Comparison of three rf plasma impedance monitors on a high phase angle planar inductively coupled plasma source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Uchiyama, H.; Watanabe, M.; Shaw, D. M.; Bahia, J. E.; Collins, G. J.

1999-10-01

Accurate measurement of plasma source impedance is important for verification of plasma circuit models, as well as for plasma process characterization and endpoint detection. Most impedance measurement techniques depend in some manner on the cosine of the phase angle to determine the impedance of the plasma load. Inductively coupled plasmas are generally highly inductive, with the phase angle between the applied rf voltage and the rf current in the range of 88 to near 90 degrees. A small measurement error in this phase angle range results in a large error in the calculated cosine of the angle, introducing large impedance measurement variations. In this work, we have compared the measured impedance of a planar inductively coupled plasma using three commercial plasma impedance monitors (ENI V/I probe, Advanced Energy RFZ60 and Advanced Energy Z-Scan). The plasma impedance is independently verified using a specially designed match network and a calibrated load, representing the plasma, to provide a measurement standard.

Compensation for Phase Anisotropy of a Metal Reflector

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hong, John

2007-01-01

A method of compensation for the polarization- dependent phase anisotropy of a metal reflector has been proposed. The essence of the method is to coat the reflector with multiple thin alternating layers of two dielectrics that have different indices of refraction, so as to introduce an opposing polarization-dependent phase anisotropy. The anisotropy in question is a phenomenon that occurs in reflection of light at other than normal incidence: For a given plane wave having components polarized parallel (p) and perpendicular (s) to the plane of incidence, the phase of s-polarized reflected light differs from the phase p-polarized light by an amount that depends on the angle of incidence and the complex index of refraction of the metal. The magnitude of the phase difference is zero at zero angle of incidence (normal incidence) and increases with the angle of incidence. This anisotropy is analogous to a phase anisotropy that occurs in propagation of light through a uniaxial dielectric crystal. In such a case, another uniaxial crystal that has the same orientation but opposite birefringence can be used to cancel the phase anisotropy. Although it would be difficult to prepare a birefringent material in a form suitable for application to the curved surface of a typical metal reflector in an optical instrument, it should be possible to effect the desired cancellation of phase anisotropy by exploiting the form birefringence of multiple thin dielectric layers. (The term "form birefringence" can be defined loosely as birefringence arising, in part, from a regular array of alternating subwavelength regions having different indices of refraction.)

Limited-interval definitions of the photometric functions of lunar crater walls by photography from orbiting Apollo

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wildey, R.L.

1971-01-01

By the use of only relative photometry (intraframe) it is shown that the photometric functions of material reposed on the inner walls of some of the ypunger lunar craters photographed on the far side of the Moon from the Apollo 11 Command Module are not of a form which can be reduced to a dependence on phase angle and brightness-longitude (g, ??) alone. Some other dependence on the completely general degrees of freedom described by phase angle, angle of incidence, and angle of emergence (g, i, ??{lunate}) seems to be required. In addition, however, it has been found that a dependence of g and ?? is more closely approached for the crater, in the group observed, which is obviously the oldest by virtue of the roundedness of the rim crest and the mass-wasting which has occured on its inner walls. The possibility thus arises of crater age-dating by making a brightness ratio measurement together with some image geometry measurements. It is at least evident that more than one type of geologic material has been encountered. ?? 1971.

Dependence of reflection and transmission of soliton on angle of incidence at an interface between chalcogenide fibre and gallium nanoparticle film by phase plane trajectories

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Naruka, Preeti, E-mail: preety-naruka@Yyahoo.co.in; Bissa, Shivangi; Nagar, A. K.

In the present paper, we study propagation of a soliton at an interface formed between special type of chalcogenide fibre and gallium in three different phases with the help of equivalent particle theory. Critical angle of incidence and critical power required for transmission and reflection of soliton beam have investigated. Here it is found that if the incident angle of the beam or initial velocity of the equivalent particle is insufficient to overcome the maximum increase in potential energy then the particle (light beam) is reflected by the interface and if this incident angle is greater than a critical anglemore » then light beam will be transmitted by the interface. From an equation these critical angles for α-gallium, one of a metastable phase and liquid gallium are calculated and concluded that at large incident angles, the soliton is transmitted through the boundary, whereas at small incidence angles the soliton get reflected on keeping the power of incident beam constant. These results are explained by phase plane trajectories of the effective potential which are experimentally as well as theoretically proved.« less

Computer modeling of bidirectional spectra: the role of geometry of illumination/observation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grynko, Ye.; Shkuratov, Yu.; Mall, U.

Reflectance spectroscopy is widely used in the remote sensing of the Moon. Ground based and space spectrophotometric observations provide information about physical properties and chemical composition of lunar regolith. The main spectral features such as spectral slope and parameters of the absorption bands are different for different minerals and depend on the surface roughness, particle size, degrees of maturity and cristallinity, etc. In order to interpret reflectance measurements a model describing the light interaction with a regolith-like surface is needed. However, the problem of light scattering in dense particulate media consisting of irregular particles larger than the wavelength of light (which is the case for lunar regolith) has not yet been solved and only approximate models exist. Spectrophotometric properties of such surfaces can be analyzed in the geometric optics approach with one-dimensional (1-D) light scattering models (e.g., [1]). Although the 1-D models are successfully applied to interprete planetary regolith spectra they do not give an answer how spectral features depend on the geometrical illumination/observation condition of the surface. Laboratory measurements prove that the changing lighting conditions play a significant role in the formation of the above mentioned spectral features [2, 3]. In the presented work we use computer modeling to simulate light reflection from a regolith-like surface. Our computer experiment includes two stages: The simulation of the medium and ray tracing [4, 5]. Particles with random irregular shape are randomly distributed in a cyclically closed model volume which forms a semi-infinite medium (surface). Their surface is described by flat facets.The applied technique uses a Monte Carlo ray tracing method with parallel rays falling under a given angle relative to the average surface normal. The interaction of a ray with a particle surface facet is determined by Fresnel formulas and Snell's law. The model delivers the absolute surface reflectance as function of wavelength for a given geometrical illumination/observation condition In this paper we study the dependence of the reflectance spectra on the phase angle. The angle of incidence is constant and equals to 70°. The phase angle changes from 0° to 160°. For the substance which the particles are made of we chose average value 1 for the complex refractive index corresponding to lunar mare and highlands. Our calculations reveal a strong dependence of the spectral slopes on the phase angle. This confirms the previous general conclusion given in [2] that the larger the phase angle is the redder is the spectrum. A decomposition of the reflected flux into different scattering components shows that this is caused by the indicatrix of single scattering. Multiple scattering has almost no influence on spectral slope. The shape of the absorption bands also varies with phase angle but this dependence is not regular. The 1 µm feature is more pronounced at small and moderate phase angles and becomes wide and less visible at very large phase angles. References. [1] Yu. Shkuratov et al., Icarus, 137, 235-246 (1999). [2] C. M. Pieters et al., LPSC XXII, Abstract #1069 (1991). [3] A. Cord et al., Icarus, 165, 414-427 (2003). [4] Ye. Grynko and Yu. Shkuratov, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Trans. 78, 319- 340 (2003). [5] Yu. Shkuratov and Ye. Grynko, Icarus, 173, 16-28 (2006). 2

Connection between angle-dependent phase ambiguities and the uniqueness of the partial-wave decomposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Švarc, A.; Wunderlich, Y.; Osmanović, H.; Hadžimehmedović, M.; Omerović, R.; Stahov, J.; Kashevarov, V.; Nikonov, K.; Ostrick, M.; Tiator, L.; Workman, R.

2018-05-01

Unconstrained partial -wave amplitudes, obtained at discrete energies from fits to complete sets of eight independent observables, may be used to reconstruct reaction amplitudes. These partial-wave amplitudes do not vary smoothly with energy and are in principle nonunique. We demonstrate how this behavior can be ascribed to the continuum ambiguity. Starting from the spinless scattering case, we show how an unknown overall phase, depending on energy and angle, mixes the structures seen in the associated partial-wave amplitudes. This process is illustrated using a simple toy model. We then apply these principles to pseudoscalar meson photoproduction, showing how the above effect can be removed through a phase rotation, allowing a consistent comparison with model amplitudes. The effect of this phase ambiguity is also considered for Legendre expansions of experimental observables.

Fabrication of Ni-silicide/Si heterostructured nanowire arrays by glancing angle deposition and solid state reaction.

PubMed

Hsu, Hsun-Feng; Huang, Wan-Ru; Chen, Ting-Hsuan; Wu, Hwang-Yuan; Chen, Chun-An

2013-05-10

This work develops a method for growing Ni-silicide/Si heterostructured nanowire arrays by glancing angle Ni deposition and solid state reaction on ordered Si nanowire arrays. Samples of ordered Si nanowire arrays were fabricated by nanosphere lithography and metal-induced catalytic etching. Glancing angle Ni deposition deposited Ni only on the top of Si nanowires. When the annealing temperature was 500°C, a Ni3Si2 phase was formed at the apex of the nanowires. The phase of silicide at the Ni-silicide/Si interface depended on the diameter of the Si nanowires, such that epitaxial NiSi2 with a {111} facet was formed at the Ni-silicide/Si interface in Si nanowires with large diameter, and NiSi was formed in Si nanowires with small diameter. A mechanism that is based on flux divergence and a nucleation-limited reaction is proposed to explain this phenomenon of size-dependent phase formation.

Fabrication of Ni-silicide/Si heterostructured nanowire arrays by glancing angle deposition and solid state reaction

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

This work develops a method for growing Ni-silicide/Si heterostructured nanowire arrays by glancing angle Ni deposition and solid state reaction on ordered Si nanowire arrays. Samples of ordered Si nanowire arrays were fabricated by nanosphere lithography and metal-induced catalytic etching. Glancing angle Ni deposition deposited Ni only on the top of Si nanowires. When the annealing temperature was 500°C, a Ni3Si2 phase was formed at the apex of the nanowires. The phase of silicide at the Ni-silicide/Si interface depended on the diameter of the Si nanowires, such that epitaxial NiSi2 with a {111} facet was formed at the Ni-silicide/Si interface in Si nanowires with large diameter, and NiSi was formed in Si nanowires with small diameter. A mechanism that is based on flux divergence and a nucleation-limited reaction is proposed to explain this phenomenon of size-dependent phase formation. PMID:23663726

Geometric phase in entangled systems: A single-neutron interferometer experiment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sponar, S.; Klepp, J.; Loidl, R.

2010-04-15

The influence of the geometric phase on a Bell measurement, as proposed by Bertlmann et al. [Phys. Rev. A 69, 032112 (2004)] and expressed by the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality, has been observed for a spin-path-entangled neutron state in an interferometric setup. It is experimentally demonstrated that the effect of geometric phase can be balanced by a change in Bell angles. The geometric phase is acquired during a time-dependent interaction with a radiofrequency field. Two schemes, polar and azimuthal adjustment of the Bell angles, are realized and analyzed in detail. The former scheme yields a sinusoidal oscillation of the correlation functionmore » S, dependent on the geometric phase, such that it varies in the range between 2 and 2{radical}(2) and therefore always exceeds the boundary value 2 between quantum mechanic and noncontextual theories. The latter scheme results in a constant, maximal violation of the Bell-like CHSH inequality, where S remains 2{radical}(2) for all settings of the geometric phase.« less

Analysis of Wind Tunnel Longitudinal Static and Oscillatory Data of the F-16XL Aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Klein, Vladislav; Murphy, Patrick C.; Curry, Timothy J.; Brandon, Jay M.

1997-01-01

Static and oscillatory wind tunnel data are presented for a 10-percent-scale model of an F-16XL aircraft. Static data include the effect of angle of attack, sideslip angle, and control surface deflections on aerodynamic coefficients. Dynamic data from small-amplitude oscillatory tests are presented at nominal values of angle of attack between 20 and 60 degrees. Model oscillations were performed at five frequencies from 0.6 to 2.9 Hz and one amplitude of 5 degrees. A simple harmonic analysis of the oscillatory data provided Fourier coefficients associated with the in-phase and out-of-phase components of the aerodynamic coefficients. A strong dependence of the oscillatory data on frequency led to the development of models with unsteady terms in the form of indicial functions. Two models expressing the variation of the in-phase and out-of-phase components with angle of attack and frequency were proposed and their parameters estimated from measured data.

Spatiotemporal distribution of location and object effects in reach-to-grasp kinematics

PubMed Central

Rouse, Adam G.

2015-01-01

In reaching to grasp an object, the arm transports the hand to the intended location as the hand shapes to grasp the object. Prior studies that tracked arm endpoint and grip aperture have shown that reaching and grasping, while proceeding in parallel, are interdependent to some degree. Other studies of reaching and grasping that have examined the joint angles of all five digits as the hand shapes to grasp various objects have not tracked the joint angles of the arm as well. We, therefore, examined 22 joint angles from the shoulder to the five digits as monkeys reached, grasped, and manipulated in a task that dissociated location and object. We quantified the extent to which each angle varied depending on location, on object, and on their interaction, all as a function of time. Although joint angles varied depending on both location and object beginning early in the movement, an early phase of location effects in joint angles from the shoulder to the digits was followed by a later phase in which object effects predominated at all joint angles distal to the shoulder. Interaction effects were relatively small throughout the reach-to-grasp. Whereas reach trajectory was influenced substantially by the object, grasp shape was comparatively invariant to location. Our observations suggest that neural control of reach-to-grasp may occur largely in two sequential phases: the first determining the location to which the arm transports the hand, and the second shaping the entire upper extremity to grasp and manipulate the object. PMID:26445870

Variation of lunar sodium emission intensity with phase angle

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Potter, A. E.; Morgan, T. H.

1994-01-01

We report new measurements of the sodium emission intensity seen in a line of sight just above the surface of the Moon. These data show a strong dependence on lunar phase. The emission intensity decreases from a maximum around first quarter (phase angle 90 deg) to very small values near full Moon (phase angle 0 deg). This suggests that the rate of sodium vapor production from the lunar surface is largest at the subsolar point and becomes small near the terminator. However, the sodium emission near full Moon falls below that which would be expected for solar photon-driven processes. Since the solar wind flux decreases substantially when the Moon enters the Earth's magnetotail near full Moon, while the global solar photon flux is undiminished, we suggest that solar wind sputtering is the dominant process for sodium production.

Cassini ISS Observations of Jupiter: An Exoplanet Perspective

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

West, Robert A.; Knowles, Benjamin

2017-10-01

Understanding the optical and physical properties of planets in our solar system can guide our approach to the interpretation of observations of exoplanets. Although some work has already been done along these lines, there remain low-hanging fruit. During the Cassini Jupiter encounter, the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) obtained an extensive set of images over a large range of phase angles (near-zero to 140 degrees) and in filters from near-UV to near-IR, including three methane bands and nearby continuum. The ISS also obtained images using polarizers. Much later in the mission we also obtained distant images while in orbit around Saturn. Some of these data have already been studied to reveal phase behavior (Dyudina et al., Astrophys. J.822, DOI: 10.3847/0004-637X/822/2/76; Mayorga et al., 2016, Astron. J. 152, DOI: 10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/209). Here we examine rotational modulation to determine wavelength and phase angle dependence, and how these may depend on cloud and haze vertical structure and optical properties. The existence of an optically thin forward-scattering and longitudinally-homogeneous haze overlying photometrically-variable cloud fields tends to suppress rotational modulation as phase angle increases, although in the strong 890-nm methane band cloud vertical structure is important. Cloud particles (non-spherical ammonia ice, mostly) have very small polarization signatures at intermediate phase angles and rotational modulation is not apparent above the noise level of our instrument. Part of this work was performed by the Jet Propulsion Lab, Cal. Inst. Of Technology.

Opposition effect of the Moon from LROC WAC data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Velikodsky, Yu. I.; Korokhin, V. V.; Shkuratov, Yu. G.; Kaydash, V. G.; Videen, Gorden

2016-09-01

LROC WAC images acquired in 5 bands of the visible spectral range were used to study the opposition effect for two mare and two highland regions near the lunar equator. Opposition phase curves were extracted from the images containing the opposition by separating the phase-curve effect from the albedo pattern by comparing WAC images at different phase angles (from 0° to 30°). Akimov's photometric function and the NASA Digital Terrain Model GLD100 were used in the processing. It was found that phase-curve slopes at small phase angles directly correlate with albedo, while at larger phase angles, they are anti-correlated. We suggest a parameter to characterize the coherent-backscattering component of the lunar opposition surge, which is defined as the maximum phase angle for which the opposition-surge slope increases with growing albedo. The width of the coherent-backscattering opposition effect varies from approximately 1.2° for highlands in red light to 3.9° for maria in blue light. The parameter depends on albedo, which is in agreement with the coherent-backscattering theory. The maximum amplitude of the coherent opposition effect is estimated to be near 8%. Maps of albedo and phase-curve slope at phase angles larger than those, at which the coherent-backscattering occurs, were built for the areas under study. Absolute calibration of WAC images was compared with Earth-based observations: the WAC-determined albedo is very close to the mean lunar albedo calculated using available Earth-based observations.

Unsteady blade pressures on a propfan at takeoff: Euler analysis and flight data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nallasamy, M.

1991-01-01

The unsteady blade pressures due to the operation of the propfan at an angle to the direction of the mean flow are obtained by solving the unsteady three dimensional Euler equations. The configuration considered is the eight bladed SR7L propfan at takeoff conditions and the inflow angles considered are 6.3 deg, 8.3 deg, 11.3 deg. The predicted blade pressure waveforms are compared with inflight measurements. At the inboard radial station (r/R = 0.68) the phase of the predicted waveforms show reasonable agreement with the measurements while the amplitudes are over predicted in the leading edge region of the blade. At the outboard radial station (r/R = 0.95), the predicted amplitudes of the waveforms on the pressure surface are in good agreement with flight data for all inflow angles. The measured (installed propfan) waveforms show a relative phase lag compared to the computed (propfan alone) waveforms. The phase lag depends on the axial location of the transducer and the surface of the blade. On the suction surface, in addition to the relative phase lag, the measurements show distortion (widening and steepening) of the waveforms. The extent of distortion increases with increase in inflow angle. This distortion seems to be due to viscous separation effects which depend on the azimuthal location of the blade and the axial location of the transducer.

Phase singularities of the transverse field component of high numerical aperture dark-hollow Gaussian beams in the focal region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Pusheng; Lü, Baida

2007-04-01

By using the vectorial Debye diffraction theory, phase singularities of high numerical aperture (NA) dark-hollow Gaussian beams in the focal region are studied. The dependence of phase singularities on the truncation parameter δ and semi-aperture angle α (or equally, NA) is illustrated numerically. A comparison of phase singularities of high NA dark-hollow Gaussian beams with those of scalar paraxial Gaussian beams and high NA Gaussian beams is made. For high NA dark-hollow Gaussian beams the beam order n additionally affects the spatial distribution of phase singularities, and there exist phase singularities outside the focal plane, which may be created or annihilated by variation of the semi-aperture angle in a certain region.

Angular phase shift in polarization-angle dependence of microwave-induced magnetoresistance oscillations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Han-Chun; Samaraweera, Rasanga L.; Mani, R. G.; Reichl, C.; Wegscheider, W.

2016-12-01

We examine the microwave frequency (f ) variation of the angular phase shift, θ0, observed in the polarization-angle dependence of microwave-induced magnetoresistance oscillations in a high-mobility GaAs/AlGaAs two-dimensional electron system. By fitting the diagonal resistance Rx x versus θ plots to an empirical cosine square law, we extract θ0 and trace its quasicontinuous variation with f . The results suggest that the overall average of θ0 extracted from Hall bar device sections with length-to-width ratios of L /W =1 and 2 is the same. We compare the observations with expectations arising from the "ponderomotive force" theory for microwave radiation-induced transport phenomena.

Mixed-phase aerosol particles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Corti, T.; Krieger, U. K.; Koop, T.; Peter, T.

2003-04-01

Within a liquid aerosol particle a solid phase may coexist with the liquid over a wide range of ambient conditions. The optical properties of such particles are of interest for a number of reasons. They will affect the scattering albedo of atmospheric aerosols, may cause depolarisation in lidar measurements, and potentially open a window for studying the internal morphology and physical properties (e.g. wetting properties, diffusion constants) of composite particles in laboratory experiments. In this contribution, we will present results of experimental and theoretical work on mixed-phase aerosol particles. The optical properties of mixed-phase particles depend on the location of the inclusion in the liquid phase, which is determined by the surface tensions of the involved interfaces. In the case of complete wetting, the energetically favoured position of the inclusion is in the volume of the liquid phase. For partial wetting, a position at the surface of the liquid phase is favoured, with the contact angle between the solid, liquid and air being described by Young's equation. For systems with small contact angles, the difference in energy between an inclusion situated at the droplets surface and in its volume may be so small that the thermal energy kT is sufficient to displace the inclusion from the droplet surface into its volume. The critical contact angle depends on the size of the inclusion and the droplet and ranges from 0.1 to 10 degrees. Examples of mixed-phase aerosol particles are aged soot particles and sea salt particles at low relative humidity. For aged soot, contact angles on sulphuric acid clearly above 10 degrees have been reported, so that soot inclusions are expected to be located at the surface of aerosol particles. For mixed-phase sea salt particles, consisting of a solid NaCl inclusion and an aqueous solution of mainly NaCl and MgCl2, our measurements on macroscopic NaCl crystals show a contact angle clearly below 10 degrees and possibly as low as 0.1 degrees. An experimental method - based on measuring photon count statistics - is developed to distinguish in single levitated aerosol particle whether a solid inclusion is located in the volume of the particle or at its surface.

Response of hot element flush wall gauges in oscillating laminar flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Giddings, T. A.; Cook, W. J.

1986-01-01

The time dependent response characteristics of flush-mounted hot element gauges used as instruments to measure wall shear stress in unsteady periodic air flows were investigated. The study was initiated because anomalous results were obtained from the gauges in oscillating turbulent flows for the phase relation of the wall shear stress variation, indicating possible gauge response problems. Flat plate laminar oscillating turbulent flows characterized by a mean free stream velocity with a superposed sinusoidal variation were performed. Laminar rather than turbulent flows were studied, because a numerical solution for the phase angle between the free stream velocity and the wall shear stress variation that is known to be correct can be obtained. The focus is on comparing the phase angle indicated by the hot element gauges with corresponding numerical prediction for the phase angle, since agreement would indicate that the hot element gauges faithfully follow the true wall shear stress variation.

The influence of interfacial slip on two-phase flow in rough pores

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kucala, Alec; Martinez, Mario J.; Wang, Yifeng; Noble, David R.

2017-08-01

The migration and trapping of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) in geologic carbon storage is strongly dependent on the geometry and wettability of the pore network in the reservoir rock. During displacement, resident fluids may become trapped in the pits of a rough pore surface forming an immiscible two-phase fluid interface with the invading fluid, allowing apparent slip flow at this interface. We present a two-phase fluid dynamics model, including interfacial tension, to characterize the impact of mineral surface roughness on this slip flow. We show that the slip flow can be cast in more familiar terms as a contact-angle (wettability)-dependent effective permeability to the invading fluid, a nondimensional measurement which relates the interfacial slip to the pore geometry. The analysis shows the surface roughness-induced slip flow can effectively increase or decrease this effective permeability, depending on the wettability and roughness of the mineral surfaces. Configurations of the pore geometry where interfacial slip has a tangible influence on permeability have been identified. The results suggest that for large roughness features, permeability to CO2 may be enhanced by approximately 30% during drainage, while the permeability to brine during reimbibition may be enhanced or diminished by 60%, depending on the contact angle with the mineral surfaces and degrees of roughness. For smaller roughness features, the changes in permeability through interfacial slip are small. A much larger range of effective permeabilities are suggested for general fluid pairs and contact angles, including occlusion of the pore by the trapped phase.

Strong dependence of rain-induced lidar depolarization on the illumination angle: experimental evidence and geometrical-optics interpretation.

PubMed

Roy, G; Bissonnette, L R

2001-09-20

Backscatter and depolarization lidar measurements from clouds and precipitation are reported as functions of the elevation angle of the pointing lidar direction. We recorded the data by scanning the lidar beam (Nd:YAG) at a constant angular speed of ~3.5 degrees /s while operating at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. We show that in rain there is an evident and at times spectacular dependence on the elevation angle. That dependence appears to be sensitive to raindrop size. We have developed a three-dimensional polarization-dependent ray-tracing algorithm to calculate the backscatter and the depolarization ratio by large nonspherical droplets. We have applied it to raindrop shapes derived from existing static and dynamic (oscillating) models. We show that many of the observed complex backscatter and depolarization features can be interpreted to a good extent by geometrical optics. These results suggest that there is a definite need for more extensive calculations of the scattering phase matrix elements for large deformed raindrops as functions of the direction of illumination. Obvious applications are retrieval of information on the liquid-solid phase of precipitation and on the size and the vibration state of raindrops.

Numerical analysis of deposition frequency for successive droplets coalescence dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Xiaoding; Zhu, Yunlong; Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Dingyi; Ku, Tao

2018-04-01

A pseudopotential based multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann model is employed to investigate the dynamic behaviors of successive droplets' impact and coalescence on a solid surface. The effects of deposition frequency on the morphology of the formed line are investigated with a zero receding contact angle by analyzing the droplet-to-droplet coalescence dynamics. Two collision modes (in-phase mode and out-of-phase mode) between the pre-deposited bead and the subsequent droplet are identified depending on the deposition frequency. A uniform line can be obtained at the optimal droplet spacing in the in-phase mode (Δt* < 1.875). However, a scalloped line pattern is formed in the out-of-phase mode (Δt* > 1.875). It is found that decreasing the droplet spacing or advancing contact angle can improve the smoothness of line in the out-of-phase mode. Furthermore, the effects of deposition frequency on the morphology of the formed lines are validated to be applicable to cases with a finite receding contact angle.

The Wavelength Dependence of the Lunar Phase Curve as Seen by the LRO LAMP

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Y.; Retherford, K. D.; Greathouse, T. K.; Hendrix, A. R.; Mandt, K.; Gladstone, R.; Cahill, J. T.; Egan, A.; Kaufmann, D. E.; Grava, C.; Pryor, W. R.

2016-12-01

The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) provides global coverage of both nightside and dayside of the Moon in the far ultraviolet (FUV) wavelengths. The nightside observations use roughly uniform diffuse illumination sources from interplanetary medium Lyman-α sky glow and UV-bright stars so that traditional photometric corrections do not apply. In contrast, the dayside observations use sunlight as its illumination source where bidirectional reflectance is measured. The bidirectional reflectance is dependent on the incident, emission, and phase angles as well as the soil properties. Thus the comparisons of dayside mapping and nightside mapping techniques offer a method for cross-comparing the photometric correction factors because the observations are made under different lighting and viewing conditions. Specifically, the nightside data well constrain the single-scattering coefficient. We'll discuss the wavelength dependence of the lunar phase curve as seen by the LAMP instrument in dayside data. Our preliminary results indicate that the reflectance in the FUV wavelengths decreases with the increasing phase angles from 0° to 90°, similar to the phase curve in the UV-visible wavelengths as studied by Hapke et al. (2012) using LRO wide angle camera (WAC) data, among other visible-wavelength lunar studies. Particularly, we'll report how coherent backscattering and shadow hiding contribute to the opposition surge, given the fact that the albedo at FUV wavelengths is extremely low and thus multiple scattering is significantly less important. Finally, we'll report the derived Hapke parameters at FUV wavelengths for our study areas.

Relationship between directions of wave and energy propagation for cold plasma waves

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Musielak, Zdzislaw E.

1986-01-01

The dispersion relation for plasma waves is considered in the 'cold' plasma approximation. General formulas for the dependence of the phase and group velocities on the direction of wave propagation with respect to the local magnetic field are obtained for a cold magnetized plasma. The principal cold plasma resonances and cut-off frequencies are defined for an arbitrary angle and are used to establish basic regimes of frequency where the cold plasma waves can propagate or can be evanescent. The relationship between direction of wave and energy propagation, for cold plasma waves in hydrogen atmosphere, is presented in the form of angle diagrams (angle between group velocity and magnetic field versus angle between phase velocity and magnetic field) and polar diagrams (also referred to as 'Friedrich's diagrams') for different directions of wave propagation. Morphological features of the diagrams as well as some critical angles of propagation are discussed.

Spreading dynamics of 2D dipolar Langmuir monolayer phases.

PubMed

Heinig, P; Wurlitzer, S; Fischer, Th M

2004-07-01

We study the spreading of a liquid 2D dipolar droplet in a Langmuir monolayer. Interfacial tensions (line tensions) and microscopic contact angles depend on the scale on which they are probed and obey a scaling law. Assuming rapid equilibration of the microscopic contact angle and ideal slippage of the 2D solid/liquid and solid/gas boundary, the driving force of spreading is merely expressed by the shape-dependent long-range interaction integrals. We obtain good agreement between experiment and numerical simulations using this theory.

Effects of the Carrier-Envelope Phase in the Multiphoton Ionization Regime

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nakajima, Takashi; Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581; Watanabe, Shuntaro

2006-06-02

We theoretically investigate the effects of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses in the multiphoton ionization regime. For atoms with low ionization potential, total ionization yield barely exhibits phase dependence, as expected. However, population of some bound states clearly shows phase dependence. This implies that the measurement of the carrier-envelope phase would be possible through the photoemission between bound states without energy-and-angle-resolved photoelectron detection. The considered scheme could be particularly useful to measure the carrier-envelope phase for a light source without an amplifier, such as a laser oscillator, which cannot provide sufficient pulse energy to induce tunneling ionization.

Leakage effect analysis on the performance of a cylindrical adjustable inertance tube

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Wenjie; Pfotenhauer, John M.; Zhi, Xiaoqin

2018-04-01

The inertance tube plays a significant role in improving the performance of the Stirling type pulse tube cryocooler by providing the desired phase angle between the mass flow and pressure wave. The phase angle is highly depended on the inertance tube geometry, such as diameter and length. A cylindrical threaded root device with variable thread depth on the outer screw and inner screw creates an adjustable inertance tube whose diameter and length can be adjusted in the real time. However, due to its geometry imperfectness, the performance of this threaded inertance tube is reduced by the leaks through the roots between the two screws. Its phase angle shift ability is decreased by 30% with the leakage clearance thickness of 15.5 μm according to both the theoretical prediction and the experimental verification.

Variability of phase and amplitude fronts due to horizontal refraction in shallow water.

PubMed

Katsnelson, Boris G; Grigorev, Valery A; Lynch, James F

2018-01-01

The variability of the interference pattern of a narrow-band sound signal in a shallow water waveguide in the horizontal plane in the presence of horizontal stratification, in particular due to linear internal waves, is studied. It is shown that lines of constant phase (a phase front) and lines of constant amplitude/envelope (an amplitude front) for each waveguide mode may have different directions in the spatial vicinity of the point of reception. The angle between them depends on the waveguide's parameters, the mode number, and the sound frequency. Theoretical estimates and data processing methodology for obtaining these angles from experimental data recorded by a horizontal line array are proposed. The behavior of the angles, which are obtained for two episodes from the Shallow Water 2006 (SW06) experiment, show agreement with the theory presented.

Partially deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate optimized for ultra-broadband optical parametric amplification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fujioka, K.; Fujimoto, Y.; Tsubakimoto, K.; Kawanaka, J.; Shoji, I.; Miyanaga, N.

2015-03-01

The refractive index of a potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal strongly depends on the deuteration fraction of the crystal. The wavelength dependence of the phase-matching angle in the near-infrared optical parametric process shows convex and concave characteristics for pure KDP and pure deuterated KDP (DKDP), respectively, when pumped by the second harmonic of Nd- or Yb-doped solid state lasers. Using these characteristics, ultra-broadband phase matching can be realized by optimization of the deuteration fraction. The refractive index of DKDP that was grown with a different deuteration fraction (known as partially deuterated KDP or pDKDP) was measured over a wide wavelength range of 0.4-1.5 μm by the minimum deviation method. The wavelength dispersions of the measured refractive indices were fitted using a modified Sellmeier equation, and the deuteration fraction dependence was analyzed using the Lorentz-Lorenz equation. The wavelength-dependent phase-matching angle for an arbitrary deuteration fraction was then calculated for optical parametric amplification with pumping at a wavelength of 526.5 nm. The results revealed that a refractive index database with precision of more than 2 × 10-5 was necessary for exact evaluation of the phase-matching condition. An ultra-broad gain bandwidth of up to 490 nm will be feasible when using the 68% pDKDP crystal.

How Correlated is the FeSe /SrTiO3 System?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mandal, Subhasish; Zhang, Peng; Ismail-Beigi, Sohrab; Haule, K.

2017-08-01

Recent observation of ˜10 times higher critical temperature in a FeSe monolayer compared with its bulk phase has drawn a great deal of attention because the electronic structure in the monolayer phase appears to be different than bulk FeSe. Using a combination of density functional theory and dynamical mean field theory, we find electronic correlations have important effects on the predicted atomic-scale geometry and the electronic structure of the monolayer FeSe on SrTiO3 . The electronic correlations are dominantly controlled by the Se-Fe-Se angle either in the bulk phase or the monolayer phase. But the angle sensitivity increases and the orbital differentiation decreases in the monolayer phase compared to the bulk phase. The correlations are more dependent on Hund's J than Hubbard U . The observed orbital selective incoherence to coherence crossover with temperature confirms the Hund's metallic nature of the monolayer FeSe. We also find electron doping by oxygen vacancies in SrTiO3 increases the correlation strength, especially in the dx y orbital by reducing the Se-Fe-Se angle.

Solar-phase-angle effects on the taxonomic classification of asteroids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carvano, J.; Davallos, J.

2014-07-01

Asteroid taxonomy is the effort of grouping asteroids into classes based on similarities of a number of their observational properties. The most used properties include measurements of their spectral reflectance (by means of low-resolution spectra, spectro-photometry, or colors), and geometric albedo. The usefulness of asteroid taxonomic classes derived in this way relies on the assumption that the classes bear some correspondence to the mineralogy of the asteroids, and on the fact that such classification can be made using types of observations that presently are available to a large number of asteroids. Therefore, asteroid taxonomy can be used to infer trends in the distribution of compositions in the main belt and other populations, as an additional parameter in defining asteroid families, and as a selection tool to identify candidates for more detailed observations. However, the fact that the correspondence between taxonomic class and composition is far from perfect is still sometimes overlooked in the literature. Indeed, although a taxonomic classification narrows down the possible mineralogies of a given asteroid, it will seldom point univocally to one particular mineralogy. This happens for a number of reasons, some linked to the intrinsic difficulty involved in the remote characterization of the mineralogy of an asteroid, since it depends on the presence of absorption bands in its reflectance spectrum which may be absent or not completely sampled by the observations used to derive taxonomy. Other problem here is the exposure of the material on the surface of the asteroid to space-weathering effects, such as solar wind implantation and micro-meteorite bombardment, which can change the optical properties of the material. Finally, the overall shape of the reflectance spectrum of an asteroid is also affected by the geometry of the observation, as well as by its shape. In this work, we analyze how the classification of asteroids observed by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey is affected by the solar phase angle of the observation. It is found that the number of observations assigned to several taxonomic classes has a clear dependency on the solar phase angle of the asteroid at the moment of the observation. In order to understand how variations of phase angles affect the reflectance spectra of the individual asteroids listed in the SDSS with multiple observations, we use the reflectance spectra derived from the SDSS colors to define two parameters, which measure the spectral slope in the visible and the depth of the 1-micron band, if present. It is found that most asteroids in the sample tend to be redder at higher phase angles, and that, for the classes showing a 1-μ m band, most show increasing band depth with increasing phase angle. This predominance of positive correlations for both band depth and spectral slope might suffice to explain the offsets in the distribution of classes. However, for both parameters there is a significant fraction in each sample for which there seem to be no correlation at all, and a comparable number seem to display anti-correlation between the parameters and the phase angle. Therefore, although phase-reddening effects, as currently understood in the literature, can account for the offsets in the distribution of taxonomic classes with phase angle, it cannot explain all variability seen in the SDSS data. There is also a dependency on composition and also shape effects involved, which can be reproduced using Hapke reflectance models.

FREQUENCY STABILIZING SYSTEM

DOEpatents

Kerns, Q.A.; Anderson, O.A.

1960-05-01

An electronic control circuit is described in which a first signal frequency is held in synchronization with a second varying reference signal. The circuit receives the first and second signals as inputs and produces an output signal having an amplitude dependent upon rate of phase change between the two signals and a polarity dependent on direction of the phase change. The output may thus serve as a correction signal for maintaining the desired synchronization. The response of the system is not dependent on relative phase angle between the two compared signals. By having practically no capacitance in the circuit, there is minimum delay between occurrence of a phase shift and a response in the output signal and therefore very fast synchronization is effected.

Surface charge-induced EDL interaction on the contact angle of surface nanobubbles.

PubMed

Jing, Dalei; Li, Dayong; Pan, Yunlu; Bhushan, Bharat

2016-11-01

The contact angle (CA) of surface nanobubbles is believed to affect the stability of nanobubbles and fluid drag in micro/nanofluidic systems. The CA of nanobubbles is dependent on size and is believed to be affected by the surface charge-induced electrical double layer (EDL). However, neither of these of attributes are well understood. In this paper, by introducing an EDL-induced electrostatic wetting tension, a theoretical model is first established to study the effect of EDLs formed near the solid-liquid interface and the liquid-nanobubble interface on the gas phase CA of nanobubbles. The size-dependence of this EDL interaction is studied as well. Next, by using atomic force microscopy (AFM), the effect of the EDL on nanobubbles' gas phase CA is studied with variable electrical potential at the solid-liquid interface, which is adjusted by an applied voltage. Both the theoretical and the experimental results show that the EDLs formed near the solid-liquid interface and the liquid-nanobubble interface lead to a reduction of gas phase CA of the surface nanobubbles because of an electrostatic wetting tension on the nanobubble due to the attractive electrostatic interaction between the liquid and nanobubble within the EDL, which is in the nanobubbles' outward direction. An EDL with a larger zeta potential magnitude leads to a larger gas phase CA reduction. Furthermore, the effect of EDL on the nanobubbles' gas phase CA shows a significant size-dependence considering the size dependence of the electrostatic wetting tension. The gas phase CA reduction due to the EDL decreases with increasing nanobubble height and increases with the nanobubble's increasing curvature radius, indicating that a surface charge-induced EDL could possibly explain the size dependence of the gas phase CA of nanobubbles.

Film thickness dependence of phase separation and dewetting behaviors in PMMA/SAN blend films.

PubMed

You, Jichun; Liao, Yonggui; Men, Yongfeng; Shi, Tongfei; An, Lijia

2010-09-21

Film thickness dependence of complex behaviors coupled by phase separation and dewetting in blend [poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(styrene-ran-acrylonitrile) (SAN)] films on silicon oxide substrate at 175 °C was investigated by grazing incidence ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering (GIUSAX) and in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that the dewetting pathway was under the control of the parameter U(q0)/E, which described the initial amplitude of the surface undulation and original thickness of film, respectively. Furthermore, our results showed that interplay between phase separation and dewetting depended crucially on film thickness. Three mechanisms including dewetting-phase separation/wetting, dewetting/wetting-phase separation, and phase separation/wetting-pseudodewetting were discussed in detail. In conclusion, it is relative rates of phase separation and dewetting that dominate the interplay between them.

The Pluto System At Small Phase Angles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Verbiscer, Anne J.; Buie, Marc W.; Binzel, Richard; Ennico, Kimberly; Grundy, William M.; Olkin, Catherine B.; Showalter, Mark Robert; Spencer, John R.; Stern, S. Alan; Weaver, Harold A.; Young, Leslie; New Horizons Science Team

2016-10-01

Hubble Space Telescope observations of the Pluto system acquired during the New Horizons encounter epoch (HST Program 13667, M. Buie, PI) span the phase angle range from 0.06 to 1.7 degrees, enabling the measurement and characterization of the opposition effect for Pluto and its satellites at 0.58 microns using HST WFC3/UVIS with the F350LP filter, which has a broadband response and a pivot wavelength of 0.58 microns. At these small phase angles, differences in the opposition effect width and amplitude appear. The small satellites Nix and Hydra both exhibit a very narrow opposition surge, while the considerably larger moon Charon has a broader opposition surge. Microtextural surface properties derived from the shape and magnitude of the opposition surge of each surface contain a record of the collisional history of the system. We combine these small phase angle observations with those made at larger phase angles by the New Horizons Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI), which also has a broadband response with a pivot wavelength of 0.61 microns, to produce the most complete disk-integrated solar phase curves that we will have for decades to come. Modeling these disk-integrated phase curves generates sets of photometric parameters that will inform spectral modeling of the satellite surfaces as well as terrains on Pluto from spatially resolved New Horizons Ralph Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array (LEISA) data from 1.2 to 2.5 microns. Rotationally resolved phase curves of Pluto reveal opposition effects that only appear at phase angles less than 0.1 degree and have widths and amplitudes that are highly dependent on longitude and therefore on Pluto's diverse terrains. The high albedo region informally known as Sputnik Planum dominates the disk-integrated reflectance of Pluto on the New Horizons encounter hemisphere. These results lay the groundwork for observations at true opposition in 2018, when the Pluto system will be observable at phase angles so small that an Earth transit across the solar disk will be visible from Pluto and its satellites.

Investigation of Titan's surface and atmosphere photometric functions using the Cassini/VIMS instrument

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cornet, Thomas; Altobelli, Nicolas; Rodriguez, Sébastien; Maltagliati, Luca; Le Mouélic, Stéphane; Sotin, Christophe; Brown, Robert; Barnes, Jason; Buratti, Bonnie; Baines, Kevin; Clark, Roger; Nicholson, Phillip

2015-04-01

After 106 flybys spread over 10 years, the Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) instrument acquired 33151 hyperspectral cubes pointing at the surface of Titan on the dayside. Despite this huge amount of data available for surface studies, and due to the strong influence of the atmosphere (methane absorption and haze scattering), Titan's surface is only visible with VIMS in 7 spectral atmospheric windows centred at 0.93, 1.08, 1.27, 1.59, 2.01, 2.7-2.8 and 5 microns. Atmospheric scattering and absorption effects dominate Titan's spectrum at wavelengths shorter than 3 microns, while the 5 micron window, almost insensitive to the haze scattering, only presents a reduced atmospheric absorption contribution to the signal recorded by VIMS. In all cases, the recorded I/F represents an apparent albedo, which depends on the atmospheric contributions and the surface photometry at each wavelength. We therefore aim to determine real albedo values for Titan's surface by finding photometric functions for the surface and the atmosphere that could be used as a basis for empirical corrections or Radiative Transfer calculations. After updating the navigation of the VIMS archive, we decomposed the entire VIMS data set into a MySQL relational database gathering the viewing geometry, location, time (season) and I/F (for pure atmosphere and surface-atmosphere images) for each pixel of the 33151 individual VIMS cubes. We then isolated all the VIMS pixels where Titan's surface has been repeatedly imaged at low phase angles (< 20 degrees) in order to characterize phase curves for the surface at 5 microns and for the atmosphere. Among these, the T88 flyby appears noteworthy, with a "Emergence-Phase Function (EPF)"-type observation: 25 cubes acquired during the same flyby, over the same area (close to Tortola Facula, in relatively dark terrains), at a constant incidence and with varying emergence and phase (from 0 to 60 degrees) angles. The data clearly exhibit an increase of I/F at 5 microns at very low phase angles, which is indicative of an opposition effect for the surface, and kinks in the I/F at low and high emergence/phase angles, increasing with decreasing wavelength (and thus with increasing atmospheric scattering). The latter dependency is present in both pure atmosphere and surface-atmosphere images, which clearly indicates that it is of atmospheric origin. We are currently investigating these dependencies with angles and try to determine best fit models that would describe the phase curves for the surface at 5 microns and for the atmosphere at lower wavelengths in this particular area.

Ponderomotive phase plate for transmission electron microscopes

DOEpatents

Reed, Bryan W [Livermore, CA

2012-07-10

A ponderomotive phase plate system and method for controllably producing highly tunable phase contrast transfer functions in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) for high resolution and biological phase contrast imaging. The system and method includes a laser source and a beam transport system to produce a focused laser crossover as a phase plate, so that a ponderomotive potential of the focused laser crossover produces a scattering-angle-dependent phase shift in the electrons of the post-sample electron beam corresponding to a desired phase contrast transfer function.

Angle-adjustable density field formulation for the modeling of crystalline microstructure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Zi-Le; Liu, Zhirong; Huang, Zhi-Feng

2018-05-01

A continuum density field formulation with particle-scale resolution is constructed to simultaneously incorporate the orientation dependence of interparticle interactions and the rotational invariance of the system, a fundamental but challenging issue in modeling the structure and dynamics of a broad range of material systems across variable scales. This generalized phase field crystal-type approach is based upon the complete expansion of particle direct correlation functions and the concept of isotropic tensors. Through applications to the modeling of various two- and three-dimensional crystalline structures, our study demonstrates the capability of bond-angle control in this continuum field theory and its effects on the emergence of ordered phases, and provides a systematic way of performing tunable angle analyses for crystalline microstructures.

Effects of intermediate wettability on entry capillary pressure in angular pores.

PubMed

Rabbani, Harris Sajjad; Joekar-Niasar, Vahid; Shokri, Nima

2016-07-01

Entry capillary pressure is one of the most important factors controlling drainage and remobilization of the capillary-trapped phases as it is the limiting factor against the two-phase displacement. It is known that the entry capillary pressure is rate dependent such that the inertia forces would enhance entry of the non-wetting phase into the pores. More importantly the entry capillary pressure is wettability dependent. However, while the movement of a meniscus into a strongly water-wet pore is well-defined, the invasion of a meniscus into a weak or intermediate water-wet pore especially in the case of angular pores is ambiguous. In this study using OpenFOAM software, high-resolution direct two-phase flow simulations of movement of a meniscus in a single capillary channel are performed. Interface dynamics in angular pores under drainage conditions have been simulated under constant flow rate boundary condition at different wettability conditions. Our results shows that the relation between the half corner angle of pores and contact angle controls the temporal evolution of capillary pressure during the invasion of a pore. By deviating from pure water-wet conditions, a dip in the temporal evolution of capillary pressure can be observed which will be pronounced in irregular angular cross sections. That enhances the pore invasion with a smaller differential pressure. The interplay between the contact angle and pore geometry can have significant implications for enhanced remobilization of ganglia in intermediate contact angles in real porous media morphologies, where pores are very heterogeneous with small shape factors. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Kinematic hand parameters in front crawl at different paces of swimming.

PubMed

Samson, Mathias; Monnet, Tony; Bernard, Anthony; Lacouture, Patrick; David, Laurent

2015-11-05

The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of kinematic hand parameters (sweepback angle, angle of attack, velocity, acceleration and orientation of the hand relative to the absolute coordinate system) throughout an aquatic stroke and to study the possible modifications caused by a variation of the swimming pace. Seventeen competitive swimmers swam at long distance, middle distance and sprint paces. Parameters were calculated from the trajectory of seven markers on the hand measured with an optoelectronic system. Results showed that kinematic hand parameters evolve differently depending on the pace. Angle of attack, sweepback angle, acceleration and orientation of the hand do not vary significantly. The velocity of the hand increases when the pace increases, but only during the less propulsive phases (entry and stretch and downsweep to catch). The more the pace increases and the more the absolute durations of the entry and stretch and downsweep to catch phases decrease. Absolute durations of the insweep and upsweep phases remain constant. During these phases, the propulsive hand forces calculated do not vary significantly when the pace increases. The increase of swimming pace is then explained by the swimmer's capacity to maintain propulsive phases rather than increasing the force generation within each cycle. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite Polarization Sensitivity Analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sun, Junqiang; Xiong, Xiaoxiong; Waluschka, Eugene; Wang, Menghua

2016-01-01

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is one of five instruments onboard the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite that launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, on October 28, 2011. It is a whiskbroom radiometer that provides +/-56.28deg scans of the Earth view. It has 22 bands, among which 14 are reflective solar bands (RSBs). The RSBs cover a wavelength range from 410 to 2250 nm. The RSBs of a remote sensor are usually sensitive to the polarization of incident light. For VIIRS, it is specified that the polarization factor should be smaller than 3% for 410 and 862 nm bands and 2.5% for other RSBs for the scan angle within +/-45deg. Several polarization sensitivity tests were performed prelaunch for SNPP VIIRS. The first few tests either had large uncertainty or were less reliable, while the last one was believed to provide the more accurate information about the polarization property of the instrument. In this paper, the measured data in the last polarization sensitivity test are analyzed, and the polarization factors and phase angles are derived from the measurements for all the RSBs. The derived polarization factors and phase angles are band, detector, and scan angle dependent. For near-infrared bands, they also depend on the half-angle mirror side. Nevertheless, the derived polarization factors are all within the specification, although the strong detector dependence of the polarization parameters was not expected. Compared to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on both Aqua and Terra satellites, the polarization effect on VIIRS RSB is much smaller.

Measurement and interpretation of crustal deformation rates associated with postglacial rebound

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, James L.

1994-01-01

Analysis of Global Positioning System (GPS) data from two sites separated by horizontal distance of only approximately 2.2 m yielded phase residuals exhibiting a systematic elevation angle dependence. One of the two GPS antennas was mounted on an approximately 1 m high concrete pillar, and the other was mounted on a standard wooden tripod. We performed elevation angle cutoff tests with these data, and established that the vertical coordinate of site position was sensitive to the minimum elevation angle (elevation cutoff) of the data analyzed. For example, the vertical coordinate of site position changed by 9.7 plus or minus 0.8 mm when the minimum elevation angle was increased from 10 to 25. We performed simulations based on a simple (ray tracing) multipath model with a single horizontal reflector, and demonstrated that the elevation angle cutoff test results and the pattern of the residual versus elevation angle could be qualitatively reproduced if the reflector were located 0.1-0.2 m beneath the antenna phase center. We therefore, hypothesized that the source of the elevation-angle-dependent error were multipath reflections and scattering and that the horizontal surface of the pillar, located a distance of approximately 0.2 m beneath the antenna phase center, was the primary reflector. We tested this hypothesis by placing microwave absorbing material between the antenna and the pillar in a number of configurations and analyzed the changes in apparent position of the antenna. The results indicate that (1) the horizontal surface of the pillar is indeed the main reflector, (2) both the concrete and the metal plate embedded in the pillar are significant reflectors, and (3) the reflection can be reduced to a great degree by the use of microwave absorbing materials. These results have significant implications for the accuracy of global GPS geodetic tracking networks which use pillar-antenna configuration identical or similar to the one used here (at the Westford WFRD GPS site).

Equilibrium composition of interphase boundaries

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wynblatt, P.

1990-01-01

Two modeling approaches have been used to investigate segregation effects at interphase boundaries. The first approach is based on the nearest neighbor bond model, used in conjunction with the regular solution approximation, and is an extension of an earlier framework developed to address segregation phenomena at free surfaces. In order to model a semicoherent interphase boundary, we have employed a second modeling approach, based on Monte Carol simulation, in conjunction with the embedded atom method (EAM). The EAM is a powerful new method for describing interatomic interactions in metallic systems. It includes certain many-body interactions that depend on the localmore » environment of an atom. The Monte Carol approach has been applied to semicoherent interphase boundaries in Cu-Ag-Au alloys dilute in Au. These alloys consist of coexisting Cu-rich and Ag-rich phases, which differ in lattice constant by about 12%, such that good matching across in interface occurs when nine structural units of the Cu-rich phase are opposed to eight structural units of the Ag-rich phase. Thus far, interfaces with two different orientations have been studied: {l brace}001{r brace}-Cu//{l brace}001{r brace}-Ag, {l angle}110{r angle}-Cu//{l angle}110{r angle}-Ag; and {l brace}111{r brace}-Cu//{l brace}111{r brace}-Ag, {l angle}110{r angle}-Cu//{l angle}110{r angle}-Ag. These two interfaces will be referred to as the (001) and (111) interphase boundaries, for short. 18 refs.« less

FIBER OPTICS. ACOUSTOOPTICS: Amplitude and phase nonreciprocities of acoustooptic modulators for counterpropagating light waves under the Bragg diffraction conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Veselovskaya, T. V.; Klochan, E. L.; Lariontsev, E. G.; Parfenov, S. V.; Shelaev, A. N.

1990-07-01

Theoretical and experimental investigations demonstrated that in real acoustooptic modulators the diffraction of light by a standing ultrasonic wave may give rise to both phase and amplitude nonreciprocities of counterpropagating light waves. Analytic expressions are derived for the dependences of these nonreciprocities on the parameters of the traveling component of an ultrasonic wave in a modulator. It is shown that when the angle of incidence of light on a modulator deviates from the Bragg angle, the phase nonreciprocity may be suppressed, but the amplitude nonreciprocity becomes maximal and its sign is governed by the law of deviation of the angle of incidence from the Bragg angle. A diffraction acoustooptic feedback makes it possible not only to achieve mode locking with an acoustooptic modulator utilizing a traveling ultrasonic wave, but also to control the magnitude and sign of amplitude-frequency nonreciprocities. It is reported that an acoustooptic feedback can be used to generate self-pumping waves in a solid-state mode-locked ring laser and thus stabilize bidirectional lasing in a wide range of the frequency offset between the counterpropagating waves.

Consistency of flow quantifications in tridirectional phase-contrast MRI

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Unterhinninghofen, R.; Ley, S.; Dillmann, R.

2009-02-01

Tridirectionally encoded phase-contrast MRI is a technique to non-invasively acquire time-resolved velocity vector fields of blood flow. These may not only be used to analyze pathological flow patterns, but also to quantify flow at arbitrary positions within the acquired volume. In this paper we examine the validity of this approach by analyzing the consistency of related quantifications instead of comparing it with an external reference measurement. Datasets of the thoracic aorta were acquired from 6 pigs, 1 healthy volunteer and 3 patients with artificial aortic valves. Using in-house software an elliptical flow quantification plane was placed manually at 6 positions along the descending aorta where it was rotated to 5 different angles. For each configuration flow was computed based on the original data and data that had been corrected for phase offsets. Results reveal that quantifications are more dependent on changes in position than on changes in angle. Phase offset correction considerably reduces this dependency. Overall consistency is good with a maximum variation coefficient of 9.9% and a mean variation coefficient of 7.2%.

Photometric properties of Ceres from telescopic observations using Dawn Framing Camera color filters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reddy, Vishnu; Li, Jian-Yang; Gary, Bruce L.; Sanchez, Juan A.; Stephens, Robert D.; Megna, Ralph; Coley, Daniel; Nathues, Andreas; Le Corre, Lucille; Hoffmann, Martin

2015-11-01

The dwarf planet Ceres is likely differentiated similar to the terrestrial planets but with a water/ice dominated mantle and an aqueously altered crust. Detailed modeling of Ceres' phase function has never been performed to understand its surface properties. The Dawn spacecraft began orbital science operations at the dwarf planet in April 2015. We observed Ceres with flight spares of the seven Dawn Framing Camera color filters mounted on ground-based telescopes over the course of three years to model its phase function versus wavelength. Our analysis shows that the modeled geometric albedos derived from both the IAU HG model and the Hapke model are consistent with a flat and featureless spectrum of Ceres, although the values are ∼10% higher than previous measurements. Our models also suggest a wavelength dependence of Ceres' phase function. The IAU G-parameter and the Hapke single-particle phase function parameter, g, are both consistent with decreasing (shallower) phase slope with increasing wavelength. Such a wavelength dependence of phase function is consistent with reddening of spectral slope with increasing phase angle, or phase-reddening. This phase reddening is consistent with previous spectra of Ceres obtained at various phase angles archived in the literature, and consistent with the fact that the modeled geometric albedo spectrum of Ceres is the bluest of all spectra because it represents the spectrum at 0° phase angle. Ground-based FC color filter lightcurve data are consistent with HST albedo maps confirming that Ceres' lightcurve is dominated by albedo and not shape. We detected a positive correlation between 1.1-μm absorption band depth and geometric albedo suggesting brighter areas on Ceres have absorption bands that are deeper. We did not see the "extreme" slope values measured by Perna et al. (Perna, D., et al. [2015]. Astron. Astrophys. 575 (L1-6)), which they have attributed to "resurfacing episodes" on Ceres.

Study of solar photospheric MHD oscillations: Observations with MDI, ASP and MWO

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Norton, Aimee Ann

Magnetodydrodynamical waves are expected to be an important energy transport mechanism in the solar atmosphere. This thesis uses data from a spectro-polarimeter and longitudinal magnetographs to study characteristics of magneto-hydrodynamical oscillations at photospheric heights. Significant oscillatory magnetic power is observed with the Michelson Doppler Imager in three frequency regimes: 0.5--1.0, 3.0--3.5 and 5.5--6.0 mHz corresponding to timescales of magnetic evolution, p-modes and the three minute resonant sunspot oscillation. Spatial distribution of magnetogram oscillatory power exhibits the same general features in numerous datasets. Low frequency magnetogram power is found in rings with filamentary structure surrounding sunspots. Five minute power peaks in extended regions of plage. Three minute oscillations are observed in sunspot umbra. Phase angles between velocity and magnetic fluctuations are found to be approximately -90°, a signature of magnetoacoustic waves, in disk-center active region data. Phase dependence upon observation angle is established through sunspot values decreasing from -100° at disk-center towards -31° at the limb, confirming greater Alfen wave visibility at the limb. Consistent propagation direction or field-aligned velocities explain an unexpected phase jump from negative to positive values for divergent sunspot fields observed away from disk-center. Simultaneously obtained Stokes profiles and longitudinal magnetogram maps of a positive plage region provide time series which could be compared. The velocity signals are in excellent agreement. Magnetic flux correlates best with fluctuations in filling factor, not inclination angle or field strength, implying the responsible physical mechanism is internally unperturbed flux tubes being buffeted by external pressure fluctuations. Sampling signals from different heights of formation provides slight phase shifts and large propagation speeds for velocity, indicative of modified standing waves. Phase speeds associated with magnetic signals are characteristic of photospheric Alfven speeds for plage fields. The phase speed increase with height agrees with the altitude dependence of the Alfven speed. Observed fluctuations, phase angles and phase lags are interpreted as a superposition of signatures from the horizontal component of the driving mechanism sweeping the field lines in/out of the resolution area and the magnetic response of the flux tube to this buffeting.

Development and validation of a combined phased acoustical radiosity and image source model for predicting sound fields in rooms.

PubMed

Marbjerg, Gerd; Brunskog, Jonas; Jeong, Cheol-Ho; Nilsson, Erling

2015-09-01

A model, combining acoustical radiosity and the image source method, including phase shifts on reflection, has been developed. The model is denoted Phased Acoustical Radiosity and Image Source Method (PARISM), and it has been developed in order to be able to model both specular and diffuse reflections with complex-valued and angle-dependent boundary conditions. This paper mainly describes the combination of the two models and the implementation of the angle-dependent boundary conditions. It furthermore describes how a pressure impulse response is obtained from the energy-based acoustical radiosity by regarding the model as being stochastic. Three methods of implementation are proposed and investigated, and finally, recommendations are made for their use. Validation of the image source method is done by comparison with finite element simulations of a rectangular room with a porous absorber ceiling. Results from the full model are compared with results from other simulation tools and with measurements. The comparisons of the full model are done for real-valued and angle-independent surface properties. The proposed model agrees well with both the measured results and the alternative theories, and furthermore shows a more realistic spatial variation than energy-based methods due to the fact that interference is considered.

On the measurement of airborne, angular-dependent sound transmission through supercritical bars.

PubMed

Shaw, Matthew D; Anderson, Brian E

2012-10-01

The coincidence effect is manifested by maximal sound transmission at angles at which trace wave number matching occurs. Coincidence effect theory is well-defined for unbounded thin plates using plane-wave excitation. However, experimental results for finite bars are known to diverge from theory near grazing angles. Prior experimental work has focused on pulse excitation. An experimental setup has been developed to observe coincidence using continuous- wave excitation and phased-array methods. Experimental results with an aluminum bar exhibit maxima at the predicted angles, showing that coincidence is observable using continuous waves. Transmission near grazing angles is seen to diverge from infinite plate theory.

The Orbital and Planetary Phase Variations of Jupiter-sized Planets: Characterizing Present and Future Giants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mayorga, Laura C.; Jackiewicz, Jason; Rages, Kathy; West, Robert; Knowles, Ben; Lewis, Nikole K.; Marley, Mark S.

2018-01-01

Knowledge of how the brightness and color of a planet varies with viewing angle is essential for the design of future direct imaging missions and deriving constraints on atmospheric properties. However, measuring the phase curves for the solar system gas giants is impossible from the ground. Using data Cassini/ISS obtained during its flyby of Jupiter, I measured Jupiter's phase curve in six bands spanning 400-1000 nm. I found that Jupiter's brightness is less than that of a Lambertian scatterer and that its color varies more with phase angle than predicted by theoretical models. For hot Jupiters, the light from the planet cannot be spatially isolated from that of the star. As a result, determining the planetary phase curve requires removing the phase-dependent contributions from the host star. I consider the effect of varying the stellar model and present a parameterization of the Doppler beaming amplitude that depends upon the planetary mass, orbital period, and the stellar temperature. I consider the detectability of Doppler beaming amplitudes with data from TESS and find that TESS will be less sensitive to this signal than Kepler. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program and the New Mexico Higher Education Department Graduate Scholarship Program.

Electric properties of nanostructure (FeCoZr)x(CaF2)(100-x) produced in argon Ar atmosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bondariev, Vitalii; Czarnacka, Karolina; Boiko, Oleksandr

2015-09-01

The paper presents frequency f and temperature Tp dependences of conductivity σ, capacitance Cp and phase shift angle θ for the nanocomposite metal-dielectric (FeCoZr)x(CaF2)(100-x). Samples of nanocomposite were produced by ion-beam sputtering in pure argon Ar atmosphere. Partial pressure of gas Ar in the ion source pAr=1.1×10-1Pa. Contains of metallic phase in tested sample is x = 54.6 at.%. Studies carried out by stand to measuring of AC electrical properties of nanocomposites and semiconductors. The measurements have been performed using alternating current within the frequency range of 50 Hz - 1 MHz for measuring temperatures ranging from 77 K to 373 K. On the frequency-temperature dependence of phase shift angle θ at low frequencies phase shift have capacitive character and at high frequencies - inductive. Position of fmin on the frequency dependence on capacitance Cp corresponds exactly to the resonance frequency fR for which the angle θ crosses zero. Analysis of the results showed that phenomena similar to phenomena in conventional circuit RLC occur in the nanocomposite (CoFeZr)54.6(CaF2)45.4. Jumping recharging between the defects leads to the formation of dipoles and consequently to the increase of permittivity. After a time τ electron returns to the first defect and dipole disappears. The formation of inductance in nanocomposite is associated with return jumps of electrons from defect with negative charge to the defect with positive charge, set by the time, which are characterized by low values of activation energy.

Properties of seismic absorption induced reflections

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Haixia; Gao, Jinghuai; Peng, Jigen

2018-05-01

Seismic reflections at an interface are often regarded as the variation of the acoustic impedance (product of seismic velocity and density) in a medium. In fact, they can also be generated due to the difference in absorption of the seismic energy. In this paper, we investigate the properties of such reflections. Based on the diffusive-viscous wave equation and elastic diffusive-viscous wave equation, we investigate the dependency of the reflection coefficients on frequency, and their variations with incident angles. Numerical results at a boundary due to absorption contrasts are compared with those resulted from acoustic impedance variation. It is found that, the reflection coefficients resulted from absorption depend significantly on the frequency especially at lower frequencies, but vary very slowly at small incident angles. At the higher frequencies, the reflection coefficients of diffusive-viscous wave and elastic diffusive-viscous wave are close to those of acoustic and elastic cases, respectively. On the other hand, the reflections caused by acoustic impedance variation are independent of frequency but vary distinctly with incident angles before the critical angle. We also investigate the difference between the seismograms generated in the two different media. The numerical results show that the amplitudes of these reflected waves are attenuated and their phases are shifted. However, the reflections obtained by acoustic impedance contrast, show no significant amplitude attenuation and phase shift.

Orientation Dependence of Columnar Dendritic Growth with Sidebranching Behaviors in Directional Solidification: Insights from Phase-Field Simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xing, Hui; Dong, Xianglei; Wang, Jianyuan; Jin, Kexin

2018-04-01

In this study, a thin-interface phase-field model was employed to study the orientation dependence of the columnar dendritic growth with sidebranching behaviors in directional solidification. It was found that the dimensionless tip undercooling increases with the increase of misorientation angle for three pulling velocities. The primary spacing is found to be a function of misorientation angle, and the dimensionless primary spacing with respect to the misorientation angle follows the orientation correction given by Gandin and Rappaz (Acta. Metall. 42:2233-2246, 1994). For the analysis of the dendritic tip, the two-dimensional (2-D) form of the nonaxisymmetric needle crystal was used to determine the radius of the tilted columnar dendrite. Based on the definitions of open side and constrained side of the dendrite, the analysis of the width active sidebranches and the dendritic area in 2-D with respect to the distance from the dendritic tip was carried out to investigate the asymmetrical dendrite envelop and sidebranching behaviors on the two sides in directional solidification. The obtained prefactor and exponent with respect to misorientation angle are discussed, showing that the sidebranching behaviors of a tilted columnar dendritic array obey a similar power-law relationship with that of a free dendritic growth.

Effect of vision angle on the phase transition in flocking behavior of animal groups

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nguyen, P. The; Lee, Sang-Hee; Ngo, V. Thanh

2015-09-01

The nature of the phase transition in a system of self-propelling particles has been extensively studied during the past few decades. A theoretical model was proposed by [T. Vicsek et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1226 (1995), 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1226] with a simple rule for updating the direction of motion of each particle. Based on the model of Vicsek et al., in this paper, we consider a group of animals as particles moving freely in a two-dimensional space. Due to the fact that the viewable area of animals depends on the species, we consider the motion of each individual within an angle φ =ϕ /2 (ϕ is called the angle of view) of a circle centered at its position of radius R . We obtained a phase diagram in the space (φ ,ηc ) with ηc being the critical noise. We show that the phase transition exists only in the case of a wide view's angle φ ≥0.5 π . The flocking of animals is a universal behavior of the species of prey but not the one of the predator. Our simulation results are in good agreement with experimental observation [C. Beccoa et al., Physica A 367, 487 (2006), 10.1016/j.physa.2005.11.041].

Derivation of Cloud Heating Rate Profiles using observations of Mixed-Phase Arctic Clouds: Impacts of Solar Zenith Angle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, G.; McFarquhar, G.; Poellot, M.; Verlinde, J.; Heymsfield, A.; Kok, G.

2005-12-01

Arctic stratus clouds play an important role in the energy balance of the Arctic region. Previous studies have suggested that Arctic stratus persist due to a balance among cloud top radiation cooling, latent heating, ice crystal fall out and large scale forcing. In this study, radiative heating profiles through Arctic stratus are computed using cloud, surface and thermodynamic observations obtained during the Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE) as input to the radiative transfer model STREAMER. In particular, microphysical and macrophycial cloud properties such as phase, water content, effective particle size, particle shape, cloud height and cloud thickness were derived using data collected by in-situ sensors on the University of North Dakota (UND) Citation and ground-based remote sensors at Barrow and Oliktok Point. Temperature profiles were derived from radiosonde launches and a fresh snow surface was assumed. One series of sensitivity studies explored the dependence of the heating profile on the solar zenith angle. For smaller solar zenith angles, more incoming solar radiation is received at cloud top acting to counterbalance infrared cooling. As solar zenith angle in the Arctic is large compared to low latitudes, a large solar zenith angle may contribute to the longevity of these clouds.

Phase-Array Approach to Optical Whispering Gallery Modulators

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Strekalov, Dmitry

2010-01-01

This technology leverages the well-defined orbital number of a whispering gallery modulator (WGM) to expand the range of applications for such resonators. This property rigidly connects the phase variation of the field in this mode with the azimuthal angle between the coupling locations. A WGM with orbital momentum L has exactly L instant nodes around the circumference of the WGM resonator supporting such a mode. Therefore, in two locations separated by the arc alpha, the phase difference of such a field will be equal to phi= alpha L. Coupling the field out of such locations, and into a balanced interferometer, once can observe a complete constructive or distractive interference (or have any situation in between) depending on the angle alpha. Similarly, a mode L + delta L will pick up the phase phi + alpha delta L. In all applications of a WGM resonator as a modulator, the orbital numbers for the carrier and sidebands are different, and their differences delta L are known (usually, but not necessarily, delta L = 1). Therefore, the choice of the angle alpha, and of the interferometer arms difference, allows one to control the relative phase between different modes and to perform the conversion, separation, and filtering tasks necessary.

The hysteretic evapotranspiration - vapor pressure deficit relation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Q.; Manzoni, S.; Katul, G. G.; Porporato, A. M.; Yang, D.

2013-12-01

Diurnal hysteresis between evapotranspiration (ET) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was reported in many ecosystems but justification for its onset and magnitude remain incomplete with biotic and abiotic factors invoked as possible explanations. To place these explanations within a mathematical framework, ';rate-dependent' hysteresis originating from a phase angle difference between periodic input and output time series is first considered. Lysimeter evaporation (E) measurements from wet bare soils and model calculations using the Penman equation demonstrate that the E-VPD hysteresis emerges without any biotic effects due to a phase angle difference (or time lag) between net radiation the main driver of E, and VPD. Modulations originating from biotic effects on the ET-VPD hysteresis were then considered. The phase angle difference representation earlier employed was mathematically transformed into a storage problem and applied to the soil-plant system. The transformed system shows that soil moisture storage within the root zone can produce an ET-VPD hysteresis prototypical of those generated by phase-angle differences. To explore the interplay between all the lags in the soil-plant-atmosphere system and phase angle differences among forcing and response variables, a detailed soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) model was developed and applied to a grassland ecosystem. The results of the SPAC model suggest that the hysteresis magnitude depends on the radiation-VPD lag. The soil moisture dry-down simulations also suggest that modeled root water potential and leaf water potential are both better indicators of the hysteresis magnitude than soil moisture, suggesting that plant water status is the main factor regulating the hysteretic relation between ET and VPD. Hence, the genesis and magnitude of the ET-VPD hysteresis are controlled directly by both biotic factors and abiotic factors such as time lag between radiation and VPD originating from boundary layer processes. Measured eddy covariance evapotranspiration (ET) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) time series normalized by their maximum values collected in a grassland ecosystem. The magnitude of the hysteresis is quantified as the area enveloped by the ET-VPD relation (Ahys). The arrows together with time ticks indicate the progression of the diurnal cycle from sunrise to sunset.

Retrieval of Aerosol Phase Function and Polarized Phase Function from Polarization of Skylight for Different Observation Geometries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, L.; Qie, L. L.; Xu, H.; Li, Z. Q.

2018-04-01

The phase function and polarized phase function are important optical parameters, which describe scattering properties of atmospheric aerosol particles. Polarization of skylight induced by the scattering processes is sensitive to the scattering properties of aerosols. The Stokes parameters I, Q, U and the polarized radiance Lp of skylight measured by the CIMEL dual-polar sun-sky radiometer CE318- DP can be use to retrieve the phase function and polarized phase function, respectively. Two different observation geometries (i.e., the principal plane and almucantar) are preformed by the CE318-DP to detect skylight polarization. Polarization of skylight depends on the illumination and observation geometries. For the same solar zenith angle, retrievals of the phase function and the polarized phase function are still affected by the observation geometry. The performance of the retrieval algorithm for the principal plane and almucantar observation geometries was assessed by the numerical experiments at two typical high and low sun's positions (i.e. solar zenith angles are equal to 45° and 65°). Comparing the results for the principal plane and almucantar geometries, it is recommended to utilize the principal plane observations to retrieve the phase function when the solar zenith angle is small. The Stokes parameter U and the polarized radiance Lp from the almucantar observations are suggested to retrieve the polarized phase function, especially for short wavelength channels (e.g., 440 and 500 nm).

Alpha phase determines successful lexical decision in noise.

