB and an extended detection range of 11 km.

Improving the Bandwidth Selection in Kernel Equating

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Andersson, Björn; von Davier, Alina A.

2014-01-01

We investigate the current bandwidth selection methods in kernel equating and propose a method based on Silverman's rule of thumb for selecting the bandwidth parameters. In kernel equating, the bandwidth parameters have previously been obtained by minimizing a penalty function. This minimization process has been criticized by practitioners…

Boundedness and convergence of online gradient method with penalty for feedforward neural networks.

PubMed

Zhang, Huisheng; Wu, Wei; Liu, Fei; Yao, Mingchen

2009-06-01

In this brief, we consider an online gradient method with penalty for training feedforward neural networks. Specifically, the penalty is a term proportional to the norm of the weights. Its roles in the method are to control the magnitude of the weights and to improve the generalization performance of the network. By proving that the weights are automatically bounded in the network training with penalty, we simplify the conditions that are required for convergence of online gradient method in literature. A numerical example is given to support the theoretical analysis.

A comparison of linear interpolation models for iterative CT reconstruction.

PubMed

Hahn, Katharina; Schöndube, Harald; Stierstorfer, Karl; Hornegger, Joachim; Noo, Frédéric

2016-12-01

Recent reports indicate that model-based iterative reconstruction methods may improve image quality in computed tomography (CT). One difficulty with these methods is the number of options available to implement them, including the selection of the forward projection model and the penalty term. Currently, the literature is fairly scarce in terms of guidance regarding this selection step, whereas these options impact image quality. Here, the authors investigate the merits of three forward projection models that rely on linear interpolation: the distance-driven method, Joseph's method, and the bilinear method. The authors' selection is motivated by three factors: (1) in CT, linear interpolation is often seen as a suitable trade-off between discretization errors and computational cost, (2) the first two methods are popular with manufacturers, and (3) the third method enables assessing the importance of a key assumption in the other methods. One approach to evaluate forward projection models is to inspect their effect on discretized images, as well as the effect of their transpose on data sets, but significance of such studies is unclear since the matrix and its transpose are always jointly used in iterative reconstruction. Another approach is to investigate the models in the context they are used, i.e., together with statistical weights and a penalty term. Unfortunately, this approach requires the selection of a preferred objective function and does not provide clear information on features that are intrinsic to the model. The authors adopted the following two-stage methodology. First, the authors analyze images that progressively include components of the singular value decomposition of the model in a reconstructed image without statistical weights and penalty term. Next, the authors examine the impact of weights and penalty on observed differences. Image quality metrics were investigated for 16 different fan-beam imaging scenarios that enabled probing various aspects of all models. The metrics include a surrogate for computational cost, as well as bias, noise, and an estimation task, all at matched resolution. The analysis revealed fundamental differences in terms of both bias and noise. Task-based assessment appears to be required to appreciate the differences in noise; the estimation task the authors selected showed that these differences balance out to yield similar performance. Some scenarios highlighted merits for the distance-driven method in terms of bias but with an increase in computational cost. Three combinations of statistical weights and penalty term showed that the observed differences remain the same, but strong edge-preserving penalty can dramatically reduce the magnitude of these differences. In many scenarios, Joseph's method seems to offer an interesting compromise between cost and computational effort. The distance-driven method offers the possibility to reduce bias but with an increase in computational cost. The bilinear method indicated that a key assumption in the other two methods is highly robust. Last, strong edge-preserving penalty can act as a compensator for insufficiencies in the forward projection model, bringing all models to similar levels in the most challenging imaging scenarios. Also, the authors find that their evaluation methodology helps appreciating how model, statistical weights, and penalty term interplay together.

Emitter Number Estimation by the General Information Theoretic Criterion from Pulse Trains

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-12-01

negative log likelihood function plus a penalty function. The general information criteria by Yin and Krishnaiah [11] are different from the regular...548-551, Victoria, BC, Canada, March 1999 DRDC Ottawa TR 2002-156 11 11. L. Zhao, P. P. Krishnaiah and Z. Bai, “On some nonparametric methods for

Group Variable Selection Via Convex Log-Exp-Sum Penalty with Application to a Breast Cancer Survivor Study

PubMed Central

Geng, Zhigeng; Wang, Sijian; Yu, Menggang; Monahan, Patrick O.; Champion, Victoria; Wahba, Grace

2017-01-01

Summary In many scientific and engineering applications, covariates are naturally grouped. When the group structures are available among covariates, people are usually interested in identifying both important groups and important variables within the selected groups. Among existing successful group variable selection methods, some methods fail to conduct the within group selection. Some methods are able to conduct both group and within group selection, but the corresponding objective functions are non-convex. Such a non-convexity may require extra numerical effort. In this article, we propose a novel Log-Exp-Sum(LES) penalty for group variable selection. The LES penalty is strictly convex. It can identify important groups as well as select important variables within the group. We develop an efficient group-level coordinate descent algorithm to fit the model. We also derive non-asymptotic error bounds and asymptotic group selection consistency for our method in the high-dimensional setting where the number of covariates can be much larger than the sample size. Numerical results demonstrate the good performance of our method in both variable selection and prediction. We applied the proposed method to an American Cancer Society breast cancer survivor dataset. The findings are clinically meaningful and may help design intervention programs to improve the qualify of life for breast cancer survivors. PMID:25257196

Structure-adaptive CBCT reconstruction using weighted total variation and Hessian penalties

PubMed Central

Shi, Qi; Sun, Nanbo; Sun, Tao; Wang, Jing; Tan, Shan

2016-01-01

The exposure of normal tissues to high radiation during cone-beam CT (CBCT) imaging increases the risk of cancer and genetic defects. Statistical iterative algorithms with the total variation (TV) penalty have been widely used for low dose CBCT reconstruction, with state-of-the-art performance in suppressing noise and preserving edges. However, TV is a first-order penalty and sometimes leads to the so-called staircase effect, particularly over regions with smooth intensity transition in the reconstruction images. A second-order penalty known as the Hessian penalty was recently used to replace TV to suppress the staircase effect in CBCT reconstruction at the cost of slightly blurring object edges. In this study, we proposed a new penalty, the TV-H, which combines TV and Hessian penalties for CBCT reconstruction in a structure-adaptive way. The TV-H penalty automatically differentiates the edges, gradual transition and uniform local regions within an image using the voxel gradient, and adaptively weights TV and Hessian according to the local image structures in the reconstruction process. Our proposed penalty retains the benefits of TV, including noise suppression and edge preservation. It also maintains the structures in regions with gradual intensity transition more successfully. A majorization-minimization (MM) approach was designed to optimize the objective energy function constructed with the TV-H penalty. The MM approach employed a quadratic upper bound of the original objective function, and the original optimization problem was changed to a series of quadratic optimization problems, which could be efficiently solved using the Gauss-Seidel update strategy. We tested the reconstruction algorithm on two simulated digital phantoms and two physical phantoms. Our experiments indicated that the TV-H penalty visually and quantitatively outperformed both TV and Hessian penalties. PMID:27699100

Structure-adaptive CBCT reconstruction using weighted total variation and Hessian penalties.

PubMed

Shi, Qi; Sun, Nanbo; Sun, Tao; Wang, Jing; Tan, Shan

2016-09-01

The exposure of normal tissues to high radiation during cone-beam CT (CBCT) imaging increases the risk of cancer and genetic defects. Statistical iterative algorithms with the total variation (TV) penalty have been widely used for low dose CBCT reconstruction, with state-of-the-art performance in suppressing noise and preserving edges. However, TV is a first-order penalty and sometimes leads to the so-called staircase effect, particularly over regions with smooth intensity transition in the reconstruction images. A second-order penalty known as the Hessian penalty was recently used to replace TV to suppress the staircase effect in CBCT reconstruction at the cost of slightly blurring object edges. In this study, we proposed a new penalty, the TV-H, which combines TV and Hessian penalties for CBCT reconstruction in a structure-adaptive way. The TV-H penalty automatically differentiates the edges, gradual transition and uniform local regions within an image using the voxel gradient, and adaptively weights TV and Hessian according to the local image structures in the reconstruction process. Our proposed penalty retains the benefits of TV, including noise suppression and edge preservation. It also maintains the structures in regions with gradual intensity transition more successfully. A majorization-minimization (MM) approach was designed to optimize the objective energy function constructed with the TV-H penalty. The MM approach employed a quadratic upper bound of the original objective function, and the original optimization problem was changed to a series of quadratic optimization problems, which could be efficiently solved using the Gauss-Seidel update strategy. We tested the reconstruction algorithm on two simulated digital phantoms and two physical phantoms. Our experiments indicated that the TV-H penalty visually and quantitatively outperformed both TV and Hessian penalties.

A robust automatic phase correction method for signal dense spectra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bao, Qingjia; Feng, Jiwen; Chen, Li; Chen, Fang; Liu, Zao; Jiang, Bin; Liu, Chaoyang

2013-09-01

A robust automatic phase correction method for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra is presented. In this work, a new strategy combining ‘coarse tuning' with ‘fine tuning' is introduced to correct various spectra accurately. In the ‘coarse tuning' procedure, a new robust baseline recognition method is proposed for determining the positions of the tail ends of the peaks, and then the preliminary phased spectra are obtained by minimizing the objective function based on the height difference of these tail ends. After the ‘coarse tuning', the peaks in the preliminary corrected spectra can be categorized into three classes: positive, negative, and distorted. Based on the classification result, a new custom negative penalty function used in the step of ‘fine tuning' is constructed to avoid the negative peak points in the spectra excluded in the negative peaks and distorted peaks. Finally, the fine phased spectra can be obtained by minimizing the custom negative penalty function. This method is proven to be very robust for it is tolerant to low signal-to-noise ratio, large baseline distortion and independent of the starting search points of phasing parameters. The experimental results on both 1D metabonomics spectra with over-crowded peaks and 2D spectra demonstrate the high efficiency of this automatic method.

A Poisson equation formulation for pressure calculations in penalty finite element models for viscous incompressible flows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sohn, J. L.; Heinrich, J. C.

1990-01-01

The calculation of pressures when the penalty-function approximation is used in finite-element solutions of laminar incompressible flows is addressed. A Poisson equation for the pressure is formulated that involves third derivatives of the velocity field. The second derivatives appearing in the weak formulation of the Poisson equation are calculated from the C0 velocity approximation using a least-squares method. The present scheme is shown to be efficient, free of spurious oscillations, and accurate. Examples of applications are given and compared with results obtained using mixed formulations.

On optimal strategies in event-constrained differential games

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heymann, M.; Rajan, N.; Ardema, M.

1985-01-01

Combat games are formulated as zero-sum differential games with unilateral event constraints. An interior penalty function approach is employed to approximate optimal strategies for the players. The method is very attractive computationally and possesses suitable approximation and convergence properties.

Semi-Global Matching with Self-Adjusting Penalties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karkalou, E.; Stentoumis, C.; Karras, G.

2017-02-01

The demand for 3D models of various scales and precisions is strong for a wide range of applications, among which cultural heritage recording is particularly important and challenging. In this context, dense image matching is a fundamental task for processes which involve image-based reconstruction of 3D models. Despite the existence of commercial software, the need for complete and accurate results under different conditions, as well as for computational efficiency under a variety of hardware, has kept image-matching algorithms as one of the most active research topics. Semi-global matching (SGM) is among the most popular optimization algorithms due to its accuracy, computational efficiency, and simplicity. A challenging aspect in SGM implementation is the determination of smoothness constraints, i.e. penalties P1, P2 for disparity changes and discontinuities. In fact, penalty adjustment is needed for every particular stereo-pair and cost computation. In this work, a novel formulation of self-adjusting penalties is proposed: SGM penalties can be estimated solely from the statistical properties of the initial disparity space image. The proposed method of self-adjusting penalties (SGM-SAP) is evaluated using typical cost functions on stereo-pairs from the recent Middlebury dataset of interior scenes, as well as from the EPFL Herz-Jesu architectural scenes. Results are competitive against the original SGM estimates. The significant aspects of self-adjusting penalties are: (i) the time-consuming tuning process is avoided; (ii) SGM can be used in image collections with limited number of stereo-pairs; and (iii) no heuristic user intervention is needed.

SU-E-I-01: Iterative CBCT Reconstruction with a Feature-Preserving Penalty

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lyu, Q; Li, B; Southern Medical University, Guangzhou

2015-06-15

Purpose: Low-dose CBCT is desired in various clinical applications. Iterative image reconstruction algorithms have shown advantages in suppressing noise in low-dose CBCT. However, due to the smoothness constraint enforced during the reconstruction process, edges may be blurred and image features may lose in the reconstructed image. In this work, we proposed a new penalty design to preserve image features in the image reconstructed by iterative algorithms. Methods: Low-dose CBCT is reconstructed by minimizing the penalized weighted least-squares (PWLS) objective function. Binary Robust Independent Elementary Features (BRIEF) of the image were integrated into the penalty of PWLS. BRIEF is a generalmore » purpose point descriptor that can be used to identify important features of an image. In this work, BRIEF distance of two neighboring pixels was used to weigh the smoothing parameter in PWLS. For pixels of large BRIEF distance, weaker smooth constraint will be enforced. Image features will be better preserved through such a design. The performance of the PWLS algorithm with BRIEF penalty was evaluated by a CatPhan 600 phantom. Results: The image quality reconstructed by the proposed PWLS-BRIEF algorithm is superior to that by the conventional PWLS method and the standard FDK method. At matched noise level, edges in PWLS-BRIEF reconstructed image are better preserved. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the proposed PWLS-BRIEF algorithm has great potential on preserving image features in low-dose CBCT.« less

A shifted hyperbolic augmented Lagrangian-based artificial fish two-swarm algorithm with guaranteed convergence for constrained global optimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rocha, Ana Maria A. C.; Costa, M. Fernanda P.; Fernandes, Edite M. G. P.

2016-12-01

This article presents a shifted hyperbolic penalty function and proposes an augmented Lagrangian-based algorithm for non-convex constrained global optimization problems. Convergence to an ?-global minimizer is proved. At each iteration k, the algorithm requires the ?-global minimization of a bound constrained optimization subproblem, where ?. The subproblems are solved by a stochastic population-based metaheuristic that relies on the artificial fish swarm paradigm and a two-swarm strategy. To enhance the speed of convergence, the algorithm invokes the Nelder-Mead local search with a dynamically defined probability. Numerical experiments with benchmark functions and engineering design problems are presented. The results show that the proposed shifted hyperbolic augmented Lagrangian compares favorably with other deterministic and stochastic penalty-based methods.

Design of efficient stiffened shells of revolution

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Majumder, D. K.; Thornton, W. A.

1976-01-01

A method to produce efficient piecewise uniform stiffened shells of revolution is presented. The approach uses a first order differential equation formulation for the shell prebuckling and buckling analyses and the necessary conditions for an optimum design are derived by a variational approach. A variety of local yielding and buckling constraints and the general buckling constraint are included in the design process. The local constraints are treated by means of an interior penalty function and the general buckling load is treated by means of an exterior penalty function. This allows the general buckling constraint to be included in the design process only when it is violated. The self-adjoint nature of the prebuckling and buckling formulations is used to reduce the computational effort. Results for four conical shells and one spherical shell are given.

Extended duration Orbiter life support definition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kleiner, G. N.; Thompson, C. D.

1978-01-01

Extending the baseline seven-day Orbiter mission to 30 days or longer and operating with a solar power module as the primary source for electrical power requires changes to the existing environmental control and life support (ECLS) system. The existing ECLS system imposes penalties on longer missions which limit the Orbiter capabilities and changes are required to enhance overall mission objectives. Some of these penalties are: large quantities of expendables, the need to dump or store large quantities of waste material, the need to schedule fuel cell operation, and a high landing weight penalty. This paper presents the study ground rules and examines the limitations of the present ECLS system against Extended Duration Orbiter mission requirements. Alternate methods of accomplishing ECLS functions for the Extended Duration Orbiter are discussed. The overall impact of integrating these options into the Orbiter are evaluated and significant Orbiter weight and volume savings with the recommended approaches are described.

One cutting plane algorithm using auxiliary functions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zabotin, I. Ya; Kazaeva, K. E.

2016-11-01

We propose an algorithm for solving a convex programming problem from the class of cutting methods. The algorithm is characterized by the construction of approximations using some auxiliary functions, instead of the objective function. Each auxiliary function bases on the exterior penalty function. In proposed algorithm the admissible set and the epigraph of each auxiliary function are embedded into polyhedral sets. In connection with the above, the iteration points are found by solving linear programming problems. We discuss the implementation of the algorithm and prove its convergence.

A Legendre–Fourier spectral method with exact conservation laws for the Vlasov–Poisson system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Manzini, Gianmarco; Delzanno, Gian Luca; Vencels, Juris

In this study, we present the design and implementation of an L 2-stable spectral method for the discretization of the Vlasov–Poisson model of a collisionless plasma in one space and velocity dimension. The velocity and space dependence of the Vlasov equation are resolved through a truncated spectral expansion based on Legendre and Fourier basis functions, respectively. The Poisson equation, which is coupled to the Vlasov equation, is also resolved through a Fourier expansion. The resulting system of ordinary differential equation is discretized by the implicit second-order accurate Crank–Nicolson time discretization. The non-linear dependence between the Vlasov and Poisson equations ismore » iteratively solved at any time cycle by a Jacobian-Free Newton–Krylov method. In this work we analyze the structure of the main conservation laws of the resulting Legendre–Fourier model, e.g., mass, momentum, and energy, and prove that they are exactly satisfied in the semi-discrete and discrete setting. The L 2-stability of the method is ensured by discretizing the boundary conditions of the distribution function at the boundaries of the velocity domain by a suitable penalty term. The impact of the penalty term on the conservation properties is investigated theoretically and numerically. An implementation of the penalty term that does not affect the conservation of mass, momentum and energy, is also proposed and studied. A collisional term is introduced in the discrete model to control the filamentation effect, but does not affect the conservation properties of the system. Numerical results on a set of standard test problems illustrate the performance of the method.« less

A Legendre–Fourier spectral method with exact conservation laws for the Vlasov–Poisson system

DOE PAGES

Manzini, Gianmarco; Delzanno, Gian Luca; Vencels, Juris; ...

2016-04-22

In this study, we present the design and implementation of an L 2-stable spectral method for the discretization of the Vlasov–Poisson model of a collisionless plasma in one space and velocity dimension. The velocity and space dependence of the Vlasov equation are resolved through a truncated spectral expansion based on Legendre and Fourier basis functions, respectively. The Poisson equation, which is coupled to the Vlasov equation, is also resolved through a Fourier expansion. The resulting system of ordinary differential equation is discretized by the implicit second-order accurate Crank–Nicolson time discretization. The non-linear dependence between the Vlasov and Poisson equations ismore » iteratively solved at any time cycle by a Jacobian-Free Newton–Krylov method. In this work we analyze the structure of the main conservation laws of the resulting Legendre–Fourier model, e.g., mass, momentum, and energy, and prove that they are exactly satisfied in the semi-discrete and discrete setting. The L 2-stability of the method is ensured by discretizing the boundary conditions of the distribution function at the boundaries of the velocity domain by a suitable penalty term. The impact of the penalty term on the conservation properties is investigated theoretically and numerically. An implementation of the penalty term that does not affect the conservation of mass, momentum and energy, is also proposed and studied. A collisional term is introduced in the discrete model to control the filamentation effect, but does not affect the conservation properties of the system. Numerical results on a set of standard test problems illustrate the performance of the method.« less

Integrative Analysis of Cancer Diagnosis Studies with Composite Penalization

PubMed Central

Liu, Jin; Huang, Jian; Ma, Shuangge

2013-01-01

Summary In cancer diagnosis studies, high-throughput gene profiling has been extensively conducted, searching for genes whose expressions may serve as markers. Data generated from such studies have the “large d, small n” feature, with the number of genes profiled much larger than the sample size. Penalization has been extensively adopted for simultaneous estimation and marker selection. Because of small sample sizes, markers identified from the analysis of single datasets can be unsatisfactory. A cost-effective remedy is to conduct integrative analysis of multiple heterogeneous datasets. In this article, we investigate composite penalization methods for estimation and marker selection in integrative analysis. The proposed methods use the minimax concave penalty (MCP) as the outer penalty. Under the homogeneity model, the ridge penalty is adopted as the inner penalty. Under the heterogeneity model, the Lasso penalty and MCP are adopted as the inner penalty. Effective computational algorithms based on coordinate descent are developed. Numerical studies, including simulation and analysis of practical cancer datasets, show satisfactory performance of the proposed methods. PMID:24578589

A Spectral Multi-Domain Penalty Method for Elliptic Problems Arising From a Time-Splitting Algorithm For the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Diamantopoulos, Theodore; Rowe, Kristopher; Diamessis, Peter

2017-11-01

The Collocation Penalty Method (CPM) solves a PDE on the interior of a domain, while weakly enforcing boundary conditions at domain edges via penalty terms, and naturally lends itself to high-order and multi-domain discretization. Such spectral multi-domain penalty methods (SMPM) have been used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations. Bounds for penalty coefficients are typically derived using the energy method to guarantee stability for time-dependent problems. The choice of collocation points and penalty parameter can greatly affect the conditioning and accuracy of a solution. Effort has been made in recent years to relate various high-order methods on multiple elements or domains under the umbrella of the Correction Procedure via Reconstruction (CPR). Most applications of CPR have focused on solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equations using explicit time-stepping procedures. A particularly important aspect which is still missing in the context of the SMPM is a study of the Helmholtz equation arising in many popular time-splitting schemes for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Stability and convergence results for the SMPM for the Helmholtz equation will be presented. Emphasis will be placed on the efficiency and accuracy of high-order methods.

Hybrid-Based Dense Stereo Matching

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chuang, T. Y.; Ting, H. W.; Jaw, J. J.

2016-06-01

Stereo matching generating accurate and dense disparity maps is an indispensable technique for 3D exploitation of imagery in the fields of Computer vision and Photogrammetry. Although numerous solutions and advances have been proposed in the literature, occlusions, disparity discontinuities, sparse texture, image distortion, and illumination changes still lead to problematic issues and await better treatment. In this paper, a hybrid-based method based on semi-global matching is presented to tackle the challenges on dense stereo matching. To ease the sensitiveness of SGM cost aggregation towards penalty parameters, a formal way to provide proper penalty estimates is proposed. To this end, the study manipulates a shape-adaptive cross-based matching with an edge constraint to generate an initial disparity map for penalty estimation. Image edges, indicating the potential locations of occlusions as well as disparity discontinuities, are approved by the edge drawing algorithm to ensure the local support regions not to cover significant disparity changes. Besides, an additional penalty parameter 𝑃𝑒 is imposed onto the energy function of SGM cost aggregation to specifically handle edge pixels. Furthermore, the final disparities of edge pixels are found by weighting both values derived from the SGM cost aggregation and the U-SURF matching, providing more reliable estimates at disparity discontinuity areas. Evaluations on Middlebury stereo benchmarks demonstrate satisfactory performance and reveal the potency of the hybrid-based dense stereo matching method.

Structured penalties for functional linear models-partially empirical eigenvectors for regression.

PubMed

Randolph, Timothy W; Harezlak, Jaroslaw; Feng, Ziding

2012-01-01

One of the challenges with functional data is incorporating geometric structure, or local correlation, into the analysis. This structure is inherent in the output from an increasing number of biomedical technologies, and a functional linear model is often used to estimate the relationship between the predictor functions and scalar responses. Common approaches to the problem of estimating a coefficient function typically involve two stages: regularization and estimation. Regularization is usually done via dimension reduction, projecting onto a predefined span of basis functions or a reduced set of eigenvectors (principal components). In contrast, we present a unified approach that directly incorporates geometric structure into the estimation process by exploiting the joint eigenproperties of the predictors and a linear penalty operator. In this sense, the components in the regression are 'partially empirical' and the framework is provided by the generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD). The form of the penalized estimation is not new, but the GSVD clarifies the process and informs the choice of penalty by making explicit the joint influence of the penalty and predictors on the bias, variance and performance of the estimated coefficient function. Laboratory spectroscopy data and simulations are used to illustrate the concepts.

14 CFR 406.105 - Separation of functions for prosecuting civil penalties and advising the FAA decisionmaker.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... functions must not, in that case or a factually-related case, participate or give advice in a decision by... supervised in a civil penalty action by a person who provides such advice to the FAA decisionmaker in that...

14 CFR 406.105 - Separation of functions for prosecuting civil penalties and advising the FAA decisionmaker.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... functions must not, in that case or a factually-related case, participate or give advice in a decision by... supervised in a civil penalty action by a person who provides such advice to the FAA decisionmaker in that...

Kinetic quantitation of cerebral PET-FDG studies without concurrent blood sampling: statistical recovery of the arterial input function.

PubMed

O'Sullivan, F; Kirrane, J; Muzi, M; O'Sullivan, J N; Spence, A M; Mankoff, D A; Krohn, K A

2010-03-01

Kinetic quantitation of dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) studies via compartmental modeling usually requires the time-course of the radio-tracer concentration in the arterial blood as an arterial input function (AIF). For human and animal imaging applications, significant practical difficulties are associated with direct arterial sampling and as a result there is substantial interest in alternative methods that require no blood sampling at the time of the study. A fixed population template input function derived from prior experience with directly sampled arterial curves is one possibility. Image-based extraction, including requisite adjustment for spillover and recovery, is another approach. The present work considers a hybrid statistical approach based on a penalty formulation in which the information derived from a priori studies is combined in a Bayesian manner with information contained in the sampled image data in order to obtain an input function estimate. The absolute scaling of the input is achieved by an empirical calibration equation involving the injected dose together with the subject's weight, height and gender. The technique is illustrated in the context of (18)F -Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET studies in humans. A collection of 79 arterially sampled FDG blood curves are used as a basis for a priori characterization of input function variability, including scaling characteristics. Data from a series of 12 dynamic cerebral FDG PET studies in normal subjects are used to evaluate the performance of the penalty-based AIF estimation technique. The focus of evaluations is on quantitation of FDG kinetics over a set of 10 regional brain structures. As well as the new method, a fixed population template AIF and a direct AIF estimate based on segmentation are also considered. Kinetics analyses resulting from these three AIFs are compared with those resulting from radially sampled AIFs. The proposed penalty-based AIF extraction method is found to achieve significant improvements over the fixed template and the segmentation methods. As well as achieving acceptable kinetic parameter accuracy, the quality of fit of the region of interest (ROI) time-course data based on the extracted AIF, matches results based on arterially sampled AIFs. In comparison, significant deviation in the estimation of FDG flux and degradation in ROI data fit are found with the template and segmentation methods. The proposed AIF extraction method is recommended for practical use.

WE-G-18A-06: Sinogram Restoration in Helical Cone-Beam CT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Little, K; Riviere, P La

2014-06-15

Purpose: To extend CT sinogram restoration, which has been shown in 2D to reduce noise and to correct for geometric effects and other degradations at a low computational cost, from 2D to a 3D helical cone-beam geometry. Methods: A method for calculating sinogram degradation coefficients for a helical cone-beam geometry was proposed. These values were used to perform penalized-likelihood sinogram restoration on simulated data that were generated from the FORBILD thorax phantom. Sinogram restorations were performed using both a quadratic penalty and the edge-preserving Huber penalty. After sinogram restoration, Fourier-based analytical methods were used to obtain reconstructions. Resolution-variance trade-offs weremore » investigated for several locations within the reconstructions for the purpose of comparing sinogram restoration to no restoration. In order to compare potential differences, reconstructions were performed using different groups of neighbors in the penalty, two analytical reconstruction methods (Katsevich and single-slice rebinning), and differing helical pitches. Results: The resolution-variance properties of reconstructions restored using sinogram restoration with a Huber penalty outperformed those of reconstructions with no restoration. However, the use of a quadratic sinogram restoration penalty did not lead to an improvement over performing no restoration at the outer regions of the phantom. Application of the Huber penalty to neighbors both within a view and across views did not perform as well as only applying the penalty to neighbors within a view. General improvements in resolution-variance properties using sinogram restoration with the Huber penalty were not dependent on the reconstruction method used or the magnitude of the helical pitch. Conclusion: Sinogram restoration for noise and degradation effects for helical cone-beam CT is feasible and should be able to be applied to clinical data. When applied with the edge-preserving Huber penalty, sinogram restoration leads to an improvement in resolution-variance tradeoffs.« less

Delay functions in trip assignment for transport planning process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leong, Lee Vien

2017-10-01

In transportation planning process, volume-delay and turn-penalty functions are the functions needed in traffic assignment to determine travel time on road network links. Volume-delay function is the delay function describing speed-flow relationship while turn-penalty function is the delay function associated to making a turn at intersection. The volume-delay function used in this study is the revised Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) function with the constant parameters, α and β values of 0.8298 and 3.361 while the turn-penalty functions for signalized intersection were developed based on uniform, random and overflow delay models. Parameters such as green time, cycle time and saturation flow were used in the development of turn-penalty functions. In order to assess the accuracy of the delay functions, road network in areas of Nibong Tebal, Penang and Parit Buntar, Perak was developed and modelled using transportation demand forecasting software. In order to calibrate the models, phase times and traffic volumes at fourteen signalised intersections within the study area were collected during morning and evening peak hours. The prediction of assigned volumes using the revised BPR function and the developed turn-penalty functions show close agreement to actual recorded traffic volume with the lowest percentage of accuracy, 80.08% and the highest, 93.04% for the morning peak model. As for the evening peak model, they were 75.59% and 95.33% respectively for lowest and highest percentage of accuracy. As for the yield left-turn lanes, the lowest percentage of accuracy obtained for the morning and evening peak models were 60.94% and 69.74% respectively while the highest percentage of accuracy obtained for both models were 100%. Therefore, can be concluded that the development and utilisation of delay functions based on local road conditions are important as localised delay functions can produce better estimate of link travel times and hence better planning for future scenarios.

Application of multivariable search techniques to structural design optimization

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, R. T.; Hague, D. S.

1972-01-01

Multivariable optimization techniques are applied to a particular class of minimum weight structural design problems: the design of an axially loaded, pressurized, stiffened cylinder. Minimum weight designs are obtained by a variety of search algorithms: first- and second-order, elemental perturbation, and randomized techniques. An exterior penalty function approach to constrained minimization is employed. Some comparisons are made with solutions obtained by an interior penalty function procedure. In general, it would appear that an interior penalty function approach may not be as well suited to the class of design problems considered as the exterior penalty function approach. It is also shown that a combination of search algorithms will tend to arrive at an extremal design in a more reliable manner than a single algorithm. The effect of incorporating realistic geometrical constraints on stiffener cross-sections is investigated. A limited comparison is made between minimum weight cylinders designed on the basis of a linear stability analysis and cylinders designed on the basis of empirical buckling data. Finally, a technique for locating more than one extremal is demonstrated.

Random search optimization based on genetic algorithm and discriminant function

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kiciman, M. O.; Akgul, M.; Erarslanoglu, G.

1990-01-01

The general problem of optimization with arbitrary merit and constraint functions, which could be convex, concave, monotonic, or non-monotonic, is treated using stochastic methods. To improve the efficiency of the random search methods, a genetic algorithm for the search phase and a discriminant function for the constraint-control phase were utilized. The validity of the technique is demonstrated by comparing the results to published test problem results. Numerical experimentation indicated that for cases where a quick near optimum solution is desired, a general, user-friendly optimization code can be developed without serious penalties in both total computer time and accuracy.

