Reconsidering price projections for selected grades of Douglas-fir, coast hem-fir, inland hem-fir, and ponderosa pine lumber.

Treesearch

Richard W. Haynes; Roger D. Fight

2004-01-01

Grade-specific price projections were once again developed for Douglas-fir, coast hem-fir, inland hem-fir, and ponderosa pine lumber. These grade-specific price projections can be used to demonstrate the returns to land management of practices that lead to high-quality logs that produce a larger proportion of high grades of lumber. The price ratios among low, medium,...

Bending strength and stiffness of loblolly pine lumber from intensively managed stands located on the Georgia Lower Coastal Plain

Treesearch

Mark Alexander Butler; Joseph Dahlen; Richard F. Daniels; Thomas L. Eberhardt; Finto Antony

2016-01-01

Loblolly pine is increasingly grown on intensively managed plantation forests that yield excellent growth; however, lumber cut from these trees often contains a large percentage of juvenile wood which negatively impacts strength and stiffness. Because of changing forest management and mill practices the design values for visually graded southern pine were updated in...

Full-tree utilization of southern pine and hardwoods growing on southern pine sites

Treesearch

Peter Koch

1974-01-01

in 1963, approximately 30 percent of the dry weight of above- and below-ground parts of southern pine trees ended as dry surfaced lumber or paper; the remaining 70 percent was largely unused. By 1980, computer-controlled chipping headrigs, thin-kerf saws, lamination of lumber from rotary-cut veneer, high-yield pulping processes, and more intensive use of roots, bark,...

Impact of technical and technological changes on energy efficiency of production company - case study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Szwedzka, K.; Gruszka, J.; Szafer, P.

2016-08-01

Improving energy efficiency is one of the strategic objectives of the European Union for rational energy economy. To make efforts to improve energy efficiency have been obliged both small and large end-users. This article aims to show the possibilities of improving energy efficiency by introducing technical and technological process changes of pine lumber drying. The object of the research is process of drying lumber implemented in a production company, which is a key supplier of large furniture manufacturer. Pine lumber drying chamber consume about 45% of total electricity in sawmill. According to various sources, drying of 1m3 of lumber uses about 3060kWh and is dependent of inter alia: the drying process itself, the factors affecting the processing time and the desired output moisture content of the timber. The article proposals for changes in the process of drying lumber pine have been positively validated in the company, and as a result their energy consumption per 1 m3 of product declined by 18%.

Price projections for selected grades of Douglas-fir, coast hem-fir, inland hem-fir, and ponderosa pine lumber.

Treesearch

Richard W. Haynes; Roger D. Fight

1992-01-01

Grade-specific price projections were developed for Douglas-fir, coast hem-fir, inland hem-fir, and ponderosa pine lumber. These grade-specific price projections can be used in evaluating management practices that will affect the quality of saw logs produced under various management regimes.

Structural lumber promising from pine veneer

Treesearch

P. Koch

1973-01-01

The possibility of laminating lumber from sliced or rotary-cut veneer has interested researchers and industrialists for many years because of the potential for increased yield and uniformity of strength. Some data on such lumber are now available.

Durability of wood-plastic composite lumber

Treesearch

Rebecca E. Ibach

2010-01-01

Wood-plastic composite (WPC) lumber has been marketed as a low-maintenance, high-durability product. Retail sales in the United States were slightly less than $1 billion in 2008. Applications include docking, railing, windows, doors, fencing, siding, moldings, landscape timbers, car interior parts, and furniture. The majority of these products are used outdoors and...

Lumber recovery from small-diameter ponderosa pine from Flagstaff, Arizona

Treesearch

Eini C. Lowell; David W. Green

2001-01-01

Thousands of acres of densely stocked ponderosa pine forests surround Flagstaff, AZ. These stands are at high risk of fire, insect, and disease outbreak. Stand density management activity can be expensive, but product recovery from the thinned material could help defray removal costs. This project evaluated the yield and economic return of lumber recovered from small-...

Identification and evaluation of defects in eastern white pine logs and trees

Treesearch

M.D. Ostrander; M.D. Ostrander

1971-01-01

The grade of eastern white pine lumber is determined primarily by the condition, size, and frequency of natural blemishes characteristic of the species. These include bark pockets, cross grain, rot, knots, pitch pockets, and shake. Mismanufacture and seasoning defects also affect lumber grade. This guide, based on our latest knowledge about the identification and...

Moisture meter calibrations for untreated and ACQ-treated southern yellow pine lumber and plywood

Treesearch

C.R. Boardman; Samuel V. Glass; Charles G. Carll

2011-01-01

This study investigates the effects of alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) preservative treatment and of plywood glue lines on resistance-based moisture content (MC) measurements. Moisture meter readings using stainless steel screws as electrodes were acquired over a range of moisture conditions in Southern Yellow Pine (SYP) lumber and plywood. Calibration equations are...

An ultrasonic technique for predicting tensile strength of southern pine lumber

Treesearch

D. Rajeshwar; D.A. Bender; D.E. Bray; K.A. McDonald

1997-01-01

The goal of this research was to develop nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technology to enhance mechanical stress rating of lumber. An ultrasonic NDE technique was developed that is sensitive to grain angle and edge knots in lumber - two primary determinants of lumber strength. The presence of edge knots increased the acoustic wave travel time and selectively...

Acoustic analysis of warp potential of green ponderosa pine lumber

Treesearch

Xiping Wang; William T. Simpson

2005-01-01

This study evaluated the potential of acoustic analysis as presorting criteria to identify warp-prone boards before kiln drying. Dimension lumber, 38 by 89 mm (nominal 2 by 4 in.) and 2.44 m (8 ft) long, sawn from open-grown small-diameter ponderosa pine trees, was acoustically tested lengthwise at green condition. Three acoustic properties (acoustic speed, rate of...

Structural lumber from suppressed-growth ponderosa pine from northern Arizona.

Treesearch

Thomas M. Gorman; David W. Green; Aldo G. Cisternas; Roland Hernandez; Eini C. Lowell

2007-01-01

Lumber was sawn from 150 suppressed-growth ponderosa pine trees, 6 to 16 inches in diameter, harvested near Flagstaff, Arizona. This paper presents grade recover and properties for dry 2 by 4s sawn from the logs and graded by a variety of structural grading systems. Flexural properties met or exceeded those listed in the National Design Specification. When graded as...

Product recovery of ponderosa pine in Arizona and New Mexico.

Treesearch

Thomas D. Fahey; Janet K. Ayer. Sachet

1993-01-01

A mill recovery study of ponderosa pine in Arizona and New Mexico showed wide variation in quality within the resource. Lumber grade ranged widely by log grade and diameter, with a major difference within grade 5 logs between old growth and young growth. Old growth produced mostly Shop and Selects grades of lumber while young growth produced mostly Dimension grades of...

Inadequate redrying linked to dimensional instability of CCA-treated southern pine lumber

Treesearch

Todd F. Shupe; Stan T. Lebow; Elvin T. Choong; Manzhen Xiong

2001-01-01

Some instances of severe warping of siding treated with a commercial waterborne preservative have been reported to the authors. We investigated this problem by evaluating 25mm-, 51 -mm-, and 102-mm- (1-, 2,- and 4-in.-) thick chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated No. 1 southern yellow pine lumber shipped from three suppliers to a secondary manufacturer in Louisiana....

Seasoning and surfacing degrade in kiln-drying ponderosa pine in eastern Washington.

Treesearch

A.C. Knauss; E.H. Clarke

1961-01-01

This report presents results of a study to determine the degrade (loss in volume and value) of ponderosa pine lumber when cut, kiln-dried, and surfaced in accordance with commercial practice. The study measured (1) loss in volume due to culling and trimming surfaced dry lumber because of sawing, seasoning, and surfacing defects; (2) reduction in grade due to seasoning...

Whole-tree utilization of southern pine advanced by developments in mechanical conversion

Treesearch

P. Koch

1973-01-01

In 1963 approximately 30 percent of the dry weight of above- and below-ground parts of southern pine trees ended as dry-surfaced lumber or paper; the remaining 70 percent was largely unused. By 1980, computer-controlled chipping headrigs, thin-kerf saws, lamination of lumber from rotary-cut veneer, high-yield pulping processes, and more intensive use of roots, bark,...

Whole-tree utilization of southern pine advanced by developments in mechanical conversion

Treesearch

Peter Koch

1973-01-01

In 1963 approximately 30 percent of the dry weight of aboe- and below-ground parts of southern pine trees ended as dry-surfaced lumber or paper; the remaining 70 percent was largely unused. By 1980, computer-controlled chipping headrigs, think-kerf saws, lamination of lumber from rotary-cut veneer, high-yield pulping processes, and more intensive use of roots, bark,...

Seasoning degrade in kiln drying ponderosa pine in south central Oregon.

Treesearch

A.C. Knauss

1957-01-01

This report presents the results of a study to determine the loss in volume and value of lumber when kiln drying and surfacing the production from ponderosa pine logs. The study measured (1) the reduction in volume due to trimming and culling dry lumber after surfacing, (2) the reduction in grade due to seasoning defects, (3) the reduction in grade due to failure of...

Effects of stand and site variables on the lumber value of uneven-aged loblolly pine stands

Treesearch

David W. Patterson; Paul A. Murphy; Michael G. Shelton

2000-01-01

Uneven-aged silviculture using single-tree selection provides the landowner with periodic income from a continuous forest which has a varied canopy. Data were collected from 24 plots of a larger study to determine if site index, basal area, and maximum dbh affected volume and value of lumber from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees in uneven-aged...

The Effect Of Age At Harvest On Bending And Tensile Properties Of Loblolly Pine From The Coastal Plain

Treesearch

Robert H. McAlister; Alexander Clark; Joseph R. Saucier

1997-01-01

The effect of rotation age on strength and stiffness of lumber produced from unthinned loblolly pine stands in the Coastal Plain of Georgia was examined. Six stands representing 22-, 28-, and 40-year-old roations were sampled. A stratified random sample of trees 8 to 16 inches in diameter at breast height was selected from each stand and processed into lumber....

High-temperature kilning of southern pine poles, timbers, lumber, and thick veneer

Treesearch

Peter Koch

1973-01-01

At dry-bulb temperatures above the boiling point of water, with large wet-bulb depressions and high air velocities, southern pine prodcuts can be dried quickly. In an impingement-jet kiln at 300o F., veneer 3/8-inch to 5/8-inch thick can be brought to 10 percent moisture content in 40 to 75 minutes. Drying times for lumber arte linearly related...

Silvical characteristics of Jeffrey pine

Treesearch

William E. Hallin

1957-01-01

The most noteworthy feature of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. ) is its similarity in appearance and behavior to ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.), a much more widespread and better known species. At one time Jeffrey pine was considered to be a variety of ponderosa pine, and lumber markets make no...

Effect of sulfuryl fluoride on the pinewood nematode in pine wood

Treesearch

L. David Dwinell; E. Thoms; S. Prabhakaran

2003-01-01

The pinewood nematode (PUTN) (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), the causal agent of pine wilt disease, has been intercepted in pine chips, unseasoned pine lumber, and wood packing material (WPM). Likewise, the PWN's insect vectors, Monochamus spp. (pine sawyers), have been found in pallets, crates and dunnage. The PWN, which is...

Composition, volume, and prices for major softwood lumber types in western Oregon and Washington, 1971-2020.

Treesearch

James F. Weigand

1998-01-01

An analysis of lumber prices provided regressions for price trends during the period 1971-95 for composite lumber grades of major timber species found in the Pacific Northwest west of the crest of the Cascade Range. The analysis included data for coastal Douglas-fir and hem-fir lumber; coastal and inland Pacific Northwest ponderosa, sugar, and western white pines; and...