PubMed

Strauß, Antje; Henry, Molly J; Scharinger, Mathias; Obleser, Jonas

2015-02-18

Psychophysical target detection has been shown to be modulated by slow oscillatory brain phase. However, thus far, only low-level sensory stimuli have been used as targets. The current human electroencephalography (EEG) study examined the influence of neural oscillatory phase on a lexical-decision task performed for stimuli embedded in noise. Neural phase angles were compared for correct versus incorrect lexical decisions using a phase bifurcation index (BI), which quantifies differences in mean phase angles and phase concentrations between correct and incorrect trials. Neural phase angles in the alpha frequency range (8-12 Hz) over right anterior sensors were approximately antiphase in a prestimulus time window, and thus successfully distinguished between correct and incorrect lexical decisions. Moreover, alpha-band oscillations were again approximately antiphase across participants for correct versus incorrect trials during a later peristimulus time window (∼500 ms) at left-central electrodes. Strikingly, lexical decision accuracy was not predicted by either event-related potentials (ERPs) or oscillatory power measures. We suggest that correct lexical decisions depend both on successful sensory processing, which is made possible by the alignment of stimulus onset with an optimal alpha phase, as well as integration and weighting of decisional information, which is coupled to alpha phase immediately following the critical manipulation that differentiated words from pseudowords. The current study constitutes a first step toward characterizing the role of dynamic oscillatory brain states for higher cognitive functions, such as spoken word recognition. Copyright © 2015 the authors 0270-6474/15/353256-07$15.00/0.

Apparent contact angle and contact angle hysteresis on liquid infused surfaces.

PubMed

Semprebon, Ciro; McHale, Glen; Kusumaatmaja, Halim

2016-12-21

We theoretically investigate the apparent contact angle and contact angle hysteresis of a droplet placed on a liquid infused surface. We show that the apparent contact angle is not uniquely defined by material parameters, but also has a dependence on the relative size between the droplet and its surrounding wetting ridge formed by the infusing liquid. We derive a closed form expression for the contact angle in the limit of vanishing wetting ridge, and compute the correction for small but finite ridge, which corresponds to an effective line tension term. We also predict contact angle hysteresis on liquid infused surfaces generated by the pinning of the contact lines by the surface corrugations. Our analytical expressions for both the apparent contact angle and contact angle hysteresis can be interpreted as 'weighted sums' between the contact angles of the infusing liquid relative to the droplet and surrounding gas phases, where the weighting coefficients are given by ratios of the fluid surface tensions.

Wetting and phase separation in soft adhesion

PubMed Central

Jensen, Katharine E.; Sarfati, Raphael; Style, Robert W.; Boltyanskiy, Rostislav; Chakrabarti, Aditi; Chaudhury, Manoj K.; Dufresne, Eric R.

2015-01-01

In the classic theory of solid adhesion, surface energy drives deformation to increase contact area whereas bulk elasticity opposes it. Recently, solid surface stress has been shown also to play an important role in opposing deformation of soft materials. This suggests that the contact line in soft adhesion should mimic that of a liquid droplet, with a contact angle determined by surface tensions. Consistent with this hypothesis, we observe a contact angle of a soft silicone substrate on rigid silica spheres that depends on the surface functionalization but not the sphere size. However, to satisfy this wetting condition without a divergent elastic stress, the gel phase separates from its solvent near the contact line. This creates a four-phase contact zone with two additional contact lines hidden below the surface of the substrate. Whereas the geometries of these contact lines are independent of the size of the sphere, the volume of the phase-separated region is not, but rather depends on the indentation volume. These results indicate that theories of adhesion of soft gels need to account for both the compressibility of the gel network and a nonzero surface stress between the gel and its solvent. PMID:26553989

Type-I non-critically phase-matched second-harmonic generation in Gd1-xYxCa4O(BO3)3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burmester, P. B. W.; Kellner, T.; Petermann, K.; Huber, G.; Uecker, R.; Reiche, P.

Second-harmonic generation was z-cut observed Gd1-xYxCa4O(BO3)3 (Gd1-xYxCOB) and the dependence of the phase-matching wavelength on the mixing ratio x has been investigated. The dependence on both temperature and angle tuning was examined as well. We found the suitable composition for noncritical frequency doubling at 930 nm, which is the lasing wavelength of Nd:YAlO3 on the 4F3/2?4I9/2 transition.

Coherent backscattering effect in spectra of icy satellites and its modeling using multi-sphere T-matrix (MSTM) code for layers of particles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pitman, Karly M.; Kolokolova, Ludmilla; Verbiscer, Anne J.; Mackowski, Daniel W.; Joseph, Emily C. S.

2017-12-01

The coherent backscattering effect (CBE), the constructive interference of light scattering in particulate surfaces (e.g., regolith), manifests as a non-linear increase in reflectance, or opposition surge, and a narrow negative polarization feature at small solar phase angles. Due to a strong dependence of the amplitude and angular width of this opposition surge on the absorptive characteristics of the surface material, CBE also produces phase-angle-dependent variations in the near-infrared spectra. In this paper we present a survey of such variations in the spectra of icy satellites of Saturn obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) and in the ground-based spectra of Oberon, a satellite of Uranus, obtained with TripleSpec, a cross-dispersed near-infrared spectrometer on the Astrophysical Research Consortium 3.5-m telescope located at the Apache Point Observatory near Sunspot, New Mexico. The paper also presents computer modeling of the saturnian satellite spectra and their phase-angle variations using the most recent version of the Multi-Sphere T-Matrix (MSTM) code developed to simulate light scattering by layers of randomly distributed spherical particles. The modeling allowed us not only to reproduce the observed effects but also to estimate characteristics of the icy particles that cover the surfaces of Rhea, Dione, and Tethys.

Advances in Instrumental Techniques for Investigating Planetary Regolith Microstructure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smythe, W. D.; Nelson, R. M.; Hapke, B. W.; Mannatt, K. S.; Eady, J.

2005-05-01

Introduction: The Opposition Effect (OE) is the non-linear increase in the intensity of light scattered from a surface as phase angle approaches 0o. It is seen in laboratory experiments and in remote sensing observations of planetary surfaces. Understanding the OE is a requirement to fitting photometric models which will produce meaningful results about regolith texture. Previously we have reported measurements from the JPL long arm goniometer and we have shown that this instrument enables us to distinguish between two distinct processes which create the opposition surges, Shadow Hiding (SHOE) and Coherent Backscattering (CBOE)(Hapke et al., 1993; Nelson, et al. 2000; 2002). SHOE arises because, as phase angle approaches zero, shadows cast by regolith grains on other grains become invisible to the observer. CBOE results from constructive interference between rays traveling the same path but in opposite directions. Our instrument was able to measure the phase curve using linearly and circularly polarized light which enabled us to distinguish between the singly and multiply scattered components in the reflected radiation. We were able to measure to angles as small at 0.05 degrees but our results were limited to maximum measurements of only 5 degrees. In the last year, we have extensively renovated the instrument so that measurements can be made from phase angles as small at 0.05 degrees to 20 degrees. This permits us to study the reflectance phase curve and the linear and circular polarization phase curves for phase angles at which important changes occur depending principally on the albedo, the particle size and the single scattering phase function of the material under investigation. We report the results from the first series of measurements of the refurbished instrument. The Experiment: We measured the angular scattering properties of 13 mixtures of Aluminum Oxide powders of the different particle size (0.1 to 30 microns). Along with the reflectance phase curve we measured the circular polarization ratio (CPR)-the ratio of the intensity of the light returned with the same helicity as the incident light to that with the opposite helicity. An increase in CPR with decreasing phase angle indicates increased multiple scattering and is consistent with CBOE (Hapke, 1993). Our results extended to a phase angle of 20 degrees are consistent with our earlier investigations which were limited to phase angles less than 5 degrees. We are also able to measure important parts of the linear and circular polarization phase curve which we had previously been unable to measure. Acknowledgement: This work was done at JPL and Pitt and was supported by NASA's PGG program. References: Hapke, 1993, Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy, Cambridge Hapke, B.W., R.M. Nelson, and W.D. Smythe, 1993, Science, 260, 509-511. Nelson, et al. 2000. Icarus, 147, 545-558. Nelson, et al., 2002, Planetary and Space Science, 50, 849-856.

Angle-dependent electron spin resonance of YbRh2Si2 measured with planar microwave resonators and in-situ rotation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bondorf, Linda; Beutel, Manfred; Thiemann, Markus; Dressel, Martin; Bothner, Daniel; Sichelschmidt, Jörg; Kliemt, Kristin; Krellner, Cornelius; Scheffler, Marc

2018-05-01

We present a new experimental approach to investigate the magnetic properties of the anisotropic heavy-fermion system YbRh2Si2 as a function of crystallographic orientation. Angle-dependent electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements are performed at a low temperature of 1.6 K and at an ESR frequency of 4.4 GHz utilizing a superconducting planar microwave resonator in a 4He-cryostat in combination with in-situ sample rotation. The obtained ESR g-factor of YbRh2Si2 as a function of the crystallographic angle is consistent with results of previous measurements using conventional ESR spectrometers at higher frequencies and fields. Perspectives to implement this experimental approach into a dilution refrigerator and to reach the magnetically ordered phase of YbRh2Si2 are discussed.

Numerical investigation of the early flight phase in ski-jumping.

PubMed

Gardan, N; Schneider, A; Polidori, G; Trenchard, H; Seigneur, J M; Beaumont, F; Fourchet, F; Taiar, R

2017-07-05

The purpose of this study is to develop a numerical methodology based on real data from wind tunnel experiments to investigate the effect of the ski jumper's posture and speed on aerodynamic forces in a wide range of angles of attack. To improve our knowledge of the aerodynamic behavior of the ski jumper and his equipment during the early flight phase of the ski jump, we applied CFD methodology to evaluate the influence of angle of attack (α=14°, 21.5°, 29°, 36.5° and 44°) and speed (u=23, 26 and 29m/s) on aerodynamic forces in the situation of stable attitude of the ski jumper's body and skis. The standard k-ω turbulence model was used to investigate both the influence of the ski jumper's posture and speed on aerodynamic performance during the early flight phase. Numerical results show that the ski jumper's speed has very little impact on the lift and drag coefficients. Conversely, the lift and drag forces acting on the ski jumper's body during the early flight phase of the jump are strongly influenced by the variations of the angle of attack. The present results suggest that the greater the ski jumper's angle of inclination, with respect to the relative flow, the greater the pressure difference between the lower and upper parts of the skier. Further studies will focus on the dependency of the parameters with both the angle of attack α and the body-ski angle β as control variables. It will be possible to test and optimize different ski jumping styles in different ski jumping hills and investigate different environmental conditions such as temperature, altitude or crosswinds. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

One node driving synchronisation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Chengwei; Grebogi, Celso; Baptista, Murilo S.

2015-12-01

Abrupt changes of behaviour in complex networks can be triggered by a single node. This work describes the dynamical fundamentals of how the behaviour of one node affects the whole network formed by coupled phase-oscillators with heterogeneous coupling strengths. The synchronisation of phase-oscillators is independent of the distribution of the natural frequencies, weakly depends on the network size, but highly depends on only one key oscillator whose ratio between its natural frequency in a rotating frame and its coupling strength is maximum. This result is based on a novel method to calculate the critical coupling strength with which the phase-oscillators emerge into frequency synchronisation. In addition, we put forward an analytical method to approximately calculate the phase-angles for the synchronous oscillators.

One node driving synchronisation

PubMed Central

Wang, Chengwei; Grebogi, Celso; Baptista, Murilo S.

2015-01-01

Abrupt changes of behaviour in complex networks can be triggered by a single node. This work describes the dynamical fundamentals of how the behaviour of one node affects the whole network formed by coupled phase-oscillators with heterogeneous coupling strengths. The synchronisation of phase-oscillators is independent of the distribution of the natural frequencies, weakly depends on the network size, but highly depends on only one key oscillator whose ratio between its natural frequency in a rotating frame and its coupling strength is maximum. This result is based on a novel method to calculate the critical coupling strength with which the phase-oscillators emerge into frequency synchronisation. In addition, we put forward an analytical method to approximately calculate the phase-angles for the synchronous oscillators. PMID:26656718

Next Generation 3D Mixed Mode Fracture Propagation Theory Including HCF-LCF Interaction (Preprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

vectors. Depending on processing symmetries, the six principal fracture resistance values may not all be unique. If they are all equal, and l m=1...detail, see [26]. Table 1. Inco 718 Crack Kink angle Data Measured Kink Angles Spec No RI RII RIII KI+ KII+ KIII+ Mean Beq Primary Secondary In Phase 1...R. Ingraffea, “Interactive Finite-Element Analyses of Fracture Processes : An Integrated Approach”, Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, Vol

Tetragonal and collapsed-tetragonal phases of CaFe2As2 : A view from angle-resolved photoemission and dynamical mean-field theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Roekeghem, Ambroise; Richard, Pierre; Shi, Xun; Wu, Shangfei; Zeng, Lingkun; Saparov, Bayrammurad; Ohtsubo, Yoshiyuki; Qian, Tian; Sefat, Athena S.; Biermann, Silke; Ding, Hong

2016-06-01

We present a study of the tetragonal to collapsed-tetragonal transition of CaFe2As2 using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and dynamical mean field theory-based electronic structure calculations. We observe that the collapsed-tetragonal phase exhibits reduced correlations and a higher coherence temperature due to the stronger Fe-As hybridization. Furthermore, a comparison of measured photoemission spectra and theoretical spectral functions shows that momentum-dependent corrections to the density functional band structure are essential for the description of low-energy quasiparticle dispersions. We introduce those using the recently proposed combined "screened exchange + dynamical mean field theory" scheme.

Suppression of Self-Induced Flavor Conversion in the Supernova Accretion Phase

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sarikas, Srdjan; Raffelt, Georg G.; Hüdepohl, Lorenz; Janka, Hans-Thomas

2012-02-01

Self-induced flavor conversions of supernova (SN) neutrinos can strongly modify the flavor-dependent fluxes. We perform a linearized flavor stability analysis with accretion-phase matter profiles of a 15M⊙ spherically symmetric model and corresponding neutrino fluxes. We use realistic energy and angle distributions, the latter deviating strongly from quasi-isotropic emission, thus accounting for both multiangle and multienergy effects. For our matter and neutrino density profile we always find stable conditions: flavor conversions are limited to the usual Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect. In this case one may distinguish the neutrino mass hierarchy in a SN neutrino signal if the mixing angle θ13 is as large as suggested by recent experiments.

Suppression of self-induced flavor conversion in the supernova accretion phase.

PubMed

Sarikas, Srdjan; Raffelt, Georg G; Hüdepohl, Lorenz; Janka, Hans-Thomas

2012-02-10

Self-induced flavor conversions of supernova (SN) neutrinos can strongly modify the flavor-dependent fluxes. We perform a linearized flavor stability analysis with accretion-phase matter profiles of a 15M[symbol: see text] spherically symmetric model and corresponding neutrino fluxes. We use realistic energy and angle distributions, the latter deviating strongly from quasi-isotropic emission, thus accounting for both multiangle and multienergy effects. For our matter and neutrino density profile we always find stable conditions: flavor conversions are limited to the usual Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect. In this case one may distinguish the neutrino mass hierarchy in a SN neutrino signal if the mixing angle θ13 is as large as suggested by recent experiments.

Photometric normalization of LROC WAC images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sato, H.; Denevi, B.; Robinson, M. S.; Hapke, B. W.; McEwen, A. S.; LROC Science Team

2010-12-01

The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Wide Angle Camera (WAC) acquires near global coverage on a monthly basis. The WAC is a push frame sensor with a 90° field of view (FOV) in BW mode and 60° FOV in 7-color mode (320 nm to 689 nm). WAC images are acquired during each orbit in 10° latitude segments with cross track coverage of ~50 km. Before mosaicking, WAC images are radiometrically calibrated to remove instrumental artifacts and to convert at sensor radiance to I/F. Images are also photometrically normalized to common viewing and illumination angles (30° phase), a challenge due to the wide angle nature of the WAC where large differences in phase angle are observed in a single image line (±30°). During a single month the equatorial incidence angle drifts about 28° and over the course of ~1 year the lighting completes a 360° cycle. The light scattering properties of the lunar surface depend on incidence(i), emission(e), and phase(p) angles as well as soil properties such as single-scattering albedo and roughness that vary with terrain type and state of maturity [1]. We first tested a Lommel-Seeliger Correction (LSC) [cos(i)/(cos(i) + cos(e))] [2] with a phase function defined by an exponential decay plus 4th order polynomial term [3] which did not provide an adequate solution. Next we employed a LSC with an exponential 2nd order decay phase correction that was an improvement, but still exhibited unacceptable frame-to-frame residuals. In both cases we fitted the LSC I/F vs. phase angle to derive the phase corrections. To date, the best results are with a lunar-lambert function [4] with exponential 2nd order decay phase correction (LLEXP2) [(A1exp(B1p)+A2exp(B2p)+A3) * cos(i)/(cos(e) + cos(i)) + B3cos(i)]. We derived the parameters for the LLEXP2 from repeat imaging of a small region and then corrected that region with excellent results. When this correction was applied to the whole Moon the results were less than optimal - no surprise given the variability of the regolith from region to region. As the fitting area increases, the accuracy of curve fitting decreases due to the larger variety of albedo, topography, and composition. Thus we have adopted an albedo-dependent photometric normalization routine. Phase curves are derived for discreet bins of preliminary normalized reflectance calculated from Clementine global mosaic in a fitting area that is composed of predominantly mare in Oceanus Procellarum. The global WAC mosaic was then corrected pixel-by-pixel according to its preliminary reflectance map with satisfactory results. We observed that the phase curves per normalized-reflectance bins become steeper as the reflectance value increases. Further filtering by using FeO, TiO2, or optical maturity [5] for parameter calculations may help elucidate the effects of surface composition and maturity on photometric properties of the surface. [1] Hapke, B.W. (1993) Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy, Cambridge Univ. Press. [2] Schoenberg (1925) Ada. Soc. Febb., vol. 50. [3] Hillier et al. (1999) Icarus 141, 205-225. [4] McEwen (1991) Icarus 92, 298-311. [5] Lucey et al. (2000) JGR, v105, no E8, p20377-20386.

The influence of interfacial slip on two-phase flow in rough pores

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kucala, Alec; Martinez, Mario J.; Wang, Yifeng

The migration and trapping of supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2) in geologic carbon storage is strongly dependent on the geometry and wettability of the pore network in the reservoir rock. During displacement, resident fluids may become trapped in the pits of a rough pore surface forming an immiscible two-phase fluid interface with the invading fluid, allowing apparent slip flow at this interface. We present a two-phase fluid dynamics model, including interfacial tension, to characterize the impact of mineral surface roughness on this slip flow. We show that the slip flow can be cast in more familiar terms as a contact-anglemore » (wettability)-dependent effective permeability to the invading fluid, a nondimensional measurement which relates the interfacial slip to the pore geometry. The analysis shows the surface roughness-induced slip flow can effectively increase or decrease this effective permeability, depending on the wettability and roughness of the mineral surfaces. Configurations of the pore geometry where interfacial slip has a tangible influence on permeability have been identified. The results suggest that for large roughness features, permeability to CO 2 may be enhanced by approximately 30% during drainage, while the permeability to brine during reimbibition may be enhanced or diminished by 60%, depending on the contact angle with the mineral surfaces and degrees of roughness. For smaller roughness features, the changes in permeability through interfacial slip are small. As a result, a much larger range of effective permeabilities are suggested for general fluid pairs and contact angles, including occlusion of the pore by the trapped phase.« less

The influence of interfacial slip on two-phase flow in rough pores

DOE PAGES

Kucala, Alec; Martinez, Mario J.; Wang, Yifeng; ...

2017-08-01

The migration and trapping of supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2) in geologic carbon storage is strongly dependent on the geometry and wettability of the pore network in the reservoir rock. During displacement, resident fluids may become trapped in the pits of a rough pore surface forming an immiscible two-phase fluid interface with the invading fluid, allowing apparent slip flow at this interface. We present a two-phase fluid dynamics model, including interfacial tension, to characterize the impact of mineral surface roughness on this slip flow. We show that the slip flow can be cast in more familiar terms as a contact-anglemore » (wettability)-dependent effective permeability to the invading fluid, a nondimensional measurement which relates the interfacial slip to the pore geometry. The analysis shows the surface roughness-induced slip flow can effectively increase or decrease this effective permeability, depending on the wettability and roughness of the mineral surfaces. Configurations of the pore geometry where interfacial slip has a tangible influence on permeability have been identified. The results suggest that for large roughness features, permeability to CO 2 may be enhanced by approximately 30% during drainage, while the permeability to brine during reimbibition may be enhanced or diminished by 60%, depending on the contact angle with the mineral surfaces and degrees of roughness. For smaller roughness features, the changes in permeability through interfacial slip are small. As a result, a much larger range of effective permeabilities are suggested for general fluid pairs and contact angles, including occlusion of the pore by the trapped phase.« less

Elastic excitations in BaTiO3 single crystals and ceramics: Mobile domain boundaries and polar nanoregions observed by resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salje, Ekhard K. H.; Carpenter, Michael A.; Nataf, Guillaume F.; Picht, Gunnar; Webber, Kyle; Weerasinghe, Jeevaka; Lisenkov, S.; Bellaiche, L.

2013-01-01

The dynamic properties of elastic domain walls in BaTiO3 were investigated using resonance ultrasonic spectroscopy (RUS). The sequence of phase transitions is characterized by minima in the temperature dependence of RUS resonance frequencies and changes in Q factors (resonance damping). Damping is related to the friction of mobile twin boundaries (90° ferroelectric walls) and distorted polar nanoregions (PNRs) in the cubic phase. Damping is largest in the tetragonal phase of ceramic materials but very low in single crystals. Damping is also small in the low-temperature phases of the ceramic sample and slightly increases with decreasing temperature in the single crystal. The phase angle between the real and imaginary part of the dynamic response function changes drastically in the cubic and tetragonal phases and remains constant in the orthorhombic phase. Other phases show a moderate dependence of the phase angle on temperature showing systematic changes of twin microstructures. Mobile twin boundaries (or sections of twin boundaries such as kinks inside twin walls) contribute strongly to the energy dissipation of the forced oscillation while the reduction in effective modulus due to relaxing twin domains is weak. Single crystals and ceramics show strong precursor softening in the cubic phase related to polar nanoregions (PNRs). The effective modulus decreases when the transition point of the cubic-tetragonal transformation is approached from above. The precursor softening follows temperature dependence very similar to recent results from Brillouin scattering. Between the Burns temperature (≈586 K) and Tc at 405 K, we found a good fit of the squared RUS frequency [˜Δ (C11-C12)] to a Vogel-Fulcher process with an activation energy of ˜0.2 eV. Finally, some first-principles-based effective Hamiltonian computations were carried out in BaTiO3 single domains to explain some of these observations in terms of the dynamics of the soft mode and central mode.

Correlating contact line capillarity and dynamic contact angle hysteresis in surfactant-nanoparticle based complex fluids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harikrishnan, A. R.; Dhar, Purbarun; Agnihotri, Prabhat K.; Gedupudi, Sateesh; Das, Sarit K.

2018-04-01

Dynamic wettability and contact angle hysteresis can be correlated to shed insight onto any solid-liquid interaction. Complex fluids are capable of altering the expected hysteresis and dynamic wetting behavior due to interfacial interactions. We report the effect of capillary number on the dynamic advancing and receding contact angles of surfactant-based nanocolloidal solutions on hydrophilic, near hydrophobic, and superhydrophobic surfaces by performing forced wetting and de-wetting experiments by employing the embedded needle method. A segregated study is performed to infer the contributing effects of the constituents and effects of particle morphology. The static contact angle hysteresis is found to be a function of particle and surfactant concentrations and greatly depends on the nature of the morphology of the particles. An order of estimate of line energy and a dynamic flow parameter called spreading factor and the transient variations of these parameters are explored which sheds light on the dynamics of contact line movement and response to perturbation of three-phase contact. The Cox-Voinov-Tanner law was found to hold for hydrophilic and a weak dependency on superhydrophobic surfaces with capillary number, and even for the complex fluids, with a varying degree of dependency for different fluids.

Bioelectrical impedance phase angle relates to function, disease severity and prognosis in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PubMed

Maddocks, Matthew; Kon, Samantha S C; Jones, Sarah E; Canavan, Jane L; Nolan, Claire M; Higginson, Irene J; Gao, Wei; Polkey, Michael I; Man, William D-C

2015-12-01

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) provides a simple method to assess changes in body composition. Raw BIA variables such as phase angle provide direct information on cellular mass and integrity, without the assumptions inherent in estimating body compartments, e.g. fat-free mass (FFM). Phase angle is a strong functional and prognostic marker in many disease states, but data in COPD are lacking. Our aims were to describe the measurement of phase angle in patients with stable COPD and determine the construct and discriminate validity of phase angle by assessing its relationship with established markers of function, disease severity and prognosis. 502 outpatients with stable COPD were studied. Phase angle and FFM by BIA, quadriceps strength (QMVC), 4-m gait speed (4MGS), 5 sit-to-stand time (5STS), incremental shuttle walk (ISW), and composite prognostic indices (ADO, iBODE) were measured. Patients were stratified into normal and low phase angle and FFM index. Phase angle correlated positively with FFM and functional outcomes (r = 0.35-0.66, p < 0.001) and negatively with prognostic indices (r = -0.35 to -0.48, p < 0.001). In regression models, phase angle was independently associated with ISW, ADO and iBODE whereas FFM was removed. One hundred and seventy patients (33.9% [95% CI, 29.9-38.1]) had a low phase angle. Phenotypic characteristics included lower QMVC, ISW, and 4MGS, higher 5STS, ADO and iBODE scores, and more exacerbations and hospital days in past year. The proportion of patients to have died was significantly higher in patients with low phase angle compared to those with normal phase angle (8.2% versus 3.6%, p = 0.02). Phase angle relates to markers of function, disease severity and prognosis in patients with COPD. As a directly measured variable, phase angle offers more useful information than fat-free mass indices. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.

Body composition in remission of childhood cancer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tseytlin, G. Ja; Anisimova, A. V.; Godina, E. Z.; Khomyakova, I. A.; Konovalova, M. V.; Nikolaev, D. V.; Rudnev, S. G.; Starunova, O. A.; Vashura, A. Yu

2012-12-01

Here, we describe the results of a cross-sectional bioimpedance study of body composition in 552 Russian children and adolescents aged 7-17 years in remission of various types of cancer (remission time 0-15 years, median 4 years). A sample of 1500 apparently healthy individuals of the same age interval was used for comparison. Our data show high frequency of malnutrition in total cancer patients group depending on type of cancer. 52.7% of patients were malnourished according to phase angle and percentage fat mass z-score with the range between 42.2% in children with solid tumors located outside CNS and 76.8% in children with CNS tumors. The body mass index failed to identify the proportion of patients with malnutrition and showed diagnostic sensitivity 50.6% for obesity on the basis of high percentage body fat and even much less so for undernutrition - 13.4% as judged by low phase angle. Our results suggest an advantage of using phase angle as the most sensitive bioimpedance indicator for the assessment of metabolic alterations, associated risks, and the effectiveness of rehabilitation strategies in childhood cancer patients.

Mathematical modeling of two phase stratified flow in a microchannel with curved interface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dandekar, Rajat; Picardo, Jason R.; Pushpavanam, S.

2017-11-01

Stratified or layered two-phase flows are encountered in several applications of microchannels, such as solvent extraction. Assuming steady, unidirectional creeping flow, it is possible to solve the Stokes equations by the method of eigenfunctions, provided the interface is flat and meets the wall with a 90 degree contact angle. However, in reality the contact angle depends on the pair of liquids and the material of the channel, and differs significantly from 90 degrees in many practical cases. For unidirectional flow, this implies that the interface is a circular arc (of constant curvature). We solve this problem within the framework of eigenfunctions, using the procedure developed by Shankar. We consider two distinct cases: (a) the interface meets the wall with the equilibrium contact angle; (b) the interface is pinned by surface treatment of the walls, so that the flow rates determine the apparent contact angle. We show that the contact angle appreciably affects the velocity profile and the volume fractions of the liquids, while limiting the range of flow rates that can be sustained without the interface touching the top/bottom walls. Non-intuitively, we find that the pressure drop is reduced when the more viscous liquid wets the wall.

Cheaper Synthesis Of Multipole-Brushless-dc-Motor Current

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alhorn, Dean C.; Howard, David E.

1994-01-01

Circuit converts output of single two-phase shaft-angle resolver to that of multi-speed three-phase shaft-angle resolver. Converter circuit applicable to generation of multispeed, multiphase shaft-angle-resolver signals from single two-phase shaft-angle resolver. Combination of converter circuit and single two-phase shaft-angle resolver offer advantages in cost, weight, size, and complexity. Design readily adaptable to two-phase motor.

Small-angle neutron scattering study of magnetic ordering and inhomogeneity across the martensitic phase transformation in Ni 50–xCo xMn₄₀Sn₁₀ alloys

DOE PAGES

Bhatti, Kanwal Preet; El-Khatib, S.; Srivastava, Vijay; ...

2012-04-27

The Heusler-derived multiferroic alloy Ni 50–xCo xMn₄₀Sn₁₀ has recently been shown to exhibit, at just above room temperature, a highly reversible martensitic phase transformation with an unusually large magnetization change. In this work the nature of the magnetic ordering above and below this transformation has been studied in detail in the critical composition range x = 6–8 via temperature-dependent (5–600 K) magnetometry and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). We observe fairly typical paramagnetic to long-range-ordered ferromagnetic phase transitions on cooling to 420–430 K, with the expected critical spin fluctuations, followed by first-order martensitic phase transformations to a nonferromagnetic state below 360–390more » K. The static magnetization reveals complex magnetism in this low-temperature nonferromagnetic phase, including a Langevin-like field dependence, distinct spin freezing near 60 K, and significant exchange bias effects, consistent with superparamagnetic blocking of ferromagnetic clusters of nanoscopic dimensions. We demonstrate that these spin clusters, whose existence has been hypothesized in a variety of martensitic alloys exhibiting competition between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions, can be directly observed by SANS. The scattering data are consistent with a liquidlike spatial distribution of interacting magnetic clusters with a mean center-to-center spacing of 12 nm. Considering the behavior of the superparmagnetism, cooling-field and temperature-dependent exchange bias, and magnetic SANS, we discuss in detail the physical form and origin of these spin clusters, their intercluster interactions, the nature of the ground-state magnetic ordering in the martensitic phase, and the implications for our understanding of such alloy systems.« less

A phase quantification method based on EBSD data for a continuously cooled microalloyed steel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhao, H.; Wynne, B.P.; Palmiere, E.J., E-mail: e.j

2017-01-15

Mechanical properties of steels depend on the phase constitutions of the final microstructures which can be related to the processing parameters. Therefore, accurate quantification of different phases is necessary to investigate the relationships between processing parameters, final microstructures and mechanical properties. Point counting on micrographs observed by optical or scanning electron microscopy is widely used as a phase quantification method, and different phases are discriminated according to their morphological characteristics. However, it is difficult to differentiate some of the phase constituents with similar morphology. Differently, for EBSD based phase quantification methods, besides morphological characteristics, other parameters derived from the orientationmore » information can also be used for discrimination. In this research, a phase quantification method based on EBSD data in the unit of grains was proposed to identify and quantify the complex phase constitutions of a microalloyed steel subjected to accelerated coolings. Characteristics of polygonal ferrite/quasi-polygonal ferrite, acicular ferrite and bainitic ferrite on grain averaged misorientation angles, aspect ratios, high angle grain boundary fractions and grain sizes were analysed and used to develop the identification criteria for each phase. Comparing the results obtained by this EBSD based method and point counting, it was found that this EBSD based method can provide accurate and reliable phase quantification results for microstructures with relatively slow cooling rates. - Highlights: •A phase quantification method based on EBSD data in the unit of grains was proposed. •The critical grain area above which GAM angles are valid parameters was obtained. •Grain size and grain boundary misorientation were used to identify acicular ferrite. •High cooling rates deteriorate the accuracy of this EBSD based method.« less

Distribution functions for resonantly trapped orbits in the Galactic disc

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Monari, Giacomo; Famaey, Benoit; Fouvry, Jean-Baptiste; Binney, James

2017-11-01

The present-day response of a Galactic disc stellar population to a non-axisymmetric perturbation of the potential has previously been computed through perturbation theory within the phase-space coordinates of the unperturbed axisymmetric system. Such an Eulerian linearized treatment, however, leads to singularities at resonances, which prevent quantitative comparisons with data. Here, we manage to capture the behaviour of the distribution function (DF) at a resonance in a Lagrangian approach, by averaging the Hamiltonian over fast angle variables and re-expressing the DF in terms of a new set of canonical actions and angles variables valid in the resonant region. We then follow the prescription of Binney, assigning to the resonant DF the time average along the orbits of the axisymmetric DF expressed in the new set of actions and angles. This boils down to phase-mixing the DF in terms of the new angles, such that the DF for trapped orbits depends only on the new set of actions. This opens the way to quantitatively fitting the effects of the bar and spirals to Gaia data in terms of DFs in action space.

Effects of thermal fluctuations and fluid compressibility on hydrodynamic synchronization of microrotors at finite oscillatory Reynolds number: a multiparticle collision dynamics simulation study.

PubMed

Theers, Mario; Winkler, Roland G

2014-08-28

We investigate the emergent dynamical behavior of hydrodynamically coupled microrotors by means of multiparticle collision dynamics (MPC) simulations. The two rotors are confined in a plane and move along circles driven by active forces. Comparing simulations to theoretical results based on linearized hydrodynamics, we demonstrate that time-dependent hydrodynamic interactions lead to synchronization of the rotational motion. Thermal noise implies large fluctuations of the phase-angle difference between the rotors, but synchronization prevails and the ensemble-averaged time dependence of the phase-angle difference agrees well with analytical predictions. Moreover, we demonstrate that compressibility effects lead to longer synchronization times. In addition, the relevance of the inertia terms of the Navier-Stokes equation are discussed, specifically the linear unsteady acceleration term characterized by the oscillatory Reynolds number ReT. We illustrate the continuous breakdown of synchronization with the Reynolds number ReT, in analogy to the continuous breakdown of the scallop theorem with decreasing Reynolds number.

Growth and analysis of gallium arsenide-gallium antimonide single and two-phase nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schamp, Crispin T.

When evaluating the path of phase transformations in systems with nanoscopic dimensions one often relies on bulk phase diagrams for guidance because of the lack of phase diagrams that show the effect of particle size. The GaAs-GaSb pseudo-binary alloy is chosen for study to gain insight into the size dependence of solid-solubility in a two-phase system. To this end, a study is performed using independent laser ablation of high purity targets of GaAs and GaSb. The resultant samples are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Experimental results indicate that GaAs-GaSb nanoparticles have been formed with compositions that lie within the miscibility gap of bulk GaAs-GaSb. An unusual nanoparticle morpohology resembling the appearance of ice cream cones has been observed in single component experiments. These particles are composed of a spherical cap of Ga in contact with a crystalline cone of either GaAs or GaSb. The cones take the projected 2-D shape of a triangle or a faceted gem. The liquid Ga is found to consistently be of spherical shape and wets to the widest corners of the cone, suggesting an energy minimum exists at that wetting condition. To explore this observation a liquid sphere is modeled as being penetrated by a solid gem. The surface energies of the solid and liquid, and interfacial energy are summed as a function of penetration depth, with the sum showing a cusped minimum at the penetration depth corresponding to the waist of the gem. The angle of contact of the liquid wetting the cone is also calculated, and Young's contact angle is found to occur when the derivative of the total energy with respect to penetration depth is zero, which can be a maximum or a minimum depending on the geometrical details. The spill-over of the meniscus across the gem corners is found to be energetically favorable when the contact angle achieves the value of the equilibrium angle; otherwise the meniscus is pinned at the corners.

View angle dependence of cloud optical thicknesses retrieved by MODIS

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Marshak, Alexander; Varnai, Tamas

2005-01-01

This study examines whether cloud inhomogeneity influences the view angle dependence of MODIS cloud optical thickness (tau) retrieval results. The degree of cloud inhomogeneity is characterized through the local gradient in 11 microns brightness temperature. The analysis of liquid phase clouds in a one year long global dataset of Collection 4 MODIS data reveals that while optical thickness retrievals give remarkably consistent results for all view directions if clouds are homogeneous, they give much higher tau-values for oblique views than for overhead views if clouds are inhomogeneous and the sun is fairly oblique. For solar zenith angles larger than 55deg, the mean optical thickness retrieved for the most inhomogeneous third of cloudy pixels is more than 30% higher for oblique views than for overhead views. After considering a variety of possible scenarios, the paper concludes that the most likely reason for the increase lies in three-dimensional radiative interactions that are not considered in current, one-dimensional retrieval algorithms. Namely, the radiative effect of cloud sides viewed at oblique angles seems to contribute most to the enhanced tau-values. The results presented here will help understand cloud retrieval uncertainties related to cloud inhomogeneity. They complement the uncertainty estimates that will start accompanying MODIS cloud products in Collection 5 and may eventually help correct for the observed view angle dependent biases.

Angle-resolved photoemission with circularly polarized light in the nodal mirror plane of underdoped Bi 2Sr 2CaCu 2O 8+ δ superconductor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

He, Junfeng; Mion, Thomas R.; Gao, Shang

2016-10-31

Unraveling the nature of pseudogap phase in high-temperature superconductors holds the key to understanding their superconducting mechanisms and potentially broadening their applications via enhancement of their superconducting transition temperatures. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) experiments using circularly polarized light have been proposed to detect possible symmetry breaking state in the pseudogap phase of cuprates. Here, the presence (absence) of an electronic order which breaks mirror symmetry of the crystal would in principle induce a finite (zero) circular dichroism in photoemission. Different orders breaking reflection symmetries about different mirror planes can also be distinguished by the momentum dependence of the measured circularmore » dichroism.« less

Second harmonic generation of off axial vortex beam in the case of walk-off effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Shunyi; Ding, Panfeng; Pu, Jixiong

2016-07-01

Process of off axial vortex beam propagating in negative uniaxial crystal is investigated in this work. Firstly, we get the formulae of the normalized electric field and calculate the location of vortices for second harmonic beam in two type of phase matching. Then, numerical analysis verifies that the intensity distribution and location of vortices of the first order original vortex beam depend on the walk-off angle and off axial magnitude. It is shown that, in type I phase matching, the distribution of vortices is symmetrical about the horizontal axis, the separation distance increases as the off axial magnitude increases or the off axial magnitude deceases. However, in type II phase matching, the vortices are symmetrical along with some vertical axis, and increase of the walk-off angle or off axial magnitude leads to larger separation distance. Finally, the case of high order original off axial vortex beam is also investigated.

Influence of gravity on the spatial orientation of eye nystagmus induced by unilateral lesion of horizontal semicircular canal.

PubMed

Pettorossi, V E; Ermanno, M; Pierangelo, E; Silvarosa, G

2000-03-01

The influence of gravity in the orientation and slow phase eye velocity of the ocular nystagmus following unilateral damage of the cupula in the ampulla of the horizontal semicircular canal (UHCD) was investigated. The nystagmus was analysed at different sagittal head positions using the x-y infrared eye monitor technique. The nystagmus was almost horizontal at 0 degrees head pitch angle and remained partially fixed in space when the head was pitched upward or downward. The reorientation gain of the slow and quick phases was high (about 0.75) within +/- 45 degrees of head pitch angle, but beyond this range, it decreased greatly. The gain value depended on the lesion extension to otolithic receptors. The absolute value of the slow phase eye velocity of UHCD nystagmus was also modified systematically by the head pitch, showing a reduction in the upward and an increase in the downward.

New possibilities in supernova accretion phase from dense matter effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chakraborty, S.; Mirizzi, A.; Saviano, N.

2012-07-01

We carry out a detailed analysis of the supernova (SN) neutrino flavor evolution during the accretion phase (at post-bounce times tpb <= 500 ms), characterizing the SN ν signal by recent hydrodynamical simulations. We find that trajectory-dependent multi-angle effects, associated with the dense ordinary matter suppress collective oscillations, that would have been induced by ν-ν interactions in the deepest SN regions. The matter suppression implies that neutrino oscillations will start outside the neutrino decoupling region and therefore will have a negligible impact on the neutrino heating and the explosion dynamics. Furthermore, the possible detection of the next galactic SN neutrino signal from the accretion phase, based on the usual Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect in the SN mantle and Earth matter effects, can reveal the neutrino mass hierarchy in the likely case that the mixing angle θ13 is not very small.

Contact angle of sessile drops in Lennard-Jones systems.

PubMed

Becker, Stefan; Urbassek, Herbert M; Horsch, Martin; Hasse, Hans

2014-11-18

Molecular dynamics simulations are used for studying the contact angle of nanoscale sessile drops on a planar solid wall in a system interacting via the truncated and shifted Lennard-Jones potential. The entire range between total wetting and dewetting is investigated by varying the solid-fluid dispersive interaction energy. The temperature is varied between the triple point and the critical temperature. A correlation is obtained for the contact angle in dependence of the temperature and the dispersive interaction energy. Size effects are studied by varying the number of fluid particles at otherwise constant conditions, using up to 150,000 particles. For particle numbers below 10,000, a decrease of the contact angle is found. This is attributed to a dependence of the solid-liquid surface tension on the droplet size. A convergence to a constant contact angle is observed for larger system sizes. The influence of the wall model is studied by varying the density of the wall. The effective solid-fluid dispersive interaction energy at a contact angle of θ = 90° is found to be independent of temperature and to decrease linearly with the solid density. A correlation is developed that describes the contact angle as a function of the dispersive interaction, the temperature, and the solid density. The density profile of the sessile drop and the surrounding vapor phase is described by a correlation combining a sigmoidal function and an oscillation term.

Torsion and Antero-Posterior Bending in the In Vivo Human Tibia Loading Regimes during Walking and Running

PubMed Central

Yang, Peng-Fei; Sanno, Maximilian; Ganse, Bergita; Koy, Timmo; Brüggemann, Gert-Peter; Müller, Lars Peter; Rittweger, Jörn

2014-01-01

Bending, in addition to compression, is recognized to be a common loading pattern in long bones in animals. However, due to the technical difficulty of measuring bone deformation in humans, our current understanding of bone loading patterns in humans is very limited. In the present study, we hypothesized that bending and torsion are important loading regimes in the human tibia. In vivo tibia segment deformation in humans was assessed during walking and running utilizing a novel optical approach. Results suggest that the proximal tibia primarily bends to the posterior (bending angle: 0.15°–1.30°) and medial aspect (bending angle: 0.38°–0.90°) and that it twists externally (torsion angle: 0.67°–1.66°) in relation to the distal tibia during the stance phase of overground walking at a speed between 2.5 and 6.1 km/h. Peak posterior bending and peak torsion occurred during the first and second half of stance phase, respectively. The peak-to-peak antero-posterior (AP) bending angles increased linearly with vertical ground reaction force and speed. Similarly, peak-to-peak torsion angles increased with the vertical free moment in four of the five test subjects and with the speed in three of the test subjects. There was no correlation between peak-to-peak medio-lateral (ML) bending angles and ground reaction force or speed. On the treadmill, peak-to-peak AP bending angles increased with walking and running speed, but peak-to-peak torsion angles and peak-to-peak ML bending angles remained constant during walking. Peak-to-peak AP bending angle during treadmill running was speed-dependent and larger than that observed during walking. In contrast, peak-to-peak tibia torsion angle was smaller during treadmill running than during walking. To conclude, bending and torsion of substantial magnitude were observed in the human tibia during walking and running. A systematic distribution of peak amplitude was found during the first and second parts of the stance phase. PMID:24732724

Torsion and antero-posterior bending in the in vivo human tibia loading regimes during walking and running.

PubMed

Yang, Peng-Fei; Sanno, Maximilian; Ganse, Bergita; Koy, Timmo; Brüggemann, Gert-Peter; Müller, Lars Peter; Rittweger, Jörn

2014-01-01

Bending, in addition to compression, is recognized to be a common loading pattern in long bones in animals. However, due to the technical difficulty of measuring bone deformation in humans, our current understanding of bone loading patterns in humans is very limited. In the present study, we hypothesized that bending and torsion are important loading regimes in the human tibia. In vivo tibia segment deformation in humans was assessed during walking and running utilizing a novel optical approach. Results suggest that the proximal tibia primarily bends to the posterior (bending angle: 0.15°-1.30°) and medial aspect (bending angle: 0.38°-0.90°) and that it twists externally (torsion angle: 0.67°-1.66°) in relation to the distal tibia during the stance phase of overground walking at a speed between 2.5 and 6.1 km/h. Peak posterior bending and peak torsion occurred during the first and second half of stance phase, respectively. The peak-to-peak antero-posterior (AP) bending angles increased linearly with vertical ground reaction force and speed. Similarly, peak-to-peak torsion angles increased with the vertical free moment in four of the five test subjects and with the speed in three of the test subjects. There was no correlation between peak-to-peak medio-lateral (ML) bending angles and ground reaction force or speed. On the treadmill, peak-to-peak AP bending angles increased with walking and running speed, but peak-to-peak torsion angles and peak-to-peak ML bending angles remained constant during walking. Peak-to-peak AP bending angle during treadmill running was speed-dependent and larger than that observed during walking. In contrast, peak-to-peak tibia torsion angle was smaller during treadmill running than during walking. To conclude, bending and torsion of substantial magnitude were observed in the human tibia during walking and running. A systematic distribution of peak amplitude was found during the first and second parts of the stance phase.

Rough surfaces: Is the dark stuff just shadow?. ;Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The shadow knows!;☆

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cuzzi, Jeffrey N.; Chambers, Lindsey B.; Hendrix, Amanda R.

2017-06-01

Remote observations of the surfaces of airless planetary objects are fundamental to inferring the physical structure and compositional makeup of the surface material. A number of forward models have been developed to reproduce the photometric behavior of these surfaces, based on specific, assumed structural properties such as macroscopic roughness and associated shadowing. Most work of this type is applied to geometric albedos, which are affected by complicated effects near zero phase angle that represent only a tiny fraction of the net energy reflected by the object. Other applications include parameter fits to resolved portions of some planetary surface as viewed over a range of geometries. The spherical albedo of the entire object (when it can be determined) captures the net energy balance of the particle more robustly than the geometric albedo. In most treatments involving spherical albedos, spherical albedos and particle phase functions are often treated as if they are independent, neglecting the effects of roughness. In this paper we take a different approach. We note that whatever function captures the phase angle dependence of the brightness of a realistic rough, shadowed, flat surface element relative to that of a smooth granular surface of the same material, it is manifested directly in both the integral phase function and the spherical albedo of the object. We suggest that, where broad phase angle coverage is possible, spherical albedos may be easily corrected for the effects of shadowing using observed (or assumed) phase functions, and then modeled more robustly using smooth-surface regolith radiative transfer models without further imposed (forward-modeled) shadowing corrections. Our approach attributes observed "powerlaw" phase functions of various slope (and "linear" ranges of magnitude-vs.-phase angle) to shadowing, as have others, and goes in to suggest that regolith-model-based inferences of composition based on shadow-uncorrected spherical albedos overestimate the amount of absorbing material contained in the regolith.

Rough Surfaces: Is the Dark Stuff Just Shadow?: "Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The shadow knows!"

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cuzzi, Jeffrey N.; Chambers, Lindsey B.; Hendrix, Amanda R.

2016-01-01

Remote observations of the surfaces of airless planetary objects are fundamental to inferring the physical structure and compositional makeup of the surface material. A number of forward models have been developed to reproduce the photometric behavior of these surfaces, based on specific, assumed structural properties such as macroscopic roughness and associated shadowing. Most work of this type is applied to geometric albedos, which are affected by complicated effects near zero phase angle that represent only a tiny fraction of the net energy reflected by the object. Other applications include parameter fits to resolved portions of some planetary surface as viewed over a range of geometries. The spherical albedo of the entire object (when it can be determined) captures the net energy balance of the particle more robustly than the geometric albedo. In most treatments involving spherical albedos, spherical albedos and particle phase functions are often treated as if they are independent, neglecting the effects of roughness. In this paper we take a different approach. We note that whatever function captures the phase angle dependence of the brightness of a realistic rough, shadowed, flat surface element relative to that of a smooth granular surface of the same material, it is manifested directly in both the integral phase function and the spherical albedo of the object. We suggest that, where broad phase angle coverage is possible, spherical albedos may be easily corrected for the effects of shadowing using observed (or assumed) phase functions, and then modeled more robustly using smooth-surface regolith radiative transfer models without further imposed (forward-modeled) shadowing corrections. Our approach attributes observed "power law" phase functions of various slope (and "linear" ranges of magnitude-vs.-phase angle) to shadowing, as have others, and goes on to suggest that regolith-model-based inferences of composition based on shadow-uncorrected spherical albedos overestimate the amount of absorbing material contained in the regolith.

Interphase boundary misorientation in mantle rocks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morales, L. F.; Mainprice, D.; Boudier, F. I.

2017-12-01

Interphase boundaries are planar defects that separate two different phases, which may have different compositions and/or crystalline structures. Depending on the degree of atomic structure matching between the two adjacent phases, the interphase boundaries can be classified in coherent, semicoherent and incoherent phase boundaries. Here we present the recent developments of interphase misorientation boundary analyses calculated from EBSD data in an olivine-antigorite schist from the Val Malenco (Italy) and a spinel lherzolite from the Horoman peridotite complex (Japan). The antigorite schist is strongly foliated and contains about 78% antigorite and 22% olivine, with minor amounts (<1%) of magnetite and chlorite. The antigorite CPO is characterized by a point maxima of poles to (100) parallel to lineation and poles to (001) to the foliation normal. Phase transformation relationships between olivine and antigorite are evident in phase boundary misorientation analysis, (100)ol||(001)atg being more frequent than [001]ol||[010]atg. From the interphase misorientation analyses, we have described two new phase transformation relationships between olivine and antigorite. The studied lherzolite contain 70% olivine, 15% enstatite, 13% diopside and 2% spinel. It has a porphyroclastic texture materialized by enstatite and olivine in a matrix of olivine. Both enstatite, diopside and spinel occur along discontinuous bands parallel to the foliation of the sample. Olivine bulk CPO can be described as a fibre-[100], while both enstatite and diopside show a (001) fibre texture. Interphase misorientation angle distribution between olivine-enstatite and olivine-diopside follow approximately the distribution expected for uniform texture, with some minor (but important) differences at high angle phase boundaries, particularly for olivine-diopside. The pair angle-misorientation axes for the olivine-enstatite show a relatively uniform distribution for different misorientation angle intervals. On the other hand there is a clear concentration of misorientation axes parallel to [010] of olivine in the case of olivine-diopside phase boundaries, possibly related to melt percolation. These differences demonstrate the potential use of interphase misorientation for the study of material processes in rocks.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Fan; Levine, Lyle E.; Allen, Andrew J.

The precipitate structure and precipitation kinetics in an Al-Cu-Mg alloy (AA2024) aged at 190 °C, 208 °C, and 226 °C have been studied using ex situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and in situ synchrotron-based, combined ultra-small angle X-ray scattering, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) across a length scale from sub-Angstrom to several micrometers. TEM brings information concerning the nature, morphology, and size of the precipitates while SAXS and WAXS provide qualitative and quantitative information concerning the time-dependent size and volume fraction evolution of the precipitates at different stages of the precipitation sequence. Within themore » experimental time resolution, precipitation at these ageing temperatures involves dissolution of nanometer-sized small clusters and formation of the planar S phase precipitates. Using a three-parameter scattering model constructed on the basis of TEM results, we established the temperature-dependent kinetics for the cluster-dissolution and S-phase formation processes simultaneously. These two processes are shown to have different kinetic rates, with the cluster-dissolution rate approximately double the S-phase formation rate. We identified a dissolution activation energy at (149.5 ± 14.6) kJ mol-1, which translates to (1.55 ± 0.15) eV/atom, as well as an activation energy for the formation of S precipitates at (129.2 ± 5.4) kJ mol-1, i.e. (1.33 ± 0.06) eV/atom. Importantly, the SAXS/WAXS results show the absence of an intermediate Guinier-Preston Bagaryatsky 2 (GPB2)/S" phase in the samples under the experimental ageing conditions. These results are further validated by precipitation simulations that are based on Langer-Schwartz theory and a Kampmann-Wagner numerical method.« less

A GRB and Broad-lined Type Ic Supernova from a Single Central Engine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barnes, Jennifer; Duffell, Paul C.; Liu, Yuqian; Modjaz, Maryam; Bianco, Federica B.; Kasen, Daniel; MacFadyen, Andrew I.

2018-06-01

Unusually high velocities (≳0.1c) and correspondingly high kinetic energies have been observed in a subset of Type Ic supernovae (so-called “broad-lined Ic” supernovae; SNe Ic-BL), prompting a search for a central engine model capable of generating such energetic explosions. A clue to the explosion mechanism may lie in the fact that all supernovae that accompany long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) belong to the SN Ic-BL class. Using a combination of two-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamics and radiation transport calculations, we demonstrate that the central engine responsible for long GRBs can also trigger an SN Ic-BL. We find that a reasonable GRB engine injected into a stripped Wolf–Rayet progenitor produces a relativistic jet with energy ∼1051 erg, as well as an SN whose synthetic light curves and spectra are fully consistent with observed SNe Ic-BL during the photospheric phase. As a result of the jet’s asymmetric energy injection, the SN spectra and light curves depend on viewing angle. The impact of viewing angle on the spectrum is particularly pronounced at early times, while the viewing-angle dependence for the light curves (∼10% variation in bolometric luminosity) persists throughout the photospheric phase.

Numerical calculations of temperature dependence of dielectric constant for an ordered assembly of BaTiO3 nanocubes with small tilt angles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yasui, Kyuichi; Mimura, Ken-ichi; Izu, Noriya; Kato, Kazumi

2018-03-01

The dielectric constant of an ordered assembly of BaTiO3 nanocubes is numerically calculated as a function of temperature assuming a distribution of tilt angles of attached nanocubes. As the phase transition temperature from the tetragonal crystal structure to the cubic crystal structure of a BaTiO3 nanocube decreases as the tilt angle increases, the temperature at the peak of the dielectric constant of an ordered assembly is considerably lower than the Curie temperature of a free-standing BaTiO3 crystal. The peak of the dielectric constant as a function of temperature for an ordered assembly becomes considerably broader than that for a single crystal owing to the contribution of nanocubes with various tilt angles.

Omnidirectional color filters capitalizing on a nano-resonator of Ag-TiO2-Ag integrated with a phase compensating dielectric overlay

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, Chul-Soon; Shrestha, Vivek Raj; Lee, Sang-Shin; Kim, Eun-Soo; Choi, Duk-Yong

2015-02-01

We present a highly efficient omnidirectional color filter that takes advantage of an Ag-TiO2-Ag nano-resonator integrated with a phase-compensating TiO2 overlay. The dielectric overlay substantially improves the angular sensitivity by appropriately compensating for the phase pertaining to the structure and suppresses unwanted optical reflection so as to elevate the transmission efficiency. The filter is thoroughly designed, and it is analyzed in terms of its reflection, optical admittance, and phase shift, thereby highlighting the origin of the omnidirectional resonance leading to angle-invariant characteristics. The polarization dependence of the filter is explored, specifically with respect to the incident angle, by performing experiments as well as by providing the relevant theoretical explanation. We could succeed in demonstrating the omnidirectional resonance for the incident angles ranging to up to 70°, over which the center wavelength is shifted by below 3.5% and the peak transmission efficiency is slightly degraded from 69%. The proposed filters incorporate a simple multi-layered structure and are expected to be utilized as tri-color pixels for applications that include image sensors and display devices. These devices are expected to allow good scalability, not requiring complex lithographic processes.

Equivalent Aqueous Phase Modulation of Domain Segregation in Myelin Monolayers and Bilayer Vesicles

PubMed Central

Oliveira, Rafael G.; Schneck, Emanuel; Funari, Sergio S.; Tanaka, Motomu; Maggio, Bruno

2010-01-01

Purified myelin can be spread as monomolecular films at the air/aqueous interface. These films were visualized by fluorescence and Brewster angle microscopy, showing phase coexistence at low and medium surface pressures (<20–30 mN/m). Beyond this threshold, the film becomes homogeneous or not, depending on the aqueous subphase composition. Pure water as well as sucrose, glycerol, dimethylsulfoxide, and dimethylformamide solutions (20% in water) produced monolayers that become homogeneous at high surface pressures; on the other hand, the presence of salts (NaCl, CaCl2) in Ringer's and physiological solution leads to phase domain microheterogeneity over the whole compression isotherm. These results show that surface heterogeneity is favored by the ionic milieu. The modulation of the phase-mixing behavior in monolayers is paralleled by the behavior of multilamellar vesicles as determined by small-angle and wide-angle x-ray scattering. The correspondence of the behavior of monolayers and multilayers is achieved only at high surface pressures near the equilibrium adsorption surface pressure; at lower surface pressures, the correspondence breaks down. The equilibrium surface tension on all subphases corresponds to that of the air/alkane interface (27 mN/m), independently on the surface tension of the clean subphase. PMID:20816062

Surface periodicity of Ir(110) from time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry (TOF-SARS)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bu, H.; Shi, M.; Rabalais, J. W.

1991-03-01

The surface periodicity of the Ir(110) surface in both the clean reconstructed (1×3) and oxygen stabilized unreconstructed (1×1) phases have been investigated using time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry (TOF-SARS). A pulsed 4 keV Ar + ion beam is directed at a grazing incident angle to the surface and the scattered neutral plus ion flux is monitored as a function of beam exit angle and crystal azimuthal angle. It is demonstrated that either maxima or minima are obtained in the scattered flux along the low-index crystallographic directions depending on whether near-specular or off-specular scattering conditions, respectively, are used. These scattering intensity patterns as a function of crystal azimuthal angle provide a direct measure of the surface periodicity. These intensity variations are explained in terms of the Lindhard critical angle, semichannel focusing effects, and trajectory simulations.

Lunar phase function effects on spectral ratios used for resource assessment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Larson, S. M.; Collins, J.; Singer, R. B.; Johnson, J. R.; Melendrez, D. E.

1993-01-01

Groundbased telescopic CCD images of 36 selected locations on the moon were obtained in five 'standard' bandpasses at 12 phase angles ranging from -78 deg to +75 deg to measure phase function effects on the ratio values used to quantify the abundance of TiO2 and qualitatively indicate soil maturity. Consistent with previous studies, we find that the moon is 'bluer' at small phase angles, but that the effect on the ratio values for TiO2 abundance for the phase angles of our data is on the order of the measurement uncertainties throughout the range of abundances found in the mare. The effect is more significant as seen from orbiting spacecraft over a range of selenographic latitude. Spectral ratio images (400/560 and 400/730 nm) were used to map the abundance of TiO2 using the empirical relation found by Charlette et al from analysis of returned lunar soils. Additionally, the 950/560 and 950/730 nm image ratios were used to define the regions of mature mare soil in which the relation is valid. Although the phase function dependence on wavelength was investigated and quantified for small areas and the integrated disc, the effect specifically on TiO2 mapping was not rigorously determined. For consistency and convenience in observing the whole lunar front side, our mapping utilized images taken -15 deg less than alpha less than 15 deg when the moon was fully illuminated from earth; however, this includes the strong opposition peak.

Solvent annealing induced phase separation and dewetting in PMMA∕SAN blend film: film thickness and solvent dependence.

PubMed

You, Jichun; Zhang, Shuangshuang; Huang, Gang; Shi, Tongfei; Li, Yongjin

2013-06-28

The competition between "dewetting" and "phase separation" behaviors in polymer blend films attracts significant attention in the last decade. The simultaneous phase separation and dewetting in PMMA∕SAN [poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(styrene-ran-acrylonitrile)] blend ultrathin films upon solvent annealing have been observed for the first time in our previous work. In this work, film thickness and annealing solvent dependence of phase behaviors in this system has been investigated using atomic force microscopy and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). On one hand, both vertical phase separation and dewetting take place upon selective solvent vapor annealing, leading to the formation of droplet∕mimic-film structures with various sizes (depending on original film thickness). On the other hand, the whole blend film dewets the substrate and produces dispersed droplets on the silicon oxide upon common solvent annealing. GISAXS results demonstrate the phase separation in the big dewetted droplets resulted from the thicker film (39.8 nm). In contrast, no period structure is detected in small droplets from the thinner film (5.1 nm and 9.7 nm). This investigation indicates that dewetting and phase separation in PMMA∕SAN blend film upon solvent annealing depend crucially on the film thickness and the atmosphere during annealing.

Creating diversified response profiles from a single quenchometric sensor element by using phase-resolved luminescence.

PubMed

Tehan, Elizabeth C; Bukowski, Rachel M; Chodavarapu, Vamsy P; Titus, Albert H; Cartwright, Alexander N; Bright, Frank V

2015-01-05

We report a new strategy for generating a continuum of response profiles from a single luminescence-based sensor element by using phase-resolved detection. This strategy yields reliable responses that depend in a predictable manner on changes in the luminescent reporter lifetime in the presence of the target analyte, the excitation modulation frequency, and the detector (lock-in amplifier) phase angle. In the traditional steady-state mode, the sensor that we evaluate exhibits a linear, positive going response to changes in the target analyte concentration. Under phase-resolved conditions the analyte-dependent response profiles: (i) can become highly non-linear; (ii) yield negative going responses; (iii) can be biphasic; and (iv) can exhibit super sensitivity (e.g., sensitivities up to 300 fold greater in comparison to steady-state conditions).

Latent heat effects of the major mantle phase transitions on low-angle subduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Hunen, Jeroen; van den Berg, Arie P.; Vlaar, Nico J.

2001-08-01

Very low to zero shallow dip angles are observed at several moderately young subduction zones with an active trenchward moving overriding plate. We have investigated the effects of latent heat for this situation, where mantle material is pushed through the major mantle phase transitions during shallow low-angle subduction below the overriding plate. The significance of the buoyancy forces, arising from the latent heat effects, on the dynamics of the shallowly subducting slab is examined by numerical modeling. When a 32-Ma-old slab is overridden with 2.5 cm/yr by a continent, flat subduction occurs with a 4-5 cm/yr convergence rate. When latent heat is included in the model, forced downwellings cause a thermal anomaly and consequently thermal and phase buoyancy forces. Under these circumstances, the flat slab segment subducts horizontally about 350 km further and for about 11 Ma longer than in the case without latent heat, before it breaks through the 400-km phase transition. The style of subduction strongly depends on the mantle rheology: increasing the mantle viscosity by one order of magnitude can change the style of subduction from steep to shallow. Similarly, an overriding velocity of less than 1 cm/yr leads to steep subduction, which gradually changes to flat subduction when increasing the overriding velocity. However, these model parameters do not change the aforementioned effect of the latent heat, provided that low-angle subduction occurs. In all models latent heat resulted in a substantial increase of the flat slab length by 300-400 km. Varying the olivine-spinel transition Clapeyron slope γ from 1 to 6 MPa/K reveals a roughly linear relation between γ and the horizontal length of the slab. Based on these results, we conclude that buoyancy forces due to latent heat of phase transitions play an important role in low-angle subduction below an overriding plate.

Evidence of monotropic hexatic tilted smectic phase in the phase sequence of ferroelectric liquid crystal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Różycka, Anna; Deptuch, Aleksandra; Jaworska-Gołąb, Teresa; Węgłowska, Dorota; Marzec, Monika

2018-02-01

Physical properties of a new ferroelectric liquid crystal have been studied by complementary methods: differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, dielectric and X-ray diffraction. It was found that next to enantiotropic ferroelectric smectic C* phase, the monotropic smectic phase appears at cooling. X-ray diffraction measurements allowed to identify this phase as hexatic tilted smectic. Temperature dependence of spontaneous polarization, tilt angle of molecules and switching time were found in both liquid crystalline phases at cooling. Based on the dielectric results, the dielectric processes were identified as Goldstone mode in the smectic C* phase, whereas as the bond-orientation-like phason and the bulk domain mode in the monotropic hexatic tilted smectic phase.

High precision refractometry based on Fresnel diffraction from phase plates.

PubMed

Tavassoly, M Taghi; Naraghi, Roxana Rezvani; Nahal, Arashmid; Hassani, Khosrow

2012-05-01

When a transparent plane-parallel plate is illuminated at a boundary region by a monochromatic parallel beam of light, Fresnel diffraction occurs because of the abrupt change in phase imposed by the finite change in refractive index at the plate boundary. The visibility of the diffraction fringes varies periodically with changes in incident angle. The visibility period depends on the plate thickness and the refractive indices of the plate and the surrounding medium. Plotting the phase change versus incident angle or counting the visibility repetition in an incident-angle interval provides, for a given plate thickness, the refractive index of the plate very accurately. It is shown here that the refractive index of a plate can be determined without knowing the plate thickness. Therefore, the technique can be utilized for measuring plate thickness with high precision. In addition, by installing a plate with known refractive index in a rectangular cell filled with a liquid and following the described procedures, the refractive index of the liquid is obtained. The technique is applied to measure the refractive indices of a glass slide, distilled water, and ethanol. The potential and merits of the technique are also discussed.

Capillary Contact Angle in a Completely Wet Groove

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parry, A. O.; Malijevský, A.; Rascón, C.

2014-10-01

We consider the phase equilibria of a fluid confined in a deep capillary groove of width L with identical side walls and a bottom made of a different material. All walls are completely wet by the liquid. Using density functional theory and interfacial models, we show that the meniscus separating liquid and gas phases at two phase capillary coexistence meets the bottom capped end of the groove at a capillary contact angle θcap(L) which depends on the difference between the Hamaker constants. If the bottom wall has a weaker wall-fluid attraction than the side walls, then θcap>0 even though all the isolated walls are themselves completely wet. This alters the capillary condensation transition which is now first order; this would be continuous in a capped capillary made wholly of either type of material. We show that the capillary contact angle θcap(L) vanishes in two limits, corresponding to different capillary wetting transitions. These occur as the width (i) becomes macroscopically large, and (ii) is reduced to a microscopic value determined by the difference in Hamaker constants. This second wetting transition is characterized by large scale fluctuations and essential critical singularities arising from marginal interfacial interactions.

VR/LE engine with a variable R/L during a single cycle

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rychter, T.J.; Teodorczyk, A.

1985-01-01

A new concept of an engine, called a Variable R/L Engine (VR/LE) is presented. The main feature of the engine is the continuous change of the crank-radius to connecting-rod-length ratio (R/L) during the single engine cycle. The variations of the phase angle result in changes of all the engine stroke lengths and also-they are causing the changes of the thermodynamic cycle of the engine. Therefore the phase angle variations make it possible to regulate continuously the compression ratio and the displacement volume of the engine within the range which depends on the engine mechanism geometry. The presented concept can bemore » applied to all the types of the IC piston engines, independently of their size and operation principle.« less

Advanced Flight Simulator: Utilization in A-10 Conversion and Air-to-Surface Attack Training.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

ASPT to the A-I0. Finally. the objectivity of the criteria ( parameters of aircraft control. bomb-drop circular error. and percentage of rounds through a...low angle strafe task. Table 4 presents a listing of these tasks and their related release parameters . 12 __ __ _ __ Tab/e .1. A/S Weapons I)eliven...Scoring. Two dependent variables, specific to the phase of student training, were used. In the conversion training phase. specific parameters for

Distribution functions for orbits trapped at the resonances in the Galactic disc

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Monari, G.

2017-12-01

The present-day response of a Galactic disc stellar population to a non-axisymmetric perturbation of the potential has previously been computed through perturbation theory within the phase-space coordinates of the unperturbed axisymmetric system. Such an Eulerian linearized treatment however leads to singularities at resonances, which prevent quantitative comparisons with data. Monari et al. manage to capture the behaviour of the distribution function (DF) at a resonance in a Lagrangian approach, by averaging the Hamiltonian over fast angle variables and re-expressing the DF in terms of a new set of canonical actions and angles variables valid in the resonant region. They then follow the prescription of Binney (2016), assigning to the resonant DF the time average along the orbits of the axisymmetric DF expressed in the new set of actions and angles. This boils down to phase-mixing the DF in terms of the new angles, such that the DF for trapped orbits only depends on the new set of actions. This opens the way to quantitatively fitting the effects of the bar and spirals to Gaia data in terms of distribution functions in action space.

Modelling highly deformable metal extrusion using SPH

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prakash, Mahesh; Cleary, Paul W.

2015-05-01

Computational modelling is often used to reduce trial extrusions through accurate defect prediction. Traditionally, metal extrusion is modelled using mesh based finite element methods. However, large plastic deformations can lead to heavy re-meshing and numerical diffusion. Here we use the mesh-less smoothed particle hydrodynamics method since it allows simulation of large deformations without re-meshing and the tracking of history dependent properties such as plastic strain making it suitable for defect prediction. The variation in plastic strain and deformation for aluminium alloy in a cylindrical 3D geometry with extrusion ratio and die angle is evaluated. The extrusion process is found to have three distinct phases consisting of an initial sharp rise in extrusion force, a steady phase requiring constant force and terminating in a sharp decline in force as metal is completely extruded. Deformation and plastic strain increased significantly with extrusion ratio but only moderately with die angle. Extrusion force increased by 150 % as the extrusion ratio increased from 2:1 to 4:1 but had only a marginal change with die angle. A low strain zone in the centre of the extruded product was found to be a function of extrusion ratio but was persistent and did not vary with die angle. Simulation of a complex 3D building industry component showed large variations in plastic strain along the length of the product at two scales. These were due to change in metal behaviour as extrusion progressed from phase 1 to phase 2. A stagnation zone at the back of the die was predicted that could lead to the "funnel" or "pipe" defect.

Global Images of Trapped Ring Current Ions During Main Phase of 17 March 2015 Geomagnetic Storm as Observed by TWINS

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Perez, J. D.; Goldstein, J.; McComas, D. J.; Valek, P.; Fok, Mei-Ching; Hwang, Kyoung-Joo

2016-01-01

A unique view of the trapped particles in the inner magnetosphere provided by energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging is used to observe the dynamics of the spatial structure and the pitch angle anisotropy on a global scale during the last 6 h of the main phase of a large geomagnetic storm (minimum SYM-H 230 nT) that began on 17 March 2015. Ion flux and pressure anisotropy obtained from Two Wide-angle Imaging Neutral-atom Spectrometers (TWINS) ENA images are shown. The ion flux shows two peaks, an inner one at approximately radii 34 RE in the dusk-to-midnight sector and an outer peak at radii 89 RE prior to midnight. The inner peak is relatively stationary during the entire period with some intensification during the final steep decline in SYM-H to its minimum. The outer peak shows the significant temporal variation brightening and dimming and finally disappearing at the end of the main phase. The pressure anisotropy shows the expected perpendicular pitch angles inside of L 6 but shows parallel pitch angles at greater L values. This is interpreted as consistent with pitch angle-dependent drift as modeled in the Tsy05 magnetic field and Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere-Ionosphere simulations. The TWINS results are compared directly with Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE)-A measurements. Using 15 min snapshots of flux and pressure anisotropy from TWINS along the path of RBSPICE-A during the 6 h focused upon in this study, the essential features displayed in the TWINS global images are supported.

Noctilucent cloud polarimetry: Twilight measurements in a wide range of scattering angles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ugolnikov, Oleg S.; Maslov, Igor A.; Kozelov, Boris V.; Dlugach, Janna M.

2016-06-01

Wide-field polarization measurements of the twilight sky background during several nights with bright and extended noctilucent clouds in central and northern Russia in 2014 and 2015 are used to build the phase dependence of the degree of polarization of sunlight scattered by cloud particles in a wide range of scattering angles (from 40° to 130°). This range covers the linear polarization maximum near 90° and large-angle slope of the curve. The polarization in this angle range is most sensitive to the particle size. The method of separation of scattering on cloud particles from the twilight background is presented. Results are compared with T-matrix simulations for different sizes and shapes of ice particles; the best-fit model radius of particles (0.06 μm) and maximum radius (about 0.1 μm) are estimated.

Electron Number-Based Phase Diagram of Pr1 -xLaCex CuO4 -δ and Possible Absence of Disparity between Electron- and Hole-Doped Cuprate Phase Diagrams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Dongjoon; Han, Garam; Kyung, Wonshik; Seo, Jeongjin; Cho, Soohyun; Kim, Beom Seo; Arita, Masashi; Shimada, Kenya; Namatame, Hirofumi; Taniguchi, Masaki; Yoshida, Y.; Eisaki, H.; Park, Seung Ryong; Kim, C.