Advanced Extravehicular Protective Systems (AEPS) study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Williams, J. L.; Copeland, R. J.; Webbon, B. W.

1971-01-01

A description is given of life support subsystem concepts for advanced extravehicular protective systems (AEPS) intended for use on future orbital, lunar surface, and Mars surface missions in the late 1970's and 1980's. Primary interest was centered around the thermal control and carbon dioxide control subsystems because they offer the greatest potential for total weight savings. Emphasis was placed on the generation of regenerable subsystem concepts; however, partially regenerable and expendable concepts were also considered. Previously conceived and developed subsystem concepts were included in the study. Concepts were evaluated on the basis of subsystem weight and volume, and subsystem contribution to parent vehicle weight and volume, which included spares, regeneration equipment, expendables, expandables storage penalty, power penalty, and process heating or cooling penalty. Results are presented showing total weight and volume penalty as a function of total mission extravehicular activity (EVA) hours, and showing EVA weight and volume as a function of EVA duration. Subsystem concepts are recommended for each life support function, and secondary concepts which should be developed are also identified.

Detection of smoothly distributed spatial outliers, with applications to identifying the distribution of parenchymal hyperinflation following an airway challenge in asthmatics.

PubMed

Thurman, Andrew L; Choi, Jiwoong; Choi, Sanghun; Lin, Ching-Long; Hoffman, Eric A; Lee, Chang Hyun; Chan, Kung-Sik

2017-05-10

Methacholine challenge tests are used to measure changes in pulmonary function that indicate symptoms of asthma. In addition to pulmonary function tests, which measure global changes in pulmonary function, computed tomography images taken at full inspiration before and after administration of methacholine provide local air volume changes (hyper-inflation post methacholine) at individual acinar units, indicating local airway hyperresponsiveness. Some of the acini may have extreme air volume changes relative to the global average, indicating hyperresponsiveness, and those extreme values may occur in clusters. We propose a Gaussian mixture model with a spatial smoothness penalty to improve prediction of hyperresponsive locations that occur in spatial clusters. A simulation study provides evidence that the spatial smoothness penalty improves prediction under different data-generating mechanisms. We apply this method to computed tomography data from Seoul National University Hospital on five healthy and ten asthmatic subjects. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Robust penalty method for structural synthesis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kamat, M. P.

1983-01-01

The Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique (SUMT) offers an easy way of solving nonlinearly constrained problems. However, this algorithm frequently suffers from the need to minimize an ill-conditioned penalty function. An ill-conditioned minimization problem can be solved very effectively by posing the problem as one of integrating a system of stiff differential equations utilizing concepts from singular perturbation theory. This paper evaluates the robustness and the reliability of such a singular perturbation based SUMT algorithm on two different problems of structural optimization of widely separated scales. The report concludes that whereas conventional SUMT can be bogged down by frequent ill-conditioning, especially in large scale problems, the singular perturbation SUMT has no such difficulty in converging to very accurate solutions.

Development of New Methods for Predicting the Bistatic Electromagnetic Scattering from Absorbing Shapes

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-01-01

least-squares sense by adding a penalty term proportional to the square of the divergence to the variational principle At the start of this project... principle required for stable solutions of the electromagnetic field: It must be possible to express the basis functions used in the finite element method as... principle to derive several different methods for computing stable solutions to electromagnetic field problems. To understand above principle , notice that

An indirect method for numerical optimization using the Kreisselmeir-Steinhauser function

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wrenn, Gregory A.

1989-01-01

A technique is described for converting a constrained optimization problem into an unconstrained problem. The technique transforms one of more objective functions into reduced objective functions, which are analogous to goal constraints used in the goal programming method. These reduced objective functions are appended to the set of constraints and an envelope of the entire function set is computed using the Kreisselmeir-Steinhauser function. This envelope function is then searched for an unconstrained minimum. The technique may be categorized as a SUMT algorithm. Advantages of this approach are the use of unconstrained optimization methods to find a constrained minimum without the draw down factor typical of penalty function methods, and that the technique may be started from the feasible or infeasible design space. In multiobjective applications, the approach has the advantage of locating a compromise minimum design without the need to optimize for each individual objective function separately.

Primer vector theory and applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jezewski, D. J.

1975-01-01

A method developed to compute two-body, optimal, N-impulse trajectories was presented. The necessary conditions established define the gradient structure of the primer vector and its derivative for any set of boundary conditions and any number of impulses. Inequality constraints, a conjugate gradient iterator technique, and the use of a penalty function were also discussed.

An improved local radial point interpolation method for transient heat conduction analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Feng; Lin, Gao; Zheng, Bao-Jing; Hu, Zhi-Qiang

2013-06-01

The smoothing thin plate spline (STPS) interpolation using the penalty function method according to the optimization theory is presented to deal with transient heat conduction problems. The smooth conditions of the shape functions and derivatives can be satisfied so that the distortions hardly occur. Local weak forms are developed using the weighted residual method locally from the partial differential equations of the transient heat conduction. Here the Heaviside step function is used as the test function in each sub-domain to avoid the need for a domain integral. Essential boundary conditions can be implemented like the finite element method (FEM) as the shape functions possess the Kronecker delta property. The traditional two-point difference method is selected for the time discretization scheme. Three selected numerical examples are presented in this paper to demonstrate the availability and accuracy of the present approach comparing with the traditional thin plate spline (TPS) radial basis functions.

(Ir)rationality in action: do soccer players and goalkeepers fail to learn how to best perform during a penalty kick?

PubMed

Bar-Eli, Michael; Azar, Ofer H; Lurie, Yotam

2009-01-01

This chapter discusses penalty kicks in soccer, interpreted within the framework of behavioral economics. We present two behaviors of professional soccer players during penalty kicks that seem nonoptimal, and possibly indicate biases in decision making. We ask whether, despite the huge incentives involved in professional soccer and the possibility of learning through feedback from the outcomes of previous penalty kicks, goalkeepers and penalty kickers are not optimizing their actions. We suggest that they do indeed learn to optimize, but have a different utility function; goalkeepers are not solely interested in minimizing the chances of the goal, and kickers are not solely interested in maximizing these chances. We believe that, in general, in cases where decision makers have the ability to learn through feedback about the outcome of their actions but exhibit behavior that seems nonoptimal, it is possible that they do optimize, but that their utility function is different from the one assumed. We propose that such decision makers' behavior be reconceived as "socially rational," in the sense that their social environment seems to be incorporated into their utility functions. Finally, the concept of "socio-emotional rationality" is suggested to account for possible implications in future studies of motion-cognition interactions.

Stable multi-domain spectral penalty methods for fractional partial differential equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Qinwu; Hesthaven, Jan S.

2014-01-01

We propose stable multi-domain spectral penalty methods suitable for solving fractional partial differential equations with fractional derivatives of any order. First, a high order discretization is proposed to approximate fractional derivatives of any order on any given grids based on orthogonal polynomials. The approximation order is analyzed and verified through numerical examples. Based on the discrete fractional derivative, we introduce stable multi-domain spectral penalty methods for solving fractional advection and diffusion equations. The equations are discretized in each sub-domain separately and the global schemes are obtained by weakly imposed boundary and interface conditions through a penalty term. Stability of the schemes are analyzed and numerical examples based on both uniform and nonuniform grids are considered to highlight the flexibility and high accuracy of the proposed schemes.

Sparse High Dimensional Models in Economics

PubMed Central

Fan, Jianqing; Lv, Jinchi; Qi, Lei

2010-01-01

This paper reviews the literature on sparse high dimensional models and discusses some applications in economics and finance. Recent developments of theory, methods, and implementations in penalized least squares and penalized likelihood methods are highlighted. These variable selection methods are proved to be effective in high dimensional sparse modeling. The limits of dimensionality that regularization methods can handle, the role of penalty functions, and their statistical properties are detailed. Some recent advances in ultra-high dimensional sparse modeling are also briefly discussed. PMID:22022635

An Active Contour Model Based on Adaptive Threshold for Extraction of Cerebral Vascular Structures.

PubMed

Wang, Jiaxin; Zhao, Shifeng; Liu, Zifeng; Tian, Yun; Duan, Fuqing; Pan, Yutong

2016-01-01

Cerebral vessel segmentation is essential and helpful for the clinical diagnosis and the related research. However, automatic segmentation of brain vessels remains challenging because of the variable vessel shape and high complex of vessel geometry. This study proposes a new active contour model (ACM) implemented by the level-set method for segmenting vessels from TOF-MRA data. The energy function of the new model, combining both region intensity and boundary information, is composed of two region terms, one boundary term and one penalty term. The global threshold representing the lower gray boundary of the target object by maximum intensity projection (MIP) is defined in the first-region term, and it is used to guide the segmentation of the thick vessels. In the second term, a dynamic intensity threshold is employed to extract the tiny vessels. The boundary term is used to drive the contours to evolve towards the boundaries with high gradients. The penalty term is used to avoid reinitialization of the level-set function. Experimental results on 10 clinical brain data sets demonstrate that our method is not only able to achieve better Dice Similarity Coefficient than the global threshold based method and localized hybrid level-set method but also able to extract whole cerebral vessel trees, including the thin vessels.

Regularized minimum I-divergence methods for the inverse blackbody radiation problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, Kerkil; Lanterman, Aaron D.; Shin, Jaemin

2006-08-01

This paper proposes iterative methods for estimating the area temperature distribution of a blackbody from its total radiated power spectrum measurements. This is called the inverse blackbody radiation problem. This problem is inherently ill-posed due to the characteristics of the kernel in the underlying integral equation given by Planck's law. The functions involved in the problem are all non-negative. Csiszár's I-divergence is an information-theoretic discrepancy measure between two non-negative functions. We derive iterative methods for minimizing Csiszár's I-divergence between the measured power spectrum and the power spectrum arising from the estimate according to the integral equation. Due to the ill-posedness of the problem, unconstrained algorithms often produce poor estimates, especially when the measurements are corrupted by noise. To alleviate this difficulty, we apply regularization methods to our algorithms. Penalties based on Shannon's entropy, the L1-norm and Good's roughness are chosen to suppress the undesirable artefacts. When a penalty is applied, the pertinent optimization that needs to be performed at each iteration is no longer trivial. In particular, Good's roughness causes couplings between estimate components. To handle this issue, we adapt Green's one-step-late method. This choice is based on the important fact that our minimum I-divergence algorithms can be interpreted as asymptotic forms of certain expectation-maximization algorithms. The effectiveness of our methods is illustrated via various numerical experiments.

Optimal trace inequality constants for interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin discretisations of elliptic operators using arbitrary elements with non-constant Jacobians

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Owens, A. R.; Kópházi, J.; Eaton, M. D.

2017-12-01

In this paper, a new method to numerically calculate the trace inequality constants, which arise in the calculation of penalty parameters for interior penalty discretisations of elliptic operators, is presented. These constants are provably optimal for the inequality of interest. As their calculation is based on the solution of a generalised eigenvalue problem involving the volumetric and face stiffness matrices, the method is applicable to any element type for which these matrices can be calculated, including standard finite elements and the non-uniform rational B-splines of isogeometric analysis. In particular, the presented method does not require the Jacobian of the element to be constant, and so can be applied to a much wider variety of element shapes than are currently available in the literature. Numerical results are presented for a variety of finite element and isogeometric cases. When the Jacobian is constant, it is demonstrated that the new method produces lower penalty parameters than existing methods in the literature in all cases, which translates directly into savings in the solution time of the resulting linear system. When the Jacobian is not constant, it is shown that the naive application of existing approaches can result in penalty parameters that do not guarantee coercivity of the bilinear form, and by extension, the stability of the solution. The method of manufactured solutions is applied to a model reaction-diffusion equation with a range of parameters, and it is found that using penalty parameters based on the new trace inequality constants result in better conditioned linear systems, which can be solved approximately 11% faster than those produced by the methods from the literature.

An immersogeometric variational framework for fluid–structure interaction: application to bioprosthetic heart valves

PubMed Central

Kamensky, David; Hsu, Ming-Chen; Schillinger, Dominik; Evans, John A.; Aggarwal, Ankush; Bazilevs, Yuri; Sacks, Michael S.; Hughes, Thomas J. R.

2014-01-01

In this paper, we develop a geometrically flexible technique for computational fluid–structure interaction (FSI). The motivating application is the simulation of tri-leaflet bioprosthetic heart valve function over the complete cardiac cycle. Due to the complex motion of the heart valve leaflets, the fluid domain undergoes large deformations, including changes of topology. The proposed method directly analyzes a spline-based surface representation of the structure by immersing it into a non-boundary-fitted discretization of the surrounding fluid domain. This places our method within an emerging class of computational techniques that aim to capture geometry on non-boundary-fitted analysis meshes. We introduce the term “immersogeometric analysis” to identify this paradigm. The framework starts with an augmented Lagrangian formulation for FSI that enforces kinematic constraints with a combination of Lagrange multipliers and penalty forces. For immersed volumetric objects, we formally eliminate the multiplier field by substituting a fluid–structure interface traction, arriving at Nitsche’s method for enforcing Dirichlet boundary conditions on object surfaces. For immersed thin shell structures modeled geometrically as surfaces, the tractions from opposite sides cancel due to the continuity of the background fluid solution space, leaving a penalty method. Application to a bioprosthetic heart valve, where there is a large pressure jump across the leaflets, reveals shortcomings of the penalty approach. To counteract steep pressure gradients through the structure without the conditioning problems that accompany strong penalty forces, we resurrect the Lagrange multiplier field. Further, since the fluid discretization is not tailored to the structure geometry, there is a significant error in the approximation of pressure discontinuities across the shell. This error becomes especially troublesome in residual-based stabilized methods for incompressible flow, leading to problematic compressibility at practical levels of refinement. We modify existing stabilized methods to improve performance. To evaluate the accuracy of the proposed methods, we test them on benchmark problems and compare the results with those of established boundary-fitted techniques. Finally, we simulate the coupling of the bioprosthetic heart valve and the surrounding blood flow under physiological conditions, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed techniques in practical computations. PMID:25541566

Fiber Segment-Based Degradation Methods for a Finite Element-Informed Structural Brain Network

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-11-01

Services , Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents...should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law , no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of...functional communication between brain regions. This report presents an expansion of our previous methods used to create a finite element–informed

Discrimination and instructional comprehension: guided discretion, racial bias, and the death penalty.

PubMed

Lynch, M; Haney, C

2000-06-01

This study links two previously unrelated lines of research: the lack of comprehension of capital penalty-phase jury instructions and discriminatory death sentencing. Jury-eligible subjects were randomly assigned to view one of four versions of a simulated capital penalty trial in which the race of defendant (Black or White) and the race of victim (Black or White) were varied orthogonally. Dependent measures included a sentencing verdict (life without the possibility of parole or the death penalty), ratings of penalty phase evidence, and a test of instructional comprehension. Results indicated that instructional comprehension was poor overall and that, although Black defendants were treated only slightly more punitively than White defendants in general, discriminatory effects were concentrated among participants whose comprehension was poorest. In addition, the use of penalty phase evidence differed as a function of race of defendant and whether the participant sentenced the defendant to life or death. The study suggest that racially biased and capricious death sentencing may be in part caused or exacerbated by the inability to comprehend penalty phase instructions.

Variable selection in subdistribution hazard frailty models with competing risks data

PubMed Central

Do Ha, Il; Lee, Minjung; Oh, Seungyoung; Jeong, Jong-Hyeon; Sylvester, Richard; Lee, Youngjo

2014-01-01

The proportional subdistribution hazards model (i.e. Fine-Gray model) has been widely used for analyzing univariate competing risks data. Recently, this model has been extended to clustered competing risks data via frailty. To the best of our knowledge, however, there has been no literature on variable selection method for such competing risks frailty models. In this paper, we propose a simple but unified procedure via a penalized h-likelihood (HL) for variable selection of fixed effects in a general class of subdistribution hazard frailty models, in which random effects may be shared or correlated. We consider three penalty functions (LASSO, SCAD and HL) in our variable selection procedure. We show that the proposed method can be easily implemented using a slight modification to existing h-likelihood estimation approaches. Numerical studies demonstrate that the proposed procedure using the HL penalty performs well, providing a higher probability of choosing the true model than LASSO and SCAD methods without losing prediction accuracy. The usefulness of the new method is illustrated using two actual data sets from multi-center clinical trials. PMID:25042872

A label distance maximum-based classifier for multi-label learning.

PubMed

Liu, Xiaoli; Bao, Hang; Zhao, Dazhe; Cao, Peng

2015-01-01

Multi-label classification is useful in many bioinformatics tasks such as gene function prediction and protein site localization. This paper presents an improved neural network algorithm, Max Label Distance Back Propagation Algorithm for Multi-Label Classification. The method was formulated by modifying the total error function of the standard BP by adding a penalty term, which was realized by maximizing the distance between the positive and negative labels. Extensive experiments were conducted to compare this method against state-of-the-art multi-label methods on three popular bioinformatic benchmark datasets. The results illustrated that this proposed method is more effective for bioinformatic multi-label classification compared to commonly used techniques.

Gradient optimization and nonlinear control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hasdorff, L.

1976-01-01

The book represents an introduction to computation in control by an iterative, gradient, numerical method, where linearity is not assumed. The general language and approach used are those of elementary functional analysis. The particular gradient method that is emphasized and used is conjugate gradient descent, a well known method exhibiting quadratic convergence while requiring very little more computation than simple steepest descent. Constraints are not dealt with directly, but rather the approach is to introduce them as penalty terms in the criterion. General conjugate gradient descent methods are developed and applied to problems in control.

22 CFR 103.6 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Penalties. 103.6 Section 103.6 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE ECONOMIC AND OTHER FUNCTIONS REGULATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION AND THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION IMPLEMENTATION ACT OF 1998 ON THE TAKING OF SAMPLES...

22 CFR 103.6 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Penalties. 103.6 Section 103.6 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE ECONOMIC AND OTHER FUNCTIONS REGULATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION AND THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION IMPLEMENTATION ACT OF 1998 ON THE TAKING OF SAMPLES...

The dimension split element-free Galerkin method for three-dimensional potential problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meng, Z. J.; Cheng, H.; Ma, L. D.; Cheng, Y. M.

2018-06-01

This paper presents the dimension split element-free Galerkin (DSEFG) method for three-dimensional potential problems, and the corresponding formulae are obtained. The main idea of the DSEFG method is that a three-dimensional potential problem can be transformed into a series of two-dimensional problems. For these two-dimensional problems, the improved moving least-squares (IMLS) approximation is applied to construct the shape function, which uses an orthogonal function system with a weight function as the basis functions. The Galerkin weak form is applied to obtain a discretized system equation, and the penalty method is employed to impose the essential boundary condition. The finite difference method is selected in the splitting direction. For the purposes of demonstration, some selected numerical examples are solved using the DSEFG method. The convergence study and error analysis of the DSEFG method are presented. The numerical examples show that the DSEFG method has greater computational precision and computational efficiency than the IEFG method.

Analytical study of interior noise control by fuselage design techniques on high-speed, propeller-driven aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Revell, J. D.; Balena, F. J.; Koval, L. R.

1980-01-01

The acoustical treatment mass penalties required to achieve an interior noise level of 80 dBA for high speed, fuel efficient propfan-powered aircraft are determined. The prediction method used is based on theory developed for the outer shell dynamics, and a modified approach for add-on noise control element performance. The present synthesis of these methods is supported by experimental data. Three different sized aircraft are studied, including a widebody, a narrowbody and a business sized aircraft. Noise control penalties are calculated for each aircraft for two kinds of noise control designs: add-on designs, where the outer wall structure cannot be changed, and advanced designs where the outer wall stiffness level and the materials usage can be altered. For the add-on designs, the mass penalties range from 1.7 to 2.4 percent of the takeoff gross weight (TOGW) of the various aircraft, similar to preliminary estimates. Results for advanced designs show significant reductions of the mass penalties. For the advanced aluminum designs the penalties are 1.5% of TOGW, and for an all composite aircraft the penalties range from 0.74 to 1.4% of TOGW.

Implementation of Hybrid V-Cycle Multilevel Methods for Mixed Finite Element Systems with Penalty

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lai, Chen-Yao G.

1996-01-01

The goal of this paper is the implementation of hybrid V-cycle hierarchical multilevel methods for the indefinite discrete systems which arise when a mixed finite element approximation is used to solve elliptic boundary value problems. By introducing a penalty parameter, the perturbed indefinite system can be reduced to a symmetric positive definite system containing the small penalty parameter for the velocity unknown alone. We stabilize the hierarchical spatial decomposition approach proposed by Cai, Goldstein, and Pasciak for the reduced system. We demonstrate that the relative condition number of the preconditioner is bounded uniformly with respect to the penalty parameter, the number of levels and possible jumps of the coefficients as long as they occur only across the edges of the coarsest elements.

Data preparation for functional data analysis of PM10 in Peninsular Malaysia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shaadan, Norshahida; Jemain, Abdul Aziz; Deni, Sayang Mohd

2014-07-01

The use of curves or functional data in the study analysis is increasingly gaining momentum in the various fields of research. The statistical method to analyze such data is known as functional data analysis (FDA). The first step in FDA is to convert the observed data points which are repeatedly recorded over a period of time or space into either a rough (raw) or smooth curve. In the case of the smooth curve, basis functions expansion is one of the methods used for the data conversion. The data can be converted into a smooth curve either by using the regression smoothing or roughness penalty smoothing approach. By using the regression smoothing approach, the degree of curve's smoothness is very dependent on k number of basis functions; meanwhile for the roughness penalty approach, the smoothness is dependent on a roughness coefficient given by parameter λ Based on previous studies, researchers often used the rather time-consuming trial and error or cross validation method to estimate the appropriate number of basis functions. Thus, this paper proposes a statistical procedure to construct functional data or curves for the hourly and daily recorded data. The Bayesian Information Criteria is used to determine the number of basis functions while the Generalized Cross Validation criteria is used to identify the parameter λ The proposed procedure is then applied on a ten year (2001-2010) period of PM10 data from 30 air quality monitoring stations that are located in Peninsular Malaysia. It was found that the number of basis functions required for the construction of the PM10 daily curve in Peninsular Malaysia was in the interval of between 14 and 20 with an average value of 17; the first percentile is 15 and the third percentile is 19. Meanwhile the initial value of the roughness coefficient was in the interval of between 10-5 and 10-7 and the mode was 10-6. An example of the functional descriptive analysis is also shown.

Distance-preserving rigidity penalty on deformable image registration of multiple skeletal components in the neck

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, Jihun, E-mail: jihun@umich.edu; Saitou, Kazuhiro; Matuszak, Martha M.

Purpose: This study aims at developing and testing a novel rigidity penalty suitable for the deformable registration of tightly located skeletal components in the head and neck from planning computed tomography (CT) and daily cone-beam CT (CBCT) scans of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Methods: The proposed rigidity penalty is designed to preserve intervoxel distances within each bony structure. This penalty was tested in the intensity-based B-spline deformable registration of five cervical vertebral bodies (C1–C5). The displacement vector fields (DVFs) from the registrations were compared to the DVFs generated by using rigid body motions of the cervical vertebrae, measured by the surfacemore » registration of vertebrae delineated on CT and CBCT images. Twenty five pairs of planning CT (reference) and treatment CBCTs (target) from five patients were aligned without and with the penalty. An existing penalty based on the orthonormality of the deformation gradient tensor was also tested and the effects of the penalties compared. Results: The mean magnitude of the maximum registration error with the proposed distance-preserving penalty was (0.86, 1.12, 1.33) mm compared to (2.11, 2.49, 2.46) without penalty and (1.53, 1.64, 1.64) with the existing orthonormality-based penalty. The improvement in the accuracy of the deformable image registration was also verified by comparing the Procrustes distance between the DVFs. With the proposed penalty, the average distance was 0.11 (σ 0.03 mm) which is smaller than 0.53 (0.1 mm) without penalty and 0.28 (0.04 mm) with the orthonormality-based penalty. Conclusions: The accuracy of aligning multiple bony elements was improved by using the proposed distance-preserving rigidity penalty. The voxel-based statistical analysis of the registration error shows that the proposed penalty improved the integrity of the DVFs within the vertebral bodies.« less

Distance-preserving rigidity penalty on deformable image registration of multiple skeletal components in the neck

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, Jihun, E-mail: jihun@umich.edu; Saitou, Kazuhiro; Matuszak, Martha M.

2013-12-15

Purpose: This study aims at developing and testing a novel rigidity penalty suitable for the deformable registration of tightly located skeletal components in the head and neck from planning computed tomography (CT) and daily cone-beam CT (CBCT) scans of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Methods: The proposed rigidity penalty is designed to preserve intervoxel distances within each bony structure. This penalty was tested in the intensity-based B-spline deformable registration of five cervical vertebral bodies (C1–C5). The displacement vector fields (DVFs) from the registrations were compared to the DVFs generated by using rigid body motions of the cervical vertebrae, measured by the surfacemore » registration of vertebrae delineated on CT and CBCT images. Twenty five pairs of planning CT (reference) and treatment CBCTs (target) from five patients were aligned without and with the penalty. An existing penalty based on the orthonormality of the deformation gradient tensor was also tested and the effects of the penalties compared. Results: The mean magnitude of the maximum registration error with the proposed distance-preserving penalty was (0.86, 1.12, 1.33) mm compared to (2.11, 2.49, 2.46) without penalty and (1.53, 1.64, 1.64) with the existing orthonormality-based penalty. The improvement in the accuracy of the deformable image registration was also verified by comparing the Procrustes distance between the DVFs. With the proposed penalty, the average distance was 0.11 (σ 0.03 mm) which is smaller than 0.53 (0.1 mm) without penalty and 0.28 (0.04 mm) with the orthonormality-based penalty. Conclusions: The accuracy of aligning multiple bony elements was improved by using the proposed distance-preserving rigidity penalty. The voxel-based statistical analysis of the registration error shows that the proposed penalty improved the integrity of the DVFs within the vertebral bodies.« less

Probabilistic model of nonlinear penalties due to collision-induced timing jitter for calculation of the bit error ratio in wavelength-division-multiplexed return-to-zero systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sinkin, Oleg V.; Grigoryan, Vladimir S.; Menyuk, Curtis R.

2006-12-01

We introduce a fully deterministic, computationally efficient method for characterizing the effect of nonlinearity in optical fiber transmission systems that utilize wavelength-division multiplexing and return-to-zero modulation. The method accurately accounts for bit-pattern-dependent nonlinear distortion due to collision-induced timing jitter and for amplifier noise. We apply this method to calculate the error probability as a function of channel spacing in a prototypical multichannel return-to-zero undersea system.

CONORBIT: constrained optimization by radial basis function interpolation in trust regions

DOE PAGES

Regis, Rommel G.; Wild, Stefan M.

2016-09-26

Here, this paper presents CONORBIT (CONstrained Optimization by Radial Basis function Interpolation in Trust regions), a derivative-free algorithm for constrained black-box optimization where the objective and constraint functions are computationally expensive. CONORBIT employs a trust-region framework that uses interpolating radial basis function (RBF) models for the objective and constraint functions, and is an extension of the ORBIT algorithm. It uses a small margin for the RBF constraint models to facilitate the generation of feasible iterates, and extensive numerical tests confirm that such a margin is helpful in improving performance. CONORBIT is compared with other algorithms on 27 test problems, amore » chemical process optimization problem, and an automotive application. Numerical results show that CONORBIT performs better than COBYLA, a sequential penalty derivative-free method, an augmented Lagrangian method, a direct search method, and another RBF-based algorithm on the test problems and on the automotive application.« less

The Development of High Order Methods for Real World Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-03

current method has been applied to aerodynamic problems. Numerical tests show that significant savings in the number of DOFs can be achieved through... current element Vi, and the normal flux Fn(Qi) at the interface is Fn(Qi) = ~F (Qi) · ~n. In order to eliminate the test function, the boundary integral...provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently

The Development of High-Order Methods for Real World Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-03

current method has been applied to aerodynamic problems. Numerical tests show that significant savings in the number of DOFs can be achieved through... current element Vi, and the normal flux Fn(Qi) at the interface is Fn(Qi) = ~F (Qi) · ~n. In order to eliminate the test function, the boundary integral...provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently

Penalized nonparametric scalar-on-function regression via principal coordinates

PubMed Central

Reiss, Philip T.; Miller, David L.; Wu, Pei-Shien; Hua, Wen-Yu

2016-01-01

A number of classical approaches to nonparametric regression have recently been extended to the case of functional predictors. This paper introduces a new method of this type, which extends intermediate-rank penalized smoothing to scalar-on-function regression. In the proposed method, which we call principal coordinate ridge regression, one regresses the response on leading principal coordinates defined by a relevant distance among the functional predictors, while applying a ridge penalty. Our publicly available implementation, based on generalized additive modeling software, allows for fast optimal tuning parameter selection and for extensions to multiple functional predictors, exponential family-valued responses, and mixed-effects models. In an application to signature verification data, principal coordinate ridge regression, with dynamic time warping distance used to define the principal coordinates, is shown to outperform a functional generalized linear model. PMID:29217963

Excess Readmission vs Excess Penalties: Maximum Readmission Penalties as a Function of Socioeconomics and Geography.

PubMed

Caracciolo, Chris; Parker, Devin; Marshall, Emily; Brown, Jeremiah

2017-08-01

The Hospital Readmission Reduction Program (HRRP) penalizes hospitals with "excess" readmissions up to 3% of Medicare reimbursement. Approximately 75% of eligible hospitals received penalties, worth an estimated $428 million, in fiscal year 2015. To identify demographic and socioeconomic disparities between matched and localized maximum-penalty and no-penalty hospitals. A case-control study in which cases included were hospitals to receive the maximum 3% penalty under the HRRP during the 2015 fiscal year. Controls were drawn from no-penalty hospitals and matched to cases by hospital characteristics (primary analysis) or geographic proximity (secondary analysis). A selectiion of 3383 US hospitals eligible for HRRP. Thirty-nine case and 39 control hospitals from the HRRP cohort. Socioeconomic status variables were collected by the American Community Survey. Hospital and health system characteristics were drawn from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, American Hospital Association, and Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care. The statistical analysis was conducted using Student t tests. Thirty-nine hospitals received a maximum penalty. Relative to controls, maximum-penalty hospitals in counties with lower SES profiles are defined by increased poverty rates (19.1% vs 15.5%, = 0.015) and lower rates of high school graduation (82.2% vs 87.5%, = 0.001). County level age, sex, and ethnicity distributions were similar between cohorts. Cases were more likely than controls to be in counties with low socioeconomic status; highlighting potential unintended consequences of national benchmarks for phenomena underpinned by environmental factors; specifically, whether maximum penalties under the HRRP are a consequence of underperforming hospitals or a manifestation of underserved communities. © 2017 Society of Hospital Medicine

Sparsistency and Rates of Convergence in Large Covariance Matrix Estimation.