Carbon sequestration and natural longleaf pine ecosystems

Treesearch

Ralph S. Meldahl; John S. Kush

2006-01-01

A fire-maintained longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) ecosystem may offer the best option for carbon (C) sequestration among the southern pines. Longleaf is the longest living of the southern pines, and products from longleaf pine will sequester C longer than most since they are likely to be solid wood products such as structural lumber and poles....

Use of Switchgrass as the Primary Potting Component in Nursery Containers

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Pine bark is the primary potting component for nursery containers in Ohio and other Upper Midwest states. Most pine bark comes from lumber or paper mills in southern states. Due to the recent energy crisis, availability of pine bark has declined while the cost to import pine bark from southern sta...

Evaluation of a boron-nitrogen, phosphate-free fire-retardant treatment. Part III, Evaluation of full-size 2 by 4 lumber per ASTM Standard D 5664-95 Method C

Treesearch

Jerrold E. Winandy; Douglas Herdman

2003-01-01

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of a new boron-nitrogen, phosphate-free fire-rerardant (FR) formulation on the initial strength of No. 1 southern pine 2 by 4 lumber and its potential for in-service thermal degradation. The lumber was evaluated according to Method C of the D 5664 standard test method. The results indicated that for lumber exposed at...

Loblolly pine: the ecology and culture of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)

Treesearch

Robert P. Schultz

1997-01-01

Loblolly pine ranks as a highly valuable tree for its pulp, paper, and lumber products. In the South, loblolly is planted more than any other conifer. Loblolly Pine: The Ecology and Culture of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) adds to the technical foundations laid by Ashe (1915) and Wahlenberg (1960). Agriculture Handbook 713 encompasses genetics, tree...

Western yellow pine in Arizona and New Mexico

Treesearch

Theodore S. Woolsey

1911-01-01

Western yellow pine is to the Southwest what white pine is to the Northeast, or longleaf pine to the Southeast. The commercial forests of Arizona and New Mexico are three-fourths western yellow pine, which furnishes by far the greater part of the lumber used locally as well as that shipped to outside markets. To describe the characteristics of the species and to...

Softwood lumber prices for evaluation of small diameter timber stands in the Intermountain West.

Treesearch

John T. Chmelik; Roger D. Fight; R. James Barbour

1999-01-01

This paper reports prices for aggregations of lumber grades that are representative of the quality and volume of lumber produced from small-diameter timber stands in the Intermountain West area encompassing Idaho and Montana and land east of the Cascade Mountain range in Oregon and Washington. Price data are reported for Douglas Fir1Larch, Hem1Fir, ponderosa pine, and...

Comparison of nondestructive testing methods for evaluating No. 2 Southern Pine lumber: Part B, modulus of rupture

Treesearch

B.Z. Yang; R.D. Seale; R. Shmulsky; J. Dahlen; X. Wang

2017-01-01

The identification of strength-reducing characteristics that impact modulus of rupture (MOR) is a key differentiation between lumber grades. Because global design values for MOR are at the fifth percentile level and in-grade lumber can be highly variable, it is important that nondestructive evaluation technology be used to better discern the potential wood strength. In...

Comparison of Nondestructive Testing Methods for Evaluating No. 2 Southern Pine Lumber: Part A, Modulus of Elasticity

Treesearch

B.Z. Yang; R.D. Seale; R. Shmulsky; J. Dahlen; Xiping Wang

2015-01-01

Modulus of elasticity (MOE, or E) is one of the main quality indicators in structural lumber stress grading systems. Due to a relatively high amount of variability in contemporary sawn lumber, it is important that nondestructive evaluation technology be utilized to better discern high-E-value pieces from low-E-value pieces. The research described in this study is from...

Effect of initial planting spacing on wood properties of unthinned loblolly pine at age 21

Treesearch

Alexander III Clark; Lewis Jordan; Laurie Schimleck; Richard F. Daniels

2008-01-01

Young, fast growing, intensively managed plantation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) contains a large proportion of juvenile wood that may not have the stiffness required to meet the design requirements for southern pine dimension lumber. An unthinned loblolly pine spacing study was sampled to determine the effect of initial spacing on wood stiffness,...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fritz, Brad G.; Lamb, Brian K.; Westberg, Halvor

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are precursors to ground level ozone. Ground level ozone is the major component of photochemical smog, and has been linked to a variety of adverse health effects. These health effects include cancer, heart disease, pneumonia and death. In order to reduce ground level ozone, VOC emissions are being more stringently regulated. One VOC source that may come under regulation is lumber drying. Drying lumber is known to emit VOC into the atmosphere. This research evaluates the validity of VOC emission measurements from a small-scale kiln to approximate VOC emissions from kilns at commercial mills. We alsomore » report emission factors for three lumber species commonly harvested in the northwest United States (Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, & grand fir). This work was done with a novel tracer ratio technique at a small laboratory kiln and a large commercial lumber drying facility. The measured emission factors were 0.51 g/kgOD for Douglas-fir, 0.7 g/kgOD for ponderosa pine, and 0.15 g/kgOD for grand fir. Aldehyde emission rates from lumber drying were also measured in some experiments. Results indicate that aldehyde emissions can constitute a significant percentage of the total VOC emissions.« less

Estimating value and volume of ponderosa pine trees by equations.

Treesearch

Martin E. Plank

1981-01-01

Equations for estimating the selling value and tally volume for ponderosa pine lumber from the standing trees are described. Only five characteristics are required for the equations. Development and application of the system are described.

Estimating air drying times of lumber with multiple regression

Treesearch

William T. Simpson

2004-01-01

In this study, the applicability of a multiple regression equation for estimating air drying times of red oak, sugar maple, and ponderosa pine lumber was evaluated. The equation allows prediction of estimated air drying times from historic weather records of temperature and relative humidity at any desired location.

Growth and performance of loblolly pine genetic planting stock through eight years

Treesearch

Randall J. Rousseau; Scott D. Roberts; Billy L. Herrin

2016-01-01

Currently, the need in the pine market is to develop higher sawtimber quality trees. The pine biomass and pulpwood market supports the low end of the product chain. However, we must improve on the quality of the southern pine for construction lumber if the southern region is expected to capture the shortfall of the sawtimber market expected in the future. Various pine...

Longitudial variation in wood specific gravity of planted loblolly pine in the southern United States

Treesearch

Finto Antony; Laurence R. Schimleck; Richard F. Daniels; Alexander Clark

2012-01-01

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is the most important plantation species grown in the southern United States, having more than half of the standing pine volume. Wood from loblolly pine is a principal source of raw material for the pulp and paper industry and is desirable for the production of lumber and composite wood products. The quality of wood...

Slash disposal and site preparation in converting old-growth sugar pine-fir forests to regulated stands

Treesearch

Donald T. Gordon; Richard D. Cosens

1952-01-01

Records of permanent sample plots and extensive observations by forest management research workers indicate that tree selection methods of cutting in sugar pine-fir types have not favored the establishment of sugar pine reproduction. Since sugar pine is a highly prized lumber producing species in the California region, special measures to preserve or increase its place...

Cleaning to favor western white pine - its effects upon composition, growth, and potential values

Treesearch

Raymond J. Boyd

1959-01-01

The management of western white pine (Pinus monticola) requires the production of a high proportion of valuable white pine crop trees in order to defray the costs of protection from blister rust. Current average selling prices of lumber give white pine about $50 per m.b.f. advantage over western larch (Larix occidentalis) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), the...

Transferable Durability: Enhancing decay resistance of non-durable species with extractives from durable wood species

Treesearch

G.T. Kirker; A.B. Blodgett; S. Lebow; C.A. Clausen

2013-01-01

Extractive content and composition is a vital component of naturally durable woods; however, variability in extractives can limit their usefulness in the field. Two extractive-free, non-durable wood species were pressure treated with ethanol-toluene extractives from 8 durable wood species. Extracted Southern pine, Paulownia and unextracted Southern pine blocks were...

Coating WPC's using co-extrusion to improve durability

Treesearch

Nicole M. Stark; Laurent M. Matuana

2007-01-01

Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) have been gaining market share in the residential construction industry as lumber for decking, roof tiles, and siding. The durability of these materials in exterior environments is just beginning to be understood. Current research suggests that controlling moisture absorption by the composite is key to improving durability. Methods to...

Outdoor durability of wood-polymer composites

Treesearch

N. M. Stark; D. J. Gardner

2008-01-01

Wood-plastic composite (WPC) lumber is promoted as a low-maintenance, high-durability product (Clemons, 2002). However, after a decade of exterior use in the construction industry, questions have arisen regarding durability. These questions are based on documented evidence of failures in the field of WPC decking products due to such impacts as polymer degradation (...

Possibilities of breeding weevil-resistant white pine strains

Treesearch

Jonathan W. Wright; William J. Gabriel

1959-01-01

Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) is a highly versatile species. It is easily planted, adaptable to a wide variety of soils and climates, and reproduces itself well. Also it grows rapidly and is capable of producing high-quality lumber. These characteristics once entitled white pine to a top position in the forest economy throughout much of the...

Grading sugar pine saw logs in trees.

Treesearch

John W. Henley

1972-01-01

Small limbs and small overgrown limbs cause problems when grading saw logs in sugar pine trees. Surface characteristics and lumber recovery information for 426 logs from 64 sugar pine trees were examined. Resulting modifications in the grading specification that allow a grader to ignore small limbs and small limb indicators do not appear to decrease the performance of...

Financial analysis of pruning ponderosa pine.

Treesearch

Roger D. Fight; Natalie A. Bolon; James M. Cahill

1992-01-01

A recent lumber recovery study of pruned and unpruned ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) was used to project the financial return from pruning ponderosa pine in the Medford District of the Bureau of Land Management and in the Ochoco and Deschutes National Forests. The cost of pruning at which the investment would yield an expected 4-...

Composition, structure, and dynamics of a pine-hardwood old-growth remnant in southern Arkansas

Treesearch

Don C. Bragg

2004-01-01

The Levi Wilcoxon Demonstration Forest (LWDF) was originally established by the Crossett Lumber Company in 1939 to promote forestry research and demonstration in the Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain of southern Arkansas. The reser ve currently has at least 27 different overstory tree species, with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), shortleaf pine (

Concept for southern pine plantation operation in the year 2020

Treesearch

P. Koch

1980-01-01

Fertilization, close spacing, very early thinning, and application of new harvesting and manufacturing technology could yield- over a 35-year rotation - 146 tons per acre (ovendry basis) of pulp, 2-by-4 studs, random-length conventional lumber, millwork and structural laminated wood, long-wide structural lumber laminated from veneer, sheathing plywood, structural...

PP prune users guide.

Treesearch

N.A. Bolon; R.D. Fight; J.M. Cahill

1992-01-01

The PP PRUNE program allows users to conduct a financial analysis of pruning ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.). The increase in product value and rate of return from pruning the butt 16.5-foot log can be estimated. Lumber recovery information is based on actual mill experience with pruned and unpruned logs. Users supply lumber prices...

Potential Utilization of Sweetgum and Yellow-Poplar for Structural Lumber

Treesearch

Timothy D. Faust; Robert H. McAlister; Stanley J. Zarnoch; Christopher B. Stephens

1991-01-01

The forest resource base in the Southeast is rapidly changing. Dwindling reserves of high quality pine sawlogs will provide incentive to utilize low-density hardwoods such as yellow-poplar and sweetgum for structural lumber. Inventories of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua, L.) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera, L.) are currently high and growth is exceeding...