2017-03-01

We performed annealing and angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy studies on electron-doped cuprate Pr1 -xLaCex CuO4 -δ (PLCCO). It is found that the optimal annealing condition is dependent on the Ce content x . The electron number (n ) is estimated from the experimentally obtained Fermi surface volume for x =0.10 , 0.15 and 0.18 samples. It clearly shows a significant and annealing dependent deviation from the nominal x . In addition, we observe that the pseudo-gap at hot spots is also closely correlated with n ; the pseudogap gradually closes as n increases. We established a new phase diagram of PLCCO as a function of n . Different from the x -based one, the new phase diagram shows similar antiferromagnetic and superconducting phases to those of hole doped ones. Our results raise a possibility for absence of disparity between the phase diagrams of electron- and hole-doped cuprates

Analytical model for instantaneous lift and shape deformation of an insect-scale flapping wing in hover

PubMed Central

Kang, Chang-kwon; Shyy, Wei

2014-01-01

In the analysis of flexible flapping wings of insects, the aerodynamic outcome depends on the combined structural dynamics and unsteady fluid physics. Because the wing shape and hence the resulting effective angle of attack are a priori unknown, predicting aerodynamic performance is challenging. Here, we show that a coupled aerodynamics/structural dynamics model can be established for hovering, based on a linear beam equation with the Morison equation to account for both added mass and aerodynamic damping effects. Lift strongly depends on the instantaneous angle of attack, resulting from passive pitch associated with wing deformation. We show that both instantaneous wing deformation and lift can be predicted in a much simplified framework. Moreover, our analysis suggests that resulting wing kinematics can be explained by the interplay between acceleration-related and aerodynamic damping forces. Interestingly, while both forces combine to create a high angle of attack resulting in high lift around the midstroke, they offset each other for phase control at the end of the stroke. PMID:25297319

Prediction of Process-Induced Distortions in L-Shaped Composite Profiles Using Path-Dependent Constitutive Law

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ding, Anxin; Li, Shuxin; Wang, Jihui; Ni, Aiqing; Sun, Liangliang; Chang, Lei

2016-10-01

In this paper, the corner spring-in angles of AS4/8552 L-shaped composite profiles with different thicknesses are predicted using path-dependent constitutive law with the consideration of material properties variation due to phase change during curing. The prediction accuracy mainly depends on the properties in the rubbery and glassy states obtained by homogenization method rather than experimental measurements. Both analytical and finite element (FE) homogenization methods are applied to predict the overall properties of AS4/8552 composite. The effect of fiber volume fraction on the properties is investigated for both rubbery and glassy states using both methods. And the predicted results are compared with experimental measurements for the glassy state. Good agreement is achieved between the predicted results and available experimental data, showing the reliability of the homogenization method. Furthermore, the corner spring-in angles of L-shaped composite profiles are measured experimentally and the reliability of path-dependent constitutive law is validated as well as the properties prediction by FE homogenization method.

Equilibrium Contact Angle and Adsorption Layer Properties with Surfactants.

PubMed

Thiele, Uwe; Snoeijer, Jacco H; Trinschek, Sarah; John, Karin

2018-06-19

The three-phase contact line of a droplet on a smooth surface can be characterized by the Young equation. It relates the interfacial energies to the macroscopic contact angle θ e . On the mesoscale, wettability is modeled by a film-height-dependent wetting energy f( h). Macro- and mesoscale descriptions are consistent if γ cos θ e = γ + f( h a ), where γ and h a are the liquid-gas interface energy and the thickness of the equilibrium liquid adsorption layer, respectively. Here, we derive a similar consistency condition for the case of a liquid covered by an insoluble surfactant. At equilibrium, the surfactant is spatially inhomogeneously distributed, implying a nontrivial dependence of θ e on surfactant concentration. We derive macroscopic and mesoscopic descriptions of a contact line at equilibrium and show that they are consistent only if a particular dependence of the wetting energy on the surfactant concentration is imposed. This is illustrated by a simple example of dilute surfactants, for which we show excellent agreement between theory and time-dependent numerical simulations.

Choice of phase in the CS and IOS approximation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Snider, R.F.

1982-04-01

With the recognition that the angular momentum representations of unit position and momentum directional states must have different but uniquely related phases, the previously presented expression of scattering amplitude in terms of IOS angle dependent phase shifts must be modified. This resolves a major disagreement between IOS and close coupled degeneracy averaged differential cross sections. It is found that the phase factors appearing in the differential cross section have nothing to do with any particular choice of decoupling parameter. As a consequence, the differential cross section is relatively insensitive to the choice of CS decoupling parameter. The phase relations obtainedmore » are also in agreement with those deduced from the Born approximation.« less

Steering of SH wave propagation in electrorheological elastomer with a structured meta-slab by tunable phase discontinuities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Yanlong; Li, Yi; Cao, Liyun; Yang, Zhichun; Zhou, Xiaoling

2017-09-01

The generalized Snell's law (GSL) with phase discontinuity proposed based on the concept of a metasurface, which can be used to control arbitrarily the reflection and refraction of waves, attracts a growing attention in these years. The concept of abnormally deflecting the incident wave has been applied to the elastic field very recently. However, most of the studies on metasurfaces are based on passive materials, which restricts the frequency or the deflected angles always working in a single state. Here, we steer elastic SH wave propagation in an electrorheological (ER) elastomer with a structured meta-slab composed of geometrically periodic wave guides by exposing the slab to the programmed electric fields. The dependence of phase velocities of SH waves on the applied electric fields can make the phase shift under the form of a special function along the slab, which will control the refraction angles of the transmitted SH waves by the GSL. Accordingly we design the meta-slab theoretically and conduct corresponding numerical simulations. The results demonstrate that the structured meta-slab under the programmed external electric fields can deflect SH wave flexibly with tunable refraction angles and working frequencies, and can focus SH wave with tunable focal lengths. The present study will broaden the scope of applying adaptive materials to design metasurfaces with tunability.

Minimization of the Total Depth of Internal Saw-Tooth Reliefs of a Two-Layer Relief-Phase Diffraction Microstructure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Greisukh, G. I.; Danilov, V. A.; Stepanov, S. A.; Antonov, A. I.; Usievich, B. A.

2018-01-01

Results of studying the possibility to decrease the total depth of reliefs of a two-layer microstructure having two internal saw-tooth microreliefs reducing the dependence of the diffraction efficiency of the microstructure on the radiation wavelength and angle of radiation incidence on the microstructure are presented. These results allow one to minimize the complexity of obtaining optimum microrelief depths depending on requirements applicable to the diffraction optical element in the framework of the electromagnetic-diffraction theory. Optimum depths provide in the specified spectral range and interval of angles of radiation incidence the maximum possible (for the chosen width of the narrowest zone of the saw-tooth microrelief) value of the diffraction efficiency at the point of its minimum.

Numerical minimization of AC losses in coaxial coated conductor cables

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rostila, L.; Suuriniemi, S.; Lehtonen, J.; Grasso, G.

2010-02-01

Power cables are one of the most promising applications for the superconducting coated conductors. In the AC use, only small resistive loss is generated, but the removal of the dissipated heat from the cryostat is inefficient due to the large temperature difference. The aim of this work is to minimize the AC losses in a multilayer coaxial cable, in which the tapes form current carrying cylinders. The optimized parameters are the tape numbers and lay angles in these cylinders. This work shows how to cope with the mechanical constraints for the lay angles and discrete tape number in optimization. Three common types of coaxial cables are studied here to demonstrate the feasibility of optimization, in which the AC losses were computed with a circuit analysis model formulated here for arbitrary phase currents, number of phases, and layers. Because the current sharing is practically determined by the inductances of the layers, the optima were obtained much faster by neglecting the nonlinear resistances caused by the AC losses. In addition, the example calculations show that the optimal cable structure do not usually depend on the AC loss model for the individual tapes. On the other hand, depending on the cable type, the losses of the optimized cables may be sensitive to the lay angles, and therefore, we recommend to study the sensitivity for the new cable designs individually.

Magnetic moment scattering in a field reversal with nonzero BY component

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Delcourt, D. C.; Zelenyi, L. M.; Sauvaud, J.-A.

2000-01-01

We examine the nonadiabatic motion of charged particles in a field reversal with nonzero BY. We show that magnetic moment variations are organized into three categories: (1) at small equatorial pitch angles, large magnetic moment enhancements regardless of gyration phase, (2) at intermediate pitch angles, a prominent dependence upon phase with either magnetic moment enhancement or damping, and (3) at large pitch angles, negligible magnetic moment changes. This three-branch pattern of magnetic moment variations resembles that obtained for zero BY, but it is here more or less developed when particles enter above or below the field reversal. We investigate this effect using the centrifugal impulse model developed for zero BY, whereby nonadiabatic behavior is viewed as the result of perturbation of the gyromotion by an impulsive centrifugal force. We show that nonzero BY leads to a rotation of the centrifugal impulse in the gyration plane and that the nonadiabatic particle behavior is attenuated or enhanced when this rotation opposes or goes together with the gyromotion, respectively. As a consequence of this, particles with opposite charge states or originating from opposite hemispheres behave in quite distinct manners, exhibiting for instance large or negligible magnetic moment changes depending upon their direction of propagation. More generally, we demonstrate that prominent hemispherical differences are obtained as a result of nonzero BY, be it for injection inside the loss cone or gyrophase bunching near the current sheet midplane.

Effect of molecular anisotropy on backscattered ultraviolet radiance.

PubMed

Ahmad, Z; Bhartia, P K

1995-12-20

The effect of molecular anisotropy on backscattered UV (BUV) radiances is computed by accounting for it in both Rayleigh optical thickness and the scattering-phase matrix. If the effect of molecular anisotropy is included only in the optical thickness and not in the phase matrix, then for high sun (θ(0) ∼ 0°), the nadir radiance (I(0)) leaving the top of the atmosphere is approximately 1.8% higher than the radiance (I(op)) computed with the effect included in the phase matrix. For very low sun (θ(0) > 80°), I(0) is approximately 2.3% lower than I(op). For off-nadir radiances the relative increase (decrease) depends on both the local zenith angle as well as the azimuth angle. Also, an increase in the surface reflectivity decreases the effect of molecular anisotropy on the upwelling radiances. Exclusion of the anisotropy factor in the Rayleigh-phase matrix has very little effect (<1%) on ozone retrieval from the BUV-type instruments. This is because of the ratio technique used in the retrieval algorithm, which practically cancels out the anisotropy effect.

Analogous on-axis interference topographic phase microscopy (AOITPM).

PubMed

Xiu, P; Liu, Q; Zhou, X; Xu, Y; Kuang, C; Liu, X

2018-05-01

The refractive index (RI) of a sample as an endogenous contrast agent plays an important role in transparent live cell imaging. In tomographic phase microscopy (TPM), 3D quantitative RI maps can be reconstructed based on the measured projections of the RI in multiple directions. The resolution of the RI maps not only depends on the numerical aperture of the employed objective lens, but also is determined by the accuracy of the quantitative phase of the sample measured at multiple scanning illumination angles. This paper reports an analogous on-axis interference TPM, where the interference angle between the sample and reference beams is kept constant for projections in multiple directions to improve the accuracy of the phase maps and the resolution of RI tomograms. The system has been validated with both silica beads and red blood cells. Compared with conventional TPM, the proposed system acquires quantitative RI maps with higher resolution (420 nm @λ = 633 nm) and signal-to-noise ratio that can be beneficial for live cell imaging in biomedical applications. © 2018 The Authors Journal of Microscopy © 2018 Royal Microscopical Society.

Re-Analysis of the Solar Phase Curves of the Icy Galilean Satellites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Domingue, Deborah; Verbiscer, Anne

1997-01-01

Re-analysis of the solar phase curves of the icy Galilean satellites demonstrates that the quantitative results are dependent on the single particle scattering function incorporated into the photometric model; however, the qualitative properties are independent. The results presented here show that the general physical characteristics predicted by a Hapke model (B. Hapke, 1986, Icarus 67, 264-280) incorporating a two parameter double Henyey-Greenstein scattering function are similar to the predictions given by the same model incorporating a three parameter double Henyey-Greenstein scattering function as long as the data set being modeled has adequate coverage in phase angle. Conflicting results occur when the large phase angle coverage is inadequate. Analysis of the role of isotropic versus anisotropic multiple scattering shows that for surfaces as bright as Europa the two models predict very similar results over phase angles covered by the data. Differences arise only at those phase angles for which there are no data. The single particle scattering behavior between the leading and trailing hemispheres of Europa and Ganymede is commensurate with magnetospheric alterations of their surfaces. Ion bombardment will produce more forward scattering single scattering functions due to annealing of potential scattering centers within regolith particles (N. J. Sack et al., 1992, Icarus 100, 534-540). Both leading and trailing hemispheres of Europa are consistent with a high porosity model and commensurate with a frost surface. There are no strong differences in predicted porosity between the two hemispheres of Callisto, both are consistent with model porosities midway between that deduced for Europa and the Moon. Surface roughness model estimates predict that surface roughness increases with satellite distance from Jupiter, with lunar surface roughness values falling midway between those measured for Ganymede and Callisto. There is no obvious variation in predicted surface roughness with hemisphere for any of the Galilean satellites.

Phase transition in the parametric natural visibility graph.

PubMed

Snarskii, A A; Bezsudnov, I V

2016-10-01

We investigate time series by mapping them to the complex networks using a parametric natural visibility graph (PNVG) algorithm that generates graphs depending on arbitrary continuous parameter-the angle of view. We study the behavior of the relative number of clusters in PNVG near the critical value of the angle of view. Artificial and experimental time series of different nature are used for numerical PNVG investigations to find critical exponents above and below the critical point as well as the exponent in the finite size scaling regime. Altogether, they allow us to find the critical exponent of the correlation length for PNVG. The set of calculated critical exponents satisfies the basic Widom relation. The PNVG is found to demonstrate scaling behavior. Our results reveal the similarity between the behavior of the relative number of clusters in PNVG and the order parameter in the second-order phase transitions theory. We show that the PNVG is another example of a system (in addition to magnetic, percolation, superconductivity, etc.) with observed second-order phase transition.

Effects of Swirler Shape on Two-Phase Swirling Flow in a Steam Separator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kataoka, Hironobu; Shinkai, Yusuke; Tomiyama, Akio

Experiments on two-phase swirling flow in a separator are carried out using several swirlers having different vane angles, different hub diameters and different number of vanes to seek a way for improving steam separators of uprated boiling water reactors. Ratios of the separated liquid flow rate to the total liquid flow rate, flow patterns, liquid film thicknesses and pressure drops are measured to examine the effects of swirler shape on air-water two-phase swirling annular flows in a one-fifth scale model of the separator. As a result, the following conclusions are obtained for the tested swirlers: (1) swirler shape scarcely affects the pressure drop in the barrel of the separator, (2) decreasing the vane angle is an effective way for reducing the pressure drop in the diffuser of the separator, and (3) the film thickness at the inlet of the pick-off-ring of the separator is not sensitive to swirler shape, which explains the reason why the separator performance does not depend on swirler shape.

Short rendezvous missions for advanced Russian human spacecraft

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murtazin, Rafail F.; Budylov, Sergey G.

2010-10-01

The two-day stay of crew in a limited inhabited volume of the Soyuz-TMA spacecraft till docking to ISS is one of the most stressful parts of space flight. In this paper a number of possible ways to reduce the duration of the free flight phase are considered. The duration is defined by phasing strategy that is necessary for reduction of the phase angle between the chaser and target spacecraft. Some short phasing strategies could be developed. The use of such strategies creates more comfortable flight conditions for crew thanks to short duration and additionally it allows saving spacecraft's life support resources. The transition from the methods of direct spacecraft rendezvous using one orbit phasing (first flights of " Vostok" and " Soyuz" vehicles) to the currently used methods of two-day rendezvous mission can be observed in the history of Soviet manned space program. For an advanced Russian human rated spacecraft the short phasing strategy is recommended, which can be considered as a combination between the direct and two-day rendezvous missions. The following state of the art technologies are assumed available: onboard accurate navigation; onboard computations of phasing maneuvers; launch vehicle with high accuracy injection orbit, etc. Some operational requirements and constraints for the strategies are briefly discussed. In order to provide acceptable phase angles for possible launch dates the experience of the ISS altitude profile control can be used. As examples of the short phasing strategies, the following rendezvous missions are considered: direct ascent, short mission with the phasing during 3-7 orbits depending on the launch date (nominal or backup). For each option statistical modeling of the rendezvous mission is fulfilled, as well as an admissible phase angle range, accuracy of target state vector and addition fuel consumption coming out of emergency is defined. In this paper an estimation of pros and cons of all options is conducted.

Joint design of large-tip-angle parallel RF pulses and blipped gradient trajectories.

PubMed

Cao, Zhipeng; Donahue, Manus J; Ma, Jun; Grissom, William A

2016-03-01

To design multichannel large-tip-angle kT-points and spokes radiofrequency (RF) pulses and gradient waveforms for transmit field inhomogeneity compensation in high field magnetic resonance imaging. An algorithm to design RF subpulse weights and gradient blip areas is proposed to minimize a magnitude least-squares cost function that measures the difference between realized and desired state parameters in the spin domain, and penalizes integrated RF power. The minimization problem is solved iteratively with interleaved target phase updates, RF subpulse weights updates using the conjugate gradient method with optimal control-based derivatives, and gradient blip area updates using the conjugate gradient method. Two-channel parallel transmit simulations and experiments were conducted in phantoms and human subjects at 7 T to demonstrate the method and compare it to small-tip-angle-designed pulses and circularly polarized excitations. The proposed algorithm designed more homogeneous and accurate 180° inversion and refocusing pulses than other methods. It also designed large-tip-angle pulses on multiple frequency bands with independent and joint phase relaxation. Pulses designed by the method improved specificity and contrast-to-noise ratio in a finger-tapping spin echo blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging study, compared with circularly polarized mode refocusing. A joint RF and gradient waveform design algorithm was proposed and validated to improve large-tip-angle inversion and refocusing at ultrahigh field. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Electron collisions with ethylene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Panajotovic, R.; Kitajima, M.; Tanaka, H.; Jelisavcic, M.; Lower, J.; Campbell, L.; Brunger, M. J.; Buckman, S. J.

2003-04-01

We have measured absolute elastic scattering and vibrational excitation cross sections for electron impact on ethylene. The experimental data have been obtained on two different crossed-beam electron spectrometers and they cover the energy range from 1 to 100 eV and scattering angles between 10° and 130°. Both differential (in angle) and energy-dependent cross sections have been measured. The differential cross sections have also been analysed using a molecular phase shift analysis technique in order to derive the integral elastic and elastic momentum transfer cross sections. Comparison is made with earlier data, where available, and also with a number of recent theoretical calculations.

Dependence of the quark-lepton complementarity on parametrizations of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa and Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata matrices

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zheng Yajuan

2010-04-01

The quark-lepton complementarity (QLC) is very suggestive in understanding possible relations between quark and lepton mixing matrices. We explore the QLC relations in all the possible angle-phase parametrizations and point out that they can approximately hold in five parametrizations. Furthermore, the vanishing of the smallest mixing angles in the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa and Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata matrices can make sure that the QLC relations exactly hold in those five parametrizations. Finally, the sensitivity of the QLC relations to radiative corrections is also discussed.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Takir, D.; Reddy, V.; Sanchez, J. A.

Phase angle-induced spectral effects are important to characterize since they affect spectral band parameters such as band depth and band center, and therefore skew mineralogical interpretations of planetary bodies via reflectance spectroscopy. Dwarf planet (1) Ceres is the next target of NASA’s Dawn mission, which is expected to arrive in 2015 March. The visible and near-infrared mapping spectrometer (VIR) on board Dawn has the spatial and spectral range to characterize the surface between 0.25–5.0 μm. Ceres has an absorption feature at 3.0 μm due to hydroxyl- and/or water-bearing minerals. We analyzed phase angle-induced spectral effects on the 3 μm absorptionmore » band on Ceres using spectra measured with the long-wavelength cross-dispersed (LXD: 1.9–4.2 μm) mode of the SpeX spectrograph/imager at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility. Ceres LXD spectra were measured at different phase angles ranging from 0.°7 to 22°. We found that the band center slightly increases from 3.06 μm at lower phase angles (0.°7 and 6°) to 3.07 μm at higher phase angles (11° and 22°), the band depth decreases by ∼20% from lower phase angles to higher phase angles, and the band area decreases by ∼25% from lower phase angles to higher phase angles. Our results will have implications for constraining the abundance of OH on the surface of Ceres from VIR spectral data, which will be acquired by Dawn starting spring 2015.« less

Single Frequency Impedance Analysis on Reduced Graphene Oxide Screen-Printed Electrode for Biomolecular Detection.

PubMed

Rajesh; Singal, Shobhita; Kotnala, Ravinder K

2017-10-01

A biofunctionalized reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was constructed as an immunosensor for C-reactive protein (CRP) detection, a biomarker released in early stage acute myocardial infarction. A different approach of single frequency analysis (SFA) study was utilized for the biomolecular sensing, by monitoring the response in phase angle changes obtained at an optimized frequency resulting from antigen-antibody interactions. A set of measurements were carried out to optimize a frequency where a maximum change in phase angle was observed, and in this case, we found it at around 10 Hz. The bioelectrode was characterized by contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical techniques. A concentration-dependent response of immunosensor to CRP with the change in phase angle, at a fixed frequency of 10 Hz, was found to be in the range of 10 ng mL -1 to 10 μg mL -1 in PBS and was fit quantitative well with the Hill-Langmuir equation. Based on the concentration-response data, the dissociation constant (K d ) was found to be 3.5 nM (with a Hill coefficient n = 0.57), which indicated a negative cooperativity with high anti-CRP (antibody)-CRP (antigen) binding at the electrode surface. A low-frequency analysis of sensing with an ease of measurement on a disposable electroactive rGO-modified electrode with high selectivity and sensitivity makes it a potential tool for biological sensors.

Effects of intravenous gadolinium administration and flip angle on the assessment of liver fat signal fraction with opposed-phase and in-phase imaging.

PubMed

Yokoo, Takeshi; Collins, Julie M; Hanna, Robert F; Bydder, Mark; Middleton, Michael S; Sirlin, Claude B

2008-07-01

To assess the effects of intravenous gadolinium (Gd) and flip angle (FA) on liver fat quantification by opposed-phase (OP) and in-phase (IP) imaging. Our Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant, retrospective, clinical study. We identified 79 patients in whom abdominal OP and IP gradient-echoes were obtained at 1.5T before and after Gd administration. All 79 patients were imaged at high FA (> or =70 degrees ); 57 were also imaged at low FA (< or =20 degrees ). Fat signal fraction (FSF) was calculated from pre- and post-Gd liver images for each subject and FA using the formula, FSF = (S(IP) - S(OP))/2S(IP), where S(IP) and S(OP) are the OP and IP signal intensities, respectively. The dataset pairs (pre-Gd vs. post-Gd; high-FA vs. low-FA) were compared using linear regression analysis. Before Gd, FSF was significantly greater at high FA than at low FA, with regression parameters (slope/intercept) of 1.27*/0.02*, where * indicates P value <0.01. After Gd, FSF was similar at high and low FA (0.99/-0.00). Gd administration caused an FA-dependent reduction in FSF, larger at high FA (0.68*/-0.03*) than at low FA (0.94, -0.01*). FSF by OP-IP imaging is highly dependent on FA before Gd, but this dependency is eliminated after administration of Gd. Gd appears to minimize the effect of T1-weighting and may improve the accuracy of liver fat quantification. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Transverse tails and higher order moments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Spence, W.L.; Decker, F.J.; Woodley, M.D.

1993-05-01

The tails that may be engendered in a beam`s transverse phase space distribution by, e.g., intrabunch wakefields and nonlinear magnetic fields, are all important diagnostic and object of tuning in linear colliders. Wire scanners or phosphorescent screen monitors yield one dimensional projected spatial profiles of such beams that are generically asymmetric around their centroids, and therefore require characterization by the third moment {l_angle}x{sup 3}{r_angle} in addition to the conventional mean-square or second moment. A set of measurements spread over sufficient phase advance then allows the complete set {l_angle}x{sup 3}{r_angle}, {l_angle}xx{prime}{sup 2}{r_angle}, {l_angle}x{prime}{sup 3}{r_angle}, and {l_angle}x{sup 2}x{prime}{r_angle} to be deduced --more » the natural extension of the well-known ``emittance measurement`` treatment of second moments. The four third moments may be usefully decomposed into parts rotating in phase space at the {beta}-tron frequency and at its third harmonic, each specified by a phase-advance-invariant amplitude and a phase. They provide a framework for the analysis and tuning of transverse wakefield tails.« less

Table-top phase-contrast imaging employing photon-counting detectors towards mammographic applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Palma, K. D.; Pichotka, M.; Hasn, S.; Granja, C.

2017-02-01

In mammography the difficult task to detect microcalcifications (≈ 100 μm) and low contrast structures in the breast has been a topic of interest from its beginnings. The possibility to improve the image quality requires the effort to employ novel X-ray imaging techniques, such as phase-contrast, and high resolution detectors. Phase-contrast techniques are promising tools for medical diagnosis because they provide additional and complementary information to traditional absorption-based X-ray imaging methods. In this work a Hamamatsu microfocus X-ray source with tungsten anode and a photon counting detector (Timepix operated in Medipix mode) was used. A significant improvement in the detection of phase-effects using Medipix detector was observed in comparison to an standard flat-panel detector. An optimization of geometrical parameters reveals the dependency on the X-ray propagation path and the small angle deviation. The quantification of these effects was achieved taking into account the image noise, contrast, spatial resolution of the phase-enhancement, absorbed dose, and energy dependence.

Continual approach at T=0 in the mean field theory of incommensurate magnetic states in the frustrated Heisenberg ferromagnet with an easy axis anisotropy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martynov, S. N.; Tugarinov, V. I.; Martynov, A. S.

2017-10-01

The algorithm of approximate solution was developed for the differential equation describing the anharmonical change of the spin orientation angle in the model of ferromagnet with the exchange competition between nearest and next nearest magnetic neighbors and the easy axis exchange anisotropy. The equation was obtained from the collinearity constraint on the discrete lattice. In the low anharmonicity approximation the equation is resulted to an autonomous form and is integrated in quadratures. The obvious dependence of the angle velocity and second derivative of angle from angle and initial condition was derived by expanding the first integral of the equation in the Taylor series in vicinity of initial condition. The ground state of the soliton solutions was calculated by a numerical minimization of the energy integral. The evaluation of the used approximation was made for a triple point of the phase diagram.

Atomic fluorescence emitted from a corona discharge in helium above and below saturated vapour pressure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shiltagh, Nagham M.; Mendoza Luna, Luis G.; Watkins, Mark J.; Thornton, Stuart C.; von Haeften, Klaus

2018-01-01

A new apparatus was constructed to investigate the visible and near infrared fluorescence spectroscopy of electronically excited helium over a wide range of pressures and temperatures, covering both the gaseous and liquid phases. To achieve sufficient throughput, increased sensitivity was established by employing a micro-discharge cell and a high performance lens system that allows for a large collection solid angle. With this set-up, several thousand spectra were recorded. The atomic 3 s 1 S → 2 p 1 P and 3 s 3 S → 2 p 3 P atomic transitions showed line shifts, spectral broadening and intensity changes that were dependent in magnitude on pressure, temperature and thermodynamic phase. While in the gas phase the lines showed little dependency on the discharge cell temperature, the opposite was observed for the liquid phase, suggesting that a significant number of atoms were solvated. Triplet lines were up to a factor of 50 times stronger in intensity than the singlet lines, depending on pressure. When taking the particle density into account, this effect was stronger in the gas phase than in the liquid phase of helium. This was attributed to the recombination of He2 +, He3 + and He4 + with electrons, which is facilitated in the gas phase because of the significantly higher mobility.

"FLIPSY"—A New Solvent-Suppression Sequence for Nonexchanging Solutes Offering Improved Integral Accuracy Relative to 1D NOESY

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neuhaus, David; Ismail, Ismail M.; Chung, Chun-Wa

A new method of solvent suppression is described, based on presaturation in combination with volume selection; the name "FLIPSY" is proposed for this sequence. A low-flip-angle pulse is used for excitation, immediately followed by two 180° pulses, each of which is independently phase cycled through Exorcycle. The phase-cycled inversion pulses achieve volume selection in a way similar to the widely used 1D NOESY sequence, thereby largely eliminating any residual "hump" signal from the solvent. The two 180° pulses combine to produce a net 360° rotation for zmagnetization and either a 180° or a 360° rotation for transverse magnetization, depending on the step in the phase cycle. This allows the overall flip angle of the sequence to be controlled by adjusting the length of the initial excitation pulse. It is demonstrated that this property allows one to choose freely a suitable compromise between signal strength and integral accuracy when using FLIPSY, just as when using single-pulse excitation. Such a choice cannot be made when using 1D NOESY, since the effective flip angle in that experiment is always 90°. The application of FLIPSY to recording LC-NMR spectra is demonstrated.

Inertial and stick-slip regimes of unstable adhesive tape peeling.

PubMed

Dalbe, Marie-Julie; Villey, Richard; Ciccotti, Matteo; Santucci, Stéphane; Cortet, Pierre-Philippe; Vanel, Loïc

2016-05-18

We present an experimental characterization of the detachment front unstable dynamics observed during the peeling of pressure sensitive adhesives. We use an experimental set-up specifically designed to control the peeling angle θ and the peeled tape length L, while peeling an adhesive tape from a flat substrate at a constant driving velocity V. High-speed imaging allows us to report the evolution of the period and amplitude of the front oscillations, as well as the relative durations of their fast and slow phases, as a function of the control parameters V, L and θ. Our study shows that, as the driving velocity or the peeling angle increases, the oscillations of the peeling front progressively evolve from genuine "stick-slip" oscillations, made of alternating long stick phases and very brief slip phases, to sinusoidal oscillations of amplitude twice the peeling velocity. We propose a model which, taking into account the peeling angle-dependent kinetic energy cost to accelerate and decelerate the peeled tape, explains the transition from the "stick-slip" to the "inertial" regime of the dynamical instability. Using independent direct measurements of the effective fracture energy of the adhesive-substrate joint, we show that our model quantitatively accounts for the two regimes of the unstable dynamics.

The woman I love and the woman I cannot live without.

PubMed

Bergmann, Martin S

2013-10-01

The relationship between love and the symbiotic phase of childhood is explored from a new angle in terms of a conflict between "the woman I love" and "the woman I cannot live without." Love requires dependency, but it can also lead to giving up independent existence; then it becomes inimical to the relationship.

Improving ROLO lunar albedo model using PLEIADES-HR satellites extra-terrestrial observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meygret, Aimé; Blanchet, Gwendoline; Colzy, Stéphane; Gross-Colzy, Lydwine

2017-09-01

The accurate on orbit radiometric calibration of optical sensors has become a challenge for space agencies which have developed different technics involving on-board calibration systems, ground targets or extra-terrestrial targets. The combination of different approaches and targets is recommended whenever possible and necessary to reach or demonstrate a high accuracy. Among these calibration targets, the moon is widely used through the well-known ROLO (RObotic Lunar Observatory) model developed by USGS. A great and worldwide recognized work was done to characterize the moon albedo which is very stable. However the more and more demanding needs for calibration accuracy have reached the limitations of the model. This paper deals with two mains limitations: the residual error when modelling the phase angle dependency and the absolute accuracy of the model which is no more acceptable for the on orbit calibration of radiometers. Thanks to PLEIADES high resolution satellites agility, a significant data base of moon and stars images was acquired, allowing to show the limitations of ROLO model and to characterize the errors. The phase angle residual dependency is modelled using PLEIADES 1B images acquired for different quasi-complete moon cycles with a phase angle varying by less than 1°. The absolute albedo residual error is modelled using PLEIADES 1A images taken over stars and the moon. The accurate knowledge of the stars spectral irradiance is transferred to the moon spectral albedo using the satellite as a transfer radiometer. This paper describes the data set used, the ROLO model residual errors and their modelling, the quality of the proposed correction and show some calibration results using this improved model.

A Concept of a Manned Satellite Reentry Which is Completed with a Glide Landing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cheatham, Donald C. (Compiler)

1959-01-01

A concept for a manned satellite reentry from a near space orbit and a glide landing on a normal size airfield is presented. The reentry vehicle configuration suitable for this concept would employ a variable geometry feature in order that the reentry could be made at 90 deg. angle of attack and the landing could be made with a conventional glide approach. Calculated results for reentry at a flight-path angle of -1 deg. show that with an accuracy of 1 percent in the impulse of a retrorocket, the desired flight-path angle at reentry can be controlled within 0.02 deg. and the distance traveled to the reentry point, within 100 miles. The reentry point is arbitrarily defined as the point at which the satellite passes through an altitude of about 70 miles. Misalignment of the retrorocket by 10 deg. increased these errors by as much as 0.02 deg. and 500 miles. Intra-atmospheric trajectory calculations show that pure drag reentries starting with flight-path angles of -1 deg. or less produce a peak deceleration of 8g. Lift created by varying the angle of attack between 90 and 60 deg. is effective in decreasing the maximum deceleration and allows the range to the "recovery" point (where transition is made from reentry to gliding flight) to be increased by as much as 2,300 miles. A sideslip angle of 30 deg. allows lateral displacement of the flight path by as much as 60 deg. miles. Reaction controls would provide control-attitude alignment during the orbit phase. For the reentry phase this configuration should have low static longitudinal and roll stability in the 90 deg. angle-of-attack attitude. Control could be effected by leading-edge and trailing-edge flaps. Transition into the landing phase would be accomplished at an altitude of about 100,000 feet by unfolding the outer wing panels and pitching over to low angles of attack. Calculations indicate that glides can be made from the recovery point to airfields at ranges of from 150 to 200 miles, depending upon the orientation with respect to the original course.

Vertical cross-spectral phases in atmospheric flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chougule, A.; Mann, J.; Kelly, M.

2014-11-01

The cross-spectral phases between velocity components at two heights are analyzed from observations at the Høvsøre test site under diabatic conditions. These phases represent the degree to which turbulence sensed at one height leads (or lags) in time the turbulence sensed at the other height. The phase angle of the cross-wind component is observed to be significantly greater than the phase for the along-wind component, which in turn is greater than the phase for the vertical component. The cross-wind and along-wind phases increase with stream-wise wavenumber and vertical separation distance, but there is no significant change in the phase angle of vertical velocity. The phase angles for all atmospheric stabilities show similar order in phasing. The phase angles from the Høvsøre observations under neutral condition are compared with a rapid distortion theory model which show similar order in phase shift.

Phase-angle controller for Stirling engines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcdougal, A. R. (Inventor)

1980-01-01

An actuator includes a restraint link adapted to be connected with a pivotal carrier arm for a force transfer gear interposed between the crankshaft for an expander portion of a Stirling engine and a crankshaft for the displacer portion of the engine. The restraint link is releasably trapped hydraulic fluid for selectively establishing a phase angle relationship between the crankshaft. A second embodiment incorporates a hydraulic coupler for use in varying the phase angle of gear-coupled crank fpr a Stirling engine whereby phase angle changes are obtainable.

Relaxation of contact-line singularities solely by the Kelvin effect and apparent contact angles for isothermal volatile liquids in contact with air

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rednikov, Alexey; Colinet, Pierre

2013-11-01

The contact (triple) line of a volatile liquid on a flat solid is studied theoretically. Like with a pure-vapor atmosphere [Phys. Rev. E 87, 010401, 2013], but here for isothermal diffusion-limited evaporation/condensation in the presence of an inert gas, we rigorously show that the notorious contact-line singularities (related to motion or phase change itself) can be regularized solely on account of the Kelvin effect (curvature dependence of the saturation conditions). No disjoining pressure, precursor films or Navier slip are in fact needed to this purpose, and nor are they taken into consideration here (``minimalist'' approach). The model applies to both perfect (zero Young's angle) and partial wetting, and is in particular used to study the related issue of evaporation-induced contact angles. Their modification by the contact-line motion (either advancing or receding) is assessed. The formulation is posed for a distinguished immediate vicinity of the contact line (the ``microregion''), the corresponding problem decoupling to leading order, here up to one unknown coefficient, from what actually happens at the macroscale. The lubrication approximation (implying sufficiently small contact angles) is used in the liquid, coupled with the diffusion equation in the gaz phase. Supported by ESA and BELSPO PRODEX and F.R.S.-FNRS.

Wind-tunnel acoustic results of two rotor models with several tip designs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Martin, R. M.; Connor, A. B.

1986-01-01

A three-phase research program has been undertaken to study the acoustic signals due to the aerodynamic interaction of rotorcraft main rotors and tail rotors. During the first phase, two different rotor models with several interchangeable tips were tested in the Langley 4- by 7-Meter Tunnel on the U.S. Army rotor model system. An extensive acoustic data base was acquired, with special emphasis on blade-vortex interaction (BVI) noise. The details of the experimental procedure, acoustic data acquisition, and reduction are documented. The overall sound pressure level (OASPL) of the high-twist rotor systems is relatively insensitive to flight speed but generally increases with rotor tip-path-plane angle. The OASPL of the high-twist rotors is dominated by acoustic energy in the low-frequency harmonics. The OASPL of the low-twist rotor systems shows more dependence on flight speed than the high-twist rotors, in addition to being quite sensitive to tip-path-plane angle. An integrated band-limited sound pressure level, limited by 500 to 3000 Hz, is a useful metric to quantify the occurrence of BVI noise. The OASPL of the low-twist rotors is strongly influenced by the band-limited sound levels, indicating that the blade-vortex impulsive noise is a dominant noise source for this rotor design. The midfrequency acoustic levels for both rotors show a very strong dependence on rotor tip-path-plane angle. The tip-path-plane angle at which the maximum midfrequency sound level occurs consistently decreases with increasing flight speed. The maximum midfrequency sound level measured at a given location is constant regardless of the flight speed.

Fermiology of Ce2 Rh3 Ge5

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wartenbe, Mark

The competition between localized and delocalized f electrons in heavy fermion materials produces a wide variety of interesting physical phenomena. Among these compounds is Ce2Rh3Ge5. This heavy-fermion system undergoes an antiferromagnetic transition below 4K and exhibits an angle dependent magnetic phase transition around 25 tesla. In addition, RF conductivity measurements in pulsed field (65T) have revealed quantum oscillations. Temperature dependence at fixed angle indicates relatively heavy effective masses of values ranging from ~3me on up to ~10me. This indicates that the narrow f-electron density of states is partially hybridized close to the Fermi energy, but also places strict cryogenic constraints upon the measurement (3Helium temperatures are required). Fermi surface calculations have produced complex figures which lend validation to such rich behavior. Presented are updated measurements including magnetization and revised theoretical calculations..

Berry phase and Hannay's angle in a quantum-classical hybrid system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, H. D.; Wu, S. L.; Yi, X. X.

2011-06-15

The Berry phase, which was discovered more than two decades ago, provides very deep insight into the geometric structure of quantum mechanics. Its classical counterpart, Hannay's angle, is defined if closed curves of action variables return to the same curves in phase space after a time evolution. In this paper we study the Berry phase and Hannay's angle in a quantum-classical hybrid system under the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. By the term quantum-classical hybrid system, we mean a composite system consists of a quantum subsystem and a classical subsystem. The effects of subsystem-subsystem couplings on the Berry phase and Hannay's angle aremore » explored. The results show that the Berry phase has been changed sharply by the couplings, whereas the couplings have a small effect on the Hannay's angle.« less

Experimental and theoretical investigation of a mesoporous KxWO3 material having superior mechanical strength

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dey, Sonal; Anderson, Sean T.; Mayanovic, Robert A.; Sakidja, Ridwan; Landskron, Kai; Kokoszka, Berenika; Mandal, Manik; Wang, Zhongwu

2016-01-01

Mesoporous materials with tailored properties hold great promise for energy harvesting and industrial applications. We have synthesized a novel tungsten bronze mesoporous material (KxWO3; x ~ 0.07) having inverse FDU-12 type pore symmetry and a crystalline framework. In situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements of the mesoporous K0.07WO3 show persistence of a highly ordered meso-scale pore structure to high pressure conditions (~18.5 GPa) and a material with remarkable mechanical strength despite having ~35% porosity. Pressure dependent in situ SAXS measurements reveal a bulk modulus κ = 44 +/- 4 GPa for the mesoporous KxWO3 which is comparable to the corresponding value for the bulk monoclinic WO3 (γ-WO3). Evidence from middle angle (MAXS) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and Raman spectroscopy shows that the presence of potassium leads to the formation of a K-bearing orthorhombic tungsten bronze (OTB) phase within a monoclinic WO3 host structure. Our ab initio molecular dynamics calculations show that the formation of the OTB phase provides superior strength to the mesoporous K0.07WO3.Mesoporous materials with tailored properties hold great promise for energy harvesting and industrial applications. We have synthesized a novel tungsten bronze mesoporous material (KxWO3; x ~ 0.07) having inverse FDU-12 type pore symmetry and a crystalline framework. In situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements of the mesoporous K0.07WO3 show persistence of a highly ordered meso-scale pore structure to high pressure conditions (~18.5 GPa) and a material with remarkable mechanical strength despite having ~35% porosity. Pressure dependent in situ SAXS measurements reveal a bulk modulus κ = 44 +/- 4 GPa for the mesoporous KxWO3 which is comparable to the corresponding value for the bulk monoclinic WO3 (γ-WO3). Evidence from middle angle (MAXS) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and Raman spectroscopy shows that the presence of potassium leads to the formation of a K-bearing orthorhombic tungsten bronze (OTB) phase within a monoclinic WO3 host structure. Our ab initio molecular dynamics calculations show that the formation of the OTB phase provides superior strength to the mesoporous K0.07WO3. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental details of SEM and TEM measurements, SAXS data analysis, the procedure for Rietveld refinement, peak fitting for the Raman results, the modelling approach, UV-Vis and N2 sorption measurements. See DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07941a

Phase angle, frailty and mortality in older adults.

PubMed

Wilhelm-Leen, Emilee R; Hall, Yoshio N; Horwitz, Ralph I; Chertow, Glenn M

2014-01-01

Frailty is a multidimensional phenotype that describes declining physical function and a vulnerability to adverse outcomes in the setting of physical stress such as illness or hospitalization. Phase angle is a composite measure of tissue resistance and reactance measured via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Whether phase angle is associated with frailty and mortality in the general population is unknown. To evaluate associations among phase angle, frailty and mortality. Population-based survey. Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (1988-1994). In all, 4,667 persons aged 60 and older. Frailty was defined according to a set of criteria derived from a definition previously described and validated. Narrow phase angle (the lowest quintile) was associated with a four-fold higher odds of frailty among women and a three-fold higher odds of frailty among men, adjusted for age, sex, race-ethnicity and comorbidity. Over a 12-year follow-up period, the adjusted relative hazard for mortality associated with narrow phase angle was 2.4 (95 % confidence interval [95 % CI] 1.8 to 3.1) in women and 2.2 (95 % CI 1.7 to 2.9) in men. Narrow phase angle was significantly associated with mortality even among participants with little or no comorbidity. Analyses of BIA and frailty were cross-sectional; BIA was not measured serially and incident frailty during follow-up was not assessed. Participants examined at home were excluded from analysis because they did not undergo BIA. Narrow phase angle is associated with frailty and mortality independent of age and comorbidity.

Contact angle and local wetting at contact line.

PubMed

Li, Ri; Shan, Yanguang

2012-11-06

This theoretical study was motivated by recent experiments and theoretical work that had suggested the dependence of the static contact angle on the local wetting at the triple-phase contact line. We revisit this topic because the static contact angle as a local wetting parameter is still not widely understood and clearly known. To further clarify the relationship of the static contact angle with wetting, two approaches are applied to derive a general equation for the static contact angle of a droplet on a composite surface composed of heterogeneous components. A global approach based on the free surface energy of a thermodynamic system containing the droplet and solid surface shows the static contact angle as a function of local surface chemistry and local wetting state at the contact line. A local approach, in which only local forces acting on the contact line are considered, results in the same equation. The fact that the local approach agrees with the global approach further demonstrates the static contact angle as a local wetting parameter. Additionally, the study also suggests that the wetting described by the Wenzel and Cassie equations is also the local wetting of the contact line rather than the global wetting of the droplet.

Graphical method to design multilayer phase retarders.

PubMed

Apfel, J H

1981-03-15

When multilayer reflectors are used at nonnormal incidence, the two planes of polarization generally have different phase shifts. This difference, known as phase retardance, depends on the multilayer design, the incidence angle, and the wavelength. Heretofore, the design of reflectors with specific phase retardance has been carried out by computer optimization except for the case of a single layer on a metal substrate. A graph of phase retardance D vs the average phase shift A as a function of layer thickness provides a means for visualization that is useful in reflector designs. A D-A graph predicts the phase properties of a reflector as a function of the index and thickness of an added layer. Graphs of phase retardance vs average phase for two different materials can be superposed to predict the composite performance of a multilayer reflector. This graphical technique is employed to design and analyze reflectors with specified phase retardance.

Design considerations for a backlight with switchable viewing angles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fujieda, Ichiro; Takagi, Yoshihiko; Rahadian, Fanny

2006-08-01

Small-sized liquid crystal displays are widely used for mobile applications such as cell phones. Electronic control of a viewing angle range is desired in order to maintain privacy for viewing in public as well as to provide wide viewing angles for solitary viewing. Conventionally, a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) panel is inserted between a backlight and a liquid crystal panel. The PDLC layer either transmits or scatters the light from the backlight, thus providing an electronic control of viewing angles. However, such a display system is obviously thick and expensive. Here, we propose to place an electronically-controlled, light-deflecting device between an LED and a light-guide of a backlight. For example, a liquid crystal lens is investigated for other applications and its focal length is controlled electronically. A liquid crystal phase grating either transmits or diffracts an incoming light depending on whether or not a periodic phase distribution is formed inside its liquid crystal layer. A bias applied to such a device will control the angular distribution of the light propagating inside a light-guide. Output couplers built in the light-guide extract the propagating light to outside. They can be V-shaped grooves, pyramids, or any other structures that can refract, reflect or diffract light. When any of such interactions occur, the output couplers translate the changes in the propagation angles into the angular distribution of the output light. Hence the viewing-angle characteristic can be switched. The designs of the output couplers and the LC devices are important for such a backlight system.

A method to improve observations of gamma-ray sources near 10 (15) eV

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sommers, P.; Elbert, J. W.

1985-01-01

Now that sources of gamma rays near 10 to the 15th power eV have been identified, there is a need for telescopes which can study in detail the high energy gamma ray emissions from these sources. The capabilities of a Cerenkov detector which can track a source at large zenith angle (small elevation angle) are analyzed. Because the observed showers must then develop far from the detector, the effective detection area is very large. During a single half-hour hot phase of Cygnus X-3, for example, it may be possible to detect 45 signal showers compared with 10 background showers. Time structure within the hot phase may then be discernible. The precise capabilities of the detector depend on its mirror size, angular acceptance, electronic speed, coincidence properties, etc. Calculations are presented for one feasible design using mirrors of an improved Fly's Eye type.

ANGULAR DEPENDENCE OF THE POLARIZATION CORRELATION Cnn AND RECONSTRUCTION OF THE AMPLITUDE MODULI FOR pp SCATTERING AT 640 Mev. ESTIMATION OF THE SINGLET PHASE SHIFTS. PART II (in Russian)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Golovin, B.M.; Dzhelepov, V.P.; Zulkarneev, R.Ya.

1963-01-01

ABS>Experiments on triple scattering of protons are described, and the results of measurement of the spin correlation coefficients C/sub nn/ for 640-Mev protons elastically scattered by protons are presented for a number of angles in the cms which differ from 90 deg . On basis of the experimental data obtained in the presert work and available in the literature, the moduli of the pp-scattering amplitudes are qualitatively determined in a broad angular range 50 deg < yields < 130 deg and their relative contributions are given. The values of the singlet and triplet cross sections for some angles are alsomore » determined. The phase shifts for a pp-system at the indicated energy in singlet states are estimated. (auth)« less

Spin waves in full-polarized state of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya helimagnets: Small-angle neutron scattering study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grigoriev, S. V.; Sukhanov, A. S.; Altynbaev, E. V.; Siegfried, S.-A.; Heinemann, A.; Kizhe, P.; Maleyev, S. V.

2015-12-01

We develop the technique to study the spin-wave dynamics of the full-polarized state of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya helimagnets by polarized small-angle neutron scattering. We have experimentally proven that the spin-waves dispersion in this state has the anisotropic form. We show that the neutron scattering image displays a circle with a certain radius which is centered at the momentum transfer corresponding to the helix wave vector in helimagnetic phase ks, which is oriented along the applied magnetic field H . The radius of this circle is directly related to the spin-wave stiffness of this system. This scattering depends on the neutron polarization showing the one-handed nature of the spin waves in Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya helimagnets in the full-polarized phase. We show that the spin-wave stiffness A for MnSi helimagnet decreased twice as the temperature increases from zero to the critical temperature Tc.

Method and apparatus for bistable optical information storage for erasable optical disks

DOEpatents

Land, Cecil E.; McKinney, Ira D.

1990-01-01

A method and an optical device for bistable storage of optical information, together with reading and erasure of the optical information, using a photoactivated shift in a field dependent phase transition between a metastable or a bias-stabilized ferroelectric (FE) phase and a stable antiferroelectric (AFE) phase in an lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT). An optical disk contains the PLZT. Writing and erasing of optical information can be accomplished by a light beam normal to the disk. Reading of optical information can be accomplished by a light beam at an incidence angle of 15 to 60 degrees to the normal of the disk.

Method and apparatus for bistable optical information storage for erasable optical disks

DOEpatents

Land, C.E.; McKinney, I.D.

1988-05-31

A method and an optical device for bistable storage of optical information, together with reading and erasure of the optical information, using a photoactivated shift in a field dependent phase transition between a metastable or a bias-stabilized ferroelectric (FE) phase and a stable antiferroelectric (AFE) phase in a lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT). An optical disk contains the PLZT. Writing and erasing of optical information can be accomplished by a light beam normal to the disk. Reading of optical information can be accomplished by a light beam at an incidence angle of 15 to 60 degrees to the normal of the disk. 10 figs.

Analytical model for instantaneous lift and shape deformation of an insect-scale flapping wing in hover.

PubMed

Kang, Chang-kwon; Shyy, Wei

2014-12-06

In the analysis of flexible flapping wings of insects, the aerodynamic outcome depends on the combined structural dynamics and unsteady fluid physics. Because the wing shape and hence the resulting effective angle of attack are a priori unknown, predicting aerodynamic performance is challenging. Here, we show that a coupled aerodynamics/structural dynamics model can be established for hovering, based on a linear beam equation with the Morison equation to account for both added mass and aerodynamic damping effects. Lift strongly depends on the instantaneous angle of attack, resulting from passive pitch associated with wing deformation. We show that both instantaneous wing deformation and lift can be predicted in a much simplified framework. Moreover, our analysis suggests that resulting wing kinematics can be explained by the interplay between acceleration-related and aerodynamic damping forces. Interestingly, while both forces combine to create a high angle of attack resulting in high lift around the midstroke, they offset each other for phase control at the end of the stroke. © 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

Range-azimuth decouple beamforming for frequency diverse array with Costas-sequence modulated frequency offsets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Zhe; Wang, Wen-Qin; Shao, Huaizong

2016-12-01

Different from the phased-array using the same carrier frequency for each transmit element, the frequency diverse array (FDA) uses a small frequency offset across the array elements to produce range-angle-dependent transmit beampattern. FDA radar provides new application capabilities and potentials due to its range-dependent transmit array beampattern, but the FDA using linearly increasing frequency offsets will produce a range and angle coupled transmit beampattern. In order to decouple the range-azimuth beampattern for FDA radar, this paper proposes a uniform linear array (ULA) FDA using Costas-sequence modulated frequency offsets to produce random-like energy distribution in the transmit beampattern and thumbtack transmit-receive beampattern. In doing so, the range and angle of targets can be unambiguously estimated through matched filtering and subspace decomposition algorithms in the receiver signal processor. Moreover, random-like energy distributed beampattern can also be utilized for low probability of intercept (LPI) radar applications. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the standard FDA in focusing the transmit energy, especially in the range dimension.

The Coherent Backscattering Opposition Effect: Measurements at Very Small Phase Angles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nelson, R.; Hapke, B.; Smythe, W.; Horn, L.; Herrera, P.; Gharakanian, V.

1993-01-01

This oral presentation explains that measurements of the opposition surge (the nonlinear increase in reflectance seen in particulate materials when observed at small phase angles) are the first ever made using the JPL long-arm goniometer, which permits very small phase angle measuremnets to be made.

Direct and accurate measurement of size dependent wetting behaviors for sessile water droplets

PubMed Central

Park, Jimin; Han, Hyung-Seop; Kim, Yu-Chan; Ahn, Jae-Pyeong; Ok, Myoung-Ryul; Lee, Kyung Eun; Lee, Jee-Wook; Cha, Pil-Ryung; Seok, Hyun-Kwang; Jeon, Hojeong

2015-01-01

The size-dependent wettability of sessile water droplets is an important matter in wetting science. Although extensive studies have explored this problem, it has been difficult to obtain empirical data for microscale sessile droplets at a wide range of diameters because of the flaws resulting from evaporation and insufficient imaging resolution. Herein, we present the size-dependent quantitative change of wettability by directly visualizing the three phase interfaces of droplets using a cryogenic-focused ion beam milling and SEM-imaging technique. With the fundamental understanding of the formation pathway, evaporation, freezing, and contact angle hysteresis for sessile droplets, microdroplets with diameters spanning more than three orders of magnitude on various metal substrates were examined. Wetting nature can gradually change from hydrophobic at the hundreds-of-microns scale to super-hydrophobic at the sub-μm scale, and a nonlinear relationship between the cosine of the contact angle and contact line curvature in microscale water droplets was demonstrated. We also showed that the wettability could be further tuned in a size-dependent manner by introducing regular heterogeneities to the substrate. PMID:26657208

Temperature dependence of the nonlinear optical response of smectic liquid crystals containing gold nanorods.

PubMed

Silva, R S; de Melo, P B; Omena, L; Nunes, A M; da Silva, M G A; Meneghetti, M R; de Oliveira, I N

2017-12-01

The present study is devoted to the investigation of the nonlinear optical properties of a smectic liquid crystal doped with gold nanorods. Using the Z-scan technique, we investigate the changes in the optical birefringence of a homeotropic sample upon laser exposure, considering the configurations of normal and oblique incidence. Our results reveal that the birefringence variations may be governed by distinct physical mechanisms, depending on the relative angle between the far-field director and the wave vector of the excitation laser beam. In particular, we observe that the position dependence of the far-field transmittance exhibits different behaviors as the incidence angle is changed, indicating that distortions in the beam wavefront may be associated with the thermal lens phenomenon or an optically induced reorientation of the nematic director. The temperature dependence of the nonlinear refractive and absorptive coefficients is investigated close to the smectic-A-nematic phase transition. A detailed analysis of the interplay between smectic order and plasmon resonance is performed, thus unveiling the capability of plasmonic liquid crystal to be used in optical devices.

Temperature dependence of the nonlinear optical response of smectic liquid crystals containing gold nanorods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silva, R. S.; de Melo, P. B.; Omena, L.; Nunes, A. M.; da Silva, M. G. A.; Meneghetti, M. R.; de Oliveira, I. N.

2017-12-01

The present study is devoted to the investigation of the nonlinear optical properties of a smectic liquid crystal doped with gold nanorods. Using the Z -scan technique, we investigate the changes in the optical birefringence of a homeotropic sample upon laser exposure, considering the configurations of normal and oblique incidence. Our results reveal that the birefringence variations may be governed by distinct physical mechanisms, depending on the relative angle between the far-field director and the wave vector of the excitation laser beam. In particular, we observe that the position dependence of the far-field transmittance exhibits different behaviors as the incidence angle is changed, indicating that distortions in the beam wavefront may be associated with the thermal lens phenomenon or an optically induced reorientation of the nematic director. The temperature dependence of the nonlinear refractive and absorptive coefficients is investigated close to the smectic-A -nematic phase transition. A detailed analysis of the interplay between smectic order and plasmon resonance is performed, thus unveiling the capability of plasmonic liquid crystal to be used in optical devices.

Multiple Mode Actuation of a Turbulent Jet

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pack, LaTunia G.; Seifert, Avi

2001-01-01

The effects of multiple mode periodic excitation on the evolution of a circular turbulent jet were studied experimentally. A short, wide-angle diffuser was attached to the jet exit. Streamwise and cross-stream excitations were introduced at the junction between the jet exit and the diffuser inlet on opposing sides of the jet. The introduction of high amplitude, periodic excitation in the streamwise direction enhances the mixing and promotes attachment of the jet shear-layer to the diffuser wall. Cross-stream excitation applied over a fraction of the jet circumference can deflect the jet away from the excitation slot. The two modes of excitation were combined using identical frequencies and varying the relative phase between the two actuators in search of an optimal response. It is shown that, for low and moderate periodic momentum input levels, the jet deflection angles depend strongly on the relative phase between the two actuators. Optimum performance is achieved when the phase difference is pi +/- pi/6. The lower effectiveness of the equal phase excitation is attributed to the generation of an azimuthally symmetric mode that does not produce the required non-axisymmetric vectoring. For high excitation levels, identical phase becomes more effective, while phase sensitivity decreases. An important finding was that with proper phase tuning, two unsteady actuators can be combined to obtain a non-linear response greater than the superposition of the individual effects.

Physical analysis and second-order modelling of an unsteady turbulent flow - The oscillating boundary layer on a flat plate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ha Minh, H.; Viegas, J. R.; Rubesin, M. W.; Spalart, P.; Vandromme, D. D.

1989-01-01

The turbulent boundary layer under a freestream whose velocity varies sinusoidally in time around a zero mean is computed using two second order turbulence closure models. The time or phase dependent behavior of the Reynolds stresses are analyzed and results are compared to those of a previous SPALART-BALDWIN direct simulation. Comparisons show that the second order modeling is quite satisfactory for almost all phase angles, except in the relaminarization period where the computations lead to a relatively high wall shear stress.

Creating aperiodic photonic structures by synthesized Mathieu-Gauss beams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vasiljević, Jadranka M.; Zannotti, Alessandro; Timotijević, Dejan V.; Denz, Cornelia; Savić, Dragana M. Jović

2017-08-01

We demonstrate a kind of aperiodic photonic structure realized using the interference of multiple Mathieu-Gauss beams. Depending on the beam configurations, their mutual distances, angles of rotation, or phase relations we are able to observe different classes of such aperiodic optically induced refractive index structures. Our experimental approach is based on the optical induction in a single parallel writing process.

Distance within colloidal dimers probed by rotation-induced oscillations of scattered light.

PubMed

van Vliembergen, Roland W L; van IJzendoorn, Leo J; Prins, Menno W J

2016-01-25

Aggregation processes of colloidal particles are of broad scientific and technological relevance. The earliest stage of aggregation, when dimers appear in an ensemble of single particles, is very important to characterize because it opens routes for further aggregation processes. Furthermore, it represents the most sensitive phase of diagnostic aggregation assays. Here, we characterize dimers by rotating them in a magnetic field and by recording the angle dependence of light scattering. At small scattering angles, the scattering cross section can be approximated by the total cross-sectional area of the dimer. In contrast, at scattering angles around 90 degrees, we reveal that the dependence of the scattering cross section on the dimer angle shows a series of peaks per single 2π rotation of the dimers. These characteristics originate from optical interactions between the two particles, as we have verified with two-particle Mie scattering simulations. We have studied in detail the angular positions of the peaks. It appears from simulations that the influence of particle size polydispersity, Brownian rotation and refractive index on the angular positions of the peaks is relatively small. However, the angular positions of the peaks strongly depend on the distance between the particles. We find a good correspondence between measured data and calculations for a gap of 180 nm between particles having a diameter of 1 micrometer. The experiment and simulations pave the way for extracting distance-specific data from ensembles of dimerizing colloidal particles, with application for sensitive diagnostic aggregation assays.

Wettability control on fluid-fluid displacements in patterned microfluidics and porous media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Juanes, Ruben; Trojer, Mathias; Zhao, Benzhong

2014-11-01

While it is well known that the wetting properties are critical in two-phase flows in porous media, the effect of wettability on fluid displacement continues to challenge our microscopic and macroscopic descriptions. Here we study this problem experimentally, starting with the classic experiment of two-phase flow in a capillary tube. We image the shape of the meniscus and measure the associated capillary pressure for a wide range of capillary numbers. We synthesize new observations on the dependence of the dynamic capillary pressure on wetting properties (contact angle) and flow conditions (viscosity contrast and capillary number). We then conduct experiments on a planar microfluidic device patterned with vertical posts. We track the evolution of the fluid-fluid interface and elucidate the impact of wetting on the cooperative nature of fluid displacement during pore invasion events. We use the insights gained from the capillary tube and patterned microfluidics experiments to elucidate the effect of wetting properties on viscous fingering and capillary fingering in a Hele-Shaw cell filled with glass beads, where we observe a contact-angle-dependent stabilizing behavior for the emerging flow instabilities, as the system transitions from drainage to imbibition.

Berry phase and Hannay angle of an interacting boson system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, S. C.; Graduate School, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100088; Liu, J.

2011-04-15

In the present paper, we investigate the Berry phase and the Hannay angle of an interacting two-mode boson system and obtain their analytic expressions in explicit forms. The relation between the Berry phase and the Hannay angle is discussed. We find that, in the large-particle-number limit, the classical Hannay angle equals the particle number derivative of the quantum Berry phase except for a sign. This relationship is applicable to other many-body boson systems where the coherent-state description is available and the total particle number is conserved. The measurement of the classical Hannay angle in the many-body systems is briefly discussedmore » as well.« less

On the Correlation Between Biomass and the P-Band Polarisation Phase Difference, and Its Potential for Biomass and Tree Number Density Estimation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soja, Maciej J.; Blomberg, Erik; Ulander, Lars M. H.

2015-04-01

In this paper, a significant correlation between the HH/VV phase difference (polarisation phase difference, PPD) and the above-ground biomass (AGB) is observed for incidence angles above 30° in airborne P-band SAR data acquired over two boreal test sites in Sweden. A geometric model is used to explain the dependence of the AGB on tree height, stem radius, and tree number density, whereas a cylinder-over-ground model is used to explain the dependence of the PPD on the same three forest parameters. The models show that forest anisotropy need to be accounted for at P-band in order to obtain a linear relationship between the PPD and the AGB. An approach to the estimation of tree number density is proposed, based on a comparison between the modelled and observed PPDs.

In Vitro Validation of an Artefact Suppression Algorithm in X-Ray Phase-Contrast Computed Tomography.

PubMed

Sunaguchi, Naoki; Yuasa, Tetsuya; Hirano, Shin-Ichi; Gupta, Rajiv; Ando, Masami

2015-01-01

X-ray phase-contrast tomography can significantly increase the contrast-resolution of conventional attenuation-contrast imaging, especially for soft-tissue structures that have very similar attenuation. Just as in attenuation-based tomography, phase contrast tomography requires a linear dependence of aggregate beam direction on the incremental direction alteration caused by individual voxels along the path of the X-ray beam. Dense objects such as calcifications in biological specimens violate this condition. There are extensive beam deflection artefacts in the vicinity of such structures because they result in large distortion of wave front due to the large difference of refractive index; for such large changes in beam direction, the transmittance of the silicon analyzer crystal saturates and is no longer linearly dependent on the angle of refraction. This paper describes a method by which these effects can be overcome and excellent soft-tissue contrast of phase tomography can be preserved in the vicinity of such artefact-producing structures.

Influence of propylene glycol on aqueous silica dispersions and particle-stabilized emulsions.

PubMed

Binks, Bernard P; Fletcher, Paul D I; Thompson, Michael A; Elliott, Russell P

2013-05-14

We have studied the influence of adding propylene glycol to both aqueous dispersions of fumed silica nanoparticles and emulsions of paraffin liquid and water stabilized by the same particles. In the absence of oil, aerating mixtures of aqueous propylene glycol and particles yields either stable dispersions, aqueous foams, climbing particle films, or liquid marbles depending on the glycol content and particle hydrophobicity. The presence of glycol in water promotes particles to behave as if they are more hydrophilic. Calculations of their contact angle at the air-aqueous propylene glycol surface are in agreement with these findings. In the presence of oil, particle-stabilized emulsions invert from water-in-oil to oil-in-water upon increasing either the inherent hydrophilicity of the particles or the glycol content in the aqueous phase. Stable multiple emulsions occur around phase inversion in systems of low glycol content, and completely stable, waterless oil-in-propylene glycol emulsions can also be prepared. Accounting for the surface energies at the respective interfaces allows estimation of the contact angle at the oil-polar phase interface; reasonable agreement between measured and calculated phase inversion conditions is found assuming no glycol adsorption on particle surfaces.

The Feasibility of Radio Direction Finding for Swarm Localization

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-09-01

First, basic RDF theory is presented. Next, a laboratory experiment to evaluate RDF using a SDR is developed. Finally, experimental data are presented...angle vs. the true angle (top) and the recovered angle error (bottom) for noisy phase measurements ............................................... 8...difference (middle), and corrected phase difference (bottom) ................................................... 19 Fig. 22 Experimental phase

Effect of smectic A temperature width on the soft mode in ferroelectric liquid crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choudhary, A.; Kaur, S.; Prakash, J.; Sreenivas, K.; Bawa, S. S.; Biradar, A. M.

2008-08-01

The behavior of soft mode range with respect to the temperature width of smectic A (Sm A) phase has been studied in four different ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) materials in the frequency range 10Hz-10MHz. The studies have been carried out in a planarly well aligned cells at different temperatures and different bias fields in Sm C* and Sm A phases. Dielectric studies of these FLCs near Sm C*-Sm A phase transition show that the temperature range of soft mode relaxation frequency phenomenon varies with the temperature width of Sm A phase. The dependence of tilt angle on temperature shows the nature of the order of transition at Sm C*-Sm A phase. The coupling between order parameters of Sm C* and Sm A phase influences the soft mode and phase transition in Sm C* and Sm A phases.

A low bioimpedance phase angle predicts a higher mortality and lower nutritional status in chronic dialysis patients

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dumler Md, Francis

2010-04-01

Bioelectrical impedance analysis is an established technique for body composition analysis. The phase angle parameter, an index of body cell mass, tissue hydration, and membrane integrity, makes it suitable for assessing nutritional status and survivability. We evaluated the significance of a low phase angle value on nutritional status and mortality in 285 chronic dialysis patients during a longitudinal prospective observational study. Patients in the lower phase angle tertile had decreased body weight, body mass index, fat free mass, body cell mass, and lower serum albumin concentrations than those in the higher tertile (P<001). In addition, mortality rates were significantly lower (P=0.05) in the highest tertile patients. In conclusion, the phase angle is a useful method for identifying dialysis patients at high risk for malnutrition and increased mortality.

Saturn Ring Data Analysis and Thermal Modeling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dobson, Coleman

2011-01-01

CIRS, VIMS, UVIS, and ISS (Cassini's Composite Infrared Specrtometer, Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer, Ultra Violet Imaging Spectrometer and Imaging Science Subsystem, respectively), have each operated in a multidimensional observation space and have acquired scans of the lit and unlit rings at multiple phase angles. To better understand physical and dynamical ring particle parametric dependence, we co-registered profiles from these three instruments, taken at a wide range of wavelengths, from ultraviolet through the thermal infrared, to associate changes in ring particle temperature with changes in observed brightness, specifically with albedos inferred by ISS, UVIS and VIMS. We work in a parameter space where the solar elevation range is constrained to 12 deg - 14 deg and the chosen radial region is the B3 region of the B ring; this region is the most optically thick region in Saturn's rings. From this compilation of multiple wavelength data, we construct and fit phase curves and color ratios using independent dynamical thermal models for ring structure and overplot Saturn, Saturn ring, and Solar spectra. Analysis of phase curve construction and color ratios reveals thermal emission to fall within the extrema of the ISS bandwidth and a geometrical dependence of reddening on phase angle, respectively. Analysis of spectra reveals Cassini CIRS Saturn spectra dominate Cassini CIRS B3 Ring Spectra from 19 to 1000 microns, while Earth-based B Ring Spectrum dominates Earth-based Saturn Spectrum from 0.4 to 4 microns. From our fits we test out dynamical thermal models; from the phase curves we derive ring albedos and non-lambertian properties of the ring particle surfaces; and from the color ratios we examine multiple scattering within the regolith of ring particles.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhu, Meng-Zheng; School of Physics and Electronic Information, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000; Ye, Liu, E-mail: yeliu@ahu.edu.cn

An efficient scheme is proposed to implement phase-covariant quantum cloning by using a superconducting transmon qubit coupled to a microwave cavity resonator in the strong dispersive limit of circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED). By solving the master equation numerically, we plot the Wigner function and Poisson distribution of the cavity mode after each operation in the cloning transformation sequence according to two logic circuits proposed. The visualizations of the quasi-probability distribution in phase-space for the cavity mode and the occupation probability distribution in the Fock basis enable us to penetrate the evolution process of cavity mode during the phase-covariant cloning (PCC)more » transformation. With the help of numerical simulation method, we find out that the present cloning machine is not the isotropic model because its output fidelity depends on the polar angle and the azimuthal angle of the initial input state on the Bloch sphere. The fidelity for the actual output clone of the present scheme is slightly smaller than one in the theoretical case. The simulation results are consistent with the theoretical ones. This further corroborates our scheme based on circuit QED can implement efficiently PCC transformation.« less

Gradual tilting of crystallographic orientation and configuration of dislocations in GaN selectively grown by vapour phase epitaxy methods

PubMed

Kuwan; Tsukamoto; Taki; Horibuchi; Oki; Kawaguchi; Shibata; Sawaki; Hiramatsu

2000-01-01

Cross-sectional transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation was performed for selectively grown gallium nitride (GaN) in order to examine the dependence of GaN microstructure on the growth conditions. The GaN films were grown by hydride vapour phase epitaxy (HVPE) or metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) on GaN covered with a patterned mask. Thin foil specimens for TEM observation were prepared with focused ion beam (FIB) machining apparatus. It was demonstrated that the c-axis of GaN grown over the terrace of the mask tilts towards the centre of the terrace when the GaN is grown in a carrier gas of N2. The wider terrace results in a larger tilting angle if other growth conditions are identical. The tilting is attributed to 'horizontal dislocations' (HDs) generated during the overgrowth of GaN on the mask terrace. The HDs in HVPE-GaN have a semi-loop shape and are tangled with one another, while those in MOVPE-GaN are straight and lined up to form low-angle grain boundaries.

Quantum localisation on the circle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fresneda, Rodrigo; Gazeau, Jean Pierre; Noguera, Diego

2018-05-01

Covariant integral quantisation using coherent states for semi-direct product groups is implemented for the motion of a particle on the circle. In this case, the phase space is the cylinder, which is viewed as a left coset of the Euclidean group E(2). Coherent states issued from fiducial vectors are labeled by points in the cylinder and depend also on extra parameters. We carry out the corresponding quantisations of the basic classical observables, particularly the angular momentum and the 2π-periodic discontinuous angle function. We compute their corresponding lower symbols. The quantum localisation on the circle is examined through the properties of the angle operator yielded by our procedure, its spectrum and lower symbol, its commutator with the quantum angular momentum, and the resulting Heisenberg inequality. Comparison with other approaches to the long-standing question of the quantum angle is discussed.

Precision improving of double beam shadow moiré interferometer by phase shifting interferometry for the stress of flexible substrate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Kuo-Ting; Chen, Hsi-Chao; Lin, Ssu-Fan; Lin, Ke-Ming; Syue, Hong-Ye

2012-09-01

While tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) has been extensively applied in flexible electronics, the problem of the residual stress has many obstacles to overcome. This study investigated the residual stress of flexible electronics by the double beam shadow moiré interferometer, and focused on the precision improvement with phase shifting interferometry (PSI). According to the out-of-plane displacement equation, the theoretical error depends on the grating pitch and the angle between incident light and CCD. The angle error could be reduced to 0.03% by the angle shift of 10° as a result of the double beam interferometer was a symmetrical system. But the experimental error of the double beam moiré interferometer still reached to 2.2% by the noise of the vibration and interferograms. In order to improve the measurement precision, PSI was introduced to the double shadow moiré interferometer. Wavefront phase was reconstructed by the five interferograms with the Hariharan algorithm. The measurement results of standard cylinder indicating the error could be reduced from 2.2% to less than 1% with PSI. The deformation of flexible electronic could be reconstructed fast and calculated the residual stress with the Stoney correction formula. This shadow moiré interferometer with PSI could improve the precision of residual stress for flexible electronics.