PubMed

Lam, Clifford; Fan, Jianqing

2009-01-01

This paper studies the sparsistency and rates of convergence for estimating sparse covariance and precision matrices based on penalized likelihood with nonconvex penalty functions. Here, sparsistency refers to the property that all parameters that are zero are actually estimated as zero with probability tending to one. Depending on the case of applications, sparsity priori may occur on the covariance matrix, its inverse or its Cholesky decomposition. We study these three sparsity exploration problems under a unified framework with a general penalty function. We show that the rates of convergence for these problems under the Frobenius norm are of order (s(n) log p(n)/n)(1/2), where s(n) is the number of nonzero elements, p(n) is the size of the covariance matrix and n is the sample size. This explicitly spells out the contribution of high-dimensionality is merely of a logarithmic factor. The conditions on the rate with which the tuning parameter λ(n) goes to 0 have been made explicit and compared under different penalties. As a result, for the L(1)-penalty, to guarantee the sparsistency and optimal rate of convergence, the number of nonzero elements should be small: sn'=O(pn) at most, among O(pn2) parameters, for estimating sparse covariance or correlation matrix, sparse precision or inverse correlation matrix or sparse Cholesky factor, where sn' is the number of the nonzero elements on the off-diagonal entries. On the other hand, using the SCAD or hard-thresholding penalty functions, there is no such a restriction.

Blind beam-hardening correction from Poisson measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gu, Renliang; Dogandžić, Aleksandar

2016-02-01

We develop a sparse image reconstruction method for Poisson-distributed polychromatic X-ray computed tomography (CT) measurements under the blind scenario where the material of the inspected object and the incident energy spectrum are unknown. We employ our mass-attenuation spectrum parameterization of the noiseless measurements and express the mass- attenuation spectrum as a linear combination of B-spline basis functions of order one. A block coordinate-descent algorithm is developed for constrained minimization of a penalized Poisson negative log-likelihood (NLL) cost function, where constraints and penalty terms ensure nonnegativity of the spline coefficients and nonnegativity and sparsity of the density map image; the image sparsity is imposed using a convex total-variation (TV) norm penalty term. This algorithm alternates between a Nesterov's proximal-gradient (NPG) step for estimating the density map image and a limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno with box constraints (L-BFGS-B) step for estimating the incident-spectrum parameters. To accelerate convergence of the density- map NPG steps, we apply function restart and a step-size selection scheme that accounts for varying local Lipschitz constants of the Poisson NLL. Real X-ray CT reconstruction examples demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme.

Crystal structure prediction supported by incomplete experimental data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsujimoto, Naoto; Adachi, Daiki; Akashi, Ryosuke; Todo, Synge; Tsuneyuki, Shinji

2018-05-01

We propose an efficient theoretical scheme for structure prediction on the basis of the idea of combining methods, which optimize theoretical calculation and experimental data simultaneously. In this scheme, we formulate a cost function based on a weighted sum of interatomic potential energies and a penalty function which is defined with partial experimental data totally insufficient for conventional structure analysis. In particular, we define the cost function using "crystallinity" formulated with only peak positions within the small range of the x-ray-diffraction pattern. We apply this method to well-known polymorphs of SiO2 and C with up to 108 atoms in the simulation cell and show that it reproduces the correct structures efficiently with very limited information of diffraction peaks. This scheme opens a new avenue for determining and predicting structures that are difficult to determine by conventional methods.

The absence of cruelty is not the presence of humanness: physicians and the death penalty in the United States.

PubMed

Zivot, Joel B

2012-12-03

The death penalty by lethal injection is a legal punishment in the United States. Sodium Thiopental, once used in the death penalty cocktail, is no longer available for use in the United States as a consequence of this association. Anesthesiologists possess knowledge of Sodium Thiopental and possible chemical alternatives. Further, lethal injection has the look and feel of a medical act thereby encouraging physician participation and comment. Concern has been raised that the death penalty by lethal injection, is cruel. Physicians are ethically directed to prevent cruelty within the doctor-patient relationship and ethically prohibited from participation in any component of the death penalty. The US Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty is not cruel per se and is not in conflict with the 8th amendment of the US constitution. If the death penalty is not cruel, it requires no further refinement. If, on the other hand, the death penalty is in fact cruel, physicians have no mandate outside of the doctor patient relationship to reduce cruelty. Any intervention in the name of cruelty reduction, in the setting of lethal injection, does not lead to a more humane form of punishment. If physicians contend that the death penalty can be botched, they wrongly direct that it can be improved. The death penalty cocktail, as a method to reduce suffering during execution, is an unverifiable claim. At best, anesthetics produce an outward appearance of calmness only and do not address suffering as a consequence of the anticipation of death on the part of the condemned.

The absence of cruelty is not the presence of humanness: physicians and the death penalty in the United States

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

The death penalty by lethal injection is a legal punishment in the United States. Sodium Thiopental, once used in the death penalty cocktail, is no longer available for use in the United States as a consequence of this association. Anesthesiologists possess knowledge of Sodium Thiopental and possible chemical alternatives. Further, lethal injection has the look and feel of a medical act thereby encouraging physician participation and comment. Concern has been raised that the death penalty by lethal injection, is cruel. Physicians are ethically directed to prevent cruelty within the doctor-patient relationship and ethically prohibited from participation in any component of the death penalty. The US Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty is not cruel per se and is not in conflict with the 8th amendment of the US constitution. If the death penalty is not cruel, it requires no further refinement. If, on the other hand, the death penalty is in fact cruel, physicians have no mandate outside of the doctor patient relationship to reduce cruelty. Any intervention in the name of cruelty reduction, in the setting of lethal injection, does not lead to a more humane form of punishment. If physicians contend that the death penalty can be botched, they wrongly direct that it can be improved. The death penalty cocktail, as a method to reduce suffering during execution, is an unverifiable claim. At best, anesthetics produce an outward appearance of calmness only and do not address suffering as a consequence of the anticipation of death on the part of the condemned. PMID:23199336

Novel harmonic regularization approach for variable selection in Cox's proportional hazards model.

PubMed

Chu, Ge-Jin; Liang, Yong; Wang, Jia-Xuan

2014-01-01

Variable selection is an important issue in regression and a number of variable selection methods have been proposed involving nonconvex penalty functions. In this paper, we investigate a novel harmonic regularization method, which can approximate nonconvex Lq  (1/2 < q < 1) regularizations, to select key risk factors in the Cox's proportional hazards model using microarray gene expression data. The harmonic regularization method can be efficiently solved using our proposed direct path seeking approach, which can produce solutions that closely approximate those for the convex loss function and the nonconvex regularization. Simulation results based on the artificial datasets and four real microarray gene expression datasets, such as real diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DCBCL), the lung cancer, and the AML datasets, show that the harmonic regularization method can be more accurate for variable selection than existing Lasso series methods.

Backup agreements with penalty scheme under supply disruptions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hou, Jing; Zhao, Lindu

2012-05-01

This article considers a supply chain for a single product involving one retailer and two independent suppliers, when the main supplier might fail to supply the products, the backup supplier can always supply the products at a higher price. The retailer could use the backup supplier as a regular provider or a stand-by source by reserving some products at the supplier. A backup agreement with penalty scheme is constructed between the retailer and the backup supplier to mitigate the supply disruptions and the demand uncertainty. The expected profit functions and the optimal decisions of the two players are derived through a sequential optimisation process. Then, the sensitivity of two players' expected profits to various input factors is examined through numerical examples. The impacts of the disruption probability and the demand uncertainty on the backup agreement are also investigated, which could provide guideline for how to use each sourcing method.

On the stability analysis of hyperelastic boundary value problems using three- and two-field mixed finite element formulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schröder, Jörg; Viebahn, Nils; Wriggers, Peter; Auricchio, Ferdinando; Steeger, Karl

2017-09-01

In this work we investigate different mixed finite element formulations for the detection of critical loads for the possible occurrence of bifurcation and limit points. In detail, three- and two-field formulations for incompressible and quasi-incompressible materials are analyzed. In order to apply various penalty functions for the volume dilatation in displacement/pressure mixed elements we propose a new consistent scheme capturing the non linearities of the penalty constraints. It is shown that for all mixed formulations, which can be reduced to a generalized displacement scheme, a straight forward stability analysis is possible. However, problems based on the classical saddle-point structure require a different analyses based on the change of the signature of the underlying matrix system. The basis of these investigations is the work from Auricchio et al. (Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 194:1075-1092, 2005, Comput Mech 52:1153-1167, 2013).

American Bar Association Supplementary Guidelines for the Mitigation Function of Defense Teams in Death Penalty Cases: Implications for Social Work

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Andrews, Arlene Bowers

2012-01-01

When a client faces a penalty of death, defense attorneys may call on social workers in many capacities: mitigation specialist, expert witness, consulting specialist, direct witness, or defense-initiated victim outreach worker. The American Bar Association set forth standards for capital defense attorneys, which led an interdisciplinary team to…

Religious Penalty in the U.S. News & World Report College Rankings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baumann, Robert W.; Chu, David K. W.; Anderton, Charles H.

2009-01-01

Since its debut in 1983, the "U.S. News & World Report College Guide" has become the premier "consumer report" of higher education. We find that peer assessment, which is the largest component of the "U.S. News & World Report" ranking function, contains a penalty for religiously affiliated schools that is independent of the other "U.S. News &…

Simple Penalties on Maximum-Likelihood Estimates of Genetic Parameters to Reduce Sampling Variation

PubMed Central

Meyer, Karin

2016-01-01

Multivariate estimates of genetic parameters are subject to substantial sampling variation, especially for smaller data sets and more than a few traits. A simple modification of standard, maximum-likelihood procedures for multivariate analyses to estimate genetic covariances is described, which can improve estimates by substantially reducing their sampling variances. This is achieved by maximizing the likelihood subject to a penalty. Borrowing from Bayesian principles, we propose a mild, default penalty—derived assuming a Beta distribution of scale-free functions of the covariance components to be estimated—rather than laboriously attempting to determine the stringency of penalization from the data. An extensive simulation study is presented, demonstrating that such penalties can yield very worthwhile reductions in loss, i.e., the difference from population values, for a wide range of scenarios and without distorting estimates of phenotypic covariances. Moreover, mild default penalties tend not to increase loss in difficult cases and, on average, achieve reductions in loss of similar magnitude to computationally demanding schemes to optimize the degree of penalization. Pertinent details required for the adaptation of standard algorithms to locate the maximum of the likelihood function are outlined. PMID:27317681

American Bar Association Supplementary Guidelines for the Mitigation Function of Defense Teams in Death Penalty Cases: implications for social work.

PubMed

Andrews, Arlene Bowers

2012-04-01

When a client faces a penalty of death, defense attorneys may call on social workers in many capacities: mitigation specialist, expert witness, consulting specialist, direct witness, or defense-initiated victim outreach worker. The American Bar Association set forth standards for capital defense attorneys, which led an interdisciplinary team to produce the "Supplementary Guidelines for the Mitigation Function of Defense Teams in Death Penalty Cases" to promote the exceptional competence and diligence required when the consequence is life or death. This article summarizes the "Supplementary Guidelines," with implications for social work practice--that is, professional responsibility, competence, interviewing skill, knowledge of behavioral and mental impairment, records review, life history compilation, data interpretation, witness support, law-related knowledge, and testimony. The social work, which is scrutinized in a court of law, requires cultural competence, diverse oral and written communication skills, diligence, and the highest ethical standards.

Variable selection for zero-inflated and overdispersed data with application to health care demand in Germany

PubMed Central

Wang, Zhu; Shuangge, Ma; Wang, Ching-Yun

2017-01-01

In health services and outcome research, count outcomes are frequently encountered and often have a large proportion of zeros. The zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression model has important applications for this type of data. With many possible candidate risk factors, this paper proposes new variable selection methods for the ZINB model. We consider maximum likelihood function plus a penalty including the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) and minimax concave penalty (MCP). An EM (expectation-maximization) algorithm is proposed for estimating the model parameters and conducting variable selection simultaneously. This algorithm consists of estimating penalized weighted negative binomial models and penalized logistic models via the coordinated descent algorithm. Furthermore, statistical properties including the standard error formulae are provided. A simulation study shows that the new algorithm not only has more accurate or at least comparable estimation, also is more robust than the traditional stepwise variable selection. The proposed methods are applied to analyze the health care demand in Germany using an open-source R package mpath. PMID:26059498

Bayesian penalized-likelihood reconstruction algorithm suppresses edge artifacts in PET reconstruction based on point-spread-function.

PubMed

Yamaguchi, Shotaro; Wagatsuma, Kei; Miwa, Kenta; Ishii, Kenji; Inoue, Kazumasa; Fukushi, Masahiro

2018-03-01

The Bayesian penalized-likelihood reconstruction algorithm (BPL), Q.Clear, uses relative difference penalty as a regularization function to control image noise and the degree of edge-preservation in PET images. The present study aimed to determine the effects of suppression on edge artifacts due to point-spread-function (PSF) correction using a Q.Clear. Spheres of a cylindrical phantom contained a background of 5.3 kBq/mL of [ 18 F]FDG and sphere-to-background ratios (SBR) of 16, 8, 4 and 2. The background also contained water and spheres containing 21.2 kBq/mL of [ 18 F]FDG as non-background. All data were acquired using a Discovery PET/CT 710 and were reconstructed using three-dimensional ordered-subset expectation maximization with time-of-flight (TOF) and PSF correction (3D-OSEM), and Q.Clear with TOF (BPL). We investigated β-values of 200-800 using BPL. The PET images were analyzed using visual assessment and profile curves, edge variability and contrast recovery coefficients were measured. The 38- and 27-mm spheres were surrounded by higher radioactivity concentration when reconstructed with 3D-OSEM as opposed to BPL, which suppressed edge artifacts. Images of 10-mm spheres had sharper overshoot at high SBR and non-background when reconstructed with BPL. Although contrast recovery coefficients of 10-mm spheres in BPL decreased as a function of increasing β, higher penalty parameter decreased the overshoot. BPL is a feasible method for the suppression of edge artifacts of PSF correction, although this depends on SBR and sphere size. Overshoot associated with BPL caused overestimation in small spheres at high SBR. Higher penalty parameter in BPL can suppress overshoot more effectively. Copyright © 2018 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reconstruction of methods of execution of the death penalty by shooting in the years 1949-1954 based on exhumation research of "prison fields" in Osobowicki Cemetery in Wroclaw. Part I--Historical outline and results of research conducted prior to exhumations performed in 2011.

PubMed

Szleszkowski, Łukasz

2012-01-01

In the period between October and December 2011, a series of exhumation research of the so-called prison quarters dating back to 1949-1954 was conducted in Osobowicki Cemetery in Wrocław. Among the buried there were political prisoners executed by shooting--genuine or alleged members of post-war independence organizations. It was a unique opportunity to determine the method of execution of the death penalty in that period because, according to historical data and the results of two test exhumations, this method considerably differed from instructions on the use of a firing squad during execution of the death penalty.

In monkeys making value-based decisions, amygdala neurons are sensitive to cue value as distinct from cue salience.

PubMed

Leathers, Marvin L; Olson, Carl R

2017-04-01

Neurons in the lateral intraparietal (LIP) area of macaque monkey parietal cortex respond to cues predicting rewards and penalties of variable size in a manner that depends on the motivational salience of the predicted outcome (strong for both large reward and large penalty) rather than on its value (positive for large reward and negative for large penalty). This finding suggests that LIP mediates the capture of attention by salient events and does not encode value in the service of value-based decision making. It leaves open the question whether neurons elsewhere in the brain encode value in the identical task. To resolve this issue, we recorded neuronal activity in the amygdala in the context of the task employed in the LIP study. We found that responses to reward-predicting cues were similar between areas, with the majority of reward-sensitive neurons responding more strongly to cues that predicted large reward than to those that predicted small reward. Responses to penalty-predicting cues were, however, markedly different. In the amygdala, unlike LIP, few neurons were sensitive to penalty size, few penalty-sensitive neurons favored large over small penalty, and the dependence of firing rate on penalty size was negatively correlated with its dependence on reward size. These results indicate that amygdala neurons encoded cue value under circumstances in which LIP neurons exhibited sensitivity to motivational salience. However, the representation of negative value, as reflected in sensitivity to penalty size, was weaker than the representation of positive value, as reflected in sensitivity to reward size. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to characterize amygdala neuronal responses to cues predicting rewards and penalties of variable size in monkeys making value-based choices. Manipulating reward and penalty size allowed distinguishing activity dependent on motivational salience from activity dependent on value. This approach revealed in a previous study that neurons of the lateral intraparietal (LIP) area encode motivational salience. Here, it reveals that amygdala neurons encode value. The results establish a sharp functional distinction between the two areas. Copyright © 2017 the American Physiological Society.

Extended hybrid-space SENSE for EPI: Off-resonance and eddy current corrected joint interleaved blip-up/down reconstruction.

PubMed

Zahneisen, Benjamin; Aksoy, Murat; Maclaren, Julian; Wuerslin, Christian; Bammer, Roland

2017-06-01

Geometric distortions along the phase encode direction caused by off-resonant spins are still a major issue in EPI based functional and diffusion imaging. If the off-resonance map is known it is possible to correct for distortions. Most correction methods operate as a post-processing step on the reconstructed magnitude images. Here, we present an algebraic reconstruction method (hybrid-space SENSE) that incorporates a physics based model of off-resonances, phase inconsistencies between k-space segments, and T2*-decay during the acquisition. The method can be used to perform a joint reconstruction of interleaved acquisitions with normal (blip-up) and inverted (blip-down) phase encode direction which results in reduced g-factor penalty. A joint blip-up/down simultaneous multi slice (SMS) reconstruction for SMS-factor 4 in combination with twofold in-plane acceleration leads to a factor of two decrease in maximum g-factor penalty while providing off-resonance and eddy-current corrected images. We provide an algebraic framework for reconstructing diffusion weighted EPI data that in addition to the general applicability of hybrid-space SENSE to 2D-EPI, SMS-EPI and 3D-EPI with arbitrary k-space coverage along z, allows for a modeling of arbitrary spatio-temporal effects during the acquisition period like off-resonances, phase inconsistencies and T2*-decay. The most immediate benefit is a reduction in g-factor penalty if an interleaved blip-up/down acquisition strategy is chosen which facilitates eddy current estimation and ensures no loss in k-space encoding in regions with strong off-resonance gradients. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Sampling with poling-based flux balance analysis: optimal versus sub-optimal flux space analysis of Actinobacillus succinogenes.

PubMed

Binns, Michael; de Atauri, Pedro; Vlysidis, Anestis; Cascante, Marta; Theodoropoulos, Constantinos

2015-02-18

Flux balance analysis is traditionally implemented to identify the maximum theoretical flux for some specified reaction and a single distribution of flux values for all the reactions present which achieve this maximum value. However it is well known that the uncertainty in reaction networks due to branches, cycles and experimental errors results in a large number of combinations of internal reaction fluxes which can achieve the same optimal flux value. In this work, we have modified the applied linear objective of flux balance analysis to include a poling penalty function, which pushes each new set of reaction fluxes away from previous solutions generated. Repeated poling-based flux balance analysis generates a sample of different solutions (a characteristic set), which represents all the possible functionality of the reaction network. Compared to existing sampling methods, for the purpose of generating a relatively "small" characteristic set, our new method is shown to obtain a higher coverage than competing methods under most conditions. The influence of the linear objective function on the sampling (the linear bias) constrains optimisation results to a subspace of optimal solutions all producing the same maximal fluxes. Visualisation of reaction fluxes plotted against each other in 2 dimensions with and without the linear bias indicates the existence of correlations between fluxes. This method of sampling is applied to the organism Actinobacillus succinogenes for the production of succinic acid from glycerol. A new method of sampling for the generation of different flux distributions (sets of individual fluxes satisfying constraints on the steady-state mass balances of intermediates) has been developed using a relatively simple modification of flux balance analysis to include a poling penalty function inside the resulting optimisation objective function. This new methodology can achieve a high coverage of the possible flux space and can be used with and without linear bias to show optimal versus sub-optimal solution spaces. Basic analysis of the Actinobacillus succinogenes system using sampling shows that in order to achieve the maximal succinic acid production CO₂ must be taken into the system. Solutions involving release of CO₂ all give sub-optimal succinic acid production.

Novel Harmonic Regularization Approach for Variable Selection in Cox's Proportional Hazards Model

PubMed Central

Chu, Ge-Jin; Liang, Yong; Wang, Jia-Xuan

2014-01-01

Variable selection is an important issue in regression and a number of variable selection methods have been proposed involving nonconvex penalty functions. In this paper, we investigate a novel harmonic regularization method, which can approximate nonconvex Lq  (1/2 < q < 1) regularizations, to select key risk factors in the Cox's proportional hazards model using microarray gene expression data. The harmonic regularization method can be efficiently solved using our proposed direct path seeking approach, which can produce solutions that closely approximate those for the convex loss function and the nonconvex regularization. Simulation results based on the artificial datasets and four real microarray gene expression datasets, such as real diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DCBCL), the lung cancer, and the AML datasets, show that the harmonic regularization method can be more accurate for variable selection than existing Lasso series methods. PMID:25506389

A new approach to mixed H2/H infinity controller synthesis using gradient-based parameter optimization methods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ly, Uy-Loi; Schoemig, Ewald

1993-01-01

In the past few years, the mixed H(sub 2)/H-infinity control problem has been the object of much research interest since it allows the incorporation of robust stability into the LQG framework. The general mixed H(sub 2)/H-infinity design problem has yet to be solved analytically. Numerous schemes have considered upper bounds for the H(sub 2)-performance criterion and/or imposed restrictive constraints on the class of systems under investigation. Furthermore, many modern control applications rely on dynamic models obtained from finite-element analysis and thus involve high-order plant models. Hence the capability to design low-order (fixed-order) controllers is of great importance. In this research a new design method was developed that optimizes the exact H(sub 2)-norm of a certain subsystem subject to robust stability in terms of H-infinity constraints and a minimal number of system assumptions. The derived algorithm is based on a differentiable scalar time-domain penalty function to represent the H-infinity constraints in the overall optimization. The scheme is capable of handling multiple plant conditions and hence multiple performance criteria and H-infinity constraints and incorporates additional constraints such as fixed-order and/or fixed structure controllers. The defined penalty function is applicable to any constraint that is expressible in form of a real symmetric matrix-inequity.

A Penalty Method for the Numerical Solution of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) Equations in Finance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Witte, J. H.; Reisinger, C.

2010-09-01

We present a simple and easy to implement method for the numerical solution of a rather general class of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations. In many cases, the considered problems have only a viscosity solution, to which, fortunately, many intuitive (e.g. finite difference based) discretisations can be shown to converge. However, especially when using fully implicit time stepping schemes with their desireable stability properties, one is still faced with the considerable task of solving the resulting nonlinear discrete system. In this paper, we introduce a penalty method which approximates the nonlinear discrete system to an order of O(1/ρ), where ρ>0 is the penalty parameter, and we show that an iterative scheme can be used to solve the penalised discrete problem in finitely many steps. We include a number of examples from mathematical finance for which the described approach yields a rigorous numerical scheme and present numerical results.

An approach for maximizing the smallest eigenfrequency of structure vibration based on piecewise constant level set method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Zhengfang; Chen, Weifeng

2018-05-01

Maximization of the smallest eigenfrequency of the linearized elasticity system with area constraint is investigated. The elasticity system is extended into a large background domain, but the void is vacuum and not filled with ersatz material. The piecewise constant level set (PCLS) method is applied to present two regions, the original material region and the void region. A quadratic PCLS function is proposed to represent the characteristic function. Consequently, the functional derivative of the smallest eigenfrequency with respect to PCLS function takes nonzero value in the original material region and zero in the void region. A penalty gradient algorithm is proposed, which initializes the whole background domain with the original material and decreases the area of original material region till the area constraint is satisfied. 2D and 3D numerical examples are presented, illustrating the validity of the proposed algorithm.

Prior-knowledge-based feedforward network simulation of true boiling point curve of crude oil.

PubMed

Chen, C W; Chen, D Z

2001-11-01

Theoretical results and practical experience indicate that feedforward networks can approximate a wide class of functional relationships very well. This property is exploited in modeling chemical processes. Given finite and noisy training data, it is important to encode the prior knowledge in neural networks to improve the fit precision and the prediction ability of the model. In this paper, as to the three-layer feedforward networks and the monotonic constraint, the unconstrained method, Joerding's penalty function method, the interpolation method, and the constrained optimization method are analyzed first. Then two novel methods, the exponential weight method and the adaptive method, are proposed. These methods are applied in simulating the true boiling point curve of a crude oil with the condition of increasing monotonicity. The simulation experimental results show that the network models trained by the novel methods are good at approximating the actual process. Finally, all these methods are discussed and compared with each other.

The Community College Penalty? Examining the Bachelor's Completion Rates of Community College Transfer Students as a Function of Time

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lichtenberger, Eric; Dietrich, Cecile

2017-01-01

Objective: Recent studies have shown that community college transfer students are just as likely to graduate with a bachelor's degree as students who directly enroll in a 4-year institution. However, these studies do not typically examine whether there is a penalty for community college students in terms of the length of time it takes to complete…

A subgradient approach for constrained binary optimization via quantum adiabatic evolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karimi, Sahar; Ronagh, Pooya

2017-08-01

Outer approximation method has been proposed for solving the Lagrangian dual of a constrained binary quadratic programming problem via quantum adiabatic evolution in the literature. This should be an efficient prescription for solving the Lagrangian dual problem in the presence of an ideally noise-free quantum adiabatic system. However, current implementations of quantum annealing systems demand methods that are efficient at handling possible sources of noise. In this paper, we consider a subgradient method for finding an optimal primal-dual pair for the Lagrangian dual of a constrained binary polynomial programming problem. We then study the quadratic stable set (QSS) problem as a case study. We see that this method applied to the QSS problem can be viewed as an instance-dependent penalty-term approach that avoids large penalty coefficients. Finally, we report our experimental results of using the D-Wave 2X quantum annealer and conclude that our approach helps this quantum processor to succeed more often in solving these problems compared to the usual penalty-term approaches.

Hot-spot selection and evaluation methods for whole slice images of meningiomas and oligodendrogliomas.

PubMed

Swiderska, Zaneta; Markiewicz, Tomasz; Grala, Bartlomiej; Slodkowska, Janina

2015-01-01

The paper presents a combined method for an automatic hot-spot areas selection based on penalty factor in the whole slide images to support the pathomorphological diagnostic procedure. The studied slides represent the meningiomas and oligodendrogliomas tumor on the basis of the Ki-67/MIB-1 immunohistochemical reaction. It allows determining the tumor proliferation index as well as gives an indication to the medical treatment and prognosis. The combined method based on mathematical morphology, thresholding, texture analysis and classification is proposed and verified. The presented algorithm includes building a specimen map, elimination of hemorrhages from them, two methods for detection of hot-spot fields with respect to an introduced penalty factor. Furthermore, we propose localization concordance measure to evaluation localization of hot spot selection by the algorithms in respect to the expert's results. Thus, the results of the influence of the penalty factor are presented and discussed. It was found that the best results are obtained for 0.2 value of them. They confirm effectiveness of applied approach.

Ballistic Puncture Self-Healing Polymeric Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gordon, Keith L.; Siochi, Emilie J.; Yost, William T.; Bogert, Phil B.; Howell, Patricia A.; Cramer, K. Elliott; Burke, Eric R.

2017-01-01

Space exploration launch costs on the order of $10,000 per pound provide an incentive to seek ways to reduce structural mass while maintaining structural function to assure safety and reliability. Damage-tolerant structural systems provide a route to avoiding weight penalty while enhancing vehicle safety and reliability. Self-healing polymers capable of spontaneous puncture repair show promise to mitigate potentially catastrophic damage from events such as micrometeoroid penetration. Effective self-repair requires these materials to quickly heal following projectile penetration while retaining some structural function during the healing processes. Although there are materials known to possess this capability, they are typically not considered for structural applications. Current efforts use inexpensive experimental methods to inflict damage, after which analytical procedures are identified to verify that function is restored. Two candidate self-healing polymer materials for structural engineering systems are used to test these experimental methods.

Robust estimation for ordinary differential equation models.

PubMed

Cao, J; Wang, L; Xu, J

2011-12-01

Applied scientists often like to use ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to model complex dynamic processes that arise in biology, engineering, medicine, and many other areas. It is interesting but challenging to estimate ODE parameters from noisy data, especially when the data have some outliers. We propose a robust method to address this problem. The dynamic process is represented with a nonparametric function, which is a linear combination of basis functions. The nonparametric function is estimated by a robust penalized smoothing method. The penalty term is defined with the parametric ODE model, which controls the roughness of the nonparametric function and maintains the fidelity of the nonparametric function to the ODE model. The basis coefficients and ODE parameters are estimated in two nested levels of optimization. The coefficient estimates are treated as an implicit function of ODE parameters, which enables one to derive the analytic gradients for optimization using the implicit function theorem. Simulation studies show that the robust method gives satisfactory estimates for the ODE parameters from noisy data with outliers. The robust method is demonstrated by estimating a predator-prey ODE model from real ecological data. © 2011, The International Biometric Society.

Airbreathing engine selection criteria for SSTO propulsion system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohkami, Yoshiaki; Maita, Masataka

1995-02-01

This paper presents airbreathing engine selection criteria to be applied to the propulsion system of a Single Stage To Orbit (SSTO). To establish the criteria, a relation among three major parameters, i.e., delta-V capability, weight penalty, and effective specific impulse of the engine subsystem, is derived as compared to these parameters of the LH2/LOX rocket engine. The effective specific impulse is a function of the engine I(sub sp) and vehicle thrust-to-drag ratio which is approximated by a function of the vehicle velocity. The weight penalty includes the engine dry weight, cooling subsystem weight. The delta-V capability is defined by the velocity region starting from the minimum operating velocity up to the maximum velocity. The vehicle feasibility is investigated in terms of the structural and propellant weights, which requires an iteration process adjusting the system parameters. The system parameters are computed by iteration based on the Newton-Raphson method. It has been concluded that performance in the higher velocity region is extremely important so that the airbreathing engines are required to operate beyond the velocity equivalent to the rocket engine exhaust velocity (approximately 4500 m/s).

Inverse problems with nonnegative and sparse solutions: algorithms and application to the phase retrieval problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Quy Muoi, Pham; Nho Hào, Dinh; Sahoo, Sujit Kumar; Tang, Dongliang; Cong, Nguyen Huu; Dang, Cuong

2018-05-01

In this paper, we study a gradient-type method and a semismooth Newton method for minimization problems in regularizing inverse problems with nonnegative and sparse solutions. We propose a special penalty functional forcing the minimizers of regularized minimization problems to be nonnegative and sparse, and then we apply the proposed algorithms in a practical the problem. The strong convergence of the gradient-type method and the local superlinear convergence of the semismooth Newton method are proven. Then, we use these algorithms for the phase retrieval problem and illustrate their efficiency in numerical examples, particularly in the practical problem of optical imaging through scattering media where all the noises from experiment are presented.

The complex variable reproducing kernel particle method for bending problems of thin plates on elastic foundations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, L.; Cheng, Y. M.