Potential Utilization of Sweetgum for Structural Lumber

Treesearch

Timothy D. Faust; Robert H. McAlister; Peter J. Stewart; Frederick W. Cubbage; Philip A. Araman

1991-01-01

The forest resource base in the Southeast is rapidly changing. Dwindling reserves of high quality pine sawlogs will provide incentive to utilize low-density hardwoods such as yellow-poplar and sweetgum for structural lumber. Inventories of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua, L.) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera, L.) are currently high and growth is exceeding...

Continuous tunnel kiln direct-fired with bark to dry 1.75-inch southern pine in 12 hours.

Treesearch

P. Koch; W.L. Wellford

1977-01-01

Length-sorted lumber is surfaced on one side to 1.75-inch thickness, mechanically stacked 5 feet wide and 10 feet high on 1-1/4-inch-thick sticks, and continuously transported through a zone-controlled tunnel kiln at 8 ft./hr. to yield 500,000 fbm of lumber dried to 9 percent average MC per 168-hour week. In the tunnel, the lumber is dried for 8 (possibly 10) hours at...

Continuous tunnel kiln direct-fired with bark to dry 1.75-inch southern pine in 12 hours

Treesearch

Peter Koch; Walker L. Wellford

1976-01-01

Length-sorted lumber is surfaced on one side to 1.75-inch thickness, mechanically stacked 5 feet wide and 10 feet high on 1-1/4-inch-thick sticks, and continuously transported through a zone-controlled tunnel kiln at 8 ft./hr. to yield 500,000 fbm of lumber dried to 9 percent average MC per 168-hour week. In the tunnel, the lumber is dried for 8 (possibly 10) hours of...

7 CFR 301.50-5 - Issuance and cancellation of certificates and limited permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... source tree has been felled during the period of July 1 through October 31 or if the regulated article is pine bark products produced from a tree felled and debarked during the period of July 1 through October..., pine lumber with bark attached, or pine stump from a tree felled during the period of July 1 through...

A volume table for Virginia pine in Prince Georges County, Maryland

Treesearch

Thomas W., Jr. Church

1953-01-01

During the last 50 years Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Miller) has emerged as a tree of commercial importance. Once regarded as a weed species, Virginia pine is short-lived and limby, but it makes rapid early growth. It is used chiefly for pulpwood. Some sawlogs are cut from older stands, but they yield only common-grade lumber. Occasionally an...

Determinants of tree quality and lumber value in natural uneven-aged southern pine stands

Treesearch

Jeffrey P. Prestemon; Joseph Buongiorno

2000-01-01

An ordered-probit model was developed to predict tree grade from tree- and stand-level variables, some of which could be changed by management. Applied to uneven-aged mixed loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) - shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) stands, the model showed that the grade of pine trees was highly correlated with tree diameter...

Strength and Stiffness Properties of Sweetgum and Yellow-poplar Structural Lumber

Treesearch

Timothy D. Faust; Robert H. McAlister; Stanley J. Zarnoch

1990-01-01

The forest resource base in the Southeast is rapidly changing. Dwindling reserves of high quality pine sawlogs will provide incentives to utilize low-density hardwoods such as yellow-poplar and sweetgum for structural lumber. Inventories of sweetgum (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) are currently high and growth is exceeding removals. The mechanical propertiees of dimension...

Suitability of live and fire-killed small-diameter ponderosa and lodgepole pine trees for manufacturing a new structural wood composite.

PubMed

Linton, J M; Barnes, H M; Seale, R D; Jones, P D; Lowell, E C; Hummel, S S

2010-08-01

Finding alternative uses for raw material from small-diameter trees is a critical problem throughout the United States. In western states, a lack of markets for small-diameter ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) can contribute to problems associated with overstocking. To test the feasibility of producing structural composite lumber (SCL) beams from these two western species, we used a new technology called steam-pressed scrim lumber (SPSL) based on scrimming technology developed in Australia. Both standing green and fire-killed ponderosa and lodgepole pine logs were used in an initial test. Fire-killed logs of both species were found to be unsuitable for producing SPSL but green logs were suitable for producing SPSL. For SPSL from green material, ponderosa pine had significantly higher modulus of rupture and work-to-maximum load values than did SPSL from lodgepole pine. Modulus of elasticity was higher for lodgepole pine. The presence of blows was greater with lodgepole pine than with ponderosa. Blows had a negative effect on the mechanical properties of ponderosa pine but no significant effect on the mechanical properties of SPSL from lodgepole pine. An evaluation of non-destructive testing methods showed that X-ray could be used to determine low density areas in parent beams. The use of a sonic compression wave tester for NDE evaluation of modulus of rupture showed some promise with SPSL but requires further research. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Relationships between Loblolly Pine small clear specimens and Dimension Lumber Tested in Static Bending

Treesearch

Mark Alexander Butler; Joseph Dahlen; Finto Antony; Michael Kane; Thomas L. Eberhardt; Huizhe Jin; Kim Love-Myers; John Paul McTague

2016-01-01

Prior to the 1980s, the allowable stresses for lumber in North America were derived from testing of small clear specimens. However, the procedures were changed because these models were found to be inaccurate. Nevertheless, small clear testing continues to be used around the world for allowable stress determinations and in studies that examine forest management impacts...

Growth of white pine and red spruce trees after pruning

Treesearch

Grant Davis

1958-01-01

Are pines the only coniferous trees suitable for pruning in the Northeast, or is it feasible to prune red spruce as well? Although red spruce is an important lumber species in the spruce-fir region, it is seldom pruned because of its relatively slow rate of growth.

Effect of pruning on growth of western white pine

Treesearch

Austin E. Helmers

1946-01-01

Pruning for production of clear lumber is being recognized more and more as a desirable silvicultural measure. The author's study on western white pine confirms earlier findings on other species that not more than one-third of the line crown should be removed in any pruning operation.

The shaping-lathe headrig-- key to utilization of hardwoods growing on southern pine sites

Treesearch

P. Koch

1974-01-01

For every cubic foot of pine on southern pine sites, there is about 0.8 cubic foot of hardwood. The shaping-lathe headrig, now in the final stages of commercialization, is a key to utilizing these small mixed hardwoods for pallets and industrial lumber. Lathe residues in the form of flakes can be the raw material for a new major industry manufacturing exterior...

Management of ponderosa pine in the Southwest: As developed by research and experimental practice

Treesearch

G. A. Pearson

1950-01-01

Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is the most widely distributed conifer in North America, and one of the most valuable. Commercial stands of the species are found in all of the 15 States which lie wholly or in part west of the 102d merinian, and in all but one it rank among the most important lumber producers. In the Southwest, ponderosa pine is of particular...

Relationship between longitudinal stress wave transit time and moisture content of lumber during kiln-drying

Treesearch

William T. Simpson; Xiping. Wang

2001-01-01

The relationship between longitudinal stress wave transit time and wood moisture content (MC) was examined as a potential means of estimating MC control points in dry kiln schedules for lumber. A linear relationship was found between the relative transit time and the average MC of sugar maple and ponderosa pine boards dried according to typical kiln schedules.

Deception Creek Experimental Forest

Treesearch

Theresa B. Jain; Russell T. Graham

1996-01-01

Deception Creek Experimental Forest is in one of the most productive forests in the Rocky Mountains. When the forest was established in 1933, large, old-age western white pine (Pinus monticola) were important for producing lumber products. The forest, located in the Coeur d'Alene Mountains, is in the heart of the western white pine forest type. Therefore, research...

Deception Creek Experimental Forest (Idaho)

Treesearch

Russell T. Graham; Theresa B. Jain

2004-01-01

Deception Creek Experimental Forest is located in one of the most productive forests of the Rocky Mountains. When the forest was established in 1933, large, old western white pines were important for producing lumber products, matches, and toothpicks. Deception Creek is located in the heart of the western white pine forest type, allowing researchers to focus on the...

Treatability of SPF framing lumber with CCA and borate preservatives

Treesearch

Cherilyn Hatfield

2005-01-01

There is increasing interest in preservative pressure-treatment of framing lumber to prevent attack by decay fungi and insects. However, the Spruce– pine–Fir species group that is often used in framing construction can be difficult to penetrate with preservatives. We compared solution uptake and penetration of boron and copper from a borax–copper (BC) preservative to...

Modeling the effect of initial planting density on within tree variation of stiffness in loblolly pine

Treesearch

Finto Antony; Laurence R. Schimleck; Lewis Jordan; Richard F. Daniels; Alex Clark

2012-01-01

Context Modulus of elasticity (MOE) is an important mechanical property determining the end-use and value of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) lumber. Aim In this study, a model was developed to predict the within tree variation of MOE, from pith-to-bark and stumpto- tip, using data collected...

Moisture meter calibration for untreated and ACQ-treated southern yellow pine plywood

Treesearch

Samuel V. Glass; Charles G. Carll

2009-01-01

Conductance moisture meter readings using stainless steel screws as electrodes were compared with gravimetric moisture content for 1) southern yellow pine (SYP) dimensioned lumber, 2) untreated (underlayment grade) SYP plywood, and 3) SYP plywood treated with alkaline copper quaternary. Meter readings were taken with the meter set to the manufacturer-provided species...

An overview of silvicultural influences on loblolly pine veneer-basedpanel properties

Treesearch

Todd F. Shupe; Chung Y. Hse; Elvin T. Choong

1999-01-01

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) harvested from five silviculturally different stands was used to manufacture 13-ply laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and 3-ply plywood. LVL panels were assembled as either all A-grade or all C-grade veneer. Plywood panels were produced according to four different veneer grade layups (AAA, ACA, ACC, and...

Comparing timber and lumber from plantation and natural stands of ponderosa pine

Treesearch

Eini C. Lowell; Christine L. Todoroki; Ed. Thomas

2009-01-01

Data derived from empirical studies, coupled with modeling and simulation techniques, were used to compare tree and product quality from two stands of small-diameter ponderosa pine trees growing in northern California: one plantation, the other natural. The plantation had no management following establishment, and the natural stand had no active management. Fifty trees...

Co-extrusion of WPCs with a clear cap layer to improve color stability

Treesearch

Nicole M. Stark; Laurent M. Matuana

2009-01-01

Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) have been gaining market share in residential construction applications such as lumber for decking, roof tiles, and siding. The durability of these materials in exterior environments is just beginning to be understood. Current research suggests that controlling moisture absorption by the composite is key to improving durability. Methods...

Lumber recovery from ponderosa pine in the Black Hills, South Dakota.

Treesearch

Marlin E. Plank

1985-01-01

A sample of 400 ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) trees was selected from each of two sale areas in the Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota. The logs were processed through two sawmills into 1-inch-thick boards. Estimates of volume and value recovery based on cubic volume and board foot volume are shown in tables and figures....

AUTOSAW simulations of lumber recovery for small-diameter Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine from southwestern Oregon.

Treesearch

R. James Barbour; Dean L. Parry; John Punches; John Forsman; Robert Ross

2003-01-01

Small-diameter (5- to 10-inch diameter at breast height) Douglas-fi r (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws) trees were assessed for product potential by diagramming the location, size, and type of knots visible on the wood surface (inside bark) and using the AUTOSAW sawing simulator to evaluate...

Improved utilization of small-diameter ponderosa pine in glulam timber

Treesearch

Roland Hernandez; David W. Green; David E. Kretschmann; Steven P. Verrill

2005-01-01

This study involved the evaluation of ponderosa pine glulam made from lumber that was sawn from a small-diameter timber resource. Two different glulam beam depths were evaluated: 8 and 13 laminations. A comprehensive glulam test program was conducted to evaluate edgewise and flat-wise bending, shear, and tensile strength. Beam deflection was measured and a variety of...