High Magnetic Field Properties of Ce2Rh3Ge5

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wartenbe, Mark

2015-03-01

The competition between localized and delocalized f electrons in heavy fermion materials produces a wide variety of interesting physical phenomena. Among these compounds is Ce2Rh3Ge5. This heavy-fermion system undergoes an antiferromagnetic transition below 4K and exhibits an angle dependent magnetic phase transition around 25 tesla. In addition, RF conductivity measurements in pulsed field (65T) have revealed quantum oscillations. Temperature dependence at fixed angle indicates relatively heavy effective masses of values ranging from around 3me on up to 10me. This indicates that the narrow f-electron density of states is partially hybridized close to the Fermi energy, but also places strict cryogenic constraints upon the measurement (3Helium temperatures are required). Fermi surface calculations have produced complex figures which lend validation to such rich behavior. Ryan Baumbach, Andrew Gallagher, Eric Bauer, Ross McDonald, Kuan-Wen Chen,David Graf.

Bursty Precipitation Driven by Chorus Waves

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Khazanov, G. V.; Telnikhin, A. A.; Kronberg, T. K.

2011-01-01

The electron precipitation bursts have been shown to be a major sink for the radiation belt relativistic electrons. As underlying mechanism of such bursts, we propose particle scattering into the loss cone due to nonlinear resonance interaction between electrons and chorus. Stochastic heating due to the coupling leads to diffusion in pitch angle, and the rate of diffusion would be sufficient to account for the emptying of the Earth's radiation belt over the time of the main phase of geomagnetic storms. The results obtained in the present paper account for a strong energy dependence in the electron precipitation event and the correlation between the energization and loss processes on macroscopic timescales, which is primarily attributed to the cooperative effects of the coupling. This mechanism of chorus scattering should produce pitch angle distributions that are energy-dependent and butterfly-shaped. The calculated timescales and the total energy input to the atmosphere from precipitating relativistic electrons are in reasonable agreement with experimental data.

Experiment of constraining symmetry energy at supra-saturation density with π-/π+ at HIRFL-CSR

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Ming; Xiao, Zhi-Gang; Zhu, Sheng-Jiang

2010-08-01

The possibility of the experiment for constraining the symmetry energy Esym(ρ) at supra-densities via π-/π+ probe on the external target experiment of phase I (ETE(I)) with part coverage at forward angle at HIRFL-CSR is studied for the first time by using the isospin and momentum dependent hadronic transport model IBUU04. Based on the transport simulation with Au+Au collisions at 400 MeV/u, it is found that the differential π-/π+ ratios are more sensitive to Esym(ρ) at forward angles in laboratory reference, compared with the total yield ratio widely proposed. The insufficient coverage at lower transverse momentum maintains the sensitivity of the dependence of π-/π+ ratio on the Esym(ρ) at high density, indicating that the ETF (I) under construction in Lanzhou provides the possibility of performing the experiment for probing the asymmetric nuclear equation of state.

Capillary rise between planar surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bullard, Jeffrey W.; Garboczi, Edward J.

2009-01-01

Minimization of free energy is used to calculate the equilibrium vertical rise and meniscus shape of a liquid column between two closely spaced, parallel planar surfaces that are inert and immobile. States of minimum free energy are found using standard variational principles, which lead not only to an Euler-Lagrange differential equation for the meniscus shape and elevation, but also to the boundary conditions at the three-phase junction where the liquid meniscus intersects the solid walls. The analysis shows that the classical Young-Dupré equation for the thermodynamic contact angle is valid at the three-phase junction, as already shown for sessile drops with or without the influence of a gravitational field. Integration of the Euler-Lagrange equation shows that a generalized Laplace-Young (LY) equation first proposed by O’Brien, Craig, and Peyton [J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26, 500 (1968)] gives an exact prediction of the mean elevation of the meniscus at any wall separation, whereas the classical LY equation for the elevation of the midpoint of the meniscus is accurate only when the separation approaches zero or infinity. When both walls are identical, the meniscus is symmetric about the midpoint, and the midpoint elevation is a more traditional and convenient measure of capillary rise than the mean elevation. Therefore, for this symmetric system a different equation is fitted to numerical predictions of the midpoint elevation and is shown to give excellent agreement for contact angles between 15° and 160° and wall separations up to 30mm . When the walls have dissimilar surface properties, the meniscus generally assumes an asymmetric shape, and significant elevation of the liquid column can occur even when one of the walls has a contact angle significantly greater than 90°. The height of the capillary rise depends on the spacing between the walls and also on the difference in contact angles at the two surfaces. When the contact angle at one wall is greater than 90° but the contact angle at the other wall is less than 90°, the meniscus can have an inflection point separating a region of positive curvature from a region of negative curvature, the inflection point being pinned at zero height. However, this condition arises only when the spacing between the walls exceeds a threshold value that depends on the difference in contact angles.

Dependency of the apparent contact angle on nonisothermal conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krahl, Rolf; Gerstmann, Jens; Behruzi, Philipp; Bänsch, Eberhard; Dreyer, Michael E.

2008-04-01

The dynamic behavior of liquids in partly filled containers is influenced to a large extend by the angle between the gas-liquid phase boundary and the solid container wall at the contact line. This contact angle in turn is influenced by nonisothermal conditions. In the case of a cold liquid meniscus spreading over a hot solid wall, the contact angle apparently becomes significantly larger. In this paper we want to establish a quantitative equation for this enlargement, both from experimental and numerical data. Our findings can be used to build a subgrid model for computations, where the resolution is not sufficient to resolve the boundary layers. This might be the case for large containers which are exposed to low accelerations and where the contact angle boundary condition determines the position of the free surface. These types of computation are performed, for example, to solve propellant management problems in launcher and satellite tanks. In this application, the knowledge of the position of the free surface is very important for the withdrawal of liquid and the calculation of heat and mass transfer.

Experimental investigation of unsteady flows at large incidence angles in a linear oscillating cascade

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buffum, Daniel H.; King, Aaron J.; Capece, Vincent R.; El-Aini, Yehia M.

1996-01-01

The aerodynamics of a cascade of airfoils oscillating in torsion about the midchord is investigated experimentally at a large mean incidence angle and, for reference, at a low mean incidence angle. The airfoil section is representative of a modern, low aspect ratio, fan blade tip section. Time-dependent airfoil surface pressure measurements were made for reduced frequencies up to 0.8 for out-of-phase oscillations at Mach numbers up to 0.8 and chordal incidence angles of 0 deg and 10 deg. For the 10 deg chordal incidence angle, a separation bubble formed at the leading edge of the suction surface. The separated flow field was found to have a dramatic effect on the chordwise distribution of the unsteady pressure. In this region, substantial deviations from the attached flow data were found with the deviations becoming less apparent in the aft region of the airfoil for all reduced frequencies. In particular, near the leading edge the separated flow had a strong destabilizing influence while the attached flow had a strong stabilizing influence.

Berry phase and Hannay’s angle in the Born–Oppenheimer hybrid systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, H.D.; Yi, X.X.; Fu, L.B., E-mail: lbfu.iapcm@gmail.com

2013-12-15

In this paper, we investigate the Berry phase and Hannay’s angle in the Born–Oppenheimer (BO) hybrid systems and obtain their algebraic expressions in terms of one form connection. The semiclassical relation of Berry phase and Hannay’s angle is discussed. We find that, besides the usual connection term, the Berry phase of quantum BO composite system also contains a novel term brought forth by the coupling induced effective gauge potential. This quantum modification can be viewed as an effective Aharonov–Bohm effect. Moreover, the similar phenomenon is founded in Hannay’s angle of classical BO composite system, which indicates that the Berry phasemore » and Hannay’s angle possess the same relation as the usual one. An example is used to illustrate our theory. This scheme can be used to generate artificial gauge potentials for neutral atoms. Besides, the quantum–classical hybrid BO system is also studied to compare with the results in full quantum and full classical composite systems. -- Highlights: •We have derived the Berry phase and Hannay’s angle in BO hybrid systems. •The Berry phase contains a novel term brought by the effective gauge potential. •This mechanism can be used to generate artificial gauge potentials for neutral atoms. •The relation between Hannay’s angles and Berry phases is established.« less

Berry phase dependent quantum trajectories of electron-hole pairs in semiconductors under intense terahertz fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Fan; Liu, Ren-Bao

2013-03-01

Quantum evolution of particles under strong fields can be approximated by the quantum trajectories that satisfy the stationary phase condition in the Dirac-Feynmann path integrals. The quantum trajectories are the key concept to understand strong-field optics phenomena, such as high-order harmonic generation (HHG), above-threshold ionization (ATI), and high-order terahertz siedeband generation (HSG). The HSG in semiconductors may have a wealth of physics due to the possible nontrivial ``vacuum'' states of band materials. We find that in a spin-orbit-coupled semiconductor, the cyclic quantum trajectories of an electron-hole pair under a strong terahertz field accumulates nontrivial Berry phases. We study the monolayer MoS2 as a model system and find that the Berry phases are given by the Faraday rotation angles of the pulse emission from the material under short-pulse excitation. This result demonstrates an interesting Berry phase dependent effect in the extremely nonlinear optics of semiconductors. This work is supported by Hong Kong RGC/GRF 401512 and the CUHK Focused Investments Scheme.

Angle-resolved Wigner time delay in atomic photoionization: The 4 d subshell of free and confined Xe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mandal, A.; Deshmukh, P. C.; Kheifets, A. S.; Dolmatov, V. K.; Manson, S. T.

2017-11-01

The angular dependence of photoemission time delay for the inner n d3 /2 and n d5 /2 subshells of free and confined Xe is studied in the dipole relativistic random phase approximation. A finite spherical annular well potential is used to model the confinement due to fullerene C60 cage. Near cancellations in a variety of the dipole amplitudes, Cooper-like minima, are found. The effects of confinement on the angular dependence, primarily confinement resonances, are demonstrated and detailed.

Relativistic Electrons Observed at UARS and the Interpretation of their Storm-Associated Intensity Variations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pesnell, W. D.; Goldberg, R. A.; Chenette, D. L.; Gaines, E. E.

1999-01-01

The High Energy Particle Spectrometer (HEPS) instrument on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) provides a database of electron intensities well resolved in energy and pitch-angle. Because of its 57 deg. orbital inclination, UARS encounters with magnetic shells L greater than 2 occur quite far off-equator (B/B (sub 0) greater than 9), corresponding to equatorial pitch angle alpha (sub 0) greater than 20 deg. Data acquired by HEPS (October 1991 through September 1994) span the declining phase of Solar Cycle 22. To reveal the storm-associated time dependence of relativistic electron intensities over the wide range of energies (50 keV to 5 MeV) covered by HEPS, we divide the daily average of the measured spectrum at a given L value (bin width = 0.25) by the corresponding 500-day average and plot the results with a color scale that spans only 2.5 decades. The data show that our off-equatorial electron intensities typically increase with time after the end of recovery phase (not during main phase or recovery phase) of each geomagnetic storm. The delay in off-equatorial energetic electron response and the subsequent lifetime of the corresponding electron flux enhancement seem to increase with particle energy above 300 keV. The trend below 300 keV seems to be opposite, such that the delay varies inversely with electron energy. Our working hypothesis for interpretation is that stormtime radial transport tends to increase the phase-space densities of trapped relativistic electrons but typically leads to a flux increases at specified energies only as the current (as indicated by Dst) decays. Flux enhancements in early recovery phase are greatest for equatorially mirroring electrons, and to pitch-angle anisotropies are initially large. Subsequent pitch-angle diffusion broadens the flux enhancement to particles that mirror off equator, thus gradually increasing low-altitude electron intensities (as detected by HEPS/UARS) on time scales equal to about 20% of corresponding lifetimes against diffusion into the loss cone. Alternative interpretations will also be examined.

Relationship between morphological change and crystalline phase transitions of polyethylene-poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymers, revealed by the temperature-dependent synchrotron WAXD/SAXS and infrared/Raman spectral measurements.

PubMed

Weiyu, Cao; Tashiro, Kohji; Hanesaka, Makoto; Takeda, Shinichi; Masunaga, Hiroyasu; Sasaki, Sono; Takata, Masaki

2009-02-26

The phase transition behaviors of low-molecular-weight polyethylene-poly(ethylene oxide) (PE-b-PEO) diblock copolymers with the monomeric units of PE/PEO = 17/40 and 39/86 have been successfully investigated through the temperature-dependent measurements of wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), infrared and Raman spectra, as well as thermal analysis. These diblock copolymers had been believed to show only order-to-disorder transition of lamellar morphology in a wide temperature region, but it has been found here for the first time that this copolymer clearly exhibits the three stages of transitions among lamella, gyroid, cylinder, and spherical phases in the heating and cooling processes. The WAXD and IR/Raman spectral measurements allowed us to relate these morphological changes to the microscopic changes in the aggregation states of PEO and PE segments. In the low-temperature region the PEO segments form the monoclinic crystal of (7/2) helical chain conformation and the PE segments of planar-zigzag form take the orthorhombic crystalline phase. These crystalline lamellae of PEO and PE segments are alternately stacked with the long period of 165 Angstroms. In a higher temperature region, where the PEO crystalline parts are on the way of melting but the PE parts are still in the orthorhombic phase, the gyroid morphology is detected in the SAXS data. By heating further, the gyroid morphology changes to the hexagonally packed cylindrical morphology, where the orthorhombic phase of PE segments is gradually disordered because of thermally activated molecular motion and finally transforms to the pseudohexagonal or rotator phase. Once the PE segments are perfectly melted, the higher-order structure changes from the cylinder to the spherical morphology. These morphological transitions might relate to the thermally activated motions of two short chain segments of the diblock copolymer, although the details of the transition mechanism are unclear at the present stage.

Theoretical analysis of start-up power in helium pulsating heat pipe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Monan; Huang, Rongjin; Xu, Dong; Li, Laifeng

2017-02-01

An analytical model for one-turn helium pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) with single liquid slug and vapor plug is established in present study. When an additional heat power takes place in the evaporating section, temperature and pressure will increase. The pressure wave travels through vapor and liquid phases at different speed, producing a pressure difference in the system, which acts as an exciting force to start up the oscillating motion. Results show that the start-up power of helium PHP is related to the filling ratio. The start-up power increases with the filling ration. However, there exist an upper limit. Furthermore, the start-up power also depends on the inclination angle of PHP. When the inclination angle increases, the heat input needed to start up the oscillating motion decreases. But for one-turn helium PHP, it can not be started up when the inclination angle is up to 90°, equalling to horizontal position,. While the inclination angle ranges between 0° (vertical position) and 75°, it can operate successfully.

Singularities of interference of three waves with different polarization states.

PubMed

Kurzynowski, Piotr; Woźniak, Władysław A; Zdunek, Marzena; Borwińska, Monika

2012-11-19

We presented the interference setup which can produce interesting two-dimensional patterns in polarization state of the resulting light wave emerging from the setup. The main element of our setup is the Wollaston prism which gives two plane, linearly polarized waves (eigenwaves of both Wollaston's wedges) with linearly changed phase difference between them (along the x-axis). The third wave coming from the second arm of proposed polarization interferometer is linearly or circularly polarized with linearly changed phase difference along the y-axis. The interference of three plane waves with different polarization states (LLL - linear-linear-linear or LLC - linear-linear-circular) and variable change difference produce two-dimensional light polarization and phase distributions with some characteristic points and lines which can be claimed to constitute singularities of different types. The aim of this article is to find all kind of these phase and polarization singularities as well as their classification. We postulated in our theoretical simulations and verified in our experiments different kinds of polarization singularities, depending on which polarization parameter was considered (the azimuth and ellipticity angles or the diagonal and phase angles). We also observed the phase singularities as well as the isolated zero intensity points which resulted from the polarization singularities when the proper analyzer was used at the end of the setup. The classification of all these singularities as well as their relationships were analyzed and described.

Pressure-induced phase transitions and correlation between structure and superconductivity in iron-based superconductor Ce(O(0.84)F(0.16))FeAs.

PubMed

Zhao, Jinggeng; Liu, Haozhe; Ehm, Lars; Dong, Dawei; Chen, Zhiqiang; Liu, Qingqing; Hu, Wanzheng; Wang, Nanlin; Jin, Changqing

2013-07-15

High-pressure angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction experiments on iron-based superconductor Ce(O(0.84)F(0.16))FeAs were performed up to 54.9 GPa at room temperature. A tetragonal to tetragonal isostructural phase transition starts at about 13.9 GPa, and a new high-pressure phase has been found above 33.8 GPa. At pressures above 19.9 GPa, Ce(O(0.84)F(0.16))FeAs completely transforms to a high-pressure tetragonal phase, which remains in the same tetragonal structure with a larger a-axis and smaller c-axis than those of the low-pressure tetragonal phase. The structure analysis shows a discontinuity in the pressure dependences of the Fe-As and Ce-(O, F) bond distances, as well as the As-Fe-As and Ce-(O, F)-Ce bond angles in the transition region, which correlates with the change in T(c) of this compound upon compression. The isostructural phase transition in Ce(O(0.84)F(0.16))FeAs leads to a drastic drop in the superconducting transition temperature T(c) and restricts the superconductivity at low temperature. For the 1111-type iron-based superconductors, the structure evolution and following superconductivity changes under compression are related to the radius of lanthanide cations in the charge reservoir layer.

Earth Shadows and the SEV Angle of MAP's Lissajous Orbit At L2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Edery, Ariel

2002-01-01

The Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) launched successfully on June 30, 2001 and is presently in a Lissajous orbit about the Sun-Earth libration point L2. To avoid Earth shadows at L2, the Sun-Earth-Vehicle (SEV) angle of MAP has to be greater than 0.5 deg for an extended mission of four years. An equation is derived for the SEV angle in terms of the phase angle, frequencies and amplitudes of the Lissajous. The SEV angle is shown to oscillate with a period of 90.4 days within an amplitude envelope of period 13.9 years. A range of phase angles that avoids shadows is identified. MAP'S present phase angle is within this range and will avoid shadows for approximately 5.8 years.

Small angle x ray scattering studies of reverse micelles in supercritical fluids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pfund, D. M.; Fulton, J. L.

1994-10-01

The nature of aggregates formed in a supercritical fluid determines its solvent power and selectivity. Small angle X ray scattering (SAXS) is a powerful tool for studying the properties of aggregates with sizes in the 10(angstrom) to 200(angstrom) range. It is also useful in studying those interparticle interactions which operate over a similar distance. The authors have used SAXS to examine the aggregates formed in pure fluids, in mixtures and in fluid/surfactant/water systems. The scattered intensity as a function of angle depends on the geometry, polydispersity, X ray contrast, and interaction strength of the particles as well as on the phase behavior of the system. In this paper the authors present the results of modeling the X-ray scattering from AOT/water reverse micelles in supercritical propane and in propane/carbon dioxide mixtures. They examine the effect of dilution with CO2 anti-solvent on the phase behavior of the system and on the strength of intermicellar attractions. A better understanding of these systems must be obtained before the applications of supercritical reverse micelle systems to extractions, reactions, and enhanced oil recovery can be fully developed.

Effects of mid-foot contact area ratio on lower body kinetics/kinematics in sagittal plane during stair descent in women.

PubMed

Lee, Jinkyu; Hong, Yoon No Gregory; Shin, Choongsoo S

2016-07-01

The mid-foot contact area relative to the total foot contact area can facilitate foot arch structure evaluation. A stair descent motion consistently provides initial fore-foot contact and utilizes the foot arch more actively for energy absorption. The purpose of this study was to compare ankle and knee joint angle, moment, and work in sagittal plane during stair descending between low and high Mid-Foot-Contact-Area (MFCA) ratio group. The twenty-two female subjects were tested and classified into two groups (high MFCA and low MFCA) using their static MFCA ratios. The ground reaction force (GRF) and kinematics of ankle and knee joints were measured while stair descending. During the period between initial contact and the first peak in vertical GRF (early absorption phase), ankle negative work for the low MFCA ratio group was 33% higher than that for the high MFCA ratio group (p<0.05). However, ankle negative work was not significantly different between the two groups during the period between initial contact and peak dorsiflexion angle (early absorption phase+late absorption phase). The peak ankle dorsiflexion angle was smaller in the low MFCA ratio group (p<0.05). Our results suggest that strategy of energy absorption at the ankle and foot differs depending upon foot arch types classified by MFCA. The low MFCA ratio group seemed to absorb more impact energy using strain in the planar fascia during early absorption phase, whereas the high MFCA ratio group absorbed more impact energy using increased dorsiflexion during late absorption phase. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ambiguity resolving based on cosine property of phase differences for 3D source localization with uniform circular array

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Xin; Wang, Shuhong; Liu, Zhen; Wei, Xizhang

2017-07-01

Localization of a source whose half-wavelength is smaller than the array aperture would suffer from serious phase ambiguity problem, which also appears in recently proposed phase-based algorithms. In this paper, by using the centro-symmetry of fixed uniform circular array (UCA) with even number of sensors, the source's angles and range can be decoupled and a novel ambiguity resolving approach is addressed for phase-based algorithms of source's 3-D localization (azimuth angle, elevation angle, and range). In the proposed method, by using the cosine property of unambiguous phase differences, ambiguity searching and actual-value matching are first employed to obtain actual phase differences and corresponding source's angles. Then, the unambiguous angles are utilized to estimate the source's range based on a one dimension multiple signal classification (1-D MUSIC) estimator. Finally, simulation experiments investigate the influence of step size in search and SNR on performance of ambiguity resolution and demonstrate the satisfactory estimation performance of the proposed method.

Experimental and numerical study of a dual configuration for a flapping tidal current generator.

PubMed

Kim, Jihoon; Quang Le, Tuyen; Hwan Ko, Jin; Ebenezer Sitorus, Patar; Hartarto Tambunan, Indra; Kang, Taesam

2015-07-30

In this study, we conduct experimental and consecutive numerical analyses of a flapping tidal current generator with a mirror-type dual configuration with front-swing and rear-swing flappers. An experimental analysis of a small-scale prototype is conducted in a towing tank, and a numerical analysis is conducted by means of two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations with an in-house code. An experimental study with a controller to determine the target arm angle shows that the resultant arm angle is dependent on the input arm angle, the frequency, and the applied load, while a high pitch is obtained simply with a high input arm angle. Through a parametric analysis conducted while varying these factors, a high applied load and a high input arm angle were found to be advantageous. Moreover, the optimal reduced frequency was found to be 0.125 in terms of the power extraction. In consecutive numerical investigations with the kinematics selected from the experiments, it was found that a rear-swing flapper contributes to the total amount of power more than a front-swing flapper with a distance of two times the chord length and with a 90° phase difference between the two. The high contribution stems from the high power generated by the rear-swing flapper, which mimics the tail fin movement of a dolphin along a flow, compared to a plunge system or a front-swing system, which mimics the tail fin movement of a dolphin against a flow. It is also due to the fact that the shed vorticities of the front-swing flapper slightly affect negatively or even positively the power performance of the rear-swing system at a given distance and phase angle.

T1 mapping with the variable flip angle technique: A simple correction for insufficient spoiling of transverse magnetization.

PubMed

Baudrexel, Simon; Nöth, Ulrike; Schüre, Jan-Rüdiger; Deichmann, Ralf

2018-06-01

The variable flip angle method derives T 1 maps from radiofrequency-spoiled gradient-echo data sets, acquired with different flip angles α. Because the method assumes validity of the Ernst equation, insufficient spoiling of transverse magnetization yields errors in T 1 estimation, depending on the chosen radiofrequency-spoiling phase increment (Δϕ). This paper presents a versatile correction method that uses modified flip angles α' to restore the validity of the Ernst equation. Spoiled gradient-echo signals were simulated for three commonly used phase increments Δϕ (50°/117°/150°), different values of α, repetition time (TR), T 1 , and a T 2 of 85 ms. For each parameter combination, α' (for which the Ernst equation yielded the same signal) and a correction factor C Δϕ (α, TR, T 1 ) = α'/α were determined. C Δϕ was found to be independent of T 1 and fitted as polynomial C Δϕ (α, TR), allowing to calculate α' for any protocol using this Δϕ. The accuracy of the correction method for T 2 values deviating from 85 ms was also determined. The method was tested in vitro and in vivo for variable flip angle scans with different acquisition parameters. The technique considerably improved the accuracy of variable flip angle-based T 1 maps in vitro and in vivo. The proposed method allows for a simple correction of insufficient spoiling in gradient-echo data. The required polynomial parameters are supplied for three common Δϕ. Magn Reson Med 79:3082-3092, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

Thermal processing of diblock copolymer melts mimics metallurgy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Kyungtae; Schulze, Morgan W.; Arora, Akash; Lewis, Ronald M.; Hillmyer, Marc A.; Dorfman, Kevin D.; Bates, Frank S.

2017-05-01

Small-angle x-ray scattering experiments conducted with compositionally asymmetric low molar mass poly(isoprene)-b-poly(lactide) diblock copolymers reveal an extraordinary thermal history dependence. The development of distinct periodic crystalline or aperiodic quasicrystalline states depends on how specimens are cooled from the disordered state to temperatures below the order-disorder transition temperature. Whereas direct cooling leads to the formation of documented morphologies, rapidly quenched samples that are then heated from low temperature form the hexagonal C14 and cubic C15 Laves phases commonly found in metal alloys. Self-consistent mean-field theory calculations show that these, and other associated Frank-Kasper phases, have nearly degenerate free energies, suggesting that processing history drives the material into long-lived metastable states defined by self-assembled particles with discrete populations of volumes and polyhedral shapes.

Communications: Complete description of re-entrant phase behavior in a charge variable colloidal model system.

PubMed

Wette, Patrick; Klassen, Ina; Holland-Moritz, Dirk; Herlach, Dieter M; Schöpe, Hans Joachim; Lorenz, Nina; Reiber, Holger; Palberg, Thomas; Roth, Stephan V

2010-04-07

In titration experiments with NaOH, we have determined the full phase diagram of charged colloidal spheres in dependence on the particle density n, the particle effective charge Z(eff) and the concentration of screening electrolyte c using microscopy, light and ultrasmall angle x-ray scattering (USAXS). For sufficiently large n, the system crystallizes upon increasing Z(eff) at constant c and melts upon increasing c at only slightly altered Z(eff). In contrast to earlier work, equilibrium phase boundaries are consistent with a universal melting line prediction from computer simulation, if the elasticity effective charge is used. This charge accounts for both counterion condensation and many-body effects.

Phase-field-crystal model for ordered crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alster, Eli; Elder, K. R.; Hoyt, Jeffrey J.; Voorhees, Peter W.

2017-02-01

We describe a general method to model multicomponent ordered crystals using the phase-field-crystal (PFC) formalism. As a test case, a generic B2 compound is investigated. We are able to produce a line of either first-order or second-order order-disorder phase transitions, features that have not been incorporated in existing PFC approaches. Further, it is found that the only elastic constant for B2 that depends on ordering is C11. This B2 model is then used to study antiphase boundaries (APBs). The APBs are shown to reproduce classical mean-field results. Dynamical simulations of ordering across small-angle grain boundaries predict that dislocation cores pin the evolution of APBs.

AMPTE/CCE observations of the plasma composition below 17 keV during the September 4, 1984 magnetic storm

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shelley, E. G.; Klumpar, D. M.; Peterson, W. K.; Ghielmetti, A.; Balsiger, H.; Geiss, J.; Rosenbauer, H.

1985-01-01

Observations from the Hot Plasma Composition Experiment on the AMPTE/CCE spacecraft during the magnetic storm of 4-5 September 1984 reveal that significant injection of ions of terrestrial origin accompanied the storm development. The compression of the magnetosphere at storm sudden commencement carried the magnetopause inside the CCE orbit clearly revealing the shocked solar wind plasma. A build up of suprathermal ions is observed near the plasmapause during the storm main phase and recovery phase. Pitch angle distributions in the ring current during the main phase show differences between H(+) and O(+) that suggest mass dependent injection, transport and/or loss processes.

Numerical Investigation of Delamination in Drilling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Wenliang; Chen, Yan; Yang, Haojun; Wang, Hua; Yao, Qiwei

2018-03-01

Drilling of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is a challenging task in modern manufacturing sector and machining induced delamination is one of the major problems affecting assembly precision. In this work, a new three-dimensional (3D) finite element model is developed to study the chip formation and entrance delamination in drilling of CFRP composites on the microscopic level. Fiber phase, matrix phase and equivalent homogeneous phase in the multi-phase model have different constitutive behaviors, respectively. A comparative drilling test, in which the cement carbide drill and unidirectional CFRP laminate are employed, is conducted to validate the proposedmodel in terms of the delamination and the similar changing trend is obtained. Microscopic mechanism of entrance delamination together with the chip formation process at four special fiber cutting angles (0°, 45°, 90° and 135°) is investigated. Moreover, the peeling force is also predicted. The results show that the delamination occurrence and the chip formation are both strongly dependent on the fiber cutting angle. The length of entrance delamination rises with increasing fiber cutting angles. Negligible delamination at 0° is attributed to the compression by the minor flank face. For 45° and 90°, the delamination resulted from the mode III fracture. At 135°, serious delamination which is driven by the mode I and III fractures is more inclined to occur and the peeling force reaches its maximum. Such numerical models can help understand the mechanism of hole entrance delamination further and provide guidance for the damage-free drilling of CFRP.

Effect of Channel Geometry and Properties of a Vapor-Gas Mixture on Volume Condensation in a Flow through a Nozzle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sidorov, A. A.; Yastrebov, A. K.

2018-01-01

A method of direct numerical solution of the kinetic equation for the droplet size distribution function was used for the numerical investigation of volume condensation in a supersonic vapor-gas flow. Distributions of temperature for the gas phase and droplets, degree of supersaturation, pressure, fraction of droplets by weight, the number of droplets per unit mass, and of the nucleation rate along the channel were determined. The influence of nozzle geometry, mixture composition, and temperature dependence of the mixture properties on the investigated process was evaluated. It has been found that the nozzle divergence angle determines the vapor-gas mixture expansion rate: an increase in the divergence angle enhances the temperature decrease rate and the supersaturation degree raise rate. With an increase or decrease in the partial pressure of incondensable gas, the droplet temperature approaches the gas phase temperature or the saturation temperature at the partial gas pressure, respectively. A considerable effect of the temperature dependence of the liquid surface tension and properties on gas phase parameters and the integral characteristics of condensation aerosol was revealed. However, the difference in results obtained with or without considering the temperature dependence of evaporation heat is negligible. The predictions are compared with experimental data of other investigations for two mixtures: a mixture of heavy water vapor with nitrogen (incondensable gas) or n-nonane vapor with nitrogen. The predictions agree quite well qualitatively and quantitatively with the experiment. The comparison of the predictions with numerical results from other publications obtained using the method of moments demonstrates the usefulness of the direct numerical solution method and the method of moments in a wide range of input data.

A Robust Parameterization of Human Gait Patterns Across Phase-Shifting Perturbations

PubMed Central

Villarreal, Dario J.; Poonawala, Hasan A.; Gregg, Robert D.

2016-01-01

The phase of human gait is difficult to quantify accurately in the presence of disturbances. In contrast, recent bipedal robots use time-independent controllers relying on a mechanical phase variable to synchronize joint patterns through the gait cycle. This concept has inspired studies to determine if human joint patterns can also be parameterized by a mechanical variable. Although many phase variable candidates have been proposed, it remains unclear which, if any, provide a robust representation of phase for human gait analysis or control. In this paper we analytically derive an ideal phase variable (the hip phase angle) that is provably monotonic and bounded throughout the gait cycle. To examine the robustness of this phase variable, ten able-bodied human subjects walked over a platform that randomly applied phase-shifting perturbations to the stance leg. A statistical analysis found the correlations between nominal and perturbed joint trajectories to be significantly greater when parameterized by the hip phase angle (0.95+) than by time or a different phase variable. The hip phase angle also best parameterized the transient errors about the nominal periodic orbit. Finally, interlimb phasing was best explained by local (ipsilateral) hip phase angles that are synchronized during the double-support period. PMID:27187967

Silver nanocube aggregation gradient materials in search for total internal reflection with high phase sensitivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

König, Tobias A. F.; Ledin, Petr A.; Russell, Michael; Geldmeier, Jeffrey A.; Mahmoud, Mahmoud. A.; El-Sayed, Mostafa A.; Tsukruk, Vladimir V.

2015-03-01

We fabricated monolayer coatings of a silver nanocube aggregation to create a step-wise optical strip by applying different surface pressures during slow Langmuir-Blodgett deposition. The varying amount of randomly distributed nanocube aggregates with different surface coverages in gradient manner due to changes in surface pressure allows for continuous control of the polarization sensitive absorption of the incoming light over a broad optical spectrum. Optical characterization under total internal reflection conditions combined with electromagnetic simulations reveal that the broadband light absorption depends on the relative orientation of the nanoparticles to the polarization of the incoming light. By using computer simulations, we found that the electric field vector of the s-polarized light interacts with the different types of silver nanocube aggregations to excite different plasmonic resonances. The s-polarization shows dramatic changes of the plasmonic resonances at different angles of incidence (shift of 64 nm per 10° angle of incidence). With a low surface nanocube coverage (from 5% to 20%), we observed a polarization-selective high absorption of 80% (with an average 75%) of the incoming light over a broad optical range in the visible region from 400 nm to 700 nm. This large-area gradient material with location-dependent optical properties can be of particular interest for broadband light absorption, phase-sensitive sensors, and imaging.We fabricated monolayer coatings of a silver nanocube aggregation to create a step-wise optical strip by applying different surface pressures during slow Langmuir-Blodgett deposition. The varying amount of randomly distributed nanocube aggregates with different surface coverages in gradient manner due to changes in surface pressure allows for continuous control of the polarization sensitive absorption of the incoming light over a broad optical spectrum. Optical characterization under total internal reflection conditions combined with electromagnetic simulations reveal that the broadband light absorption depends on the relative orientation of the nanoparticles to the polarization of the incoming light. By using computer simulations, we found that the electric field vector of the s-polarized light interacts with the different types of silver nanocube aggregations to excite different plasmonic resonances. The s-polarization shows dramatic changes of the plasmonic resonances at different angles of incidence (shift of 64 nm per 10° angle of incidence). With a low surface nanocube coverage (from 5% to 20%), we observed a polarization-selective high absorption of 80% (with an average 75%) of the incoming light over a broad optical range in the visible region from 400 nm to 700 nm. This large-area gradient material with location-dependent optical properties can be of particular interest for broadband light absorption, phase-sensitive sensors, and imaging. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06430e

Boundary conditions at the gas sectors of superhydrophobic grooves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dubov, Alexander L.; Nizkaya, Tatiana V.; Asmolov, Evgeny S.; Vinogradova, Olga I.

2018-01-01

The hydrodynamics of liquid flowing past gas sectors of unidirectional superhydrophobic surfaces is revisited. Attention is focused on the local slip boundary condition at the liquid-gas interface, which is equivalent to the effect of a gas cavity on liquid flow. The system is characterized by a large viscosity contrast between liquid and gas μ /μg≫1 . We interpret earlier results, namely, the dependence of the local slip length on the flow direction, in terms of a tensorial local slip boundary condition and relate the eigenvalues of the local local slip tensor to the texture parameters, such as the width of the groove δ and the local depth of the groove e (y ,α ) . The latter varies in the direction y , orthogonal to the orientation of stripes, and depends on the bevel angle of the groove's edges, π /2 -α , at the point where three phases meet. Our theory demonstrates that when grooves are sufficiently deep their eigenvalues of the local slip length tensor depend only on μ /μg ,δ , and α , but not on the depth. The eigenvalues of the local slip length of shallow grooves depend on μ /μg and e (y ,α ) , although the contribution of the bevel angle is moderate. In order to assess the validity of our theory we propose an approach to solve the two-phase hydrodynamic problem, which significantly facilitates and accelerates calculations compared to conventional numerical schemes. The numerical results show that our simple analytical description obtained for limiting cases of deep and shallow grooves remains valid for various unidirectional textures.

Wettability Control on Fluid-Fluid Displacements in Patterned Microfluidics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, B.; Trojer, M.; Cueto-Felgueroso, L.; Juanes, R.

2014-12-01

Two-phase flow in porous media is important in many natural and industrial processes like geologic CO2 sequestration, enhanced oil recovery, and water infiltration in soil. While it is well known that the wetting properties of porous media can vary drastically depending on the type of media and the pore fluids, the effect of wettability on fluid displacement continues to challenge our microscopic and macroscopic descriptions. Here we study this problem experimentally, starting with the classic experiment of two-phase flow in a capillary tube. We image the shape of the meniscus and measure the associated capillary pressure for a wide range of capillary numbers. We confirm that wettability exerts a fundamental control on meniscus deformation, and synthesize new observations on the dependence of the dynamic capillary pressure on wetting properties (contact angle) and flow conditions (viscosity contrast and capillary number). We compare our experiments to a macroscopic phase-field model of two-phase flow. We use the insights gained from the capillary tube experiments to explore the viscous fingering instability in the Hele-Shaw geometry in the partial-wetting regime. A key difference between a Hele-Shaw cell and a porous medium is the existence of micro-structures (i.e. pores and pore throats). To investigate how these micro-structrues impact fluid-fluid displacement, we conduct experiments on a planar microfluidic device patterned with vertical posts. We track the evolution of the fluid-fluid interface and elucidate the impact of wetting on the cooperative nature of fluid displacement during pore invasion events. We use the insights gained from the capillary tube and patterned microfluidics experiments to elucidate the effect of wetting properties on viscous fingering and capillary fingering in a Hele-Shaw cell filled with glass beads, where we observe a contact-angle-dependent stabilizing behavior for the emerging flow instabilities, as the system transitions from drainage to imbibition.

Attachment of composite porous supra-particles to air-water and oil-water interfaces: theory and experiment.

PubMed

Paunov, Vesselin N; Al-Shehri, Hamza; Horozov, Tommy S

2016-09-29

We developed and tested a theoretical model for the attachment of fluid-infused porous supra-particles to a fluid-liquid interface. We considered the wetting behaviour of agglomerated clusters of particles, typical of powdered materials dispersed in a liquid, as well as of the adsorption of liquid-infused colloidosomes at the liquid-fluid interface. The free energy of attachment of a composite spherical porous supra-particle made from much smaller aggregated spherical particles to the oil-water interface was calculated. Two cases were considered: (i) a water-filled porous supra-particle adsorbed at the oil-water interface from the water phase, and, (ii) an oil-filled porous supra-particle adsorbed at the oil-water interface from the oil-phase. We derived equations relating the three-phase contact angle of the smaller "building block" particles and the contact angle of the liquid-infused porous supra-particles. The theory predicts that the porous supra-particle contact angle attached at the liquid interface strongly depends on the type of fluid infused in the particle pores and the fluid phase from which it approaches the liquid interface. We tested the theory by using millimetre-sized porous supra-particles fabricated by evaporation of droplets of polystyrene latex suspension on a pre-heated super-hydrophobic surface, followed by thermal annealing at the glass transition temperature. Such porous particles were initially infused with water or oil and approached to the oil-water interface from the infusing phase. The experiment showed that when attaching at the hexadecane-water interface, the porous supra-particles behaved as hydrophilic when they were pre-filled with water and hydrophobic when they were pre-filled with hexadecane. The results agree with the theoretically predicted contact angles for the porous composite supra-particles based on the values of the contact angles of their building block latex particles measured with the Gel Trapping Technique. The experimental data for the attachment of porous supra particles to the air-water interface from both air and water also agree with the theoretical model. This study gives important insights about how porous particles and particle aggregates attach to the oil-water interface in Pickering emulsions and the air-water surface in particle-stabilised aqueous foams relevant in ore flotation and a range of cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food, home and personal care formulations.

Calculation of contact angles at triple phase boundary in solid oxide fuel cell anode using the level set method

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sun, Xiaojun; Hasegawa, Yosuke; CREST, JST

2014-10-15

A level set method is applied to characterize the three dimensional structures of nickel, yttria stabilized zirconia and pore phases in solid oxide fuel cell anode reconstructed by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope. A numerical algorithm is developed to evaluate the contact angles at the triple phase boundary based on interfacial normal vectors which can be calculated from the signed distance functions defined for each of the three phases. Furthermore, surface tension force is estimated from the contact angles by assuming the interfacial force balance at the triple phase boundary. The average contact angle values of nickel, yttria stabilized zirconiamore » and pore are found to be 143°–156°, 83°–138° and 82°–123°, respectively. The mean contact angles remained nearly unchanged after 100 hour operation. However, the contact angles just after reduction are different for the cells with different sintering temperatures. In addition, standard deviations of the contact angles are very large especially for yttria stabilized zirconia and pore phases. The calculated surface tension forces from mean contact angles were close to the experimental values found in the literature. Slight increase of surface tensions of nickel/pore and nickel/yttria stabilized zirconia were observed after operation. Present data are expected to be used not only for the understanding of the degradation mechanism, but also for the quantitative prediction of the microstructural temporal evolution of solid oxide fuel cell anode. - Highlights: • A level set method is applied to characterize the 3D structures of SOFC anode. • A numerical algorithm is developed to evaluate the contact angles at the TPB. • Surface tension force is estimated from the contact angles. • The average contact angle values are found to be 143o-156o, 83o-138o and 82o-123o. • Present data are expected to understand degradation and predict evolution of SOFC.« less

Physical mechanism causing rapid changes in ultrarelativistic electron pitch angle distributions right after a shock arrival: Evaluation of an electron dropout event

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, X.-J.; Li, W.; Thorne, R. M.; Angelopoulos, V.; Ma, Q.; Li, J.; Bortnik, J.; Nishimura, Y.; Chen, L.; Baker, D. N.; Reeves, G. D.; Spence, H. E.; Kletzing, C. A.; Kurth, W. S.; Hospodarsky, G. B.; Blake, J. B.; Fennell, J. F.

2016-09-01

Three mechanisms have been proposed to explain relativistic electron flux depletions (dropouts) in the Earth's outer radiation belt during storm times: adiabatic expansion of electron drift shells due to a decrease in magnetic field strength, magnetopause shadowing and subsequent outward radial diffusion, and precipitation into the atmosphere (driven by EMIC wave scattering). Which mechanism predominates in causing electron dropouts commonly observed in the outer radiation belt is still debatable. In the present study, we evaluate the physical mechanism that may be primarily responsible for causing the sudden change in relativistic electron pitch angle distributions during a dropout event observed by Van Allen Probes during the main phase of the 27 February 2014 storm. During this event, the phase space density of ultrarelativistic (>1 MeV) electrons was depleted by more than 1 order of magnitude over the entire radial extent of the outer radiation belt (3 < L* < 5) in less than 6 h after the passage of an interplanetary shock. We model the electron pitch angle distribution under a compressed magnetic field topology based on actual solar wind conditions. Although these ultrarelativistic electrons exhibit highly anisotropic (peaked in 90°), energy-dependent pitch angle distributions, which appear to be associated with the typical EMIC wave scattering, comparison of the modeled electron distribution to electron measurements indicates that drift shell splitting is responsible for this rapid change in electron pitch angle distributions. This further indicates that magnetopause loss is the predominant cause of the electron dropout right after the shock arrival.

Structure of gel phase saturated lecithin bilayers: temperature and chain length dependence.

PubMed Central

Sun, W J; Tristram-Nagle, S; Suter, R M; Nagle, J F

1996-01-01

Systematic low-angle and wide-angle x-ray scattering studies have been performed on fully hydrated unoriented multilamamellar vesicles of saturated lecithins with even chain lengths N = 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 as a function of temperature T in the normal gel (L beta') phase. For all N, the area per chain Ac increases linearly with T with an average slope dAc/dT = 0.027 A2/degree C, and the lamellar D-spacings also increase linearly with an average slope dD/dT = 0.040 A/degree C. At the same T, longer chain length lecithins have more densely packed chains, i.e., smaller Ac's, than shorter chain lengths. The chain packing of longer chain lengths is found to be more distorted from hexagonal packing than that of smaller N, and the distortion epsilon of all N approaches the same value at the respective transition temperatures. The thermal volume expansion of these lipids is accounted for by the expansion in the hydrocarbon chain region. Electron density profiles are constructed using four orders of low-angle lamellar peaks. These show that most of the increase in D with increasing T is due to thickening of the bilayers that is consistent with a decrease in tilt angle theta and with little change in water spacing with either T or N. Because of the opposing effects of temperature on area per chain Ac and tilt angle 0, the area expansivity alpha A is quite small. A qualitative theoretical model based on competing head and chain interactions accounts for our results. PMID:8842227

Phase diagram of q-deformed Yang-Mills theory on S 2 at non-zero θ-angle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Okuyama, Kazumi

2018-04-01

We study the phase diagram of q-deformed Yang-Mills theory on S 2 at non-zero θ-angle using the exact partition function at finite N . By evaluating the exact partition function numerically, we find evidence for the existence of a series of phase transitions at non-zero θ-angle as conjectured in [hep-th/0509004

A Longitudinal Assessment of Sleep Timing, Circadian Phase, and Phase Angle of Entrainment across Human Adolescence

PubMed Central

Crowley, Stephanie J.; Van Reen, Eliza; LeBourgeois, Monique K.; Acebo, Christine; Tarokh, Leila; Seifer, Ronald; Barker, David H.; Carskadon, Mary A.

2014-01-01

The aim of this descriptive analysis was to examine sleep timing, circadian phase, and phase angle of entrainment across adolescence in a longitudinal study design. Ninety-four adolescents participated; 38 (21 boys) were 9–10 years (“younger cohort”) and 56 (30 boys) were 15–16 years (“older cohort”) at the baseline assessment. Participants completed a baseline and then follow-up assessments approximately every six months for 2.5 years. At each assessment, participants wore a wrist actigraph for at least one week at home to measure self-selected sleep timing before salivary dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) phase – a marker of the circadian timing system – was measured in the laboratory. Weekday and weekend sleep onset and offset and weekend-weekday differences were derived from actigraphy. Phase angles were the time durations from DLMO to weekday sleep onset and offset times. Each cohort showed later sleep onset (weekend and weekday), later weekend sleep offset, and later DLMO with age. Weekday sleep offset shifted earlier with age in the younger cohort and later in the older cohort after age 17. Weekend-weekday sleep offset differences increased with age in the younger cohort and decreased in the older cohort after age 17. DLMO to sleep offset phase angle narrowed with age in the younger cohort and became broader in the older cohort. The older cohort had a wider sleep onset phase angle compared to the younger cohort; however, an age-related phase angle increase was seen in the younger cohort only. Individual differences were seen in these developmental trajectories. This descriptive study indicated that circadian phase and self-selected sleep delayed across adolescence, though school-day sleep offset advanced until no longer in high school, whereupon offset was later. Phase angle changes are described as an interaction of developmental changes in sleep regulation interacting with psychosocial factors (e.g., bedtime autonomy). PMID:25380248

N -Sm A -Sm C phase transitions probed by a pair of elastically bound colloids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

M, Muhammed Rasi; Zuhail, K. P.; Roy, Arun; Dhara, Surajit

2018-03-01

The competing effect of surface anchoring of dispersed microparticles and elasticity of nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals has been shown to stabilize a variety of topological defects. Here we study a pair of colloidal microparticles with homeotropic and planar surface anchoring across N -Sm A -Sm C phase transitions. We show that below the Sm A -Sm C phase transition the temperature dependence of interparticle separation (D ) of colloids with homeotropic anchoring shows a power-law behavior; D ˜(1-T /TA C) α , with an exponent α ≈0.5 . For colloids with planar surface anchoring the angle between the joining line of the centers of the two colloids and the far field director shows characteristic variation elucidating the phase transitions.

Multiple Scattering Effects on Pulse Propagation in Optically Turbid Media.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Joelson, Bradley David

The effects of multiple scattering in a optically turbid media is examined for an impulse solution to the radiative transfer equation for a variety of geometries and phase functions. In regions where the complexities of the phase function proved too cumbersome for analytic methods Monte Carlo techniques were developed to describe the entire scalar radiance distribution. The determination of a general spread function is strongly dependent on geometry and particular regions where limits can be placed on the variables of the problem. Hence, the general spread function is first simplified by considering optical regions which reduce the complexity of the variable dependence. First, in the small-angle limit we calculate some contracted spread functions along with their moments and then use Monte Carlo techniques to establish the limitations imposed by the small-angle approximation in planar geometry. The point spread function (PSF) for a spherical geometry is calculated for the full angular spread in the forward direction of ocean waters using Monte Carlo methods in the optically thin and moderate depths and analytic methods in the diffusion domain. The angular dependence of the PSF for various ocean waters is examined for a range of optical parameters. The analytic method used in the diffusion calculation is justified by examining the angular dependence of the radiance of a impulse solution in a planar geometry for a prolongated Henyey-Greenstein phase function of asymmetry factor approximately equal to that of the ocean phase functions. The Legendre moments of the radiance are examined in order to examine the viability of the diffusion approximation which assumes a linearly anisotropic angular distribution for the radiance. A realistic lidar calculation is performed for a variety of ocean waters to determine the effects of multiple scattering on the determination of the speed of sound by using the range gated frequency spectrum of the lidar signal. It is shown that the optical properties of the ocean help to ensure single scatter form for the frequency spectra of the lidar signal. This spectra can then be used to compute the speed of sound and backscatter probability.

On the wavelength dependence of the effects of turbulence on average refraction angles in occultations by planetary atmospheres

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haugstad, B. S.; Eshleman, V. R.

1979-01-01

The dependence of the effects of planetary atmospheric turbulence on radio or optical wavelength in occultation experiments is discussed, and the analysis of Hubbard and Jokipii (1977) is criticized. It is argued that in deriving a necessary condition for the applicability of their method, Hubbard and Jokipii neglect a factor proportional to the square of the ratio of atmospheric or local Fresnel zone radius and the inner scale of turbulence, and fail to establish sufficient conditions, thereby omitting the square of the ratio of atmospheric scale height and the local Fresnel zone radius. The total discrepancy is said to mean that the results correspond to geometrical optics instead of wave optics, as claimed, thus being inapplicable in a dicussion of wavelength dependence. Calculations based on geometrical optics show that the bias in the average bending angle depends on the wavelength in the same way as does the bias in phase path caused by turbulence in a homogeneous atmosphere. Hubbard and Jokipii comment that the criterion of Haugstad and Eshleman is incorrect and show that there is a large wave optical domain where the results are independent of wavelength.

Pattern Formation in Langmuir Monolayers Due to Long-Range Electrostatic Interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fischer, Thomas M.; Lösche, Mathias

A distinctive characteristic of Langmuir monolayers that bears important consequences for the physics of structure formation within membranes is the uniaxial orientation of the constituent dipolar molecules, brought about by the symmetry break which is induced by the surface of the aqueous substrate. The association of oriented molecular dipoles with the interface leads to the formation of image dipoles within the polarizeable medium - the subphase - such that the effective dipole orientation of every of the individual molecules is strictly normal to the surface, even within molecularly disordered phases. As a result, dipole-dipole repulsions play an eminently important role for the molecular interactions within the system - independent of the state of phase (while the dipole area density does of course depend on the state of phase) - and control the morphogenesis of the phase boundaries in their interplay with the one-dimensional (1D) line tension between coexisting phases. The physics of these phenomena is only now being explored and is particularly exciting for systems within a three-phase coexistence region where complete or partial wetting, as well as dewetting between the coexisting phases may be experimentally observed by applying fluorescence microscopy to the monolayer films. It is revealed that the wetting behavior depends sensitively on the details of the electrostatic interactions, in that the apparent contact angles observed at three-phase contact points depends on the sizes of the coexisting phases. This is in sharp contrast to the physics of wetting in conventional 3D systems where the contact angle is a materials property, independent of the local details. In 3D systems, this leads to Youngs equation - which has been established more than two centuries ago. We report recent progress in the understanding of this unusual and rather unexpected behavior of a quasi-2D system by reviewing recent experimental results from optical microscopy on equilibrium phase shapes, non-equilibrium phenomena - such as relaxation of the shapes after distortions inferred by Laser tweezers or local impulse heating - and rheological properties of the system. The theoretical analysis of the underlying molecular interactions leads to a comprehension of the observed phenomena and reveals microscopic properties of the system in quantitative terms. In view of the recently proposed lipid raft hypothesis, a particularly fascinating implication of our results is the possibility that biochemical reactions which depend on complex interactions between membrane-bound proteins might be controlled by the non-conventional physics of the 2D system: As an electrogenic event - such as ion transfer across the membrane - changes the electrostatic properties of the membrane surface it might concurrently infer wetting between 2D phases and thus lead to the conjunction of membrane areas that were originally separated within the plane. If two reactants (e.g., membrane-bound enzymes) are dissolved in distinct phases, such a colloidal reorganization might rearrange the micro-evironment to bring them into close vicinity - and thus trigger the biochemical reaction.

A Unified Model for Tidal Disruption Events

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dai, Lixin; McKinney, Jonathan C.; Roth, Nathaniel; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico; Miller, M. Coleman

2018-06-01

In the past few years wide-field optical and UV transient surveys and X-ray telescopes have allowed us to identify a few dozen candidate tidal disruption events (TDEs). While in theory the physical processes in TDEs are ubiquitous, a few distinct classes of TDEs have been observed. Some TDEs radiate mainly in NUV/optical, while others produce prominent X-rays. Moreover, relativistic jets have been observed in only a handful of TDEs. This diversity might be related to the details of the super-Eddington accretion and emission physics relevant to TDE disks. In this Letter, we utilize novel three-dimensional general relativistic radiation magnetohydrodynamics simulations to study the super-Eddington compact disk phase expected in TDEs. Consistent with previous studies, geometrically thick disks, wide-angle optically thick fast outflows, and relativistic jets are produced. The outflow density and velocity depend sensitively on the inclination angle, and hence so does the reprocessing of emission produced from the inner disk. We then use Monte Carlo radiative transfer to calculate the reprocessed spectra and find that that the observed ratio of optical to X-ray fluxes increases with increasing inclination angle. This naturally leads to a unified model for different classes of TDEs in which the spectral properties of the TDE depend mainly on the viewing angle of the observer with respect to the orientation of the disk.

Optimal Electrodynamic Tether Phasing Maneuvers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bitzer, Matthew S.; Hall, Christopher D.

2007-01-01

We study the minimum-time orbit phasing maneuver problem for a constant-current electrodynamic tether (EDT). The EDT is assumed to be a point mass and the electromagnetic forces acting on the tether are always perpendicular to the local magnetic field. After deriving and non-dimensionalizing the equations of motion, the only input parameters become current and the phase angle. Solution examples, including initial Lagrange costates, time of flight, thrust plots, and thrust angle profiles, are given for a wide range of current magnitudes and phase angles. The two-dimensional cases presented use a non-tilted magnetic dipole model, and the solutions are compared to existing literature. We are able to compare similar trajectories for a constant thrust phasing maneuver and we find that the time of flight is longer for the constant thrust case with similar initial thrust values and phase angles. Full three-dimensional solutions, which use a titled magnetic dipole model, are also analyzed for orbits with small inclinations.

Hardening Mechanisms of Silicon Nanospheres: A Molecular Dynamics Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-01

in single oxide system 111 Figure 5.9 Dislocation motion in double oxide systems 112 x Figure 5.10 Dislocation response to incremental...addressed as no single dislocation loops were ever separated and no diffraction peaks indicative of the -Sn phase were observed. The load vs. displacement...as the diamond cubic structure has angle dependent covalent bonds. Therefore, other potentials have been 20 developed that model the

Power dissipation in HTS coated conductor coils under the simultaneous action of AC and DC currents and fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, Boyang; Li, Chao; Geng, Jianzhao; Zhang, Xiuchang; Gawith, James; Ma, Jun; Liu, Yingzhen; Grilli, Francesco; Coombs, T. A.

2018-07-01

This paper presents a comprehensive alternating current (AC) loss study of a circular high temperature superconductor (HTS) coated conductor coil. The AC losses from a circular double pancake coil were measured using the electrical method. A 2D axisymmetric H -formulation model using the FEM package in COMSOL Multiphysics has been established to match the circular geometry of the coil used in the experiment. Three scenarios have been analysed: Scenario 1 with AC transport current and DC magnetic field (experiment and simulation); Scenario 2 with DC transport current and AC magnetic field (simulation); and Scenario 3 with AC transport current and AC magnetic field (simulation and experimental data support). The angular dependence analysis on the coil under a magnetic field with different orientation angle θ has been carried out for all three scenarios. For Scenario 3, the effect of the relative phase difference Δφ between the AC current and the AC field on the total AC loss of the coil has been investigated. In summary, a current/field/angle/phase dependent AC loss ( I , B , θ, Δφ) study of a circular HTS coil has been carried out. The obtained results provide useful indications for the future design and research of HTS AC systems.

Dielectric properties of metallic alloy FeCoZr-dielectric ceramic PZT nanostructures prepared by ion sputtering in vacuum conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boiko, O.

2018-05-01

The main objective of the research was investigation of dielectric properties of (FeCoZr)x(PZT)(100-x) granular nanocomposites and determination the influence of isochronous annealing in temperatures of 398 K-573 K on them. The impedance spectroscopy methodology was used. The measurements of electrical parameters, such as: phase shift angle φ, dielectric loss factor tgδ, capacity C and conductivity σ of (FeCoZr)x(PZT)(100-x) nanocomposites have been performed. Frequency dependencies of these parameters were obtained for the ambient temperature range 98 K-373 K for the frequencies ranging from 50 Hz to 105 Hz. It was established, that the conductivity σ of the tested materials before the percolation threshold demonstrates non-linear dependence on frequency. Furthermore, it increases when the ambient temperature is increasing, which indicates a dielectric type of the material. The two types of electrical conduction: capacitive (phase shift angle φ takes negative values) and inductive (φ takes positive values) have been observed. It was concluded that the hopping conductivity dominated in the nanocomposites. Voltage and current resonances phenomena are observed in the materials. The isochronous annealing intensifies the dielectric properties of (FeCoZr)x(PZT)(100-x) nanocomposites.

Variability and robustness of scatterers in HRR/ISAR ground target data and its influence on the ATR performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schumacher, R.; Schimpf, H.; Schiller, J.

2011-06-01

The most challenging problem of Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) is the extraction of robust and independent target features which describe the target unambiguously. These features have to be robust and invariant in different senses: in time, between aspect views (azimuth and elevation angle), between target motion (translation and rotation) and between different target variants. Especially for ground moving targets in military applications an irregular target motion is typical, so that a strong variation of the backscattered radar signal with azimuth and elevation angle makes the extraction of stable and robust features most difficult. For ATR based on High Range Resolution (HRR) profiles and / or Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) images it is crucial that the reference dataset consists of stable and robust features, which, among others, will depend on the target aspect and depression angle amongst others. Here it is important to find an adequate data grid for an efficient data coverage in the reference dataset for ATR. In this paper the variability of the backscattered radar signals of target scattering centers is analyzed for different HRR profiles and ISAR images from measured turntable datasets of ground targets under controlled conditions. Especially the dependency of the features on the elevation angle is analyzed regarding to the ATR of large strip SAR data with a large range of depression angles by using available (I)SAR datasets as reference. In this work the robustness of these scattering centers is analyzed by extracting their amplitude, phase and position. Therefore turntable measurements under controlled conditions were performed targeting an artificial military reference object called STANDCAM. Measures referring to variability, similarity, robustness and separability regarding the scattering centers are defined. The dependency of the scattering behaviour with respect to azimuth and elevation variations is analyzed. Additionally generic types of features (geometrical, statistical), which can be derived especially from (I)SAR images, are applied to the ATR-task. Therefore subsequently the dependence of individual feature values as well as the feature statistics on aspect (i.e. azimuth and elevation) are presented. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov distance will be used to show how the feature statistics is influenced by varying elevation angles. Finally, confusion matrices are computed between the STANDCAM target at all eleven elevation angles. This helps to assess the robustness of ATR performance under the influence of aspect angle deviations between training set and test set.

Profilometry of three-dimensional discontinuous solids by combining two-steps temporal phase unwrapping, co-phased profilometry and phase-shifting interferometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Servin, Manuel; Padilla, Moises; Garnica, Guillermo; Gonzalez, Adonai

2016-12-01

In this work we review and combine two techniques that have been recently published for three-dimensional (3D) fringe projection profilometry and phase unwrapping, namely: co-phased profilometry and 2-steps temporal phase-unwrapping. By combining these two methods we get a more accurate, higher signal-to-noise 3D profilometer for discontinuous industrial objects. In single-camera single-projector (standard) profilometry, the camera and the projector must form an angle between them. The phase-sensitivity of the profilometer depends on this angle, so it cannot be avoided. This angle produces regions with self-occluding shadows and glare from the solid as viewed from the camera's perspective, making impossible the demodulation of the fringe-pattern there. In other words, the phase data is undefined at those shadow regions. As published recently, this limitation can be solved by using several co-phased fringe-projectors and a single camera. These co-phased projectors are positioned at different directions towards the object, and as a consequence most shadows are compensated. In addition to this, most industrial objects are highly discontinuous, which precludes the use of spatial phase-unwrappers. One way to avoid spatial unwrapping is to decrease the phase-sensitivity to a point where the demodulated phase is bounded to one lambda, so the need for phase-unwrapping disappears. By doing this, however, the recovered non-wrapped phase contains too much harmonic distortion and noise. Using our recently proposed two-step temporal phase-unwrapping technique, the high-sensitivity phase is unwrapped using the low-frequency one as initial gross estimation. This two-step unwrapping technique solves the 3D object discontinuities while keeping the accuracy of the high-frequency profilometry data. In scientific research, new art are derived as logical and consistent result of previous efforts in the same direction. Here we present a new 3D-profilometer combining these two recently published methods: co-phased profilometry and two-steps temporal phase-unwrapping. By doing this, we obtain a new and more powerful 3D profilometry technique which overcomes the two main limitations of previous fringe-projection profilometers namely: high phase-sensitivity digitalization of discontinuous objects and solid's self-generated shadow minimization. This new 3D profilometer is demonstrated by an experiment digitizing a discontinuous 3D industrial-solid where the advantages of this new profilometer with respect to previous art are clearly shown.

Transverse low frequency wave in a two fluid solar wind. M.S. Thesis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Solodyna, G. V.

1973-01-01

Investigation is made of the properties of low frequency transverse waves in a two-fluid solar wind having a radial magnetic field and radial streaming velocity. In order to examine what effects this streaming medium has on the waves, linearly polarized waves are decomposed into left and right circularly polarized waves. Computation is made of analytic expressions valid to first order for the radial amplitude and phase dependence of these constituent waves. It is shown that after travelling a given distance r, these waves have different amplitudes and phases. The former result causes their superposition to become elliptical rather than linear. The latter causes the axis of the ellipse of polarization to rotate through a well-defined angle. Analytic expressions are obtained for the eccentricity of the ellipse and for the angle of rotation. In analogy with regular Faraday rotation, in which the plane of polarization of a linear polarized wave rotates, the effect is denoted as generalized Faraday rotation.

Three flavor neutrino oscillations in matter: Flavor diagonal potentials, the adiabatic basis, and the CP phase

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kneller, James P.; McLaughlin, Gail C.

2009-09-01

We discuss the three neutrino flavor evolution problem with general, flavor-diagonal, matter potentials and a fully parametrized mixing matrix that includes CP violation, and derive expressions for the eigenvalues, mixing angles, and phases. We demonstrate that, in the limit that the mu and tau potentials are equal, the eigenvalues and matter mixing angles θ˜12 and θ˜13 are independent of the CP phase, although θ˜23 does have CP dependence. Since we are interested in developing a framework that can be used for S matrix calculations of neutrino flavor transformation, it is useful to work in a basis that contains only off-diagonal entries in the Hamiltonian. We derive the “nonadiabaticity” parameters that appear in the Hamiltonian in this basis. We then introduce the neutrino S matrix, derive its evolution equation and the integral solution. We find that this new Hamiltonian, and therefore the S matrix, in the limit that the μ and τ neutrino potentials are the same, is independent of both θ˜23 and the CP violating phase. In this limit, any CP violation in the flavor basis can only be introduced via the rotation matrices, and so effects which derive from the CP phase are then straightforward to determine. We then show explicitly that the electron neutrino and electron antineutrino survival probability is independent of the CP phase in this limit. Conversely, if the CP phase is nonzero and mu and tau matter potentials are not equal, then the electron neutrino survival probability cannot be independent of the CP phase.

High energy x-ray phase contrast CT using glancing-angle grating interferometers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sarapata, A., E-mail: adrian.sarapata@tum.de; Stayman, J. W.; Siewerdsen, J. H.

Purpose: The authors present initial progress toward a clinically compatible x-ray phase contrast CT system, using glancing-angle x-ray grating interferometry to provide high contrast soft tissue images at estimated by computer simulation dose levels comparable to conventional absorption based CT. Methods: DPC-CT scans of a joint phantom and of soft tissues were performed in order to answer several important questions from a clinical setup point of view. A comparison between high and low fringe visibility systems is presented. The standard phase stepping method was compared with sliding window interlaced scanning. Using estimated dose values obtained with a Monte-Carlo code themore » authors studied the dependence of the phase image contrast on exposure time and dose. Results: Using a glancing angle interferometer at high x-ray energy (∼45 keV mean value) in combination with a conventional x-ray tube the authors achieved fringe visibility values of nearly 50%, never reported before. High fringe visibility is shown to be an indispensable parameter for a potential clinical scanner. Sliding window interlaced scanning proved to have higher SNRs and CNRs in a region of interest and to also be a crucial part of a low dose CT system. DPC-CT images of a soft tissue phantom at exposures in the range typical for absorption based CT of musculoskeletal extremities were obtained. Assuming a human knee as the CT target, good soft tissue phase contrast could be obtained at an estimated absorbed dose level around 8 mGy, similar to conventional CT. Conclusions: DPC-CT with glancing-angle interferometers provides improved soft tissue contrast over absorption CT even at clinically compatible dose levels (estimated by a Monte-Carlo computer simulation). Further steps in image processing, data reconstruction, and spectral matching could make the technique fully clinically compatible. Nevertheless, due to its increased scan time and complexity the technique should be thought of not as replacing, but as complimentary to conventional CT, to be used in specific applications.« less

Application of phase angle for evaluation of the nutrition status of patients with anorexia nervosa.

PubMed

Małecka-Massalska, Teresa; Popiołek, Joanna; Teter, Mariusz; Homa-Mlak, Iwona; Dec, Mariola; Makarewicz, Agata; Karakuła-Juchnowicz, Hanna

2017-12-30

The evaluation of the nutrition status of patients has been the subject of interest of many scientific disciplines. Any deviation from normal values is a serious clinical problem. There are multiple nutrition status evaluation methods used including diet history, scales and questionnaires, physical examination, anthropometric measurements, biochemical measurements, function tests, as well as bioelectric impedance analysis or adipometry. Phase angle, obtained by means of bioelectric impedance analysis, is another parameter that is being more and more frequently applied in nutrition status monitoring. It is proportional to body cell mass. Its direct correlation with the cellular nutrition status has been documented. High phase angle values signify well-being, while low phase angle values indicate poor condition of cells. The purpose of this paper was to review the current state of knowledge about the application of phase angle in evaluation and monitoring of the nutrition status of patients with anorexia nervosa on the basis of available literature. It was proven that the phase angle values in patients with anorexia nervosa are much lower compared to healthy people. Detailed observations showed phase angle value increase in the course of treatment. The relevance of the commonly used body mass index (BMI) has been questioned due to significant degree of generalization in the nutrition status evaluation. Thus, there is a need for new, objective parameters for nutrition status evaluation, which will assist in the treatment and monitoring of patients in a more meaningful and reliable way. The existing independent studies equivocally confirm the usefulness of phase angle in the evaluation of nutrition status of patients with anorexia nervosa and its broader application in clinical practice is only a matter of time. However, these are merely attempts and they have not yet found wider application in clinical practice in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.

Pulsatile pressure driven rarefied gas flow in long rectangular ducts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsimpoukis, Alexandros; Valougeorgis, Dimitris

2018-04-01

The pulsatile pressure driven fully developed flow of a rarefied gas through an orthogonal duct is investigated, based on the time-dependent linear Bhatnagar, Gross, and Krook equation, by decomposing the flow into its steady and oscillatory parts. The investigation is focused on the oscillatory part, which is characterized by the gas rarefaction and oscillation parameters, the duct aspect ratio, and the accommodation coefficient. As the oscillation frequency is increased, the amplitude of all macroscopic quantities is decreased, while their phase angle lag is increased reaching the limiting value of π/2. As the gas becomes more rarefied, higher frequencies are needed to trigger this behavior. At small and moderate frequencies, there is a critical degree of gas rarefaction, where a maximum flow rate is obtained. As the duct aspect ratio is decreased and tends to zero, the flow rate and mean wall shear stress amplitudes are increased, while their phase angle lags are slightly affected. The accommodation coefficient has a significant effect on the amplitude and a very weak one on the phase angle of the macroscopic quantities. The computation of the inertia and viscous forces clarifies when the flow consists of only one oscillating viscous region or of two regions, namely, the inviscid piston flow in the core and the oscillating Stokes layer at the wall with the velocity overshooting. Finally, the time average oscillatory pumping power is increased as the oscillation frequency is reduced and its maximum value is one half of the corresponding steady one.

Hyperscaling violating black hole solutions and magneto-thermoelectric DC conductivities in holography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ge, Xian-Hui; Tian, Yu; Wu, Shang-Yu; Wu, Shao-Feng

2017-08-01

We derive new black hole solutions in Einstein-Maxwell-axion-dilaton theory with a hyperscaling violation exponent. We then examine the corresponding anomalous transport exhibited by cuprate strange metals in the normal phase of high-temperature superconductors via gauge-gravity duality. Linear-temperature-dependence resistivity and quadratic-temperature-dependence inverse Hall angle can be achieved. In the high-temperature regime, the heat conductivity and Hall Lorenz ratio are proportional to the temperature. The Nernst signal first increases as temperature goes up, but it then decreases with increasing temperature in the high-temperature regime.

Molecular Modeling of Three Phase Contact for Static and Dynamic Contact Angle Phenomena

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Malani, Ateeque; Amat, Miguel; Raghavanpillai, Anilkumar; Wysong, Ernest; Rutledge, Gregory

2012-02-01

Interfacial phenomena arise in a number of industrially important situations, such as repellency of liquids on surfaces, condensation, etc. In designing materials for such applications, the key component is their wetting behavior, which is characterized by three-phase static and dynamic contact angle phenomena. Molecular modeling has the potential to provide basic insight into the detailed picture of the three-phase contact line resolved on the sub-nanometer scale which is essential for the success of these materials. We have proposed a computational strategy to study three-phase contact phenomena, where buoyancy of a solid rod or particle is studied in a planar liquid film. The contact angle is readily evaluated by measuring the position of solid and liquid interfaces. As proof of concept, the methodology has been validated extensively using a simple Lennard-Jones (LJ) fluid in contact with an LJ surface. In the dynamic contact angle analysis, the evolution of contact angle as a function of force applied to the rod or particle is characterized by the pinning and slipping of the three phase contact line. Ultimately, complete wetting or de-wetting is observed, allowing molecular level characterization of the contact angle hysteresis.

Melting of 2D colloidal crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maret, G.; Eisenmann, C.; Gasser, U.; Vongruenberg, H. H.; Keim, P.; Zahn, K.

2004-11-01

We study melting of 2D crystals of super-paramagnetic colloidal particles confined by gravity to a flat air-water interface. The effective system temperature is given by the strength of the dipolar inter-particle interaction controlled by an external magnetic field B. Particle positions are obtained by video-microscopy. In vertical B-field crystals are hexagonal and we find all features of the 2-step melting scenario predicted by KTHNY-theory. In particular, quantitative agreement is found for the translational and orientational order parameters related to bound and isolated dislocations and disclinations. From particle position fluctuations wave-vector (q) dependent normal-mode spring constants are obtained in agreement with phonon band structure calculations. The elastic constants (q=0 limit) soften near melting in quantitative agreement with KTHNY. By tilting B away from vertical anisotropic 2D crystals are generated; at small tilting angles they melt through a quasi-hexatic phase, while at higher tilts a centered rectangular phase is found which melts into a 2D smectic-like phase through orientation-dependent dislocations.