2018-07-01

In this paper, the complex variable reproducing kernel particle method (CVRKPM) for solving the bending problems of isotropic thin plates on elastic foundations is presented. In CVRKPM, one-dimensional basis function is used to obtain the shape function of a two-dimensional problem. CVRKPM is used to form the approximation function of the deflection of the thin plates resting on elastic foundation, the Galerkin weak form of thin plates on elastic foundation is employed to obtain the discretized system equations, the penalty method is used to apply the essential boundary conditions, and Winkler and Pasternak foundation models are used to consider the interface pressure between the plate and the foundation. Then the corresponding formulae of CVRKPM for thin plates on elastic foundations are presented in detail. Several numerical examples are given to discuss the efficiency and accuracy of CVRKPM in this paper, and the corresponding advantages of the present method are shown.

Assessing Adaptive Functioning in Death Penalty Cases after Hall and DSM-5.

PubMed

Hagan, Leigh D; Drogin, Eric Y; Guilmette, Thomas J

2016-03-01

DSM-5 and Hall v. Florida (2014) have dramatically refocused attention on the assessment of adaptive functioning in death penalty cases. In this article, we address strategies for assessing the adaptive functioning of defendants who seek exemption from capital punishment pursuant to Atkins v. Virginia (2002). In particular, we assert that evaluations of adaptive functioning should address assets as well as deficits; seek to identify credible and reliable evidence concerning the developmental period and across the lifespan; distinguish incapacity from the mere absence of adaptive behavior; adhere faithfully to test manual instructions for using standardized measures of adaptive functioning; and account for potential bias on the part of informants. We conclude with brief caveats regarding the standard error of measurement (SEM) in light of Hall, with reference to examples of ordinary life activities that directly illuminate adaptive functioning relevant to capital cases. © 2016 American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.

Penalty methods for the numerical solution of American multi-asset option problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nielsen, Bjørn Fredrik; Skavhaug, Ola; Tveito, Aslak

2008-12-01

We derive and analyze a penalty method for solving American multi-asset option problems. A small, non-linear penalty term is added to the Black-Scholes equation. This approach gives a fixed solution domain, removing the free and moving boundary imposed by the early exercise feature of the contract. Explicit, implicit and semi-implicit finite difference schemes are derived, and in the case of independent assets, we prove that the approximate option prices satisfy some basic properties of the American option problem. Several numerical experiments are carried out in order to investigate the performance of the schemes. We give examples indicating that our results are sharp. Finally, the experiments indicate that in the case of correlated underlying assets, the same properties are valid as in the independent case.

The Bassi Rebay 1 scheme is a special case of the Symmetric Interior Penalty formulation for discontinuous Galerkin discretisations with Gauss-Lobatto points

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Manzanero, Juan; Rueda-Ramírez, Andrés M.; Rubio, Gonzalo; Ferrer, Esteban

2018-06-01

In the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) community, several formulations have been proposed to solve PDEs involving second-order spatial derivatives (e.g. elliptic problems). In this paper, we show that, when the discretisation is restricted to the usage of Gauss-Lobatto points, there are important similarities between two common choices: the Bassi-Rebay 1 (BR1) method, and the Symmetric Interior Penalty (SIP) formulation. This equivalence enables the extrapolation of properties from one scheme to the other: a sharper estimation of the minimum penalty parameter for the SIP stability (compared to the more general estimate proposed by Shahbazi [1]), more efficient implementations of the BR1 scheme, and the compactness of the BR1 method for straight quadrilateral and hexahedral meshes.

Fast function-on-scalar regression with penalized basis expansions.

PubMed

Reiss, Philip T; Huang, Lei; Mennes, Maarten

2010-01-01

Regression models for functional responses and scalar predictors are often fitted by means of basis functions, with quadratic roughness penalties applied to avoid overfitting. The fitting approach described by Ramsay and Silverman in the 1990 s amounts to a penalized ordinary least squares (P-OLS) estimator of the coefficient functions. We recast this estimator as a generalized ridge regression estimator, and present a penalized generalized least squares (P-GLS) alternative. We describe algorithms by which both estimators can be implemented, with automatic selection of optimal smoothing parameters, in a more computationally efficient manner than has heretofore been available. We discuss pointwise confidence intervals for the coefficient functions, simultaneous inference by permutation tests, and model selection, including a novel notion of pointwise model selection. P-OLS and P-GLS are compared in a simulation study. Our methods are illustrated with an analysis of age effects in a functional magnetic resonance imaging data set, as well as a reanalysis of a now-classic Canadian weather data set. An R package implementing the methods is publicly available.

40 CFR 63.1551 - Affirmative defense for exceedance of emission limit during malfunction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for exceedances of such standards that are caused by... malfunction event at issue. The analysis shall also specify, using best monitoring methods and engineering... avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction. The owner or operator...

40 CFR 63.1551 - Affirmative defense for exceedance of emission limit during malfunction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for exceedances of such standards that are caused by... malfunction event at issue. The analysis shall also specify, using best monitoring methods and engineering... avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction. The owner or operator...

Majorization Minimization by Coordinate Descent for Concave Penalized Generalized Linear Models

PubMed Central

Jiang, Dingfeng; Huang, Jian

2013-01-01

Recent studies have demonstrated theoretical attractiveness of a class of concave penalties in variable selection, including the smoothly clipped absolute deviation and minimax concave penalties. The computation of the concave penalized solutions in high-dimensional models, however, is a difficult task. We propose a majorization minimization by coordinate descent (MMCD) algorithm for computing the concave penalized solutions in generalized linear models. In contrast to the existing algorithms that use local quadratic or local linear approximation to the penalty function, the MMCD seeks to majorize the negative log-likelihood by a quadratic loss, but does not use any approximation to the penalty. This strategy makes it possible to avoid the computation of a scaling factor in each update of the solutions, which improves the efficiency of coordinate descent. Under certain regularity conditions, we establish theoretical convergence property of the MMCD. We implement this algorithm for a penalized logistic regression model using the SCAD and MCP penalties. Simulation studies and a data example demonstrate that the MMCD works sufficiently fast for the penalized logistic regression in high-dimensional settings where the number of covariates is much larger than the sample size. PMID:25309048

Metabolic flux estimation using particle swarm optimization with penalty function.

PubMed

Long, Hai-Xia; Xu, Wen-Bo; Sun, Jun

2009-01-01

Metabolic flux estimation through 13C trace experiment is crucial for quantifying the intracellular metabolic fluxes. In fact, it corresponds to a constrained optimization problem that minimizes a weighted distance between measured and simulated results. In this paper, we propose particle swarm optimization (PSO) with penalty function to solve 13C-based metabolic flux estimation problem. The stoichiometric constraints are transformed to an unconstrained one, by penalizing the constraints and building a single objective function, which in turn is minimized using PSO algorithm for flux quantification. The proposed algorithm is applied to estimate the central metabolic fluxes of Corynebacterium glutamicum. From simulation results, it is shown that the proposed algorithm has superior performance and fast convergence ability when compared to other existing algorithms.

Computation and analysis for a constrained entropy optimization problem in finance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Changhong; Coleman, Thomas F.; Li, Yuying

2008-12-01

In [T. Coleman, C. He, Y. Li, Calibrating volatility function bounds for an uncertain volatility model, Journal of Computational Finance (2006) (submitted for publication)], an entropy minimization formulation has been proposed to calibrate an uncertain volatility option pricing model (UVM) from market bid and ask prices. To avoid potential infeasibility due to numerical error, a quadratic penalty function approach is applied. In this paper, we show that the solution to the quadratic penalty problem can be obtained by minimizing an objective function which can be evaluated via solving a Hamilton-Jacobian-Bellman (HJB) equation. We prove that the implicit finite difference solution of this HJB equation converges to its viscosity solution. In addition, we provide computational examples illustrating accuracy of calibration.

Influence of Air Pollutant Emission Controls on the "Climate Penalty" in the United States

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, T.; Couzo, E. A.; Selin, N. E.; Garcia-Menendez, F.; Monier, E.

2016-12-01

Previous work has examined the so-called "climate penalty" (or benefit, where climate change leads to decreased pollutant concentrations) for the U.S. In particular, previous research has identified the role of changes in temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and biogenic emissions, in altering concentrations of O3 and PM2.5, when emissions of air pollutant precursors are held constant. However, changes in emissions of those precursors can also affect the magnitude of climate penalty/benefit. The effect of changing air pollutant emissions on the climate penalty/benefit has not been systematically studied. Here, we estimate the U.S. climate penalty (for O3 and PM2.5) as a function of four different local (U.S.) non-GHG emissions scenarios using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model coupled to the MIT Integrated Global System Model linked to the Community Atmosphere Model (IGSM-CAM). Our base case scenario includes global and regional emissions for 2006. We conduct three sensitivity scenarios that adjust U.S. air pollutant precursor (non-GHG) emissions by -50%, +50%, and +100%; global emissions are kept at 2006 levels. This allows us to quantify the avoided climate penalty achieved by non-GHG emissions reductions. To capture inter-annual meteorological variability, our climate penalty calculations use 20-year averages for the present (1991-2010) and future (2091-2110) climate under a no-policy scenario. Consistent with previous work, we find a "climate penalty" for O3 and PM2.5 in U.S. by 2100 across all four scenarios. We also find a climate-related decrease in the concentration of NOx and nitrate, and an increase in black carbon, organic carbon and sulfate. Changes in ammonium are spatially inhomogeneous, with an increase in eastern U.S. and a decrease in middle and western U.S. When air pollutant precursor emissions increase, we find that the O3 "climate penalty" is enhanced. However, the response of the PM2.5 "climate penalty" to changed emissions differs spatially among U.S. regions. It increases with U.S. non-GHG emissions in the East, but decreases with the emissions in the West. We use these results to draw conclusions about whether (and where) U.S. emissions controls could have an additional and previously unquantified benefit in reducing projected climate penalties.

On the renewal risk model under a threshold strategy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dong, Yinghui; Wang, Guojing; Yuen, Kam C.

2009-08-01

In this paper, we consider the renewal risk process under a threshold dividend payment strategy. For this model, the expected discounted dividend payments and the Gerber-Shiu expected discounted penalty function are investigated. Integral equations, integro-differential equations and some closed form expressions for them are derived. When the claims are exponentially distributed, it is verified that the expected penalty of the deficit at ruin is proportional to the ruin probability.

Signal processing using sparse derivatives with applications to chromatograms and ECG

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ning, Xiaoran

In this thesis, we investigate the sparsity exist in the derivative domain. Particularly, we focus on the type of signals which posses up to Mth (M > 0) order sparse derivatives. Efforts are put on formulating proper penalty functions and optimization problems to capture properties related to sparse derivatives, searching for fast, computationally efficient solvers. Also the effectiveness of these algorithms are applied to two real world applications. In the first application, we provide an algorithm which jointly addresses the problems of chromatogram baseline correction and noise reduction. The series of chromatogram peaks are modeled as sparse with sparse derivatives, and the baseline is modeled as a low-pass signal. A convex optimization problem is formulated so as to encapsulate these non-parametric models. To account for the positivity of chromatogram peaks, an asymmetric penalty function is also utilized with symmetric penalty functions. A robust, computationally efficient, iterative algorithm is developed that is guaranteed to converge to the unique optimal solution. The approach, termed Baseline Estimation And Denoising with Sparsity (BEADS), is evaluated and compared with two state-of-the-art methods using both simulated and real chromatogram data. Promising result is obtained. In the second application, a novel Electrocardiography (ECG) enhancement algorithm is designed also based on sparse derivatives. In the real medical environment, ECG signals are often contaminated by various kinds of noise or artifacts, for example, morphological changes due to motion artifact, non-stationary noise due to muscular contraction (EMG), etc. Some of these contaminations severely affect the usefulness of ECG signals, especially when computer aided algorithms are utilized. By solving the proposed convex l1 optimization problem, artifacts are reduced by modeling the clean ECG signal as a sum of two signals whose second and third-order derivatives (differences) are sparse respectively. At the end, the algorithm is applied to a QRS detection system and validated using the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database (109452 anotations), resulting a sensitivity of Se = 99.87%$ and a positive prediction of +P = 99.88%.

Convergence results for pseudospectral approximations of hyperbolic systems by a penalty type boundary treatment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Funaro, Daniele; Gottlieb, David

1989-01-01

A new method of imposing boundary conditions in the pseudospectral approximation of hyperbolic systems of equations is proposed. It is suggested to collocate the equations, not only at the inner grid points, but also at the boundary points and use the boundary conditions as penalty terms. In the pseudo-spectral Legrendre method with the new boundary treatment, a stability analysis for the case of a constant coefficient hyperbolic system is presented and error estimates are derived.

Implicit Multibody Penalty-BasedDistributed Contact.

PubMed

Xu, Hongyi; Zhao, Yili; Barbic, Jernej

2014-09-01

The penalty method is a simple and popular approach to resolving contact in computer graphics and robotics. Penalty-based contact, however, suffers from stability problems due to the highly variable and unpredictable net stiffness, and this is particularly pronounced in simulations with time-varying distributed geometrically complex contact. We employ semi-implicit integration, exact analytical contact gradients, symbolic Gaussian elimination and a SVD solver to simulate stable penalty-based frictional contact with large, time-varying contact areas, involving many rigid objects and articulated rigid objects in complex conforming contact and self-contact. We also derive implicit proportional-derivative control forces for real-time control of articulated structures with loops. We present challenging contact scenarios such as screwing a hexbolt into a hole, bowls stacked in perfectly conforming configurations, and manipulating many objects using actively controlled articulated mechanisms in real time.

Effective noise-suppressed and artifact-reduced reconstruction of SPECT data using a preconditioned alternating projection algorithm

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Si; Xu, Yuesheng, E-mail: yxu06@syr.edu; Zhang, Jiahan

Purpose: The authors have recently developed a preconditioned alternating projection algorithm (PAPA) with total variation (TV) regularizer for solving the penalized-likelihood optimization model for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) reconstruction. This algorithm belongs to a novel class of fixed-point proximity methods. The goal of this work is to investigate how PAPA performs while dealing with realistic noisy SPECT data, to compare its performance with more conventional methods, and to address issues with TV artifacts by proposing a novel form of the algorithm invoking high-order TV regularization, denoted as HOTV-PAPA, which has been explored and studied extensively in the present work.more » Methods: Using Monte Carlo methods, the authors simulate noisy SPECT data from two water cylinders; one contains lumpy “warm” background and “hot” lesions of various sizes with Gaussian activity distribution, and the other is a reference cylinder without hot lesions. The authors study the performance of HOTV-PAPA and compare it with PAPA using first-order TV regularization (TV-PAPA), the Panin–Zeng–Gullberg one-step-late method with TV regularization (TV-OSL), and an expectation–maximization algorithm with Gaussian postfilter (GPF-EM). The authors select penalty-weights (hyperparameters) by qualitatively balancing the trade-off between resolution and image noise separately for TV-PAPA and TV-OSL. However, the authors arrived at the same penalty-weight value for both of them. The authors set the first penalty-weight in HOTV-PAPA equal to the optimal penalty-weight found for TV-PAPA. The second penalty-weight needed for HOTV-PAPA is tuned by balancing resolution and the severity of staircase artifacts. The authors adjust the Gaussian postfilter to approximately match the local point spread function of GPF-EM and HOTV-PAPA. The authors examine hot lesion detectability, study local spatial resolution, analyze background noise properties, estimate mean square errors (MSEs), and report the convergence speed and computation time. Results: HOTV-PAPA yields the best signal-to-noise ratio, followed by TV-PAPA and TV-OSL/GPF-EM. The local spatial resolution of HOTV-PAPA is somewhat worse than that of TV-PAPA and TV-OSL. Images reconstructed using HOTV-PAPA have the lowest local noise power spectrum (LNPS) amplitudes, followed by TV-PAPA, TV-OSL, and GPF-EM. The LNPS peak of GPF-EM is shifted toward higher spatial frequencies than those for the three other methods. The PAPA-type methods exhibit much lower ensemble noise, ensemble voxel variance, and image roughness. HOTV-PAPA performs best in these categories. Whereas images reconstructed using both TV-PAPA and TV-OSL are degraded by severe staircase artifacts; HOTV-PAPA substantially reduces such artifacts. It also converges faster than the other three methods and exhibits the lowest overall reconstruction error level, as measured by MSE. Conclusions: For high-noise simulated SPECT data, HOTV-PAPA outperforms TV-PAPA, GPF-EM, and TV-OSL in terms of hot lesion detectability, noise suppression, MSE, and computational efficiency. Unlike TV-PAPA and TV-OSL, HOTV-PAPA does not create sizable staircase artifacts. Moreover, HOTV-PAPA effectively suppresses noise, with only limited loss of local spatial resolution. Of the four methods, HOTV-PAPA shows the best lesion detectability, thanks to its superior noise suppression. HOTV-PAPA shows promise for clinically useful reconstructions of low-dose SPECT data.« less

Effective noise-suppressed and artifact-reduced reconstruction of SPECT data using a preconditioned alternating projection algorithm

PubMed Central

Li, Si; Zhang, Jiahan; Krol, Andrzej; Schmidtlein, C. Ross; Vogelsang, Levon; Shen, Lixin; Lipson, Edward; Feiglin, David; Xu, Yuesheng

2015-01-01

Purpose: The authors have recently developed a preconditioned alternating projection algorithm (PAPA) with total variation (TV) regularizer for solving the penalized-likelihood optimization model for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) reconstruction. This algorithm belongs to a novel class of fixed-point proximity methods. The goal of this work is to investigate how PAPA performs while dealing with realistic noisy SPECT data, to compare its performance with more conventional methods, and to address issues with TV artifacts by proposing a novel form of the algorithm invoking high-order TV regularization, denoted as HOTV-PAPA, which has been explored and studied extensively in the present work. Methods: Using Monte Carlo methods, the authors simulate noisy SPECT data from two water cylinders; one contains lumpy “warm” background and “hot” lesions of various sizes with Gaussian activity distribution, and the other is a reference cylinder without hot lesions. The authors study the performance of HOTV-PAPA and compare it with PAPA using first-order TV regularization (TV-PAPA), the Panin–Zeng–Gullberg one-step-late method with TV regularization (TV-OSL), and an expectation–maximization algorithm with Gaussian postfilter (GPF-EM). The authors select penalty-weights (hyperparameters) by qualitatively balancing the trade-off between resolution and image noise separately for TV-PAPA and TV-OSL. However, the authors arrived at the same penalty-weight value for both of them. The authors set the first penalty-weight in HOTV-PAPA equal to the optimal penalty-weight found for TV-PAPA. The second penalty-weight needed for HOTV-PAPA is tuned by balancing resolution and the severity of staircase artifacts. The authors adjust the Gaussian postfilter to approximately match the local point spread function of GPF-EM and HOTV-PAPA. The authors examine hot lesion detectability, study local spatial resolution, analyze background noise properties, estimate mean square errors (MSEs), and report the convergence speed and computation time. Results: HOTV-PAPA yields the best signal-to-noise ratio, followed by TV-PAPA and TV-OSL/GPF-EM. The local spatial resolution of HOTV-PAPA is somewhat worse than that of TV-PAPA and TV-OSL. Images reconstructed using HOTV-PAPA have the lowest local noise power spectrum (LNPS) amplitudes, followed by TV-PAPA, TV-OSL, and GPF-EM. The LNPS peak of GPF-EM is shifted toward higher spatial frequencies than those for the three other methods. The PAPA-type methods exhibit much lower ensemble noise, ensemble voxel variance, and image roughness. HOTV-PAPA performs best in these categories. Whereas images reconstructed using both TV-PAPA and TV-OSL are degraded by severe staircase artifacts; HOTV-PAPA substantially reduces such artifacts. It also converges faster than the other three methods and exhibits the lowest overall reconstruction error level, as measured by MSE. Conclusions: For high-noise simulated SPECT data, HOTV-PAPA outperforms TV-PAPA, GPF-EM, and TV-OSL in terms of hot lesion detectability, noise suppression, MSE, and computational efficiency. Unlike TV-PAPA and TV-OSL, HOTV-PAPA does not create sizable staircase artifacts. Moreover, HOTV-PAPA effectively suppresses noise, with only limited loss of local spatial resolution. Of the four methods, HOTV-PAPA shows the best lesion detectability, thanks to its superior noise suppression. HOTV-PAPA shows promise for clinically useful reconstructions of low-dose SPECT data. PMID:26233214

Variable selection for zero-inflated and overdispersed data with application to health care demand in Germany.

PubMed

Wang, Zhu; Ma, Shuangge; Wang, Ching-Yun

2015-09-01

In health services and outcome research, count outcomes are frequently encountered and often have a large proportion of zeros. The zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression model has important applications for this type of data. With many possible candidate risk factors, this paper proposes new variable selection methods for the ZINB model. We consider maximum likelihood function plus a penalty including the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD), and minimax concave penalty (MCP). An EM (expectation-maximization) algorithm is proposed for estimating the model parameters and conducting variable selection simultaneously. This algorithm consists of estimating penalized weighted negative binomial models and penalized logistic models via the coordinated descent algorithm. Furthermore, statistical properties including the standard error formulae are provided. A simulation study shows that the new algorithm not only has more accurate or at least comparable estimation, but also is more robust than the traditional stepwise variable selection. The proposed methods are applied to analyze the health care demand in Germany using the open-source R package mpath. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

40 CFR 60.5181 - How do I establish an affirmative defense for exceedance of an emission limit or standard during...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....5165, you may assert an affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for exceedances of emission... malfunction event at issue. The analysis shall also specify, using best monitoring methods and engineering... an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction. The owner or operator seeking to...

40 CFR 60.5181 - How do I establish an affirmative defense for exceedance of an emission limit or standard during...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....5165, you may assert an affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for exceedances of emission... malfunction event at issue. The analysis shall also specify, using best monitoring methods and engineering... an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction. The owner or operator seeking to...

40 CFR 63.11226 - How can I assert an affirmative defense if I exceed an emission limit during a malfunction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... you may assert an affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for exceedances of numerical... malfunction event at issue. The analysis shall also specify, using best monitoring methods and engineering... avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction. The owner or operator...

40 CFR 63.1344 - Affirmative defense for exceedance of emission limit during malfunction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... in paragraph § 63.1343(b) you may assert an affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for... methods and engineering judgment, the amount of excess emissions that were the result of the malfunction... malfunction, if it wishes to avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction...

40 CFR 63.1344 - Affirmative defense for exceedance of emission limit during malfunction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... in paragraph § 63.1343(b) you may assert an affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for... methods and engineering judgment, the amount of excess emissions that were the result of the malfunction... malfunction, if it wishes to avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction...

Development of a Quantitative Decision Metric for Selecting the Most Suitable Discretization Method for SN Transport Problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schunert, Sebastian

In this work we develop a quantitative decision metric for spatial discretization methods of the SN equations. The quantitative decision metric utilizes performance data from selected test problems for computing a fitness score that is used for the selection of the most suitable discretization method for a particular SN transport application. The fitness score is aggregated as a weighted geometric mean of single performance indicators representing various performance aspects relevant to the user. Thus, the fitness function can be adjusted to the particular needs of the code practitioner by adding/removing single performance indicators or changing their importance via the supplied weights. Within this work a special, broad class of methods is considered, referred to as nodal methods. This class is naturally comprised of the DGFEM methods of all function space families. Within this work it is also shown that the Higher Order Diamond Difference (HODD) method is a nodal method. Building on earlier findings that the Arbitrarily High Order Method of the Nodal type (AHOTN) is also a nodal method, a generalized finite-element framework is created to yield as special cases various methods that were developed independently using profoundly different formalisms. A selection of test problems related to a certain performance aspect are considered: an Method of Manufactured Solutions (MMS) test suite for assessing accuracy and execution time, Lathrop's test problem for assessing resilience against occurrence of negative fluxes, and a simple, homogeneous cube test problem to verify if a method possesses the thick diffusive limit. The contending methods are implemented as efficiently as possible under a common SN transport code framework to level the playing field for a fair comparison of their computational load. Numerical results are presented for all three test problems and a qualitative rating of each method's performance is provided for each aspect: accuracy/efficiency, resilience against negative fluxes, and possession of the thick diffusion limit, separately. The choice of the most efficient method depends on the utilized error norm: in Lp error norms higher order methods such as the AHOTN method of order three perform best, while for computing integral quantities the linear nodal (LN) method is most efficient. The most resilient method against occurrence of negative fluxes is the simple corner balance (SCB) method. A validation of the quantitative decision metric is performed based on the NEA box-inbox suite of test problems. The validation exercise comprises two stages: first prediction of the contending methods' performance via the decision metric and second computing the actual scores based on data obtained from the NEA benchmark problem. The comparison of predicted and actual scores via a penalty function (ratio of predicted best performer's score to actual best score) completes the validation exercise. It is found that the decision metric is capable of very accurate predictions (penalty < 10%) in more than 83% of the considered cases and features penalties up to 20% for the remaining cases. An exception to this rule is the third test case NEA-III intentionally set up to incorporate a poor match of the benchmark with the "data" problems. However, even under these worst case conditions the decision metric's suggestions are never detrimental. Suggestions for improving the decision metric's accuracy are to increase the pool of employed data, to refine the mapping of a given configuration to a case in the database, and to better characterize the desired target quantities.

A general reconstruction of the recent expansion history of the universe

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vitenti, S.D.P.; Penna-Lima, M., E-mail: dias@iap.fr, E-mail: pennal@apc.in2p3.fr

Distance measurements are currently the most powerful tool to study the expansion history of the universe without specifying its matter content nor any theory of gravitation. Assuming only an isotropic, homogeneous and flat universe, in this work we introduce a model-independent method to reconstruct directly the deceleration function via a piecewise function. Including a penalty factor, we are able to vary continuously the complexity of the deceleration function from a linear case to an arbitrary (n+1)-knots spline interpolation. We carry out a Monte Carlo (MC) analysis to determine the best penalty factor, evaluating the bias-variance trade-off, given the uncertainties ofmore » the SDSS-II and SNLS supernova combined sample (JLA), compilations of baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) and H(z) data. The bias-variance analysis is done for three fiducial models with different features in the deceleration curve. We perform the MC analysis generating mock catalogs and computing their best-fit. For each fiducial model, we test different reconstructions using, in each case, more than 10{sup 4} catalogs in a total of about 5× 10{sup 5}. This investigation proved to be essential in determining the best reconstruction to study these data. We show that, evaluating a single fiducial model, the conclusions about the bias-variance ratio are misleading. We determine the reconstruction method in which the bias represents at most 10% of the total uncertainty. In all statistical analyses, we fit the coefficients of the deceleration function along with four nuisance parameters of the supernova astrophysical model. For the full sample, we also fit H{sub 0} and the sound horizon r{sub s}(z{sub d}) at the drag redshift. The bias-variance trade-off analysis shows that, apart from the deceleration function, all other estimators are unbiased. Finally, we apply the Ensemble Sampler Markov Chain Monte Carlo (ESMCMC) method to explore the posterior of the deceleration function up to redshift 1.3 (using only JLA) and 2.3 (JLA+BAO+H(z)). We obtain that the standard cosmological model agrees within 3σ level with the reconstructed results in the whole studied redshift intervals. Since our method is calibrated to minimize the bias, the error bars of the reconstructed functions are a good approximation for the total uncertainty.« less

Joint L1 and Total Variation Regularization for Fluorescence Molecular Tomography

PubMed Central

Dutta, Joyita; Ahn, Sangtae; Li, Changqing; Cherry, Simon R.; Leahy, Richard M.

2012-01-01

Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) is an imaging modality that exploits the specificity of fluorescent biomarkers to enable 3D visualization of molecular targets and pathways in vivo in small animals. Owing to the high degree of absorption and scattering of light through tissue, the FMT inverse problem is inherently illconditioned making image reconstruction highly susceptible to the effects of noise and numerical errors. Appropriate priors or penalties are needed to facilitate reconstruction and to restrict the search space to a specific solution set. Typically, fluorescent probes are locally concentrated within specific areas of interest (e.g., inside tumors). The commonly used L2 norm penalty generates the minimum energy solution, which tends to be spread out in space. Instead, we present here an approach involving a combination of the L1 and total variation norm penalties, the former to suppress spurious background signals and enforce sparsity and the latter to preserve local smoothness and piecewise constancy in the reconstructed images. We have developed a surrogate-based optimization method for minimizing the joint penalties. The method was validated using both simulated and experimental data obtained from a mouse-shaped phantom mimicking tissue optical properties and containing two embedded fluorescent sources. Fluorescence data was collected using a 3D FMT setup that uses an EMCCD camera for image acquisition and a conical mirror for full-surface viewing. A range of performance metrics were utilized to evaluate our simulation results and to compare our method with the L1, L2, and total variation norm penalty based approaches. The experimental results were assessed using Dice similarity coefficients computed after co-registration with a CT image of the phantom. PMID:22390906

Constrained optimization by radial basis function interpolation for high-dimensional expensive black-box problems with infeasible initial points

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Regis, Rommel G.

2014-02-01

This article develops two new algorithms for constrained expensive black-box optimization that use radial basis function surrogates for the objective and constraint functions. These algorithms are called COBRA and Extended ConstrLMSRBF and, unlike previous surrogate-based approaches, they can be used for high-dimensional problems where all initial points are infeasible. They both follow a two-phase approach where the first phase finds a feasible point while the second phase improves this feasible point. COBRA and Extended ConstrLMSRBF are compared with alternative methods on 20 test problems and on the MOPTA08 benchmark automotive problem (D.R. Jones, Presented at MOPTA 2008), which has 124 decision variables and 68 black-box inequality constraints. The alternatives include a sequential penalty derivative-free algorithm, a direct search method with kriging surrogates, and two multistart methods. Numerical results show that COBRA algorithms are competitive with Extended ConstrLMSRBF and they generally outperform the alternatives on the MOPTA08 problem and most of the test problems.

An interior penalty stabilised incompressible discontinuous Galerkin-Fourier solver for implicit large eddy simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferrer, Esteban

2017-11-01

We present an implicit Large Eddy Simulation (iLES) h / p high order (≥2) unstructured Discontinuous Galerkin-Fourier solver with sliding meshes. The solver extends the laminar version of Ferrer and Willden, 2012 [34], to enable the simulation of turbulent flows at moderately high Reynolds numbers in the incompressible regime. This solver allows accurate flow solutions of the laminar and turbulent 3D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on moving and static regions coupled through a high order sliding interface. The spatial discretisation is provided by the Symmetric Interior Penalty Discontinuous Galerkin (IP-DG) method in the x-y plane coupled with a purely spectral method that uses Fourier series and allows efficient computation of spanwise periodic three-dimensional flows. Since high order methods (e.g. discontinuous Galerkin and Fourier) are unable to provide enough numerical dissipation to enable under-resolved high Reynolds computations (i.e. as necessary in the iLES approach), we adapt the laminar version of the solver to increase (controllably) the dissipation and enhance the stability in under-resolved simulations. The novel stabilisation relies on increasing the penalty parameter included in the DG interior penalty (IP) formulation. The latter penalty term is included when discretising the linear viscous terms in the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. These viscous penalty fluxes substitute the stabilising effect of non-linear fluxes, which has been the main trend in implicit LES discontinuous Galerkin approaches. The IP-DG penalty term provides energy dissipation, which is controlled by the numerical jumps at element interfaces (e.g. large in under-resolved regions) such as to stabilise under-resolved high Reynolds number flows. This dissipative term has minimal impact in well resolved regions and its implicit treatment does not restrict the use of large time steps, thus providing an efficient stabilization mechanism for iLES. The IP-DG stabilisation is complemented with a Spectral Vanishing Viscosity (SVV) method, in the z-direction, to enhance stability in the continuous Fourier space. The coupling between the numerical viscosity in the DG plane and the SVV damping, provides an efficient approach to stabilise high order methods at moderately high Reynolds numbers. We validate the formulation for three turbulent flow cases: a circular cylinder at Re = 3900, a static and pitch oscillating NACA 0012 airfoil at Re = 10000 and finally a rotating vertical-axis turbine at Re = 40000, with Reynolds based on the circular diameter, airfoil chord and turbine diameter, respectively. All our results compare favourably with published direct numerical simulations, large eddy simulations or experimental data. We conclude that the DG-Fourier high order solver, with IP-SVV stabilisation, proves to be a valuable tool to predict turbulent flows and associated statistics for both static and rotating machinery.