The development of uneven-aged southern pine silviculture before the Crossett Experimental Forest (Arkansas, USA)

Treesearch

Don C. Bragg

2017-01-01

Although the Crossett Experimental Forest (CEF) played a well-publicized role in the development of uneven-aged southern pine silviculture, work on a selection method in Arkansas (USA) did not originate there. In 1925, Leslie Pomeroy and Eugene Connor acquired the Ozark Badger Lumber Company and initiated an expert-driven selection management system compatible with...

Creep behavior of flakeboards made with a mixture of southern species

Treesearch

Eddie W. Price

1985-01-01

Deftection of oriented flakeboards, random flakeboards, and southern pine plywood was evaluated for small size bending specimens and concentrated loads applied to panels nailed on framing lumber. The flakeboards contained a mixture of southern hardwoods and pine; the plywood was 3-ply l/2-inch and 4-ply 5/8-inch construction. Tests of both panel directions, all load...

The dawn of sustainable forestry in the South

Treesearch

James P. Barnett; Mason C. Carter

2017-01-01

In the late 19th century, virgin southern pine forests in the West Gulf Coast Region remained virtually untouched. After the Civil War, this land was made available by the government for homesteading and sale. Pine timberland was offered for sale at $1.25 per acre. Primarily northern lumbermen and land speculators purchased the land. Lumbering then became the economic...

Efficacy of commercial microwave equipment for eradication of pine wood nematodes and cerambycid larvae infesting red pine

Treesearch

Mary R. Fleming; John J. Janowiak; Jeffrey D. Kimmel; John M. Halbrendt; Leah S. Bauer; Kelli Hoover

2005-01-01

The feasibility of using commercial 2.45-GHz microwave equipment to kill cerambycid larvae and pinewood nematodes(PWN) [Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle] infesting lumber was investigated. Research goals were to test a system of separating green material into moisture content(MC)ranges and to determine the feasibility of using...

Long-Term Durability of Pressure-Treated Wood in a Severe Test Site

Treesearch

Stan Lebow; Bessie Woodward; Grant Kirker; Patricia Lebow

2013-01-01

Improved estimates of the long-term durability of treated wood products are needed to guide choices about construction materials and allow estimates of design life. This report summarizes the long-term decay and insect resistance of treated wood post and lumber specimens placed in ground contact at a test site of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,...

Estimating air-drying times of small-diameter ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir logs

Treesearch

William T. Simpson; Xiping Wang

2004-01-01

One potential use for small-diameter ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir timber is in log form. Many potential uses of logs require some degree of drying. Even though these small diameters may be considered small in the forestry context, their size when compared to typical lumber thickness dimensions is large. These logs, however, may require uneconomically long kiln-drying...

Impact of Early Pruning and Thinning on Lumber Grade Yield From Loblolly Pine

Treesearch

Alexander Clark; Mike Strub; Larry R. Anderson; H. Gwynne Lloyd; Richard F. Daniels; James H. Scarborough

2004-01-01

The Sudden Sawlog Study was established in 1954 near Crossett, AR, in a 9-year-old loblolly pine plantation to test the hypothesis that loblolly plantations can produce sawtimber in 30 years. To stimulate diameter and height growth and clear wood production, study plots were heavily thinned, trees pruned to 33 feet by age 24 years, under-story mowed, and growth of...

Effect of air velocity on the drying rate of single eastern white pine boards

Treesearch

W. T. Simpson

1997-01-01

The qualitative effect of air velocity on drying rate of lumber has long been known. This report provides quantification of the effects of air velocity on drying rate of individual eastern white pine boards. An empirical equation correlating moisture content with time during drying was used to aid in the analysis. The drying rate increased with air velocity for...

Evaluating warp of 2 by 4s sawn from panels produced through green gluing dimension lumber from small ponderosa pine logs

Treesearch

Richard Bergman; William T. Simpson; Chris Turk

2010-01-01

Overstocked small-diameter softwood timber in western US forests has created a serious forest health and fire hazard, and the costs of removing this material are high. One way to lower costs is to reduce loss because of warp on lumber sawn from these small logs. Using a green-gluing process, standard 38 by 89-mm (nominal 2 by 4-in.) pieces (2 by 4s) ripped from pressed...

Modeling the longitudinal variation in wood specific gravity of planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) in the United States

Treesearch

F. Antony; L. R. Schimleck; R. F. Daniels; Alexander Clark; D. B. Hall

2010-01-01

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is a major plantation species grown in the southern United States, producing wood having a multitude of uses including pulp and lumber production. Specific gravity (SG) is an important property used to measure the quality of wood produced, and it varies regionally and within the tree with height and radius. SG at different height levels...

Proceedings of the Symposium on Ponderosa Pine: Issues, Trends, and Management, 2004 October 18-21, Klamath Falls, OR

Treesearch

Martin W. Ritchie; Douglas A. Maguire; Andrew Youngblood

2005-01-01

Ponderosa pine is one of the most widely distributed tree species in western North America. It is highly-valued as a source of lumber, but also is key to the health and social value western forests, whether growing in pure stands or in mixture with other conifer and hardwood species. In recent years, management objectives for forests containing this species have...

Using acoustic analysis to presort warp-prone ponderosa pine 2 by 4s before kiln-drying

Treesearch

Xiping Wang; William T. Simpson

2006-01-01

This study evaluated the potential of acoustic analysis as presorting criteria to identify warp-prone boards before kiln-drying. Dimension lumber, 38 by 89 mm (nominal 2 by 4 in.) and 2.44 m (8 it) long, sawn from open-grown small-diameter ponderosa pine trees, was acoustically tested lengthwise at green condition. Three acoustic properties (acoustic speed, rate of...

Use of the Fakopp TreeSonic acoustic device to estimate wood quality characteristics in loblolly pine trees planted at different densities

Treesearch

Ralph L. Amateis; Harold E. Burkhart

2015-01-01

A Fakopp TreeSonic acoustic device was used to measure time of flight (TOF) impulses through sample trees prior to felling from 27-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations established at different planting densities. After felling, the sample trees were sawn into lumber and the boards subjected to edgewise bending under 2-point loading. Bending properties...

Mechanisms responsible for the effect of wet bulb depression on heat sterilization of slash pine lumber

Treesearch

William T. Simpson

2003-01-01

Heat sterilization is often required to prevent spread of insects and pathogens in wood products in international trade. Heat sterilization requires estimating the time necessary for the center of the wood configuration to reach the temperature required to kill insects or pathogens. In these experiments on 1.0- and 1.8-in.- (25- and 46-mm-) thick slash pine, heating...

Incidence of the pine wood nematode in green coniferous sawn wood in Oregon and California. Forest Service research note

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dwinell, L.D.

1993-05-01

Samples of green sawn Douglas-fir, redwood, ponderosa pine, and white fir were collected in August and September 1992 from seven mills in Oregon and California, and assayed for the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The mills produced about 108 million board feet during the survey period. The pine wood nematode was not found in any of the 424 samples of Douglas-fir, the 192 of redwood, or the 3 of white fir. The nematode was recovered from 8 of 105 samples of green ponderosa pine lumber from a mill in Oregon. These eight samples contained an average of 54 pine woodmore » nematodes per gram of dry weight. This is the first report of the pine wood nematode in Oregon.« less

Effect of initial spacing on mechanical properties of lumber sawn from unthinned slash pine at age 40

Treesearch

Robert H. McAlister; Alexander Clark; Joseph R. Saucier

1997-01-01

The effect of initial planting density on strength and stiffness of slash pine (Pinus elliotti Engelm. var elliotti) from a 40-year-old plantation on the Georgia Coastal Plain was examined. A stratified random sample of trees with diameters at breast height ranging from 8 to 16 inches from replicated stands representing tree spacing of 6 by 8, 8 by 8, 10 by 10, and 15...

Composites from southern pine juvenile wood. Part 2. Durability and dimensional stability

Treesearch

Anton D. Pugel; Eddie W. Price; Chung-Yun Hse

1990-01-01

Southern pine juvenile and mature wood were processed into three composites: flakeboard, particleboard, and fiberboard. The durability of these composites was assessed by subjecting specimens to an ovendry-vacuumpressure-soak (ODVPS) treatment, and then evaluated for modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and internal bond. Overall, juvenile wood composites had...

A note of effects of kiln stick thickness and air velocity on drying time of southern pine 2 by 4 and 2 by 6 lumber

Treesearch

E.W. Price; P. Koch

1982-01-01

To dry to 10% moisture content, 4- and 6-inch-wide lumber 1.75 inch thick required about 13.7 h (including 4 3/4-h kiln warmup time) in 5-ft-wide loads at 260 F (wet-bulb temperature was 180 F) on 1.00-inch-thick sticks with air cross-circulated at 1,000 fpm. If air velocity is increased to 1,400 fpm or stick thickness increased to 1.5 inches, kiln time required to...

Ten-year performance of treated northeastern softwoods in aboveground and ground-contact exposures

Treesearch

Douglas M. Crawford; Rodney C. De Groot; Lee R. Gjovik

The commercial value of several softwood species of the northeastern United States could be increased if these woods could be treated to meet existing American Wood Preserversa Association (AWPA) Standards and used in durable structures. We evaluated the long-term durability of incised and unincised white pine, red pine, eastern spruce, balsam fir, and eastern hemlock...

62 percent of pine lumbar is cut from 10-inch or smaller logs in the Central Piedmont of South Carolina

Treesearch

William H.B. Haines

1953-01-01

Pine logs as small as 5 inches in diameter inside bark and trees 6 inches in diameter breast high are utilized for saw timber in the South Carolina Piedmont. More lumber is sawed from 8-inch logs than from any other size, while 12- and 14-inch trees provide nearly 50 percent of the board-foot volume cut. The bar graphs are based on measurements of 1,029 logs at 25...

Time to dry 2-, 3-, and 4-inch S4S southern pine at 240°F as related to board width

Treesearch

P. Koch

1974-01-01

With 80°F wet-bulb depression and air cross-circulated at 1,000 fpm, southern pine in 2-, 3-, and 4-inch thicknesses attained 10 percent moisture content in 22.4, 35.6, and 45.3 hours. In 3- and 4-inch thicknesses, 4-inch-wide lumber required less time to dry than that 8 or 12 inches wide. Surface checks were absent or moderate in all thicknesses and widths. End-...

Time to dry 2-, 30, and 40inch S4S southern pine at 240°F, as related to board width

Treesearch

Peter Koch

1973-01-01

With 80°F wet-bulb depression and air cross-circulated at 1,000 fbm, southern pine in 2-, 3-, and 4-inch thicknesses attained 10 percent moisture content in 22.4, 35.6, and 45.3 hours. In 3- and 4-inch thicknesses, 4-inch-wide lumber required less time to dry than that 8 or 12 inches wide. Surface checks were absent or moderate in all thicknesses and widths. End-...

RELATIVE LEACHING AND AQUATIC TOXICITY OF PRESSURE-TREATED WOOD PRODUCTS USING BATCH LEACHING TESTS

EPA Science Inventory

Samples of southern yellow pine dimensional lumber, each treated with one of five different waterborne chemical preservatives, were leached using 18-hour batch leaching tests. The wood preservatives included chromated copper arsenate (CCA), alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ), coppe...

Harvesting taproots of southern pines may boost yield by 20 percent

Treesearch

P. Koch; S.J. Coughran

1975-01-01

Currently depressed lumber and plywood prices and bulging chip piles painfully focus manufacturers attention on surpluses in the market. In the opinion of many raw material managers, however, these surpluses are transitory and will eventually be replaced by shortages arising from increased product demands.

Look to the hardwoods!