Exploring the dynamics of phase separation in colloid-polymer mixtures with long range attraction.

PubMed

Sabin, Juan; Bailey, Arthur E; Frisken, Barbara J

2016-06-28

We have studied the kinetics of phase separation and gel formation in a low-dispersity colloid - non-adsorbing polymer system with long range attraction using small-angle light scattering. This system exhibits two-phase and three-phase coexistence of gas, liquid and crystal phases when the strength of attraction is between 2 and 4kBT and gel phases when the strength of attraction is increased. For those samples that undergo macroscopic phase separation, whether to gas-crystal, gas-liquid or gas-liquid-crystal coexistence, we observe dynamic scaling of the structure factor and growth of a characteristic length scale that behaves as expected for phase separation in fluids. In samples that gel, the power law associated with the growth of the dominant length scale is not equal to 1/3, but appears to depend mainly on the strength of attraction, decreasing from 1/3 for samples near the coexistence region to 1/27 at 8kBT, over a wide range of colloid and polymer concentrations.

Collective Transport Properties of Driven Skyrmions with Random Disorder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reichhardt, C.; Ray, D.; Reichhardt, C. J. Olson

2015-05-01

We use particle-based simulations to examine the static and driven collective phases of Skyrmions interacting with random quenched disorder. We show that nondissipative effects due to the Magnus term reduce the depinning threshold and strongly affect the Skyrmion motion and the nature of the dynamic phases. The quenched disorder causes the Hall angle to become drive dependent in the moving Skyrmion phase, while different flow regimes produce distinct signatures in the transport curves. For weak disorder, the Skyrmions form a pinned crystal and depin elastically, while for strong disorder the system forms a pinned amorphous state that depins plastically. At high drives the Skyrmions can dynamically reorder into a moving crystal, with the onset of reordering determined by the strength of the Magnus term.

Structural and phase transition changes of sodium dodecyl sulfate micellar solution in alcohols probed by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Putra, Edy Giri Rachman; Patriati, Arum

2015-04-01

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements on 0.3M sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar solutions have been performed in the presence of n-alcohols, from ethanol to decanol at different alcohol concentrations, 2-10 wt%. The ellipsoid micellar structure which occurred in the 0.3M SDS in aqueous solution with the size range of 30-50 Å has different behavior at various hydrocarbon chain length and concentration of alcohols. At low concentration and short chain-length of alcohols, such as ethanol, propanol, and butanol, the size of micelles reduced and had a spherical-like structure. The opposite effect occurred as medium to long chain alcohols, such as hexanol, octanol and decanol was added into the 0.3M SDS micellar solutions. The micelles structure changed to be more elongated in major axis and then crossed the critical phase transition from micellar solution into liquid crystal phase as lamellar structure emerged by further addition of alcohols. The inter-lamellar distances were also depending on the hydrocarbon chain length and concentration of alcohols. In the meantime, the persistent micellar structures occurred in addition of medium chain of n-alcohol, pentanol at all concentrations.

The puckering free-energy surface of proline

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Di

2013-03-01

Proline has two preferred puckering states, which are often characterized by the pseudorotation phase angle and amplitude. Although proline's five endocyclic torsion angles can be utilized to calculate the phase angle and amplitude, it is not clear if there is any direct correlation between each torsion angle and the proline-puckering pathway. Here we have designed five proline puckering pathways utilizing each torsion angle χj (j = 1˜5) as the reaction coordinate. By examining the free-energy surfaces of the five puckering pathways, we find they can be categorized into two groups. The χ2 pathway (χ2 is about the Cβ—Cγ bond) is especially meaningful in describing proline puckering: it changes linearly with the puckering amplitude and symmetrically with the phase angle. Our results show that this conclusion applies to both trans and cis proline conformations. We have also analyzed the correlations of proline puckering and its backbone torsion angles ϕ and ψ. We show proline has preferred puckering states at the specific regions of ϕ, ψ angles. Interestingly, the shapes of ψ-χ2 free-energy surfaces are similar among the trans proline in water, cis proline in water and cis proline in the gas phase, but they differ substantially from that of the trans proline in the gas phase. Our calculations are conducted using molecular simulations; we also verify our results using the proline conformations selected from the Protein Data Bank. In addition, we have compared our results with those calculated by the quantum mechanical methods.

Numerical study on the stick-slip motion of contact line moving on heterogeneous surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Ming; Chen, Xiao-Peng

2017-08-01

We present a numerical study of a moving contact line (CL) crossing the intersecting region of hydrophilic and hydrophobic patterns on a solid wall using lattice Boltzmann methods (LBMs). To capture the interface between the two phases properly, we applied a phase field model coupled with the LBM. The evolutions of the CL velocity, dynamic contact angle, and apparent contact angle are analyzed for the so-called "stick" and "slip" processes. In the two processes, the evolution of the quantities follows different rules shortly after the initial quick transition, which is probably caused by finite interfacial thickness or non-equilibrium effects. For the stick process, the CL is almost fixed and energy is extracted from the main flow to rebuild the meniscus' profile. The evolution of the meniscus is mainly governed by mass conservation. The CL is depinned after the apparent contact angle surpasses the dynamic one, which implies that the interfacial segment in the vicinity of contact line is bended. For the slip process, the quantities evolve with features of relaxation. In the microscopic scale, the velocity of the CL depends on the balance between unbalanced Young's capillary force and viscous drag. To predict the apparent contact angle evolution, a model following the dynamics of an overdamped spring-mass system is proposed. Our results also show that the capillary flows in a channel with heterogeneous wall can be described generally with the Poiseuille flow superimposed by the above transient one.

Kinematics of reflections in subsurface offset and angle-domain image gathers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dafni, Raanan; Symes, William W.

2018-05-01

Seismic migration in the angle-domain generates multiple images of the earth's interior in which reflection takes place at different scattering-angles. Mechanically, the angle-dependent reflection is restricted to happen instantaneously and at a fixed point in space: Incident wave hits a discontinuity in the subsurface media and instantly generates a scattered wave at the same common point of interaction. Alternatively, the angle-domain image may be associated with space-shift (regarded as subsurface offset) extended migration that artificially splits the reflection geometry. Meaning that, incident and scattered waves interact at some offset distance. The geometric differences between the two approaches amount to a contradictory angle-domain behaviour, and unlike kinematic description. We present a phase space depiction of migration methods extended by the peculiar subsurface offset split and stress its profound dissimilarity. In spite of being in radical contradiction with the general physics, the subsurface offset reveals a link to some valuable angle-domain quantities, via post-migration transformations. The angle quantities are indicated by the direction normal to the subsurface offset extended image. They specifically define the local dip and scattering angles if the velocity at the split reflection coordinates is the same for incident and scattered wave pairs. Otherwise, the reflector normal is not a bisector of the opening angle, but of the corresponding slowness vectors. This evidence, together with the distinguished geometry configuration, fundamentally differentiates the angle-domain decomposition based on the subsurface offset split from the conventional decomposition at a common reflection point. An asymptotic simulation of angle-domain moveout curves in layered media exposes the notion of split versus common reflection point geometry. Traveltime inversion methods that involve the subsurface offset extended migration must accommodate the split geometry in the inversion scheme for a robust and successful convergence at the optimal velocity model.

Rapid assessment of pulmonary gas transport with hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI using a 3D radial double golden-means acquisition with variable flip angles.

PubMed

Ruppert, Kai; Amzajerdian, Faraz; Hamedani, Hooman; Xin, Yi; Loza, Luis; Achekzai, Tahmina; Duncan, Ian F; Profka, Harrilla; Siddiqui, Sarmad; Pourfathi, Mehrdad; Cereda, Maurizio F; Kadlecek, Stephen; Rizi, Rahim R

2018-04-22

To demonstrate the feasibility of using a 3D radial double golden-means acquisition with variable flip angles to monitor pulmonary gas transport in a single breath hold with hyperpolarized xenon-129 MRI. Hyperpolarized xenon-129 MRI scans with interleaved gas-phase and dissolved-phase excitations were performed using a 3D radial double golden-means acquisition in mechanically ventilated rabbits. The flip angle was either held fixed at 15 ° or 5 °, or it was varied linearly in ascending or descending order between 5 ° and 15 ° over a sampling interval of 1000 spokes. Dissolved-phase and gas-phase images were reconstructed at high resolution (32 × 32 × 32 matrix size) using all 1000 spokes, or at low resolution (22 × 22 × 22 matrix size) using 400 spokes at a time in a sliding-window fashion. Based on these sliding-window images, relative change maps were obtained using the highest mean flip angle as the reference, and aggregated pixel-based changes were tracked. Although the signal intensities in the dissolve-phase maps were mostly constant in the fixed flip-angle acquisitions, they varied significantly as a function of average flip angle in the variable flip-angle acquisitions. The latter trend reflects the underlying changes in observed dissolve-phase magnetization distribution due to pulmonary gas uptake and transport. 3D radial double golden-means acquisitions with variable flip angles provide a robust means for rapidly assessing lung function during a single breath hold, thereby constituting a particularly valuable tool for imaging uncooperative or pediatric patient populations. © 2018 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

Leidenfrost phenomenon on conical surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hidalgo-Caballero, S.; Escobar-Ortega, Y.; Pacheco-Vázquez, F.

2016-09-01

The Leidenfrost state is typically studied by placing droplets on flat or slightly curved surfaces. Here this phenomenon is investigated by depositing water in hot conical bowls. We found that this phase exists even for large amounts of liquid in very narrow cones without considerable effect of the confinement on the Leidenfrost transition temperature TL. At a fixed temperature, T >TL , the total evaporation time τ has a nonmonotonic dependence on the angle of confinement θ : for large volumes (˜20 ml) on flat surfaces (θ ˜0∘ ), vapor chimneys appear and accelerate the evaporation rate, their frequency diminishes as θ augments and becomes zero at a certain angle θc, at which τ reaches its maximum value; then, τ decreases again at larger angles because the vapor layer holding up the water becomes thinner due to the increase of hydrostatic pressure and because the geometry facilitates the vapor expulsion along the conical wall. For small volumes (˜1 ml), surface tension mainly determines the drop curvature and the lifetime is practically independent of θ . Different chimney regimes and oscillation patterns were observed and summarized in a phase diagram. Finally, we developed a simple model to decipher the shape adopted by the liquid volume and its evolution as a function of time, and the predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Testing the Ginzburg-Landau approximation for three-flavor crystalline color superconductivity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mannarelli, Massimo; Sharma, Rishi; Rajagopal, Krishna

2006-06-01

It is an open challenge to analyze the crystalline color superconducting phases that may arise in cold dense, but not asymptotically dense, three-flavor quark matter. At present the only approximation within which it seems possible to compare the free energies of the myriad possible crystal structures is the Ginzburg-Landau approximation. Here, we test this approximation on a particularly simple 'crystal' structure in which there are only two condensates {approx}{delta}exp(iq{sub 2}{center_dot}r) and {approx}{delta}exp(iq{sub 3}{center_dot}r) whose position-space dependence is that of two plane waves with wave vectors q{sub 2} and q{sub 3} at arbitrary angles. For this case, we are able tomore » solve the mean-field gap equation without making a Ginzburg-Landau approximation. We find that the Ginzburg-Landau approximation works in the {delta}{yields}0 limit as expected, find that it correctly predicts that {delta} decreases with increasing angle between q{sub 2} and q{sub 3} meaning that the phase with q{sub 2} parallel q{sub 3} has the lowest free energy, and find that the Ginzburg-Landau approximation is conservative in the sense that it underestimates {delta} at all values of the angle between q{sub 2} and q{sub 3}.« less

Control of the external photoluminescent quantum yield of emitters coupled to nanoantenna phased arrays

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guo, Ke; Verschuuren, Marc A.; Lozano, Gabriel

2015-08-21

Optical losses in metals represent the largest limitation to the external quantum yield of emitters coupled to plasmonic antennas. These losses can be at the emission wavelength, but they can be more important at shorter wavelengths, i.e., at the excitation wavelength of the emitters, where the conductivity of metals is usually lower. We present accurate measurements of the absolute external photoluminescent quantum yield of a thin layer of emitting material deposited over a periodic nanoantenna phased array. Emission and absorptance measurements of the sample are performed using a custom-made setup including an integrating sphere and variable angle excitation. The measurementsmore » reveal a strong dependence of the external quantum yield on the angle at which the optical field excites the sample. Such behavior is attributed to the coupling between far-field illumination and near-field excitation mediated by the collective resonances supported by the array. Numerical simulations confirm that the inherent losses associated with the metal can be greatly reduced by selecting an optimum angle of illumination, which boosts the light conversion efficiency in the emitting layer. This combined experimental and numerical characterization of the emission from plasmonic arrays reveals the need to carefully design the illumination to achieve the maximum external quantum yield.« less

Oscillating cascade aerodynamics at large mean incidence

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buffum, Daniel H.; King, Aaron J.; El-Aini, Yehia M.; Capece, Vincent R.

1996-01-01

The aerodynamics of a cascade of airfoils oscillating in torsion about the midchord is investigated experimentally at a large mean incidence angle and, for reference, at a low mean incidence angle. The airfoil section is representative of a modern, low aspect ratio, fan blade tip section. Time-dependent airfoil surface pressure measurements were made for reduced frequencies of up to 1.2 for out-of-phase oscillations at a Mach number of 0.5 and chordal incidence angles of 0 deg and 10 deg; the Reynolds number was 0.9 x l0(exp 6). For the 10 deg chordal incidence angle, a separation bubble formed at the leading edge of the suction surface. The separated flow field was found to have a dramatic effect on the chordwise distribution of the unsteady pressure. In this region, substantial deviations from the attached flow data were found with the deviations becoming less apparent in the aft region of the airfoil for all reduced frequencies. In particular, near the leading edge the separated flow had a strong destabilizing influence while the attached flow had a strong stabilizing influence.

The Phase Curve Survey of the Irregular Saturnian Satellites: A Possible Method of Physical Classification

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bauer, James M.; Grav, Tommy; Buratti, Bonnie J.; Hicks, Michael D.

2006-01-01

During its 2005 January opposition, the saturnian system could be viewed at an unusually low phase angle. We surveyed a subset of Saturn's irregular satellites to obtain their true opposition magnitudes, or nearly so, down to phase angle values of 0.01 deg. Combining our data taken at the Palomar 200-inch and Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory's 4-m Blanco telescope with those in the literature, we present the first phase curves for nearly half the irregular satellites originally reported by Gladman et al. [2001. Nature 412, 163-166], including Paaliaq (SXX), Siarnaq (SXXIX), Tarvos (SXXI), Ijiraq (SXXII), Albiorix (SXVI), and additionally Phoebe's narrowest angle brightness measured to date. We find centaur-like steepness in the phase curves or opposition surges in most cases with the notable exception of three, Albiorix and Tarvos, which are suspected to be of similar origin based on dynamical arguments, and Siarnaq.During its 2005 January opposition, the saturnian system could be viewed at an unusually low phase angle. We surveyed a subset of Saturn's irregular satellites to obtain their true opposition magnitudes, or nearly so, down to phase angle values of 0.01 deg. Combining our data taken at the Palomar 200-inch and Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory's 4-m Blanco telescope with those in the literature, we present the first phase curves for nearly half the irregular satellites originally reported by Gladman et al. [2001. Nature 412, 163-166], including Paaliaq (SXX), Siarnaq (SXXIX), Tarvos (SXXI), Ijiraq (SXXII), Albiorix (SXVI), and additionally Phoebe's narrowest angle brightness measured to date. We find centaur-like steepness in the phase curves or opposition surges in most cases with the notable exception of three, Albiorix and Tarvos, which are suspected to be of similar origin based on dynamical arguments, and Siarnaq.

How ionic species structure influences phase structure and transitions from protic ionic liquids to liquid crystals to crystals.

PubMed

Greaves, Tamar L; Broomhall, Hayden; Weerawardena, Asoka; Osborne, Dale A; Canonge, Bastien A; Drummond, Calum J

2017-12-14

The phase behaviour of n-alkylammonium (C6 to C16) nitrates and formates has been characterised using synchrotron small angle and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), cross polarised optical microscopy (CPOM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The protic salts may exist as crystalline, liquid crystalline or ionic liquid materials depending on the alkyl chain length and temperature. n-Alkylammonium nitrates with n ≥ 6 form thermotropic liquid crystalline (LC) lamellar phases, whereas n ≥ 8 was required for the formate series to form this LC phase. The protic ionic liquid phase showed an intermediate length scale nanostructure resulting from the segregation of the polar and nonpolar components of the ionic liquid. This segregation was enhanced for longer n-alkyl chains, with a corresponding increase in the correlation length scale. The crystalline and liquid crystalline phases were both lamellar. Phase transition temperatures, lamellar d-spacings, and liquid correlation lengths for the n-alkylammonium nitrates and formates were compared with those for n-alkylammonium chlorides and n-alkylamines. Plateau regions in the liquid crystalline to liquid phase transition temperatures as a function of n for the n-alkylammonium nitrates and formates are consistent with hydrogen-bonding and cation-anion interactions between the ionic species dominating alkyl chain-chain van der Waals interactions, with the exception of the mid chained hexyl- and heptylammonium formates. The d-spacings of the lamellar phases for both the n-alkylammonium nitrates and formates were consistent with an increase in chain-chain layer interdigitation within the bilayer-based lamellae with increasing alkyl chain length, and they were comparable to the n-alkylammonium chlorides.

Surface roughness of Saturn's rings and ring particles inferred from thermal phase curves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morishima, Ryuji; Turner, Neal J.; Spilker, Linda

2017-10-01

We analyze thermal phase curves of all the main rings of Saturn (the A, B, C rings, and the Cassini division) measured by both the far-IR and mid-IR detectors of the Cassini Composite InfraRed Spectrometer (CIRS). All the rings show temperature increases toward zero phase angle, known as an opposition effect or thermal beaming. For the C ring and Cassini division, which have low optical depths, intra-particle shadowing is considered the dominant mechanism causing the effect. On the other hand, the phase curves of the optically thick B and A rings steepen significantly with decreasing absolute solar elevation angle from 21° to 14°, suggesting inter-particle shadowing plays an important role in these rings. We employ an analytic roughness model to estimate the degrees of surface roughness of the rings or ring particles. For optically thin rings, an isolated particle covered by spherical segment craters is employed while for the thick rings we approximate a packed particle layer as a slab covered by craters. The particles in the thin rings are found to have generally rough surfaces, except in the middle C ring. Across the C ring, the optical depth correlates with the degree of surface roughness. This may indicate that surface roughness comes mainly from particle clumping, while individual particles have rather smooth surfaces. For the optically thick rings, the surface roughness of the particle layer is found to be moderate. The modeled phase curves of optically thick rings are shallow if the phase angle change is primarily due to change of observer azimuthal angle. On the other hand, the phase curves are steep if the phase angle change is due to change of observer elevation angle, as inter-particle shadows become visible at higher observer elevation. In addition, the area of shadowed facets increases with decreasing solar elevation angle. These combined effects explain the large seasonal change of the phase curve steepness observed for the thick rings. The degrees of surface roughness inferred from the thermal phase curves are generally less than those from the phase curves in visible light. This is probably explained by different roughness scales seen in thermal and visible light.

Research program on fractured petroleum reservoirs. Task II - new phase formation and flow in porous media. Quarterly progress report, April 1, 1996--June 30, 1996

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fang, F.; Firoozabadi, A.

We have developed a phenomenological model for critical condensate saturation. This model reveals that critical condensate saturation is a function of surface tension and contact angle hysteresis. On the other hand, residual oil saturation does not have such a dependency. Consequently, the selection of fluids in laboratory measurements for gas condensate systems should be made with care.

Phase Equilibria and Transition in Mixtures of a Homopolymer and a Block Copolymer. I. Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Study.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-08

tlh repow ) !Unclassified lie. DECLASSI FICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT ( of this Report) Distribution Unlimited, Approved for...a block copolymer can sometimes be transformed into a homogeneous, disordered structure. The tem- perature of the transition depends on the degree of ...probably that the morphology is gradually transformed from spherical to cylindrical and eventually to lamellar packing. There is, however, no evidence of

Synthesis and synchrotron characterisation of novel dual-template of hydroxyapatite scaffolds with controlled size porous distribution

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lima, Thiago A. R. M.; Ilavsky, Jan; Hammons, Joshua

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) scaffolds with a hierarchical porous architecture were prepared by a new dual-template (corn starch and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant) used to cast HAP nanoparticles and development scaffolds with size hierarchical porous distribution. The Powder X-Ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that only the HAP crystalline phase is present in the samples after calcination; the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) combined with Small Angle (SAXS) and Ultra-Small Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS) techniques showed that the porous arrangement is promoted by needle-like HAP nanoparticles, and that the pore size distributions depend on the drip-order of the calcium and the phosphate solutions duringmore » the template preparation stage.« less

Apex-angle-dependent resonances in triangular split-ring resonators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burnett, Max A.; Fiddy, Michael A.

2016-02-01

Along with other frequency selective structures (Pendry et al. in IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 47(11):2075-2084, 1999) (circles and squares), triangular split-ring resonators (TSRRs) only allow frequencies near the center resonant frequency to propagate. Further, TSRRs are attractive due to their small surface area (Vidhyalakshmi et al. in Stopband characteristics of complementary triangular split ring resonator loaded microstrip line, 2011), comparatively, and large quality factors ( Q) as previously investigated by Gay-Balmaz et al. (J Appl Phys 92(5):2929-2936, 2002). In this work, we examine the effects of varying the apex angle on the resonant frequency, the Q factor, and the phase shift imparted by the TSRR element within the GHz frequency regime.

Synchronization versus decoherence of neutrino oscillations at intermediate densities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Raffelt, Georg G.; Tamborra, Irene

2010-12-15

We study collective oscillations of a two-flavor neutrino system with arbitrary but fixed density. In the vacuum limit, modes with different energies quickly dephase (kinematical decoherence), whereas in the limit of infinite density they lock to each other (synchronization). For intermediate densities, we find different classes of solutions. There is always a phase transition in the sense of partial synchronization occurring only above a density threshold. For small mixing angles, partial or complete decoherence can be induced by a parametric resonance, introducing a new time scale to the problem, the final outcome depending on the spectrum and mixing angle. Wemore » derive an analytic relation that allows us to calculate the late-time degree of coherence based on the spectrum alone.« less

Contingency maneuver strategies for the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer-Earth Probe (TOMS-EP)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kestler, James; Walls, Donna

1995-01-01

The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer-Earth Probe (TOMS-EP) is a polar-orbiting spacecraft designed to measure total ozone levels in the Earth's atmosphere. The nominal mission orbit is a 955-kilometer circular Sun-synchronous orbit with an ascending node mean local crossing time (MLT) between 11:02 a.m. and 11:25 a.m. These two mean local ascending node times constitute the boundaries of the MLT box for this mission. The MLT boundaries were chosen to maintain the Sun-to-Earth-to-vehicle orbit-normal (SVN) angle within a preselected set of seasonally independent boundaries. Because the SVN angle is seasonally dependent, but the MLT is not, contingency options for correcting the MLT of orbital states that fall outside of the required MLT range become time dependent. This paper focuses on contingency orbit adjustment strategies developed at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Flight Dynamics Division (FDD) during the mission planning phase of TOMS-EP. Time-dependent delta-V strategies are presented for correcting mission orbit states lying outside of the MLT range. Typically, passive control of the MLT drift rate can be used to restore the orbit state to the required MLT before a seasonal violation of SVN angle constraints can occur. Passive control of the MLT drift rate is obtained through adjustment of the semimajor axis and/or the inclination. The time between initial arrival on orbit at an 'out-of-the box' MLT state and violation of the SVN angle constraints is always less than or equal to 1 year. The choice of which parameter(s) to adjust is dictated by the duration of this time period, the desired mission lifetime, the delta-V cost, and operational constraints.

Thermal and Fluid Mechanical Investigation of an Internally Cooled Piston Rod

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klotsche, K.; Thomas, C.; Hesse, U.

2017-08-01

The Internal Cooling of Reciprocating Compressor Parts (ICRC) is a promising technology to reduce the temperature of the thermally stressed piston and piston rod of process gas compressors. The underlying heat transport is based on the flow of a two-phase cooling medium that is contained in the hollow reciprocating assembly. The reciprocating motion forces the phases to mix, enabling an enhanced heat transfer. In order to investigate this heat transfer, experimental results from a vertically reciprocating hollow rod are presented that show the influence of different liquid charges for different working temperatures. In addition, pressure sensors are used for a crank angle dependent analysis of the fluid mechanical processes inside the rod. The results serve to investigate the two-phase flow in terms of the velocity and distribution of the liquid and vapour phase for different liquid fractions.

Applied optics. Multiwavelength achromatic metasurfaces by dispersive phase compensation.

PubMed

Aieta, Francesco; Kats, Mikhail A; Genevet, Patrice; Capasso, Federico

2015-03-20

The replacement of bulk refractive optical elements with diffractive planar components enables the miniaturization of optical systems. However, diffractive optics suffers from large chromatic aberrations due to the dispersion of the phase accumulated by light during propagation. We show that this limitation can be overcome with an engineered wavelength-dependent phase shift imparted by a metasurface, and we demonstrate a design that deflects three wavelengths by the same angle. A planar lens without chromatic aberrations at three wavelengths is also presented. Our designs are based on low-loss dielectric resonators, which introduce a dense spectrum of optical modes to enable dispersive phase compensation. The suppression of chromatic aberrations in metasurface-based planar photonics will find applications in lightweight collimators for displays, as well as chromatically corrected imaging systems. Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Phase Behavior of Patchy Spheroidal Fluids.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carpency, Thienbao

We employ Gibbs-ensemble Monte Carlo computer simulation to assess the impact of shape anisotropy and particle interaction anisotropy on the phase behavior of a colloidal (or, by extension, protein) fluid comprising patchy ellipsoidal particles, with an emphasis on critical behavior. More specifically, we obtain the fluid-fluid equilibrium phase diagram of hard prolate ellipsoids having Kern-Frenkel surface patches under a variety of conditions and study the critical behavior of these fluids as a function of particle shape parameters. It is found that the dependence of the critical temperature on aspect ratio for particles having the same volume can be described approximately in terms of patch solid angles. In addition, ordering in the fluid that is associated with particle elongation is also found to be an important factor in dictating phase behavior. The G. Harold & Leila Y. Mathers Foundation.

Direct determination of three-phase contact line properties on nearly molecular scale

DOE PAGES

Winkler, P. M.; McGraw, R. L.; Bauer, P. S.; ...

2016-05-17

Wetting phenomena in multi-phase systems govern the shape of the contact line which separates the different phases. For liquids in contact with solid surfaces wetting is typically described in terms of contact angle. While in macroscopic systems the contact angle can be determined experimentally, on the molecular scale contact angles are hardly accessible. Here we report the first direct experimental determination of contact angles as well as contact line curvature on a scale of the order of 1nm. For water nucleating heterogeneously on Ag nanoparticles we find contact angles around 15 degrees compared to 90 degrees for the corresponding macroscopicallymore » measured equilibrium angle. The obtained microscopic contact angles can be attributed to negative line tension in the order of –10 –10 J/m that becomes increasingly dominant with increasing curvature of the contact line. Furthermore, these results enable a consistent theoretical description of heterogeneous nucleation and provide firm insight to the wetting of nanosized objects.« less

Phase angle and World Health Organization criteria for the assessment of nutritional status in children with osteogenesis imperfecta

PubMed Central

Pileggi, Vicky Nogueira; Scalize, Antonio Rodolpho Hakime; Camelo, José Simon

2016-01-01

Abstract Objective: To compare the phase angle of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta treated at a tertiary university hospital with patients in a control group of healthy children, and to assess the nutritional status of these patients through the body mass index proposed by the World Health Organization. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out in a university hospital that included seven patients with osteogenesis imperfecta and a control group of 17 healthy children of the same gender and age. Weight and height were measured and bioelectrical impedance was performed. Subsequently, the phase angle was calculated based on resistance and reactance values. Results: The phase angle of the group of children with osteogenesis imperfecta was significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.05). The body mass index criterion for age of the World Health Organization showed no difference between groups. Conclusions: Children with osteogenesis imperfecta have a nutritional risk detected by the phase angle, which is a useful tool for nutritional screening. The calculation result could help in the diet therapy of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta. PMID:27102998

Calamitic Smectic A-Polar Smectic APA Transition Observed in Bent Molecules with Large Bent-Angle Central Core of 4,6-Dichlorobenzene and Alkylthio Terminal Tail

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nguyen, Ha; Kang, Sungmin; Tokita, Masatoshi; Watanabe, Junji

2011-07-01

New homologs of bent molecules with a large bent-angle central core of 4,6-dichloro benzene and an alkylthio terminal tail have been synthesized. Although the corresponding alkoxy-tail homologs show only the calamitic phases because of its large bent angles around 160°, the new homologs with an alkylthio tail exhibit the antiferroelectric smectic APA (SmAPA) banana phase that is transformed on cooling from the calamitic smectic A (SmA) phase. The biaxial polar packing of bent molecules in the SmAPA phase is considered to arise from the hindered rotation around the molecular long axis due to the expansion of the mesophase temperatures to a lower temperature region. This study indicates that the bent molecules, even with a large bent angle, have the potential to form a switchable banana phase with a remarkable decrease in its phase temperature range to around 60 °C.

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics study of the roughness effect on contact angle and droplet flow.

PubMed

Shigorina, Elena; Kordilla, Jannes; Tartakovsky, Alexandre M

2017-09-01

We employ a pairwise force smoothed particle hydrodynamics (PF-SPH) model to simulate sessile and transient droplets on rough hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. PF-SPH allows modeling of free-surface flows without discretizing the air phase, which is achieved by imposing the surface tension and dynamic contact angles with pairwise interaction forces. We use the PF-SPH model to study the effect of surface roughness and microscopic contact angle on the effective contact angle and droplet dynamics. In the first part of this work, we investigate static contact angles of sessile droplets on different types of rough surfaces. We find that the effective static contact angles of Cassie and Wenzel droplets on a rough surface are greater than the corresponding microscale static contact angles. As a result, microscale hydrophobic rough surfaces also show effective hydrophobic behavior. On the other hand, microscale hydrophilic surfaces may be macroscopically hydrophilic or hydrophobic, depending on the type of roughness. We study the dependence of the transition between Cassie and Wenzel states on roughness and droplet size, which can be linked to the critical pressure for the given fluid-substrate combination. We observe good agreement between simulations and theoretical predictions. Finally, we study the impact of the roughness orientation (i.e., an anisotropic roughness) and surface inclination on droplet flow velocities. Simulations show that droplet flow velocities are lower if the surface roughness is oriented perpendicular to the flow direction. If the predominant elements of surface roughness are in alignment with the flow direction, the flow velocities increase compared to smooth surfaces, which can be attributed to the decrease in fluid-solid contact area similar to the lotus effect. We demonstrate that classical linear scaling relationships between Bond and capillary numbers for droplet flow on flat surfaces also hold for flow on rough surfaces.

Physical mechanism causing rapid changes in ultrarelativistic electron pitch angle distributions right after a shock arrival: Evaluation of an electron dropout event: Drift Shell Splitting on the Dayside

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, X. -J.; Li, W.; Thorne, R. M.

Three mechanisms have been proposed to explain relativistic electron flux depletions (dropouts) in the Earth's outer radiation belt during storm times: adiabatic expansion of electron drift shells due to a decrease in magnetic field strength, magnetopause shadowing and subsequent outward radial diffusion, and precipitation into the atmosphere (driven by EMIC wave scattering). Which mechanism predominates in causing electron dropouts commonly observed in the outer radiation belt is still debatable. In the present study, we evaluate the physical mechanism that may be primarily responsible for causing the sudden change in relativistic electron pitch angle distributions during a dropout event observed bymore » Van Allen Probes during the main phase of the 27 February 2014 storm. During this event, the phase space density of ultrarelativistic (>1MeV) electrons was depleted by more than 1 order of magnitude over the entire radial extent of the outer radiation belt (3 < L* < 5) in less than 6 h after the passage of an interplanetary shock. We model the electron pitch angle distribution under a compressed magnetic field topology based on actual solar wind conditions. Although these ultrarelativistic electrons exhibit highly anisotropic (peaked in 90°), energy-dependent pitch angle distributions, which appear to be associated with the typical EMIC wave scattering, comparison of the modeled electron distribution to electron measurements indicates that drift shell splitting is responsible for this rapid change in electron pitch angle distributions. This further indicates that magnetopause loss is the predominant cause of the electron dropout right after the shock arrival.« less

Physical mechanism causing rapid changes in ultrarelativistic electron pitch angle distributions right after a shock arrival: Evaluation of an electron dropout event: Drift Shell Splitting on the Dayside

DOE PAGES

Zhang, X. -J.; Li, W.; Thorne, R. M.; ...

2016-08-13

Three mechanisms have been proposed to explain relativistic electron flux depletions (dropouts) in the Earth's outer radiation belt during storm times: adiabatic expansion of electron drift shells due to a decrease in magnetic field strength, magnetopause shadowing and subsequent outward radial diffusion, and precipitation into the atmosphere (driven by EMIC wave scattering). Which mechanism predominates in causing electron dropouts commonly observed in the outer radiation belt is still debatable. In the present study, we evaluate the physical mechanism that may be primarily responsible for causing the sudden change in relativistic electron pitch angle distributions during a dropout event observed bymore » Van Allen Probes during the main phase of the 27 February 2014 storm. During this event, the phase space density of ultrarelativistic (>1MeV) electrons was depleted by more than 1 order of magnitude over the entire radial extent of the outer radiation belt (3 < L* < 5) in less than 6 h after the passage of an interplanetary shock. We model the electron pitch angle distribution under a compressed magnetic field topology based on actual solar wind conditions. Although these ultrarelativistic electrons exhibit highly anisotropic (peaked in 90°), energy-dependent pitch angle distributions, which appear to be associated with the typical EMIC wave scattering, comparison of the modeled electron distribution to electron measurements indicates that drift shell splitting is responsible for this rapid change in electron pitch angle distributions. This further indicates that magnetopause loss is the predominant cause of the electron dropout right after the shock arrival.« less

Solid State NMR Studies of the Aluminum Hydride Phases

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hwang, Son-Jong; Bowman, R. C., Jr.; Graetz, Jason; Reilly, J. J.

2006-01-01

Several solid state NMR techniques including magic-angle-spinning (MAS) and multiple-quantum (MQ) MAS experiments have been used to characterize various AlH3 samples. MAS-NMR spectra for the 1H and 27Al nuclei have been obtained on a variety of AlH3 samples that include the (beta)- and (gamma)- phases as well as the most stable (alpha)-phase. While the dominant components in these NMR spectra correspond to the aluminum hydride phases, other species were found that include Al metal, molecular hydrogen (H2), as well as peaks that can be assigned to Al-O species in different configurations. The occurrence and concentration of these extraneous components are dependent upon the initial AlH3 phase composition and preparation procedures. Both the (beta)-AlH3 and (gamma)-AlH3 phases were found to generate substantial amounts of Al metal when the materials were stored at room temperature while the (alpha)-phase materials do not exhibit these changes.

Resonant Compton Upscattering Models of Magnetar Hard X-ray Emission and Polarization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baring, Matthew G.; Wadiasingh, Zorawar; Gonthier, Peter L.; Kust Harding, Alice

2017-08-01

Non-thermal quiescent X-ray emission extending between 10 keV and around 150 keV has been seen in about 10 magnetars by RXTE, INTEGRAL, Suzaku and Fermi-GBM. For inner magnetospheric models of such hard X-ray signals, resonant Compton upscattering is anticipated to be the most efficient process for generating the continuum radiation. This is because the scattering becomes resonant at the cyclotron frequency, and the effective cross section exceeds the classical Thomson value by over two orders of magnitude. We present angle-dependent hard X-ray upscattering model spectra for uncooled monoenergetic relativistic electrons injected in inner regions of pulsar magnetospheres. These spectra are integrated over closed field lines and obtained for different observing perspectives. The spectral cut-off energies are critically dependent on the observer viewing angles and electron Lorentz factor. We find that electrons with energies less than around 15 MeV will emit most of their radiation below 250 keV, consistent with the observed turnovers in magnetar hard X-ray tails. Moreover, electrons of higher energy still emit most of the radiation below around 1 MeV, except for quasi-equatorial emission locales for select pulses phases. In such cases, attenuation mechanisms such as pair creation will be prolific, thereby making it difficult to observe signals extending into the Fermi-LAT band. Our spectral computations use new state-of-the-art, spin-dependent formalism for the QED Compton scattering cross section in strong magnetic fields. The emission exhibits strong polarization above around 30 keV that is anticipated to be dependent on pulse phase, thereby defining science agendas for future hard X-ray polarimeters.

Ring magnet firing angle control

DOEpatents

Knott, M.J.; Lewis, L.G.; Rabe, H.H.

1975-10-21

A device is provided for controlling the firing angles of thyratrons (rectifiers) in a ring magnet power supply. A phase lock loop develops a smooth ac signal of frequency equal to and in phase with the frequency of the voltage wave developed by the main generator of the power supply. A counter that counts from zero to a particular number each cycle of the main generator voltage wave is synchronized with the smooth AC signal of the phase lock loop. Gates compare the number in the counter with predetermined desired firing angles for each thyratron and with coincidence the proper thyratron is fired at the predetermined firing angle.

Glancing angle Talbot-Lau grating interferometers for phase contrast imaging at high x-ray energy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stutman, D.; Finkenthal, M.

2012-08-01

A Talbot-Lau interferometer is demonstrated using micro-periodic gratings inclined at a glancing angle along the light propagation direction. Due to the increase in the effective thickness of the absorption gratings, the device enables differential phase contrast imaging at high x-ray energy, with improved fringe visibility (contrast). For instance, at 28° glancing angle, we obtain up to ˜35% overall interferometer contrast with a spectrum having ˜43 keV mean energy, suitable for medical applications. In addition, glancing angle interferometers could provide high contrast at energies above 100 keV, enabling industrial and security applications of phase contrast imaging.

Spatial hearing in Cope’s gray treefrog: II. Frequency-dependent directionality in the amplitude and phase of tympanum vibrations

PubMed Central

Lee, Norman; Schrode, Katrina M.; Johns, Anastasia R.; Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jakob; Bee, Mark A.

2014-01-01

Anuran ears function as pressure difference receivers, and the amplitude and phase of tympanum vibrations are inherently directional, varying with sound incident angle. We quantified the nature of this directionality for Cope’s gray treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis. We presented subjects with pure tones, advertisement calls, and frequency-modulated sweeps to examine the influence of frequency, signal level, lung inflation, and sex on ear directionality. Interaural differences in the amplitude of tympanum vibrations were 1–4 dB greater than sound pressure differences adjacent to the two tympana, while interaural differences in the phase of tympanum vibration were similar to or smaller than those in sound phase. Directionality in the amplitude and phase of tympanum vibration were highly dependent on sound frequency, and directionality in amplitude varied slightly with signal level. Directionality in the amplitude and phase of tone- and call-evoked responses did not differ between sexes. Lung inflation strongly affected tympanum directionality over a narrow frequency range that, in females, included call frequencies. This study provides a foundation for further work on the biomechanics and neural mechanisms of spatial hearing in H. chrysoscelis, and lends valuable perspective to behavioral studies on the use of spatial information by this species and other frogs. PMID:24504183

Spatial hearing in Cope's gray treefrog: II. Frequency-dependent directionality in the amplitude and phase of tympanum vibrations.

PubMed

Caldwell, Michael S; Lee, Norman; Schrode, Katrina M; Johns, Anastasia R; Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jakob; Bee, Mark A

2014-04-01

Anuran ears function as pressure difference receivers, and the amplitude and phase of tympanum vibrations are inherently directional, varying with sound incident angle. We quantified the nature of this directionality for Cope's gray treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis. We presented subjects with pure tones, advertisement calls, and frequency-modulated sweeps to examine the influence of frequency, signal level, lung inflation, and sex on ear directionality. Interaural differences in the amplitude of tympanum vibrations were 1-4 dB greater than sound pressure differences adjacent to the two tympana, while interaural differences in the phase of tympanum vibration were similar to or smaller than those in sound phase. Directionality in the amplitude and phase of tympanum vibration were highly dependent on sound frequency, and directionality in amplitude varied slightly with signal level. Directionality in the amplitude and phase of tone- and call-evoked responses did not differ between sexes. Lung inflation strongly affected tympanum directionality over a narrow frequency range that, in females, included call frequencies. This study provides a foundation for further work on the biomechanics and neural mechanisms of spatial hearing in H. chrysoscelis, and lends valuable perspective to behavioral studies on the use of spatial information by this species and other frogs.

Angular-dependent light scattering from cancer cells in different phases of the cell cycle.

PubMed

Lin, Xiaogang; Wan, Nan; Weng, Lingdong; Zhou, Yong

2017-10-10

Cancer cells in different phases of the cell cycle result in significant differences in light scattering properties. In order to harvest cancer cells in particular phases of the cell cycle, we cultured cancer cells through the process of synchronization. Flow cytometric analysis was applied to check the results of cell synchronization and prepare for light scattering measurements. Angular-dependent light scattering measurements of cancer cells arrested in the G1, S, and G2 phases have been performed. Based on integral calculations for scattering intensities from 5° to 10° and from 110° to 150°, conclusions have been reached. Clearly, the sizes of the cancer cells in different phases of the cell cycle dominated the forward scatter. Accompanying the increase of cell size with the progression of the cell cycle, the forward scattering intensity also increased. Meanwhile, the DNA content of cancer cells in every phase of the cell cycle is responsible for light scattering at large scatter angles. The higher the DNA content of cancer cells was, the greater the positive effect on the high-scattering intensity. As expected, understanding the relationships between the light scattering from cancer cells and cell cycles will aid in the development of cancer diagnoses. Also, it may assist in the guidance of antineoplastic drugs clinically.

Effects of geometric configuration on droplet generation in Y-junctions and anti-Y-junctions microchannels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Zhao-Miao; Liu, Li-Kun; Shen, Feng

2015-10-01

Droplets generation in Y-junctions and anti-Y-junctions microchannels are experimentally studied using a high speed digital microscopic system and numerical simulation. Geometric configuration of a microchannel, such as Y-angle (90°, 135°, -90° and -135°), channel depth and other factors have been taken into consideration. It is found that droplets generated in anti-Y-junctions have a smaller size and a shorter generation cycle compared with those in Y-junctions under the same experimental conditions. Through observing the internal velocity field, the vortex appearing in continuous phase in anti-Y-junctions is one of the key factors for the difference of droplet size and generation cycle. It is found that droplet size is bigger and generation cycle is longer when the absolute angle value of the intersection between the continuous and the dispersed phases (i.e., the angle between the main channel and the continuous phase or the dispersed phase channel) increases. The droplet's size is influenced by the Y-angle, which varies with the channel depth in Y-junctions. The Y-angle has a positive effect on the droplet generation cycle, but a smaller height-width ratio will enhance the impact of a continuous and dispersed phase's intersection angle on the droplet generation cycle in Y-junctions microchannels.

Project Neil Bone: a great success!

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miles, R.

2010-08-01

Last October, the ARPS initiated a new observing project to make photometric observations of asteroids which reach a phase angle of 0.2° or less at opposition. The stimulus for this followed the naming last year of asteroid (7102) in honour of Neil Bone, our former Meteor Section Director, who sadly died last year. It turned out that (7102) would reach opposition on January 18 this year at an unusually low phase angle - just 0.03°. This is so small an angle that if you were standing on the asteroid on this date, you would be able to see the Earth transiting across the face of the Sun! The probability that (7102) would attain such a low phase angle is about once in several hundred years. So our project was set up with a view to observing its namesake along with a selection of thirteen other asteroids, which also happened to pass through very low phase angle at their opposition during the period 2009 October-2010 March.

A Non-Abelian Geometric Phase for Spin Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

H M, Bharath; Boguslawski, Matthew; Barrios, Maryrose; Chapman, Michael

Berry's geometric phase has been used to characterize topological phase transitions. Recent works have addressed the question of whether generalizations of Berry's phase to mixed states can be used to characterize topological phase transitions. Berry's phase is essentially the geometric information stored in the overall phase of a quantum system. Here, we show that geometric information is also stored in the higher order spin moments of a quantum spin system. In particular, we show that when the spin vector of a quantum spin system with a spin 1 or higher is transported along a closed path inside the Bloch ball, the tensor of second moments picks up a geometric phase in the form of an SO(3) operator. Geometrically interpreting this phase is tantamount to defining a steradian angle for closed paths inside the Bloch ball. Typically the steradian angle is defined by projecting the path onto the surface of the Bloch ball. However, paths that pass through the center cannot be projected onto the surface. We show that the steradian angles of all paths, including those that pass through the center can be defined by projecting them onto a real projective plane, instead of a sphere. This steradian angle is equal to the geometric phase picked up by a spin system.

Remote sensing of dust in the Solar system and beyond using wavelength dependence of polarization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kolokolova, L.

2011-12-01

For a long time, the main polarimetric tool to study dust in the Solar system has been the dependence of polarization on phase (scattering) angle. Surprisingly, a variety of cosmic dusts (interplanetary and cometary dust, dust on the surfaces of asteroids and in debris disks) possesses a very similar phase dependence of polarization with a negative bowl-shaped part at small phase angles and a positive bell-shaped region with maximum polarization around 95-105 deg. Numerous laboratory and theoretical simulations showed that a polarimetric phase curve of this shape is typical for fluffy materials, e.g., porous, aggregated particles. By contrast, the wavelength dependence of polarization is different for different types of dust. In the visual, polarization decreases with wavelength (negative gradient) for asteroids and interplanetary dust, but usually increases with wavelength (positive gradient) for cometary dust. In debris disks both signs of the spectral gradient of polarization have been found. Moreover, it was found that a cometary positive spectral gradient can change to a negative one as observations move to longer (near-infrared) wavelengths (Kelley et al. AJ, 127, 2398, 2004) and some comets(Kiselev et al. JQSRT, 109, 1384, 2008) have negative gradient even in the visible. The diversity of the spectral dependence of polarization therefore gives us hope that it can be used for characterization of the aggregates that represent different types of cosmic dust. To accomplish this, the physics behind the spectral dependence of polarization need to be revealed. Our recent study shows that the spectral dependence of polarization depends on the strength of electromagnetic interaction between the monomers in aggregates. The strength of the interaction mainly depends on how many monomers the electromagnetic wave covers on the light path equal to one wavelength. Since the electromagnetic interaction depolarizes the light, the more particles a single wavelength covers the smaller is the polarization of the scattered light. Thus, at a given monomer size the polarization decreases as wavelength increases resulting in the negative spectral gradient of polarization. However, this tendency occurs only for rather compact aggregates. For porous particles, an increase of wavelength may not increase the number of the covered monomers. In this case, polarization increases with wavelength as a result of decreasing monomer's size parameter. We performed computer modeling of light scattering by aggregates of different porosity using MSTM (multisphere T-matrix) code by D. Mackowski (see http://eng.auburn.edu/users/dmckwski/scatcodes/). The results show that for each porosity a critical wavelength exists at which the spectral gradient of polarization changes from positive to negative. The electromagnetic interaction is also stronger for more transparent materials which in turn affects the value of the critical wavelength. Thus, measurements of polarization over a broad range of wavelength can be a powerful tool to study the porosity and composition of dust in a variety of cosmic environments, especially when detailed phase dependence of polarization cannot be established (e.g. for TNO and other distant objects).

Surface roughness of Saturn's rings and ring particles inferred from thermal phase curves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morishima, Ryuji; Turner, Neal; Spilker, Linda

2017-10-01

We analyze thermal phase curves of all the main rings of Saturn (the A, B, C rings, and the Cassini division) measured by both the far-IR and mid-IR detectors of the Cassini Composite InfraRed Spectrometer (CIRS). All the rings show temperature increases toward zero phase angle, known as an opposition effect or thermal beaming. For the C ring and Cassini division, which have low optical depths, intra-particle shadowing is considered the dominant mechanism causing the effect. On the other hand, the phase curves of the optically thick B and A rings steepen significantly with decreasing absolute solar elevation angle from 21° to 14°, suggesting inter-particle shadowing plays an important role in these rings. We employ an analytic roughness model to estimate the degrees of surface roughness of the rings or ring particles. For optically thin rings, an isolated particle covered by spherical segment craters is employed while for the thick rings we approximate a packed particle layer as a slab covered by craters. The particles in the thin rings are found to have generally rough surfaces, except in the middle C ring. Across the C ring, the optical depth correlates with the degree of surface roughness. This may indicate that surface roughness comes mainly from particle clumping, while individual particles have rather smooth surfaces. For the optically thick rings, the surface roughness of the particle layer is found to be moderate. The modeled phase curves of optically thick rings are shallow if the phase angle change is primarily due to change of observer azimuthal angle. On the other hand, the phase curves are steep if the phase angle change is due to change of observer elevation angle, as inter-particle shadows become visible at higher observer elevation. In addition, the area of shadowed facets increases with decreasing solar elevation angle. These combined effects explain the large seasonal change of the phase curve steepness observed for the thick rings. The degrees of surface roughness inferred from the thermal phase curves are generally less than those from the phase curves in visible light. This is probably explained by different roughness scales seen in thermal and visible light or by dilution of thermal phase curve steepnesses due to particle motion.

Anomalous contact angle hysteresis of a captive bubble: advancing contact line pinning.

PubMed

Hong, Siang-Jie; Chang, Feng-Ming; Chou, Tung-He; Chan, Seong Heng; Sheng, Yu-Jane; Tsao, Heng-Kwong

2011-06-07

Contact angle hysteresis of a sessile drop on a substrate consists of continuous invasion of liquid phase with the advancing angle (θ(a)) and contact line pinning of liquid phase retreat until the receding angle (θ(r)) is reached. Receding pinning is generally attributed to localized defects that are more wettable than the rest of the surface. However, the defect model cannot explain advancing pinning of liquid phase invasion driven by a deflating bubble and continuous retreat of liquid phase driven by the inflating bubble. A simple thermodynamic model based on adhesion hysteresis is proposed to explain anomalous contact angle hysteresis of a captive bubble quantitatively. The adhesion model involves two solid–liquid interfacial tensions (γ(sl) > γ(sl)′). Young’s equation with γ(sl) gives the advancing angle θ(a) while that with γ(sl)′ due to surface rearrangement yields the receding angle θ(r). Our analytical analysis indicates that contact line pinning represents frustration in surface free energy, and the equilibrium shape corresponds to a nondifferential minimum instead of a local minimum. On the basis of our thermodynamic model, Surface Evolver simulations are performed to reproduce both advancing and receding behavior associated with a captive bubble on the acrylic glass.

Spectral Modeling of Ground Ices Exposed by Trenching at the Phoenix Mars Landing Site

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cull, S.; Arvidson, R. E.; Blaney, D.; Morris, R. V.

2008-12-01

The Phoenix Lander, which landed on the northern plains of Mars on 25 May 2008, used its Robotic Arm (RA) to dig six trenches during its nominal 90-sol mission: Dodo-Goldilocks, Snow White, Cupboard, Neverland, Burn Alive, and Stone Soup. During excavation of the first five of these, the RA encountered hard material interpreted to be the ice table, and the Stereo Surface Imager (SSI) imaged the exposed materials using 15 filters spanning a wavelength range from 445 to 1001 nm. Materials exposed in the Dodo- Goldilocks and Snow White trenches are spectroscopically dissimilar: Dodo-Goldilocks hard material is brighter relative to the surrounding soil, and has a distinct downturn around 800 nm resulting from a dusty ice with low soil-to-ice ratio. Snow White hard stuff varies in brightness and spectral shape depending on the phase angle, with low-phase angle images showing dark material and higher phase angles showing more soil-like material. The Snow White material does not have the strong 800-nm downturn seen in Dodo- Goldilocks, because the soil-to-ice ratio is high as inferred by the rapid development of a sublimation lag; however, the albedo variation with phase angle could be due to strong forward-scattering at low phase angles, consistent with icy material. A modified Hapke model is used to estimate the relative abundances of water ice and dust in the Dodo- Goldilocks and Snow White materials, with dehydrated palagonite as an analogue for dust . The ice exposed at Dodo-Goldilocks must be relatively dust-free, since only a small amount of dust is needed to obscure water ice absorptions. In our modeling, we find that as little as 5 wt% 20-um dust is enough to completely mask the 1001 nm absorption in 1-mm grain size water ice. Dodo-Goldilocks spectra can have up to a 20% drop in reflectance from 800 nm to 1001 nm, which is best-matched in our Hapke model by water ice with path lengths on the order of 2-3 mm. The Snow White dark materials typically have a small downturn at approximately 900 nm, with a depth on the order of a few percent. This could be the result of finer-grained ice or a higher dust:ice ratio. Further modeling is needed to understand the behavior of the dark and bright material at the Snow White trench.

Process and apparatus for measuring degree of polarization and angle of major axis of polarized beam of light

DOEpatents

Decker, Derek E.; Toeppen, John S.

1994-01-01

Apparatus and process are disclosed for calibrating measurements of the phase of the polarization of a polarized beam and the angle of the polarized optical beam's major axis of polarization at a diagnostic point with measurements of the same parameters at a point of interest along the polarized beam path prior to the diagnostic point. The process is carried out by measuring the phase angle of the polarization of the beam and angle of the major axis at the point of interest, using a rotatable polarizer and a detector, and then measuring these parameters again at a diagnostic point where a compensation apparatus, including a partial polarizer, which may comprise a stack of glass plates, is disposed normal to the beam path between a rotatable polarizer and a detector. The partial polarizer is then rotated both normal to the beam path and around the axis of the beam path until the detected phase of the beam polarization equals the phase measured at the point of interest. The rotatable polarizer at the diagnostic point may then be rotated manually to determine the angle of the major axis of the beam and this is compared with the measured angle of the major axis of the beam at the point of interest during calibration. Thereafter, changes in the polarization phase, and in the angle of the major axis, at the point of interest can be monitored by measuring the changes in these same parameters at the diagnostic point.

Development of programs for computing characteristics of ultraviolet radiation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dave, J. V.

1972-01-01

Efficient programs were developed for computing all four characteristics of the radiation scattered by a plane-parallel, turbid, terrestrial atmospheric model. They were developed (FORTRAN 4) and tested on the IBM /360 computers with 2314 direct access storage facility. The storage requirement varies between 200K and 750K bytes depending upon the task. The scattering phase matrix (or function) is expanded in a Fourier series whose number of terms depend upon the zenith angles of the incident and scattered radiations, as well as on the nature of aerosols. A Gauss-Seidel procedure is used for obtaining the numerical solution of the transfer equation.

Entanglement and Berry Phase in a Parameterized Three-Qubit System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shao, Wenyi; Du, Yangyang; Yang, Qi; Wang, Gangcheng; Sun, Chunfang; Xue, Kang

2017-03-01

In this paper, we construct a parameterized form of unitary breve {R}_{123}(θ 1,θ 2,φ) matrix through the Yang-Baxterization method. Acting such matrix on three-qubit natural basis as a quantum gate, we can obtain a set of entangled states, which possess the same entanglement value depending on the parameters 𝜃 1 and 𝜃 2. Particularly, such entangled states can produce a set of maximally entangled bases Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states with respect to 𝜃 1 = 𝜃 2 = π/2. Choosing a useful Hamiltonian, one can study the evolution of the eigenstates and investigate the result of Berry phase. It is not difficult to find that the Berry phase for this new three-qubit system consistent with the solid angle on the Bloch sphere.

Vivid structural colors with low angle dependence from long-range ordered photonic crystal films.

PubMed

Su, Xin; Xia, Hongbo; Zhang, Shufen; Tang, Bingtao; Wu, Suli

2017-03-02

Structural colored materials have attracted increasing attention due to their vivid color effects and non-photobleaching characteristics. However, the angle dependence of these structural colors severely restricts their practical applications, for example, in display and sensing devices. Here, a new strategy for obtaining low angle dependent structural colors is demonstrated by fabricating long-range ordered photonic crystal films. By using spheres with high refractive indices as building blocks, the angle dependence of the obtained colors has been strongly suppressed. Green, golden yellow and red structural colored films with low angle dependence were obtained by using 145 nm, 165 nm and 187 nm Cu 2 O spheres as building blocks, respectively. SEM images confirmed the long-range highly ordered arrays of the Cu 2 O photonic crystal films. Reflectance spectra and digital photographs clearly demonstrate the low angle dependence of these structural colors, which is in sharp comparison with the case of polystyrene (PS) and SiO 2 photonic crystal films. Furthermore, these structural colors are vivid with high color saturation, not only under black background, but also under white background and natural light without adding any light-absorbing agents. These low angle dependent structural colors endow Cu 2 O photonic crystal films with great potential in practical applications. Our findings may broaden the strategies for the design and fabrication of angle independent structural colored materials.

The opposition effect in Saturn's main rings as seen by Cassini ISS: 4. Correlations of the surge morphology with surface albedos and VIMS spectral properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Déau, Estelle; Dones, Luke; Mishchenko, Michael I.; West, Robert A.; Helfenstein, Paul; Hedman, Matt M.; Porco, Carolyn C.

2018-05-01

In this paper, we continue our analysis of the saturnian ring opposition effect seen by Cassini ISS. The ring opposition effect is a peak in the rings' reflectivity caused as the directions from a spot on the rings to the observer and to the light source, respectively, converge toward zero degrees. So far, the exact origin of the ring's opposition effect is still a matter of debate. In our previous work (Déau, et al., 2013, Icarus, 226, 591-603), we compared the opposition effect morphology with the rings' optical depth and found that only the slope of the linear part of the rings' phase curves was strongly correlated with the optical depth. We interpreted this as an indication of the predominant role of interparticle shadowing at moderate phase angles (α ∼ 10-40o). More recently (Déau, 2015, Icarus, 253, 311-345), we showed that interparticle shadowing cannot explain the behavior at low phase angles (α < 1o), indirectly confirming our 2013 result. These findings led to the idea that coherent backscattering is preponderant at the smallest phase angles. Coherent backscattering depends on the microscopic scale of the regolith, and there is a growing body of evidence that regolith grain size, porosity, roughness, and composition control the opposition surge behavior for α < 1o. To test this hypothesis, we compare the opposition surge morphology to the regolith albedo and other spectral properties related to the regolith, such as water ice band depths and spectral slopes derived from Cassini VIMS data (Hedman et al., 2013, Icarus, 223, 105-130). Indeed, it has been recently proven that coherent backscattering affects the water ice band depth variations with phase angle for icy saturnian regoliths (Kolokolova et al., 2010, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 711, L71-L74). We find that the opposition surge morphology is strongly correlated with the water ice band depth and the regolith albedo. We interpret this finding as an indication that coherent backscattering plays a role in affecting both the water ice band depths and the opposition surge at low phase angles (α < 1o). As the regolith albedo and spectral properties are related to the grain size, porosity, roughness, and composition, we try to assess which of these regolith properties are preponderant in coherent backscattering. Our study is able to narrow down the parameter space of these properties, whose values allow a good match between the angular width predicted by models of coherent backscattering and the width of the observed peak.

Wetting of a Charged Surface of Glassy Carbon by Molten Alkali-Metal Chlorides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stepanov, V. P.

2018-03-01

Values of the contact angle of wetting of a surface of glassy carbon by molten chlorides of lithium, sodium, potassium, and cesium are measured by the meniscus weight method to determine the common factors of wettability of solid surfaces by ionic melts upon a change in the salt phase composition and a jump in electric potential. It is found that with a potential shift in the positive direction the shape of the curve of the contact angle's dependence on the potential varies upon substitution of one salt by another: the angle of wetting shrinks monotonously in lithium chloride but remains constant in molten cesium chloride. This phenomenon is explained by the hypothesis that the nature of the halide anion adsorption on the positively charged surface of an electrode is chemical and not electrostatic. It is shown that the adsorption process is accompanied by charge transfer through the interface, with covalent bonding between the adsorbent and adsorbate.

Effect of increasing the flip angle during the hepatocyte phase of gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced 1.5T MRI in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

PubMed

Lee, Eun Jung; Kim, Dae Jung; Cho, Eun-Suk; Kim, Kyoung Ah

2016-03-01

To evaluate the effects of increasing the flip angle during the hepatocyte phase of gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sixty-three patients with liver cirrhosis underwent gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced 1.5T MRI with 90-minute delayed hepatocyte phase with flip angles of 10°, 20°, 30°, consecutively. Relative enhancement and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of liver parenchyma at hepatocyte phase according to flip angle were calculated. The liver-to-lesion (low signal intensity HCCs, n = 63; ≥1 cm) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) at the hepatocyte phase according to flip angle were calculated. Two radiologists independently assessed the presence of HCCs using a 5-point scale, and detection sensitivity of HCCs was calculated according to flip angle. The relative enhancement of hepatic parenchyma differed significantly according to flip angle (10°, mean relative enhancement = 0.69 ± 0.46; 20°, mean relative enhancement = 0.63 ± 0.47; 30°, mean relative enhancement = 0.49 ± 0.45; P = 0.043). The SNR of hepatic parenchyma was significantly different according to flip angle (10°, mean SNR = 26.2 ± 5.6; 20°, mean SNR = 25.3 ± 5.7; 30°, mean SNR = 22.8 ± 6.1; P = 0.004). The CNR of lesion was not significantly different according to flip angle (10°, mean CNR = 7.5 ± 6.6; 20°, mean CNR = 10.2 ± 6.9; 30°, mean CNR = 10.1 ± 7.1; P = 0.051). The sensitivities with 10° and 20° for HCCs were significantly higher than those with 30° for one reader (P < 0.05). In patients with cirrhosis, hepatocyte phase gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced 1.5T MRI with 20° flip angle should be recommended rather than 10° and 30° flip angle. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Ambiguity Resolution for Phase-Based 3-D Source Localization under Fixed Uniform Circular Array.

PubMed

Chen, Xin; Liu, Zhen; Wei, Xizhang

2017-05-11

Under fixed uniform circular array (UCA), 3-D parameter estimation of a source whose half-wavelength is smaller than the array aperture would suffer from a serious phase ambiguity problem, which also appears in a recently proposed phase-based algorithm. In this paper, by using the centro-symmetry of UCA with an even number of sensors, the source's angles and range can be decoupled and a novel algorithm named subarray grouping and ambiguity searching (SGAS) is addressed to resolve angle ambiguity. In the SGAS algorithm, each subarray formed by two couples of centro-symmetry sensors can obtain a batch of results under different ambiguities, and by searching the nearest value among subarrays, which is always corresponding to correct ambiguity, rough angle estimation with no ambiguity is realized. Then, the unambiguous angles are employed to resolve phase ambiguity in a phase-based 3-D parameter estimation algorithm, and the source's range, as well as more precise angles, can be achieved. Moreover, to improve the practical performance of SGAS, the optimal structure of subarrays and subarray selection criteria are further investigated. Simulation results demonstrate the satisfying performance of the proposed method in 3-D source localization.

Phase angle and World Health Organization criteria for the assessment of nutritional status in children with osteogenesis imperfecta.

PubMed

Pileggi, Vicky Nogueira; Scalize, Antonio Rodolpho Hakime; Camelo Junior, José Simon

2016-12-01

To compare the phase angle of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta treated at a tertiary university hospital with patients in a control group of healthy children, and to assess the nutritional status of these patients through the body mass index proposed by the World Health Organization. Cross-sectional study carried out in a university hospital that included seven patients with osteogenesis imperfecta and a control group of 17 healthy children of the same gender and age. Weight and height were measured and bioelectrical impedance was performed. Subsequently, the phase angle was calculated based on resistance and reactance values. The phase angle of the group of children with osteogenesis imperfecta was significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.05). The body mass index criterion for age of the World Health Organization showed no difference between groups. Children with osteogenesis imperfecta have a nutritional risk detected by the phase angle, which is a useful tool for nutritional screening. The calculation result could help in the diet therapy of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta. Copyright © 2016 Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo. Publicado por Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

Effect of skew angle on second harmonic guided wave measurement in composite plates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cho, Hwanjeong; Choi, Sungho; Lissenden, Cliff J.

2017-02-01

Waves propagating in anisotropic media are subject to skewing effects due to the media having directional wave speed dependence, which is characterized by slowness curves. Likewise, the generation of second harmonics is sensitive to micro-scale damage that is generally not detectable from linear features of ultrasonic waves. Here, the effect of skew angle on second harmonic guided wave measurement in a transversely isotropic lamina and a quasi-isotropic laminate are numerically studied. The strain energy density function for a nonlinear transversely isotropic material is formulated in terms of the Green-Lagrange strain invariants. The guided wave mode pairs for cumulative second harmonic generation in the plate are selected in accordance with the internal resonance criteria - i.e., phase matching and non-zero power flux. Moreover, the skew angle dispersion curves for the mode pairs are obtained from the semi-analytical finite element method using the derivative of the slowness curve. The skew angles of the primary and secondary wave modes are calculated and wave propagation simulations are carried out using COMSOL. Numerical simulations revealed that the effect of skew angle mismatch can be significant for second harmonic generation in anisotropic media. The importance of skew angle matching on cumulative second harmonic generation is emphasized and the accompanying issue of the selection of internally resonant mode pairs for both a unidirectional transversely isotropic lamina and a quasi-isotropic laminate is demonstrated.

A single-layer wide-angle negative-index metamaterial at visible frequencies.

PubMed

Burgos, Stanley P; de Waele, Rene; Polman, Albert; Atwater, Harry A

2010-05-01

Metamaterials are materials with artificial electromagnetic properties defined by their sub-wavelength structure rather than their chemical composition. Negative-index materials (NIMs) are a special class of metamaterials characterized by an effective negative index that gives rise to such unusual wave behaviour as backwards phase propagation and negative refraction. These extraordinary properties lead to many interesting functions such as sub-diffraction imaging and invisibility cloaking. So far, NIMs have been realized through layering of resonant structures, such as split-ring resonators, and have been demonstrated at microwave to infrared frequencies over a narrow range of angles-of-incidence and polarization. However, resonant-element NIM designs suffer from the limitations of not being scalable to operate at visible frequencies because of intrinsic fabrication limitations, require multiple functional layers to achieve strong scattering and have refractive indices that are highly dependent on angle of incidence and polarization. Here we report a metamaterial composed of a single layer of coupled plasmonic coaxial waveguides that exhibits an effective refractive index of -2 in the blue spectral region with a figure-of-merit larger than 8. The resulting NIM refractive index is insensitive to both polarization and angle-of-incidence over a +/-50 degree angular range, yielding a wide-angle NIM at visible frequencies.

Low-Frequency Waves in Cold Three-Component Plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fu, Qiang; Tang, Ying; Zhao, Jinsong; Lu, Jianyong

2016-09-01

The dispersion relation and electromagnetic polarization of the plasma waves are comprehensively studied in cold electron, proton, and heavy charged particle plasmas. Three modes are classified as the fast, intermediate, and slow mode waves according to different phase velocities. When plasmas contain positively-charged particles, the fast and intermediate modes can interact at the small propagating angles, whereas the two modes are separate at the large propagating angles. The near-parallel intermediate and slow waves experience the linear polarization, circular polarization, and linear polarization again, with the increasing wave number. The wave number regime corresponding to the above circular polarization shrinks as the propagating angle increases. Moreover, the fast and intermediate modes cause the reverse change of the electromagnetic polarization at the special wave number. While the heavy particles carry the negative charges, the dispersion relations of the fast and intermediate modes are always separate, being independent of the propagating angles. Furthermore, this study gives new expressions of the three resonance frequencies corresponding to the highly-oblique propagation waves in the general three-component plasmas, and shows the dependence of the resonance frequencies on the propagating angle, the concentration of the heavy particle, and the mass ratio among different kinds of particles. supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11303099, 41531071 and 41574158), and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS

Imaging hydraulic fractures using temperature transients in the Belridge Diatomite

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shahin, G.T.; Johnston, R.M.

1995-12-31

Results of a temperature transient analysis of Shell`s Phase 1 and Phase 2 Diatomite Steamdrive Pilots are used to image hydraulic injection fracture lengths, angles, and heat injectivities into the low-permeability formation. The Phase 1 Pilot is a limited-interval injection test. In Phase 2, steam is injected into two 350 ft upper and lower zones through separate hydraulic fractures. Temperature response of both pilots is monitored with sixteen logging observation wells. A perturbation analysis of the non-linear pressure diffusion and heat transport equations indicates that at a permeability of about 0.1 md or less, heat transport in the Diatomite tendsmore » to be dominated by thermal diffusivity, and pressure diffusion is dominated by the ratio of thermal expansion to fluid compressibility. Under these conditions, the temperature observed at a logging observation well is governed by a dimensionless quantity that depends on the perpendicular distance between the observation well and the hydraulic fracture, divided by the square root of time. Using this dependence, a novel method is developed for imaging hydraulic fracture geometry and relative heat injectivity from the temperature history of the pilot.« less

Determination of the optimum phase-matching directions for the self-frequency conversion of Nd:GdCOB and Nd:YCOB crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Xueyuan; Huang, Miaoliang; Luo, Zundu; Huang, Yidong

2001-09-01

We report on the nonlinear optical properties of Nd:Ca 4GdO(BO 3) 3 (Nd:GdCOB) and Nd:Ca 4YO(BO 3) 3 (Nd:YCOB) biaxial crystals by theoretical calculation. The phase-matching curves for the self-frequency conversion generation of both crystals are presented. The dependence of the effective nonlinear coefficients and walk-off angles on different phase-matching directions are discussed. The results show that the optimum type-I phase-matching directions for the self-frequency doubling and self-sum-frequency mixing lasers are not in the principal planes but are located respectively in the directions ( θ=67.1°, ϕ=132.35°) and ( θ=68.75°, ϕ=118.1°) for Nd:GdCOB, and ( θ=66.5°, ϕ=143.4°) and ( θ=65.9°, ϕ=134.1°) for Nd:YCOB.

Superconducting scanning tunneling microscopy tips in a magnetic field: Geometry-controlled order of the phase transition

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eltschka, Matthias, E-mail: m.eltschka@fkf.mpg.de; Jäck, Berthold; Assig, Maximilian

The properties of geometrically confined superconductors significantly differ from their bulk counterparts. Here, we demonstrate the geometrical impact for superconducting scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) tips, where the confinement ranges from the atomic to the mesoscopic scale. To this end, we compare the experimentally determined magnetic field dependence for several vanadium tips to microscopic calculations based on the Usadel equation. For our theoretical model of a superconducting cone, we find a direct correlation between the geometry and the order of the superconducting phase transition. Increasing the opening angle of the cone changes the phase transition from first to second order. Comparingmore » our experimental findings to the theory reveals first and second order quantum phase transitions in the vanadium STM tips. In addition, the theory also explains experimentally observed broadening effects by the specific tip geometry.« less

Fermi surface in the hidden-order state of URu2Si2 under intense pulsed magnetic fields up to 81 T

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scheerer, G. W.; Knafo, W.; Aoki, D.; Nardone, M.; Zitouni, A.; Béard, J.; Billette, J.; Barata, J.; Jaudet, C.; Suleiman, M.; Frings, P.; Drigo, L.; Audouard, A.; Matsuda, T. D.; Pourret, A.; Knebel, G.; Flouquet, J.