ACCESS 3. Approximation concepts code for efficient structural synthesis: User's guide

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fleury, C.; Schmit, L. A., Jr.

1980-01-01

A user's guide is presented for ACCESS-3, a research oriented program which combines dual methods and a collection of approximation concepts to achieve excellent efficiency in structural synthesis. The finite element method is used for structural analysis and dual algorithms of mathematical programming are applied in the design optimization procedure. This program retains all of the ACCESS-2 capabilities and the data preparation formats are fully compatible. Four distinct optimizer options were added: interior point penalty function method (NEWSUMT); second order primal projection method (PRIMAL2); second order Newton-type dual method (DUAL2); and first order gradient projection-type dual method (DUAL1). A pure discrete and mixed continuous-discrete design variable capability, and zero order approximation of the stress constraints are also included.

Integrative Analysis of “-Omics” Data Using Penalty Functions

PubMed Central

Zhao, Qing; Shi, Xingjie; Huang, Jian; Liu, Jin; Li, Yang; Ma, Shuangge

2014-01-01

In the analysis of omics data, integrative analysis provides an effective way of pooling information across multiple datasets or multiple correlated responses, and can be more effective than single-dataset (response) analysis. Multiple families of integrative analysis methods have been proposed in the literature. The current review focuses on the penalization methods. Special attention is paid to sparse meta-analysis methods that pool summary statistics across datasets, and integrative analysis methods that pool raw data across datasets. We discuss their formulation and rationale. Beyond “standard” penalized selection, we also review contrasted penalization and Laplacian penalization which accommodate finer data structures. The computational aspects, including computational algorithms and tuning parameter selection, are examined. This review concludes with possible limitations and extensions. PMID:25691921

Variation in the Use of Federal and State Civil Money Penalties for Nursing Homes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harrington, Charlene; Tsoukalas, Theodore; Rudder, Cynthia; Mollot, Richard J.; Carrillo, Helen

2008-01-01

Purpose: The study examined factors associated with state variations in the use of federal and state civil money penalties (CMPs) for nursing homes. Design and Methods: We collected federal and state CMP data from state survey and certification agencies for 2004. We also used federal CMP data from the federal enforcement action database for…

40 CFR 60.4861 - How do I establish an affirmative defense for exceedance of an emission limit or standard during...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for exceedances of emission limits that are caused by..., using best monitoring methods and engineering judgment, the amount of excess emissions that were the... malfunction, if it wishes to avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction...

40 CFR 60.4861 - How do I establish an affirmative defense for exceedance of an emission limit or standard during...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties for exceedances of emission limits that are caused by..., using best monitoring methods and engineering judgment, the amount of excess emissions that were the... malfunction, if it wishes to avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction...

Saudi Arabia’s Counterterrorism Methods: A Case Study on Homeland Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

laws to safeguard the homeland and its borders, Saudi Arabia has enacted laws that impose stiff penalties aimed at money laundering and other illicit...safeguard the homeland and its borders, Saudi Arabia has enacted laws that impose stiff penalties aimed at money laundering and other illicit activities...34 1. Combating Financing Terrorist Organizations ............... 34 2. Combating Money Laundering by

Penalty-Based Finite Element Interface Technology for Analysis of Homogeneous and Composite Structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Averill, Ronald C.

2002-01-01

An effective and robust interface element technology able to connect independently modeled finite element subdomains has been developed. This method is based on the use of penalty constraints and allows coupling of finite element models whose nodes do not coincide along their common interface. Additionally, the present formulation leads to a computational approach that is very efficient and completely compatible with existing commercial software. A significant effort has been directed toward identifying those model characteristics (element geometric properties, material properties, and loads) that most strongly affect the required penalty parameter, and subsequently to developing simple 'formulae' for automatically calculating the proper penalty parameter for each interface constraint. This task is especially critical in composite materials and structures, where adjacent sub-regions may be composed of significantly different materials or laminates. This approach has been validated by investigating a variety of two-dimensional problems, including composite laminates.

A recurrent neural network for solving bilevel linear programming problem.

PubMed

He, Xing; Li, Chuandong; Huang, Tingwen; Li, Chaojie; Huang, Junjian

2014-04-01

In this brief, based on the method of penalty functions, a recurrent neural network (NN) modeled by means of a differential inclusion is proposed for solving the bilevel linear programming problem (BLPP). Compared with the existing NNs for BLPP, the model has the least number of state variables and simple structure. Using nonsmooth analysis, the theory of differential inclusions, and Lyapunov-like method, the equilibrium point sequence of the proposed NNs can approximately converge to an optimal solution of BLPP under certain conditions. Finally, the numerical simulations of a supply chain distribution model have shown excellent performance of the proposed recurrent NNs.

Influence of Random DC Offsets on Burst-Mode Receiver Sensitivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ossieur, Peter; de Ridder, Tine; Qiu, Xing-Zhi; Vandewege, Jan

2006-03-01

This paper presents the influence of random direct current (dc) offsets on the sensitivity of dc-coupled burst-mode receivers (BMRxs). It is well known that a BMRx exhibits a noisy decision threshold, resulting in a sensitivity penalty. If the BMRx is dc coupled, an additional penalty is incurred by random dc offsets. This penalty can only be determined for a statistically significant number of fabricated BMRx samples. Using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and a detailed BMRx model, the relationship between the variance of this random dc offset, the resulting sensitivity penalty, and BMRx yield (the fraction of fabricated BMRx samples that meets a given sensitivity specification) is evaluated as a function of various receiver parameters. The obtained curves can be used to trade off BMRx die area against sensitivity for a given yield. It is demonstrated that a thorough understanding of the relationship between BMRx sensitivity, BMRx yield, and the variance of the random dc offsets is needed to optimize a dc-coupled BMRx with respect to sensitivity and die area for a given yield. It is shown that compensation of dc offsets with a resolution of 8 bits results in a sensitivity penalty of 1 dB for a wide range of random dc offsets.

Damage tolerant design using collapse techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haftka, R. T.

1982-01-01

A new approach to the design of structures for improved global damage tolerance is presented. In its undamaged condition the structure is designed subject to strength, displacement and buckling constraints. In the damaged condition the only constraint is that the structure will not collapse. The collapse load calculation is formulated as a maximization problem and solved by an interior extended penalty function. The design for minimum weight subject to constraints on the undamaged structure and a specified level of the collapse load is a minimization problem which is also solved by a penalty function formulation. Thus the overall problem is of a nested or multilevel optimization. Examples are presented to demonstrate the difference between the present and more traditional approaches.

Market Penalties for Foreign Degrees Among College Educated Immigrants

PubMed Central

Arbeit, Caren A.; Warren, John Robert

2014-01-01

Are college degrees earned abroad worth less in the American economy than degrees earned in the United States? Do the labor market penalties associated with holding a foreign degree vary as a function of the country or region in which it was earned? Do these processes differ for men and women? We use data on 18,365 college-educated immigrants from the National Survey of College Graduates (NSCG) to address these questions. Female immigrants with foreign degrees are less likely to be employed than immigrant women who earned their degrees in the US. When employed, both female and male immigrants with foreign degrees are less likely to work in a job related to their highest college degree. Among employed female immigrants, the wage returns to foreign degrees are about 17% less than for U.S. degrees; among male immigrants, this figure is about 11%. For both female and male immigrants, the labor market penalties associated with holding a foreign degree vary as a function of the region from which the foreign degree was obtained. PMID:23521999

Labor market penalties for foreign degrees among college educated immigrants.

PubMed

Arbeit, Caren A; Warren, John Robert

2013-05-01

Are college degrees earned abroad worth less in the American economy than degrees earned in the United States? Do the labor market penalties associated with holding a foreign degree vary as a function of the country or region in which it was earned? Do these processes differ for men and women? We use data on 18,361 college-educated immigrants from the National Survey of College Graduates (NSCG) to address these questions. Female immigrants with foreign degrees are less likely to be employed than immigrant women who earned their degrees in the US. When employed, both female and male immigrants with foreign degrees are less likely to work in a job related to their highest college degree. Among employed female immigrants, the wage returns to foreign degrees are about 17% less than for US degrees; among male immigrants, this figure is about 11%. For both female and male immigrants, the labor market penalties associated with holding a foreign degree vary as a function of the region from which the foreign degree was obtained. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A point cloud modeling method based on geometric constraints mixing the robust least squares method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yue, JIanping; Pan, Yi; Yue, Shun; Liu, Dapeng; Liu, Bin; Huang, Nan

2016-10-01

The appearance of 3D laser scanning technology has provided a new method for the acquisition of spatial 3D information. It has been widely used in the field of Surveying and Mapping Engineering with the characteristics of automatic and high precision. 3D laser scanning data processing process mainly includes the external laser data acquisition, the internal industry laser data splicing, the late 3D modeling and data integration system. For the point cloud modeling, domestic and foreign researchers have done a lot of research. Surface reconstruction technology mainly include the point shape, the triangle model, the triangle Bezier surface model, the rectangular surface model and so on, and the neural network and the Alfa shape are also used in the curved surface reconstruction. But in these methods, it is often focused on single surface fitting, automatic or manual block fitting, which ignores the model's integrity. It leads to a serious problems in the model after stitching, that is, the surfaces fitting separately is often not satisfied with the well-known geometric constraints, such as parallel, vertical, a fixed angle, or a fixed distance. However, the research on the special modeling theory such as the dimension constraint and the position constraint is not used widely. One of the traditional modeling methods adding geometric constraints is a method combing the penalty function method and the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (L-M algorithm), whose stability is pretty good. But in the research process, it is found that the method is greatly influenced by the initial value. In this paper, we propose an improved method of point cloud model taking into account the geometric constraint. We first apply robust least-squares to enhance the initial value's accuracy, and then use penalty function method to transform constrained optimization problems into unconstrained optimization problems, and finally solve the problems using the L-M algorithm. The experimental results show that the internal accuracy is improved, and it is shown that the improved method for point clouds modeling proposed by this paper outperforms the traditional point clouds modeling methods.

A novel conformity index for intensity modulated radiation therapy plan evaluation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cheung, Fion W. K.; Law, Maria Y. Y.; Medical Physics and Research Department, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, 999077 Hong Kong

2012-09-15

Purpose: Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has gained popularity in the treatment of cancers. Manual evaluation of IMRT plans for head-and-neck cancers has been especially challenging necessitating efficient and objective assessment tools. In this work, the authors address this issue by developing a personalized conformity index (CI) for comparison of IMRT plans for head-and-neck cancers and evaluating its plan quality discerning power in comparison with other widely used CIs. Methods: A two-dimensional CI with dose and distance incorporated (CI{sub DD}) was developed using the MATLAB program language, to quantify the planning target volume (PTV) coverage. Valuable information contained in themore » digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) RT objects were harvested for computation of each of the CI{sub DD} components. Apart from the dose penalty factor, a distance-based exponential function was employed by varying the penalty weight associated with the location of cold spots within the PTV. With the goal of deriving a customized penalty factor, the distances between individual pixel and its nearest PTV boundary was found. Using the exponential function, the impact of distance penalty was substantially larger for cold spots closer to the PTV centroid but petered out quickly wherever they were situated in the vicinity of PTV border. In order to evaluate the CI{sub DD} scoring system, three CT image data sets of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients were collected. Ten IMRT plans with degrading qualities were generated from each dataset and were ranked based on CI{sub DD} and other existing indices. The coefficient of variance was calculated for each dataset to compare the degree of variation. Results: The CI{sub DD} scoring system that considered spatial importance of each voxel within the PTV was successfully developed. The results demonstrated that the CI{sub DD} including four discrete factors could provide accurate rankings of plan quality by examining the relative importance of each cold spot within the PTVs. Apart from the dose penalty factor, a distance-based exponential function was employed taking the specific tumor geometry into account. Compared with other commonly used CIs, the CI{sub DD} resulted in the largest coefficient of variance among the ten IMRT plans for each dataset, indicating that its discerning power was the best among the CIs being compared. Conclusions: The CI{sub DD} scoring system was successfully developed to incorporate patient-specific spatial dose information and provide a geometry-based physical index for comparison of IMRT plans for head-and-neck cancers. By taking individual tumor geometry into account, the superiority of CI{sub DD} in plan discerning power was demonstrated. The use of CI{sub DD} could provide an effective means of benchmarking performance, reducing treatment plan variability, and advancing the quality of current IMRT planning.« less

40 CFR 63.7501 - How can I assert an affirmative defense if I exceed an emission limitations during a malfunction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... operating limits set forth in § 63.7500 you may assert an affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties... monitoring methods and engineering judgment, the amount of excess emissions that were the result of the... malfunction, if it wishes to avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction...

40 CFR 63.7501 - How can I assert an affirmative defense if I exceed an emission limitations during a malfunction?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... operating limits set forth in § 63.7500 you may assert an affirmative defense to a claim for civil penalties... monitoring methods and engineering judgment, the amount of excess emissions that were the result of the... malfunction, if it wishes to avail itself of an affirmative defense to civil penalties for that malfunction...

An improved computational approach for multilevel optimum design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haftka, R. T.

1984-01-01

A penalty-function algorithm employing Newton's method with approximate second derivatives (Haftka and Starnes, 1980) is developed for two-level hierarchical design optimization problems. The difficulties posed by discontinuous behavior in typical multilevel problems are explained and illustrated for the case of a three-bar truss; the algorithm is formulated; and its advantages are demonstrated in the problem of a portal framework having three beams (described by six cross-section parameters), subjected to two loading conditions, and to be constructed in six different materials for comparison. The final design parameters are listed in a table.

Point Pairing Method Based on the Principle of Material Frame Indifference for the Characterization of Unknown Space Objects using Non-Resolved Photometry Data

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB...the satellite. The material constitutive laws of interest are the bidirectional reflectance distribution functions ( BRDF ) for diffuse and specular...solar panel can be related to each other using the BRDF definition. This creates a set of three independent equations and three unknowns, which can be

Manual of phosphoric acid fuel cell power plant optimization model and computer program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lu, C. Y.; Alkasab, K. A.

1984-01-01

An optimized cost and performance model for a phosphoric acid fuel cell power plant system was derived and developed into a modular FORTRAN computer code. Cost, energy, mass, and electrochemical analyses were combined to develop a mathematical model for optimizing the steam to methane ratio in the reformer, hydrogen utilization in the PAFC plates per stack. The nonlinear programming code, COMPUTE, was used to solve this model, in which the method of mixed penalty function combined with Hooke and Jeeves pattern search was chosen to evaluate this specific optimization problem.

Discovering graphical Granger causality using the truncating lasso penalty

PubMed Central

Shojaie, Ali; Michailidis, George

2010-01-01

Motivation: Components of biological systems interact with each other in order to carry out vital cell functions. Such information can be used to improve estimation and inference, and to obtain better insights into the underlying cellular mechanisms. Discovering regulatory interactions among genes is therefore an important problem in systems biology. Whole-genome expression data over time provides an opportunity to determine how the expression levels of genes are affected by changes in transcription levels of other genes, and can therefore be used to discover regulatory interactions among genes. Results: In this article, we propose a novel penalization method, called truncating lasso, for estimation of causal relationships from time-course gene expression data. The proposed penalty can correctly determine the order of the underlying time series, and improves the performance of the lasso-type estimators. Moreover, the resulting estimate provides information on the time lag between activation of transcription factors and their effects on regulated genes. We provide an efficient algorithm for estimation of model parameters, and show that the proposed method can consistently discover causal relationships in the large p, small n setting. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated favorably in simulated, as well as real, data examples. Availability: The proposed truncating lasso method is implemented in the R-package ‘grangerTlasso’ and is freely available at http://www.stat.lsa.umich.edu/∼shojaie/ Contact: shojaie@umich.edu PMID:20823316

Energy hyperspace for stacking interaction in AU/AU dinucleotide step: Dispersion-corrected density functional theory study.

PubMed

Mukherjee, Sanchita; Kailasam, Senthilkumar; Bansal, Manju; Bhattacharyya, Dhananjay

2014-01-01

Double helical structures of DNA and RNA are mostly determined by base pair stacking interactions, which give them the base sequence-directed features, such as small roll values for the purine-pyrimidine steps. Earlier attempts to characterize stacking interactions were mostly restricted to calculations on fiber diffraction geometries or optimized structure using ab initio calculations lacking variation in geometry to comment on rather unusual large roll values observed in AU/AU base pair step in crystal structures of RNA double helices. We have generated stacking energy hyperspace by modeling geometries with variations along the important degrees of freedom, roll, and slide, which were chosen via statistical analysis as maximally sequence dependent. Corresponding energy contours were constructed by several quantum chemical methods including dispersion corrections. This analysis established the most suitable methods for stacked base pair systems despite the limitation imparted by number of atom in a base pair step to employ very high level of theory. All the methods predict negative roll value and near-zero slide to be most favorable for the purine-pyrimidine steps, in agreement with Calladine's steric clash based rule. Successive base pairs in RNA are always linked by sugar-phosphate backbone with C3'-endo sugars and this demands C1'-C1' distance of about 5.4 Å along the chains. Consideration of an energy penalty term for deviation of C1'-C1' distance from the mean value, to the recent DFT-D functionals, specifically ωB97X-D appears to predict reliable energy contour for AU/AU step. Such distance-based penalty improves energy contours for the other purine-pyrimidine sequences also. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 107-120, 2014. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Simultaneous maximum a posteriori longitudinal PET image reconstruction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ellis, Sam; Reader, Andrew J.

2017-09-01

Positron emission tomography (PET) is frequently used to monitor functional changes that occur over extended time scales, for example in longitudinal oncology PET protocols that include routine clinical follow-up scans to assess the efficacy of a course of treatment. In these contexts PET datasets are currently reconstructed into images using single-dataset reconstruction methods. Inspired by recently proposed joint PET-MR reconstruction methods, we propose to reconstruct longitudinal datasets simultaneously by using a joint penalty term in order to exploit the high degree of similarity between longitudinal images. We achieved this by penalising voxel-wise differences between pairs of longitudinal PET images in a one-step-late maximum a posteriori (MAP) fashion, resulting in the MAP simultaneous longitudinal reconstruction (SLR) method. The proposed method reduced reconstruction errors and visually improved images relative to standard maximum likelihood expectation-maximisation (ML-EM) in simulated 2D longitudinal brain tumour scans. In reconstructions of split real 3D data with inserted simulated tumours, noise across images reconstructed with MAP-SLR was reduced to levels equivalent to doubling the number of detected counts when using ML-EM. Furthermore, quantification of tumour activities was largely preserved over a variety of longitudinal tumour changes, including changes in size and activity, with larger changes inducing larger biases relative to standard ML-EM reconstructions. Similar improvements were observed for a range of counts levels, demonstrating the robustness of the method when used with a single penalty strength. The results suggest that longitudinal regularisation is a simple but effective method of improving reconstructed PET images without using resolution degrading priors.

29 CFR 2700.31 - Penalty settlement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Penalty settlement. 2700.31 Section 2700.31 Labor... Contests of Proposed Penalties § 2700.31 Penalty settlement. (a) General. A proposed penalty that has been... motion to approve a penalty settlement shall include for each violation the amount of the penalty...

A stable penalty method for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. 1: Open boundary conditions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hesthaven, J. S.; Gottlieb, D.

1994-01-01

The purpose of this paper is to present asymptotically stable open boundary conditions for the numerical approximation of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations in three spatial dimensions. The treatment uses the conservation form of the Navier-Stokes equations and utilizes linearization and localization at the boundaries based on these variables. The proposed boundary conditions are applied through a penalty procedure, thus ensuring correct behavior of the scheme as the Reynolds number tends to infinity. The versatility of this method is demonstrated for the problem of a compressible flow past a circular cylinder.

Ethical issues in the evaluation and treatment of death row inmates.

PubMed

Matthews, Daryl; Wendler, Sheila

2006-09-01

To summarize recent ethical analyses of psychiatrists' participation in the evaluation and treatment of death row inmates. Psychiatric participation in death penalty cases remains highly controversial in the United States, whereas there appears to be a more worldwide consensus that it is ethically inappropriate. Psychiatrists working in death penalty settings are functioning in a complex ethical arena, and must consider the implications of their decisions to participate and/or abstain from various activities with great care and attention to the circumstances of the individual cases at hand.

Penalized likelihood and multi-objective spatial scans for the detection and inference of irregular clusters

PubMed Central

2010-01-01

Background Irregularly shaped spatial clusters are difficult to delineate. A cluster found by an algorithm often spreads through large portions of the map, impacting its geographical meaning. Penalized likelihood methods for Kulldorff's spatial scan statistics have been used to control the excessive freedom of the shape of clusters. Penalty functions based on cluster geometry and non-connectivity have been proposed recently. Another approach involves the use of a multi-objective algorithm to maximize two objectives: the spatial scan statistics and the geometric penalty function. Results & Discussion We present a novel scan statistic algorithm employing a function based on the graph topology to penalize the presence of under-populated disconnection nodes in candidate clusters, the disconnection nodes cohesion function. A disconnection node is defined as a region within a cluster, such that its removal disconnects the cluster. By applying this function, the most geographically meaningful clusters are sifted through the immense set of possible irregularly shaped candidate cluster solutions. To evaluate the statistical significance of solutions for multi-objective scans, a statistical approach based on the concept of attainment function is used. In this paper we compared different penalized likelihoods employing the geometric and non-connectivity regularity functions and the novel disconnection nodes cohesion function. We also build multi-objective scans using those three functions and compare them with the previous penalized likelihood scans. An application is presented using comprehensive state-wide data for Chagas' disease in puerperal women in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Conclusions We show that, compared to the other single-objective algorithms, multi-objective scans present better performance, regarding power, sensitivity and positive predicted value. The multi-objective non-connectivity scan is faster and better suited for the detection of moderately irregularly shaped clusters. The multi-objective cohesion scan is most effective for the detection of highly irregularly shaped clusters. PMID:21034451

New methodology for shaft design based on life expectancy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Loewenthal, S. H.

1986-01-01

The design of power transmission shafting for reliability has not historically received a great deal of attention. However, weight sensitive aerospace and vehicle applications and those where the penalties of shaft failure are great, require greater confidence in shaft design than earlier methods provided. This report summarizes a fatigue strength-based, design method for sizing shafts under variable amplitude loading histories for limited or nonlimited service life. Moreover, applications factors such as press-fitted collars, shaft size, residual stresses from shot peening or plating, corrosive environments can be readily accommodated into the framework of the analysis. Examples are given which illustrate the use of the method, pointing out the large life penalties due to occasional cyclic overloads.

Reconstruction of methods of execution of the death penalty by shooting in the years 1949-1954 based on exhumation research of "prison fields" in Osobowicki Cemetery in Wroclaw. Part II--analysis of gunshot injuries and an attempt at reconstructing the course of execution.

PubMed

Szleszkowski, Łukasz; Thannhäuser, Agata; Kawecki, Jerzy; Szwagrzyk, Krzysztof; Swiatek, Barbara

2012-01-01

The analysis of gunshot injuries in prisoners who were executed in Wroclaw penitentiary in the years 1949-1954 shows divergences from legal regulations describing the method of execution. This observation leads to the conclusion that the predominant method of execution of the death penalty was a gunshot or gunshots to the back of the head, which is analogous to the results of exhumation works on collective graves of war prisoners executed during World War II in the territory of the former Soviet Union.

Tradeoff studies in multiobjective insensitive design of airplane control systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schy, A. A.; Giesy, D. P.

1983-01-01

A computer aided design method for multiobjective parameter-insensitive design of airplane control systems is described. Methods are presented for trading off nominal values of design objectives against sensitivities of the design objectives to parameter uncertainties, together with guidelines for designer utilization of the methods. The methods are illustrated by application to the design of a lateral stability augmentation system for two supersonic flight conditions of the Shuttle Orbiter. Objective functions are conventional handling quality measures and peak magnitudes of control deflections and rates. The uncertain parameters are assumed Gaussian, and numerical approximations of the stochastic behavior of the objectives are described. Results of applying the tradeoff methods to this example show that stochastic-insensitive designs are distinctly different from deterministic multiobjective designs. The main penalty for achieving significant decrease in sensitivity is decreased speed of response for the nominal system.

Conjugate-gradient preconditioning methods for shift-variant PET image reconstruction.

PubMed

Fessler, J A; Booth, S D

1999-01-01

Gradient-based iterative methods often converge slowly for tomographic image reconstruction and image restoration problems, but can be accelerated by suitable preconditioners. Diagonal preconditioners offer some improvement in convergence rate, but do not incorporate the structure of the Hessian matrices in imaging problems. Circulant preconditioners can provide remarkable acceleration for inverse problems that are approximately shift-invariant, i.e., for those with approximately block-Toeplitz or block-circulant Hessians. However, in applications with nonuniform noise variance, such as arises from Poisson statistics in emission tomography and in quantum-limited optical imaging, the Hessian of the weighted least-squares objective function is quite shift-variant, and circulant preconditioners perform poorly. Additional shift-variance is caused by edge-preserving regularization methods based on nonquadratic penalty functions. This paper describes new preconditioners that approximate more accurately the Hessian matrices of shift-variant imaging problems. Compared to diagonal or circulant preconditioning, the new preconditioners lead to significantly faster convergence rates for the unconstrained conjugate-gradient (CG) iteration. We also propose a new efficient method for the line-search step required by CG methods. Applications to positron emission tomography (PET) illustrate the method.

Very Large Scale Optimization

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vanderplaats, Garrett; Townsend, James C. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

The purpose of this research under the NASA Small Business Innovative Research program was to develop algorithms and associated software to solve very large nonlinear, constrained optimization tasks. Key issues included efficiency, reliability, memory, and gradient calculation requirements. This report describes the general optimization problem, ten candidate methods, and detailed evaluations of four candidates. The algorithm chosen for final development is a modern recreation of a 1960s external penalty function method that uses very limited computer memory and computational time. Although of lower efficiency, the new method can solve problems orders of magnitude larger than current methods. The resulting BIGDOT software has been demonstrated on problems with 50,000 variables and about 50,000 active constraints. For unconstrained optimization, it has solved a problem in excess of 135,000 variables. The method includes a technique for solving discrete variable problems that finds a "good" design, although a theoretical optimum cannot be guaranteed. It is very scalable in that the number of function and gradient evaluations does not change significantly with increased problem size. Test cases are provided to demonstrate the efficiency and reliability of the methods and software.

42 CFR 488.430 - Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty... PROCEDURES Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.430 Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty. (a) CMS or the State may impose a civil money penalty for either the...

42 CFR 488.430 - Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty... PROCEDURES Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.430 Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty. (a) CMS or the State may impose a civil money penalty for either the...

42 CFR 488.440 - Civil money penalties: Effective date and duration of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Effective date and duration... Civil money penalties: Effective date and duration of penalty. (a)(1) The per day civil money penalty... by CMS or the State. (2) A civil money penalty for each instance of noncompliance is imposed in a...

42 CFR 488.430 - Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty... PROCEDURES Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.430 Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty. (a) CMS or the State may impose a civil money penalty for either the...

42 CFR 488.430 - Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty... PROCEDURES Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.430 Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty. (a) CMS or the State may impose a civil money penalty for either the...

42 CFR 488.440 - Civil money penalties: Effective date and duration of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Effective date and duration... Civil money penalties: Effective date and duration of penalty. (a)(1) The per day civil money penalty... by CMS or the State. (2) A civil money penalty for each instance of noncompliance is imposed in a...

42 CFR 488.430 - Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty... PROCEDURES Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.430 Civil money penalties: Basis for imposing penalty. (a) CMS or the State may impose a civil money penalty for either the...

A convex penalty for switching control of partial differential equations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Clason, Christian; Rund, Armin; Kunisch, Karl

2016-01-19

A convex penalty for promoting switching controls for partial differential equations is introduced; such controls consist of an arbitrary number of components of which at most one should be simultaneously active. Using a Moreau–Yosida approximation, a family of approximating problems is obtained that is amenable to solution by a semismooth Newton method. In conclusion, the efficiency of this approach and the structure of the obtained controls are demonstrated by numerical examples.

Error free all optical wavelength conversion in highly nonlinear As-Se chalcogenide glass fiber.

PubMed

Ta'eed, Vahid G; Fu, Libin; Pelusi, Mark; Rochette, Martin; Littler, Ian C; Moss, David J; Eggleton, Benjamin J

2006-10-30

We present the first demonstration of all optical wavelength conversion in chalcogenide glass fiber including system penalty measurements at 10 Gb/s. Our device is based on As2Se3 chalcogenide glass fiber which has the highest Kerr nonlinearity (n(2)) of any fiber to date for which either advanced all optical signal processing functions or system penalty measurements have been demonstrated. We achieve wavelength conversion via cross phase modulation over a 10 nm wavelength range near 1550 nm with 7 ps pulses at 2.1 W peak pump power in 1 meter of fiber, achieving only 1.4 dB excess system penalty. Analysis and comparison of the fundamental fiber parameters, including nonlinear coefficient, two-photon absorption coefficient and dispersion parameter with other nonlinear glasses shows that As(2)Se(3) based devices show considerable promise for radically integrated nonlinear signal processing devices.

Improved estimation of subject-level functional connectivity using full and partial correlation with empirical Bayes shrinkage.

PubMed

Mejia, Amanda F; Nebel, Mary Beth; Barber, Anita D; Choe, Ann S; Pekar, James J; Caffo, Brian S; Lindquist, Martin A

2018-05-15

Reliability of subject-level resting-state functional connectivity (FC) is determined in part by the statistical techniques employed in its estimation. Methods that pool information across subjects to inform estimation of subject-level effects (e.g., Bayesian approaches) have been shown to enhance reliability of subject-level FC. However, fully Bayesian approaches are computationally demanding, while empirical Bayesian approaches typically rely on using repeated measures to estimate the variance components in the model. Here, we avoid the need for repeated measures by proposing a novel measurement error model for FC describing the different sources of variance and error, which we use to perform empirical Bayes shrinkage of subject-level FC towards the group average. In addition, since the traditional intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) is inappropriate for biased estimates, we propose a new reliability measure denoted the mean squared error intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC MSE ) to properly assess the reliability of the resulting (biased) estimates. We apply the proposed techniques to test-retest resting-state fMRI data on 461 subjects from the Human Connectome Project to estimate connectivity between 100 regions identified through independent components analysis (ICA). We consider both correlation and partial correlation as the measure of FC and assess the benefit of shrinkage for each measure, as well as the effects of scan duration. We find that shrinkage estimates of subject-level FC exhibit substantially greater reliability than traditional estimates across various scan durations, even for the most reliable connections and regardless of connectivity measure. Additionally, we find partial correlation reliability to be highly sensitive to the choice of penalty term, and to be generally worse than that of full correlations except for certain connections and a narrow range of penalty values. This suggests that the penalty needs to be chosen carefully when using partial correlations. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Mathematical optimization of high dose-rate brachytherapy—derivation of a linear penalty model from a dose-volume model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morén, B.; Larsson, T.; Carlsson Tedgren, Å.