Treesearch

W. E. McQuilken

1957-01-01

The northeast is hardwood country. To be sure, central and northern Maine and the higher elevations of the Green Mountains, White Mountains, and Adirondacks have their spruce-fir; cool, moist sites throughout the region typically support some hemlock; and white pine - the original foundation of the lumber industry in North America - is widely represented by scattered...

Percy George and The Pine Tree Menace

Treesearch

Don C. Bragg

2010-01-01

Collectively, foresters view their profession as the saving grace of American timberlands. According to their version of history, prior to the mid-twentieth century abusive lumbering practices in Arkansas and much of eastern North America ravaged the forests, leaving behind cutover wastelands. Then, the professional forester appeared on the scene to reclaim the lands...

General Christopher C. Andrews: Leading the Minnesota Forestry Revolution

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rice, Anna M.

2002-01-01

In the nineteenth century, America's burgeoning population certainly did grab all the timber it could. Vast pine forests stretched from Maine to Dakota, and the lumber industry voraciously consumed them from east to west. In 1800, the Minnesota territory was sparsely sprinkled with fur traders and American Indians. By 1850, its bounteous forests…

76 FR 13968 - Notice of Request for Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; Pine Shoot Beetle; Host...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-15

... the introduction of plant pests. Subpart--Nursery Stock, Plants, Roots, Bulbs, Seeds, and Other Plant..., plant parts, and seeds for propagation; and Subpart-- Logs, Lumber, and Other Unmanufactured Wood... per response. Respondents: Christmas tree and nursery industry. Estimated annual number of respondents...

Association of ring shake in eastern hemlock with tree attributes

Treesearch

John P. Brown; Paul E. Sendak

2006-01-01

Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) is a major or minor associate in many forest types in northeastern North America. There has never been the high level of demand for eastern hemlock lumber that characterizes competing softwoods like white pine and spruce. Nevertheless, periodically interest in greater utilization of eastern hemlock for...

Ultrasound Transmission Times in Biologically Deteriorated Wood

Treesearch

Christopher Adam Senalik; Robert J. Ross; Rodney DeGroot

2015-01-01

The use of a variety of stress wave transmission techniques for the in-service condition assessment of deteriorated wood is well documented. This paper summarizes results from an extensive study designed to examine the relationship between ultrasound transmission times and the deterioration of exposed wood. Two hundred seventy (270) southern pine lumber specimens were...

Fifty-Year Durability Evaluation of Posts Treated with Industrial Wood Preservatives

Treesearch

Stan T. Lebow; Patricia Lebow; Bessie Woodward; Grant T. Kirker; Rachel Arango

2015-01-01

Long-term durability data are needed to improve service life estimates for treated wood products used as critical structural supports in industrial applications. This article reports the durability of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) posts pressure treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA), chromated copper arsenate (CCA), creosote, or...

Laboratory Evaluations of Durability of Southern Pine Pressure Treated With Extractives From Durable Wood Species

Treesearch

Grant T. Kirker; Amy Blodgett; Patricia Lebow

2015-01-01

Extracts from sawdust of four naturally durable wood species [Alaskan yellow cedar, AYC, Cupressus nootkanansis D. Don 1824; eastern red cedar, ERC, Juniperus virginiana L.; honey mesquite, HM, Prosopis glandulosa Torr.; and black locust, BL, Robinia pseudoacacia L.] were used to treat...

Kiln time and temperature affect shrinkage, warp, and mechanical properties of southern pine lumber

Treesearch

E.W. Price; P. Koch

1980-01-01

Four hundred and eighty No.2 Dense southern pine 2 by 6's, 95 inches long, were kiln-dried in 4-foot-wide loads with a 3,000-pound top load restraint. The kiln-drying regimes consisted of dry-bulb temperatures of 180°, 240°, and 270°F with wet-bulb temperature of 160°F and kiln times of 120 hours at 180°F; 36 and 120 hours at 240°F; and 9, 36, and 120 hours at 270...

Studies in Site Evaluation for Southern Hardwoods

Treesearch

Thomas C. Nelson; William R. Beaufait

1956-01-01

SOUTHERN HARDWOODS, which supply more than half of the nation's hardwood lumber, are a complex and varied mixture of nearly 40 commercial species. On a good share of the 112 million acres of southern hardwood types the hardwoods are mixed with or have replaced southern pines. Faced with this profusion of species, the silviculturist's first problem is to know...

Small-diameter roundwood, strong-post W-beam guardrail systems

Treesearch

David Kretschmann; Ronald Faller; John Reid; Jason Hascall; Dean Sicking; John Rohde

2006-01-01

Round guardrail posts may provide an important value-added option for small-diameter thinnings. Such posts require minimum processing and are believed to have higher strength for the equivalent rectangular volume. The resulting value-added product may bring a higher return compared to lumber. The obstacles to immediate utilization of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir...

Coefficient of friction of dry slash pine and southern red oak on three tension-grip facings

Treesearch

T.J. Lemoine; P. Koch

1975-01-01

A urethane material proved to have nine times higher static friction coefficient (0.9) than smooth steel (0.1) on radial and tangential wood surfaces pulled parallel to the grain. It is probably superior to 22O-grit garnet paper or sand coatings for tension-grip facings in lumber testing machines.

Coefficient of friction of dry slash pine and southern red oak on three tension-grip facings

Treesearch

Truett J. Lemoine; Peter Koch

1974-01-01

A urethane material proved to have nine times higher static friction coefficient (0.9) than smooth steel (0.1) on radial and tangential wood surfaces pulled parallel to the grain. It is probably superior to 220-grit garnet paper or sand coatings for tension-grip facings in lumber testing machines.

Field performance of stress-laminated highway bridges constructed with glued laminated timber

Treesearch

J.P. Wacker

2004-01-01

This paper summarizes the field performance of three stress-laminated deck timber bridges located in Wisconsin, New York, and Arizona. The deck superstructures of these single-span highway bridges is comprised of full-span glued laminated timber (glulam) beam laminations manufactured with southern pine, hem fir/red maple combination, and/or Douglas fir lumber species....

Changing Markets for Hardwood Roundwood

Treesearch

William Luppold; Jeffrey P. Prestemon; Albert Schuler

2002-01-01

Traditionally, hardwood roundwood has been used to produce lumber, cabinet plywood, and veneer. Hardwoods also have been a major part of the pulpwood consumption in the northern tier of the eastern United States since the early 1960?s, while southern pines have been the predominant species used in southern tier states. However, since the 1960's there has been a...

Developing contemporary and historical live tree biomass estimates for old pine-hardwood stands of the Midsouth, USA

Treesearch

Don C. Bragg

2012-01-01

Calculating stand biomass potential is an increasingly important aspect of silviculture, particularly when attempting to restore forest ecosystems or determining additionality in sequestered carbon. However, the lumbering of the original forests of the Midsouth region of the United States of America, coupled with the accelerating conversion of unmanaged natural-origin...

Gluability of southern pine earlywood and latewood

Treesearch

Chung Y. Hse

1968-01-01

The gluability and glue-bond durability of southern pine earlywood and latewood were investigated with two-ply, cross-laminated, 1/2-inch-square specimens comprised entirely of earlywood or latewood. A commercial exterior phenolic resin was used.

Molecular and genetic basis for partial resistance of western white pine against Cronartium ribicola.

Treesearch

Jun-Jun Liu; Arezoo Zamany; Richard Sniezko

2012-01-01

Western white pine (Pinus monticola Douglas ex D. Don) is an important forest species in North America. Forest genetics programs have been breeding for durable genetic resistance against white pine blister rust (WPBR) caused by Cronartium ribicola in the past few decades. As various genetic resistance resources are screened and...

Treatability of underutilized northeastern species with CCA and alternative wood preservatives

Treesearch

Stan T. Lebow; Steven A. Halverson; Cherilyn A. Hatfield

2005-01-01

Opportunities for use of northeastern species such as balsam fir, eastern spruce, eastern hemlock, and red maple could be improved if these species could be adequately penetrated with preservatives and subsequently shown to be durable in outdoor exposures. In this study, specimens cut from lumber of northeastern species were pressure-treated with either chromated...

Effect of processing method on surface and weathering characteristics of wood-flour/HDPE composites

Treesearch

Nicole M. Stark; Laurent M. Matuana; Craig M. Clemons

2004-01-01

Wood-plastic lumber is promoted as a low maintenance high-durability product. When exposed to accelerated weathering, however, wood-plastic composites may experience a color change and/or loss in mechanical properties. Different methods of manufacturing wood-plastic composites lead to different surface characteristics, which can influence weathering, In this study, 50...

Effect of processing method on accelerated weathering of wood-flour/HDPE composites

Treesearch

Nicole M. Stark; Laurent M. Matuana; Craig M. Clemons

2003-01-01

Wood-plastic lumber is promoted as a low maintenance high-durability product. When exposed to accelerated weathering, however, wood-plastic composites may experience a color change and/or loss in mechanical properties. Different methods of manufacturing wood-plastic composites lead to different surface characteristics, which can influence weathering, In this study, 50...

Changes in wood flour/HDPE composites after accelerated weathering with and without water spray

Treesearch

Nicole M. Stark

2005-01-01

Wood-plastic lumber is promoted as a low-maintenance high-durability product. After weathering, however, wood-plasticcomposites (WPCs) often fide and lose mechanical properties. In the first part ofthis study, 50%wood-flour-filled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composite samples were injection molded or extruded. Composites were exposed to two accelerated weathering...

Composition of the heartwood essential oil of incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens Torr.)

Treesearch

Sheeba Veluthoor; Rick G. Kelsey; M.P. Gonzalez-Hernandez; Nicholas Panella; Marc Dolan; Joe Karchesy

2011-01-01

Incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens) is a tree native to Oregon and California, perhaps best known for its aromatic wood and use in the manufacturing of pencils. The wood is also highly valued for its decorative appearance and durability in lumber, related sawmill products, and fence posts. Chemical investigations of heartwood extracts have shown...

Effect of weathering variables on the lightness of high-density polyethylene woodflour composites

Treesearch

Nicole M. Stark

2005-01-01

Wood-plastic lumber is promoted as a low-maintenance, high-durability product. After weathering, however, wood-plastic composites (WPCs) often fade. In the first part of this study, 50 percent woodflour-filled high- density polyethylene (HDPE) composite samples were manufactured. Composites were exposed to two accelerated weathering cycles in a xenon- arc type...

Hygrothermal Properties of Cross Laminated Timber and Moisture Response of Wood at High Relative Humidity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

AlSayegh, George

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is a new wood-based material composed of cross laminated wood boards that form a structural panel. This study focuses on identifying the appropriate methods to determine the hygrothermal properties of CLTs fabricated with Canadian and European Lumber. The laboratory tests carried out in this study will help establish heat, air and moisture response properties to be used for hygrothermal simulation to assess the durability of CLTs in building envelope construction. Measurement of water vapour permeability, liquid water absorption, sorption isotherms, thermal conductivity, and air permeability were performed on three Canadian CLT specimens composed of Hem-Fir, Eastern Spruce-Pine-Fir, and Western Spruce-Pine-Fir and one European specimen composed of Spruce. The hygrothermal properties of CLT, considered in this study, appear to be similar to commonly used wood specimens reported in the literature. However, liquid water absorption coefficients of CLT were found to be generally lower than common wood species, possibly due to the presence of glue between the wood layers which limits the moisture movement across the specimen. On the other hand, the air permeability across the CLT specimens varied due to the glue discontinuity within the specimen which led some CLTs to be permeable, however all the European specimens were found to be impermeable. This study also critically analyzed the significance of equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of wood at high relative humidity, measured by means of a pressure plate apparatus and humidity chambers, on the moisture management performance of a wood-frame stucco wall, using the hygrothermal simulation tool hygIRC-2D. The simulation results indicate that the prediction of the moisture response of a wood-frame stucco wall assembly depends significantly on the method adopted to derive the EMC of wood at high RH.