2014-04-01

We present measurements of the resistivity ρx ,x of URu2Si2 high-quality single crystals in pulsed high magnetic fields up to 81 T at a temperature of 1.4 K and up to 60 T at temperatures down to 100 mK. For a field H applied along the magnetic easy axis c, a strong sample dependence of the low-temperature resistivity in the hidden-order phase is attributed to a high carrier mobility. The interplay between the magnetic and orbital properties is emphasized by the angle dependence of the phase diagram, where magnetic transition fields and crossover fields related to the Fermi surface properties follow a 1/cosθ law, θ being the angle between H and c. For H ∥c, a crossover defined at a kink of ρx ,x, as initially reported in [Shishido, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 156403 (2009), 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.156403], is found to be strongly sample dependent: its characteristic field μ0H* varies from ≃20 T in our best sample with a residual resistivity ratio RRR = ρx ,x(300K)/ ρx ,x(2K) of 225 to ≃25 T in a sample with a RRR of 90. A second crossover is defined at the maximum of ρx ,x at the sample-independent low-temperature (LT) characteristic field μ0Hρ,maxLT≃30 T. Fourier analyses of Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations show that Hρ,maxLT coincides with a sudden modification of the Fermi surface, while H* lies in a regime where the Fermi surface is smoothly modified. For H ∥a, (i) no phase transition is observed at low temperature and the system remains in the hidden-order phase up to 81 T, (ii) quantum oscillations surviving up to 7 K are related to a new orbit observed at the frequency Fλ≃1350 T and associated with a low effective mass mλ*=(1±0.5)m0, where m0 is the free electron mass, and (iii) no Fermi surface modification occurs up to 81 T.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Bochong; Kubota, Hitoshi, E-mail: hit-kubota@aist.go.jp; Yakushiji, Kay

The dependence on diameter of the emission power in MgO-based nano-pillar spin torque oscillators (STOs) was systematically investigated. A maximum emission power of over 2.5 μW was obtained around 300 nm in diameter, which is the largest reported to date among the out-of-plane precession STOs. By analyzing physical quantities, precession cone angle of the free-layer magnetization was evaluated. In the diameter range below 300 nm, the increase in power was mainly due to the increase of the injected current. The power decrease above 300 nm is possibly attributed to the decrease in the averaged precession cone angle, suggesting spatial phase difference of magnetization precession.more » This study provides the method for estimating the optimum STO diameter, which is of great importance in practical use.« less

Tricritical points in a Vicsek model of self-propelled particles with bounded confidence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Romensky, Maksym; Lobaskin, Vladimir; Ihle, Thomas

2014-12-01

We study the orientational ordering in systems of self-propelled particles with selective interactions. To introduce the selectivity we augment the standard Vicsek model with a bounded-confidence collision rule: a given particle only aligns to neighbors who have directions quite similar to its own. Neighbors whose directions deviate more than a fixed restriction angle α are ignored. The collective dynamics of this system is studied by agent-based simulations and kinetic mean-field theory. We demonstrate that the reduction of the restriction angle leads to a critical noise amplitude decreasing monotonically with that angle, turning into a power law with exponent 3/2 for small angles. Moreover, for small system sizes we show that upon decreasing the restriction angle, the kind of the transition to polar collective motion changes from continuous to discontinuous. Thus, an apparent tricritical point with different scaling laws is identified and calculated analytically. We investigate the shifting and vanishing of this point due to the formation of density bands as the system size is increased. Agent-based simulations in small systems with large particle velocities show excellent agreement with the kinetic theory predictions. We also find that at very small interaction angles, the polar ordered phase becomes unstable with respect to the apolar phase. We derive analytical expressions for the dependence of the threshold noise on the restriction angle. We show that the mean-field kinetic theory also permits stationary nematic states below a restriction angle of 0.681 π . We calculate the critical noise, at which the disordered state bifurcates to a nematic state, and find that it is always smaller than the threshold noise for the transition from disorder to polar order. The disordered-nematic transition features two tricritical points: At low and high restriction angle, the transition is discontinuous but continuous at intermediate α . We generalize our results to systems that show fragmentation into more than two groups and obtain scaling laws for the transition lines and the corresponding tricritical points. A numerical method to evaluate the nonlinear Fredholm integral equation for the stationary distribution function is also presented. This method is shown to give excellent agreement with agent-based simulations, even in strongly ordered systems at noise values close to zero.

Combinational logic for generating gate drive signals for phase control rectifiers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dolland, C. R.; Trimble, D. W. (Inventor)

1982-01-01

Control signals for phase-delay rectifiers, which require a variable firing angle that ranges from 0 deg to 180 deg, are derived from line-to-line 3-phase signals and both positive and negative firing angle control signals which are generated by comparing current command and actual current. Line-to-line phases are transformed into line-to-neutral phases and integrated to produce 90 deg phase delayed signals that are inverted to produce three cosine signals, such that for each its maximum occurs at the intersection of positive half cycles of the other two phases which are inputs to other inverters. At the same time, both positive and negative (inverted) phase sync signals are generated for each phase by comparing each with the next and producing a square wave when it is greater. Ramp, sync and firing angle controls signals are than used in combinational logic to generate the gate firing control signals SCR gate drives which fire SCR devices in a bridge circuit.

System For Characterizing Three-Phase Brushless dc Motors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Howard, David E.; Smith, Dennis A.

1996-01-01

System of electronic hardware and software developed to automate measurements and calculations needed to characterize electromechanical performances of three-phase brushless dc motors, associated shaft-angle sensors needed for commutation, and associated brushless tachometers. System quickly takes measurements on all three phases of motor, tachometer, and shaft-angle sensor simultaneously and processes measurements into performance data. Also useful in development and testing of motors with not only three phases but also two, four, or more phases.

Kinematic analysis of upper extremity movement during drinking in hemiplegic subjects.

PubMed

Kim, Kyung; Song, Won-Kyung; Lee, Jeongsu; Lee, Hwi-Young; Park, Dae Sung; Ko, Byung-Woo; Kim, Jongbae

2014-03-01

It is necessary to analyze the kinematic properties of a paralyzed extremity to quantitatively determine the degree of impairment of hemiplegic people during functional activities of daily living (ADL) such as a drinking task. This study aimed to identify the kinematic differences between 16 hemiplegic and 32 able-bodied participants in relation to the task phases when drinking with a cup and the kinematic strategy used during motion with respect to the gravity direction. The subjects performed a drinking task that was divided into five phases according to Murphy's phase definition: reaching, forward transport, drinking, backward transport, and returning. We found that the groups differed in terms of the movement times and the joint angles and angular velocities of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints. Compared to the control group, the hemiplegic participants had a larger shoulder abduction angle of at most 17.1° during all the phases, a larger shoulder flexion angle of 7.6° during the reaching phase, and a smaller shoulder flexion angle of 6.4° during the backward transporting phase. Because of these shoulder joint patterns, a smaller elbow pronation peak angle of at most 13.1° and a larger wrist extension peak angle of 12.0° were found in the motions of the hemiplegic participants, as compensation to complete the drinking task. The movement in the gravity direction during the backward transporting phase resulted in a 15.9% larger peak angular velocity for elbow extension in the hemiplegic participants compared to that of the control group. These quantitative kinematic patterns help provide an understanding of the movements of an affected extremity and can be useful in designing rehabilitation robots to assist hemiplegic people with ADL. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Geometric phase effects in the ultracold D + HD $$ \\rightarrow $$ D + HD and D + HD $$\\leftrightarrow $$ H + D 2 reactions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kendrick, Brian Kent; Hazra, Jisha; Balakrishnan, Naduvaluth

The results of accurate quantum reactive scattering calculations for the D + HD(v = 4, j = 0)more » $$\\to $$ D + HD($$v^{\\prime} $$, $$j^{\\prime} $$), D + HD(v = 4, j = 0) $$\\to $$ H + D2($$v^{\\prime} $$, $$j^{\\prime} $$) and H + D2(v = 4, j = 0) $$\\to $$ D + HD($$v^{\\prime} $$, $$j^{\\prime} $$) reactions are presented for collision energies between $$1\\,\\mu {\\rm{K}}$$ and $$100\\,{\\rm{K}}$$. The ab initio BKMP2 PES for the ground electronic state of H3 is used and all values of total angular momentum between $J=0-4$ are included. The general vector potential approach is used to include the geometric phase. The rotationally resolved, vibrationally resolved, and total reaction rate coefficients are reported as a function of collision energy. Rotationally resolved differential cross sections are also reported as a function of collision energy and scattering angle. Large geometric phase effects appear in the ultracold reaction rate coefficients which result in a significant enhancement or suppression of the rate coefficient (up to 3 orders of magnitude) relative to calculations which ignore the geometric phase. The results are interpreted using a new quantum interference mechanism which is unique to ultracold collisions. Significant effects of the geometric phase also appear in the rotationally resolved differential cross sections which lead to a very different oscillatory structure in both energy and scattering angle. Several shape resonances occur in the 1–$$10\\,{\\rm{K}}$$ energy range and the geometric phase is shown to significantly alter the predicted resonance spectrum. The geometric phase effects and ultracold rate coefficients depend sensitively on the nuclear spin. Furthermore, experimentalists may be able to control the reaction by the selection of a particular nuclear spin state.« less

Optical Simulation and Fabrication of Pancharatnam (Geometric) Phase Devices from Liquid Crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Kun

Pancharatnam made clear the concept of a phase-only device based on changes in the polarization state of light. A device of this type is sometimes called a circular polarization grating because of the polarization states of interfering light beams used to fabricate it by polarization holography. Here, we will call it a Pancharatnam (geometric) phase device to emphasize the fact that the phase of diffracted light does not have a discontinuous periodic profile but changes continuously. In this dissertation, using simulations and experiments, we have successfully demonstrated a 90% diffraction efficiency based on the Pancharatnam phase deflector (PPD) with the dual-twist structure. Unlike the conventional Pancharatnam phase deflector (c-PPD) limited to small diffraction angles, our work demonstrates that a device with a structural periodicity near the wavelength of light is highly efficient at deflecting light to large angles. Also, from a similar fabrication procedure, we have made an ultra-compact non-mechanical zoom lens system based on the Pancharatnam phase lens (PPL) with a low f-number and high efficiency. The wavelength dependence on the image quality is evaluated and shown to be satisfactory from red light to near-infrared machine vision systems. A demonstration device is shown with a 4x zoom ratio at a 633 nm wavelength. The unique characteristic of these devices is made possible through the use of azo-dye photoalignment materials to align a liquid crystal polymer (reactive mesogens). Furthermore, the proposed dual-twist design and fabrication opens the possibility for making a high-efficiency beam-steering device, a lens with an f-number less than 1.0, as well as a wide range of other potential applications in the optical and display industry. The details of simulation, fabrication, and characterization of these devices are shown in this dissertation.

Geometric phase effects in the ultracold D + HD $$ \\rightarrow $$ D + HD and D + HD $$\\leftrightarrow $$ H + D 2 reactions

DOE PAGES

Kendrick, Brian Kent; Hazra, Jisha; Balakrishnan, Naduvaluth

2016-12-15

The results of accurate quantum reactive scattering calculations for the D + HD(v = 4, j = 0)more » $$\\to $$ D + HD($$v^{\\prime} $$, $$j^{\\prime} $$), D + HD(v = 4, j = 0) $$\\to $$ H + D2($$v^{\\prime} $$, $$j^{\\prime} $$) and H + D2(v = 4, j = 0) $$\\to $$ D + HD($$v^{\\prime} $$, $$j^{\\prime} $$) reactions are presented for collision energies between $$1\\,\\mu {\\rm{K}}$$ and $$100\\,{\\rm{K}}$$. The ab initio BKMP2 PES for the ground electronic state of H3 is used and all values of total angular momentum between $J=0-4$ are included. The general vector potential approach is used to include the geometric phase. The rotationally resolved, vibrationally resolved, and total reaction rate coefficients are reported as a function of collision energy. Rotationally resolved differential cross sections are also reported as a function of collision energy and scattering angle. Large geometric phase effects appear in the ultracold reaction rate coefficients which result in a significant enhancement or suppression of the rate coefficient (up to 3 orders of magnitude) relative to calculations which ignore the geometric phase. The results are interpreted using a new quantum interference mechanism which is unique to ultracold collisions. Significant effects of the geometric phase also appear in the rotationally resolved differential cross sections which lead to a very different oscillatory structure in both energy and scattering angle. Several shape resonances occur in the 1–$$10\\,{\\rm{K}}$$ energy range and the geometric phase is shown to significantly alter the predicted resonance spectrum. The geometric phase effects and ultracold rate coefficients depend sensitively on the nuclear spin. Furthermore, experimentalists may be able to control the reaction by the selection of a particular nuclear spin state.« less

An augmented Young-Laplace model of an evaporating meniscus in a micro-channel with high heat flux

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wayner, P. C., Jr.; Plawsky, J.; Schonberg, J. A.; Dasgupta, S.

1993-01-01

High flux evaporations from a steady meniscus formed in a 2 micron channel is modeled using the augmented Young-Laplace equation. The heat flux is found to be a function of the long range van der Waals dispersion force which represents interfacial conditions between heptane and various substrates. Heat fluxes of (1.3-1.6) x 10(exp 6) W/m(exp 2) based on the width of the channel are obtained for heptane completely wetting the substrate at 100 C. Small channels are used to obtain these large fluxes. Even though the real contact angle is 0 deg, the apparent contact angle is found to vary between 24.8 deg and 25.6 deg. The apparent contact angle, which represents viscous losses near the contact line, has a large effect on the heat flow rate because of its effect on capillary suction and the area of the meniscus. The interfacial heat flux is modeled using kinetic theory for the evaporation rate. The superheated state depends on the temperature and the pressure of the liquid phase. The liquid pressure differs from the pressure of the vapor phase due to capillarity and long range van der Waals dispersion forces which are relevant in the ultra think film formed at the leading edge of the meniscus. Important pressure gradients in the thin film cause a substantial apparent contact angle for a complete wetting system. The temperature of the liquid is related to the evaporation rate and to the substrate temperature through the steady heat conduction equation. Conduction in the liquid phase is calculated using finite element analysis except in the vicinity of the thin film. A lubrication theory solution for the thin film is combined with the finite element analysis by the method of matched asymptotic expansions.

Needle twins and right-angled twins in minerals: comparison between experiment and theory

USGS Publications Warehouse

Salje, E.K.H.; Buckley, A.; Van Tendeloo, G.; Ishibashi, Y.; Nord, G.L.

1998-01-01

Transformation twinning in minerals forms isolated twin walls, intesecting walls with corner junctions, and wedge-shaped twins as elements of hierarchical patterns. When cut perpendicular to the twin walls, the twins have characteristic shapes, right-angled and needle-shaped wall traces, which can be observed by transmission electron microscopy or by optical microscopy. Theoretical geometries of wall shapes recently derived for strain-related systems should hold for most displacive and order-disorder type phase transitions: 1) right-angled twins show curved junctions; 2) needle-shaped twins contain flat wall segments near the needle tip if the elastic behaviour of the mineral is dominated by its anisotroyp; 3) additional bending forces and pinning effects lead to curved walls near the junction that make the needle tip appear more blunt. Bent right-angled twins were analyzed in Gd2(MoO4)3. Linear needle tips were found in WO3, [N(CH3)4]2.ZnBr4 CrAl, BiVO4, GdBa2Cu3O7, and PbZrO. Parabolic tips occur in K2Ba(NO2)4, and GeTe whereas exponential curvatures appear in BaTiO3, KSCN, Pb3(PO4)2, CaTiO3, alkali feldspars, YBa2Cu3O7, and MnAl. The size and shape of the twin microstructure relates to its formation during the phase transition and the subsequent annealing history. The mobility of the twin walls after formation depends not only on the thermal activation but also on the structure of the wall, which may be pinned to impurities on a favorable structural site. Depinnign energies are often large compared with thermal energies for diffusion. This leads to kinetic time scales for twin coarsening that are comparable to geological time scales. Therefore, transformation twins that exhibit needle domains not only indicate that the mineral underwent a structural phase transition but also contain information about its subsequent geological history.

The effects of RCS jet firing on the isolated Orbiter and mated coast phases of the glide return to launch site maneuver at Mach number 6 (IA302B)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Garrett, L. V.; Buchanan, T. D.; Fryberger, P. E.

1988-01-01

An updated Space Shuttle aerodynamic data base was obtained in Tunnel B for two phases of the Glide Return to Launch Site (GRTLS) abort maneuver. One-and-a-quarter percent scale models of the Space Shuttle Orbiter and External Tank were used to measure the effects of various combinations of Reaction Control System (RCS) jet thrusters at Mach number 6. The angle-of-attack range for the isolated orbiter was -10 to 15 deg at sideslip angles from -5 to 10 deg during Phase 1 of testing. The angle-of-attack range for the mated orbiter and external tank was -5 to 15 deg with sideslip angles of -2 to 5 deg during Phase 2. The test was conducted at a unit Reynolds number of 0.75 million per foot.

Structure of multiphoton quantum optics. II. Bipartite systems, physical processes, and heterodyne squeezed states

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dell'Anno, Fabio; De Siena, Silvio; Illuminati, Fabrizio

2004-03-01

Extending the scheme developed for a single mode of the electromagnetic field in the preceding paper [F. Dell'Anno, S. De Siena, and F. Illuminati, Phys. Rev. A 69, 033812 (2004)], we introduce two-mode nonlinear canonical transformations depending on two heterodyne mixing angles. They are defined in terms of Hermitian nonlinear functions that realize heterodyne superpositions of conjugate quadratures of bipartite systems. The canonical transformations diagonalize a class of Hamiltonians describing nondegenerate and degenerate multiphoton processes. We determine the coherent states associated with the canonical transformations, which generalize the nondegenerate two-photon squeezed states. Such heterodyne multiphoton squeezed states are defined asmore » the simultaneous eigenstates of the transformed, coupled annihilation operators. They are generated by nonlinear unitary evolutions acting on two-mode squeezed states. They are non-Gaussian, highly nonclassical, entangled states. For a quadratic nonlinearity the heterodyne multiphoton squeezed states define two-mode cubic phase states. The statistical properties of these states can be widely adjusted by tuning the heterodyne mixing angles, the phases of the nonlinear couplings, as well as the strength of the nonlinearity. For quadratic nonlinearity, we study the higher-order contributions to the susceptibility in nonlinear media and we suggest possible experimental realizations of multiphoton conversion processes generating the cubic-phase heterodyne squeezed states.« less

Structure of multiphoton quantum optics. II. Bipartite systems, physical processes, and heterodyne squeezed states

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

dell'Anno, Fabio; de Siena, Silvio; Illuminati, Fabrizio

2004-03-01

Extending the scheme developed for a single mode of the electromagnetic field in the preceding paper [

Pitch Angle Dependence of Drift Resonant Ions Observed by the Van Allen Probes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rankin, R.; Wang, C.; Wang, Y.; Zong, Q. G.; Zhou, X.

2017-12-01

Acceleration and modulation of ring current ions by poloidal mode ULF waves is investigated. A simplified MHD model of ULF waves in a dipole magnetic field is presented that includes phase mixing to perpendicular scales determined by the ionospheric Pedersen conductivity. The wave model is combined with a full Lorentz force test particle code to study drift and drift bounce resonance wave-particle interactions. Ion trajectories are traced backward-in-time to an assumed form of the distribution function, and Liouville's method is used to reconstruct the phase space density response (PSD) poloidal mode waves observed by the Van Allen Probes. In spite of its apparent simplicity, simulations using the wave and test particle models are able to explain the acceleration of ions and energy dispersion observed by the Van Allen Probes. The paper focuses on the pitch angle evolution of the initial PSD as it responds to the action of ULF waves. An interesting aspect of the study is the formation of butterfly ion distributions as ions make periodic radial oscillations across L. Ions become trapped in an effective potential well across a limited range of L and follow trajectories that cause them to surf along constant phase fronts. The impications of this new trapping mechanism for both ions and electrons is discussed.

Phospholipid lateral diffusion in phosphatidylcholine-sphingomyelin-cholesterol monolayers; effects of oxidatively truncated phosphatidylcholines.

PubMed

Parkkila, Petteri; Stefl, Martin; Olżyńska, Agnieszka; Hof, Martin; Kinnunen, Paavo K J

2015-01-01

Oxidative stress is involved in a number of pathological conditions and the generated oxidatively modified lipids influence membrane properties and functions, including lipid-protein interactions and cellular signaling. Brewster angle microscopy demonstrated oxidatively truncated phosphatidylcholines to promote phase separation in monolayers of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (POPC), sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol (Chol). More specifically, 1-palmitoyl-2-azelaoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PazePC), was found to increase the miscibility transition pressure of the SM/Chol-phase. Lateral diffusion of lipids is influenced by a variety of membrane properties, thus making it a sensitive parameter to observe the coexistence of different lipid phases, for instance. The dependence on lipid lateral packing of the lateral diffusion of fluorophore-containing phospholipid analogs was investigated in Langmuir monolayers composed of POPC, SM, and Chol and additionally containing oxidatively truncated phosphatidylcholines, using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). To our knowledge, these are the first FCS results on miscibility transition in ternary lipid monolayers, confirming previous results obtained using Brewster angle microscopy on such lipid monolayers. Wide-field fluorescence microscopy was additionally employed to verify the transition, i.e. the loss and reformation of SM/Chol domains. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Structural and phase transition changes of sodium dodecyl sulfate micellar solution in alcohols probed by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Putra, Edy Giri Rachman; Patriati, Arum; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Gadjah Mada, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia giri@batan.go.id

2015-04-16

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements on 0.3M sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar solutions have been performed in the presence of n-alcohols, from ethanol to decanol at different alcohol concentrations, 2–10 wt%. The ellipsoid micellar structure which occurred in the 0.3M SDS in aqueous solution with the size range of 30–50 Å has different behavior at various hydrocarbon chain length and concentration of alcohols. At low concentration and short chain-length of alcohols, such as ethanol, propanol, and butanol, the size of micelles reduced and had a spherical-like structure. The opposite effect occurred as medium to long chain alcohols, such as hexanol,more » octanol and decanol was added into the 0.3M SDS micellar solutions. The micelles structure changed to be more elongated in major axis and then crossed the critical phase transition from micellar solution into liquid crystal phase as lamellar structure emerged by further addition of alcohols. The inter-lamellar distances were also depending on the hydrocarbon chain length and concentration of alcohols. In the meantime, the persistent micellar structures occurred in addition of medium chain of n-alcohol, pentanol at all concentrations.« less

Particle orbits in model current sheet with a nonzero B(y) component

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zhu, Zhongwei; Parks, George

1993-01-01

The problem of charged particle motions in magnetotaillike model current sheets is revisited with the inclusion of a nonzero dawn-dusk magnetic field component. Three cases are examined considering both trapped and escaped orbits. The results show that a nonzero B(y) component disturbs the particle orbits by destroying orbit symmetry in the phase space about the z = 0 plane. It also changes the bounce frequency of particle orbits. The presence of B(y) thus modifies the Speiser orbits, particularly near the ejection phase. The process of ejected particle such as ejection direction, ejection velocity, and pitch angles are shown to depend on the sign of the charge.

Eddy current inspection of weld defects in tubing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Katragadda, G.; Lord, W.

1992-01-01

An approach using differential probes for the inspection of weld defects in tubing is studied. Finite element analysis is used to model the weld regions and defects. Impedance plane signals are predicted for different weld defect types and compared wherever possible with signals from actual welds in tubing. Results show that detection and sizing of defects in tubing is possible using differential eddy current techniques. The phase angle of the impedance plane trajectory gives a good indication of the sizing of the crack. Data on the type of defect can be obtained from the shape of the impedance plane trajectory and the phase. Depending on the skin depth, detection of outer wall, inner wall, and subsurface defects is possible.

The Effect of Roughness Model on Scattering Properties of Ice Crystals.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Geogdzhayev, Igor V.; Van Diedenhoven, Bastiaan

2016-01-01

We compare stochastic models of microscale surface roughness assuming uniform and Weibull distributions of crystal facet tilt angles to calculate scattering by roughened hexagonal ice crystals using the geometric optics (GO) approximation. Both distributions are determined by similar roughness parameters, while the Weibull model depends on the additional shape parameter. Calculations were performed for two visible wavelengths (864 nm and 410 nm) for roughness values between 0.2 and 0.7 and Weibull shape parameters between 0 and 1.0 for crystals with aspect ratios of 0.21, 1 and 4.8. For this range of parameters we find that, for a given roughness level, varying the Weibull shape parameter can change the asymmetry parameter by up to about 0.05. The largest effect of the shape parameter variation on the phase function is found in the backscattering region, while the degree of linear polarization is most affected at the side-scattering angles. For high roughness, scattering properties calculated using the uniform and Weibull models are in relatively close agreement for a given roughness parameter, especially when a Weibull shape parameter of 0.75 is used. For smaller roughness values, a shape parameter close to unity provides a better agreement. Notable differences are observed in the phase function over the scattering angle range from 5deg to 20deg, where the uniform roughness model produces a plateau while the Weibull model does not.

Analysis of Gibbs monolayer adsorbed at the toluene/water interface by UV-visible partial internal reflection spectrometry.

PubMed

Moriya, Yoshio; Hasegawa, Takeshi; Okada, Tetsuo; Ogawa, Nobuaki; Kawai, Erika; Abe, Kosuke; Ogasawara, Masataka; Kato, Sumio; Nakata, Shinichi

2006-11-15

Gibbs monolayers of lipophilic tetraphenylporphyrinatomanganese(III) and hydrophilic diacid of meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatopheny)porphyrin adsorbed at the liquid-liquid interface have been analyzed by UV-visible external reflection (ER) and partial internal reflection (PIR) spectra measured at different angles of incidence. The angle-dependent ER and PIR spectra over the Brewster angles (thetaERB and thetaIRB) have readily been measured at the toluene/water interface. As preliminarily expected in our previous study, the present study has first proved that the reflection-absorbance of UV-visible PIR spectra quantitatively agrees with the theoretical calculations for the Gibbs monolayer over thetaIRB. In addition, it has also been proved that the absorbance of the PIR spectra is greatly enhanced in comparison to that of the ATR spectra. The enhancement is caused by an optical effect in the monolayer sandwiched between two phases of toluene and water that have different but refractive indices close to each other. This optical enhancement requires an optically perfect contact between the phases, which is difficult to prepare for a solid-solid contact. At the liquid/liquid interface, however, an ideal optical contact is easily realized, which makes the enhancement as much as the theoretical expectation. The PIR spectrometry will be recognized to be a new high-sensitive analytical tool to study Gibbs monolayer at the liquid/liquid interface.

Adaptive matched filter spatial detection performance on standard imagery from a wideband VHF/UHF SAR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Allen, M.R.; Phillips, S.A.; Sofianos, D.J.

1994-12-31

The adaptive matched filter was implemented as a spatial detector for amplitude-only or complex images, and applied to an image formed by standard narrow band means from a wide angle, wideband radar. Direct performance comparisons were made between different implementations and various matched and mismatched cases by using a novel approach to generate ROC curves parametrically. For perfectly matched cases, performance using imaged targets was found to be significantly lower than potential performance of artificial targets whose features differed from the background. Incremental gain due to whitening the background was also found to be small, indicating little background spatial correlation.more » It is conjectured that the relatively featureless behavior in both targets and background is due to the image formation process, since this technique averages together all wide angle, wideband information. For mismatched cases where the signature was unknown, the amplitude detector losses were approximately equal to whatever gain over noncoherent integration that matching provided. However, the complex detector was generally very sensitive to unknown information, especially phase, and produced much larger losses. Whitening under these mismatched conditions produced further losses. Detector choice thus depends primarily on how reproducible target signatures are, especially if phase is used, and the subsequent number of stored signatures necessary to account for various imaging aspect angles.« less

Depth distribution of secondary phases in kesterite Cu 2ZnSnS 4 by angle-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Just, J.; Lützenkirchen-Hecht, D.; Müller, O.

The depth distribution of secondary phases in the solar cell absorber material Cu 2ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) is quantitatively investigated using X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) analysis at the K-edge of sulfur at varying incidence angles. Varying information depths from several nanometers up to the full thickness is achieved. A quantitative profile of the phase distribution is obtained by a self-consistent fit of a multilayer model to the XANES spectra for different angles. Single step co-evaporated CZTS thin-films are found to exhibit zinc and copper sulfide secondary phases preferentially at the front or back interfaces of the film.

Depth distribution of secondary phases in kesterite Cu 2ZnSnS 4 by angle-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy

DOE PAGES

Just, J.; Lützenkirchen-Hecht, D.; Müller, O.; ...

2017-12-12

The depth distribution of secondary phases in the solar cell absorber material Cu 2ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) is quantitatively investigated using X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) analysis at the K-edge of sulfur at varying incidence angles. Varying information depths from several nanometers up to the full thickness is achieved. A quantitative profile of the phase distribution is obtained by a self-consistent fit of a multilayer model to the XANES spectra for different angles. Single step co-evaporated CZTS thin-films are found to exhibit zinc and copper sulfide secondary phases preferentially at the front or back interfaces of the film.

Disequilibrium dihedral angles in layered intrusions: the microstructural record of fractionation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holness, Marian; Namur, Olivier; Cawthorn, Grant

2013-04-01

The dihedral angle formed at junctions between two plagioclase grains and a grain of augite is only rarely in textural equilibrium in gabbros from km-scale crustal layered intrusions. The median of a population of these disequilibrium angles, Θcpp, varies systematically within individual layered intrusions, remaining constant over large stretches of stratigraphy with significant increases or decreases associated with the addition or reduction respectively of the number of phases on the liquidus of the bulk magma. The step-wise changes in Θcpp are present in Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex, the Megacyclic Unit I of the Sept Iles Intrusion, and the Layered Series of the Skaergaard Intrusion. The plagioclase-bearing cumulates of Rum have a bimodal distribution of Θcpp, dependent on whether the cumulus assemblage includes clinopyroxene. The presence of the step-wise changes is independent of the order of arrival of cumulus phases and of the composition of either the cumulus phases or the interstitial liquid inferred to be present in the crystal mush. Step-wise changes in the rate of change in enthalpy with temperature (ΔH) of the cooling and crystallizing magma correspond to the observed variation of Θcpp, with increases of both ΔH and Θcpp associated with the addition of another liquidus phase, and decreases of both associated with the removal of a liquidus phase. The replacement of one phase by another (e.g. olivine ⇔ orthpyroxene) has little effect on ΔH and no discernible effect on Θcpp. An increase of ΔH is manifest by an increase in the fraction of the total enthalpy budget that is the latent heat of crystallization (the fractional latent heat). It also results in an increase in the amount crystallized in each incremental temperature drop (the crystal productivity). An increased fractional latent heat and crystal productivity result in an increased rate of plagioclase growth compared to that of augite during the final stages of solidification, causing a step-wise increase in Θcpp. Step-wise changes in the geometry of three-grain junctions in fully solidified gabbros thus provide a clear microstructural marker for the progress of fractionation.

Potential for Terahertz/Optical, Two Color Non-linear Sensing of Liquid Biochemical Agents

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-18

through the geometry and phase matching dependencies in the setup using enantiomeric and racemic limonene as a me- dium. In completely identical...around the 532 nm 18 795.2 cm−1 YAG line generated in S- limonene by 0.61 THz 20.3 cm−1. The rotation angle was 27°. At each point, 500 mixing events...In the following, signals are extracted as the integral of the total sideband line. Sum frequency sidebands for both S- limonene and a ra- cemic

Planets as background noise sources in free space optical communications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Katz, J.

1986-01-01

Background noise generated by planets is the dominant noise source in most deep space direct detection optical communications systems. Earlier approximate analyses of this problem are based on simplified blackbody calculations and can yield results that may be inaccurate by up to an order of magnitude. Various other factors that need to be taken into consideration, such as the phase angle and the actual spectral dependence of the planet albedo, in order to obtain a more accurate estimate of the noise magnitude are examined.

Generation of spirally polarized propagation-invariant beam using fiber microaxicon.

PubMed

Philip, Geo M; Viswanathan, Nirmal K

2011-10-01

We present here a fiber microaxicon (MA)based method to generate spirally polarized propagation-invariant optical beam. MA chemically etched in the tip of a two-mode fiber efficiently converts the generic cylindrically polarized vortex fiber mode into a spirally polarized propagation-invariant (Bessel-type) beam via radial dependence of polarization rotation angle. The combined roles of helico-conical phase and nonparaxial propagation in the generation and characteristics of the output beam from the fiber MA are discussed. © 2011 Optical Society of America

Lunar Sodium and Potassium Exosphere in May 2014

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oliversen, R. J.; Kuruppuaratchi, D. C. P.; Mierkiewicz, E. J.; Derr, N. J.; Rosborough, S.; Gallant, M. A.; Roesler, F. L.

2015-12-01

We apply high resolution spectroscopy to investigate the lunar exosphere by measuring sodium and potassium spectral line profiles to determine the variations in exospheric effective temperatures and velocities. Observations were made at the National Solar Observatory McMath-Pierce Telescope during May 2014. Data were collected over several nights, centered on full moon (May 14) and covering a waxing phase angle of 67° to a waning phase angle of 75°. We used a dual-etalon Fabry-Perot spectrometer with a resolving power of 184,000 (1.63 km s-1) to measure the line widths and radial velocity shifts of the sodium D2 (5889.951 Å) and potassium D1 (7698.965 Å) emission lines. The field of view was 3 arcmin (~330 km) and positioned at several locations, each centered at 1.5 arcmin (~165 km) off the East and West sunlit limbs. The deconvolved line widths indicate significant differences between the sodium and potassium temperatures. The sodium line widths were mostly symmetric as a function of phase for both the waxing and waning phases. At phase angles > 40º (outside of the magnetotail) the full width half maximum (FWHM) line widths are 1.5 - 2.0 km s-1 or ~1500 K for FWHM = 1.75 km s-1. Inside the magnetotail (phase angle < 40º) and near full moon (phase angle ~6°), the FWHM increased to ~4 km s-1. The implied line width temperature is 8000 K, although some of the observed line width may be due to a dispersion in velocities from many contribution along the extended sodium tail. Unlike sodium, the potassium line widths are wider by 50% during the waxing phase compared to the waning phase at phases > 40º. The potassium temperatures pre-magnetotail passage are ~1000 K while the temperatures post-magnetotail passage are ~2000K. At phase angles < 40º, the potassium intensities decreased dramatically; on consecutive days, when the phase angle changed from 44º to 31º to 20º, the relative intensities dropped by 1.0:0.6:0.15. The potassium intensity in the East and West equatorial regions (latitude < 10º) were similar; however, the potassium intensity was brightest off the limb near Aristarchus (latitude ~24º), which was the crater we observed nearest the KREEP region. This work was partially supported by the NASA Planetary Astronomy programs, NNX11AE38G and NNX13AL30G.

Phase diagram and equation of state of praseodymium at high pressures and temperatures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baer, Bruce J.; Cynn, Hyunchae; Iota, Valentin; Yoo, Choong-Shik; Shen, Guoyin

2003-04-01

The phase diagram for praseodymium (Pr) has been determined for pressures between 5 and 60 GPa and temperatures between 295 and 830 K using both in situ energy- and angle-dispersive x-ray diffraction with externally heated diamond-anvil cells. Mineral oil and argon were alternatively used as pressure media in order to compare conflicting results in the literature and to ensure the validity of mineral oil as an inert medium. Evidence for the presence of an, as yet, unidentified phase (denoted Pr-VI) above 675 K has been observed, whereas no compelling evidence has been observed for the existence of the recently reported monoclinic phase (Pr-V). The new constraints of the phase diagram, therefore, suggest that the phase transitions occur as Pr-I(dhcp)→Pr-II(fcc)→Pr-VI→Pr-IV(α-U) above approximately 700 K. Additionally, there is a Pr-III(distorted fcc), Pr-VI, and Pr-IV triple point at approximately 675 K and 23.8 GPa. Temperature-dependent equations of state have been determined, allowing the temperature-dependent volume collapse at the transition between Pr-III and Pr-IV to be calculated. We report a linear decrease of the volume collapse along the Pr-III to Pr-IV boundary with temperature, ΔV/V (%)=16.235-0.0156[T(K)]; the extrapolation indicates that the volume collapse should vanish well below the melting point. With the temperature-dependent equation of state data and new phase diagram we demonstrate that the volume collapse can be accounted for by a change in the multiplicity of Pr atoms as the f electrons go from localized to itinerant.

Retroreflective Phase Retardation Prisms.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-06-01

resonant cavity of a 1.064 Mm laser. This report shows that it is possible to coat the reflecting surfaces of a porro prism so that incident plane...with controlled phase retardation can be made by coating each reflecting surface of a porro prism with a single dielectric film. The amount of phase...of angle of incidence (n, < n2) S. Phase change on reflection as a function of angle of incidence (n" n ) [RL-0202-’R 6. Porro prism 7. Phase change

In situ neutron scattering study of nanoscale phase evolution in PbTe-PbS thermoelectric material

DOE PAGES

Ren, Fei; Schmidt, Robert; Keum, Jong K.; ...

2016-08-24

Introducing nanostructural second phases has been proved to be an effective approach to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity and thus enhance the figure of merit for many thermoelectric materials. Furthermore studies of the formation and evolution of these second phases are central to understanding temperature dependent material behavior, improving thermal stabilities, as well as designing new materials. We examined powder samples of PbTe-PbS thermoelectric material using in situ neutron diffraction and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques from room temperature to elevated temperature up to 663 K, to explore quantitative information on the structure, weight fraction, and size of themore » second phase. Neutron diffraction data showed the as-milled powder was primarily solid solution before heat treatment. During heating, PbS second phase precipitated out of the PbTe matrix around 480 K, while re-dissolution started around 570 K. The second phase remained separated from the matrix upon cooling. Furthermore, SANS data indicated there are two populations of nanostructures. The size of the smaller nanostructure increased from initially 5 nm to approximately 25 nm after annealing at 650 K, while the size of the larger nanostructure remained unchanged. Our study demonstrated that in situ neutron techniques are effective means to obtain quantitative information to study temperature dependent nanostructural behavior of thermoelectrics and likely other high-temperature materials.« less

Phase-Imaging with a Sharpened Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube AFM Tip: Investigation of Low-k Dielectric Polymer Hybrids

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nguyen, Cattien V.; Stevens, Ramsey M.; Meyyappan, M.; Volksen, Willi; Miller, Robert D.

2005-01-01

Phase shift tapping mode scanning force microscopy (TMSFM) has evolved into a very powerful technique for the nanoscale surface characterization of compositional variations in heterogeneous samples. Phase shift signal measures the difference between the phase angle of the excitation signal and the phase angle of the cantilever response. The signal correlates to the tip-sample inelastic interactions, identifying the different chemical and/or physical property of surfaces. In general, the resolution and quality of scanning probe microscopic images are highly dependent on the size of the scanning probe tip. In improving AFM tip technology, we recently developed a technique for sharpening the tip of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) AFM tip, reducing the radius of curvature of the CNT tip to less than 5 nm while still maintaining the inherent stability of multi-walled CNT tips. Herein we report the use of sharpened (CNT) AFM tips for phase-imaging of polymer hybrids, a precursor for generating nanoporous low-k dielectrics for on-chip interconnect applications. Using sharpened CNT tips, we obtained phase-contrast images having domains less than 10 nm. In contrast, conventional Si tips and unsharpened CNT tips (radius greater than 15 nm) were not able to resolve the nanoscale domains in the polymer hybrid films. C1early, the size of the CNT tip contributes significantly to the resolution of phase-contrast imaging. In addition, a study on the nonlinear tapping dynamics of the multi-walled CNT tip indicates that the multi-walled CNT tip is immune to conventional imaging instabilities related to the coexistence of attractive and repulsive tapping regimes. This factor may also contribute to the phase-contrast image quality of multi-walled CNT AFM tips. This presentation will also offer data in support of the stability of the CNT tip for phase shift TMSFM.

Primate translational vestibuloocular reflexes. I. High-frequency dynamics and three-dimensional properties during lateral motion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Angelaki, D. E.; McHenry, M. Q.; Hess, B. J.

2000-01-01

The dynamics and three-dimensional (3-D) properties of the primate translational vestibuloocular reflex (trVOR) for high-frequency (4-12 Hz, +/-0.3-0.4 g) lateral motion were investigated during near-target viewing at center and eccentric targets. Horizontal response gains increased with frequency and depended on target eccentricity. The larger the horizontal and vertical target eccentricity, the steeper the dependence of horizontal response gain on frequency. In addition to horizontal eye movements, robust torsional response components also were present at all frequencies. During center-target fixation, torsional response phase was opposite (anticompensatory) to that expected for an "apparent" tilt response. Instead torsional response components depended systematically on vertical-target eccentricity, increasing in amplitude when looking down and reversing phase when looking up. As a result the trVOR eye velocity vector systematically tilted away from a purely horizontal direction, through an angle that increased with vertical eccentricity with a slope of approximately 0.7. This systematic dependence of torsional eye velocity tilt on vertical eye position suggests that the trVOR might follow the 3-D kinematic requirements that have been shown to govern visually guided eye movements and near-target fixation.

Direct comparison of Viking 2.3-GHz signal phase fluctuation and columnar electron density between 2 and 160 solar radii

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Berman, A. L.; Wackley, J. A.; Hietzke, W. H.

1982-01-01

The relationship between solar wind induced signal phase fluctuation and solar wind columnar electron density has been the subject of intensive analysis during the last two decades. In this article, a sizeable volume of 2.3-GHz signal phase fluctuation and columnar electron density measurements separately and concurrently inferred from Viking spacecraft signals are compared as a function of solar geometry. These data demonstrate that signal phase fluctuation and columnar electron density are proportional over a very wide span of solar elongation angle. A radially dependent electron density model which provides a good fit to the columnar electron density measurements and, when appropriately scaled, to the signal phase fluctuation measurements, is given. This model is also in good agreement with K-coronameter observations at 2 solar radii (2r0), with pulsar time delay measurements at 10r0, and with spacecraft in situ electron density measurements at 1 AU.

Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation is Preserved During Acute Head-down Tilt

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-06-27

relationship of mean arterial pressure to mean cerebral blood flow velocity transfer function gain at the high and low frequencies, respectively; TCD-PHASE...HF and TCD-PHASE-LF, phase angle between mean arterial pressure and mean cerebral blood flow veloc- ity at high and low frequencies, respectively...arterial pressure and mean ce- rebral blood flow oscillations decrease from low- to high -frequency ranges. Average phase angles were 68° at low frequencies

Determination of complex formation constants by phase sensitive alternating current polarography: Cadmium-polymethacrylic acid and cadmium-polygalacturonic acid.

PubMed

Garrigosa, Anna Maria; Gusmão, Rui; Ariño, Cristina; Díaz-Cruz, José Manuel; Esteban, Miquel

2007-10-15

The use of phase sensitive alternating current polarography (ACP) for the evaluation of complex formation constants of systems where electrodic adsorption is present has been proposed. The applicability of the technique implies the previous selection of the phase angle where contribution of capacitive current is minimized. This is made using Multivariate Curve Resolution by Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) in the analysis of ACP measurements at different phase angles. The method is checked by the study of the complexation of Cd by polymethacrylic (PMA) and polygalacturonic (PGA) acids, and the optimal phase angles have been ca. -10 degrees for Cd-PMA and ca. -15 degrees for Cd-PGA systems. The goodness of phase sensitive ACP has been demonstrated comparing the determined complex formation constants with those obtained by reverse pulse polarography, a technique that minimizes the electrode adsorption effects on the measured currents.

Use of glancing angle X-ray powder diffractometry to depth-profile phase transformations during dissolution of indomethacin and theophylline tablets.

PubMed

Debnath, Smita; Predecki, Paul; Suryanarayanan, Raj

2004-01-01

The purpose of this study was (i) to develop glancing angle x-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) as a method for profiling phase transformations as a function of tablet depth; and (ii) to apply this technique to (a) study indomethacin crystallization during dissolution of partially amorphous indomethacin tablets and to (b) profile anhydrate --> hydrate transformations during dissolution of theophylline tablets. The intrinsic dissolution rates of indomethacin and theophylline were determined after different pharmaceutical processing steps. Phase transformations during dissolution were evaluated by various techniques. Transformation in the bulk and on the tablet surface was characterized by conventional XRD and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Glancing angle XRD enabled us to profile these transformations as a function of depth from the tablet surface. Pharmaceutical processing resulted in a decrease in crystallinity of both indomethacin and theophylline. When placed in contact with the dissolution medium, while indomethacin recrystallized, theophylline anhydrate rapidly converted to theophylline monohydrate. Due to intimate contact with the dissolution medium, drug transformation occurred to a greater extent at or near the tablet surface. Glancing angle XRD enabled us to depth profile the extent of phase transformations as a function of the distance from the tablet surface. The processed sample (both indomethacin and theophylline) transformed more rapidly than did the corresponding unprocessed drug. Several challenges associated with the glancing angle technique, that is, the effects of sorbed water, phase transformations during the experimental timescale, and the influence of phase transformation on penetration depth, were addressed. Increased solubility, and consequently dissolution rate, is one of the potential advantages of metastable phases. This advantage is negated if, during dissolution, the metastable to stable transformation rate > dissolution rate. Glancing angle XRD enabled us to quantify and thereby profile phase transformations as a function of compact depth. The technique has potential utility in monitoring surface reactions, both chemical decomposition and physical transformations, in pharmaceutical systems.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ferreira, A. S.; Rovani, P. R.; Lima, J. C. de, E-mail: joao.cardoso.lima@ufsc.br

A nanostructured Ti{sub 50}Ni{sub 25}Fe{sub 25} phase (B2) was formed by mechanical alloying and its structural stability was studied as a function of pressure. The changes were followed by X-ray diffraction. The B2 phase was observed up to 7 GPa; for larger pressures, the B2 phase transformed into a trigonal/hexagonal phase (B19) that was observed up to the highest pressure used (18 GPa). Besides B2 and B19, elemental Ni or a SS-(Fe,Ni) and FeNi{sub 3} were observed. With decompression, the B2 phase was recovered. Using in situ angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction patterns, the single line method was applied to obtain the apparent crystallitemore » size and the microstrain for both the B2 and the B19 phases as a function of the applied pressure. Values of the bulk modulus for the B2, B19, elemental Ni or SS-(Fe,Ni) and FeNi{sub 3} phases were obtained by fitting the pressure dependence of the volume to a Birch–Murnaghan equation of state (BMEOS)« less

Correlated Electrons in Carbon Nanotubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Odintsov, Arkadi A.; Yoshioka, Hideo

Single-wall carbon nanotubes are almost ideal systems for the investigation of exotic many-body effects due to non-Fermi liquid behavior of interacting electrons in one dimension. Recent theoretical and experimental results are reviewed with a focus on electron correlations. Starting from a microscopic lattice model we derive an effective phase Hamiltonian for conducting single-wall nanotubes with arbitrary chirality. The parameters of the Hamiltonian show very weak dependence on the chiral angle, which makes the low-energy physics of conducting nanotubes universal. The temperature-dependent resistivity and frequency-dependent optical conductivity of nanotubes with impurities are evaluated within the Luttinger-like model. Localization effects are studied. In particular, we found that intra-valley and inter-valley electron scattering can not coexist at low energies. Low-energy properties of clean nanotubes are studied beyond the Luttinger liquid approximation. The strongest Mott-like electron instability occurs at half filling. In the Mott insulating phase electrons at different atomic sublattices form characteristic bound states. The energy gaps occur in all modes of elementary excitations and estimate at 0.01-0.1 eV. We finally discuss observability of the Mott insulating phase in transport experiments. The accent is made on the charge transfer from external electrodes which results in a deviation of the electron density from half-filling.

Ground and space-based separate PSF photometry of Pluto and Charon from New Horizons and Magellan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zangari, Amanda M.; Stern, S. A.; Young, L. A.; Weaver, H. A.; Olkin, C.; Buratti, B. J.; Spencer, J.; Ennico, K.

2013-10-01

While Pluto and Charon are easily resolvable in some space-based telescopes, ground-based imaging of Pluto and Charon can yield separate PSF photometry in excellent seeing. We present B and Sloan g', r', i', and z' separate photometry of Pluto and Charon taken at the Magellan Clay telescope using LDSS-3. In 2011, observations were made on 7, 8, 9, 19, and 20 March, at 9:00 UT, covering sub-Earth longitudes 130°, 74°, 17°, 175° and 118°. The solar phase angle ranged from 1.66-1.68° to 1.76-1.77°. In 2012, observations were made on February 28, 29 and March 1 at 9:00 UT covering longitudes 342°, 110° and 53° and on May 30 and 31 at 9:30 UT and 7:00 UT, covering longitudes 358° and 272°. Solar phase angles were 1.53-1.56° and 0.89°-0.90° degrees. All longitudes use the convention of zero at the sub-Charon longitude and decrease in time. Seeing ranged from 0.46 to 1.26 arcsecond. We find that the mean rotationally-averaged Charon-to-Pluto light ratio is 0.142±0.003 for Sloan r',i' and z'. Charon is brighter in B and g', with a light ratio of 0.182±0.003 and 0.178±0.002 respectively. Additionally, we present separate PSF photometry of Pluto and Charon from New Horizons images taken by the LORRI instrument on 1 and 3 July 2013 at 17:00 UT and 23:00 UT, sub-Earth longitude 251° and 125°. We find that the rotation-dependent variations in the light ratio are consistent with earlier estimates such as those from Buie et al. 2010, AJ 139, 1117-1127. However, at a solar phase angle of 10.9°, Charon appears 0.25 magnitudes fainter relative to Pluto at the same rotational phase than measurements from the ground with the largest possible solar phase angle. Thus we provide the first estimate of a Pluto phase curve beyond 2°. These results represent some of the first Pluto science from New Horizons. This work has been funded in part by NASA Planetary Astronomy Grant NNX10AB27G and NSF Award 0707609 to MIT and by NASA's New Horizons mission to Pluto.

Broadband and chiral binary dielectric meta-holograms.

PubMed

Khorasaninejad, Mohammadreza; Ambrosio, Antonio; Kanhaiya, Pritpal; Capasso, Federico

2016-05-01

Subwavelength structured surfaces, known as meta-surfaces, hold promise for future compact and optically thin devices with versatile functionalities. By revisiting the concept of detour phase, we demonstrate high-efficiency holograms with broadband and chiral imaging functionalities. In our devices, the apertures of binary holograms are replaced by subwavelength structured microgratings. We achieve broadband operation from the visible to the near infrared and efficiency as high as 75% in the 1.0 to 1.4 μm range by compensating for the inherent dispersion of the detour phase with that of the subwavelength structure. In addition, we demonstrate chiral holograms that project different images depending on the handedness of the reference beam by incorporating a geometric phase. Our devices' compactness, lightness, and ability to produce images even at large angles have significant potential for important emerging applications such as wearable optics.

Broadband and chiral binary dielectric meta-holograms

PubMed Central

Khorasaninejad, Mohammadreza; Ambrosio, Antonio; Kanhaiya, Pritpal; Capasso, Federico

2016-01-01

Subwavelength structured surfaces, known as meta-surfaces, hold promise for future compact and optically thin devices with versatile functionalities. By revisiting the concept of detour phase, we demonstrate high-efficiency holograms with broadband and chiral imaging functionalities. In our devices, the apertures of binary holograms are replaced by subwavelength structured microgratings. We achieve broadband operation from the visible to the near infrared and efficiency as high as 75% in the 1.0 to 1.4 μm range by compensating for the inherent dispersion of the detour phase with that of the subwavelength structure. In addition, we demonstrate chiral holograms that project different images depending on the handedness of the reference beam by incorporating a geometric phase. Our devices’ compactness, lightness, and ability to produce images even at large angles have significant potential for important emerging applications such as wearable optics. PMID:27386518

Geometric Phase of a Transported Oscillator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dittirich, W.

2004-02-25

An oscillator constrained to a plane that is transported along some surface will rotate by an angle dependent only on the path and the surface, not on the speed at which it is transported. This is thus an example of a geometric phase. We analyze this phase using the methods of parallel transport. This concept plays a key role in General Relativity, but it can also be applied in classical mechanics. The Foucault pendulum can be seen as an application of this analysis, where the surface is a sphere and the curve is a line of constant latitude. In viewmore » of some considerable confusion and erroneous treatments in the recent literature, we here present a rather simple way for visualizing the motion of the Foucault pendulum using concepts that are based on Frenet's formulae and the methods of parallel displacement.« less

Nodal gap structure and order parameter symmetry of the unconventional superconductor UPt₃

DOE PAGES

Gannon, W. J.; Halperin, W. P.; Rastovski, C.; ...

2015-02-01

Spanning a broad range of physical systems, complex symmetry breaking is widely recognized as a hallmark of competing interactions. This is exemplified in superfluid ³He which has multiple thermodynamic phases with spin and orbital quantum numbers S = 1 and L = 1, that emerge on cooling from a nearly ferromagnetic Fermi liquid. The heavy fermion compound UPt₃ exhibits similar behavior clearly manifest in its multiple superconducting phases. However, consensus as to its order parameter symmetry has remained elusive. Our small angle neutron scattering measurements indicate a linear temperature dependence of the London penetration depth characteristic of nodal structure ofmore » the order parameter. Our theoretical analysis is consistent with assignment of its symmetry to an L = 3 odd parity state for which one of the three thermodynamic phases in non-zero magnetic field is chiral.« less

Nodal gap structure and order parameter symmetry of the unconventional superconductor UPt₃

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gannon, W. J.; Halperin, W. P.; Rastovski, C.

Spanning a broad range of physical systems, complex symmetry breaking is widely recognized as a hallmark of competing interactions. This is exemplified in superfluid ³He which has multiple thermodynamic phases with spin and orbital quantum numbers S = 1 and L = 1, that emerge on cooling from a nearly ferromagnetic Fermi liquid. The heavy fermion compound UPt₃ exhibits similar behavior clearly manifest in its multiple superconducting phases. However, consensus as to its order parameter symmetry has remained elusive. Our small angle neutron scattering measurements indicate a linear temperature dependence of the London penetration depth characteristic of nodal structure ofmore » the order parameter. Our theoretical analysis is consistent with assignment of its symmetry to an L = 3 odd parity state for which one of the three thermodynamic phases in non-zero magnetic field is chiral.« less

Quantitative analysis of domain texture in polycrystalline barium titanate by polarized Raman microprobe spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sakashita, Tatsuo; Chazono, Hirokazu; Pezzotti, Giuseppe

2007-12-01

A quantitative determination of domain distribution in polycrystalline barium titanate (BaTiO3, henceforth BT) ceramics has been pursued with the aid of a microprobe polarized Raman spectrometer. The crystallographic texture and domain orientation distribution of BT ceramics, which switched upon applying stress according to ferroelasticity principles, were determined from the relative intensity of selected phonon modes, taking into consideration a theoretical analysis of the angular dependence of phonon mode intensity for the tetragonal BT phase. Furthermore, the angular dependence of Raman intensity measured in polycrystalline BT depended on the statistical distribution of domain angles in the laser microprobe, which was explicitly taken into account in this work for obtaining a quantitative analysis of domain orientation for in-plane textured BT polycrystalline materials.

Toward Realistic Dynamics of Rotating Orbital Debris, and Implications for Lightcurve Interpretation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ojakangas, Gregory W.; Cowardin, H.; Hill, N.

2011-01-01

Optical observations of rotating space debris near GEO contain important information on size, shape, composition, and rotational states, but these aspects are difficult to extract due to data limitations and the high number of degrees of freedom in the modeling process. For tri-axial rigid debris objects created by satellite fragmentations, the most likely initial rotation state has a large component of initial angular velocity directed along the intermediate axis of inertia, leading to large angular reorientations of the body on the timescale of the rotation period. This lends some support to the simplest possible interpretation of light curves -- that they represent sets of random orientations of the objects of study. However, effects of internal friction and solar radiation are likely to cause significant modification of rotation states within a time as short as a few orbital periods. In order to examine the rotational dynamics of debris objects under the influences of these effects, a set of seven first-order coupled equations of motion were assembled in state form: three are Euler equations describing the rates of change of the components of angular velocity in the body frame, and four describe the rates of change of the components of the unit quaternion. Quaternions are a four-dimensional extension of complex numbers that form a seamless, singularity-free representation of body orientation on S3. The Euler equations contain explicit terms describing torque from solar radiation in terms of spherical harmonics, and terms representing effects of a prescribed rate of internal friction. Numerical integrations of these equations of motion are being performed, and results will be presented. Initial tests show that internal friction without solar radiation torque leads to rotation about the maximum principal axis of inertia, as required, and solar radiation torque is expected to lead to spin-up of objects. Because the axis of maximum rotational inertia tends to be roughly coincident with the normal to the largest projected cross-sectional area, internal friction is expected to lead to reduced variation of light curve amplitudes at a given phase angle, but a large dependence of the same on phase angle. At a given phase angle, databases are generated which contain reflected intensities for comprehensive sets of equally-likely orientations, represented as unit quaternions. When projected onto three dimensions (S2) and color-coded by intensity, the set is depicted as points within a solid, semi-transparent unit sphere, within which all possible reflected intensities for an object at a given phase angle may be inspected simultaneously. Rotational sequences are represented by trajectories through the sphere. Databases are generated for each of a set of phase angles separately, forming a comprehensive dataset of reflected intensities spanning all object orientations and solar phase angles. Symmetries in the problem suggest that preferred rotation states are likely, defined relative to the object-sun direction in inertial space and relative to the maximum principal axis of inertia in the body coordinate system. Such rotation states may greatly simplify the problem of light curve interpretation by reducing the number of degrees of freedom in the problem.

On the Angular Dependence of the Vicinal Fluorine-Fluorine Coupling Constant in 1,2-Difluoroethane:  Deviation from a Karplus-like Shape.

PubMed

Provasi, Patricio F; Sauer, Stephan P A

2006-07-01

The angular dependence of the vicinal fluorine-fluorine coupling constant, (3)JFF, for 1,2-difluoroethane has been investigated with several polarization propagator methods. (3)JFF and its four Ramsey contributions were calculated using the random phase approximation (RPA), its multiconfigurational generalization, and both second-order polarization propagator approximations (SOPPA and SOPPA(CCSD)), using locally dense basis sets. The geometries were optimized for each dihedral angle at the level of density functional theory using the B3LYP functional and fourth-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory. The resulting coupling constant curves were fitted to a cosine series with 8 coefficients. Our results are compared with those obtained previously and values estimated from experiment. It is found that the inclusion of electron correlation in the calculation of (3)JFF reduces the absolute values. This is mainly due to changes in the FC contribution, which for dihedral angles around the trans conformation even changes its sign. This sign change is responsible for the breakdown of the Karplus-like curve.

Analytical study of body waves in orthorhombic media and comparison with SKS-phase observations from selected stations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Löberich, Eric; Bokelmann, Götz

2016-04-01

Anisotropic effects of wave propagation, observed in the Earth, provide interesting applications in basic research and practice, e.g., in reservoir geophysics and other fields. Teleseismic waves often evidence upper mantle anisotropy, as created by aligned olivine grains. While each grain is associated with orthorhombic symmetry, the preferred alignment may lead to a transversely isotropic characteristic. Considering body waves passing through an anisotropic medium, a splitting of shear waves can usually be observed, since their transverse polarization leads to a separation of the two quasi-shear waves. The associated splitting-delay is generated if the related fast and slow seismic velocities differ. Most of the previous shear-wave splitting investigations were based on the common assumption of near-vertical incidence. However, the influence of increasing incidence angles, which may lead to angular dependent splitting-delay and fast polarization orientation, has been pointed out by Davis (2003). Our study investigates the occurrence of these postulated dependences on azimuth and incidence angle (distance), examining splitting observations in SKS-recordings at selected broadband stations (e.g., Djibouti and Red Lake, Ontario).

Unique determination of the -CN group tilt angle in Langmuir monolayers using sum-frequency polarization null angle and phase

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Velarde Ruiz Esparza, Luis A.; Wang, Hongfei

2013-10-14

The relative phase and amplitude ratio between the ssp and ppp polarization combinations of the vibrational sum-frequency generation (SFG) response can be uniquely and accurately determined by the polarization null angle (PNA) method. In this report we show that PNA measurements of the -CN vibration in the 4-n pentyl-4'-cyanoterphenyl (5CT) Langmuir monolayer at the air/water interface yields ssp and ppp response of the same phase, while those in the 4-n-octyl-4'cyanobiphenyl (8CB) Langmuir monolayer have the opposite phase. Accordingly, the -CN group in the 5CT monolayer is tilted around 25+/-2 from the interface normal, while that in the 8CB is tiltedmore » around 57+/-2, consistent with the significant differences in the phase diagrams and hydrogen bonding SFG spectra of the two Langmuir monolayers as reported in the literature. These results also demonstrate that in SFG studies the relative phase information of the different polarization combinations, especially for the ssp and ppp, is important in the unique determination of the tilt angle and conformation of a molecular group at the interface.« less

Influence of OPD in wavelength-shifting interferometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Hongjun; Tian, Ailing; Liu, Bingcai; Dang, Juanjuan

2009-12-01

Phase-shifting interferometry is a powerful tool for high accuracy optical measurement. It operates by change the optical path length in the reference arm or test arm. This method practices by move optical device. So it has much problem when the optical device is very large and heavy. For solve this problem, the wavelength-shifting interferometry was put forwarded. In wavelength-shifting interferometry, the phase shifting angle was achieved by change the wavelength of optical source. The phase shifting angle was decided by wavelength and OPD (Optical Path Difference) between test and reference wavefront. So the OPD is an important factor to measure results. But in measurement, because the positional error and profile error of under testing optical element is exist, the phase shifting angle is different in different test point when wavelength scanning, it will introduce phase shifting angle error, so it will introduce optical surface measure error. For analysis influence of OPD on optical surface error, the relation between surface error and OPD was researched. By simulation, the relation between phase shifting error and OPD was established. By analysis, the error compensation method was put forward. After error compensation, the measure results can be improved to great extend.

Influence of OPD in wavelength-shifting interferometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Hongjun; Tian, Ailing; Liu, Bingcai; Dang, Juanjuan

2010-03-01

Phase-shifting interferometry is a powerful tool for high accuracy optical measurement. It operates by change the optical path length in the reference arm or test arm. This method practices by move optical device. So it has much problem when the optical device is very large and heavy. For solve this problem, the wavelength-shifting interferometry was put forwarded. In wavelength-shifting interferometry, the phase shifting angle was achieved by change the wavelength of optical source. The phase shifting angle was decided by wavelength and OPD (Optical Path Difference) between test and reference wavefront. So the OPD is an important factor to measure results. But in measurement, because the positional error and profile error of under testing optical element is exist, the phase shifting angle is different in different test point when wavelength scanning, it will introduce phase shifting angle error, so it will introduce optical surface measure error. For analysis influence of OPD on optical surface error, the relation between surface error and OPD was researched. By simulation, the relation between phase shifting error and OPD was established. By analysis, the error compensation method was put forward. After error compensation, the measure results can be improved to great extend.

Failures in sand in reduced gravity environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marshall, Jason P.; Hurley, Ryan C.; Arthur, Dan; Vlahinic, Ivan; Senatore, Carmine; Iagnemma, Karl; Trease, Brian; Andrade, José E.

2018-04-01

The strength of granular materials, specifically sand is important for understanding physical phenomena on other celestial bodies. However, relatively few experiments have been conducted to determine the dependence of strength properties on gravity. In this work, we experimentally investigated relative values of strength (the peak friction angle, the residual friction angle, the angle of repose, and the peak dilatancy angle) in Earth, Martian, Lunar, and near-zero gravity. The various angles were captured in a classical passive Earth pressure experiment conducted on board a reduced gravity flight and analyzed using digital image correlation. The data showed essentially no dependence of the peak friction angle on gravity, a decrease in the residual friction angle between Martian and Lunar gravity, no dependence of the angle of repose on gravity, and an increase in the dilation angle between Martian and Lunar gravity. Additionally, multiple flow surfaces were seen in near-zero gravity. These results highlight the importance of understanding strength and deformation mechanisms of granular materials at different levels of gravity.

Estimation of gloss from rough surface parameters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simonsen, Ingve; Larsen, Åge G.; Andreassen, Erik; Ommundsen, Espen; Nord-Varhaug, Katrin

2005-12-01

Gloss is a quantity used in the optical industry to quantify and categorize materials according to how well they scatter light specularly. With the aid of phase perturbation theory, we derive an approximate expression for this quantity for a one-dimensional randomly rough surface. It is demonstrated that gloss depends in an exponential way on two dimensionless quantities that are associated with the surface randomness: the root-mean-square roughness times the perpendicular momentum transfer for the specular direction, and a correlation function dependent factor times a lateral momentum variable associated with the collection angle. Rigorous Monte Carlo simulations are used to access the quality of this approximation, and good agreement is observed over large regions of parameter space.

Underwound DNA under Tension: Structure, Elasticity, and Sequence-Dependent Behaviors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sheinin, Maxim Y.; Forth, Scott; Marko, John F.; Wang, Michelle D.

2011-09-01

DNA melting under torsion plays an important role in a wide variety of cellular processes. In the present Letter, we have investigated DNA melting at the single-molecule level using an angular optical trap. By directly measuring force, extension, torque, and angle of DNA, we determined the structural and elastic parameters of torsionally melted DNA. Our data reveal that under moderate forces, the melted DNA assumes a left-handed structure as opposed to an open bubble conformation and is highly torsionally compliant. We have also discovered that at low forces melted DNA properties are highly dependent on DNA sequence. These results provide a more comprehensive picture of the global DNA force-torque phase diagram.

Experimental evaluation of a new form of M-ary (M = 8) phase shift keying including design of the transmitter and receiver

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thompson, G. E.

1984-12-01

For transmitting digital information over bandpass channels, M-ary Phase Shift Keying 8(PSK) schemes are used to conserve bandwidth at the expense of signal power. A block of k bits is used to change the phase of the carrier. These k bits represent M possible phase shifts since M = 2. Common forms of M-ary PSK use equally spaced phase angles. For example, if M = 8 and k=3, 8-ary PSK uses eight phase angles spaced 45 degrees apart. This thesis considers a hybrid form of PSK when M = 8 and k = 3. Each of eight blocks of data with three bits per block are represented by different phase shifts of the carrier. The phase angles are chosen to give an equal distance between states (symbols) when projected onto the sine axis and the cosine axis of a phasor diagram. Thus, when the three bits are recovered, using two coherent phase detectors, the separation of the decision regions (voltage levels) are equal.

Beam commissioning of a superconducting rotating-gantry for carbon-ion radiotherapy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iwata, Y.; Fujimoto, T.; Matsuba, S.; Fujita, T.; Sato, S.; Furukawa, T.; Hara, Y.; Mizushima, K.; Saraya, Y.; Tansho, R.; Saotome, N.; Shirai, T.; Noda, K.

2016-10-01

A superconducting rotating-gantry for carbon-ion radiotherapy was developed. This isocentric gantry can transport carbon ions having kinetic energies of between E=430 and 48 MeV/u to an isocenter over an angle of ±180°, and is further capable of performing three-dimensional raster-scanning irradiation. Construction of the entire rotating-gantry system was completed by the end of September 2015. Prior to beam commissioning, phase-space distributions of extracted carbon beams from the synchrotron were deduced by using an empirical method. In this method, phase-space distributions at the extraction channel of the synchrotron were modeled with 8 parameters, and the best parameters were determined so as to minimize a difference between the calculated and measured beam profiles by using a simplex method. Based on the phase-space distributions, beam optics through the beam-transport lines as well as the rotating gantry were designed. Since horizontal and vertical beam emittances, as extracted slowly from the synchrotron, generally differ with each other, a horizontal-vertical beam coupling would occur when the gantry rotates. Thus, the size and shape of beam spots at the isocenter should vary depending on the gantry angle. To compensate for the difference in the emittances, we employed a method to utilize multiple Coulomb scattering of the beam particles by a thin scatterer. Having compensated for the emittances and designed beam optics through the rotating gantry, beam commissioning over various combinations of gantry angles and beam energies was performed. By finely tuning the superconducting quadrupoles of the rotating gantry, we could successfully obtain the designed beam quality, which satisfies the requirements of scanning irradiation.

Muscle activity during knee-extension strengthening exercise performed with elastic tubing and isotonic resistance.

PubMed

Jakobsen, Markus Due; Sundstrup, Emil; Andersen, Christoffer H; Bandholm, Thomas; Thorborg, Kristian; Zebis, Mette K; Andersen, Lars L

2012-12-01

While elastic resistance training, targeting the upper body is effective for strength training, the effect of elastic resistance training on lower body muscle activity remains questionable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the EMG-angle relationship of the quadriceps muscle during 10-RM knee-extensions performed with elastic tubing and an isotonic strength training machine. 7 women and 9 men aged 28-67 years (mean age 44 and 41 years, respectively) participated. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded in 10 muscles during the concentric and eccentric contraction phase of a knee extension exercise performed with elastic tubing and in training machine and normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) EMG (nEMG). Knee joint angle was measured during the exercises using electronic inclinometers (range of motion 0-90°). When comparing the machine and elastic resistance exercises there were no significant differences in peak EMG of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM) during the concentric contraction phase. However, during the eccentric phase, peak EMG was significantly higher (p<0.01) in RF and VM when performing knee extensions using the training machine. In VL and VM the EMG-angle pattern was different between the two training modalities (significant angle by exercise interaction). When using elastic resistance, the EMG-angle pattern peaked towards full knee extension (0°), whereas angle at peak EMG occurred closer to knee flexion position (90°) during the machine exercise. Perceived loading (Borg CR10) was similar during knee extensions performed with elastic tubing (5.7±0.6) compared with knee extensions performed in training machine (5.9±0.5). Knee extensions performed with elastic tubing induces similar high (>70% nEMG) quadriceps muscle activity during the concentric contraction phase, but slightly lower during the eccentric contraction phase, as knee extensions performed using an isotonic training machine. During the concentric contraction phase the two different conditions displayed reciprocal EMG-angle patterns during the range of motion. 5.

Methods, systems and apparatus for controlling third harmonic voltage when operating a multi-space machine in an overmodulation region

DOEpatents

Perisic, Milun; Kinoshita, Michael H; Ranson, Ray M; Gallegos-Lopez, Gabriel

2014-06-03

Methods, system and apparatus are provided for controlling third harmonic voltages when operating a multi-phase machine in an overmodulation region. The multi-phase machine can be, for example, a five-phase machine in a vector controlled motor drive system that includes a five-phase PWM controlled inverter module that drives the five-phase machine. Techniques for overmodulating a reference voltage vector are provided. For example, when the reference voltage vector is determined to be within the overmodulation region, an angle of the reference voltage vector can be modified to generate a reference voltage overmodulation control angle, and a magnitude of the reference voltage vector can be modified, based on the reference voltage overmodulation control angle, to generate a modified magnitude of the reference voltage vector. By modifying the reference voltage vector, voltage command signals that control a five-phase inverter module can be optimized to increase output voltages generated by the five-phase inverter module.

High-precision drop shape analysis on inclining flat surfaces: introduction and comparison of this special method with commercial contact angle analysis.

PubMed

Schmitt, Michael; Heib, Florian

2013-10-07

Drop shape analysis is one of the most important and frequently used methods to characterise surfaces in the scientific and industrial communities. An especially large number of studies, which use contact angle measurements to analyse surfaces, are characterised by incorrect or misdirected conclusions such as the determination of surface energies from poorly performed contact angle determinations. In particular, the characterisation of surfaces, which leads to correlations between the contact angle and other effects, must be critically validated for some publications. A large number of works exist concerning the theoretical and thermodynamic aspects of two- and tri-phase boundaries. The linkage between theory and experiment is generally performed by an axisymmetric drop shape analysis, that is, simulations of the theoretical drop profiles by numerical integration onto a number of points of the drop meniscus (approximately 20). These methods work very well for axisymmetric profiles such as those obtained by pendant drop measurements, but in the case of a sessile drop onto real surfaces, additional unknown and misunderstood effects on the dependence of the surface must be considered. We present a special experimental and practical investigation as another way to transition from experiment to theory. This procedure was developed to be especially sensitive to small variations in the dependence of the dynamic contact angle on the surface; as a result, this procedure will allow the properties of the surface to be monitored with a higher precession and sensitivity. In this context, water drops onto a 111 silicon wafer are dynamically measured by video recording and by inclining the surface, which results in a sequence of non-axisymmetric drops. The drop profiles are analysed by commercial software and by the developed and presented high-precision drop shape analysis. In addition to the enhanced sensitivity for contact angle determination, this analysis technique, in combination with innovative fit algorithms and data presentations, can result in enhanced reproducibility and comparability of the contact angle measurements in terms of the material characterisation in a comprehensible way.