2018-03-01

High dose-rate brachytherapy is a method for cancer treatment where the radiation source is placed within the body, inside or close to a tumour. For dose planning, mathematical optimization techniques are being used in practice and the most common approach is to use a linear model which penalizes deviations from specified dose limits for the tumour and for nearby organs. This linear penalty model is easy to solve, but its weakness lies in the poor correlation of its objective value and the dose-volume objectives that are used clinically to evaluate dose distributions. Furthermore, the model contains parameters that have no clear clinical interpretation. Another approach for dose planning is to solve mixed-integer optimization models with explicit dose-volume constraints which include parameters that directly correspond to dose-volume objectives, and which are therefore tangible. The two mentioned models take the overall goals for dose planning into account in fundamentally different ways. We show that there is, however, a mathematical relationship between them by deriving a linear penalty model from a dose-volume model. This relationship has not been established before and improves the understanding of the linear penalty model. In particular, the parameters of the linear penalty model can be interpreted as dual variables in the dose-volume model.

Short-term cascaded hydroelectric system scheduling based on chaotic particle swarm optimization using improved logistic map

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Yaoyao; Yang, Shanlin; Xu, Qifa

2013-07-01

In order to solve the model of short-term cascaded hydroelectric system scheduling, a novel chaotic particle swarm optimization (CPSO) algorithm using improved logistic map is introduced, which uses the water discharge as the decision variables combined with the death penalty function. According to the principle of maximum power generation, the proposed approach makes use of the ergodicity, symmetry and stochastic property of improved logistic chaotic map for enhancing the performance of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The new hybrid method has been examined and tested on two test functions and a practical cascaded hydroelectric system. The experimental results show that the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed CPSO algorithm in comparison with other traditional algorithms.

28 CFR 0.70 - General functions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... forfeiture and civil penalty matters arising under laws relating to liquor, narcotics, gambling, and firearms... personnel, to taxes on liquor, narcotics, firearms, coin-operated gambling and amusement machines, and to...

28 CFR 0.70 - General functions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... forfeiture and civil penalty matters arising under laws relating to liquor, narcotics, gambling, and firearms... personnel, to taxes on liquor, narcotics, firearms, coin-operated gambling and amusement machines, and to...

28 CFR 0.70 - General functions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... forfeiture and civil penalty matters arising under laws relating to liquor, narcotics, gambling, and firearms... personnel, to taxes on liquor, narcotics, firearms, coin-operated gambling and amusement machines, and to...

28 CFR 0.70 - General functions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... forfeiture and civil penalty matters arising under laws relating to liquor, narcotics, gambling, and firearms... personnel, to taxes on liquor, narcotics, firearms, coin-operated gambling and amusement machines, and to...

Vectorization of a penalty function algorithm for well scheduling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Absar, I.

1984-01-01

In petroleum engineering, the oil production profiles of a reservoir can be simulated by using a finite gridded model. This profile is affected by the number and choice of wells which in turn is a result of various production limits and constraints including, for example, the economic minimum well spacing, the number of drilling rigs available and the time required to drill and complete a well. After a well is available it may be shut in because of excessive water or gas productions. In order to optimize the field performance a penalty function algorithm was developed for scheduling wells. For an example with some 343 wells and 15 different constraints, the scheduling routine vectorized for the CYBER 205 averaged 560 times faster performance than the scalar version.

A novel collaborative representation and SCAD based classification method for fibrosis and inflammatory activity analysis of chronic hepatitis C

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cai, Jiaxin; Chen, Tingting; Li, Yan; Zhu, Nenghui; Qiu, Xuan

2018-03-01

In order to analysis the fibrosis stage and inflammatory activity grade of chronic hepatitis C, a novel classification method based on collaborative representation (CR) with smoothly clipped absolute deviation penalty (SCAD) penalty term, called CR-SCAD classifier, is proposed for pattern recognition. After that, an auto-grading system based on CR-SCAD classifier is introduced for the prediction of fibrosis stage and inflammatory activity grade of chronic hepatitis C. The proposed method has been tested on 123 clinical cases of chronic hepatitis C based on serological indexes. Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art baselines for the classification of fibrosis stage and inflammatory activity grade of chronic hepatitis C.

49 CFR 1503.401 - Maximum penalty amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Maximum penalty amounts. 1503.401 Section 1503.401... Assessment of Civil Penalties by TSA § 1503.401 Maximum penalty amounts. (a) General. TSA may assess civil.... TSA may adjust the maximum civil penalty amounts in conformity with the Federal Civil Penalties...

Explicit optimization of plan quality measures in intensity-modulated radiation therapy treatment planning.

PubMed

Engberg, Lovisa; Forsgren, Anders; Eriksson, Kjell; Hårdemark, Björn

2017-06-01

To formulate convex planning objectives of treatment plan multicriteria optimization with explicit relationships to the dose-volume histogram (DVH) statistics used in plan quality evaluation. Conventional planning objectives are designed to minimize the violation of DVH statistics thresholds using penalty functions. Although successful in guiding the DVH curve towards these thresholds, conventional planning objectives offer limited control of the individual points on the DVH curve (doses-at-volume) used to evaluate plan quality. In this study, we abandon the usual penalty-function framework and propose planning objectives that more closely relate to DVH statistics. The proposed planning objectives are based on mean-tail-dose, resulting in convex optimization. We also demonstrate how to adapt a standard optimization method to the proposed formulation in order to obtain a substantial reduction in computational cost. We investigated the potential of the proposed planning objectives as tools for optimizing DVH statistics through juxtaposition with the conventional planning objectives on two patient cases. Sets of treatment plans with differently balanced planning objectives were generated using either the proposed or the conventional approach. Dominance in the sense of better distributed doses-at-volume was observed in plans optimized within the proposed framework. The initial computational study indicates that the DVH statistics are better optimized and more efficiently balanced using the proposed planning objectives than using the conventional approach. © 2017 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

[New method of mixed gas infrared spectrum analysis based on SVM].

PubMed

Bai, Peng; Xie, Wen-Jun; Liu, Jun-Hua

2007-07-01

A new method of infrared spectrum analysis based on support vector machine (SVM) for mixture gas was proposed. The kernel function in SVM was used to map the seriously overlapping absorption spectrum into high-dimensional space, and after transformation, the high-dimensional data could be processed in the original space, so the regression calibration model was established, then the regression calibration model with was applied to analyze the concentration of component gas. Meanwhile it was proved that the regression calibration model with SVM also could be used for component recognition of mixture gas. The method was applied to the analysis of different data samples. Some factors such as scan interval, range of the wavelength, kernel function and penalty coefficient C that affect the model were discussed. Experimental results show that the component concentration maximal Mean AE is 0.132%, and the component recognition accuracy is higher than 94%. The problems of overlapping absorption spectrum, using the same method for qualitative and quantitative analysis, and limit number of training sample, were solved. The method could be used in other mixture gas infrared spectrum analyses, promising theoretic and application values.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Suryanarayana, Phanish, E-mail: phanish.suryanarayana@ce.gatech.edu; Phanish, Deepa

We present an Augmented Lagrangian formulation and its real-space implementation for non-periodic Orbital-Free Density Functional Theory (OF-DFT) calculations. In particular, we rewrite the constrained minimization problem of OF-DFT as a sequence of minimization problems without any constraint, thereby making it amenable to powerful unconstrained optimization algorithms. Further, we develop a parallel implementation of this approach for the Thomas–Fermi–von Weizsacker (TFW) kinetic energy functional in the framework of higher-order finite-differences and the conjugate gradient method. With this implementation, we establish that the Augmented Lagrangian approach is highly competitive compared to the penalty and Lagrange multiplier methods. Additionally, we show that higher-ordermore » finite-differences represent a computationally efficient discretization for performing OF-DFT simulations. Overall, we demonstrate that the proposed formulation and implementation are both efficient and robust by studying selected examples, including systems consisting of thousands of atoms. We validate the accuracy of the computed energies and forces by comparing them with those obtained by existing plane-wave methods.« less

Interactive Dynamic Volume Illumination with Refraction and Caustics.

PubMed

Magnus, Jens G; Bruckner, Stefan

2018-01-01

In recent years, significant progress has been made in developing high-quality interactive methods for realistic volume illumination. However, refraction - despite being an important aspect of light propagation in participating media - has so far only received little attention. In this paper, we present a novel approach for refractive volume illumination including caustics capable of interactive frame rates. By interleaving light and viewing ray propagation, our technique avoids memory-intensive storage of illumination information and does not require any precomputation. It is fully dynamic and all parameters such as light position and transfer function can be modified interactively without a performance penalty.

Distributed Environment Control Using Wireless Sensor/Actuator Networks for Lighting Applications

PubMed Central

Nakamura, Masayuki; Sakurai, Atsushi; Nakamura, Jiro

2009-01-01

We propose a decentralized algorithm to calculate the control signals for lights in wireless sensor/actuator networks. This algorithm uses an appropriate step size in the iterative process used for quickly computing the control signals. We demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of this approach compared with the penalty method by using Mote-based mesh sensor networks. The estimation error of the new approach is one-eighth as large as that of the penalty method with one-fifth of its computation time. In addition, we describe our sensor/actuator node for distributed lighting control based on the decentralized algorithm and demonstrate its practical efficacy. PMID:22291525

42 CFR 488.438 - Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty. 488.438... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.438 Civil money penalties... review authority) finds that the basis for imposing a civil money penalty exists, as specified in § 488...

76 FR 60017 - Technical Conference on Penalty Guidelines; Notice of Technical Conference on Penalty Guidelines

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-28

... Conference on Penalty Guidelines; Notice of Technical Conference on Penalty Guidelines The staff of the... the Penalty Guidelines, which the Commission issued on September 17, 2010.\\1\\ The conference will be... impact of the Penalty Guidelines on compliance and enforcement matters. More information on the topics to...

46 CFR 506.4 - Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties... MONETARY PENALTY INFLATION ADJUSTMENT § 506.4 Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties. (a... penalty for each civil monetary penalty by the cost-of-living adjustment. Any increase determined under...

46 CFR 506.4 - Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties... MONETARY PENALTY INFLATION ADJUSTMENT § 506.4 Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties. (a... penalty for each civil monetary penalty by the cost-of-living adjustment. Any increase determined under...

46 CFR 506.4 - Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties... MONETARY PENALTY INFLATION ADJUSTMENT § 506.4 Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties. (a... penalty for each civil monetary penalty by the cost-of-living adjustment. Any increase determined under...

46 CFR 506.4 - Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties... MONETARY PENALTY INFLATION ADJUSTMENT § 506.4 Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties. (a... penalty for each civil monetary penalty by the cost-of-living adjustment. Any increase determined under...

46 CFR 506.4 - Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties... MONETARY PENALTY INFLATION ADJUSTMENT § 506.4 Cost of living adjustments of civil monetary penalties. (a... penalty for each civil monetary penalty by the cost-of-living adjustment. Any increase determined under...

Sparsity-Aware DOA Estimation Scheme for Noncircular Source in MIMO Radar.

PubMed

Wang, Xianpeng; Wang, Wei; Li, Xin; Liu, Qi; Liu, Jing

2016-04-14

In this paper, a novel sparsity-aware direction of arrival (DOA) estimation scheme for a noncircular source is proposed in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar. In the proposed method, the reduced-dimensional transformation technique is adopted to eliminate the redundant elements. Then, exploiting the noncircularity of signals, a joint sparsity-aware scheme based on the reweighted l1 norm penalty is formulated for DOA estimation, in which the diagonal elements of the weight matrix are the coefficients of the noncircular MUSIC-like (NC MUSIC-like) spectrum. Compared to the existing l1 norm penalty-based methods, the proposed scheme provides higher angular resolution and better DOA estimation performance. Results from numerical experiments are used to show the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Error vector magnitude based parameter estimation for digital filter back-propagation mitigating SOA distortions in 16-QAM.

PubMed

Amiralizadeh, Siamak; Nguyen, An T; Rusch, Leslie A

2013-08-26

We investigate the performance of digital filter back-propagation (DFBP) using coarse parameter estimation for mitigating SOA nonlinearity in coherent communication systems. We introduce a simple, low overhead method for parameter estimation for DFBP based on error vector magnitude (EVM) as a figure of merit. The bit error rate (BER) penalty achieved with this method has negligible penalty as compared to DFBP with fine parameter estimation. We examine different bias currents for two commercial SOAs used as booster amplifiers in our experiments to find optimum operating points and experimentally validate our method. The coarse parameter DFBP efficiently compensates SOA-induced nonlinearity for both SOA types in 80 km propagation of 16-QAM signal at 22 Gbaud.

A method for optimizing multi-objective reservoir operation upon human and riverine ecosystem demands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ai, Xueshan; Dong, Zuo; Mo, Mingzhu

2017-04-01

The optimal reservoir operation is in generally a multi-objective problem. In real life, most of the reservoir operation optimization problems involve conflicting objectives, for which there is no single optimal solution which can simultaneously gain an optimal result of all the purposes, but rather a set of well distributed non-inferior solutions or Pareto frontier exists. On the other hand, most of the reservoirs operation rules is to gain greater social and economic benefits at the expense of ecological environment, resulting to the destruction of riverine ecology and reduction of aquatic biodiversity. To overcome these drawbacks, this study developed a multi-objective model for the reservoir operating with the conflicting functions of hydroelectric energy generation, irrigation and ecological protection. To solve the model with the objectives of maximize energy production, maximize the water demand satisfaction rate of irrigation and ecology, we proposed a multi-objective optimization method of variable penalty coefficient (VPC), which was based on integrate dynamic programming (DP) with discrete differential dynamic programming (DDDP), to generate a well distributed non-inferior along the Pareto front by changing the penalties coefficient of different objectives. This method was applied to an existing China reservoir named Donggu, through a course of a year, which is a multi-annual storage reservoir with multiple purposes. The case study results showed a good relationship between any two of the objectives and a good Pareto optimal solutions, which provide a reference for the reservoir decision makers.

The role of airfoil geometry in minimizing the effect of insect contamination of laminar flow sections

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Maresh, J. L.; Bragg, M. B.

1984-01-01

A method has been developed to predict the contamination of an airfoil by insects and the resultant performance penalty. Insect aerodynamics have been modeled and the impingement of insects on an airfoil are solved by calculating their trajectories. Upon impact, insect rupture and the resulting height of the debris is determined based on experimental data. A boundary layer analysis is performed to determine which insects cause boundary layer transition and the resultant drag penalty. A contaminated airfoil figure of merit is presented to be used to compare airfoil susceptibility. Results show that the insect contamination effects depend on accretion conditions, airfoil angle of attack and Reynolds number. The importance of the stagnation region to designing airfoils for minimum drag penalties is discussed.

Improved dynamic MRI reconstruction by exploiting sparsity and rank-deficiency.

PubMed

Majumdar, Angshul

2013-06-01

In this paper we address the problem of dynamic MRI reconstruction from partially sampled K-space data. Our work is motivated by previous studies in this area that proposed exploiting the spatiotemporal correlation of the dynamic MRI sequence by posing the reconstruction problem as a least squares minimization regularized by sparsity and low-rank penalties. Ideally the sparsity and low-rank penalties should be represented by the l(0)-norm and the rank of a matrix; however both are NP hard penalties. The previous studies used the convex l(1)-norm as a surrogate for the l(0)-norm and the non-convex Schatten-q norm (0

42 CFR 488.436 - Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction of penalty amount.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction of penalty amount. 488.436 Section 488.436 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES... the civil money penalty. (b) Reduction of penalty amount. (1) If the facility waives its right to a...

42 CFR 488.436 - Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction of penalty amount.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction of penalty amount. 488.436 Section 488.436 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES... the civil money penalty. (b) Reduction of penalty amount. (1) If the facility waives its right to a...

42 CFR 488.436 - Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction of penalty amount.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction of penalty amount. 488.436 Section 488.436 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES... the civil money penalty. (b) Reduction of penalty amount. (1) If the facility waives its right to a...

12 CFR 622.61 - Adjustment of civil money penalties by the rate of inflation under the Federal Civil Penalties...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... of inflation under the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990, as amended. 622.61... civil money penalties by the rate of inflation under the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment... is adjusted in accordance with the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990, as...

42 CFR 488.438 - Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., immediate jeopardy, or result in the death of a resident; (v) The civil money penalty was not imposed for a... 42 Public Health 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty. 488.438... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.438 Civil money penalties...

42 CFR 488.438 - Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., immediate jeopardy, or result in the death of a resident; (v) The civil money penalty was not imposed for a... 42 Public Health 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty. 488.438... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.438 Civil money penalties...

42 CFR 488.438 - Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., immediate jeopardy, or result in the death of a resident; (v) The civil money penalty was not imposed for a... 42 Public Health 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty. 488.438... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.438 Civil money penalties...

42 CFR 488.438 - Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., immediate jeopardy, or result in the death of a resident; (v) The civil money penalty was not imposed for a... 42 Public Health 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Amount of penalty. 488.438... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.438 Civil money penalties...

45 CFR 79.14 - Separation of functions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Separation of functions. 79.14 Section 79.14 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION PROGRAM FRAUD CIVIL..., except as a witness or a representative in public proceedings; or (3) Make the collection of penalties...

Self-Paced Prioritized Curriculum Learning With Coverage Penalty in Deep Reinforcement Learning.

PubMed

Ren, Zhipeng; Dong, Daoyi; Li, Huaxiong; Chen, Chunlin; Zhipeng Ren; Daoyi Dong; Huaxiong Li; Chunlin Chen; Dong, Daoyi; Li, Huaxiong; Chen, Chunlin; Ren, Zhipeng

2018-06-01

In this paper, a new training paradigm is proposed for deep reinforcement learning using self-paced prioritized curriculum learning with coverage penalty. The proposed deep curriculum reinforcement learning (DCRL) takes the most advantage of experience replay by adaptively selecting appropriate transitions from replay memory based on the complexity of each transition. The criteria of complexity in DCRL consist of self-paced priority as well as coverage penalty. The self-paced priority reflects the relationship between the temporal-difference error and the difficulty of the current curriculum for sample efficiency. The coverage penalty is taken into account for sample diversity. With comparison to deep Q network (DQN) and prioritized experience replay (PER) methods, the DCRL algorithm is evaluated on Atari 2600 games, and the experimental results show that DCRL outperforms DQN and PER on most of these games. More results further show that the proposed curriculum training paradigm of DCRL is also applicable and effective for other memory-based deep reinforcement learning approaches, such as double DQN and dueling network. All the experimental results demonstrate that DCRL can achieve improved training efficiency and robustness for deep reinforcement learning.

TU-G-BRB-01: Continuous Path Optimization for Non-Coplanar Variant SAD IMRT Delivery Using C-Arm Machines.

PubMed

Ruan, D; Dong, P; Low, D; Sheng, K

2012-06-01

To develop and investigate a continuous path optimization methodology to traverse prescribed non-coplanar IMRT beams with variant SADs, by orchestrating the couch and gantry movement with zero-collision, minimal patient motion consequence and machine travel time. We convert the given collision zone definition and the prescribed beam location/angles to a tumor-centric coordinate, and represent the traversing path as a continuous open curve. We proceed to optimize a composite objective function consisting of (1) a strong attraction energy to ensure all prescribed beams are en-route, (2) a penalty for patient-motion inducing couch motion, and (3) a penalty for travel-time inducing overall path-length. Feasibility manifold is defined as complement to collision zone and the optimization is performed with a level set representation evolved with variational flows. The proposed method has been implemented and tested on clinically derived data. In the absence of any existing solutions for the same problem, we validate by: (1) visual inspecting the generated path rendered in the 3D tumor-centric coordinates, and (2) comparing with a traveling-salesman (TSP) solution obtained from relaxing the variant SADs and continuous collision-avoidance requirement. The proposed method has generated delivery paths that are smooth and intuitively appealing. Under relaxed settings, our results outperform the generic TSP solutions and agree with specially tuned versions. We have proposed a novel systematic approach that automatically determines the continuous path to cover non-coplanar, varying SAD IMRT beams. The proposed approach accommodates patient-specific collision zone definition and ensures its avoidance continuously. The differential penalty to couch and gantry motions allows customizable tradeoff between patient geometry stability and delivery efficiency. This development paves the path to achieve safe, accurate and efficient non-coplanar IMRT delivery with the advanced robotic controls in new-generation C-arm systems, enabling practical harvesting of the dose benefit offered by non-coplanar, variant SAD IMRT treatment. © 2012 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

42 CFR 488.436 - Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction of penalty amount.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction... the civil money penalty. (b) Reduction of penalty amount. (1) If the facility waives its right to a... reduces the civil money penalty amount by 35 percent. (2) If the facility does not waive its right to a...

42 CFR 488.436 - Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction of penalty amount.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Waiver of hearing, reduction... the civil money penalty. (b) Reduction of penalty amount. (1) If the facility waives its right to a... reduces the civil money penalty amount by 35 percent. (2) If the facility does not waive its right to a...

42 CFR 488.433 - Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS. 488.433 Section 488.433 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID... Deficiencies § 488.433 Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS. Ten...

42 CFR 488.433 - Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS. 488.433 Section 488.433 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID... Deficiencies § 488.433 Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS. Ten...

42 CFR 488.433 - Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS. 488.433 Section 488.433 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID... Deficiencies § 488.433 Civil money penalties: Uses and approval of civil money penalties imposed by CMS. Ten...

76 FR 67725 - Technical Conference on Penalty Guidelines; Second Notice of Technical Conference on Penalty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-02

... Conference on Penalty Guidelines; Second Notice of Technical Conference on Penalty Guidelines On September 21... Conference on Penalty Guidelines to be held on November 17, 2011. The conference will be held from 1 p.m. to... impact of the Penalty Guidelines, which the Commission issued on September 17, 2010,\\1\\ on compliance and...

Power-output regularization in global sound equalization.

PubMed

Stefanakis, Nick; Sarris, John; Cambourakis, George; Jacobsen, Finn

2008-01-01

The purpose of equalization in room acoustics is to compensate for the undesired modification that an enclosure introduces to signals such as audio or speech. In this work, equalization in a large part of the volume of a room is addressed. The multiple point method is employed with an acoustic power-output penalty term instead of the traditional quadratic source effort penalty term. Simulation results demonstrate that this technique gives a smoother decline of the reproduction performance away from the control points.

Time domain convergence properties of Lyapunov stable penalty methods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kurdila, A. J.; Sunkel, John

1991-01-01

Linear hyperbolic partial differential equations are analyzed using standard techniques to show that a sequence of solutions generated by the Liapunov stable penalty equations approaches the solution of the differential-algebraic equations governing the dynamics of multibody problems arising in linear vibrations. The analysis does not require that the system be conservative and does not impose any specific integration scheme. Variational statements are derived which bound the error in approximation by the norm of the constraint violation obtained in the approximate solutions.

Optimization of an auto-thermal ammonia synthesis reactor using cyclic coordinate method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

A-N Nguyen, T.; Nguyen, T.-A.; Vu, T.-D.; Nguyen, K.-T.; K-T Dao, T.; P-H Huynh, K.

2017-06-01

The ammonia synthesis system is an important chemical process used in the manufacture of fertilizers, chemicals, explosives, fibers, plastics, refrigeration. In the literature, many works approaching the modeling, simulation and optimization of an auto-thermal ammonia synthesis reactor can be found. However, they just focus on the optimization of the reactor length while keeping the others parameters constant. In this study, the other parameters are also considered in the optimization problem such as the temperature of feed gas enters the catalyst zone, the initial nitrogen proportion. The optimal problem requires the maximization of an objective function which is multivariable function and subject to a number of equality constraints involving the solution of coupled differential equations and also inequality constraint. The cyclic coordinate search was applied to solve the multivariable-optimization problem. In each coordinate, the golden section method was applied to find the maximum value. The inequality constraints were treated using penalty method. The coupled differential equations system was solved using Runge-Kutta 4th order method. The results obtained from this study are also compared to the results from the literature.

49 CFR 190.221 - Civil penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Civil penalties generally. 190.221 Section 190.221... REGULATORY PROCEDURES Enforcement Civil Penalties § 190.221 Civil penalties generally. When a Regional... appropriate civil penalty. [Amdt. 190-16, 78 FR 58912, Sept. 25, 2013] ...

Possibility of death sentence has divergent effect on verdicts for Black and White defendants.

PubMed

Glaser, Jack; Martin, Karin D; Kahn, Kimberly B

2015-12-01

When anticipating the imposition of the death penalty, jurors may be less inclined to convict defendants. On the other hand, minority defendants have been shown to be treated more punitively, particularly in capital cases. Given that the influence of anticipated sentence severity on verdicts may vary as a function of defendant race, the goal of this study was to test the independent and interactive effects of these factors. We conducted a survey-embedded experiment with a nationally representative sample to examine the effect on verdicts of sentence severity as a function of defendant race, presenting respondents with a triple murder trial summary that manipulated the maximum penalty (death vs. life without parole) and the race of the defendant. Respondents who were told life-without-parole was the maximum sentence were not significantly more likely to convict Black (67.7%) than White (66.7%) defendants. However, when death was the maximum sentence, respondents presented with Black defendants were significantly more likely to convict (80.0%) than were those with White defendants (55.1%). The results indicate that the death penalty may be a cause of racial disparities in criminal justice, and implicate threats to civil rights and to effective criminal justice. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).

34 CFR 82.405 - Penalty procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Penalty procedures. 82.405 Section 82.405 Education Office of the Secretary, Department of Education NEW RESTRICTIONS ON LOBBYING Penalties and Enforcement § 82.405 Penalty procedures. Agencies shall impose and collect civil penalties pursuant to the...

76 FR 71431 - Civil Penalty Calculation Methodology

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-17

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Civil Penalty Calculation... is currently evaluating its civil penalty methodology. Part of this evaluation includes a forthcoming... civil penalties. UFA takes into account the statutory penalty factors under 49 U.S.C. 521(b)(2)(D). The...

49 CFR 209.101 - Civil penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil penalties generally. 209.101 Section 209.101..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Civil Penalties § 209.101 Civil penalties generally. (a) Sections 209.101 through 209.121 prescribe rules of...

49 CFR 209.101 - Civil penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Civil penalties generally. 209.101 Section 209.101..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Civil Penalties § 209.101 Civil penalties generally. (a) Sections 209.101 through 209.121 prescribe rules of...

49 CFR 209.103 - Minimum and maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Minimum and maximum penalties. 209.103 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Civil Penalties § 209.103 Minimum and maximum penalties. (a) A person who knowingly violates a...

49 CFR 209.103 - Minimum and maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Minimum and maximum penalties. 209.103 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Civil Penalties § 209.103 Minimum and maximum penalties. (a) A person who knowingly violates a...

49 CFR 209.103 - Minimum and maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Minimum and maximum penalties. 209.103 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Civil Penalties § 209.103 Minimum and maximum penalties. (a) A person who knowingly violates a...

49 CFR 209.103 - Minimum and maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Minimum and maximum penalties. 209.103 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Civil Penalties § 209.103 Minimum and maximum penalties. (a) A person who knowingly violates a...

49 CFR 209.103 - Minimum and maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Minimum and maximum penalties. 209.103 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Civil Penalties § 209.103 Minimum and maximum penalties. (a) A person who knowingly violates a...

Sparsity-Aware DOA Estimation Scheme for Noncircular Source in MIMO Radar

PubMed Central

Wang, Xianpeng; Wang, Wei; Li, Xin; Liu, Qi; Liu, Jing

2016-01-01

In this paper, a novel sparsity-aware direction of arrival (DOA) estimation scheme for a noncircular source is proposed in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar. In the proposed method, the reduced-dimensional transformation technique is adopted to eliminate the redundant elements. Then, exploiting the noncircularity of signals, a joint sparsity-aware scheme based on the reweighted l1 norm penalty is formulated for DOA estimation, in which the diagonal elements of the weight matrix are the coefficients of the noncircular MUSIC-like (NC MUSIC-like) spectrum. Compared to the existing l1 norm penalty-based methods, the proposed scheme provides higher angular resolution and better DOA estimation performance. Results from numerical experiments are used to show the effectiveness of our proposed method. PMID:27089345

49 CFR 190.221 - Civil penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil penalties generally. 190.221 Section 190.221... PROCEDURES Enforcement Civil Penalties § 190.221 Civil penalties generally. When the Associate Administrator..., if appropriate, compromise a civil penalty. [Amdt. 190-6, 61 FR 18515, Apr. 26, 1996] ...

49 CFR 209.131 - Criminal penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Criminal penalties generally. 209.131 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Criminal Penalties § 209.131 Criminal penalties generally. A person who knowingly violates 49 U.S.C. 5104(b...

49 CFR 209.131 - Criminal penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Criminal penalties generally. 209.131 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Criminal Penalties § 209.131 Criminal penalties generally. A person who knowingly violates 49 U.S.C. 5104(b...

49 CFR 209.131 - Criminal penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Criminal penalties generally. 209.131 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Criminal Penalties § 209.131 Criminal penalties generally. A person who knowingly violates 49 U.S.C. 5104(b...

49 CFR 209.131 - Criminal penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Criminal penalties generally. 209.131 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Criminal Penalties § 209.131 Criminal penalties generally. A person who knowingly violates 49 U.S.C. 5104(b...

Teaching about the Death Penalty.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ryan, John Paul; Eden, John Michael

1998-01-01

Examines the reasons for the death penalty, the reasons why the death penalty attracts so much attention, whether the death penalty is applied consistently, and the evidence that the application of the death penalty may be racially biased. Provides an accompanying article on "Teaching Ideas" by Ronald A. Banaszak. (CMK)

49 CFR 209.131 - Criminal penalties generally.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Criminal penalties generally. 209.131 Section 209... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Hazardous Materials Penalties Criminal Penalties § 209.131 Criminal penalties generally. A person who knowingly violates 49 U.S.C. 5104(b...

Consideration of plant behaviour in optimal servo-compensator design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moase, W. H.; Manzie, C.

2016-07-01

Where the most prevalent optimal servo-compensator formulations penalise the behaviour of an error system, this paper considers the problem of additionally penalising the actual states and inputs of the plant. Doing so has the advantage of enabling the penalty function to better resemble an economic cost. This is especially true of problems where control effort needs to be sensibly allocated across weakly redundant inputs or where one wishes to use penalties to soft-constrain certain states or inputs. It is shown that, although the resulting cost function grows unbounded as its horizon approaches infinity, it is possible to formulate an equivalent optimisation problem with a bounded cost. The resulting optimisation problem is similar to those in earlier studies but has an additional 'correction term' in the cost function, and a set of equality constraints that arise when there are redundant inputs. A numerical approach to solve the resulting optimisation problem is presented, followed by simulations on a micro-macro positioner that illustrate the benefits of the proposed servo-compensator design approach.