Effect of environmental conditions on the flexural properties of wood I-beams and lumber

Treesearch

Gwo-Huang Chen; R.C. Tang; E.W. Price

1989-01-01

Flexural properties as affected by environmental conditions were evaluated for full-sized wood composite I-beams webbed with oriented strand board (OSB), randomly oriented flakeboard (RF) and 3-ply Structural I plywood (PLY). Solid-sawn southern pine 2 by 10's, ordinarily used in light-frame building construction, were also tested for comparative purposes....

Withdrawal strength of ring-shank nails embedded in southern pine lumber

Treesearch

M. J. Skulteti; D. A. Bender; S. G. Winistorfer; D. G. Pollock

1997-01-01

Ring-shank nails are used extensively in post-frame construction due to their superior performance, yet surprisingly little testing has been done on nail sizes above 12d Experience in the post-frame industry suggests that published allowable design values for ring-shank nails may be overly conservative and need revision. The goal of the research reported herein was to...

Investigating the use of small-diameter softwood as guardrail posts: static test results

Treesearch

David E. Kretschmann; Ron Faller; Jason Hascall; John Reid; Dean Sicking; John Rohde; Dick Shilts; Tim Nelson

2007-01-01

Round guardrail posts may provide an important value added option for small-diameter thinnings. Such posts require minimum processing and have been shown to have higher strength compared to the equivalent rectangular volume. The resulting value-added product may bring a higher return compared to lumber. The obstacles to immediate utilization of ponderosa pine and...

Stress-wave velocity of wood-based panels: effect of moisture, product type, and material direction

Treesearch

Guangping Han; Qinglin Wu; Xiping Wang

2006-01-01

The effect of moisture on longitudinal stress-wave velocity (SWV), bending stiffness. and bending strength of commercial oriented strandboard, plywood. particleboard. and southern pine lumber was evaluated. It was shown that the stress-wave verocity decreased in general with increases in panel moisture content (MC). At a given MC level. SWV varied with panel type and...

Using NIR spectroscopy to predict weathered wood exposure times

Treesearch

Xiping Wang; James P. Wacker

2006-01-01

This poster presentation reports on recent laboratory work aimed at quantifying the biodegradation process of wood during exposure to natural weathering. Approximately 330 southern pine lumber specimens were placed “above-ground” at an outdoor exposure site near Gulfport, Mississippi for periods up to five years. An additional 90 specimens were stored indoor to serve...

Residual strength and stiffness of lumber from decommissioned chromated copper arsenate-treated southern pine utility poles

Treesearch

Cheng Piao; Leslie Groom

2010-01-01

The reusability of decommissioned treated wood is primarily dependent on the residual strength of the wood after service. Determining the residual strength can provide useful information for structural design and reuse of the decommissioned treated wood. This study evaluated the residual strength of decommissioned chromated copper arsenate–treated utility pole wood....

Early northern hardwood silvicultural research at the Dukes Experimental Forest, Michigan

Treesearch

Laura S. Kenefic; Christel C. Kern

2015-01-01

Commercial lumber production in the Lake States, which began in the early 1800s with eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), shifted to hardwoods in the late 1800s (Whitney 1994). Much of the hardwood forest was rapidly cut over; as a consequence, mill capacity exceeded available stumpage by the 1920s (Eyre and Zillgitt 1953). The forest industry...

Resistance of borax–copper treated wood in aboveground exposure to attack by Formosan subterranean termites

Treesearch

Stan Lebow; Bessie Woodward; Douglas Crawford; William Abbott

2005-01-01

The spread of Formosan subterranean termites (FSTs) in the southern United States has increased public interest in finding a preservative treatment to protect framing lumber from termite attack. This study evaluated the use of a borax-based preservative to protect wood from FST attack. Southern Pine and Douglas-fir specimens were pressure-treated with three...

Caribean markets for U.S. wood products

Treesearch

Harold W. Wisdom; James E. Granskog; Keith A. Blatner

1986-01-01

The West Indies and the continental countries bordering the Caribbean Sea constitute a significant market for U.S. wood products. In 1983, wood product exports to the region totaled almost $157 million. The Caribbean Basin primarily is a market for softwood products, with pine lumber being the most prominent item. The flow of exports to the region is dominated by (1)...

Issues related to durability and protection affecting the acceptance and use of engineered wood composites in Europe

Treesearch

Mark Hughes; Jerrold E. Winandy

2007-01-01

Engineered wood composites (EWC) offer significant potential in applications in the built environment, ranging from domestic dwellings to bridges and public buildings. Nevertheless, EWCs, which include products such as glulam, laminated veneer lumber, oriented stand-board, and plywood enjoy a relatively small market share of total wood-based material production and...

Variation in natural durability of seven Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla hybrid clones

Treesearch

F.J.N. Franca; T.S.F.A. Franca; R.A Arango; B.M. Woodward; G.B. Vidaurre

2017-01-01

Programs aimed at developing clones of hybrid trees are commonly established in Brazil to meet the demands of various forest-based industries. These programs have continually improved the quality of eucalyptus wood, which has the potential to reduce deforestation by lowering demand for other high-value species. This is particularly true in the lumber market, but little...

Evaluation of veneer yields and grades from yellow-poplar, white oak, and sweetgum from the southeast

Treesearch

Robert H. McAlister

1980-01-01

Dry volume yields and standard grades of veneer are given for yellow-poplar, sweetgum, and white oak by tree diameter and location within the stem. Results show that the typical stands of mixed southern pine and hardwood timer yield enough veneer to utilize almost 90 percent of the stand volume in the production of COM-PLY lumber and panels

Effect of wet bulb depression on heat sterilization time of slash pine lumber

Treesearch

William T. Simpson

For international trade, heat sterilization of wood products is often required to prevent the spread of insects and pathogens. Application of heat sterilization requires estimates of the time necessary to heat the center of the wood configuration to the temperature required to kill the insect or other pest. The nature of the heating medium was found to have a...

Structural lumber laminated from 1/4 -inch rotary-peeled southern pine veneer

Treesearch

P. Koch

1973-01-01

By the lamination process evaluated, 60 percent of total log volume ended as kiln-dry, end-trimmed, sized, salable 2 by 4's-approximately 50 percent more than that achieved by conventional bandsawing of matched lop. Moreover, modulus of elasticity of the laminated 2 by 4's (adjusted to 12 percent moisture content) averaged 1,950,-000 psi compared to 1,790,...

Structural lumber laminated from 1/4-inch rotary-peeled southern pine veneer

Treesearch

Peter Koch

1972-01-01

By the lamination process evaluated, 60 percent of total log volume ended as kiln-dry, end-trimmed, sized, salable 2 by 4's - approximately 50 percent more than that acheived by conventional bandsawing of matched logs. Moreover, modulus of elasticity of the laminated 2 by 4's (adjusted to 12 percent moisture content) averaged 1,950,000 psi compared to 1,790,...

Field performance of timber bridges. 10, Sanborn Brook stress-laminated deck bridge

Treesearch

P. D. Hilbrich Lee; J. P. Wacker; M. A. Ritter

The Sanborn Brook bridge was constructed in August 1991, 10 miles northeast of Concord, New Hampshire, as part of the demonstration timber bridge program of the USDA Forest Service. The bridge is a simple-span, double-lane, stress-laminated deck superstructure constructed from Southern Pine lumber and is approximately 25 ft long and 28 ft wide with a skew of 14 degrees...

Durability of structural lumber products at high temperatures. Part I, 66C at 75% RH and 82C at 30% RH

Treesearch

David W. Green; James W. Evans; Bruce A. Craig

2003-01-01

The effect of temperature on properties can be separated into reversible and permanent effects. The National Design Specification (NDS) provides factors (Ct) for reducing properties for reversible effects but provides little guidance on permanent effects. The primary objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of prolonged heating (permanent effect) on the...

Form and toxicity of copper released into marine systems from ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The fate and effects of pristine engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in simplified systems have been widely studied; however, little is known about the potential release and impact of ENMs from consumer goods, especially lumber that has been treated with micronized copper. Micronized copper solutions contain copper complexes predominately in the 10-700 nm size range, and are used in lumber to prevent microbial degradation and fouling. In this work, the goal was to determine the rate, concentration, and form of copper released from commercially available pressure treated lumber samples (blocks and sawdust) exposed to an aqueous system. Lumber tested included Southern Yellow Pine (SYP) treated with micronized copper azole (MCA) at 0.96 and 2.4 Kg/m3, alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) at 0.30 and 9.6 Kg/m3, and chromated copper arsenate (CCA) at 40 Kg/m3. Of the different chemical treatments, only MCA included nano- and micro-sized copper complexes. The experimental system included wood cubes cut from the outer 2 cm surface of the lumber or the equivalent mass (4 g) of sawdust submerged in 250 mL of media (0, 1, 10, and 30 ppt filtered natural seawater) in polyethylene bottles, and mixed on a shaker table at 120 rpm. Water samples were taken at 8 hours, and on days 1, 2, 7, 14, and 28 for the blocks and days 1, 2, 3, 7, 17, and 28 for the sawdust. Subsamples included unfiltered water (defined as 0.45 µm - filtered water for the sawdust), and water filtered through a 0.

Field performance of timber bridges. 17, Ciphers stress-laminated deck bridge

Treesearch

James P. Wacker; James A. Kainz; Michael A. Ritter

In September 1989, the Ciphers bridge was constructed within the Beltrami Island State Forest in Roseau County, Minnesota. The bridge superstructure is a two-span continuous stress-laminated deck that is approximately 12.19 m long, 5.49 m wide, and 305 mm deep (40 ft long, 18 ft wide, and 12 in. deep). The bridge is one of the first to utilize red pine sawn lumber for...

A stress wave based approach to NDE of logs for assessing potential veneer quality: Part I—small-diameter ponderosa pine.

Treesearch

Robert J. Ross; Susan W. Willits; William Von Segen; Terry Black; Brian K. Brashaw; Roy F. Pellerin

1999-01-01

Longitudinal stress wave nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques have been used in a variety of applications in the forest products industry. Recently, it has been shown that they can significantly aid in the assessment of log quality, particularly when they are used to predict performance of structural lumber obtained from a log. The purpose of the research...

Overstory species composition, structure, and conservation challenges of a mature, natural-origin pine stand after decades of management

Treesearch

Don C. Bragg

2016-01-01

This study provides a preliminary assessment of 4 compartments on the Crossett Experimental Forest (CEF) being restored to old-growth-like conditions. After being partially cleared for agriculture or lumbered in the late 1910s, Compartments 1, 2, 11, and 12 were included in a combination of pulpwood-thinning and uneven-aged cutting-cycle studies for the next 50 y....

The potential of acoustics to determine family differences for wood quality in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trial

Treesearch

E M Raley; Jennifer H Myszewski; T D Byram

2007-01-01

Acoustics have been used to determine wood quality attributes in both standing timber and sawn lumber. Sonic transmission data are collected non-destructively and can act as a surrogate for stiffness, they are directly related to modulus of elasticity (MOE) and closely related to differences in microfibril angle (MFA). Together with wood density, MFA and MOE are the...