High-precision drop shape analysis on inclining flat surfaces: Introduction and comparison of this special method with commercial contact angle analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmitt, Michael; Heib, Florian

2013-10-01

Drop shape analysis is one of the most important and frequently used methods to characterise surfaces in the scientific and industrial communities. An especially large number of studies, which use contact angle measurements to analyse surfaces, are characterised by incorrect or misdirected conclusions such as the determination of surface energies from poorly performed contact angle determinations. In particular, the characterisation of surfaces, which leads to correlations between the contact angle and other effects, must be critically validated for some publications. A large number of works exist concerning the theoretical and thermodynamic aspects of two- and tri-phase boundaries. The linkage between theory and experiment is generally performed by an axisymmetric drop shape analysis, that is, simulations of the theoretical drop profiles by numerical integration onto a number of points of the drop meniscus (approximately 20). These methods work very well for axisymmetric profiles such as those obtained by pendant drop measurements, but in the case of a sessile drop onto real surfaces, additional unknown and misunderstood effects on the dependence of the surface must be considered. We present a special experimental and practical investigation as another way to transition from experiment to theory. This procedure was developed to be especially sensitive to small variations in the dependence of the dynamic contact angle on the surface; as a result, this procedure will allow the properties of the surface to be monitored with a higher precession and sensitivity. In this context, water drops onto a 111 silicon wafer are dynamically measured by video recording and by inclining the surface, which results in a sequence of non-axisymmetric drops. The drop profiles are analysed by commercial software and by the developed and presented high-precision drop shape analysis. In addition to the enhanced sensitivity for contact angle determination, this analysis technique, in combination with innovative fit algorithms and data presentations, can result in enhanced reproducibility and comparability of the contact angle measurements in terms of the material characterisation in a comprehensible way.

Modified Kelvin Equations for Capillary Condensation in Narrow and Wide Grooves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Malijevský, Alexandr; Parry, Andrew O.

2018-03-01

We consider the location and order of capillary condensation transitions occurring in deep grooves of width L and depth D . For walls that are completely wet by liquid (contact angle θ =0 ) the transition is continuous and its location is not sensitive to the depth of the groove. However, for walls that are partially wet by liquid, where the transition is first order, we show that the pressure at which it occurs is determined by a modified Kelvin equation characterized by an edge contact angle θE describing the shape of the meniscus formed at the top of the groove. The dependence of θE on the groove depth D relies, in turn, on whether corner menisci are formed at the bottom of the groove in the low density gaslike phase. While for macroscopically wide grooves these are always present when θ <45 ° we argue that their formation is inhibited in narrow grooves. This has a number of implications including that the local pinning of the meniscus and location of the condensation transition is different depending on whether the contact angle is greater or less than a universal value θ*≈31 °. Our arguments are supported by detailed microscopic density functional theory calculations that show that the modified Kelvin equation remains highly accurate even when L and D are of the order of tens of molecular diameters.

Strong spin-orbit coupling and Zeeman spin splitting in angle dependent magnetoresistance of Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dey, Rik, E-mail: rikdey@utexas.edu; Pramanik, Tanmoy; Roy, Anupam

We have studied angle dependent magnetoresistance of Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3} thin film with field up to 9 T over 2–20 K temperatures. The perpendicular field magnetoresistance has been explained by the Hikami-Larkin-Nagaoka theory alone in a system with strong spin-orbit coupling, from which we have estimated the mean free path, the phase coherence length, and the spin-orbit relaxation time. We have obtained the out-of-plane spin-orbit relaxation time to be small and the in-plane spin-orbit relaxation time to be comparable to the momentum relaxation time. The estimation of these charge and spin transport parameters are useful for spintronics applications. For parallel field magnetoresistance,more » we have confirmed the presence of Zeeman effect which is otherwise suppressed in perpendicular field magnetoresistance due to strong spin-orbit coupling. The parallel field data have been explained using both the contributions from the Maekawa-Fukuyama localization theory for non-interacting electrons and Lee-Ramakrishnan theory of electron-electron interactions. The estimated Zeeman g-factor and the strength of Coulomb screening parameter agree well with the theory. Finally, the anisotropy in magnetoresistance with respect to angle has been described by the Hikami-Larkin-Nagaoka theory. This anisotropy can be used in anisotropic magnetic sensor applications.« less

Grid cell mechanisms and function: Contributions of entorhinal persistent spiking and phase resetting

PubMed Central

Hasselmo, Michael E.

2008-01-01

This article presents a model of grid cell firing based on the intrinsic persistent firing shown experimentally in neurons of entorhinal cortex. In this model, the mechanism of persistent firing allows individual neurons to hold a stable baseline firing frequency. Depolarizing input from speed modulated head direction cells transiently shifts the frequency of firing from baseline, resulting in a shift in spiking phase in proportion to the integral of velocity. The convergence of input from different persistent firing neurons causes spiking in a grid cell only when the persistent firing neurons are within similar phase ranges. This model effectively simulates the two-dimensional firing of grid cells in open field environments, as well as the properties of theta phase precession. This model provides an alternate implementation of oscillatory interference models. The persistent firing could also interact on a circuit level with rhythmic inhibition and neurons showing membrane potential oscillations to code position with spiking phase. These mechanisms could operate in parallel with computation of position from visual angle and distance of stimuli. In addition to simulating two-dimensional grid patterns, models of phase interference can account for context-dependent firing in other tasks. In network simulations of entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and postsubiculum, the reset of phase effectively replicates context-dependent firing by entorhinal and hippocampal neurons during performance of a continuous spatial alternation task, a delayed spatial alternation task with running in a wheel during the delay period, and a hairpin maze task. PMID:19021258

Extending the scanning angle of a phased array antenna by using a null-space medium.

PubMed

Sun, Fei; He, Sailing

2014-10-30

By introducing a columnar null-space region as the reference space, we design a radome that can extend the scanning angle of a phased array antenna (PAA) by a predetermined relationship (e.g. a linear relationship between the incident angle and steered output angle can be achieved). After some approximation, we only need two homogeneous materials to construct the proposed radome layer by layer. This kind of medium is called a null-space medium, which has been studied and fabricated for realizing hyper-lenses and some other devices. Numerical simulations verify the performance of our radome.

Continuous angle steering of an optically- controlled phased array antenna based on differential true time delay constituted by micro-optical components.

PubMed

Wang, Jian; Hou, Peipei; Cai, Haiwen; Sun, Jianfeng; Wang, Shunan; Wang, Lijuan; Yang, Fei

2015-04-06

We propose an optically controlled phased array antenna (PAA) based on differential true time delay constructed optical beamforming network (OBFN). Differential true time delay is realized by stack integrated micro-optical components. Optically-controlled angle steering of radio frequency (RF) beams are realized and demonstrated by this configuration. Experimental results demonstrate that OBFN based PAA can accomplish RF-independent broadband beam steering without beam squint effect and can achieve continuous angle steering. In addition, multi-beams for different steering angles are acquired synchronously.

Angle-selective all-dielectric Huygens’ metasurfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arslan, D.; Chong, K. E.; Miroshnichenko, A. E.; Choi, D.-Y.; Neshev, D. N.; Pertsch, T.; Kivshar, Y. S.; Staude, I.

2017-11-01

We experimentally and numerically study the angularly resolved transmission properties of dielectric metasurfaces consisting of silicon nanodisks which support electric and magnetic dipolar Mie-type resonances in the near-infrared spectral range. First, we concentrate on Huygens’ metasurfaces which are characterised by a spectral overlap of the fundamental electric and magnetic dipole resonances of the silicon nanodisks at normal incidence. Huygens’ metasurfaces exhibit a high transmitted intensity over the spectral width of the resonances due to impedance matching, while the transmitted phase shows a variation of 2π as the wavelength is swept across the width of the resonances. We observe that the transmittance of the Huygens’ metasurfaces depends on the incidence angle and is sensitive to polarisation for non-normal incidence. As the incidence angle is increased starting from normal incidence, the two dipole resonances are shifted out of the spectral overlap and the resonant features appear as pronounced transmittance minima. Next, we consider a metasurface with an increased nanodisk radius as compared to the Huygens’ metasurface, which supports spectrally separate electric and magnetic dipole resonances at normal incidence. We show that for TM polarisation, we can shift the resonances of this metasurface into spectral overlap and regain the high resonant transmittance characteristic of Huygens’ metasurfaces at a particular incidence angle. Furthermore, both metasurfaces are demonstrated to reject all TM polarised light incident under angles other than the design overlap angle at their respective operation frequency. Our experimental observations are in good qualitative agreement with numerical calculations.

Copoly(Imide Siloxane) Abhesive Materials with Varied Siloxane Oligomer Length

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wohl, Christopher J.; Atkins, Brad M.; Belcher, Marcus A.; Connell, John W.

2010-01-01

Incorporation of PDMS moieties into a polyimide matrix lowered the surface energy resulting in enhanced adhesive interactions. Polyimide siloxane materials were generated using amine-terminated PDMS oligomers of different lengths to study changes in surface migration behavior, phase segregation, mechanical, thermal, and optical properties. These materials were characterized using contact angle goniometry, tensile testing, and differential scanning calorimetry. The surface migration behavior of the PDMS component depended upon the siloxane molecular weight as indicated by distinct relationships between PDMS chain length and advancing water contact angles. Similar correlations were observed for percent elongation values obtained from tensile testing, while the addition of PDMS reduced the modulus. High fidelity topographical modification via laser ablation patterning further reduced the polyimide siloxane surface energy. Initial particulate adhesion testing experiments demonstrated that polyimide siloxane materials exhibited greater abhesive interactions relative to their respective homopolyimides.

Correcting spherical aberrations induced by an unknown medium through determination of its refractive index and thickness.

PubMed

Iwaniuk, Daniel; Rastogi, Pramod; Hack, Erwin

2011-09-26

In imaging and focusing applications, spherical aberration induces axial broadening of the point spread function (PSF). A transparent medium between lens and object of interest induces spherical aberration. We propose a method that first obtains both the physical thickness and the refractive index of the aberration inducing medium in situ by measuring the induced focal shifts for paraxial and large angle rays. Then, the fourth order angle dependence of the optical path difference inside the medium is used to correct the spherical aberration using a phase-only spatial light modulator. The obtained measurement accuracy of 3% is sufficient for a complete compensation as demonstrated in a model microscope with NA 0.3 with glass plate induced axial broadening of the PSF by a factor of 5. © 2011 Optical Society of America

Spectral reflectance "deconstruction" of the Murchison CM2 carbonaceous chondrite and implications for spectroscopic investigations of dark asteroids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cloutis, Edward A.; Pietrasz, Valerie B.; Kiddell, Cain; Izawa, Matthew R. M.; Vernazza, Pierre; Burbine, Thomas H.; DeMeo, Francesca; Tait, Kimberly T.; Bell, James F.; Mann, Paul; Applin, Daniel M.; Reddy, Vishnu

2018-05-01

Carbonaceous chondrites (CCs) are important materials for understanding the early evolution of the solar system and delivery of volatiles and organic material to the early Earth. Presumed CC-like asteroids are also the targets of two current sample return missions: OSIRIS-REx to asteroid Bennu and Hayabusa-2 to asteroid Ryugu, and the Dawn orbital mission at asteroid Ceres. To improve our ability to identify and characterize CM2 CC-type parent bodies, we have examined how factors such as particle size, particle packing, and viewing geometry affect reflectance spectra of the Murchison CM2 CC. The derived relationships have implications for disc-resolved examinations of dark asteroids and sampleability. It has been found that reflectance spectra of slabs are more blue-sloped (reflectance decreasing toward longer wavelengths as measured by the 1.8/0.6 μm reflectance ratio), and generally darker, than powdered sample spectra. Decreasing the maximum grain size of a powdered sample results in progressively brighter and more red-sloped spectra. Decreasing the average grain size of a powdered sample results in a decrease in diagnostic absorption band depths, and redder and brighter spectra. Decreasing porosity of powders and variations in surface texture result in spectral changes that may be different as a function of viewing geometry. Increasing thickness of loose dust on a denser powdered substrate leads to a decrease in absorption band depths. Changes in viewing geometry lead to different changes in spectral metrics depending on whether the spectra are acquired in backscatter or forward-scatter geometries. In backscattered geometry, increasing phase angle leads to an initial increase and then decrease in spectral slope, and a general decrease in visible region reflectance and absorption band depths, and frequent decreases in absorption band minima positions. In forward scattering geometry, increasing phase angle leads to small non-systematic changes in spectral slope, and general decreases in visible region reflectance, and absorption band depths. The highest albedos and larger band depths are generally seen in the lowest phase angle backscattering geometry spectra. The reddest spectra are generally seen in the lowest phase angle backscatter geometry spectra. For the same phase angle, spectra acquired in forward scatter geometry are generally redder and darker and have shallower absorption bands than those acquired in backscatter geometry. Overall, backscatter geometry-acquired spectra are flatter, brighter, and have deeper 0.7 μm region absorption band depths than forward scatter geometry-acquired spectra. It was also found that the 0.7, 0.9, and 1.1 μm absorption bands in Murchison spectra, which are attributable to various Fe electronic processes, are ubiquitous and can be used to recognize CM2 chondrites regardless of the physical properties of the meteorite and viewing geometry.

Investigation of oscillating cascade aerodynamics by an experimental influence coefficient technique

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buffum, Daniel H.; Fleeter, Sanford

1988-01-01

Fundamental experiments are performed in the NASA Lewis Transonic Oscillating Cascade Facility to investigate the torsion mode unsteady aerodynamics of a biconvex airfoil cascade at realistic values of the reduced frequency for all interblade phase angles at a specified mean flow condition. In particular, an unsteady aerodynamic influence coefficient technique is developed and utilized in which only one airfoil in the cascade is oscillated at a time and the resulting airfoil surface unsteady pressure distribution measured on one dynamically instrumented airfoil. The unsteady aerodynamics of an equivalent cascade with all airfoils oscillating at a specified interblade phase angle are then determined through a vector summation of these data. These influence coefficient determined oscillation cascade data are correlated with data obtained in this cascade with all airfoils oscillating at several interblade phase angle values. The influence coefficients are then utilized to determine the unsteady aerodynamics of the cascade for all interblade phase angles, with these unique data subsequently correlated with predictions from a linearized unsteady cascade model.

Nonlinearity of bituminous mixtures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mangiafico, S.; Babadopulos, L. F. A. L.; Sauzéat, C.; Di Benedetto, H.

2018-02-01

This paper presents an experimental characterization of the strain dependency of the complex modulus of bituminous mixtures for strain amplitude levels lower than about 110 μm/m. A series of strain amplitude sweep tests are performed at different temperatures (8, 10, 12 and 14°C) and frequencies (0.3, 1, 3 and 10 Hz), during which complex modulus is monitored. For each combination of temperature and frequency, four maximum strain amplitudes are targeted (50, 75, 100 and 110 μm/m). For each of them, two series of 50 loading cycles are applied, respectively at decreasing and increasing strain amplitudes. Before each decreasing strain sweep and after each increasing strain sweep, 5 cycles are performed at constant maximum targeted strain amplitude. Experimental results show that the behavior of the studied material is strain dependent. The norm of the complex modulus decreases and phase angle increases with strain amplitude. Results are presented in Black and Cole-Cole plots, where characteristic directions of nonlinearity can be identified. Both the effects of nonlinearity in terms of the complex modulus variation and of the direction of nonlinearity in Black space seem to validate the time-temperature superposition principle with the same shift factors as for linear viscoelasticity. The comparison between results obtained during increasing and decreasing strain sweeps suggests the existence of another phenomenon occurring during cyclic loading, which appears to systematically induce a decrease of the norm of the complex modulus and an increase of the phase angle, regardless of the type of the strain sweep (increasing or decreasing).

Intrinsic diffusion sensitivity of the balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging sequence.

PubMed

Bär, Sébastien; Weigel, Matthias; von Elverfeldt, Dominik; Hennig, Jürgen; Leupold, Jochen

2015-11-01

The purpose of this work was to analyze the intrinsic diffusion sensitivity of the balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging sequence, meaning the observation of diffusion-induced attenuation of the bSSFP steady-state signal due to the imaging gradients. Although these diffusion effects are usually neglected for most clinical gradient systems, such strong gradient systems are employed for high resolution imaging of small animals or MR Microscopy. The impact on the bSSFP signal of the imaging gradients characterized by their b-values was analyzed with simulations and experiments at a 7T animal scanner using a gradient system with maximum gradient amplitude of approx. 700 mT/m. It was found that the readout gradients have a stronger impact on the attenuation than the phase encoding gradients. Also, as the PE gradients are varying with each repetition interval, the diffusion effects induce strong modulations of the bSSFP signal over the sequence repetition cycles depending on the phase encoding gradient table. It is shown that a signal gain can be obtained through a change of flip angle as a new optimal flip angle maximizing the signal can be defined. The dependency of the diffusion effects on relaxation times and b-values were explored with simulations. The attenuation increases with T2. In conclusion, diffusion attenuation of the bSSFP signal becomes significant for high resolution imaging voxel size (roughly < 100 μm) of long T2 substances. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Nematic fluctuations balancing the zoo of phases in half-filled quantum Hall systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mesaros, Andrej; Lawler, Michael J.; Kim, Eun-Ah

2017-03-01

Half-filled Landau levels form a zoo of strongly correlated phases. These include non-Fermi-liquids (NFLs), fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states, nematic phases, and FQH nematic phases. This diversity begs the following question: what keeps the balance between the seemingly unrelated phases? The answer is elusive because the Halperin-Lee-Read description that offers a natural departure point is inherently strongly coupled. However, the observed nematic phases suggest that nematic fluctuations play an important role. To study this possibility, we apply a recently formulated controlled double-expansion approach in large-N composite fermion flavors and small ɛ nonanalytic bosonic action to the case with both gauge and nematic boson fluctuations. In the vicinity of a nematic quantum critical line, we find that depending on the amount of screening of the gauge- and nematic-mediated interactions controlled by ɛ 's, the renormalization-group flow points to all four mentioned correlated phases. When pairing preempts the nematic phase, NFL behavior is possible at temperatures above the pairing transition. We conclude by discussing measurements at low tilt angles, which could reveal the stabilization of the FQH phase by nematic fluctuations.

Wave-optics uncertainty propagation and regression-based bias model in GNSS radio occultation bending angle retrievals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gorbunov, Michael E.; Kirchengast, Gottfried

2018-01-01

A new reference occultation processing system (rOPS) will include a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) retrieval chain with integrated uncertainty propagation. In this paper, we focus on wave-optics bending angle (BA) retrieval in the lower troposphere and introduce (1) an empirically estimated boundary layer bias (BLB) model then employed to reduce the systematic uncertainty of excess phases and bending angles in about the lowest 2 km of the troposphere and (2) the estimation of (residual) systematic uncertainties and their propagation together with random uncertainties from excess phase to bending angle profiles. Our BLB model describes the estimated bias of the excess phase transferred from the estimated bias of the bending angle, for which the model is built, informed by analyzing refractivity fluctuation statistics shown to induce such biases. The model is derived from regression analysis using a large ensemble of Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) RO observations and concurrent European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analysis fields. It is formulated in terms of predictors and adaptive functions (powers and cross products of predictors), where we use six main predictors derived from observations: impact altitude, latitude, bending angle and its standard deviation, canonical transform (CT) amplitude, and its fluctuation index. Based on an ensemble of test days, independent of the days of data used for the regression analysis to establish the BLB model, we find the model very effective for bias reduction and capable of reducing bending angle and corresponding refractivity biases by about a factor of 5. The estimated residual systematic uncertainty, after the BLB profile subtraction, is lower bounded by the uncertainty from the (indirect) use of ECMWF analysis fields but is significantly lower than the systematic uncertainty without BLB correction. The systematic and random uncertainties are propagated from excess phase to bending angle profiles, using a perturbation approach and the wave-optical method recently introduced by Gorbunov and Kirchengast (2015), starting with estimated excess phase uncertainties. The results are encouraging and this uncertainty propagation approach combined with BLB correction enables a robust reduction and quantification of the uncertainties of excess phases and bending angles in the lower troposphere.

Droplet Depinning on Inclined Surfaces at High Reynolds Numbers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

White, Edward; Singh, Natasha; Lee, Sungyon

2017-11-01

Contact angle hysteresis enables a sessile liquid drop to adhere to a solid surface when the surface is inclined, the drop is exposed to gas-phase flow, or the drop is exposed to both forcing modalities. Previous work by Schmucker and White (2012.DFD.M4.6) identified critical depinning Weber numbers for water drops subject to gravity- and wind-dominated forcing. This work extends the Schmucker and White data and finds the critical depinning Weber number obeys a two-slope linear model. Under pure wind forcing at Reynolds numbers above 1500 and with zero surface inclination, Wecrit = 8.0 . For non-zero inclinations, α, Wecrit decreases proportionally to A Bo sinα where A is the drop aspect ratio and Bo is its Bond number. The same relationship holds for α < 0 when gravity resists depinning by wind. Above We 4 , depinning is dominated by wind forcing; at We < 4 , depinning is gravity dominated. While Wecrit depends linearly on A Bo sinα in both forcing regimes, the slopes of the the limit lines depend on the forcing regime. The difference is attributed to different drop shapes and contact angle distributions that arise depending on whether wind or gravity dominates the depinning behavior. Supported by the National Science Foundation through Grant CBET-1605947.

Magnetic field pitch angle and perpendicular velocity measurements from multi-point time-delay estimation of poloidal correlation reflectometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prisiazhniuk, D.; Krämer-Flecken, A.; Conway, G. D.; Happel, T.; Lebschy, A.; Manz, P.; Nikolaeva, V.; Stroth, U.; the ASDEX Upgrade Team

2017-02-01

In fusion machines, turbulent eddies are expected to be aligned with the direction of the magnetic field lines and to propagate in the perpendicular direction. Time delay measurements of density fluctuations can be used to calculate the magnetic field pitch angle α and perpendicular velocity {{v}\\bot} profiles. The method is applied to poloidal correlation reflectometry installed at ASDEX Upgrade and TEXTOR, which measure density fluctuations from poloidally and toroidally separated antennas. Validation of the method is achieved by comparing the perpendicular velocity (composed of the E× B drift and the phase velocity of turbulence {{v}\\bot}={{v}E× B}+{{v}\\text{ph}} ) with Doppler reflectometry measurements and with neoclassical {{v}E× B} calculations. An important condition for the application of the method is the presence of turbulence with a sufficiently long decorrelation time. It is shown that at the shear layer the decorrelation time is reduced, limiting the application of the method. The magnetic field pitch angle measured by this method shows the expected dependence on the magnetic field, plasma current and radial position. The profile of the pitch angle reproduces the expected shape and values. However, comparison with the equilibrium reconstruction code cliste suggests an additional inclination of turbulent eddies at the pedestal position (2-3°). This additional angle decreases towards the core and at the edge.

Contact-angle hysteresis on periodic microtextured surfaces: Strongly corrugated liquid interfaces.

PubMed

Iliev, Stanimir; Pesheva, Nina

2016-06-01

We study numerically the shapes of a liquid meniscus in contact with ultrahydrophobic pillar surfaces in Cassie's wetting regime, when the surface is covered with identical and periodically distributed micropillars. Using the full capillary model we obtain the advancing and the receding equilibrium meniscus shapes when the cross-sections of the pillars are both of square and circular shapes, for a broad interval of pillar concentrations. The bending of the liquid interface in the area between the pillars is studied in the framework of the full capillary model and compared to the results of the heterogeneous approximation model. The contact angle hysteresis is obtained when the three-phase contact line is located on one row (block case) or several rows (kink case) of pillars. It is found that the contact angle hysteresis is proportional to the line fraction of the contact line on pillars tops in the block case and to the surface fraction for pillar concentrations 0.1-0.5 in the kink case. The contact angle hysteresis does not depend on the shape (circular or square) of the pillars cross-section. The expression for the proportionality of the receding contact angle to the line fraction [Raj et al., Langmuir 28, 15777 (2012)LANGD50743-746310.1021/la303070s] in the case of block depinning is theoretically substantiated through the capillary force, acting on the solid plate at the meniscus contact line.

Kinoform design with an optimal-rotation-angle method.

PubMed

Bengtsson, J

1994-10-10

Kinoforms (i.e., computer-generated phase holograms) are designed with a new algorithm, the optimalrotation- angle method, in the paraxial domain. This is a direct Fourier method (i.e., no inverse transform is performed) in which the height of the kinoform relief in each discrete point is chosen so that the diffraction efficiency is increased. The optimal-rotation-angle algorithm has a straightforward geometrical interpretation. It yields excellent results close to, or better than, those obtained with other state-of-the-art methods. The optimal-rotation-angle algorithm can easily be modified to take different restraints into account; as an example, phase-swing-restricted kinoforms, which distribute the light into a number of equally bright spots (so called fan-outs), were designed. The phase-swing restriction lowers the efficiency, but the uniformity can still be made almost perfect.

Evaluation of precipitation hardening in TiC-reinforced Ti2AlNb-based alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Ya-ran; Cai, Qi; Liu, Yong-chang; Ma, Zong-qing; Li, Chong; Li, Hui-jun

2018-04-01

Ti2AlNb-based alloys with 0.0wt%, 0.6wt%, and 2.0wt% carbon nanotube (CNT) addition were fabricated from spherical Ti-22Al-25Nb powder by sintering in the B2 single-phase region. Phase identification and microstructural examination were performed to evaluate the effect of carbon addition on the hardness of the alloys. Carbon was either in a soluble state or in carbide form depending on its concentration. The acicular carbides formed around 1050°C were identified as TiC and facilitated the transformation of α2 + B2 → O. The TiC was located within the acicular O phase. The surrounding O phase was distributed in certain orientations with angles of 65° or 90° O phase particles. The obtained alloy was composed of acicular O, Widmanstatten B2 + O, and acicular TiC. As a result of the precipitation of carbides as well as the O phase, the hardness of the alloy with 2.0wt% CNT addition increased to HV 429 ± 9.

High resolution quantitative phase imaging of live cells with constrained optimization approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pandiyan, Vimal Prabhu; Khare, Kedar; John, Renu

2016-03-01

Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) aims at studying weakly scattering and absorbing biological specimens with subwavelength accuracy without any external staining mechanisms. Use of a reference beam at an angle is one of the necessary criteria for recording of high resolution holograms in most of the interferometric methods used for quantitative phase imaging. The spatial separation of the dc and twin images is decided by the reference beam angle and Fourier-filtered reconstructed image will have a very poor resolution if hologram is recorded below a minimum reference angle condition. However, it is always inconvenient to have a large reference beam angle while performing high resolution microscopy of live cells and biological specimens with nanometric features. In this paper, we treat reconstruction of digital holographic microscopy images as a constrained optimization problem with smoothness constraint in order to recover only complex object field in hologram plane even with overlapping dc and twin image terms. We solve this optimization problem by gradient descent approach iteratively and the smoothness constraint is implemented by spatial averaging with appropriate size. This approach will give excellent high resolution image recovery compared to Fourier filtering while keeping a very small reference angle. We demonstrate this approach on digital holographic microscopy of live cells by recovering the quantitative phase of live cells from a hologram recorded with nearly zero reference angle.

Experiments with linear compressors for phase shifting in pulse tube crycoolers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lewis, Michael; Bradley, Peter; Radebaugh, Ray

2012-06-01

For the past year NIST has been investigating the use of mechanical phase shifters as warm expanders for pulse tube cryocoolers. Unlike inertance tubes, which have a limited phase shifting ability at low acoustic powers, mechanical phase shifters have the ability to provide nearly any phase angle between the mass flow and the pressure. We discuss our results with experiments and modeling on a commercially available miniature linear compressor operating as an expander on the warm-end of a 4 K pulse tube, whose temperature is nominally about 35 K. We also present results on experiments with a linear compressor operating at room temperature but coupled to the 4 K stage through secondary regenerators and secondary pulse tubes. Experiments on a small pulse tube test apparatus with both 4He and 3He showed improved efficiency when using the mechanical expander over that of inertance tubes. Phase locking techniques using function generators and power amplifiers for control of phase angle are detailed. The use of expanders demonstrates flexible control in optimizing phase angles for improved cryocooler performance.

Diffusion anisotropy of poor metal solute atoms in hcp-Ti

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Scotti, Lucia, E-mail: lxs234@bham.ac.uk; Mottura, Alessandro, E-mail: a.mottura@bham.ac.uk

2015-05-28

Atom migration mechanisms influence a wide range of phenomena: solidification kinetics, phase equilibria, oxidation kinetics, precipitation of phases, and high-temperature deformation. In particular, solute diffusion mechanisms in α-Ti alloys can help explain their excellent high-temperature behaviour. The purpose of this work is to study self- and solute diffusion in hexagonal close-packed (hcp)-Ti, and its anisotropy, from first-principles using the 8-frequency model. The calculated diffusion coefficients show that diffusion energy barriers depend more on bonding characteristics of the solute rather than the size misfit with the host, while the extreme diffusion anisotropy of some solute elements in hcp-Ti is a resultmore » of the bond angle distortion.« less

Synthesis of nanodimensional TiO2 thin films.

PubMed

Thakurdesai, Madhavi; Mohanty, T; John, J; Rao, T K Gundu; Raychaudhuri, Pratap; Bhattacharyya, V; Kanjilal, D

2008-08-01

Nanodimensional TiO2 has wide application in the field of photocatalysis, photovoltaic and photochromic devices. In present investigation TiO2 thin films deposited by pulsed laser deposition method are irradiated by 100 MeV Ag ion beam to achieve growth of nanophases. The nanostructure evolution is characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The phases of TiO2 formed after irradiation are identified by glancing angle X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The particle radius estimated by AFM varies from 10-13 nm. Anatase phase of TiO2 is formed after irradiation. The blue shift observed in UV-VIS absorption spectra indicates the nanostructure formation. The shape and size of nanoparticles formed due to high electronic excitation depend upon thickness of the film.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miller, D.J.; Pask, J.A.

The sintering of TiC-Ni particle compacts was studied with specific attention to effects of processing conditions. Densification was progressively inhibited with the increasing additions of free carbon to the system. These results are explained on the basis of changes in the eutectic reactions in the system, reduced solubility of TiC in the Ni-rich liquid, and decreased wetting of the solid by the liquid. Presintering hydrogen heat treatment reduced the carbon content of the TiC-Ni compacts and led to reduction in sintering rates and elevated temperatures of liquid-phase formation. Wetting experiments with hydrogen-treated materials showed a time-dependent wetting angle. These resultsmore » are discussed based on wetting theory and reactions predicted by the equilibrium ternary-phase diagram.« less

Terahertz wavefront control by tunable metasurface made of graphene ribbons

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yatooshi, Takumi; Ishikawa, Atsushi, E-mail: a-ishikawa@okayama-u.ac.jp; Tsuruta, Kenji

2015-08-03

We propose a tunable metasurface consisting of an array of graphene ribbons on a silver mirror with a SiO{sub 2} gap layer to control reflected wavefront at terahertz frequencies. The graphene ribbons exhibit localized plasmon resonances depending on their Fermi levels to introduce abrupt phase shifts along the metasurface. With interference of the Fabry-Perot resonances in the SiO{sub 2} layer, phase shift through the system is largely accumulated, covering the 0-to-2π range for full control of the wavefront. Numerical simulations prove that wide-angle beam steering up to 53° with a high reflection efficiency of 60% is achieved at 5 THzmore » within a switching time shorter than 0.6 ps.« less

Anomalous postcritical refraction behavior for certain transversely isotropic media

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fa, L.; Brown, R.L.; Castagna, J.P.

2006-01-01

Snell's law at the boundary between two transversely isotropic media with a vertical axis of symmetry (VTI media) can be solved by setting up a fourth order polynomial for the sine of the reflection/transmission angles. This approach reveals the possible presence of an anomalous postcritical angle for certain transversely isotropic media. There are thus possibly three incident angle regimes for the reflection/refraction of longitudinal or transverse waves incident upon a VTI medium: precritical, postcritical/preanomalous, and postanomalous. The anomalous angle occurs for certain strongly anisotropic media where the required root to the phase velocity equation must be switched in order to obey Snell's law. The reflection/transmission coefficients, polarization directions, and the phase velocity are all affected by both the anisotropy and the incident angle. The incident critical angles are also effected by the anisotropy. ?? 2006 Acoustical Society of America.

Visualization of the equilibrium position of colloidal particles at fluid-water interfaces by deposition of nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sabapathy, Manigandan; Kollabattula, Viswas; Basavaraj, Madivala G.; Mani, Ethayaraja

2015-08-01

We present a general yet simple method to measure the contact angle of colloidal particles at fluid-water interfaces. In this method, the particles are spread at the required fluid-water interface as a monolayer. In the water phase a chemical reaction involving reduction of a metal salt such as aurochloric acid is initiated. The metal grows as a thin film or islands of nanoparticles on the particle surface exposed to the water side of the interface. Analyzing the images of particles by high resolution scanning microscopy (HRSEM), we trace the three phase contact line up to which deposition of the metal film occurs. From geometrical relations, the three phase contact angle is then calculated. We report the measurements of the contact angle of silica and polystyrene (PS) particles at different interfaces such as air-water, decane-water and octanol-water. We have also applied this method to measure the contact angle of surfactant treated polystyrene particles at the air-water interface, and we find a non-monotonic change of the contact angle with the concentration of the surfactant. Our results are compared with the well-known gel trapping technique and we find good comparison with previous measurements.We present a general yet simple method to measure the contact angle of colloidal particles at fluid-water interfaces. In this method, the particles are spread at the required fluid-water interface as a monolayer. In the water phase a chemical reaction involving reduction of a metal salt such as aurochloric acid is initiated. The metal grows as a thin film or islands of nanoparticles on the particle surface exposed to the water side of the interface. Analyzing the images of particles by high resolution scanning microscopy (HRSEM), we trace the three phase contact line up to which deposition of the metal film occurs. From geometrical relations, the three phase contact angle is then calculated. We report the measurements of the contact angle of silica and polystyrene (PS) particles at different interfaces such as air-water, decane-water and octanol-water. We have also applied this method to measure the contact angle of surfactant treated polystyrene particles at the air-water interface, and we find a non-monotonic change of the contact angle with the concentration of the surfactant. Our results are compared with the well-known gel trapping technique and we find good comparison with previous measurements. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03369a

Interior radiances in optically deep absorbing media. III Scattering from Haze L

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kattawar, G. W.; Plass, G. N.

1975-01-01

The interior radiances are calculated within an optically deep absorbing medium scattering according to the Haze L phase function. The dependence on the solar zenith angle, the single scattering albedo, and the optical depth within the medium is calculated by the matrix operator method. The development of the asymptotic angular distribution of the radiance in the diffusion region is illustrated through a number of examples; it depends only on the single scattering albedo and on the phase function for single scattering. The exact values of the radiance in the diffusion region are compared with values calculated from the approximate equations proposed by Van de Hulst. The variation of the radiance near the lower boundary of an optically thick medium is illustrated with examples. The attenuation length is calculated for various single scattering albedos and compared with the corresponding values for Rayleigh scattering. The ratio of the upward to the downward flux is found to be remarkably constant within the medium.

Moiré-pattern interlayer potentials in van der Waals materials in the random-phase approximation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leconte, Nicolas; Jung, Jeil; Lebègue, Sébastien; Gould, Tim

2017-11-01

Stacking-dependent interlayer interactions are important for understanding the structural and electronic properties in incommensurable two-dimensional material assemblies where long-range moiré patterns arise due to small lattice constant mismatch or twist angles. Here we study the stacking-dependent interlayer coupling energies between graphene (G) and hexagonal boron nitride (BN) homo- and heterostructures using high-level random-phase approximation (RPA) ab initio calculations. Our results show that although total binding energies within LDA and RPA differ substantially by a factor of 200%-400%, the energy differences as a function of stacking configuration yield nearly constant values with variations smaller than 20%, meaning that LDA estimates are quite reliable. We produce phenomenological fits to these energy differences, which allows us to calculate various properties of interest including interlayer spacing, sliding energetics, pressure gradients, and elastic coefficients to high accuracy. The importance of long-range interactions (captured by RPA but not LDA) on various properties is also discussed. Parametrizations for all fits are provided.

Effect of phase advance on the brushless dc motor torque speed respond

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohd, M. S.; Karsiti, M. N.; Mohd, M. S.

2015-12-01

Brushless direct current (BLDC) motor is widely used in small and medium sized electric vehicles as it exhibit highest specific power and thermal efficiency as compared to the induction motor. Permanent magnets BLDC rotor create a constant magnetic flux, which limit the motor top speed. As the back electromotive force (EMF) voltage increases proportionally with motor rotational speed and it approaches the amplitude of the input voltage, the phase current amplitude will reach zero. By advancing the phase current, it is possible to extend the maximum speed of the BLDC motor beyond the rated top speed. This will allow smaller BLDC motor to be used in small electric vehicles (EV) and in larger applications will allow the use of BLDC motor without the use of multispeed transmission unit for high speed operation. However, increasing the speed of BLDC will affect the torque speed response. The torque output will decrease as speed increases. Adjusting the phase angle will affect the speed of the motor as each coil is energized earlier than the corresponding rise in the back emf of the coil. This paper discusses the phase advance strategy of Brushless DC motor by phase angle manipulation approaches using external hall sensors. Tests have been performed at different phase advance angles in advance and retard positions for different voltage levels applied. The objective is to create the external hall sensor system to commutate the BLDC motor, to establish the phase advance of the BLDC by varying the phase angle through external hall sensor manipulation, observe the respond of the motor while applying the phase advance by hall sensor adjustment.

DYNAMICS OF SELF-GRAVITY WAKES IN DENSE PLANETARY RINGS. I. PITCH ANGLE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Michikoshi, Shugo; Kokubo, Eiichiro; Fujii, Akihiko

2015-10-20

We investigate the dynamics of self-gravity wakes in dense planetary rings. In particular, we examine how the pitch angles of self-gravity wakes depend on ring parameters using N-body simulations. We calculate the pitch angles using the two-dimensional autocorrelation function of the ring surface density. We obtain the pitch angles for the inner and outer parts of the autocorrelation function separately. We confirm that the pitch angles are 15°–30° for reasonable ring parameters, which are consistent with previous studies. We find that the inner pitch angle increases with the Saturnicentric distance, while it barely depends on the optical depth and themore » restitution coefficient of ring particles. The increase of the inner pitch angle with the Saturnicentric distance is consistent with the observations of the A ring. The outer pitch angle does not have a clear dependence on any ring parameters and is about 10°–15°. This value is consistent with the pitch angle of spiral arms in collisionless systems.« less

Oil Slick Observation at Low Incidence Angles in Ku-Band

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Panfilova, M. A.; Karaev, V. Y.; Guo, Jie

2018-03-01

On the 20 April 2010 the oil platform Deep Water Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico suffered an explosion during the final phases of drilling an exploratory well. As a result, an oil film covered the sea surface area of several thousand square kilometers. In the present paper the data of the Ku-band Precipitation Radar, which operates at low incidence angles, were used to explore the oil spill event. The two-scale model of the scattering surface was used to describe radar backscatter from the sea surface. The algorithm for retrieval of normalized radar cross section at nadir and the total slope variance of large-scale waves compared to the wavelength of electromagnetic wave (22 mm) was developed for the Precipitation Radar swath. It is shown that measurements at low incidence angles can be used for oil spill detection. This is the first time that the dependence of mean square slope of large-scale waves on wind speed has been obtained for oil slicks from Ku-band data, and compared to mean square slope obtained by Cox and Munk from optical data.

Theory of Mach reflection of detonation at glancing incidence

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bdzil, John Bohdan; Short, Mark

In this paper, we present a theory for Mach reflection of a detonation undergoing glancing incidence reflection off of a rigid wall. Our focus is on condensed-phase explosives, which we describe with a constant adiabatic gamma equation of state and an irreversible and either state-independent or weakly state-dependent reaction rate. We consider two detonation models: (1) the instantaneous reaction heat-release Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) limit and (2) the spatially resolved reaction heat-release Zeldovich–von Neumann–Dmore » $$\\ddot{Ø}$$ring (ZND) limit, where here we only consider that a small fraction of the detonation energy release is spatially resolved (the SRHR limit). We observe a three-shock reflection in the CJ limit case, with a Mach shock that is curved. In addition, we develop an analytical expression for the triple-point track angle as a function of the angle of incidence. For the SRHR model, we observe a smooth lead shock, akin to von Neumann reflection, with no reflected shock in the reaction zone. Only at larger angles of incidence is a three-shock Mach reflection observed.« less

Theory of Mach reflection of detonation at glancing incidence

DOE PAGES

Bdzil, John Bohdan; Short, Mark

2016-12-06

In this paper, we present a theory for Mach reflection of a detonation undergoing glancing incidence reflection off of a rigid wall. Our focus is on condensed-phase explosives, which we describe with a constant adiabatic gamma equation of state and an irreversible and either state-independent or weakly state-dependent reaction rate. We consider two detonation models: (1) the instantaneous reaction heat-release Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) limit and (2) the spatially resolved reaction heat-release Zeldovich–von Neumann–Dmore » $$\\ddot{Ø}$$ring (ZND) limit, where here we only consider that a small fraction of the detonation energy release is spatially resolved (the SRHR limit). We observe a three-shock reflection in the CJ limit case, with a Mach shock that is curved. In addition, we develop an analytical expression for the triple-point track angle as a function of the angle of incidence. For the SRHR model, we observe a smooth lead shock, akin to von Neumann reflection, with no reflected shock in the reaction zone. Only at larger angles of incidence is a three-shock Mach reflection observed.« less

Wide angle reflection effects on the uncertainty in layered models travel times tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Majdanski, Mariusz; Bialas, Sebastian; Trzeciak, Maciej; Gaczyński, Edward; Maksym, Andrzej

2015-04-01

Multi-phase layered model traveltimes tomography inversions can be realised in several ways depending on the inversion path. Inverting the shape of the boundaries based on reflection data and the velocity field based on refractions could be done jointly or sequentially. We analyse an optimal inversion path based on the uncertainty analysis of the final models. Additionally, we propose to use post critical wide-angle reflections in tomographic inversions for more reliable results especially in the deeper parts of each layer. We focus on the effects of using hard to pick post critical reflections on the final model uncertainty. Our study is performed using data collected during standard vibroseis and explosive sources seismic reflection experiment focused on shale gas reservoir characterisation realised by Polish Oil and Gas Company. Our data were gathered by a standalone single component stations deployed along the whole length of the 20 km long profile, resulting in significantly longer offsets. Our piggy back recordings resulted in good quality wide angle refraction and reflection recordings clearly observable up to the offsets of 12 km.

An Inverse Kinematic Approach Using Groebner Basis Theory Applied to Gait Cycle Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

stance phase begins with initial contact, heel strike , and ends with toe off. The swing phase begins at toe off and ends with the heel striking the ground...and transition phase (10%). Recall, that the gait cycle begins when the heel strikes the ground of one foot and ends when that same foot strikes the...Validation of Knee Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 12 Validation of Ankle Angle

Determination of the coma dust back-scattering of 67P for phase angles from 1.2° to 75°

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fink, Uwe; Doose, Lyn

2018-07-01

A phase curve is derived for the dust coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) from 1.2° to 74° using images from the OSIRIS camera system on board the Rosetta mission during the period 2014 July 25 to 2015 February 23 as the spacecraft approached the comet. We analyzed 123 images of the continuum filter at 612.6 nm and 60 images of the 375 nm UV continuum filter of the Wide Angle Camera. Our method of extracting a phase curve, close to the nucleus, taking into account illumination conditions, activity of the comet, strong radial radiance intensity decrease and varying phase angles across the image, is described in detail. Our derived backscattering phase curve is considerably steeper than earlier published data. The radiance of the scattering dust in the 612.6 nm filter increases by about a factor of 12 going from a phase angle of 75° to a phase angle of 2.0°. The phase curve for the 375 nm filter is similar but there is reasonable evidence that the I/F color ratio between the two filters changes from a roughly neutral color ratio of 1.2 to a more typical red color of ∼ 2.0 as the activity of the comet increases. No substantial change in the shape of the phase curve could be discerned between 2014 August and 2015 February 19-23 when the comet increased considerably in activity. The phase curve behavior on the illuminated side of the comet and the dark side is in general similar. A comparison of our phase curve with a recent phase curve for 67P by Bertini et al. for the phase angle range ∼15°-80°, where our two reductions overlap, shows good agreement (as does our color ratio between the 612.6 nm and the 375 nm filters) despite the fact that the two phase curve determinations observed the comet at different dust activity levels, at different distances from the nucleus and used completely different observing and data reduction methodologies. Trial scattering calculations demonstrate that the observed strong backscattering most likely arises from particles in the size range 1-20 μm. Our observed backscattering phase curve gives no constraints on the real index of refraction, the particle size distribution or the minimum and maximum particle size cut-offs. However, an upper limit to the imaginary index of refraction of ∼0.01 was required, making these particles quite transparent. Simple spherical scattering calculations including particle size distributions can fit the general characteristics of the phase curve but cannot produce a satisfactory detailed fit.

Choice of threshold line angle for binary phase-only filters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vijaya Kumar, Bhagavatula; Hendrix, Charles D.

1993-10-01

The choice of threshold line angle (TLA) is an important issue in designing Binary Phase-Only Filters (BPOFs). In this paper, we derive expressions that explicitly relate the TLA to correlation peak intensity. We also show some examples that illustrate the effect of choosing the wrong TLA.

Fluid Distribution in Synthetic Wet Halite Rocks : Inference from Measured Elastic Wave Velocity and Electrical Conductivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Watanabe, T.; Kitano, M.

2011-12-01

Intercrystalline fluid can significantly affect rheological and transport properties of rocks. Its influences are strongly dependent on its distribution. The dihedral angle between solid and liquid phases has been widely accepted as a key parameter that controls solid-liquid textures. The liquid phase is not expected to be interconnected if the dihedral angle is larger than 60 degree. However, observations contradictory to dihedral angle values have been reported. Watanabe (2010) suggested the coexistence of grain boundary fluid with a positive dihedral angle. For good understanding of fluid distribution, it is thus critical to study the nature of grain boundary fluid. We have developed a high pressure and temperature apparatus for study of intercrystalline fluid distribution. It was specially designed for measurements of elastic wave velocities and electrical conductivity. The apparatus mainly consists of a conventional cold-seal vessel with an external heater. The pressure medium is silicon oil of the viscosity of 0.1 Pa s. The pressure and temperature can be controlled from 0 to 200 MPa and from 20 to 200 C, respectively. Dimensions of a sample are 9 mm in diameter, and 15 mm in length. Halite-water system is used as an analog for crustal rocks. The dihedral angle has been studied systematically at various pressure and temperature conditions [Lewis and Holness, 1996]. The dihedral angle is larger than 60 degree at lower pressure and temperature. It decreases to be smaller than 60 degree with increasing pressure and temperature. A sample is prepared by cold-pressing and annealing of wet NaCl powder. Optical examination has shown that synthesized samples are microstructurally homogeneous. Grains are polygonal and equidimensional with a mean diameter of 100 micrometer. Grain boundaries vary from straight to bowed and 120 degree triple junctions are common. Gas and fluid bearing inclusions are visible on the grain boundaries. There are spherical inclusions or isolated worm-like channels. In this presentation, we will report preliminary results of compressional wave velocity and electrical conductivity measurements.

Fabrication and material properties of fibrous PHBV scaffolds depending on the cross-ply angle for tissue engineering.

PubMed

Kim, Yang-Hee; Min, Young-Ki; Lee, Byong-Taek

2012-11-01

Fibrous PHBV cross-ply scaffolds were fabricated using the electrospinning technique. The electrospun fibers were arranged depending on angles of alignment, which were 180°, 90°, 60°, and 45°. The stress and strain values of the fibrous PHBV cross-ply scaffolds increased as the cross-ply angle increased. At 180°, the strength and strain values of the fibers depended on tensile loading directions. At an alignment of 90°, the PHBV scaffolds had a stress value of 3.5 MPa, which was more than two times higher than the random structure. The cell morphology and proliferation of L-929 cells was strongly dependant on the fiber alignment and the best results were observed when the angle alignment was high. The results of this study showed that the cross-ply structure of the PHBV scaffold affected not only the cell adhesion and spreading properties but also dictated the mechanical properties, which were dependent on the angles of alignment.

The ability to entrain to long photoperiods differs between 3 Drosophila melanogaster wild-type strains and is modified by twilight simulation.

PubMed

Rieger, Dirk; Peschel, Nicolai; Dusik, Verena; Glotz, Silvia; Helfrich-Förster, Charlotte

2012-02-01

The ability to adapt to different environmental conditions including seasonal changes is a key feature of the circadian clock. Here, we compared the ability of 3 Drosophila melanogaster wild-type strains to adapt rhythmic activity to long photoperiods simulated in the laboratory. Fruit flies are predominantly crepuscular with activity bouts in the morning (M) and evening (E). The M peak follows dawn and the E peak follows dusk when the photoperiod is extended. We show that this ability is restricted to a certain extension of the phase angle between M and E peaks, such that the E peak does not delay beyond a certain phase under long days. We demonstrate that this ability is significantly improved by simulated twilight and that it depends additionally on the genetic background and the ambient temperature. At 20 °C, the laboratory strain CantonS had the most flexible phase angle between M and E peaks, a Northern wild-type strain had an intermediate one, and a Southern wild-type strain had the lowest flexibility. Furthermore, we found that the 3 strains differed in clock light sensitivity, with the CantonS and the Northern strains more light sensitive than the Southern strain. These results are generally in accord with the recently discovered polymorphisms in the timeless gene (tim) that affect clock light sensitivity.

Experimental verification of PSM polarimetry: monitoring polarization at 193nm high-NA with phase shift masks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McIntyre, Gregory; Neureuther, Andrew; Slonaker, Steve; Vellanki, Venu; Reynolds, Patrick

2006-03-01

The initial experimental verification of a polarization monitoring technique is presented. A series of phase shifting mask patterns produce polarization dependent signals in photoresist and are capable of monitoring the Stokes parameters of any arbitrary illumination scheme. Experiments on two test reticles have been conducted. The first reticle consisted of a series of radial phase gratings (RPG) and employed special apertures to select particular illumination angles. Measurement sensitivities of about 0.3 percent of the clear field per percent change in polarization state were observed. The second test reticle employed the more sensitive proximity effect polarization analyzers (PEPA), a more robust experimental setup, and a backside pinhole layer for illumination angle selection and to enable characterization of the full illuminator. Despite an initial complication with the backside pinhole alignment, the results correlate with theory. Theory suggests that, once the pinhole alignment is corrected in the near future, the second reticle should achieve a measurement sensitivity of about 1 percent of the clear field per percent change in polarization state. This corresponds to a measurement of the Stokes parameters after test mask calibration, to within about 0.02 to 0.03. Various potential improvements to the design, fabrication of the mask, and experimental setup are discussed. Additionally, to decrease measurement time, a design modification and double exposure technique is proposed to enable electrical detection of the measurement signal.

SANS study of deformation and relaxation of a comb-like liquid crystal polymer in the nematic phase

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brûlet, A.; Boué, F.; Keller, P.; Davidson, P.; Strazielle, C.; Cotton, J. P.

1994-06-01

A comb-like liquid crystal polymer is stretched and quenched after a certain time in the nematic phase. The conformation of the deformed chain is determined using small angle neutron scattering (SANS) as a function of the temperature of stretching, the stretching ratio and the duration of the relaxation. The scattering data are well fitted to junction affine and phantom network models. Some data are even well fitted by a totally affine model that we call “ pseudo affine ” because the only parameter, the stretching ratio, is found to be well below the macroscopic stretching ratio. The latter result, never encountered with amorphous polymers, is attributed to the cooperative effects of the nematic phase. We also note that the form factors of the chain in the underformed sample remain similar in the isotropic, nematic and glassy state ; they correspond to a Gaussian chain. The same samples were studied by wide angle X-ray scattering. On one hand, the orientation of the mesogenic groups is found to be parallel or perpendicular to the stretching direction depending on the stretching temperature. This result is discussed as a function of the presence of smectic fluctuations. On the other hand, longer relaxations at constant elongation ratio do not lead to a disorganization of the mesogenic group orientation whereas the polymer chains are partly relaxed.

Variations in the abundance of iron on Mercury's surface from MESSENGER X-Ray Spectrometer observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weider, Shoshana Z.; Nittler, Larry R.; Starr, Richard D.; McCoy, Timothy J.; Solomon, Sean C.

2014-06-01

We present measurements of Mercury's surface composition from the analysis of MESSENGER X-Ray Spectrometer data acquired during 55 large solar flares, which each provide a statistically significant detection of Fe X-ray fluorescence. The Fe/Si data display a clear dependence on phase angle, for which the results are empirically corrected. Mercury's surface has a low total abundance of Fe, with a mean Fe/Si ratio of ˜0.06 (equivalent to ˜1.5 wt% Fe). The absolute Fe/Si values are subject to a number of systematic uncertainties, including the phase-angle correction and possible mineral mixing effects. Individual Fe/Si measurements have an intrinsic error of ˜10%. Observed Fe/Si values display small variations (significant at two standard deviations) from the planetary average value across large regions in Mercury's southern hemisphere. Larger differences are observed between measured Fe/Si values from more spatially resolved footprints on volcanic smooth plains deposits in the northern hemisphere and from those in surrounding terrains. Fe is most likely contained as a minor component in sulfide phases (e.g., troilite, niningerite, daubréelite) and as Fe metal, rather than within mafic silicates. Variations in surface reflectance (i.e., differences in overall reflectance and spectral slope) across Mercury are unlikely to be caused by variations in the abundance of Fe.

Combat Agility Management System (CAMS)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Skow, Andrew; Porada, William

1994-01-01

The proper management of energy becomes a complex task in fighter aircraft which have high angle of attack (AOA) capability. Maneuvers at high AOA are accompanied by high bleed rates (velocity decrease), a characteristic that is usually undesirable in a typical combat arena. Eidetics has developed under NASA SBIR Phase 1 and NAVAIR SBIR Phase 2 contracts a system which allows a pilot to more easily and effectively manage the trade-off of energy (airspeed or altitude) for turn rate while not imposing hard limits on the high AOA nose pointing capability that can be so important in certain air combat maneuver situations. This has been accomplished by incorporating a two-stage angle of attack limiter into the flight control laws. The first stage sets a limit on AOA to achieve a limit on the maximum bleed rate (selectable) by limiting AOA to values which are dependent on the aircraft attitude and dynamic pressure (or flight path, velocity, and altitude). The second stage sets an AOA limit near the AOA for C(sub l max). One of the principal benefits of such a system is that it enables a low-experience pilot to become much more proficient at managing his energy. The Phase 2 simulation work is complete, and an exploratory flight test on the F-18 HARV is planned for the Fall of 1994 to demonstrate/validate the concept.

Real-time controller for foot-drop correction by using surface electromyography sensor.

PubMed

Al Mashhadany, Yousif I; Abd Rahim, Nasrudin

2013-04-01

Foot drop is a disease caused mainly by muscle paralysis, which incapacitates the nerves generating the impulses that control feet in a heel strike. The incapacity may stem from lesions that affect the brain, the spinal cord, or peripheral nerves. The foot becomes dorsiflexed, affecting normal walking. A design and analysis of a controller for such legs is the subject of this article. Surface electromyography electrodes are connected to the skin surface of the human muscle and work on the mechanics of human muscle contraction. The design uses real surface electromyography signals for estimation of the joint angles. Various-speed flexions and extensions of the leg were analyzed. The two phases of the design began with surface electromyography of real human leg electromyography signal, which was subsequently filtered, amplified, and normalized to the maximum amplitude. Parameters extracted from the surface electromyography signal were then used to train an artificial neural network for prediction of the joint angle. The artificial neural network design included various-speed identification of the electromyography signal and estimation of the angles of the knee and ankle joints by a recognition process that depended on the parameters of the real surface electromyography signal measured through real movements. The second phase used artificial neural network estimation of the control signal, for calculation of the electromyography signal to be stimulated for the leg muscle to move the ankle joint. Satisfactory simulation (MATLAB/Simulink version 2012a) and implementation results verified the design feasibility.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nigro, Valentina, E-mail: nigro@fis.uniroma3.it; Bruni, Fabio; Ricci, Maria Antonietta

The temperature dependence of the local intra-particle structure of colloidal microgel particles, composed of interpenetrated polymer networks, has been investigated by small-angle neutron scattering at different pH and concentrations, in the range (299÷315) K, where a volume phase transition from a swollen to a shrunken state takes place. Data are well described by a theoretical model that takes into account the presence of both interpenetrated polymer networks and cross-linkers. Two different behaviors are found across the volume phase transition. At neutral pH and T ≈ 307 K, a sharp change of the local structure from a water rich open inhomogeneousmore » interpenetrated polymer network to a homogeneous porous solid-like structure after expelling water is observed. Differently, at acidic pH, the local structure changes almost continuously. These findings demonstrate that a fine control of the pH of the system allows to tune the sharpness of the volume-phase transition.« less

Number of terms required in the Fourier expansion of the reflection function for optically thick atmospheres

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

King, M. D.

1983-01-01

Computational results are presented for the separate terms in the Fourier expansion of the phase function and the reflection function of a semiinfinite, conservatively scattering atmosphere composed of cloud particles. The calculations involve successive applications of invariant imbedding, doubling, and asymptotic fitting methods to cover the range from very thin to very thick atmospheres. From the results, the ratio of the total reflection function to the first-order reflection function is determined as well as the number of terms required to describe the reflection function to an accuracy of 0.1 percent. The number of terms required depends strongly on the zenith angles of incidence and reflection as well as on details of the phase function. These results are compared with similar results obtained for a Henyey-Greenstein phase function having the same asymmetry factor as in the cloud model.

A comparison between soft x-ray and magnetic phase data on the Madison symmetric torus

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

VanMeter, P. D., E-mail: pvanmeter@wisc.edu; Reusch, L. M.; Sarff, J. S.

The Soft X-Ray (SXR) tomography system on the Madison Symmetric Torus uses four cameras to determine the emissivity structure of the plasma. This structure should directly correspond to the structure of the magnetic field; however, there is an apparent phase difference between the emissivity reconstructions and magnetic field reconstructions when using a cylindrical approximation. The difference between the phase of the dominant rotating helical mode of the magnetic field and the motion of the brightest line of sight for each SXR camera is dependent on both the camera viewing angle and the plasma conditions. Holding these parameters fixed, this phasemore » difference is shown to be consistent over multiple measurements when only toroidal or poloidal magnetic field components are considered. These differences emerge from physical effects of the toroidal geometry which are not captured in the cylindrical approximation.« less

Extending the scanning angle of a phased array antenna by using a null-space medium

PubMed Central

Sun, Fei; He, Sailing

2014-01-01

By introducing a columnar null-space region as the reference space, we design a radome that can extend the scanning angle of a phased array antenna (PAA) by a predetermined relationship (e.g. a linear relationship between the incident angle and steered output angle can be achieved). After some approximation, we only need two homogeneous materials to construct the proposed radome layer by layer. This kind of medium is called a null-space medium, which has been studied and fabricated for realizing hyper-lenses and some other devices. Numerical simulations verify the performance of our radome. PMID:25355198

Pulsar Emission Geometry and Accelerating Field Strength

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DeCesar, Megan E.; Harding, Alice K.; Miller, M. Coleman; Kalapotharakos, Constantinos; Parent, Damien

2012-01-01

The high-quality Fermi LAT observations of gamma-ray pulsars have opened a new window to understanding the generation mechanisms of high-energy emission from these systems, The high statistics allow for careful modeling of the light curve features as well as for phase resolved spectral modeling. We modeled the LAT light curves of the Vela and CTA I pulsars with simulated high-energy light curves generated from geometrical representations of the outer gap and slot gap emission models. within the vacuum retarded dipole and force-free fields. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo maximum likelihood method was used to explore the phase space of the magnetic inclination angle, viewing angle. maximum emission radius, and gap width. We also used the measured spectral cutoff energies to estimate the accelerating parallel electric field dependence on radius. under the assumptions that the high-energy emission is dominated by curvature radiation and the geometry (radius of emission and minimum radius of curvature of the magnetic field lines) is determined by the best fitting light curves for each model. We find that light curves from the vacuum field more closely match the observed light curves and multiwavelength constraints, and that the calculated parallel electric field can place additional constraints on the emission geometry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

García-Cervantes, H.; Sotolongo-Costa, O.; Gaggero-Sager, L. M.

Graphene Superlattices (GSs) have attracted a lot of attention due to its peculiar properties as well as its possible technological implications. Among these characteristics we can mention: the extra Dirac points in the dispersion relation and the highly anisotropic propagation of the charge carriers. However, despite the intense research that is carried out in GSs, so far there is no report about the angular dependence of the Transmission Gap (TG) in GSs. Here, we report the dependence of TG as a function of the angle of the incident Dirac electrons in a rather simple Electrostatic GS (EGS). Our results showmore » that the angular dependence of the TG is intricate, since for moderated angles the dependence is parabolic, while for large angles an exponential dependence is registered. We also find that the TG can be modulated from meV to eV, by changing the structural parameters of the GS. These characteristics open the possibility for an angle-dependent bandgap engineering in graphene.« less

Chern structure in the Bose-insulating phase of Sr2RuO4 nanofilms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nobukane, Hiroyoshi; Matsuyama, Toyoki; Tanda, Satoshi

2017-01-01

The quantum anomaly that breaks the symmetry, for example the parity and the chirality, in the quantization leads to a physical quantity with a topological Chern invariant. We report the observation of a Chern structure in the Bose-insulating phase of Sr2RuO4 nanofilms by employing electric transport. We observed the superconductor-to-insulator transition by reducing the thickness of Sr2RuO4 single crystals. The appearance of a gap structure in the insulating phase implies local superconductivity. Fractional quantized conductance was observed without an external magnetic field. We found an anomalous induced voltage with temperature and thickness dependence, and the induced voltage exhibited switching behavior when we applied a magnetic field. We suggest that there was fractional magnetic-field-induced electric polarization in the interlayer. These anomalous results are related to topological invariance. The fractional axion angle Θ = π/6 was determined by observing the topological magneto-electric effect in the Bose-insulating phase of Sr2RuO4 nanofilms.

Connecting Majorana phases to the geometric parameters of the Majorana unitarity triangle in a neutrino mass matrix model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Verma, Surender; Bhardwaj, Shankita

2018-05-01

We have investigated a possible connection between the Majorana phases and geometric parameters of Majorana unitarity triangle (MT) in two-texture zero neutrino mass matrix. Such analytical relations can, also, be obtained for other theoretical models viz. hybrid textures, neutrino mass matrix with vanishing minors and have profound implications for geometric description of C P violation. As an example, we have considered the two-texture zero neutrino mass model to obtain a relation between Majorana phases and MT parameters that may be probed in various lepton number violating processes. In particular, we find that Majorana phases depend on only one of the three interior angles of the MT in each class of two-texture zero neutrino mass matrix. We have also constructed the MT for class A , B , and C neutrino mass matrices. Nonvanishing areas and nontrivial orientations of these Majorana unitarity triangles indicate nonzero C P violation as a generic feature of this class of mass models.

In situ neutron scattering study of nanoscale phase evolution in PbTe-PbS thermoelectric material

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ren, Fei, E-mail: renfei@temple.edu, E-mail: kean@ornl.gov; Qian, Bosen; Schmidt, Robert

2016-08-22

Introducing nanostructural second phases has proved to be an effective approach to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity and thus enhances the figure of merit for many thermoelectric materials. Studies of the formation and evolution of these second phases are essential to understanding material temperature dependent behaviors, improving thermal stabilities, as well as designing new materials. In this study, powder samples of the PbTe-PbS thermoelectric material were examined using in situ neutron diffraction and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques between room temperature and elevated temperature up to 663 K, to explore quantitative information on the structure, weight fraction, and size ofmore » the second phase. Neutron diffraction data showed that the as-milled powder was primarily a solid solution prior to heat treatment. During heating, a PbS second phase precipitated out of the PbTe matrix around 500 K, while re-dissolution started around 600 K. The second phase remained separated from the matrix upon cooling. Furthermore, SANS data indicated that there are two populations of nanostructures. The size of the smaller nanostructure increased from initially 5 nm to approximately 25 nm after annealing at 650 K, while the size of the larger one remained unchanged. This study demonstrated that in situ neutron techniques are effective means to obtain quantitative information on temperature-dependent nanostructural behavior of thermoelectrics and likely other high-temperature materials.« less

Wavelength dependent in-plane birefringence of transparent flexible films determined by using transmission ellipsometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Sung Mo; Hong, Sera; Kim, Sang Youl

2018-05-01

We introduce a simple method to determine the in-plane birefringence of transparent flexible films by using transmission spectroscopic ellipsometry. The pseudo-ellipsometric constants which can represent their sample azimuthal angle dependent characteristics are introduced. The effect of in-plane birefringence and sample azimuthal angle on the pseudo ellipsometric constants is calculated using Jones matrix formalism, and the observed sample azimuthal angle dependence of measured pseudo-ellipsometric data is well understood. Wavelength dependence of in-plane birefringence is expressed in terms of the Sellmeier dispersion equation. The best fit pseudo-ellipsometric spectra to the measured ones at the sample azimuthal angles of every 15° from 0 to 90° are searched. The dispersion coefficients of the Sellmeier equation and the azimuthal angle of the optic axis are determined for polycarbonate (PC), poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), polyimide (PI), and colorless polyimide (CPI) films.

Angle dependent defect modes in a photonic crystal filter doped by high and low temperature superconductor defects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sreejith K., P.; Mathew, Vincent

2018-05-01

We have theoretically investigated the incident angle dependent defect modes in a dual channel photonic crystal filter composed of a high and low temperature superconductor defects. It is observed that the defect mode wavelength can be significantly tuned by incident angle for both polarizations. The angle sensitive defect mode property is of particular application in designing narrow band transmission filter.

Characterizing isolated attosecond pulses with angular streaking

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Siqi; Guo, Zhaoheng; Coffee, Ryan N.

Here, we present a reconstruction algorithm for isolated attosecond pulses, which exploits the phase dependent energy modulation of a photoelectron ionized in the presence of a strong laser field. The energy modulation due to a circularly polarized laser field is manifest strongly in the angle-resolved photoelectron momentum distribution, allowing for complete reconstruction of the temporal and spectral profile of an attosecond burst. We show that this type of reconstruction algorithm is robust against counting noise and suitable for single-shot experiments. This algorithm holds potential for a variety of applications for attosecond pulse sources.

Characterizing isolated attosecond pulses with angular streaking

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Sigi; Guo, Zhaoheng; Coffee, Ryan N.

We present a reconstruction algorithm for isolated attosecond pulses, which exploits the phase dependent energy modulation of a photoelectron ionized in the presence of a strong laser field. The energy modulation due to a circularly polarized laser field is manifest strongly in the angle-resolved photoelectron momentum distribution, allowing for complete reconstruction of the temporal and spectral profile of an attosecond burst. We show that this type of reconstruction algorithm is robust against counting noise and suitable for single-shot experiments. This algorithm holds potential for a variety of applications for attosecond pulse sources.

Characterizing isolated attosecond pulses with angular streaking

DOE PAGES

Li, Siqi; Guo, Zhaoheng; Coffee, Ryan N.; ...

2018-02-12

Here, we present a reconstruction algorithm for isolated attosecond pulses, which exploits the phase dependent energy modulation of a photoelectron ionized in the presence of a strong laser field. The energy modulation due to a circularly polarized laser field is manifest strongly in the angle-resolved photoelectron momentum distribution, allowing for complete reconstruction of the temporal and spectral profile of an attosecond burst. We show that this type of reconstruction algorithm is robust against counting noise and suitable for single-shot experiments. This algorithm holds potential for a variety of applications for attosecond pulse sources.

Characterizing isolated attosecond pulses with angular streaking

DOE PAGES

Li, Sigi; Guo, Zhaoheng; Coffee, Ryan N.; ...

2018-02-13

We present a reconstruction algorithm for isolated attosecond pulses, which exploits the phase dependent energy modulation of a photoelectron ionized in the presence of a strong laser field. The energy modulation due to a circularly polarized laser field is manifest strongly in the angle-resolved photoelectron momentum distribution, allowing for complete reconstruction of the temporal and spectral profile of an attosecond burst. We show that this type of reconstruction algorithm is robust against counting noise and suitable for single-shot experiments. This algorithm holds potential for a variety of applications for attosecond pulse sources.

Accreting X-ray pulsar atmospheres heated by Coulomb deceleration of protons

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Meszaros, P.; Harding, A. K.; Kirk, J. G.; Galloway, D. J.

1983-01-01

Results are presented from detailed self-consistent models of accreting magnetized neutron star atmospheres, heated by the gradual deceleration of infalling protons via Coulomb encounters. The temperature and density gradients are calculated assuming momentum and energy balance, coupled with the radiative transfer for two polarizations. The cyclotron resonance effects were treated approximately. These models are characterized by power-law energy spectra, with single pulses at higher frequencies and multiple pulses at lower ones for some aspect angles, as well as a phase-dependent spectral index.

Applications of interferometrically derived terrain slopes: Normalization of SAR backscatter and the interferometric correlation coefficient

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Werner, Charles L.; Wegmueller, Urs; Small, David L.; Rosen, Paul A.

1994-01-01

Terrain slopes, which can be measured with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry either from a height map or from the interferometric phase gradient, were used to calculate the local incidence angle and the correct pixel area. Both are required for correct thematic interpretation of SAR data. The interferometric correlation depends on the pixel area projected on a plane perpendicular to the look vector and requires correction for slope effects. Methods for normalization of the backscatter and interferometric correlation for ERS-1 SAR are presented.

Topological Exciton Bands in Moire Heterojunctions.

DOE PAGES

Wu, Fengcheng; Lovorn, Timothy; MacDonald, A. H.

2017-04-05

Moire patterns are common in Van der Waals heterostructures and can be used to apply periodic potentials to elementary excitations. Here, we show that the optical absorption spectrum of transition metal dichalcogenide bilayers is profoundly altered by long period moire patterns that introduce twist-angle dependent satellite excitonic peaks. Topological exciton bands with non-zero Chern numbers that support chiral excitonic edge states can be engineered by combining three ingredients: i) the valley Berry phase induced by electron-hole exchange interactions, ii) the moire potential, and iii) the valley Zeeman field.

Native oxides formation and surface wettability of epitaxial III-V materials: The case of InP and GaAs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gocalinska, A.; Rubini, S.; Pelucchi, E.

2016-10-01

The time dependent transition from hydrophobic to hydrophilic states of the metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) grown InP, GaAs and InAs is systematically documented by contact angle measurements. Natural oxides forming on the surfaces of air-exposed materials, as well as the results of some typical wet chemical process to remove those oxides, were studied by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), revealing, surprisingly, a fundamental lack of strong correlations between the surface oxide composition and the reported systematic changes in hydrophobicity.

Titan brighter at twilight than in daylight

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

García Muñoz, A.; Lavvas, P.; West, R. A.

2017-04-01

Investigating the overall brightness of planets (and moons) provides insights into their envelopes and energy budgets 1-4 . Phase curves (a representation of the overall brightness versus the Sun-object-observer phase angle) for Titan have been published over a limited range of phase angles and spectral passbands 5,6 . Such information has been key to the study of the stratification, microphysics and aggregate nature of Titan's atmospheric haze 7,8 and has complemented the spatially resolved observations showing that the haze scatters efficiently in the forward direction 7,9 . Here, we present Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem whole-disk brightness measurements of Titan from ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths. The observations show that Titan's twilight (loosely defined as the view at phase angles ≳150°) outshines its daylight at various wavelengths. From the match between measurements and models, we show that at even larger phase angles, the back-illuminated moon will appear much brighter than when fully illuminated. This behaviour is unique in our Solar System to Titan and is caused by its extended atmosphere and the efficient forward scattering of sunlight by its atmospheric haze. We infer a solar energy deposition rate (for a solar constant of 14.9 W m-2) of (2.84 ± 0.11) × 1014 W, consistent to within one to two standard deviations with Titan's time-varying thermal emission from 2007 to 2013 10,11 . We propose that a forward scattering signature may also occur at large phase angles in the brightness of exoplanets with extended hazy atmospheres and that this signature has a valuable diagnostic potential for atmospheric characterization.

Preliminary results on photometric properties of materials at the Sagan Memorial Station, Mars

USGS Publications Warehouse

Johnson, J. R.; Kirk, R.; Soderblom, L.A.; Gaddis, L.; Reid, R.J.; Britt, D.T.; Smith, P.; Lemmon, M.; Thomas, N.; Bell, J.F.; Bridges, N.T.; Anderson, R.; Herkenhoff, K. E.; Maki, J.; Murchie, S.; Dummel, A.; Jaumann, R.; Trauthan, F.; Arnold, G.