A GA based penalty function technique for solving constrained redundancy allocation problem of series system with interval valued reliability of components

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, R. K.; Bhunia, A. K.; Roy, D.

2009-10-01

In this paper, we have considered the problem of constrained redundancy allocation of series system with interval valued reliability of components. For maximizing the overall system reliability under limited resource constraints, the problem is formulated as an unconstrained integer programming problem with interval coefficients by penalty function technique and solved by an advanced GA for integer variables with interval fitness function, tournament selection, uniform crossover, uniform mutation and elitism. As a special case, considering the lower and upper bounds of the interval valued reliabilities of the components to be the same, the corresponding problem has been solved. The model has been illustrated with some numerical examples and the results of the series redundancy allocation problem with fixed value of reliability of the components have been compared with the existing results available in the literature. Finally, sensitivity analyses have been shown graphically to study the stability of our developed GA with respect to the different GA parameters.

Optimal design of dampers within seismic structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ren, Wenjie; Qian, Hui; Song, Wali; Wang, Liqiang

2009-07-01

An improved multi-objective genetic algorithm for structural passive control system optimization is proposed. Based on the two-branch tournament genetic algorithm, the selection operator is constructed by evaluating individuals according to their dominance in one run. For a constrained problem, the dominance-based penalty function method is advanced, containing information on an individual's status (feasible or infeasible), position in a search space, and distance from a Pareto optimal set. The proposed approach is used for the optimal designs of a six-storey building with shape memory alloy dampers subjected to earthquake. The number and position of dampers are chosen as the design variables. The number of dampers and peak relative inter-storey drift are considered as the objective functions. Numerical results generate a set of non-dominated solutions.

15 CFR 30.72 - Civil penalty procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... hearing before an administrative law judge. Any such hearing shall be conducted in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 556 and 557. (b) Applicable law for delegated function. If, pursuant to 13 U.S.C. 306, the Secretary delegates functions addressed in this part to another agency, the provisions of law of that agency relating...

A Construction of Boolean Functions with Good Cryptographic Properties

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-01-01

be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT...2008, LNCS 5350, Springer–Verlag, 2008, pp. 425–440. [10] C. Carlet and K. Feng, “An Infinite Class of Balanced Vectorial Boolean Functions with Optimum

Impaired Feedback Processing for Symbolic Reward in Individuals with Internet Game Overuse

PubMed Central

Kim, Jinhee; Kim, Hackjin; Kang, Eunjoo

2017-01-01

Reward processing, which plays a critical role in adaptive behavior, is impaired in addiction disorders, which are accompanied by functional abnormalities in brain reward circuits. Internet gaming disorder, like substance addiction, is thought to be associated with impaired reward processing, but little is known about how it affects learning, especially when feedback is conveyed by less-salient motivational events. Here, using both monetary (±500 KRW) and symbolic (Chinese characters “right” or “wrong”) rewards and penalties, we investigated whether behavioral performance and feedback-related neural responses are altered in Internet game overuse (IGO) group. Using functional MRI, brain responses for these two types of reward/penalty feedback were compared between young males with problems of IGO (IGOs, n = 18, mean age = 22.2 ± 2.0 years) and age-matched control subjects (Controls, n = 20, mean age = 21.2 ± 2.1) during a visuomotor association task where associations were learned between English letters and one of four responses. No group difference was found in adjustment of error responses following the penalty or in brain responses to penalty, for either monetary or symbolic penalties. The IGO individuals, however, were more likely to fail to choose the response previously reinforced by symbolic (but not monetary) reward. A whole brain two-way ANOVA analysis for reward revealed reduced activations in the IGO group in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex/ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in response to both reward types, suggesting impaired reward processing. However, the responses to reward in the inferior parietal region and medial orbitofrontal cortex/vmPFC were affected by the types of reward in the IGO group. Unlike the control group, in the IGO group the reward response was reduced only for symbolic reward, suggesting lower attentional and value processing specific to symbolic reward. Furthermore, the more severe the Internet gaming overuse symptoms in the IGO group, the greater the activations of the ventral striatum for monetary relative to symbolic reward. These findings suggest that IGO is associated with bias toward motivationally salient reward, which would lead to poor goal-directed behavior in everyday life. PMID:29051739

46 CFR 506.3 - Civil monetary penalty inflation adjustment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Civil monetary penalty inflation adjustment. 506.3... PENALTY INFLATION ADJUSTMENT § 506.3 Civil monetary penalty inflation adjustment. The Commission shall... each civil monetary penalty provided by law within the jurisdiction of the Commission by the inflation...

78 FR 5722 - Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-28

... our Class I penalties to account for inflation since 2004, we are making a second round of penalty... Class I civil penalties under the Clean Water Act and the National Fishing Enhancement Act to account for inflation. The adjustment of civil penalties to account for inflation is required by the Federal...

15 CFR 30.72 - Civil penalty procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Civil penalty procedures. 30.72... CENSUS, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE FOREIGN TRADE REGULATIONS Penalties § 30.72 Civil penalty procedures. (a) General. Whenever a civil penalty is sought for a violation of this part, the charged party is entitled to...

12 CFR 411.405 - Penalty procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Penalty procedures. 411.405 Section 411.405 Banks and Banking EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF THE UNITED STATES NEW RESTRICTIONS ON LOBBYING Penalties and Enforcement § 411.405 Penalty procedures. Agencies shall impose and collect civil penalties pursuant to the...

8 CFR 270.3 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Penalties. 270.3 Section 270.3 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS PENALTIES FOR DOCUMENT FRAUD § 270.3 Penalties. (a) Criminal penalties. Nothing in section 274C of the Act shall be construed to diminish or...

42 CFR 488.434 - Civil money penalties: Notice of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SERVICES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION SURVEY, CERTIFICATION, AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES... procedures for all non-State operated NFs when the State takes the action. (2) The State's notice must— (i...: Notice of penalty. (a) CMS notice of penalty. (1) CMS sends a written notice of the penalty to the...

42 CFR 488.434 - Civil money penalties: Notice of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... SERVICES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION SURVEY, CERTIFICATION, AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES... procedures for all non-State operated NFs when the State takes the action. (2) The State's notice must— (i...: Notice of penalty. (a) CMS notice of penalty. (1) CMS sends a written notice of the penalty to the...

42 CFR 488.434 - Civil money penalties: Notice of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... SERVICES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION SURVEY, CERTIFICATION, AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES... procedures for all non-State operated NFs when the State takes the action. (2) The State's notice must— (i...: Notice of penalty. (a) CMS notice of penalty. (1) CMS sends a written notice of the penalty to the...

42 CFR 488.434 - Civil money penalties: Notice of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... SERVICES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION SURVEY, CERTIFICATION, AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES... procedures for all non-State operated NFs when the State takes the action. (2) The State's notice must— (i...: Notice of penalty. (a) CMS notice of penalty. (1) CMS sends a written notice of the penalty to the...

42 CFR 488.434 - Civil money penalties: Notice of penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... SERVICES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION SURVEY, CERTIFICATION, AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES... procedures for all non-State operated NFs when the State takes the action. (2) The State's notice must— (i...: Notice of penalty. (a) CMS notice of penalty. (1) CMS sends a written notice of the penalty to the...

42 CFR 488.444 - Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties. 488.444 Section 488.444 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.444 Civil money penalties...

42 CFR 423.2340 - Compliance monitoring and civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Compliance monitoring and civil money penalties... BENEFIT Medicare Coverage Gap Discount Program § 423.2340 Compliance monitoring and civil money penalties... Agreement. (b) Basis for imposing civil money penalties. CMS imposes a civil money penalty (CMP) on a...

42 CFR 488.444 - Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties. 488.444 Section 488.444 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.444 Civil money penalties...

42 CFR 488.444 - Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties. 488.444 Section 488.444 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.444 Civil money penalties...

42 CFR 423.2340 - Compliance monitoring and civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Compliance monitoring and civil money penalties... BENEFIT Medicare Coverage Gap Discount Program § 423.2340 Compliance monitoring and civil money penalties... Agreement. (b) Basis for imposing civil money penalties. CMS imposes a civil money penalty (CMP) on a...

42 CFR 488.444 - Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties. 488.444 Section 488.444 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.444 Civil money penalties...

42 CFR 488.444 - Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Civil money penalties: Settlement of penalties. 488.444 Section 488.444 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... Enforcement of Compliance for Long-Term Care Facilities with Deficiencies § 488.444 Civil money penalties...

78 FR 4057 - Inflation Adjustment of Civil Money Penalty Amounts

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-18

...] RIN 2501-AD59 Inflation Adjustment of Civil Money Penalty Amounts AGENCY: Office of the Secretary, HUD. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: This final rule amends HUD's civil money penalty and civil penalty... outdated cross-reference in its civil money penalty regulations. DATES: Effective Date: February 19, 2013...

49 CFR 190.223 - Maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Maximum penalties. 190.223 Section 190.223... PROCEDURES Enforcement Civil Penalties § 190.223 Maximum penalties. (a) Any person who is determined to have... except that the maximum civil penalty may not exceed $1,000,000 for any related series of violations. (b...

30 CFR 903.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 903.845 Section 903.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE ARIZONA § 903.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, applies to the assessment of civil penalties for violations...

30 CFR 937.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 937.845 Section 937.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE OREGON § 937.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 921.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 921.845 Section 921.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MASSACHUSETTS § 921.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 947.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 947.845 Section 947.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE WASHINGTON § 947.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 910.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 910.845 Section 910.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE GEORGIA § 910.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 941.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 941.845 Section 941.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE SOUTH DAKOTA § 941.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 903.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 903.845 Section 903.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE ARIZONA § 903.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, applies to the assessment of civil penalties for violations...

10 CFR 2.205 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Civil penalties. 2.205 Section 2.205 Energy NUCLEAR... for Imposing Civil Penalties § 2.205 Civil penalties. (a) Before instituting any proceeding to impose a civil penalty under section 234 of the Act, the Executive Director for Operations or the Executive...

30 CFR 937.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 937.845 Section 937.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE OREGON § 937.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 905.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 905.845 Section 905.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE CALIFORNIA § 905.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

30 CFR 939.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 939.845 Section 939.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE RHODE ISLAND § 939.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 921.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 921.845 Section 921.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MASSACHUSETTS § 921.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 921.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 921.845 Section 921.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MASSACHUSETTS § 921.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 921.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 921.845 Section 921.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MASSACHUSETTS § 921.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 941.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 941.845 Section 941.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE SOUTH DAKOTA § 941.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 912.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 912.845 Section 912.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE IDAHO § 912.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 937.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 937.845 Section 937.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE OREGON § 937.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 933.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 933.845 Section 933.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE NORTH CAROLINA § 933.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chaper, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 910.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 910.845 Section 910.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE GEORGIA § 910.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 912.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 912.845 Section 912.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE IDAHO § 912.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

10 CFR 2.205 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Civil penalties. 2.205 Section 2.205 Energy NUCLEAR... for Modification, Suspension, or Revocation of a License, or for Imposing Civil Penalties § 2.205 Civil penalties. (a) Before instituting any proceeding to impose a civil penalty under section 234 of...

30 CFR 933.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 933.845 Section 933.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE NORTH CAROLINA § 933.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chaper, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 912.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 912.845 Section 912.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE IDAHO § 912.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 937.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 937.845 Section 937.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE OREGON § 937.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 910.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 910.845 Section 910.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE GEORGIA § 910.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 937.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 937.845 Section 937.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE OREGON § 937.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 922.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 922.845 Section 922.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MICHIGAN § 922.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

36 CFR 296.16 - Civil penalty amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalty amounts. 296.16... ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES: UNIFORM REGULATIONS § 296.16 Civil penalty amounts. (a) Maximum amount of penalty. (1) Where the person being assessed a civil penalty has not committed any previous violation of any...

30 CFR 905.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 905.845 Section 905.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE CALIFORNIA § 905.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

49 CFR 1503.703 - Civil penalty letter; referral.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 9 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil penalty letter; referral. 1503.703 Section... AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Judicial Assessment of Civil Penalties § 1503.703 Civil penalty letter; referral. (a) Issuance. In a civil penalty action in which the amount in controversy exceeds the amounts...

30 CFR 942.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 942.845 Section 942.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE TENNESSEE § 942.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

30 CFR 912.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 912.845 Section 912.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE IDAHO § 912.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 941.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 941.845 Section 941.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE SOUTH DAKOTA § 941.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

49 CFR 1503.419 - Order Assessing Civil Penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 9 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Order Assessing Civil Penalty. 1503.419 Section... AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Assessment of Civil Penalties by TSA § 1503.419 Order Assessing Civil Penalty. (a) Issuance pursuant to a settlement. TSA will issue an Order Assessing Civil Penalty if the...

30 CFR 939.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 939.845 Section 939.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE RHODE ISLAND § 939.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 942.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 942.845 Section 942.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE TENNESSEE § 942.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

30 CFR 947.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 947.845 Section 947.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE WASHINGTON § 947.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 905.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 905.845 Section 905.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE CALIFORNIA § 905.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

10 CFR 2.205 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Civil penalties. 2.205 Section 2.205 Energy NUCLEAR... for Imposing Civil Penalties § 2.205 Civil penalties. (a) Before instituting any proceeding to impose a civil penalty under section 234 of the Act, the Executive Director for Operations or the Executive...

30 CFR 903.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 903.845 Section 903.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE ARIZONA § 903.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, applies to the assessment of civil penalties for violations...

10 CFR 2.205 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Civil penalties. 2.205 Section 2.205 Energy NUCLEAR... for Imposing Civil Penalties § 2.205 Civil penalties. (a) Before instituting any proceeding to impose a civil penalty under section 234 of the Act, the Executive Director for Operations or the Executive...

30 CFR 942.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 942.845 Section 942.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE TENNESSEE § 942.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

30 CFR 942.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 942.845 Section 942.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE TENNESSEE § 942.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

30 CFR 903.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 903.845 Section 903.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE ARIZONA § 903.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, applies to the assessment of civil penalties for violations...

30 CFR 947.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 947.845 Section 947.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE WASHINGTON § 947.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

32 CFR 229.16 - Civil penalty amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalty amounts. 229.16 Section 229.16...) MISCELLANEOUS PROTECTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES: UNIFORM REGULATIONS § 229.16 Civil penalty amounts. (a) Maximum amount of penalty. (1) Where the person being assessed a civil penalty has not committed any...

30 CFR 905.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 905.845 Section 905.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE CALIFORNIA § 905.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

30 CFR 910.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 910.845 Section 910.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE GEORGIA § 910.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 939.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 939.845 Section 939.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE RHODE ISLAND § 939.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 922.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 922.845 Section 922.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MICHIGAN § 922.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 947.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 947.845 Section 947.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE WASHINGTON § 947.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 922.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 922.845 Section 922.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MICHIGAN § 922.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 933.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 933.845 Section 933.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE NORTH CAROLINA § 933.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chaper, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 941.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 941.845 Section 941.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE SOUTH DAKOTA § 941.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

22 CFR 1104.15 - Civil penalty amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Civil penalty amounts. 1104.15 Section 1104.15... SECTION PROTECTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES § 1104.15 Civil penalty amounts. (a) Maximum amount of penalty. (1) Where the person being assessed a civil penalty has not committed any previous violation of...

30 CFR 933.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 933.845 Section 933.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE NORTH CAROLINA § 933.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chaper, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 903.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 903.845 Section 903.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE ARIZONA § 903.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, applies to the assessment of civil penalties for violations...

30 CFR 939.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalties. 939.845 Section 939.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE RHODE ISLAND § 939.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 922.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 922.845 Section 922.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MICHIGAN § 922.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 947.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 947.845 Section 947.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE WASHINGTON § 947.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

10 CFR 2.205 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Civil penalties. 2.205 Section 2.205 Energy NUCLEAR... for Modification, Suspension, or Revocation of a License, or for Imposing Civil Penalties § 2.205 Civil penalties. (a) Before instituting any proceeding to impose a civil penalty under section 234 of...

30 CFR 910.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 910.845 Section 910.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE GEORGIA § 910.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 933.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalties. 933.845 Section 933.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE NORTH CAROLINA § 933.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chaper, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 922.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 922.845 Section 922.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MICHIGAN § 922.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 921.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 921.845 Section 921.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE MASSACHUSETTS § 921.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 942.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 942.845 Section 942.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE TENNESSEE § 942.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

30 CFR 939.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalties. 939.845 Section 939.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE RHODE ISLAND § 939.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

30 CFR 905.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 905.845 Section 905.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE CALIFORNIA § 905.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply to the assessment of civil penalties for...

30 CFR 912.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalties. 912.845 Section 912.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE IDAHO § 912.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for violations...

30 CFR 941.845 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalties. 941.845 Section 941.845... PROGRAMS FOR THE CONDUCT OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS WITHIN EACH STATE SOUTH DAKOTA § 941.845 Civil penalties. Part 845 of this chapter, Civil Penalties, shall apply when civil penalties are assessed for...

20 CFR 498.102 - Basis for civil monetary penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Basis for civil monetary penalties and... PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDED EXCLUSIONS § 498.102 Basis for civil monetary penalties and assessments. (a) The Office of the Inspector General may impose a penalty and assessment, as applicable...

16 CFR 1119.4 - Factors considered in determining civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... penalties. 1119.4 Section 1119.4 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS CIVIL PENALTY FACTORS § 1119.4 Factors considered in determining civil penalties...) of the FFA, specify factors considered by the Commission in determining the amount of a civil penalty...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 386 - Penalty Schedule; Violations and Monetary Penalties

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Penalty Schedule; Violations and Monetary Penalties B Appendix B to Part 386 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued... HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PROCEEDINGS Pt. 386, App. B Appendix B to Part 386— Penalty Schedule; Violations and...

20 CFR 498.102 - Basis for civil monetary penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Basis for civil monetary penalties and... PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDED EXCLUSIONS § 498.102 Basis for civil monetary penalties and assessments. (a) The Office of the Inspector General may impose a penalty and assessment, as applicable...

49 CFR 107.329 - Maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... maximum civil penalty is $110,000 if the violation results in death, serious illness or severe injury to... 49 Transportation 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Maximum penalties. 107.329 Section 107.329... PROGRAM PROCEDURES Enforcement Compliance Orders and Civil Penalties § 107.329 Maximum penalties. (a) A...

16 CFR 1119.4 - Factors considered in determining civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... penalties. 1119.4 Section 1119.4 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS CIVIL PENALTY FACTORS § 1119.4 Factors considered in determining civil penalties...) of the FFA, specify factors considered by the Commission in determining the amount of a civil penalty...

16 CFR 1119.4 - Factors considered in determining civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... penalties. 1119.4 Section 1119.4 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT REGULATIONS CIVIL PENALTY FACTORS § 1119.4 Factors considered in determining civil penalties...) of the FFA, specify factors considered by the Commission in determining the amount of a civil penalty...

30 CFR 100.5 - Determination of penalty amount; special assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Determination of penalty amount; special... CIVIL PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT OF 1977 CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES FOR PROPOSED ASSESSMENT OF CIVIL PENALTIES § 100.5 Determination of penalty amount; special assessment...

20 CFR 498.102 - Basis for civil monetary penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Basis for civil monetary penalties and... PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDED EXCLUSIONS § 498.102 Basis for civil monetary penalties and assessments. (a) The Office of the Inspector General may impose a penalty and assessment, as applicable...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 386 - Penalty Schedule; Violations and Monetary Penalties

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... civil penalties set out in paragraphs (e)(1) through (4) of this appendix results in death, serious... 49 Transportation 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Penalty Schedule; Violations and Monetary Penalties B Appendix B to Part 386 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued...

49 CFR 107.329 - Maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... maximum civil penalty is $110,000 if the violation results in death, serious illness or severe injury to... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Maximum penalties. 107.329 Section 107.329... PROGRAM PROCEDURES Enforcement Compliance Orders and Civil Penalties § 107.329 Maximum penalties. (a) A...

20 CFR 498.102 - Basis for civil monetary penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Basis for civil monetary penalties and... PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDED EXCLUSIONS § 498.102 Basis for civil monetary penalties and assessments. (a) The Office of the Inspector General may impose a penalty and assessment, as applicable...

30 CFR 100.5 - Determination of penalty amount; special assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Determination of penalty amount; special... CIVIL PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT OF 1977 CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES FOR PROPOSED ASSESSMENT OF CIVIL PENALTIES § 100.5 Determination of penalty amount; special assessment...

30 CFR 100.5 - Determination of penalty amount; special assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Determination of penalty amount; special... CIVIL PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT OF 1977 CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES FOR PROPOSED ASSESSMENT OF CIVIL PENALTIES § 100.5 Determination of penalty amount; special assessment...

49 CFR 107.329 - Maximum penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... maximum civil penalty is $110,000 if the violation results in death, serious illness or severe injury to... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Maximum penalties. 107.329 Section 107.329... PROGRAM PROCEDURES Enforcement Compliance Orders and Civil Penalties § 107.329 Maximum penalties. (a) A...

Religious characteristics and the death penalty.

PubMed

Miller, Monica K; Hayward, R David

2008-04-01

Using one mock trial scenario, this study investigated whether religious and demographic factors were related to death penalty attitudes and sentencing verdicts. Those who favored the death penalty differed from those who had doubts about the penalty in gender, affiliation, fundamentalism, evangelism, literal Biblical interpretism, beliefs about God's attitudes toward murders, and perceptions of how their religious groups felt about the death penalty. These relationships generally held after mock jurors were death qualified. Gender, fundamentalism, literal interpretism, beliefs about God's death penalty position, and perceptions of how one's religious group felt about the death penalty predicted death penalty sentencing verdicts. Future research could determine whether using peremptory challenges to exclude potential jurors based on religion can help lawyers choose a more favorable jury.

The penalty immersed boundary method and its application to aerodynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Yongsam

The Immersed Boundary (IB) method has been widely applied to problems involving a moving elastic boundary that is immersed in fluid and interacting with it. But most applications of the IB method have involved a massless elastic boundary. Extending the method to cover the case of a massive boundary has required spreading the boundary mass out onto the fluid grid and then solving the Navier-Stokes equations with a variable mass density. The variable mass density makes Fourier transform methods inapplicable, and requires a multigrid solver. Here we propose a new and simple way to give mass to the elastic boundary. The key idea of the method is to introduce two representations of each boundary: one is a massive boundary which does not interact with the fluid, and the other is messless and plays the same role as the boundary of the IB method with the massless assumption. Although they are almost the same, we allow these two representations of the boundary to be different as long as the gap between them is small. This can be ensured by connecting them with a stiff spring with a zero rest length which generates force acting on both boundaries and pulling them together. We call this the 'Penalty IB method'. It does not spread mass to the fluid grid, retains the use of Fourier transform methodology, and is easy to implement in the context of an existing IB method code for the massless case. This thesis introduces the Penalty IB method and applies it to several problems in which the mass of the boundary is important. These problems are filaments in a flowing soap film, flows past a cylinder, windsocks, flags, and parachutes.

Effects of aerodynamic interaction between main and tail rotors on helicopter hover performance and noise

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Menger, R. P.; Wood, T. L.; Brieger, J. T.

1983-01-01

A model test was conducted to determine the effects of aerodynamic interaction between main rotor, tail rotor, and vertical fin on helicopter performance and noise in hover out of ground effect. The experimental data were obtained from hover tests performed with a .151 scale Model 222 main rotor, tail rotor and vertical fin. Of primary interest was the effect of location of the tail rotor with respect to the main rotor. Penalties on main rotor power due to interaction with the tail rotor ranged up to 3% depending upon tail rotor location and orientation. Penalties on tail rotor power due to fin blockage alone ranged up to 10% for pusher tail rotors and up to 50% for tractor tail rotors. The main rotor wake had only a second order effect on these tail rotor/fin interactions. Design charts are presented showing the penalties on main rotor power as a function of the relative location of the tail rotor.

Distance majorization and its applications.

PubMed

Chi, Eric C; Zhou, Hua; Lange, Kenneth

2014-08-01

The problem of minimizing a continuously differentiable convex function over an intersection of closed convex sets is ubiquitous in applied mathematics. It is particularly interesting when it is easy to project onto each separate set, but nontrivial to project onto their intersection. Algorithms based on Newton's method such as the interior point method are viable for small to medium-scale problems. However, modern applications in statistics, engineering, and machine learning are posing problems with potentially tens of thousands of parameters or more. We revisit this convex programming problem and propose an algorithm that scales well with dimensionality. Our proposal is an instance of a sequential unconstrained minimization technique and revolves around three ideas: the majorization-minimization principle, the classical penalty method for constrained optimization, and quasi-Newton acceleration of fixed-point algorithms. The performance of our distance majorization algorithms is illustrated in several applications.

Inference of Gene Regulatory Networks Using Bayesian Nonparametric Regression and Topology Information.

PubMed

Fan, Yue; Wang, Xiao; Peng, Qinke

2017-01-01

Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) play an important role in cellular systems and are important for understanding biological processes. Many algorithms have been developed to infer the GRNs. However, most algorithms only pay attention to the gene expression data but do not consider the topology information in their inference process, while incorporating this information can partially compensate for the lack of reliable expression data. Here we develop a Bayesian group lasso with spike and slab priors to perform gene selection and estimation for nonparametric models. B-spline basis functions are used to capture the nonlinear relationships flexibly and penalties are used to avoid overfitting. Further, we incorporate the topology information into the Bayesian method as a prior. We present the application of our method on DREAM3 and DREAM4 datasets and two real biological datasets. The results show that our method performs better than existing methods and the topology information prior can improve the result.

14 CFR 13.203 - Separation of functions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... a civil penalty action shall not, in that case or a factually-related case, participate or give advice in a decision by the administrative law judge or by the FAA decisionmaker on appeal, except as...

14 CFR 13.203 - Separation of functions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... a civil penalty action shall not, in that case or a factually-related case, participate or give advice in a decision by the administrative law judge or by the FAA decisionmaker on appeal, except as...

28 CFR 0.45 - General functions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... industry pursuant to the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 (50 U.S.C., App. 459); reparations suits... States for penalties for violations of car service orders (49 U.S.C. 1(17a)); actions restraining...

Pixel-based OPC optimization based on conjugate gradients.

PubMed

Ma, Xu; Arce, Gonzalo R

2011-01-31

Optical proximity correction (OPC) methods are resolution enhancement techniques (RET) used extensively in the semiconductor industry to improve the resolution and pattern fidelity of optical lithography. In pixel-based OPC (PBOPC), the mask is divided into small pixels, each of which is modified during the optimization process. Two critical issues in PBOPC are the required computational complexity of the optimization process, and the manufacturability of the optimized mask. Most current OPC optimization methods apply the steepest descent (SD) algorithm to improve image fidelity augmented by regularization penalties to reduce the complexity of the mask. Although simple to implement, the SD algorithm converges slowly. The existing regularization penalties, however, fall short in meeting the mask rule check (MRC) requirements often used in semiconductor manufacturing. This paper focuses on developing OPC optimization algorithms based on the conjugate gradient (CG) method which exhibits much faster convergence than the SD algorithm. The imaging formation process is represented by the Fourier series expansion model which approximates the partially coherent system as a sum of coherent systems. In order to obtain more desirable manufacturability properties of the mask pattern, a MRC penalty is proposed to enlarge the linear size of the sub-resolution assistant features (SRAFs), as well as the distances between the SRAFs and the main body of the mask. Finally, a projection method is developed to further reduce the complexity of the optimized mask pattern.

Dishonest Academic Conduct: From the Perspective of the Utility Function.

PubMed

Sun, Ying; Tian, Rui

Dishonest academic conduct has aroused extensive attention in academic circles. To explore how scholars make decisions according to the principle of maximal utility, the author has constructed the general utility function based on the expected utility theory. The concrete utility functions of different types of scholars were deduced. They are as follows: risk neutral, risk averse, and risk preference. Following this, the assignment method was adopted to analyze and compare the scholars' utilities of academic conduct. It was concluded that changing the values of risk costs, internal condemnation costs, academic benefits, and the subjective estimation of penalties following dishonest academic conduct can lead to changes in the utility of academic dishonesty. The results of the current study suggest that within scientific research, measures to prevent and govern dishonest academic conduct should be formulated according to the various effects of the above four variables.

49 CFR 383.133 - Test methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Test methods. 383.133 Section 383.133... STANDARDS; REQUIREMENTS AND PENALTIES Tests § 383.133 Test methods. (a) All tests must be constructed in... and provides to all State Driver Licensing Agencies. (2) The State method of generating knowledge...

49 CFR 383.133 - Test methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Test methods. 383.133 Section 383.133... STANDARDS; REQUIREMENTS AND PENALTIES Tests § 383.133 Test methods. (a) All tests must be constructed in... and provides to all State Driver Licensing Agencies. (2) The State method of generating knowledge...

49 CFR 383.133 - Test methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Test methods. 383.133 Section 383.133... STANDARDS; REQUIREMENTS AND PENALTIES Tests § 383.133 Test methods. (a) All tests must be constructed in... and provides to all State Driver Licensing Agencies. (2) The State method of generating knowledge...

49 CFR 383.133 - Test methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Test methods. 383.133 Section 383.133... STANDARDS; REQUIREMENTS AND PENALTIES Tests § 383.133 Test methods. (a) All tests must be constructed in... and provides to all State Driver Licensing Agencies. (2) The State method of generating knowledge...

Wave-CAIPI ViSTa: highly accelerated whole-brain direct myelin water imaging with zero-padding reconstruction.

PubMed

Wu, Zhe; Bilgic, Berkin; He, Hongjian; Tong, Qiqi; Sun, Yi; Du, Yiping; Setsompop, Kawin; Zhong, Jianhui

2018-09-01

This study introduces a highly accelerated whole-brain direct visualization of short transverse relaxation time component (ViSTa) imaging using a wave controlled aliasing in parallel imaging (CAIPI) technique, for acquisition within a clinically acceptable scan time, with the preservation of high image quality and sufficient spatial resolution, and reduced residual point spread function artifacts. Double inversion RF pulses were applied to preserve the signal from short T 1 components for directly extracting myelin water signal in ViSTa imaging. A 2D simultaneous multislice and a 3D acquisition of ViSTa images incorporating wave-encoding were used for data acquisition. Improvements brought by a zero-padding method in wave-CAIPI reconstruction were also investigated. The zero-padding method in wave-CAIPI reconstruction reduced the root-mean-square errors between the wave-encoded and Cartesian gradient echoes for all wave gradient configurations in simulation, and reduced the side-main lobe intensity ratio from 34.5 to 16% in the thin-slab in vivo ViSTa images. In a 4 × acceleration simultaneous-multislice scenario, wave-CAIPI ViSTa achieved negligible g-factors (g mean /g max  = 1.03/1.10), while retaining minimal interslice artifacts. An 8 × accelerated acquisition of 3D wave-CAIPI ViSTa imaging covering the whole brain with 1.1 × 1.1 × 3 mm 3 voxel size was achieved within 15 minutes, and only incurred a small g-factor penalty (g mean /g max  = 1.05/1.16). Whole-brain ViSTa images were obtained within 15 minutes with negligible g-factor penalty by using wave-CAIPI acquisition and zero-padding reconstruction. The proposed zero-padding method was shown to be effective in reducing residual point spread function for wave-encoded images, particularly for ViSTa. © 2018 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

31 CFR 598.706 - Judicial review of civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Judicial review of civil penalty. 598.706 Section 598.706 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... REGULATIONS Penalties § 598.706 Judicial review of civil penalty. A civil penalty imposed pursuant to this...