Field performance of timber bridges. 8, Lynches Woods Park stress-laminated deck bridge

Treesearch

J. P. Wacker; M. A. Ritter; D. Conger

The Lynches Woods Park bridge was constructed during the summer of 1990 in Newberry, South Carolina. It is a single-span, single-lane, stress-laminated deck superstructure that measures approximately 30 ft long, 16 ft wide, and 14 in. deep. The bridge is unique in that is one of the first known stress-laminated deck bridges to be constructed of Southern Pine lumber...

Estimating air drying times of small-diameter ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir logs.

Treesearch

William T. Simpson; Xiping. Wang

2003-01-01

Because dense stands of softwood trees are causing forest health problems in the western United States, new ways to use this material need to be found. One option is to use this material as logs rather than sawing it into lumber. For many applications, logs require some degree of drying. Even though these logs may be considered small diameter, they are large compared...

Effect of weathering cycle and manufacturing method on performance of wood flour and high-density polyethylene composites

Treesearch

Nicole M. Stark

2006-01-01

Wood–plastic lumber is promoted as a low-maintenance high-durability product. When exposed to accelerated weathering, however, wood–plastic composites may experience a color change and loss in mechanical properties. Differences in weathering cycle and composite surface characteristics can affect the rate and amount of change caused by weathering. In this study, 50%...

Effect of drying temperature on warp and downgrade of 2 by 4's from small-diameter ponderosa pine

Treesearch

William T. Simpson

2004-01-01

Kiln drying at high temperature may reduce warp in dimension lumber sawn from small-diameter trees. In this study, we examined the effect on warp of high drying temperatures in conjunction with top loading immediately after drying and after storage in typical conditions that result in further moisture loss. Eight-foot-long 2- by 4-in. (2 by 4) boards sawn from open-...

The influence of juvenile wood content on shear parallel, compression,and tension perpendicular to grain strength and mode I fracture toughness of loblolly pine at various ring orientation

Treesearch

David E. Kretschmann

2008-01-01

Forest products from improved trees grown on managed plantations and harvested in short rotations will contain higher proportions of juvenile wood than in current harvests. More information is needed on the influence of juvenile wood on lumber properties. Most information developed to date has concentrated on ultimate tensile stress, modulus of rupture, and modulus of...

Durability of selected mulches, their ability to control weeds, and influence growth of loblolly pine seedlings

Treesearch

James D. Haywood

1999-01-01

Several mulc hes of natural, synthetic, or blends of natural and synthetic fibers were tested around newly planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings on a sheared and windrowed site in central Louisiana, U.S.A. The vegetation was primarily winter annuals, some residual grasses and forbs, and...

Molecular dissection of white pine genetic resistance to Cronartium ribicola

Treesearch

Jun-Jun Liu; Richard Sniezko

2011-01-01

Pinus monticola (Dougl. ex D. Don.) maintains a complex defence system that detects white pine blister rust pathogen (Cronartium ribicola J.C.Fisch.) and activates resistance responses. A thorough understanding of how it functions at the molecular level would provide us new strategies for creating forest trees with durable disease resistance. Our research focuses on...

Above Ground Field Evaluation and GC-MS Analysis of Naturally Durable Wood Species

Treesearch

G.T. Kirker; A.B. Blodgett; S.T. Lebow; C.A. Clausen

2012-01-01

Nine wood species are being evaluated in above ground field studies in Mississippi and Wisconsin. Candidate naturally durable wood (NDW) species are being rated at yearly intervals for resistance to decay, cupping, and checking. Field ratings after 12 months exposure are presented. To date, Paulownia tomentosa (PAW) and southern yellow pine (SYP)...

Regional variation in wood modulus of elasticity (stiffness) and modulus of rupture (strength) of planted loblolly pine in the United States

Treesearch

Antony Finto; Lewis Jordan; Laurence R. Schimleck; Alexander Clark; Ray A. Souter; Richard F. Daniels

2011-01-01

Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and specific gravity (SG) are important properties for determining the end-use and value of a piece of lumber. This study addressed the variation in MOE, MOR, and SG with physiographic region, tree height, and wood type. Properties were measured from two static bending samples (dimensions 25.4 mm × 25.4 mm × 406.4...

Direct seeding southern pines: history and status of a technique developed for restoring cutover forests

Treesearch

J.P. Barnett

2014-01-01

Early in the 20th century the deforestation resulting from the “golden-age of lumbering” left millions of acres of forest land in the need for reforestation. The challenge was so extreme that foresters of the early 1930s estimated that it would take 900 to 1,000 years at the then rate of planting to reforest the denuded forest land that occurred throughout the Nation....

Specific energy consumption and quality of wood pellets produced using high-moisture lodgepole pine grind in a flat die pellet mill

DOE PAGES

Tumuluru, Jaya Shankar

2016-04-16

In the present study a Box–Behnken experimental design was used to understand the effect of the moisture content of lodgepole pine grind (33–39%, w.b.), die speed (40–60 Hz) and preheating temperature (30–90 °C) on the pellet quality and specific energy consumption. The partially dried pellets produced had high-moisture content in the range of 19–28% (w.b.), and were further dried to <9% (w.b.) in a mechanical oven set at 70 °C for 3 h. Dried pellets were further evaluated for pellet moisture content, unit, bulk, tapped density, and durability. Response surface models developed for the product properties have adequately described themore » process based on coefficient of determination values. Surface plots developed indicated higher unit, bulk, and tapped density (1050, 520, 560 kg/m 3) are achievable at 33–35% (w.b.) moisture content of the lodgepole pine grind, die speed of 60 Hz and preheating temperature of 30–60 °C. Higher moisture content of 39% (w.b) reduced unit, bulk, and tapped density to <912, 396, and 452 kg/m 3. Higher durability values of >95% were obtained at 33–35% (w.b.) at lower preheating temperatures of 30–50 °C and higher die speed of >50 Hz. At 33% (w.b.) moisture content of the lodgepole pine grind, preheating temperature of 90 °C, and die speed of 60 Hz, the observed specific energy consumption was <116 kW h/ton. As a result, scanning electron microscope studies indicated that lignin crosslinking is the primary reason for binding of the lodgepole pine grind at high-moisture content.« less

Developmental Changes in Scots Pine Transcriptome during Heartwood Formation1[OPEN

PubMed Central

Paasela, Tanja; Harju, Anni; Paulin, Lars; Auvinen, Petri; Kärkkäinen, Katri

2016-01-01

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood is desired in woodworking industries due to its favorable timber characteristics and natural durability that is contributed by heartwood extractives. It has been discussed whether the Scots pine heartwood extractives (mainly stilbenes and resin acids) are synthesized in the cells of the transition zone between sapwood and heartwood, or if they are transported from the sapwood. Timing of heartwood formation during the yearly cycle has also not been unambiguously defined. We measured steady-state mRNA levels in Scots pine transition zone and sapwood using RNA sequencing. Year-round expression profiles of selected transcripts were further investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. Differentially accumulating transcripts suggest that, of the Scots pine heartwood extractives, stilbenes are synthesized in situ in the transition zone and gain their carbon-skeletons from Suc and triglycerides. Resin acids, on the other hand, are synthesized early in the spring mainly in the sapwood, meaning that they must be transported to the heartwood transition zone. Heartwood formation is marked by programmed cell death that occurs during the summer months in the transition zone. PMID:27600814

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tumuluru, Jaya Shankar

In the present study a Box–Behnken experimental design was used to understand the effect of the moisture content of lodgepole pine grind (33–39%, w.b.), die speed (40–60 Hz) and preheating temperature (30–90 °C) on the pellet quality and specific energy consumption. The partially dried pellets produced had high-moisture content in the range of 19–28% (w.b.), and were further dried to <9% (w.b.) in a mechanical oven set at 70 °C for 3 h. Dried pellets were further evaluated for pellet moisture content, unit, bulk, tapped density, and durability. Response surface models developed for the product properties have adequately described themore » process based on coefficient of determination values. Surface plots developed indicated higher unit, bulk, and tapped density (1050, 520, 560 kg/m 3) are achievable at 33–35% (w.b.) moisture content of the lodgepole pine grind, die speed of 60 Hz and preheating temperature of 30–60 °C. Higher moisture content of 39% (w.b) reduced unit, bulk, and tapped density to <912, 396, and 452 kg/m 3. Higher durability values of >95% were obtained at 33–35% (w.b.) at lower preheating temperatures of 30–50 °C and higher die speed of >50 Hz. At 33% (w.b.) moisture content of the lodgepole pine grind, preheating temperature of 90 °C, and die speed of 60 Hz, the observed specific energy consumption was <116 kW h/ton. As a result, scanning electron microscope studies indicated that lignin crosslinking is the primary reason for binding of the lodgepole pine grind at high-moisture content.« less

Developmental Changes in Scots Pine Transcriptome during Heartwood Formation.

PubMed

Lim, Kean-Jin; Paasela, Tanja; Harju, Anni; Venäläinen, Martti; Paulin, Lars; Auvinen, Petri; Kärkkäinen, Katri; Teeri, Teemu H

2016-11-01

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood is desired in woodworking industries due to its favorable timber characteristics and natural durability that is contributed by heartwood extractives. It has been discussed whether the Scots pine heartwood extractives (mainly stilbenes and resin acids) are synthesized in the cells of the transition zone between sapwood and heartwood, or if they are transported from the sapwood. Timing of heartwood formation during the yearly cycle has also not been unambiguously defined. We measured steady-state mRNA levels in Scots pine transition zone and sapwood using RNA sequencing. Year-round expression profiles of selected transcripts were further investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. Differentially accumulating transcripts suggest that, of the Scots pine heartwood extractives, stilbenes are synthesized in situ in the transition zone and gain their carbon-skeletons from Suc and triglycerides. Resin acids, on the other hand, are synthesized early in the spring mainly in the sapwood, meaning that they must be transported to the heartwood transition zone. Heartwood formation is marked by programmed cell death that occurs during the summer months in the transition zone. © 2016 American Society of Plant Biologists. All Rights Reserved.

The O-methyltransferase PMT2 mediates methylation of pinosylvin in Scots pine.

PubMed

Paasela, Tanja; Lim, Kean-Jin; Pietiäinen, Milla; Teeri, Teemu H

2017-06-01

Heartwood extractives are important determinants of the natural durability of pine heartwood. The most important phenolic compounds affecting durability are the stilbenes pinosylvin and its monomethylether, which in addition have important functions as phytoalexins in active defense. A substantial portion of the synthesized pinosylvin is 3-methoxylated but the O-methyltransferase responsible for this modification has not been correctly identified. We studied the expression of the stilbene pathway during heartwood development as well as in response to wounding of xylem and UV-C treatment of needles. We isolated and enzymatically characterized a novel O-methyltransferase, PMT2. The methylated product was verified as pinosylvin monomethylether using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography analyses. The PMT2 enzyme was highly specific for stilbenes as substrate, in contrast to caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) and PMT1 that were multifunctional. Expression profile and multifunctional activity of CCoAOMT suggest that it might have additional roles outside lignin biosynthesis. PMT1 is not involved in the stilbene pathway and its biological function remains an open question. We isolated a new specific O-methyltransferase responsible for 3-methoxylation of pinosylvin. Expression of PMT2 closely follows stilbene biosynthesis during developmental and stress induction. We propose that PMT2 is responsible for pinosylvin methylation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), instead of the previously characterized methyltransferase, PMT1. © 2017 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2017 New Phytologist Trust.

Effect of species and panel density on durability of structural flakeboard

Treesearch

M. W. Kelly; Eddie W. Price

1985-01-01

Structural flakeboard panels made with species of sweetgum, hickories, red oaks, white oaks, and southern pines, and with a 20 percent mixture of each species group, were subjected to a series of exposure conditions. One of the exposure conditions consisted of a Xenon arc lamp with an intermittent water spray from conventional weatherometer test equipment. Other...