1999-01-01

Reflectance measurements of selected rocks and soils over a wide range of illumination geometries obtained by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) camera provide constraints on interpretations of the physical and mineralogical nature of geologic materials at the landing site. The data sets consist of (1) three small "photometric spot" subframed scenes, covering phase angles from 20?? to 150??; (2) two image strips composed of three subframed images each, located along the antisunrise and antisunset lines (photometric equator), covering phase angles from ???0?? to 155??; and (3) full-image scenes of the rock "Yogi," covering phase angles from 48?? to 100??. Phase functions extracted from calibrated data exhibit a dominantly backscattering photometric function, consistent with the results from the Viking lander cameras. However, forward scattering behavior does appear at phase angles >140??, particularly for the darker gray rock surfaces. Preliminary efforts using a Hapke scattering model are useful in comparing surface properties of different rock and soil types but are not well constrained, possibly due to the incomplete phase angle availability, uncertainties related to the photometric function of the calibration targets, and/or the competing effects of diffuse and direct lighting. Preliminary interpretations of the derived Hapke parameters suggest that (1) red rocks can be modeled as a mixture of gray rocks with a coating of bright and dark soil or dust, and (2) gray rocks have macroscopically smoother surfaces composed of microscopically homogeneous, clear materials with little internal scattering, which may imply a glass-like or varnished surface. Copyright 1999 by the American Geophysical Union.

Measurement of acoustic properties of the composite materials constituting the main rotor hub of the Agusta-Westland helicopter EH-101 (civil version)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tenti, L.; Denis, R.; Lakestani, F.

1991-10-01

The acoustic properties of the EH-101 helicopter rotor hub are tested by characterizing the ultrasonic propagation phenomena in the main directions of the composite materials. The carbon fiber and epoxy resin that make up the rotor hub are measured to determine the attenuation coefficient, phase propagation at normal incidence, and phase propagation as a function of angle of incidence. The speeds are measured for external box and filler samples, and strap samples are discussed separately because of their anisotropic nature and structural importance. Deviations angles of 5 deg cause refraction angles of 10 deg in the deviation of the phase propagation; therefore planar defects with an angle of 10 deg relative to the fiber direction can be easily detected. The method presented is useful in characterizing and locating defects in the composite materials that make up the main rotor hub of helicopters.

A galloping quadruped model using left-right asymmetry in touchdown angles.

PubMed

Tanase, Masayasu; Ambe, Yuichi; Aoi, Shinya; Matsuno, Fumitoshi

2015-09-18

Among quadrupedal gaits, the galloping gait has specific characteristics in terms of locomotor behavior. In particular, it shows a left-right asymmetry in gait parameters such as touchdown angle and the relative phase of limb movements. In addition, asymmetric gait parameters show a characteristic dependence on locomotion speed. There are two types of galloping gaits in quadruped animals: the transverse gallop, often observed in horses; and the rotary gallop, often observed in dogs and cheetahs. These two gaits have different footfall sequences. Although these specific characteristics in quadrupedal galloping gaits have been observed and described in detail, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this paper, we use a simple physical model with a rigid body and four massless springs and incorporate the left-right asymmetry of touchdown angles. Our simulation results show that our model produces stable galloping gaits for certain combinations of model parameters and explains these specific characteristics observed in the quadrupedal galloping gait. The results are then evaluated in comparison with the measured data of quadruped animals and the gait mechanisms are clarified from the viewpoint of dynamics, such as the roles of the left-right touchdown angle difference in the generation of galloping gaits and energy transfer during one gait cycle to produce two different galloping gaits. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Modeling contact angle hysteresis of a liquid droplet sitting on a cosine wave-like pattern surface.

PubMed

Promraksa, Arwut; Chen, Li-Jen

2012-10-15

A liquid droplet sitting on a hydrophobic surface with a cosine wave-like square-array pattern in the Wenzel state is simulated by using the Surface Evolver to determine the contact angle. For a fixed drop volume, multiple metastable states are obtained at two different surface roughnesses. Unusual and non-circular shape of the three-phase contact line of a liquid droplet sitting on the model surface is observed due to corrugation and distortion of the contact line by structure of the roughness. The contact angle varies along the contact line for each metastable state. The maximum and minimum contact angles among the multiple metastable states at a fixed viewing angle correspond to the advancing and the receding contact angles, respectively. It is interesting to observe that the advancing/receding contact angles (and contact angle hysteresis) are a function of viewing angle. In addition, the receding (or advancing) contact angles at different viewing angles are determined at different metastable states. The contact angle of minimum energy among the multiple metastable states is defined as the most stable (equilibrium) contact angle. The Wenzel model is not able to describe the contact angle along the three-phase contact line. The contact angle hysteresis at different drop volumes is determined. The number of the metastable states increases with increasing drop volume. Drop volume effect on the contact angles is also discussed. Crown Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Non-Abelian Geometric Phases Carried by the Quantum Noise Matrix

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bharath, H. M.; Boguslawski, Matthew; Barrios, Maryrose; Chapman, Michael

2017-04-01

Topological phases of matter are characterized by topological order parameters that are built using Berry's geometric phase. Berry's phase is the geometric information stored in the overall phase of a quantum state. We show that geometric information is also stored in the second and higher order spin moments of a quantum spin system, captured by a non-abelian geometric phase. The quantum state of a spin-S system is uniquely characterized by its spin moments up to order 2S. The first-order spin moment is the spin vector, and the second-order spin moment represents the spin fluctuation tensor, i.e., the quantum noise matrix. When the spin vector is transported along a loop in the Bloch ball, we show that the quantum noise matrix picks up a geometric phase. Considering spin-1 systems, we formulate this geometric phase as an SO(3) operator. Geometric phases are usually interpreted in terms of the solid angle subtended by the loop at the center. However, solid angles are not well defined for loops that pass through the center. Here, we introduce a generalized solid angle which is well defined for all loops inside the Bloch ball, in terms of which, we interpret the SO(3) geometric phase. This geometric phase can be used to characterize topological spin textures in cold atomic clouds.

Preliminary Results on Coaxial Jet Spread Angles and the Effects of Variable Phase Transverse Acoustic Fields (Postprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

cases sub7 (MR=1.0) and sub8 (MR=2.6) are shown in Figs. 9 and 10. The definitions used and techniques employed to measure the axial and curved dark...on Case: Sub7 MR=1.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -50 150 350 Phase angle between the two acoustic sources (degrees) A xi al D ar k C or e Le ng th L /d...baseline 1 source on 2 sources on Case: Sub7 MR=1.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -50 150 350 Phase angle between the two acoustic sources (degrees) Cu rv ed D

Initiation of the ice phase by marine biogenic surfaces in supersaturated gas and supercooled aqueous phases.

PubMed

Alpert, Peter A; Aller, Josephine Y; Knopf, Daniel A

2011-11-28

Biogenic particles have the potential to affect the formation of ice crystals in the atmosphere with subsequent consequences for the hydrological cycle and climate. We present laboratory observations of heterogeneous ice nucleation in immersion and deposition modes under atmospherically relevant conditions initiated by Nannochloris atomus and Emiliania huxleyi, marine phytoplankton with structurally and chemically distinct cell walls. Temperatures at which freezing, melting, and water uptake occur are observed using optical microscopy. The intact and fragmented unarmoured cells of N. atomus in aqueous NaCl droplets enhance ice nucleation by 10-20 K over the homogeneous freezing limit and can be described by a modified water activity based ice nucleation approach. E. huxleyi cells covered by calcite plates do not enhance droplet freezing temperatures. Both species nucleate ice in the deposition mode at an ice saturation ratio, S(ice), as low as ~1.2 and below 240 K, however, for each, different nucleation modes occur at warmer temperatures. These observations show that markedly different biogenic surfaces have both comparable and contrasting effects on ice nucleation behaviour depending on the presence of the aqueous phase and the extent of supercooling and water vapour supersaturation. We derive heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficients, J(het), and cumulative ice nuclei spectra, K, for quantification and analysis using time-dependent and time-independent approaches, respectively. Contact angles, α, derived from J(het)via immersion freezing depend on T, a(w), and S(ice). For deposition freezing, α can be described as a function of S(ice) only. The different approaches yield different predictions of atmospheric ice crystal numbers primarily due to the time evolution allowed for the time-dependent approach with implications for the evolution of mixed-phase and ice clouds.

Angle-depended photocurrent characteristics of cascade photoelectric converters on the base of homogeneous semiconductor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arbuzov, Yuri D.; Evdokimov, Vladimir M.; Shepovalova, Olga V.

2018-05-01

Angle-dependent spectral photoresponse characteristics for theoretically perfect and physically implementable tunnel cascade (multi-junction) photoelectric converters (PC), for example high-voltage planar PV cells, have been studied as functions of technological parameters and number of single PCs in cascade. Angle-dependent spectral photoresponse characteristics values for real cascade silicon structures have been determined in visible and ultraviolet radiation spectra. Characteristic values of radiation incidence angle corresponding to the twofold photocurrent reduction in relation to normal incidence have been found depending on the number of single PCs in cascade, `dead' layer thickness of tunnel junction and photosensitivity of the base PC. The possibility and practicability of solar trackers use in PV systems with proposed PCs under study have been evaluated.

Precise determination of lattice phase shifts and mixing angles

DOE PAGES

Lu, Bing -Nan; Lähde, Timo A.; Lee, Dean; ...

2016-07-09

Here, we introduce a general and accurate method for determining lattice phase shifts and mixing angles, which is applicable to arbitrary, non-cubic lattices. Our method combines angular momentum projection, spherical wall boundaries and an adjustable auxiliary potential. This allows us to construct radial lattice wave functions and to determine phase shifts at arbitrary energies. For coupled partial waves, we use a complex-valued auxiliary potential that breaks time-reversal invariance. We benchmark our method using a system of two spin-1/2 particles interacting through a finite-range potential with a strong tensor component. We are able to extract phase shifts and mixing angles formore » all angular momenta and energies, with precision greater than that of extant methods. We discuss a wide range of applications from nuclear lattice simulations to optical lattice experiments.« less

Infrared (0.83–5.1 μm) photometry of Phoebe from the Cassini Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer

USGS Publications Warehouse

Buratti, B.J.; Soderlund, K.; Bauer, J.; Mosher, J.A.; Hicks, M.D.; Simonelli, D.P.; Jaumann, R.; Clark, R.N.; Brown, R.H.; Cruikshank, D.P.; Momary, T.

2008-01-01

Three weeks prior to the commencement of Cassini's   4 year tour of the saturnian system, the spacecraft executed a close flyby of the outer satellite Phoebe. The infrared channel of the Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) obtained images of reflected light over the 0.83–5.1 μm spectral range with an average spectral resolution of 16.5 nm, spatial resolution up to 2 km, and over a range of solar phase angles not observed before. These images have been analyzed to derive fundamental photometric parameters including the phase curve and phase integral, spectral geometric albedo, bolometric Bond albedo, and the single scattering albedo. Physical properties of the surface, including macroscopic roughness and the single particle phase function, have also been characterized. Maps of normal reflectance show the existence of two major albedo regimes in the infrared, with gradations between the two regimes and much terrain with substantially higher albedos. The phase integral of Phoebe is 0.29±0.030.29±0.03, with no significant wavelength dependence. The bolometric Bond albedo is 0.023±0070.023±007. We find that the surface of Phoebe is rough, with a mean slope angle of 33°. The satellite's surface has a substantial forward scattering component, suggesting that its surface is dusty, perhaps from a history of outgassing. The spectrum of Phoebe is best matched by a composition including water ice, amorphous carbon, iron-bearing minerals, carbon dioxide, and Triton tholin. The characteristics of Phoebe suggest that it originated outside the saturnian system, perhaps in the Kuiper Belt, and was captured on its journey inward, as suggested by Johnson and Lunine (2005).

Molecular structures of Se(SCH3)2 and Te(SCH3)2 using gas-phase electron diffraction and ab initio and DFT geometry optimisations.

PubMed

Fleischer, Holger; Wann, Derek A; Hinchley, Sarah L; Borisenko, Konstantin B; Lewis, James R; Mawhorter, Richard J; Robertson, Heather E; Rankin, David W H

2005-10-07

The molecular structures of Se(SCH(3))(2) and Te(SCH(3))(2) were investigated using gas-phase electron diffraction (GED) and ab initio and DFT geometry optimisations. While parameters involving H atoms were refined using flexible restraints according to the SARACEN method, parameters that depended only on heavy atoms could be refined without restraints. The GED-determined geometric parameters (r(h1)) are: rSe-S 219.1(1), rS-C 183.2(1), rC-H 109.6(4) pm; angleS-Se-S 102.9(3), angleSe-S-C 100.6(2), angleS-C-H (mean) 107.4(5), phiS-Se-S-C 87.9(20), phiSe-S-C-H 178.8(19) degrees for Se(SCH(3))(2), and rTe-S 238.1(2), rS-C 184.1(3), rC-H 110.0(6) pm; angleS-Te-S 98.9(6), angleTe-S-C 99.7(4), angleS-C-H (mean) 109.2(9), phiS-Te-S-C 73.0(48), phiTe-S-C-H 180.1(19) degrees for Te(SCH(3))(2). Ab initio and DFT calculations were performed at the HF, MP2 and B3LYP levels, employing either full-electron basis sets [3-21G(d) or 6-31G(d)] or an effective core potential with a valence basis set [LanL2DZ(d)]. The best fit to the GED structures was achieved at the MP2 level. Differences between GED and MP2 results for rS-C and angleS-Te-S were explained by the thermal population of excited vibrational states under the experimental conditions. All theoretical models agreed that each compound exists as two stable conformers, one in which the methyl groups are on the same side (g(+)g(-) conformer) and one in which they are on different sides (g(+)g(+) conformer) of the S-Y-S plane (Y = Se, Te). The conformational composition under the experimental conditions could not be resolved from the GED data. Despite GED R-factors and ab initio and DFT energies favouring the g(+)g(+) conformer, it is likely that both conformers are present, for Se(SCH(3))(2) as well as for Te(SCH(3))(2).

The Study of Phase-shift Super-Frequency Induction Heating Power Supply

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qi, Hairun; Peng, Yonglong; Li, Yabin

This paper combines pulse-width phase-shift power modulation with fixed-angle phase-locked-control to adjust the inverter's output power, this method not only meets the work conditions of voltage inverter, but also realizes the large-scale of power modulation, and the main circuit is simple, the switching devices realize soft switching. This paper analyzes the relationship between the output power and phase-shift angle, the control strategy is simulated by Matlab/Simulink, and the results show that the method is feasible and meets the theoretical analysis

Theory of tunneling spectroscopy for chiral topological superconductors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ii, Akihiro; Yamakage, Ai; Yada, Keiji; Sato, Masatoshi; Tanaka, Yukio

2012-11-01

We study the charge conductance of an interface between a normal metal and a superconducting quantum anomalous Hall system, based on the recursive Green's function. The angle-resolved conductance γ(ky,eV) with momentum ky parallel to the interface and bias voltage V shows a rich structure depending on the Chern number N of the system. We find that when the bias voltage is tuned to the energy dispersion of the edge mode, eV=Eedge(ky), the angle-resolved conductance γ(ky,Eedge(ky)) shows a pronounced even-odd effect; the conductance vanishes for N=0 or 2, while it takes the universal value 2e2/h for N=1. In particular, in the N=2 phase, we find that the conductance γ(ky,Eedge(ky)) becomes 0 due to the interference of two degenerate Majorana edge modes, although the corresponding surface spectral weight remains nonzero.

Collisional damping rates for electron plasma waves reassessed

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Banks, J. W.; Brunner, S.; Berger, R. L.

Collisional damping of electron plasma waves, the primary damping for high phase velocity waves, is proportional to the electron-ion collision rate, ν ei,th. Here in this work, it is shown that the damping rate normalized to ν ei,th depends on the charge state, Z, on the magnitude of ν ei,th and the wave number k in contrast with the commonly used damping rate in plasma wave research. Only for weak collision rates in low-Z plasmas for which the electron self-collision rate is comparable to the electron-ion collision rate is the damping rate given by the commonly accepted value. The resultmore » presented here corrects the result presented in textbooks at least as early as 1973. Lastly, the complete linear theory requires the inclusion of both electron-ion pitch-angle and electron-electron scattering, which itself contains contributions to both pitch-angle scattering and thermalization.« less

Collisional damping rates for electron plasma waves reassessed

DOE PAGES

Banks, J. W.; Brunner, S.; Berger, R. L.; ...

2017-10-13

Collisional damping of electron plasma waves, the primary damping for high phase velocity waves, is proportional to the electron-ion collision rate, ν ei,th. Here in this work, it is shown that the damping rate normalized to ν ei,th depends on the charge state, Z, on the magnitude of ν ei,th and the wave number k in contrast with the commonly used damping rate in plasma wave research. Only for weak collision rates in low-Z plasmas for which the electron self-collision rate is comparable to the electron-ion collision rate is the damping rate given by the commonly accepted value. The resultmore » presented here corrects the result presented in textbooks at least as early as 1973. Lastly, the complete linear theory requires the inclusion of both electron-ion pitch-angle and electron-electron scattering, which itself contains contributions to both pitch-angle scattering and thermalization.« less

Memory of the unjamming transition during cyclic tiltings of a granular pile.

PubMed

Deboeuf, S; Dauchot, O; Staron, L; Mangeney, A; Vilotte, J-P

2005-11-01

Discrete numerical simulations are performed to study the evolution of the microstructure and the response of a granular packing during successive loading-unloading cycles, consisting of quasistatic rotations in the gravity field between opposite inclination angles. We show that internal variables--e.g., stress and fabric of the pile--exhibit hysteresis during these cycles due to the exploration of different metastable configurations. Interestingly, the hysteretic behavior of the pile strongly depends on the maximal inclination of the cycles, giving evidence of the irreversible modifications of the pile state occurring close to the unjamming transition. More specifically, we show that for cycles with maximal inclination larger than the repose angle, the weak-contact network carries the memory of the unjamming transition. These results demonstrate the relevance of a two-phase description--strong- and weak-contact networks--for a granular system, as soon as it has approached the unjamming transition.

Effect of EMIC Wave Normal Angle Distribution on Relativistic Electron Scattering Based on the Newly Developed Self-consistent RC/EMIC Waves Model by Khazanov et al. [2006

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Khazanov, G. V.; Gallagher, D. L.; Gamayunov, K.

2007-01-01

It is well known that the effects of EMIC waves on RC ion and RB electron dynamics strongly depend on such particle/wave characteristics as the phase-space distribution function, frequency, wave-normal angle, wave energy, and the form of wave spectral energy density. Therefore, realistic characteristics of EMIC waves should be properly determined by modeling the RC-EMIC waves evolution self-consistently. Such a selfconsistent model progressively has been developing by Khaznnov et al. [2002-2006]. It solves a system of two coupled kinetic equations: one equation describes the RC ion dynamics and another equation describes the energy density evolution of EMIC waves. Using this model, we present the effectiveness of relativistic electron scattering and compare our results with previous work in this area of research.

SU-E-T-195: Gantry Angle Dependency of MLC Leaf Position Error

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ju, S; Hong, C; Kim, M

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the gantry angle dependency of the multileaf collimator (MLC) leaf position error. Methods: An automatic MLC quality assurance system (AutoMLCQA) was developed to evaluate the gantry angle dependency of the MLC leaf position error using an electronic portal imaging device (EPID). To eliminate the EPID position error due to gantry rotation, we designed a reference maker (RM) that could be inserted into the wedge mount. After setting up the EPID, a reference image was taken of the RM using an open field. Next, an EPID-based picket-fence test (PFT) was performed withoutmore » the RM. These procedures were repeated at every 45° intervals of the gantry angle. A total of eight reference images and PFT image sets were analyzed using in-house software. The average MLC leaf position error was calculated at five pickets (-10, -5, 0, 5, and 10 cm) in accordance with general PFT guidelines using in-house software. This test was carried out for four linear accelerators. Results: The average MLC leaf position errors were within the set criterion of <1 mm (actual errors ranged from -0.7 to 0.8 mm) for all gantry angles, but significant gantry angle dependency was observed in all machines. The error was smaller at a gantry angle of 0° but increased toward the positive direction with gantry angle increments in the clockwise direction. The error reached a maximum value at a gantry angle of 90° and then gradually decreased until 180°. In the counter-clockwise rotation of the gantry, the same pattern of error was observed but the error increased in the negative direction. Conclusion: The AutoMLCQA system was useful to evaluate the MLC leaf position error for various gantry angles without the EPID position error. The Gantry angle dependency should be considered during MLC leaf position error analysis.« less

Free-Space Time-Domain Method for Measuring Thin Film Dielectric Properties

DOEpatents

Li, Ming; Zhang, Xi-Cheng; Cho, Gyu Cheon

2000-05-02

A non-contact method for determining the index of refraction or dielectric constant of a thin film on a substrate at a desired frequency in the GHz to THz range having a corresponding wavelength larger than the thickness of the thin film (which may be only a few microns). The method comprises impinging the desired-frequency beam in free space upon the thin film on the substrate and measuring the measured phase change and the measured field reflectance from the reflected beam for a plurality of incident angles over a range of angles that includes the Brewster's angle for the thin film. The index of refraction for the thin film is determined by applying Fresnel equations to iteratively calculate a calculated phase change and a calculated field reflectance at each of the plurality of incident angles, and selecting the index of refraction that provides the best mathematical curve fit with both the dataset of measured phase changes and the dataset of measured field reflectances for each incident angle. The dielectric constant for the thin film can be calculated as the index of refraction squared.

Exploitation of the UV Aerosol Index scattering angle dependence: Properties of Siberian smoke plumes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Penning de Vries, Marloes; Beirle, Steffen; Sihler, Holger; Wagner, Thomas

2017-04-01

The UV Aerosol Index (UVAI) is a simple measure of aerosols from satellite that is particularly sensitive to elevated layers of absorbing particles. It has been determined from a range of instruments including TOMS, GOME-2, and OMI, for almost four decades and will be continued in the upcoming Sentinel missions S5-precursor, S4, and S5. Despite its apparent simplicity, the interpretation of UVAI is not straightforward, as it depends on aerosol abundance, absorption, and altitude in a non-linear way. In addition, UVAI depends on the geometry of the measurement (viewing angle, solar zenith and relative azimuth angles), particularly if viewing angles exceed 45 degrees, as is the case for OMI and TROPOMI (on S5-precursor). The dependence on scattering angle complicates the interpretation and further processing (e.g., averaging) of UVAI. In certain favorable cases, however, independent information on aerosol altitude and absorption may become available. We present a detailed study of the scatter angle dependence using SCIATRAN radiative transfer calculations. The model results were compared to observations of an extensive Siberian smoke plume, of which parts reached 10-12 km altitude. Due to its large extent and the high latitude, OMI observed the complete plume in five consecutive orbits under a wide range of scattering angles. This allowed us to deduce aerosol characteristics (absorption and layer height) that were compared with collocated CALIOP lidar measurements.

Nonlinear bounce resonances between magnetosonic waves and equatorially mirroring electrons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Lunjin; Maldonado, Armando; Bortnik, Jacob; Thorne, Richard M.; Li, Jinxing; Dai, Lei; Zhan, Xiaoya

2015-08-01

Equatorially mirroring energetic electrons pose an interesting scientific problem, since they generally cannot resonate with any known plasma waves and hence cannot be scattered down to lower pitch angles. Observationally it is well known that the flux of these equatorial particles does not simply continue to build up indefinitely, and so a mechanism must necessarily exist that transports these particles from an equatorial pitch angle of 90° down to lower values. However, this mechanism has not been uniquely identified yet. Here we investigate the mechanism of bounce resonance with equatorial noise (or fast magnetosonic waves). A test particle simulation is used to examine the effects of monochromatic magnetosonic waves on the equatorially mirroring energetic electrons, with a special interest in characterizing the effectiveness of bounce resonances. Our analysis shows that bounce resonances can occur at the first three harmonics of the bounce frequency (nωb, n = 1, 2, and 3) and can effectively reduce the equatorial pitch angle to values where resonant scattering by whistler mode waves becomes possible. We demonstrate that the nature of bounce resonance is nonlinear, and we propose a nonlinear oscillation model for characterizing bounce resonances using two key parameters, effective wave amplitude à and normalized wave number k~z. The threshold for higher harmonic resonance is more strict, favoring higher à and k~z, and the change in equatorial pitch angle is strongly controlled by k~z. We also investigate the dependence of bounce resonance effects on various physical parameters, including wave amplitude, frequency, wave normal angle and initial phase, plasma density, and electron energy. It is found that the effect of bounce resonance is sensitive to the wave normal angle. We suggest that the bounce resonant interaction might lead to an observed pitch angle distribution with a minimum at 90°.

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics study of the roughness effect on contact angle and droplet flow

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shigorina, Elena; Kordilla, Jannes; Tartakovsky, Alexandre M.

We employ a pairwise force Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (PF-SPH) model to simulate sessile and transient droplets on rough hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. PF-SPH allows for modeling of free surface flow without discretizing the air phase, which is achieved by imposing the surface tension and dynamic contact angles with pairwise interaction forces. We use the PF-SPH model to study the effect of surface roughness and microscopic contact angle on the effective contact angle and droplet dynamics. In the first part of this work, we investigate static contact angles of sessile droplets on rough surfaces in a shape of a sinusoidal functionmore » and made of rectangular bars placed on top of a flat surface. We find that the effective static contact angles of Cassie and Wenzel droplets on a rough surface are greater than the corresponding microscale static contact angles. As a result, microscale hydrophobic rough surfaces also show effective hydrophobic behavior. On the other hand, microscale hydrophilic surfaces may be macroscopically hydrophilic or hydrophobic, depending on the type of roughness. Next, we study the impact of the roughness orientation (i.e., an anisotropic roughness) and surface inclination on droplet flow velocities. Simulations show that droplet flow velocities are lower if the surface roughness is oriented perpendicular to the flow direction. If the predominant elements of surface roughness are in alignment with the flow direction, the flow velocities increase compared to smooth surfaces, which can be attributed to the decrease in fluid-solid contact area similar to the classical lotus effect. We demonstrate that linear scaling relationships between Bond and capillary number for droplet flow on flat surfaces also hold for flow on rough surfaces.« less

Vertical amplitude phase structure of a low-frequency acoustic field in shallow water

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuznetsov, G. N.; Lebedev, O. V.; Stepanov, A. N.

2016-11-01

We obtain in integral and analytic form the relations for calculating the amplitude and phase characteristics of an interference structure of orthogonal projections of the oscillation velocity vector in shallow water. For different frequencies and receiver depths, we numerically study the source depth dependences of the effective phase velocities of an equivalent plane wave, the orthogonal projections of the sound pressure phase gradient, and the projections of the oscillation velocity vector. We establish that at low frequencies in zones of interference maxima, independently of source depth, weakly varying effective phase velocity values are observed, which exceed the sound velocity in water by 5-12%. We show that the angles of arrival of the equivalent plane wave and the oscillation velocity vector in the general case differ; however, they virtually coincide in the zone of the interference maximum of the sound pressure under the condition that the horizontal projections of the oscillation velocity appreciably exceed the value of the vertical projection. We give recommendations on using the sound field characteristics in zones with maximum values for solving rangefinding and signal-detection problems.

Liquid phase sintered compacts in space

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mookherji, T. K.; Mcanelly, W. B.

1974-01-01

A model that will explain the effect of gravity on liquid phase sintering was developed. Wetting characteristics and density segregation which are the two important phenomena in liquid phase sintering are considered in the model development. Experiments were conducted on some selected material combinations to study the gravity effects on liquid phase sintering, and to verify the validity of the model. It is concluded that: (1) The surface tension forces acting on solid particles in a one-g environment are not appreciably different from those anticipated in a 0.00001g/g sub 0 (or lower) environment. (2) The capillary forces are dependent on the contact angle, the quantity of the liquid phase, and the distance between solid particles. (3) The pores (i.e., bubbles) do not appear to be driven to the surface by gravity-produced buoyancy forces. (4) The length of time to produce the same degree of settling in a low-gravity environment will be increased significantly. (5) A low gravity environment would appear to offer a unique means of satisfactorily infiltrating a larger and/or complex shaped compact.

Approaches for Achieving Broadband Achromatic Phase Shifts for Visible Nulling Coronagraphy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bolcar, Matthew R.; Lyon, Richard G.

2012-01-01

Visible nulling coronagraphy is one of the few approaches to the direct detection and characterization of Jovian and Terrestrial exoplanets that works with segmented aperture telescopes. Jovian and Terrestrial planets require at least 10(exp -9) and 10(exp -10) image plane contrasts, respectively, within the spectral bandpass and thus require a nearly achromatic pi-phase difference between the arms of the interferometer. An achromatic pi-phase shift can be achieved by several techniques, including sequential angled thick glass plates of varying dispersive materials, distributed thin-film multilayer coatings, and techniques that leverage the polarization-dependent phase shift of total-internal reflections. Herein we describe two such techniques: sequential thick glass plates and Fresnel rhomb prisms. A viable technique must achieve the achromatic phase shift while simultaneously minimizing the intensity difference, chromatic beam spread and polarization variation between each arm. In this paper we describe the above techniques and report on efforts to design, model, fabricate, align the trades associated with each technique that will lead to an implementations of the most promising one in Goddard's Visible Nulling Coronagraph (VNC).

A study of isotropic-nematic transition of quadrupolar Gay-Berne fluid using density-functional theory approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, Ram Chandra; Ram, Jokhan

2011-11-01

The effects of quadrupole moments on the isotropic-nematic (IN) phase transitions are studied using the density-functional theory (DFT) for a Gay-Berne (GB) fluid for a range of length-to-breadth parameters ? in the reduced temperature range ? . The pair-correlation functions of the isotropic phase, which enter into the DFT as input parameters are found by solving the Percus-Yevick integral equation theory. The method used involves an expansion of angle-dependent functions appearing in the integral equations in terms of spherical harmonics and the harmonic coefficients are obtained by an iterative algorithm. All the terms of harmonic coefficients which involve l indices up to less than or equal to 6 are considered. The numerical accuracy of the results depends on the number of spherical harmonic coefficients considered for each orientation-dependent function. As the length-to-breadth ratio of quadrupolar GB molecules is increased, the IN transition is seen to move to lower density (and pressure) at a given temperature. It has been observed that the DFT is good to study the IN transitions in such fluids. The theoretical results have also been compared with the computer simulation results wherever they are available.

Knee and Hip Joint Kinematics Predict Quadriceps and Hamstrings Neuromuscular Activation Patterns in Drop Jump Landings.

PubMed

Malfait, Bart; Dingenen, Bart; Smeets, Annemie; Staes, Filip; Pataky, Todd; Robinson, Mark A; Vanrenterghem, Jos; Verschueren, Sabine

2016-01-01

The purpose was to assess if variation in sagittal plane landing kinematics is associated with variation in neuromuscular activation patterns of the quadriceps-hamstrings muscle groups during drop vertical jumps (DVJ). Fifty female athletes performed three DVJ. The relationship between peak knee and hip flexion angles and the amplitude of four EMG vectors was investigated with trajectory-level canonical correlation analyses over the entire time period of the landing phase. EMG vectors consisted of the {vastus medialis(VM),vastus lateralis(VL)}, {vastus medialis(VM),hamstring medialis(HM)}, {hamstring medialis(HM),hamstring lateralis(HL)} and the {vastus lateralis(VL),hamstring lateralis(HL)}. To estimate the contribution of each individual muscle, linear regressions were also conducted using one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping. The peak knee flexion angle was significantly positively associated with the amplitudes of the {VM,HM} and {HM,HL} during the preparatory and initial contact phase and with the {VL,HL} vector during the peak loading phase (p<0.05). Small peak knee flexion angles were significantly associated with higher HM amplitudes during the preparatory and initial contact phase (p<0.001). The amplitudes of the {VM,VL} and {VL,HL} were significantly positively associated with the peak hip flexion angle during the peak loading phase (p<0.05). Small peak hip flexion angles were significantly associated with higher VL amplitudes during the peak loading phase (p = 0.001). Higher external knee abduction and flexion moments were found in participants landing with less flexed knee and hip joints (p<0.001). This study demonstrated clear associations between neuromuscular activation patterns and landing kinematics in the sagittal plane during specific parts of the landing. These findings have indicated that an erect landing pattern, characterized by less hip and knee flexion, was significantly associated with an increased medial and posterior neuromuscular activation (dominant hamstrings medialis activity) during the preparatory and initial contact phase and an increased lateral neuromuscular activation (dominant vastus lateralis activity) during the peak loading phase.

MODELING THE INFRARED SPECTRUM OF THE EARTH-MOON SYSTEM: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EARTHLIKE EXTRASOLAR PLANETS AND THEIR MOONLIKE COMPANIONS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Robinson, Tyler D., E-mail: robinson@astro.washington.edu

2011-11-01

The Moon maintains large surface temperatures on its illuminated hemisphere and can contribute significant amounts of flux to spatially unresolved thermal infrared (IR) observations of the Earth-Moon system, especially at wavelengths where Earth's atmosphere is absorbing. In this paper we investigate the effects of an unresolved companion on IR observations of Earthlike exoplanets. For an extrasolar twin Earth-Moon system observed at full phase at IR wavelengths, the Moon consistently comprises about 20% of the total signal, approaches 30% of the signal in the 9.6 {mu}m ozone band and the 15 {mu}m carbon dioxide band, makes up as much as 80%more » of the signal in the 6.3 {mu}m water band, and more than 90% of the signal in the 4.3 {mu}m carbon dioxide band. These excesses translate to inferred brightness temperatures for Earth that are too large by 20-40 K and demonstrate that the presence of undetected satellites can have significant impacts on the spectroscopic characterization of exoplanets. The thermal flux contribution from an airless companion depends strongly on phase, implying that observations of exoplanets should be taken when the star-planet-observer angle (i.e., phase angle) is as large as feasibly possible if contributions from companions are to be minimized. We show that, by differencing IR observations of an Earth twin with a companion taken at both gibbous and crescent phases, Moonlike satellites may be detectable by future exoplanet characterization missions for a wide range of system inclinations.« less

Spectrophotometric properties of materials observed by Pancam on the Mars Exploration Rovers: 2. Opportunity

USGS Publications Warehouse

Johnson, J. R.; Grundy, W.M.; Lemmon, M.T.; Bell, J.F.; Johnson, M.J.; Deen, R.; Arvidson, R. E.; Farrand, W. H.; Guinness, E.; Hayes, A.G.; Herkenhoff, K. E.; Seelos, F.; Soderblom, J.; Squyres, S.

2006-01-01

The Panoramic Camera (Pancam) on the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity acquired visible/near-infrared multispectral observations of soils and rocks under varying viewing and illumination geometries that were modeled using radiative transfer theory to improve interpretations of the microphysical and surface scattering nature of materials in Meridiani Planum. Nearly 25,000 individual measurements were collected of rock and soil units identified by their color and morphologic properties over a wide range of phase angles (0-150??) at Eagle crater, in the surrounding plains, in Endurance crater, and in the plains between Endurance and Erebus craters through Sol 492. Corrections for diffuse skylight incorporated sky models based on observations of atmospheric opacity throughout the mission. Disparity maps created from Pancam stereo images allowed inclusion of local facet orientation estimates. Outcrop rocks overall exhibited the highest single scattering albedos (???0.9 at 753 nm), and most spherule-rich soils exhibited the lowest (???0.6 at 753 nm). Macroscopic roughness among outcrop rocks varied but was typically larger than spherule-rich soils. Data sets with sufficient phase angle coverage (resulting in well-constrained Hapke parameters) suggested that models using single-term and two-term Henyey-Greenstein phase functions exhibit a dominantly broad backscattering trend for most undisturbed spherule-rich soils. Rover tracks and other compressed soils exhibited forward scattering, while outcrop rocks were intermediate in their scattering behaviors. Some phase functions exhibited wavelength-dependent trends that may result from variations in thin deposits of airfall dust that occurred during the mission. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.

An indirect approach to assess the pests on sorghum by remote sensing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, D.; Sao, R.

In today's world of advanced technology various techniques are being used to study ecological parameter and gathering data for agricultural benefits. The major aspects of remote sensing are timely estimates of agriculture crop yield, prediction of pest etc. The damage caused by the pest to crop is well known. Therefore, in this paper, an attempt has to be made to estimate the number of pests on sorghum by remote sensing technique. The studies were made on crop Sorghum (Meethi Sudan) that is a forage variety and the pest observed is a species of grasshopper. The beds of crop sorghum were specially prepared for pests as well as microwave scattering measurements. In first phase of study, dependence of number of pests on sorghum plant parameters (i.e., crop covered moist soil (SM), plant height (PH), leaf area index (LAI), percentage Biomass (BIO), Total chlorophyll (TC)) have been observed by the regression analyses and it was found that pests were more dependent on sorghum chlorophyll than other plant parameters, while climatic conditions were taken as constant. A linear relationship has been obtained between number of pests and TC with quite significant values of coefficient of determination (r^2=0.86). These crop parameters are easily assessable through microwave remote sensing so they can form the basis for prediction of pest remotely. In second phase of study, several observations were carried out for various growth stages of sorghum using bistatic scatterometer for both like polarizations (i.e., HH- and VV-) and different incidence angles at X-band (9.5 GHz). Linear, and multiple regression analysis were carried out to check dependence of scattering coefficient on these crop parameters and it was noticed that scattering coefficient was more dependent on sorghum TC than other plant parameters at X-band. A negative correlation has been obtained between TC and scattering coefficient with quite good values of r^2 (0.82). VV-pol gives better results than HH-pol and incidence angle should be more than 40 degree for both like pols for assessing the sorghum TC at X-band. The TC assessed by the microwave measurements was helpful to estimate the number of pests on sorghum. Combining both phase of study, number of pests was estimated and a quite good agreement (r^2=0.76) was found between observed and estimated pests.

Quantitative characterization of spin-orbit torques in Pt/Co/Pt/Co/Ta/BTO heterostructures due to the magnetization azimuthal angle dependence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Engel, Christian; Goolaup, Sarjoosing; Luo, Feilong; Lew, Wen Siang

2017-08-01

Substantial understanding of spin-orbit interactions in heavy-metal (HM)/ferromagnet (FM) heterostructures is crucial in developing spin-orbit torque (SOT) spintronics devices utilizing spin Hall and Rashba effects. Though the study of SOT effective field dependence on the out-of-plane magnetization angle has been relatively extensive, the understanding of in-plane magnetization angle dependence remains unknown. Here, we analytically propose a method to compute the SOT effective fields as a function of the in-plane magnetization angle using the harmonic Hall technique in perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) structures. Two different samples with PMA, a Pt /Co /Pt /Co /Ta /BaTi O3 (BTO) test sample and a Pt/Co/Pt/Co/Ta reference sample, are studied using the derived formula. Our measurements reveal that only the dampinglike field of the test sample with a BTO capping layer exhibits an in-plane magnetization angle dependence, while no angular dependence is found in the reference sample. The presence of the BTO layer in the test sample, which gives rise to a Rashba effect at the interface, is ascribed as the source of the angular dependence of the dampinglike field.

Growth and magnetooptical properties of anisotropic TbF3 single crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Valiev, Uygun V.; Karimov, Denis N.; Burdick, Gary W.; Rakhimov, Rakhim; Pelenovich, Vasiliy O.; Fu, Dejun

2017-06-01

This paper investigates the Faraday effect and absorption and luminescence spectra of single-crystal TbF3 measured at 90 K and 300 K. The optical-quality single-phase TbF3 crystals (structural type β-YF3) were grown by the Bridgman technique. Faraday rotation angles were measured at remagnetization along the [100] crystallographic axis. Low temperature optical measurements were carried out along the [100] axis. "Quasi-doublet" sublevels with energy at 0 cm-1, 65 cm-1, and 190 cm-1, and also a singlet sublevel with energy at 114 cm-1 located in the ground 7F6 multiplet were determined from the low temperature luminescence spectra. The Van-Vleck behavior of the magnetic susceptibility χb can be satisfactorily explained by the magnetic mixing of wave functions belonging to the ground and first excited "quasi-doublet" sublevels at 0 and 65 cm-1, respectively. Analysis of the oscillation dependences of the rotation angle showed that the value of the natural birefringence (Δn ≈ 0.0186) remains nearly constant within the wavelength and temperature ranges under investigation. As the temperature decreases, we find significant increases in the oscillation amplitude of the rotation angle and in the Verdet constant V. The spectral dependences V(χ) are linear throughout the temperature range. The magnetooptical activity of TbF3 can be explained by means of the spin- and parity-allowed electric-dipole 4f → 5d transitions in the Tb3+ ions.

The Moon Phases in a Paper Box. (Spanish Title: Las Fases de la Luna en Una Caja de Cartón.) As Fases da Lua Numa Caixa de Papelão

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Fátima O. Saraiva, Maria; Amador, Cláudio B.; Kemper, Érico; Goulart, Paulo; Muller, Angela

2007-12-01

We present a very simple concrete model to demonstrate the concept of phases of an illuminated body. The main objective of our model is to help the understanding of the Moon phases as viewed from the perspective of an observer on Earth. The material allows the visualization of two important effects: (1st) even though all the time half Moon is illuminated by the Sun, we see different fractions of the illuminated Moon surface, depending on our angle of sight; (2nd) the orientation of the convex part of the Moon in the crescent and waning phases on the sky also depends on our perspective from Earth. The use of a closed box allows one to see the contrast among the different phases with no need of a dark room. We also present a text on the Moon phases, emphasizing the dependence of the aspect of the bright part on the angle of sight. En este trabajo proponemos la construcción de material didáctico de bajo costo para demostración del concepto de fases de un cuerpo iluminado. El principal objetivo de nuestro material es facilitar la comprensión de las fases de la Luna desde la perspectiva de un observador en la Tierra. El material ayuda la visualización de dos efectos importantes: (1º) a pesar de tener siempre la mitad de la Luna (representada por una bolita de espuma plástica o de ping-pong), iluminada por el Sol ( representado por una fuente de luz natural o artificial), vemos diferentes fracciones de su superficie iluminada, dependiendo del ángulo por el cual la vemos; (2º) la orientación del borde convexo de la Luna en las fases Creciente y Menguante también depende de la perspectiva por la cual la miramos desde la Tierra. El uso de una caja cerrada permite observar el contraste entre las diferentes fases sin necesidad de estar en un recinto oscuro. Presentamos también un texto explicativo sobre las fases de la Luna, enfatizando la dependencia de la apariencia de la parte iluminada con el ángulo de visión. Neste trabalho propomos a construção de material didático de baixo custo para demonstração do conceito de fases de um corpo iluminado. O principal objetivo de nosso material é facilitar a compreensão das fases da Lua da perspectiva de um observador na Terra. O material ajuda na visualização de dois efeitos importantes: (1º) mesmo tendo sempre a metade da "Lua" (representada por uma bolinha de isopor ou de ping-pong) iluminada pelo "Sol" (representado por uma fonte de luz natural ou artificial), nós vemos diferentes frações de sua superfície iluminada, dependendo do ângulo pelo qual a olhamos; (2º) a orientação da borda convexa da Lua nas fases Crescente e Minguante também depende da perspectiva pela qual a olhamos da Terra. O uso de uma caixa fechada permite observar o contraste entre as diferentes fases sem necessidade de estar em uma sala escurecida. Apresentamos também um texto explicativo sobre fases da Lua, enfatizando a dependência da aparência da parte iluminada com o ângulo de visada.

Simultaneous nanocalorimetry and fast XRD measurements to study the silicide formation in Pd/a-Si bilayers.

PubMed

Molina-Ruiz, Manel; Ferrando-Villalba, Pablo; Rodríguez-Tinoco, Cristian; Garcia, Gemma; Rodríguez-Viejo, Javier; Peral, Inma; Lopeandía, Aitor F

2015-05-01

The use of a membrane-based chip nanocalorimeter in a powder diffraction beamline is described. Simultaneous wide-angle X-ray scattering and scanning nanocalorimetric measurements are performed on a thin-film stack of palladium/amorphous silicon (Pd/a-Si) at heating rates from 0.1 to 10 K s(-1). The nanocalorimeter works under a power-compensation scheme previously developed by the authors. Kinetic and structural information of the consumed and created phases can be obtained from the combined techniques. The formation of Pd2Si produces a broad calorimetric peak that contains overlapping individual processes. It is shown that Pd consumption precedes the formation of the crystalline Pd2Si phase and that the crystallite size depends on the heating rate of the experiment.

A remote sensing assessment of pest infestation on sorghum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, D.; Sao, R.; Singh, K. P.

The damage caused by the pest to crop is well known. The major aspects of remote sensing are timely estimates of agriculture crop yield, prediction of pest. Therefore, in this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the utility and potential application of microwave remote sensing for detection of pest infestation within sorghum field. The studies were made on crop sorghum (Meethi Sudan) that is a forage variety and the pest observed was a species of grasshopper. The beds of crop sorghum were specially prepared for pests as well as microwave scattering measurements. In first phase of study, dependence of occurrence of pests on sorghum plant parameters (i.e., crop covered moist soil (SM), plant height (PH), leaf area index (LAI), percentage biomass (BIO), total chlorophyll (TC)) have been observed and analyzed and it was noticed that pests were more dependent on sorghum chlorophyll than other plant parameters, while climatic conditions were taken as constant. An empirical relationship has been developed between occurrence of pests and TC with quite significant values of coefficient of determination ( r2 = 0.82). These crop parameters are easily assessable through microwave remote sensing and therefore they can form the basis for prediction of pest remotely. In the second phase of this study, several observations were carried out for various growth stages of sorghum using scatterometer for both like polarizations (i.e., HH- and VV-) and different incidence angles at X-band (9.5 GHz). Linear regression analysis was carried out to obtain the best suitable incidence angle and polarization to assess the sorghum TC. VV-pol gives better results than HH-pol and incidence angle should be more than 40° for both like polarizations for assessing the sorghum TC at X-band. A negative correlation has been obtained between TC and scattering coefficient with the r2 values (0.69 and 0.75 for HH- and VV-pol, respectively). The TC assessed by the microwave measurements was helpful to estimate the occurrence of pests on sorghum. Based on both phase of study an algorithm is proposed to estimate the number of pest on sorghum by remote sensing method. There is a quite good agreement between observed occurrence of pest and assessed occurrence of pest.

Erratum: Voyager Color Photometry of Saturn's Main Rings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Estrada, Paul R.; Cuzzi, Jeffrey N.; Showalter, Mark R.; DeVincenzi, Donald (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

We correct a calibration error in our earlier analysis of Voyager color observations of Saturn's main rings at 14 deg phase angle and present thoroughly revised and reanalyzed radial profiles of the brightness of the main rings in Voyager G, V, and UV filters, and ratios of these brightnesses. These results are consistent with more recent HST results at 6 deg phase angle, once allowance is made for plausible phase reddening of the rings. Unfortunately, the Voyager camera calibration factors are simply not sufficiently well known for a combination of the Voyager and HST data to be used to constrain the phase reddening quantitatively. However, some interesting radial variations in reddening between 6-14 deg phase angles are hinted at. We update a ring-and-satellite color vs. albedo plot from Cuzzi and Estrada in several ways. The A and B rings are still found to be in a significantly redder part of color-albedo space than Saturn's icy satellites.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yin Yunpeng; Sawin, Herbert H.

The surface roughness evolutions of single crystal silicon, thermal silicon dioxide (SiO{sub 2}), and low dielectric constant film coral in argon plasma have been measured by atomic force microscopy as a function of ion bombardment energy, ion impingement angle, and etching time in an inductively coupled plasma beam chamber, in which the plasma chemistry, ion energy, ion flux, and ion incident angle can be adjusted independently. The sputtering yield (or etching rate) scales linearly with the square root of ion energy at normal impingement angle; additionally, the angular dependence of the etching yield of all films in argon plasma followedmore » the typical sputtering yield curve, with a maximum around 60 deg. -70 deg. off-normal angle. All films stayed smooth after etching at normal angle but typically became rougher at grazing angles. In particular, at grazing angles the rms roughness level of all films increased if more material was removed; additionally, the striation structure formed at grazing angles can be either parallel or transverse to the beam impingement direction, which depends on the off-normal angle. More interestingly, the sputtering caused roughness evolution at different off-normal angles can be qualitatively explained by the corresponding angular dependent etching yield curve. In addition, the roughening at grazing angles is a strong function of the type of surface; specifically, coral suffers greater roughening compared to thermal silicon dioxide.« less

Laboratory measurements for the wavelength dependence of the linear polarization with the PROGRA2 instruments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Renard, Jean-Baptiste; Hadamcik, Edith; Levasseur-Regourd, Anny-Chantal; Carrasco, Nathalie; Couté, Benoit; Duverger, Vincent; Guerrini, Vincent

2017-04-01

Clouds of solid particles are present in many regions of the Solar System (comets, interplanetary dust cloud, planetary atmospheres). These clouds can be remotely studied by the light they scatter. There is a need for a data base of the light scattered by a large variety of samples at different wavelengths to interpret such measurements. The PROGRA2 instruments are used for this purpose. The PROGRA2 instruments, PROGRA2-VIS and PROGRA2-IR, are imaging polarimeters with a rotating arm to change the phase angle (angle between directions of illumination and observation). They allow to retrieve the complete polarization phase function between 10° and 165°. The light sources are at around 550 and 650 nm for PROGRA2-VIS, and 1000 and 1500 nm for PROGRA2-IR. The detectors are cameras, with a spatial resolution between 20 and 40 micrometers per pixel (PROGRA2-IR uses now new high sensitivity cameras). Measurements are conducted in the laboratory by an air draught technique for grains smaller than about 20 micrometers (which can be included in porous aggregates), and during parabolic flights on-board the A300 ZeroG and now the A310 ZeroG for larger grains; these flights campaigns are funded by the French and European Space Agencies. Hundreds of scattering phase functions have been obtained since 20 years, for a large number of samples (sands, silicon carbide, basalt, volcanic ashes, lunar and Martian simulants, tholins, meteoritic material, black carbon, carbonaceous compounds, …); the main results are available at www.icare.univ-lille1.fr/progra2/. Several samples have been already studied by the two instruments, showing a large diversity of wavelength dependences, from close-to-zero dependence for yellow and ocher sand grains to high dependence for silicon carbide and anthracite grains. These variations should be related to the wavelength dependence of the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index of the particles. We present a summary of the main results of the wavelength dependence of polarization already obtained with PROGRA2. We present also the interest of conducting new measurements for meteoritic material, tholins, and carbonaceous particles that can be analogues of the cometary and interplanetary grains. Since PROGRA2 is well adapted to study the large (porous) particles, as those detected by Rosetta, these new measurements will be useful to tentatively relate the wavelength dependence of linear polarization detected within several cometary comae with the main composition and nature of the particles. References : Renard et al., JQSRT, 146, 424-430, 2014 ; Hadamcik et al., Earth Planets Space, 65, 1175-1184, 2013.

COMAP: a new computational interpretation of human movement planning level based on coordinated minimum angle jerk policies and six universal movement elements.

PubMed

Emadi Andani, Mehran; Bahrami, Fariba

2012-10-01

Flash and Hogan (1985) suggested that the CNS employs a minimum jerk strategy when planning any given movement. Later, Nakano et al. (1999) showed that minimum angle jerk predicts the actual arm trajectory curvature better than the minimum jerk model. Friedman and Flash (2009) confirmed this claim. Besides the behavioral support that we will discuss, we will show that this model allows simplicity in planning any given movement. In particular, we prove mathematically that each movement that satisfies the minimum joint angle jerk condition is reproducible by a linear combination of six functions. These functions are calculated independent of the type of the movement and are normalized in the time domain. Hence, we call these six universal functions the Movement Elements (ME). We also show that the kinematic information at the beginning and end of the movement determines the coefficients of the linear combination. On the other hand, in analyzing recorded data from sit-to-stand (STS) transfer, arm-reaching movement (ARM) and gait, we observed that minimum joint angle jerk condition is satisfied only during different successive phases of these movements and not for the entire movement. Driven by these observations, we assumed that any given ballistic movement may be decomposed into several successive phases without overlap, such that for each phase the minimum joint angle jerk condition is satisfied. At the boundaries of each phase the angular acceleration of each joint should obtain its extremum (zero third derivative). As a consequence, joint angles at each phase will be linear combinations of the introduced MEs. Coefficients of the linear combination at each phase are the values of the joint kinematics at the boundaries of that phase. Finally, we conclude that these observations may constitute the basis of a computational interpretation, put differently, of the strategy used by the Central Nervous System (CNS) for motor planning. We call this possible interpretation "Coordinated Minimum Angle jerk Policy" or COMAP. Based on this policy, the function of the CNS in generating the desired pattern of any given task (like STS, ARM or gait) can be described computationally using three factors: (1) the kinematics of the motor system at given body states, i.e., at certain movement events/instances, (2) the time length of each phase, and (3) the proposed MEs. From a computational point of view, this model significantly simplifies the processes of movement planning as well as feature abstraction for saving characterizing information of any given movement in memory. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Photometric Observations of Soils and Rocks at the Mars Exploration Rover Landing Sites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, J. R.; Arvidson, R. A.; Bell, J. F., III; Farrand, W.; Guinness, E.; Johnson, M.; Herkenhoff, K. E.; Lemmon, M.; Morris, R. V.; Seelos, F., IV

2005-01-01

The Panoramic Cameras (Pancam) on the Spirit and Opportunity Mars Exploration Rovers have acquired multispectral reflectance observations of rocks and soils at different incidence, emission, and phase angles that will be used for photometric modeling of surface materials. Phase angle coverage at both sites extends from approx. 0 deg. to approx. 155 deg.

Lunar phase function at 1064 nm from Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter passive and active radiometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barker, M. K.; Sun, X.; Mazarico, E.; Neumann, G. A.; Zuber, M. T.; Smith, D. E.

2016-07-01

We present initial calibration and results of passive radiometry collected by the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter over the course of 12 months. After correcting for time- and temperature-dependent dark noise and detector responsivity variations, the LOLA passive radiometry measurements are brought onto the absolute radiance scale of the SELENE Spectral Profiler. The resulting photometric precision is estimated to be ∼5%. We leverage the unique ability of LOLA to measure normal albedo to explore the 1064 nm phase function's dependence on various geologic parameters. On a global scale, we find that iron abundance and optical maturity (quantified by FeO and OMAT) are the dominant controlling parameters. Titanium abundance (TiO2), surface roughness on decimeter to decameter scales, and soil thermophysical properties have a smaller effect, but the latter two are correlated with OMAT, indicating that exposure age is the driving force behind their effects in a globally-averaged sense. The phase function also exhibits a dependence on surface slope at ∼300 m baselines, possibly the result of mass wasting exposing immature material and/or less space weathering due to reduced sky visibility. Modeling the photometric function in the Hapke framework, we find that, relative to the highlands, the maria exhibit decreased backscattering, a smaller opposition effect (OE) width, and a smaller OE amplitude. Immature highlands regolith has a higher backscattering fraction and a larger OE width compared to mature highlands regolith. Within the maria, the backscattering fraction and OE width show little dependence on TiO2 and OMAT. Variations in the phase function shape at large phase angles are observed in and around the Copernican-aged Jackson crater, including its dark halo, a putative impact melt deposit. Finally, the phase function of the Reiner Gamma Formation behaves more optically immature than is typical for its composition and OMAT, suggesting the visible-to-near-infrared spectrum and phase function respond differently to the unusual regolith evolution and properties at this location.

Lunar Phase Function at 1064 Nm from Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter Passive and Active Radiometry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barker, M. K.; Sun, X.; Mazarico, E.; Neumann, G. A.; Zuber, M. T.; Smith, D. E.

2016-01-01

We present initial calibration and results of passive radiometry collected by the Lunar Orbiter Laser Al- timeter onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter over the course of 12 months. After correcting for time- and temperature-dependent dark noise and detector responsivity variations, the LOLA passive radiometry measurements are brought onto the absolute radiance scale of the SELENE Spectral Profiler. The resulting photometric precision is estimated to be approximately 5%. We leverage the unique ability of LOLA to measure normal albedo to explore the 1064 nm phase function's dependence on various geologic parameters. On a global scale, we find that iron abundance and optical maturity (quantified by FeO and OMAT) are the dominant controlling parameters. Titanium abundance (TiO2 ), surface roughness on decimeter to decameter scales, and soil thermophysical properties have a smaller effect, but the latter two are correlated with OMAT, indicating that exposure age is the driving force behind their effects in a globally-averaged sense. The phase function also exhibits a dependence on surface slope at approximately 300 m baselines, possibly the result of mass wasting exposing immature material and/or less space weathering due to reduced sky visibility. Modeling the photometric function in the Hapke framework, we find that, relative to the highlands, the maria exhibit decreased backscattering, a smaller opposition effect (OE) width, and a smaller OE amplitude. Immature highlands regolith has a higher backscattering fraction and a larger OE width compared to mature highlands regolith. Within the maria, the backscattering fraction and OE width show little dependence on TiO2 and OMAT. Variations in the phase function shape at large phase angles are observed in and around the Copernican-aged Jackson crater, including its dark halo, a putative impact melt deposit. Finally, the phase function of the Reiner Gamma Formation behaves more optically immature than is typical for its composition and OMAT, suggesting the visible-to-near-infrared spectrum and phase function respond differently to the unusual regolith evolution and properties at this location.

The tilt-dependent potential of mean force of a pair of DNA oligomers from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations

DOE PAGES

Cortini, Ruggero; Cheng, Xiaolin; Smith, Jeremy C.

2017-01-16

Electrostatic interactions between DNA molecules have been extensively studied experimentally and theoretically, but several aspects (e.g. its role in determining the pitch of the cholesteric DNA phase) still remain unclear. Here, we performed large-scale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in explicit water and 150 mM sodium chloride, to reconstruct the potential of mean force (PMF) of two DNA oligomers 24 base pairs long as a function of their interaxial angle and intermolecular distance. We find that the potential of mean force is dominated by total DNA charge, and not by the helical geometry of its charged groups. The theory of homogeneously charged cylinders fits well all our simulation data, and the fit yields the optimal value of the total compensated charge on DNA to ≈65% of its total fixed charge (arising from the phosphorous atoms), close to the value expected from Manning's theory of ion condensation. The PMF calculated from our simulations does not show a significant dependence on the handedness of the angle between the two DNA molecules, or its size is on the order ofmore » $$1{{k}_{\\text{B}}}T$$ . Thermal noise for molecules of the studied length seems to mask the effect of detailed helical charge patterns of DNA. The fact that in monovalent salt the effective interaction between two DNA molecules is independent on the handedness of the tilt may suggest that alternative mechanisms are required to understand the cholesteric phase of DNA.« less

Computer simulation of position and maximum of linear polarization of asteroids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Petrov, Dmitry; Kiselev, Nikolai

2018-01-01

The ground-based observations of near-Earth asteroids at large phase angles have shown some feature: the linear polarization maximum position of the high-albedo E-type asteroids shifted markedly towards smaller phase angles (αmax ≈ 70°) with respect to that for the moderate-albedo S-type asteroids (αmax ≈ 110°), weakly depending on the wavelength. To study this phenomenon, the theoretical approach and the modified T-matrix method (the so-called Sh-matrices method) were used. Theoretical approach was devoted to finding the values of αmax, corresponding to maximal values of positive polarization Pmax. Computer simulations were performed for an ensemble of random Gaussian particles, whose scattering properties were averaged over with different particle orientations and size parameters in the range X = 2.0 ... 21.0, with the power law distribution X - k, where k = 3.6. The real parts of the refractive index mr were 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7. Imaginary part of refractive index varied from mi = 0.0 to mi = 0.5. Both theoretical approach and computer simulation showed that the value of αmax strongly depends on the refractive index. The increase of mi leads to increased αmax and Pmax. In addition, computer simulation shows that the increase of the real part of the refractive index reduces Pmax. Whereas E-type high-albedo asteroids have smaller values of mi, than S -type asteroids, we can conclude, that value of αmax of E-type asteroids should be smaller than for S -type ones. This is in qualitative agreement with the observed effect in asteroids.

The tilt-dependent potential of mean force of a pair of DNA oligomers from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cortini, Ruggero; Cheng, Xiaolin; Smith, Jeremy C.

Electrostatic interactions between DNA molecules have been extensively studied experimentally and theoretically, but several aspects (e.g. its role in determining the pitch of the cholesteric DNA phase) still remain unclear. Here, we performed large-scale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in explicit water and 150 mM sodium chloride, to reconstruct the potential of mean force (PMF) of two DNA oligomers 24 base pairs long as a function of their interaxial angle and intermolecular distance. We find that the potential of mean force is dominated by total DNA charge, and not by the helical geometry of its charged groups. The theory of homogeneously charged cylinders fits well all our simulation data, and the fit yields the optimal value of the total compensated charge on DNA to ≈65% of its total fixed charge (arising from the phosphorous atoms), close to the value expected from Manning's theory of ion condensation. The PMF calculated from our simulations does not show a significant dependence on the handedness of the angle between the two DNA molecules, or its size is on the order ofmore » $$1{{k}_{\\text{B}}}T$$ . Thermal noise for molecules of the studied length seems to mask the effect of detailed helical charge patterns of DNA. The fact that in monovalent salt the effective interaction between two DNA molecules is independent on the handedness of the tilt may suggest that alternative mechanisms are required to understand the cholesteric phase of DNA.« less

Stress waves in transversely isotropic media: The homogeneous problem

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Marques, E. R. C.; Williams, J. H., Jr.

1986-01-01

The homogeneous problem of stress wave propagation in unbounded transversely isotropic media is analyzed. By adopting plane wave solutions, the conditions for the existence of the solution are established in terms of phase velocities and directions of particle displacements. Dispersion relations and group velocities are derived from the phase velocity expressions. The deviation angles (e.g., angles between the normals to the adopted plane waves and the actual directions of their propagation) are numerically determined for a specific fiber-glass epoxy composite. A graphical method is introduced for the construction of the wave surfaces using magnitudes of phase velocities and deviation angles. The results for the case of isotropic media are shown to be contained in the solutions for the transversely isotropic media.

Spontaneous imbibition in fractal tortuous micro-nano pores considering dynamic contact angle and slip effect: phase portrait analysis and analytical solutions.

PubMed

Li, Caoxiong; Shen, Yinghao; Ge, Hongkui; Zhang, Yanjun; Liu, Tao

2018-03-02

Shales have abundant micro-nano pores. Meanwhile, a considerable amount of fracturing liquid is imbibed spontaneously in the hydraulic fracturing process. The spontaneous imbibition in tortuous micro-nano pores is special to shale, and dynamic contact angle and slippage are two important characteristics. In this work, we mainly investigate spontaneous imbibition considering dynamic contact angle and slip effect in fractal tortuous capillaries. We introduce phase portrait analysis to analyse the dynamic state and stability of imbibition. Moreover, analytical solutions to the imbibition equation are derived under special situations, and the solutions are verified by published data. Finally, we discuss the influences of slip length, dynamic contact angle and gravity on spontaneous imbibition. The analysis shows that phase portrait is an ideal tool for analysing spontaneous imbibition because it can evaluate the process without solving the complex governing ordinary differential equations. Moreover, dynamic contact angle and slip effect play an important role in fluid imbibition in fractal tortuous capillaries. Neglecting slip effect in micro-nano pores apparently underestimates imbibition capability, and ignoring variations in contact angle causes inaccuracy in predicting imbibition speed at the initial stage of the process. Finally, gravity is one of the factors that control the stabilisation of the imbibition process.

Augmented Cognition - Phase 4 Cognitive Assessment and Task Management (CAT-M)

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

Angle Brake Pedal Force Accelerator Pedal ...Wheel Angle • Brake Pedal Force • Accelerator Pedal Deflection Note that we are using the controls as input to the prediction system. This means... Angle . At time >2.5 seconds, the Accelerator Pedal and Brake Pedal become statistically significantly easier to predict than Steering Wheel Angle .

In situ observation of self-propagating high temperature syntheses of Ta5Si3, Ti5Si3 and TiB2 by proton and X-ray radiography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bernert, T.; Winkler, B.; Haussühl, E.; Trouw, F.; Vogel, S. C.; Hurd, A. J.; Smilowitz, L.; Henson, B. F.; Merrill, F. E.; Morris, C. L.; Mariam, F. G.; Saunders, A.; Juarez-Arellano, E. A.

2013-08-01

Self-propagating high temperature reactions of tantalum and titanium with silicon and titanium with boron were studied using proton and X-ray radiography, small-angle neutron scattering, neutron time-of-flight, X-ray and neutron diffraction, dilatometry and video recording. We show that radiography allows the observation of the propagation of the flame front in all investigated systems and the determination of the widths of the burning zones. X-ray and neutron diffraction showed that the reaction products consisted of ≈90 wt% of the main phase and one or two secondary phases. For the reaction 5Ti + 3Si → Ti5Si3 flame front velocities of 7.1(3)-34.2(4) mm/s were determined depending on the concentration of a retardant added to the starting material, the geometry and the green density of the samples. The flame front width was determined to be 1.17(4)-1.82(8) mm and depends exponentially on the flame front velocity. Similarly, for the reaction Ti + 2B → TiB2 flame front velocities of 15(2)-26.6(4) mm/s were determined, while for a 5Ta + 3Si → Ta5Si3 reaction the flame front velocity was 7.05(4) mm/s. The micro structure of the product phase Ta5Si3 shows no texture. From SANS measurements the dependence of the specific surface of the product phase on the particle sizes of the starting materials was studied.

Correlation between static radiographic measurements and intersegmental angular measurements during gait using a multisegment foot model.

PubMed

Lee, Dong Yeon; Seo, Sang Gyo; Kim, Eo Jin; Kim, Sung Ju; Lee, Kyoung Min; Farber, Daniel C; Chung, Chin Youb; Choi, In Ho

2015-01-01

Radiographic examination is a widely used evaluation method in the orthopedic clinic. However, conventional radiography alone does not reflect the dynamic changes between foot and ankle segments during gait. Multiple 3-dimensional multisegment foot models (3D MFMs) have been introduced to evaluate intersegmental motion of the foot. In this study, we evaluated the correlation between static radiographic indices and intersegmental foot motion indices. One hundred twenty-five females were tested. Static radiographs of full-leg and anteroposterior (AP) and lateral foot views were performed. For hindfoot evaluation, we measured the AP tibiotalar angle (TiTA), talar tilt (TT), calcaneal pitch, lateral tibiocalcaneal angle, and lateral talcocalcaneal angle. For the midfoot segment, naviculocuboid overlap and talonavicular coverage angle were calculated. AP and lateral talo-first metatarsal angles and metatarsal stacking angle (MSA) were measured to assess the forefoot. Hallux valgus angle (HVA) and hallux interphalangeal angle were measured. In gait analysis by 3D MFM, intersegmental angle (ISA) measurements of each segment (hallux, forefoot, hindfoot, arch) were recorded. ISAs at midstance phase were most highly correlated with radiography. Significant correlations were observed between ISA measurements using MFM and static radiographic measurements in the same segment. In the hindfoot, coronal plane ISA was correlated with AP TiTA (P < .001) and TT (P = .018). In the hallux, HVA was strongly correlated with transverse ISA of the hallux (P < .001). The segmental foot motion indices at midstance phase during gait measured by 3D MFM gait analysis were correlated with the conventional radiographic indices. The observed correlation between MFM measurements at midstance phase during gait and static radiographic measurements supports the fundamental basis for the use of MFM in analysis of dynamic motion of foot segment during gait. © The Author(s) 2014.

A photometric function of planetary surfaces for gourmets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shkuratov, Yuriy; Korokhin, Viktor; Shevchenko, Vasilij; Mikhalchenko, Olga; Belskaya, Irina; Kaydash, Vadym; Videen, Gorden; Zubko, Evgenij; Velikodsky, Yuriy

2018-03-01

A new photometric model with small number of parameters is presented. The model is based on an assumption that there exist such surfaces for which spatial brightness variations caused by small topography undulations can be reproduced exactly by corresponding spatial variations of albedo. This indistinguishability results in a differential equation suggesting a new photometric function that generalizes, in particular, the Akimov disk-function. Our model provides excellent fits in a wide phase-angle range for integral observations of asteroids of different albedos. We also carried out fitting to integral observations of the Moon and Mercury, confirming difficulties in describing Mercury's phase function at large phase angles, which were also found for the Hapke model. Comparisons of global latitude and longitude trends with our model calculations have shown good coincidence for the Moon. To retrieve the lunar trends, we use the phase-ratio technique, applying it to our telescope observations. Mapping the model parameters using LROC WAC data were carried out for a region comprising the Reiner Gamma formation. This mapping allows us to calculate phase-ratio images of the region, showing at large phase angles systematically steeper phase curves of young craters and smaller steepness for the very Reiner Gamma formation.

Anomalous correlation effects and unique phase diagram of electron-doped FeSe revealed by photoemission spectroscopy

PubMed Central

Wen, C. H. P.; Xu, H. C.; Chen, C.; Huang, Z. C.; Lou, X.; Pu, Y. J.; Song, Q.; Xie, B. P.; Abdel-Hafiez, Mahmoud; Chareev, D. A.; Vasiliev, A. N.; Peng, R.; Feng, D. L.

2016-01-01

FeSe layer-based superconductors exhibit exotic and distinctive properties. The undoped FeSe shows nematicity and superconductivity, while the heavily electron-doped KxFe2−ySe2 and single-layer FeSe/SrTiO3 possess high superconducting transition temperatures that pose theoretical challenges. However, a comprehensive study on the doping dependence of an FeSe layer-based superconductor is still lacking due to the lack of a clean means of doping control. Through angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy studies on K-dosed thick FeSe films and FeSe0.93S0.07 bulk crystals, here we reveal the internal connections between these two types of FeSe-based superconductors, and obtain superconductivity below ∼46 K in an FeSe layer under electron doping without interfacial effects. Moreover, we discover an exotic phase diagram of FeSe with electron doping, including a nematic phase, a superconducting dome, a correlation-driven insulating phase and a metallic phase. Such an anomalous phase diagram unveils the remarkable complexity, and highlights the importance of correlations in FeSe layer-based superconductors. PMID:26952215

Electrostatic control of phospholipid polymorphism.

PubMed

Tarahovsky, Y S; Arsenault, A L; MacDonald, R C; McIntosh, T J; Epand, R M

2000-12-01

A regular progression of polymorphic phase behavior was observed for mixtures of the anionic phospholipid, cardiolipin, and the cationic phospholipid derivative, 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine. As revealed by freeze-fracture electron microscopy and small-angle x-ray diffraction, whereas the two lipids separately assume only lamellar phases, their mixtures exhibit a symmetrical (depending on charge ratio and not polarity) sequence of nonlamellar phases. The inverted hexagonal phase, H(II,) formed from equimolar mixtures of the two lipids, i.e., at net charge neutrality (charge ratio (CR((+/-))) = 1:1). When one type of lipid was in significant excess (CR((+/-)) = 2:1 or CR((+/-)) = 1:2), a bicontinuous cubic structure was observed. These cubic phases were very similar to those sometimes present in cellular organelles that contain cardiolipin. Increasing the excess of cationic or anionic charge to CR((+/-)) = 4:1 or CR((+/-)) = 1:4 led to the appearance of membrane bilayers with numerous interlamellar contacts, i.e., sponge structures. It is evident that interactions between cationic and anionic moieties can influence the packing of polar heads and hence control polymorphic phase transitions. The facile isothermal, polymorphic interconversion of these lipids may have important biological and technical implications.

Single macroscopic pillars as model system for bioinspired adhesives: influence of tip dimension, aspect ratio, and tilt angle.

PubMed

Micciché, Maurizio; Arzt, Eduard; Kroner, Elmar

2014-05-28

The goal of our study is to better understand the design parameters of bioinspired dry adhesives inspired by geckos. For this, we fabricated single macroscopic pillars of 400 μm diameter with different aspect ratios and different tip shapes (i.e., flat tips, spherical tips with different radii, and mushroom tips with different diameters). Tilt-angle-dependent adhesion measurements showed that although the tip shape of the pillars strongly influences the pull-off force, the pull-off strength is similar for flat and mushroom-shaped tips. We found no tilt-angle dependency of adhesion for spherical tip structures and, except for high tilt angle and low preload experiments, no tilt-angle effect for mushroom-tip pillars. For flat-tip pillars, we found a strong influence of tilt angle on adhesion, which decreased linearly with increasing aspect ratio. The experiments show that for the tested aspect ratios between 1 and 5, a linear decrease of tilt-angle dependency is found. The results of our studies will help to design bioinspired adhesives for application on smooth and rough surfaces.