31 CFR 598.706 - Judicial review of civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Judicial review of civil penalty. 598.706 Section 598.706 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... REGULATIONS Penalties § 598.706 Judicial review of civil penalty. A civil penalty imposed pursuant to this...

31 CFR 598.706 - Judicial review of civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Judicial review of civil penalty. 598.706 Section 598.706 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... REGULATIONS Penalties § 598.706 Judicial review of civil penalty. A civil penalty imposed pursuant to this...

31 CFR 598.706 - Judicial review of civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Judicial review of civil penalty. 598.706 Section 598.706 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... REGULATIONS Penalties § 598.706 Judicial review of civil penalty. A civil penalty imposed pursuant to this...

31 CFR 598.706 - Judicial review of civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Judicial review of civil penalty. 598.706 Section 598.706 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... REGULATIONS Penalties § 598.706 Judicial review of civil penalty. A civil penalty imposed pursuant to this...

45 CFR 286.195 - What penalties will apply to Tribes?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false What penalties will apply to Tribes? 286.195... TRIBAL TANF PROVISIONS Accountability and Penalties § 286.195 What penalties will apply to Tribes? (a) Tribes will be subject to fiscal penalties and requirements as follows: (1) If we determine that a Tribe...

45 CFR 286.195 - What penalties will apply to Tribes?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false What penalties will apply to Tribes? 286.195... TRIBAL TANF PROVISIONS Accountability and Penalties § 286.195 What penalties will apply to Tribes? (a) Tribes will be subject to fiscal penalties and requirements as follows: (1) If we determine that a Tribe...

45 CFR 286.195 - What penalties will apply to Tribes?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 2 2013-10-01 2012-10-01 true What penalties will apply to Tribes? 286.195... TRIBAL TANF PROVISIONS Accountability and Penalties § 286.195 What penalties will apply to Tribes? (a) Tribes will be subject to fiscal penalties and requirements as follows: (1) If we determine that a Tribe...

45 CFR 286.195 - What penalties will apply to Tribes?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 2 2014-10-01 2012-10-01 true What penalties will apply to Tribes? 286.195... TRIBAL TANF PROVISIONS Accountability and Penalties § 286.195 What penalties will apply to Tribes? (a) Tribes will be subject to fiscal penalties and requirements as follows: (1) If we determine that a Tribe...

31 CFR 539.701 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Penalties § 539.701 Penalties. (a) Attention is directed to section 206 of the International Emergency... Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (Pub. L. 101-410, as amended, 28 U.S.C. 2461 note). (2) The criminal penalties provided in the Act are subject to adjustment pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 3571. (c) Attention...

31 CFR 539.701 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Penalties § 539.701 Penalties. (a) Attention is directed to section 206 of the International Emergency... Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (Pub. L. 101-410, as amended, 28 U.S.C. 2461 note). (2) The criminal penalties provided in the Act are subject to adjustment pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 3571. (c) Attention...

31 CFR 540.701 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... REGULATIONS Penalties § 540.701 Penalties. (a) Attention is directed to section 206 of the International... Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (Pub. L. 101-410, as amended, 28 U.S.C. 2461 note). (2) The criminal penalties provided in the Act are subject to adjustment pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 3571. (c) Attention...

31 CFR 540.701 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... REGULATIONS Penalties § 540.701 Penalties. (a) Attention is directed to section 206 of the International... Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (Pub. L. 101-410, as amended, 28 U.S.C. 2461 note). (2) The criminal penalties provided in the Act are subject to adjustment pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 3571. (c) Attention...

42 CFR 1003.102 - Basis for civil money penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Basis for civil money penalties and assessments... AND HUMAN SERVICES OIG AUTHORITIES CIVIL MONEY PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND EXCLUSIONS § 1003.102 Basis for civil money penalties and assessments. (a) The OIG may impose a penalty and assessment against any...

42 CFR 1003.102 - Basis for civil money penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Basis for civil money penalties and assessments... AND HUMAN SERVICES OIG AUTHORITIES CIVIL MONEY PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND EXCLUSIONS § 1003.102 Basis for civil money penalties and assessments. (a) The OIG may impose a penalty and assessment against any...

45 CFR 160.404 - Amount of a civil money penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Amount of a civil money penalty. 160.404 Section... RELATED REQUIREMENTS GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS Imposition of Civil Money Penalties § 160.404 Amount of a civil money penalty. (a) The amount of a civil money penalty will be determined in accordance...

29 CFR 530.302 - Amounts of civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Amounts of civil money penalties. 530.302 Section 530.302... EMPLOYMENT OF HOMEWORKERS IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIES Civil Money Penalties § 530.302 Amounts of civil money penalties. (a) A civil money penalty, not to exceed $500 per affected homeworker for any one violation, may...

45 CFR 160.404 - Amount of a civil money penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Amount of a civil money penalty. 160.404 Section... RELATED REQUIREMENTS GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS Imposition of Civil Money Penalties § 160.404 Amount of a civil money penalty. (a) The amount of a civil money penalty will be determined in accordance...

29 CFR 530.302 - Amounts of civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Amounts of civil money penalties. 530.302 Section 530.302... EMPLOYMENT OF HOMEWORKERS IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIES Civil Money Penalties § 530.302 Amounts of civil money penalties. (a) A civil money penalty, not to exceed $500 per affected homeworker for any one violation, may...

24 CFR 81.83 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Civil money penalties. 81.83... § 81.83 Civil money penalties. (a) Imposition. The Secretary may impose a civil money penalty on a GSE... writing of the Secretary's determination to impose a civil money penalty by issuing a Notice of Intent to...

12 CFR 1209.7 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Civil money penalties. 1209.7 Section 1209.7... Civil money penalties. (a) Civil money penalty proceedings—(1) In general. Section 1376 of the Safety and Soundness Act (12 U.S.C. 4636) governs the imposition of civil money penalties. Upon written...

29 CFR 530.302 - Amounts of civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Amounts of civil money penalties. 530.302 Section 530.302... EMPLOYMENT OF HOMEWORKERS IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIES Civil Money Penalties § 530.302 Amounts of civil money penalties. (a) A civil money penalty, not to exceed $500 per affected homeworker for any one violation, may...

12 CFR 1209.7 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Civil money penalties. 1209.7 Section 1209.7... Civil money penalties. (a) Civil money penalty proceedings—(1) In general. Section 1376 of the Safety and Soundness Act (12 U.S.C. 4636) governs the imposition of civil money penalties. Upon written...

42 CFR 1003.102 - Basis for civil money penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Basis for civil money penalties and assessments... AND HUMAN SERVICES OIG AUTHORITIES CIVIL MONEY PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND EXCLUSIONS § 1003.102 Basis for civil money penalties and assessments. (a) The OIG may impose a penalty and assessment against any...

29 CFR 530.302 - Amounts of civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Amounts of civil money penalties. 530.302 Section 530.302... EMPLOYMENT OF HOMEWORKERS IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIES Civil Money Penalties § 530.302 Amounts of civil money penalties. (a) A civil money penalty, not to exceed $500 per affected homeworker for any one violation, may...

45 CFR 160.404 - Amount of a civil money penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Amount of a civil money penalty. 160.404 Section... RELATED REQUIREMENTS GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS Imposition of Civil Money Penalties § 160.404 Amount of a civil money penalty. (a) The amount of a civil money penalty will be determined in accordance...

42 CFR 1003.102 - Basis for civil money penalties and assessments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Basis for civil money penalties and assessments... AND HUMAN SERVICES OIG AUTHORITIES CIVIL MONEY PENALTIES, ASSESSMENTS AND EXCLUSIONS § 1003.102 Basis for civil money penalties and assessments. (a) The OIG may impose a penalty and assessment against any...

24 CFR 81.83 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Civil money penalties. 81.83... § 81.83 Civil money penalties. (a) Imposition. The Secretary may impose a civil money penalty on a GSE... writing of the Secretary's determination to impose a civil money penalty by issuing a Notice of Intent to...

24 CFR 81.83 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Civil money penalties. 81.83... § 81.83 Civil money penalties. (a) Imposition. The Secretary may impose a civil money penalty on a GSE... writing of the Secretary's determination to impose a civil money penalty by issuing a Notice of Intent to...

45 CFR 160.404 - Amount of a civil money penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Amount of a civil money penalty. 160.404 Section... RELATED REQUIREMENTS GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS Imposition of Civil Money Penalties § 160.404 Amount of a civil money penalty. (a) The amount of a civil money penalty will be determined in accordance...

24 CFR 81.83 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Civil money penalties. 81.83... § 81.83 Civil money penalties. (a) Imposition. The Secretary may impose a civil money penalty on a GSE... writing of the Secretary's determination to impose a civil money penalty by issuing a Notice of Intent to...

45 CFR 160.404 - Amount of a civil money penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Amount of a civil money penalty. 160.404 Section... RELATED REQUIREMENTS GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS Imposition of Civil Money Penalties § 160.404 Amount of a civil money penalty. (a) The amount of a civil money penalty will be determined in accordance...

29 CFR 530.302 - Amounts of civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Amounts of civil money penalties. 530.302 Section 530.302... EMPLOYMENT OF HOMEWORKERS IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIES Civil Money Penalties § 530.302 Amounts of civil money penalties. (a) A civil money penalty, not to exceed $500 per affected homeworker for any one violation, may...

24 CFR 81.83 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Civil money penalties. 81.83... § 81.83 Civil money penalties. (a) Imposition. The Secretary may impose a civil money penalty on a GSE... writing of the Secretary's determination to impose a civil money penalty by issuing a Notice of Intent to...

49 CFR 1503.413 - Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... AND ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES Assessment of Civil Penalties by TSA § 1503.413 Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty. (a) Issuance. TSA may initiate a civil penalty action under this section by serving a Notice of Proposed Civil Penalty on the person charged with a violation of a TSA requirement. TSA will serve the...

43 CFR 10.12 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil penalties. 10.12 Section 10.12... Museums and Federal Collections § 10.12 Civil penalties. (a) The Secretary's authority to assess civil penalties. The Secretary is authorized by section 9 of the Act to assess civil penalties on any museum that...

14 CFR 406.9 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Civil penalties. 406.9 Section 406.9... § 406.9 Civil penalties. (a) Civil penalty liability. Under 51 U.S.C. 50917(c), a person found by the... civil penalty of not more than $110,000 for each violation, as adjusted for inflation. A separate...

33 CFR 401.102 - Civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil penalty. 401.102 Section... TRANSPORTATION SEAWAY REGULATIONS AND RULES Penalties-Violations of Seaway Regulations § 401.102 Civil penalty. (a) A person, as described in § 401.101(b), who violates a regulation is liable to a civil penalty of...

43 CFR 3163.2 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Civil penalties. 3163.2 Section 3163.2..., Assessments, and Penalties § 3163.2 Civil penalties. (a) Whenever an operating rights owner or operator, as... for a civil penalty of up to $500 per violation for each day such violation continues, dating from the...

33 CFR 401.102 - Civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil penalty. 401.102 Section... TRANSPORTATION SEAWAY REGULATIONS AND RULES Penalties-Violations of Seaway Regulations § 401.102 Civil penalty. (a) A person, as described in § 401.101(b), who violates a regulation is liable to a civil penalty of...

43 CFR 7.16 - Civil penalty amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil penalty amounts. 7.16 Section 7.16... Uniform Regulations § 7.16 Civil penalty amounts. (a) Maximum amount of penalty. (1) Where the person being assessed a civil penalty has not committed any previous violation of any prohibition in § 7.4 or...

14 CFR 406.9 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Civil penalties. 406.9 Section 406.9... § 406.9 Civil penalties. (a) Civil penalty liability. Under 51 U.S.C. 50917(c), a person found by the... civil penalty of not more than $110,000 for each violation, as adjusted for inflation. A separate...

33 CFR 401.102 - Civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil penalty. 401.102 Section... TRANSPORTATION SEAWAY REGULATIONS AND RULES Penalties-Violations of Seaway Regulations § 401.102 Civil penalty. (a) A person, as described in § 401.101(b), who violates a regulation is liable to a civil penalty of...

33 CFR 1.07-95 - Civil and criminal penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil and criminal penalties. 1... GENERAL GENERAL PROVISIONS Enforcement; Civil and Criminal Penalty Proceedings § 1.07-95 Civil and criminal penalties. (a) If a violation of law or regulation carries both a civil and a criminal penalty...

33 CFR 1.07-85 - Collection of civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Collection of civil penalties. 1... GENERAL GENERAL PROVISIONS Enforcement; Civil and Criminal Penalty Proceedings § 1.07-85 Collection of civil penalties. (a) Payment of a civil penalty may be made by check or postal money order payable to...

43 CFR 3163.2 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Civil penalties. 3163.2 Section 3163.2..., Assessments, and Penalties § 3163.2 Civil penalties. (a) Whenever an operating rights owner or operator, as... for a civil penalty of up to $500 per violation for each day such violation continues, dating from the...

14 CFR 406.9 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Civil penalties. 406.9 Section 406.9... § 406.9 Civil penalties. (a) Civil penalty liability. Under 49 U.S.C. 70115(c), a person found by the... civil penalty of not more than $110,000 for each violation, as adjusted for inflation. A separate...

43 CFR 3163.5 - Assessments and civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Assessments and civil penalties. 3163.5... Noncompliance, Assessments, and Penalties § 3163.5 Assessments and civil penalties. (a) Assessments made under... CFR Group 202. (b) Civil penalties under § 3163.2 of this title shall be paid within 30 days of...

49 CFR 599.514 - Assessment of civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Assessment of civil penalties. 599.514 Section 599... ASSISTANCE TO RECYCLE AND SAVE ACT PROGRAM Enforcement § 599.514 Assessment of civil penalties. (a) Not later... Hearing Officer's assessment of a civil penalty, or decision not to assess a civil penalty. In determining...

33 CFR 401.102 - Civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil penalty. 401.102 Section... TRANSPORTATION SEAWAY REGULATIONS AND RULES Penalties-Violations of Seaway Regulations § 401.102 Civil penalty. (a) A person, as described in § 401.101(b), who violates a regulation is liable to a civil penalty of...

43 CFR 10.12 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Civil penalties. 10.12 Section 10.12... Museums and Federal Collections § 10.12 Civil penalties. (a) The Secretary's authority to assess civil penalties. The Secretary is authorized by section 9 of the Act to assess civil penalties on any museum that...

33 CFR 401.102 - Civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil penalty. 401.102 Section... TRANSPORTATION SEAWAY REGULATIONS AND RULES Penalties-Violations of Seaway Regulations § 401.102 Civil penalty. (a) A person, as described in § 401.101(b), who violates a regulation is liable to a civil penalty of...

43 CFR 7.16 - Civil penalty amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil penalty amounts. 7.16 Section 7.16... Uniform Regulations § 7.16 Civil penalty amounts. (a) Maximum amount of penalty. (1) Where the person being assessed a civil penalty has not committed any previous violation of any prohibition in § 7.4 or...

12 CFR 1209.7 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Civil money penalties. 1209.7 Section 1209.7... Civil money penalties. (a) Civil money penalty proceedings.—(1) In general. Section 1376 of the Safety and Soundness Act (12 U.S.C. 4636) governs the imposition of civil money penalties. Upon written...

29 CFR 2570.84 - Payment of civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Payment of civil penalty. 2570.84 Section 2570.84 Labor... UNDER THE EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT INCOME SECURITY ACT Procedure for the Assessment of Civil Penalties Under ERISA Section 502(l) § 2570.84 Payment of civil penalty. (a) The civil penalty must be paid within 60...

43 CFR 10.12 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil penalties. 10.12 Section 10.12... Museums and Federal Collections § 10.12 Civil penalties. (a) The Secretary's authority to assess civil penalties. The Secretary is authorized by section 9 of the Act to assess civil penalties on any museum that...

43 CFR 10.12 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2012-10-01 2011-10-01 true Civil penalties. 10.12 Section 10.12 Public... Museums and Federal Collections § 10.12 Civil penalties. (a) The Secretary's authority to assess civil penalties. The Secretary is authorized by section 9 of the Act to assess civil penalties on any museum that...

14 CFR 406.9 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Civil penalties. 406.9 Section 406.9... § 406.9 Civil penalties. (a) Civil penalty liability. Under 49 U.S.C. 70115(c), a person found by the... civil penalty of not more than $100,000 for each violation, as adjusted for inflation. A separate...

32 CFR 229.15 - Assessment of civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Assessment of civil penalties. 229.15 Section... civil penalties. (a) The Federal land manager may assess a civil penalty against any person who has... shall serve a notice of violation upon any person believed to be subject to a civil penalty, either in...

43 CFR 3163.2 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Civil penalties. 3163.2 Section 3163.2..., Assessments, and Penalties § 3163.2 Civil penalties. (a) Whenever an operating rights owner or operator, as... for a civil penalty of up to $500 per violation for each day such violation continues, dating from the...

14 CFR 406.9 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Civil penalties. 406.9 Section 406.9... § 406.9 Civil penalties. (a) Civil penalty liability. Under 49 U.S.C. 70115(c), a person found by the... civil penalty of not more than $110,000 for each violation, as adjusted for inflation. A separate...

43 CFR 3163.2 - Civil penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Civil penalties. 3163.2 Section 3163.2..., Assessments, and Penalties § 3163.2 Civil penalties. (a) Whenever an operating rights owner or operator, as... for a civil penalty of up to $500 per violation for each day such violation continues, dating from the...

49 CFR 228.6 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... has created an imminent hazard of death or injury to persons, or has caused death or injury, a penalty... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Penalties. 228.6 Section 228.6 Transportation... § 228.6 Penalties. (a) Civil penalties. Any person (an entity of any type covered under 1 U.S.C. 1...

49 CFR 228.6 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... has created an imminent hazard of death or injury to persons, or has caused death or injury, a penalty... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Penalties. 228.6 Section 228.6 Transportation... § 228.6 Penalties. (a) Civil penalties. Any person (an entity of any type covered under 1 U.S.C. 1...

29 CFR 501.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 501.19 Section 501.19 Labor... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Enforcement § 501.19 Civil money penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty... violation. (b) In determining the amount of penalty to be assessed for each violation, the WHD Administrator...

49 CFR 234.6 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... death or injury to persons, or has caused death or injury, a penalty not to exceed $105,000 per... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Penalties. 234.6 Section 234.6 Transportation... SYSTEMS General § 234.6 Penalties. (a) Civil penalty. Any person (an entity of any type covered under 1 U...

49 CFR 228.6 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... has created an imminent hazard of death or injury to persons, or has caused death or injury, a penalty... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Penalties. 228.6 Section 228.6 Transportation... § 228.6 Penalties. (a) Civil penalties. Any person (an entity of any type covered under 1 U.S.C. 1...

29 CFR 501.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 501.19 Section 501.19 Labor... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Enforcement § 501.19 Civil money penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty... violation. (b) In determining the amount of penalty to be assessed for each violation, the WHD Administrator...

29 CFR 501.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 501.19 Section 501.19 Labor... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Enforcement § 501.19 Civil money penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty... violation. (b) In determining the amount of penalty to be assessed for each violation, the WHD Administrator...

49 CFR 234.6 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... death or injury to persons, or has caused death or injury, a penalty not to exceed $105,000 per... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Penalties. 234.6 Section 234.6 Transportation... SYSTEMS General § 234.6 Penalties. (a) Civil penalty. Any person (an entity of any type covered under 1 U...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 386 - Penalty Schedule; Violations and Maximum Civil Penalties

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... civil penalties set out in paragraphs (e)(1) through (4) of this appendix results in death, serious... 49 Transportation 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Penalty Schedule; Violations and Maximum Civil Penalties B Appendix B to Part 386 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued...

49 CFR 234.6 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... death or injury to persons, or has caused death or injury, a penalty not to exceed $105,000 per... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Penalties. 234.6 Section 234.6 Transportation... SYSTEMS General § 234.6 Penalties. (a) Civil penalty. Any person (an entity of any type covered under 1 U...

29 CFR 501.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 501.19 Section 501.19 Labor... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Enforcement § 501.19 Civil money penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty... violation. (b) In determining the amount of penalty to be assessed for each violation, the WHD Administrator...

44 CFR 18.405 - Penalty procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... HOMELAND SECURITY GENERAL NEW RESTRICTIONS ON LOBBYING Penalties and Enforcement § 18.405 Penalty procedures. Agencies shall impose and collect civil penalties pursuant to the provisions of the Program Fraud...

Programs for analysis and resizing of complex structures. [computerized minimum weight design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haftka, R. T.; Prasad, B.

1978-01-01

The paper describes the PARS (Programs for Analysis and Resizing of Structures) system. PARS is a user oriented system of programs for the minimum weight design of structures modeled by finite elements and subject to stress, displacement, flutter and thermal constraints. The system is built around SPAR - an efficient and modular general purpose finite element program, and consists of a series of processors that communicate through the use of a data base. An efficient optimizer based on the Sequence of Unconstrained Minimization Technique (SUMT) with an extended interior penalty function and Newton's method is used. Several problems are presented for demonstration of the system capabilities.

Genetic programming over context-free languages with linear constraints for the knapsack problem: first results.

PubMed

Bruhn, Peter; Geyer-Schulz, Andreas

2002-01-01

In this paper, we introduce genetic programming over context-free languages with linear constraints for combinatorial optimization, apply this method to several variants of the multidimensional knapsack problem, and discuss its performance relative to Michalewicz's genetic algorithm with penalty functions. With respect to Michalewicz's approach, we demonstrate that genetic programming over context-free languages with linear constraints improves convergence. A final result is that genetic programming over context-free languages with linear constraints is ideally suited to modeling complementarities between items in a knapsack problem: The more complementarities in the problem, the stronger the performance in comparison to its competitors.

16 CFR 1.98 - Adjustment of civil monetary penalty amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... OF PRACTICE GENERAL PROCEDURES Civil Penalty Adjustments Under the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation... monetary penalty amounts. This section makes inflation adjustments in the dollar amounts of civil monetary...

49 CFR 383.133 - Testing methods.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Testing methods. 383.133 Section 383.133... STANDARDS; REQUIREMENTS AND PENALTIES Tests § 383.133 Testing methods. (a) All tests shall be constructed in... must be at least as stringent as the Federal standards. (c) States shall determine specific methods for...

Interpretable functional principal component analysis.

PubMed

Lin, Zhenhua; Wang, Liangliang; Cao, Jiguo

2016-09-01

Functional principal component analysis (FPCA) is a popular approach to explore major sources of variation in a sample of random curves. These major sources of variation are represented by functional principal components (FPCs). The intervals where the values of FPCs are significant are interpreted as where sample curves have major variations. However, these intervals are often hard for naïve users to identify, because of the vague definition of "significant values". In this article, we develop a novel penalty-based method to derive FPCs that are only nonzero precisely in the intervals where the values of FPCs are significant, whence the derived FPCs possess better interpretability than the FPCs derived from existing methods. To compute the proposed FPCs, we devise an efficient algorithm based on projection deflation techniques. We show that the proposed interpretable FPCs are strongly consistent and asymptotically normal under mild conditions. Simulation studies confirm that with a competitive performance in explaining variations of sample curves, the proposed FPCs are more interpretable than the traditional counterparts. This advantage is demonstrated by analyzing two real datasets, namely, electroencephalography data and Canadian weather data. © 2015, The International Biometric Society.

[Study on application of SVM in prediction of coronary heart disease].

PubMed

Zhu, Yue; Wu, Jianghua; Fang, Ying

2013-12-01

Base on the data of blood pressure, plasma lipid, Glu and UA by physical test, Support Vector Machine (SVM) was applied to identify coronary heart disease (CHD) in patients and non-CHD individuals in south China population for guide of further prevention and treatment of the disease. Firstly, the SVM classifier was built using radial basis kernel function, liner kernel function and polynomial kernel function, respectively. Secondly, the SVM penalty factor C and kernel parameter sigma were optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO) and then employed to diagnose and predict the CHD. By comparison with those from artificial neural network with the back propagation (BP) model, linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression method and non-optimized SVM, the overall results of our calculation demonstrated that the classification performance of optimized RBF-SVM model could be superior to other classifier algorithm with higher accuracy rate, sensitivity and specificity, which were 94.51%, 92.31% and 96.67%, respectively. So, it is well concluded that SVM could be used as a valid method for assisting diagnosis of CHD.

42 CFR 488.432 - Civil money penalties: When a penalty is collected.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Civil money penalties: When a penalty is collected. 488.432 Section 488.432 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH... waives, in writing, its right to a hearing as specified in § 488.436, for a civil money penalty imposed...

30 CFR 241.70 - How does MMS decide what the amount of the penalty should be?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... penalty should be? 241.70 Section 241.70 Mineral Resources MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS REVENUE MANAGEMENT PENALTIES Penalties for Federal and Indian Oil and Gas Leases General... the penalty by considering the severity of the violations, your history of compliance, and if you are...

12 CFR 19.240 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Civil money penalties. 19.240 Section 19.240... PROCEDURE Civil Money Penalty Adjustments § 19.240 Civil money penalties. (a) The maximum amount of each civil money penalty within the OCC's jurisdiction is set forth as follows: ER06NO12.002 (b) Except as...

12 CFR 19.240 - Civil money penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Civil money penalties. 19.240 Section 19.240... PROCEDURE Civil Money Penalty Adjustments § 19.240 Civil money penalties. (a) The maximum amount of each civil money penalty within the OCC's jurisdiction is set forth as follows: ER06NO12.002 (b) Except as...

17 CFR Table 1 to Subpart E of... - Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustments

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... monetary penalty description Year penalty amount was last set by law Original statutory maximum penalty amount Adjusted maximum penalty amount SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION: 15 USC 77t(d) FOR NATURAL PERSON 1990 $5,000 $5,500 FOR ANY OTHER PERSON 1990 50,000 55,000 FOR NATURAL PERSON/FRAUD 1990 50,000 55...

17 CFR Table 1 to Subpart E of... - Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustments

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... monetary penalty description Year penalty amount was last set by law Original statutory maximum penalty amount Adjusted maximum penalty amount SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION: 15 USC 77t(d) FOR NATURAL PERSON 1990 $5,000 $5,500 FOR ANY OTHER PERSON 1990 50,000 55,000 FOR NATURAL PERSON/FRAUD 1990 50,000 55...

17 CFR Table 1 to Subpart E of... - Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustments

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... monetary penalty description Year penalty amount was last set by law Original statutory maximum penalty amount Adjusted maximum penalty amount SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION: 15 USC 77t(d) FOR NATURAL PERSON 1990 $5,000 $5,500 FOR ANY OTHER PERSON 1990 50,000 55,000 FOR NATURAL PERSON/FRAUD 1990 50,000 55...

29 CFR 501.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 501.19 Section 501.19 Labor... IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT Enforcement § 501.19 Civil money penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty... workers. (c) A civil money penalty for each violation of the work contract or a requirement of 8 U.S.C...

28 CFR 76.3 - Basis for civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Basis for civil penalty. 76.3 Section 76... CIVIL PENALTIES FOR POSSESSION OF CERTAIN CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES § 76.3 Basis for civil penalty. (a) Any....C. 844a shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty in an amount of not to exceed $10...

49 CFR Appendix A to Part 242 - Schedule of Civil Penalties

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Schedule of Civil Penalties A Appendix A to Part... Appendix A to Part 242—Schedule of Civil Penalties A penalty may be assessed against an individual only for...—Schedule of Civil Penalties 1 Section Violation Willful violation Subpart B—Program and Eligibility...

28 CFR 76.3 - Basis for civil penalty.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Basis for civil penalty. 76.3 Section 76... CIVIL PENALTIES FOR POSSESSION OF CERTAIN CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES § 76.3 Basis for civil penalty. (a) Any....C. 844a shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty in an amount of not to exceed $10...

29 CFR 502.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 502.19 Section 502.19 Labor... penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty may be assessed by the Administrator, WHD for each violation... of penalty to be assessed for any violation of the work contract as provided in the H-2A provisions...

29 CFR 502.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 502.19 Section 502.19 Labor... penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty may be assessed by the Administrator, WHD for each violation... of penalty to be assessed for any violation of the work contract as provided in the H-2A provisions...

29 CFR 502.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 502.19 Section 502.19 Labor... penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty may be assessed by the Administrator, WHD for each violation... of penalty to be assessed for any violation of the work contract as provided in the H-2A provisions...

29 CFR 502.19 - Civil money penalty assessment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Civil money penalty assessment. 502.19 Section 502.19 Labor... penalty assessment. (a) A civil money penalty may be assessed by the Administrator, WHD for each violation... of penalty to be assessed for any violation of the work contract as provided in the H-2A provisions...

Digital coherent receiver based transmitter penalty characterization.

PubMed

Geisler, David J; Kaufmann, John E

2016-12-26

For optical communications links where receivers are signal-power-starved, such as through free-space, it is important to design transmitters and receivers that can operate as close as practically possible to theoretical limits. A total system penalty is typically assessed in terms of how far the end-to-end bit-error rate (BER) is from these limits. It is desirable, but usually difficult, to determine the division of this penalty between the transmitter and receiver. This paper describes a new rigorous and computationally based method that isolates which portion of the penalty can be assessed against the transmitter. There are two basic parts to this approach: (1) use of a coherent optical receiver to perform frequency down-conversion of a transmitter's optical signal waveform to the electrical domain, preserving both optical field amplitude and phase information, and (2): software-based analysis of the digitized electrical waveform. The result is a single numerical metric that quantifies how close a transmitter's signal waveform is to the ideal, based on its BER performance with a perfect software-defined matched-filter receiver demodulator. A detailed description of applying the proposed methodology to the waveform characterization of an optical burst-mode differential phase-shifted keying (DPSK) transmitter is experimentally demonstrated.

38 CFR 21.4001 - Delegations of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION AND EDUCATION Administration of Educational Assistance Programs... exercise the functions required of the Secretary for: (1) Waiver of penalties for conflicting interests as... Benefits is delegated responsibility for obtaining evidence of voluntary compliance for vocational...

Using rewards and penalties to obtain desired subject performance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cook, M.; Jex, H. R.; Stein, A. C.; Allen, R. W.

1981-01-01

Operant conditioning procedures, specifically the use of negative reinforcement, in achieving stable learning behavior is described. The critical tracking test (CTT) a method of detecting human operator impairment was tested. A pass level is set for each subject, based on that subject's asymptotic skill level while sober. It is critical that complete training take place before the individualized pass level is set in order that the impairment can be detected. The results provide a more general basis for the application of reward/penalty structures in manual control research.