Minimizing and predicting delamination of southern plywood in exterior exposure

Treesearch

Peter Koch

1967-01-01

Southern pine plywood is substantially all being manufactured with phenolic glue for exterior use. Because panels must not delaminate in service, a reliable predictor of glueline durability is required. Drawing on the experience of the Douglas-fir plywood industry, southern manufacutrers have adopted as a predictor the percentage of wood failure(% WF) observed in...

Ground-contact durability of wood treated with borax-copper preservative

Treesearch

Stan T. Lebow; Bessie Woodward; Patricia K. Lebow

2007-01-01

This study evaluated the ability of a borax-copper(BC) preservative to protect wood exposed in ground contact. Southern pine sapwood stakes were pressure-treated with 0.9%, 1.4%, 2.3%, and 4.7% BC solution concentrations and placed into the ground at test sites near Mississippi, or Madison, Wisconsin. Untreated stakes and stakes treated with 1% chromated copper...

Formosan subterranean termite resistance to heat treatment of Scots pine and Norway spruce

Treesearch

W. Ramsay Smith; Andreas O. Rapp; Christian Welzbacher; Jerrold E. Winandy

2003-01-01

New challenges to the durability of wood building materials have arisen in the U.S. The Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki) now infests sizable portions of the U.S. south (Figure 1) and their range is extending. Heat treatments offer a unique opportunity for wood-based composites because many of the process techniques already employ various...

Aspen for cabin logs

Treesearch

A.W. Sump

1947-01-01

A plentiful supply of pine and cedar logs provided the early settlers of this country with a cheap and durable material for the construction of their homes and farm buildings. Only the axe and the ingenuity of the pioneer were needed to erect a shelter against the elements of nature. Early in the 19th century, the circular saw came into use resulting in a change in...

Cellulose Nanocrystal Entrapment of Benzalkonium Chloride in Southern Pine: Biological, Chemical, and Physical Properties

Treesearch

Carol A. Clausen; Vina W. Yang; Rachel A. Arango; Laura E. Hasburgh; Patricia K. Lebow; Richard S. Reiner

2015-01-01

Protecting wood products from biodeterioration has been a dynamic area of research in the past decade with an emphasis on the development of non-arsenical wood preservatives. Naturally occurring cellulose nanomaterials that are reported to have unique chemical properties, high strength, and stiffness were evaluated for the potential to improve durability of wood either...

Field tests of the efficacy of zinc and fatty amine in preventing colonization by copper-tolerant fungi

Treesearch

Stan Lebow; Bessie Woodward; Steven Halverson; Michael West

2012-01-01

Ground-contact durability of stakes treated with acidic copper formulations was evaluated. All test formulations incorporated copper, dimethylcocoamine and propanoic acid; one set of formulations also included zinc. Sapwood stakes cut from the southern pine group were pressure-treated to a range of retentions with each formulation and placed into plots within Harrison...

Emergence of white pine needle damage in the northeastern United States is associated with changes in pathogen pressure in response to climate change.

PubMed

Wyka, Stephen A; Smith, Cheryl; Munck, Isabel A; Rock, Barrett N; Ziniti, Beth L; Broders, Kirk

2017-01-01

The defoliation of the eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) across the northeastern United States is an escalating concern threatening the ecological health of northern forests and economic vitality of the region's lumber industry. First documented in the spring of 2010 affecting 24 328 hectares in the state of Maine, white pine needle damage (WPND) has continued to spread and is now well established in all New England states. While causal agents of WPND are known, current research is lacking in both sampling distribution and the specific environmental factor(s) that affect the development and spread of this disease complex. This study aims to construct a more detailed distribution map of the four primary causal agents within the region, as well as utilize long-term WPND monitoring plots and data collected from land-based weather stations to develop a climatic model to predict the severity of defoliation events in the proceeding year. Sampling results showed a greater distribution of WPND than previously reported. WPND was generally found in forest stands that compromised >50% eastern white pine by basal area. No single species, nor a specific combination of species had a dominating presence in particular states or regions, thus supporting the disease complex theory that WPND is neither caused by an individual species nor by a specific combination of species. In addition, regional weather data confirmed the trend of increasing temperature and precipitation observed in this region with the previous year's May, June, and July rainfall being the best predictor of defoliation events in the following year. Climatic models were developed to aid land managers in predicting disease severity and accordingly adjust their management decisions. Our results clearly demonstrate the role changing climate patterns have on the health of eastern white pine in the northeastern United States. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

78 FR 15053 - Simpson Lumber Company, LLC, Shelton, Washington; Simpson Lumber Company, LLC, Tacoma, Washington...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-08

...,372B] Simpson Lumber Company, LLC, Shelton, Washington; Simpson Lumber Company, LLC, Tacoma, Washington; Simpson Lumber Company, LLC, Longview, Washington; Notice of Revised Determination on Reconsideration On... Reconsideration for the workers and former workers of Simpson Lumber Company, LLC, Shelton, Washington (TA-W-81...

77 FR 66584 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-06

..., provided by certain countries exporting softwood lumber or softwood lumber products to the United States... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to the United States; Request for Comment AGENCY...

75 FR 22743 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-30

..., provided by certain countries exporting softwood lumber or softwood lumber products to the United States... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to the United States; Request for Comment AGENCY...

76 FR 23991 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-29

..., provided by certain countries exporting softwood lumber or softwood lumber products to the United States... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to the United States; Request for Comment AGENCY...

The determinants of hardwood lumber price

Treesearch

William G. Luppold; Jennifer M. Jacobsen; Jennifer M. Jacobsen

1985-01-01

Econometric equations were estimated to determine the effects of domestic foreign hardwood lumber demands on oak and hardwood lumber prices. Oak price seemed to be more sensitive to changes in exports than overall hardwood lumber price. However, the main determinants of hardwood lumber and oak lumber prices were found to be domestic demand and millstock levels.

Hardwood log grades and lumber grade yields for factory lumber logs

Treesearch

Leland F. Hanks; Glenn L. Gammon; Robert L. Brisbin; Everette D. Rast

1980-01-01

The USDA Forest Service Standard Grades for Hardwood Factory Lumber Logs are described, and lumber grade yields for 16 species and 2 species groups are presented by log grade and log diameter. The grades enable foresters, log buyers, and log sellers to select and grade those log suitable for conversion into standard factory grade lumber. By using the apropriate lumber...

Lumber Cost Minimization through Optimum Grade-Mix Selection

Treesearch

Xiaoqiu Zuo; Urs Buehlmann; R. Edward Thomas; R. Edward Thomas

2003-01-01

Rough mills process kiln-dried lumber into components for the furniture and wood products industries, Lumber is a significant portion of total rough mill costs and lumber quality can have a serious impact on mill productivity. Lower quality lumber is less expensive yet is harder to process. Higher quality lumber is more expensive yet easier to process. The problem of...

KSC-2014-2918

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-06-13

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- A gopher tortoise lumbers down the roadway at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Gopher tortoises are dry-land turtles that live in scrub, dry hammock, pine flatwood, coastal grassland and dune habitats. The undeveloped property on Kennedy Space Center is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service through the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge. Currently, gopher tortoises are protected in some states by federal law under the Endangered Species Act ESA. The refuge provides a habitat for 14 species federally listed as threatened or endangered, including the leatherback, green, Kemps Ridley, loggerhead and Atlantic hawksbill turtles. For information on the refuge, visit http://www.fws.gov/merrittisland/Index.html. For more information on the gopher tortoise, visit http://www.fws.gov/northflorida/GopherTortoise/Gopher_Tortoise_Fact_Sheet.html. Photo credit: NASA/Daniel Casper

Trends in lumber processing in the Western United States. Part II: Overrun and lumber recovery factors.

Treesearch

Charles E. Keegan; Todd A. Morgan; Keith A. Blatner; Jean M. Daniels

2010-01-01

This article describes trends in three measures of lumber recovery for sawmills in the western United States: lumber overrun (LO), lumber recovery factor (LRF), and cubic lumber recovery (CLR). All states and regions showed increased LO during the last three decades. Oregon and Montana had the highest LO at 107 and 100 percent, respectively. Alaska had the lowest LO at...

Benefits and risks of emerging technologies: integrating life cycle assessment and decision analysis to assess lumber treatment alternatives.

PubMed

Tsang, Michael P; Bates, Matthew E; Madison, Marcus; Linkov, Igor

2014-10-07

Assessing the best options among emerging technologies (e.g., new chemicals, nanotechnologies) is complicated because of trade-offs across benefits and risks that are difficult to quantify given limited and fragmented availability of information. This study demonstrates the integration of multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) to address technology alternative selection decisions. As a case study, prioritization of six lumber treatment alternatives [micronized copper quaternary (MCQ); alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ); water-borne copper naphthenate (CN); oil-borne copper naphthenate (CNo); water-borne copper quinolate (CQ); and water-borne zinc naphthenate (ZN)] for military use are considered. Multiattribute value theory (MAVT) is used to derive risk and benefit scores. Risk scores are calculated using a cradle-to-gate LCA. Benefit scores are calculated by scoring of cost, durability, and corrosiveness criteria. Three weighting schemes are used, representing Environmental, Military and Balanced stakeholder perspectives. Aggregated scores from all three perspectives show CQ to be the least favorable alterative. MCQ is identified as the most favorable alternative from the Environmental stakeholder perspective. From the Military stakeholder perspective, ZN is determined to be the most favorable alternative, followed closely by MCQ. This type of scoring and ranking of multiple heterogeneous criteria in a systematic and transparent way facilitates better justification of technology selection and regulation.

75 FR 68328 - Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries Exporting Softwood Lumber and Softwood Lumber Products to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-05

..., provided by certain countries exporting softwood lumber or softwood lumber products to the United States... lumber products to the United States, we are soliciting public comment only on subsidies provided by... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Subsidy Programs Provided by Countries...

Markets and market forces for lumber

Treesearch

Matt Bumgardner; Steven Johnson; William Luppold; Frances Maplesden; Ed. Pepke

2014-01-01

Although lumber is ubiquitous on the international stage, not all lumber is similar or interchangeable in properties, applications, and in the production of potential downstream value-added or secondary wood products. As such, this chapter is divided into the three broadest generally recognized categories of lumber. Section 3.1 focuses on softwood lumber that is mainly...

An assessment of the industrial markets for softwood clearwood lumber.

Treesearch

Ivan L. Eastin; Christine L. Lane; Roger D. Fight; Jamie Barbour

1998-01-01

The purpose of this project was to assess market opportunities for second growth clearwood lumber by identifying industry segments that currently utilize clearwood lumber and determining whether alternative markets will continue to exist for clearwood lumber produced from intensively managed forests in the Pacific Northwest. A survey of industrial lumber...

US hardwood lumber consumption and international trade from 1991 to 2014

Treesearch

William G. Luppold; Matt Bumgardner

2016-01-01

Apparent US hardwood lumber consumption (developed from production, import, and export data) was contrasted with estimated consumption based on employment data and lumber utilization coefficients. The two methods of measuring domestic consumption provided similar results, but the use of employment data allowed for a comparison of appearance lumber vs industrial lumber...

Commercial lumber

Treesearch

Kent A. McDonald; David E. Kretschmann

1999-01-01

In a broad sense, commercial lumber is any lumber that is bought or sold in the normal channels of commerce. Commercial lumber may be found in a variety of forms, species, and types, and in various commercial establishments, both wholesale and retail. Most commercial lumber is graded by standardized rules that make purchasing more or less uniform throughout the country...

Air drying of lumber.

Treesearch

1999-01-01

This report describes how lumber can be air-dried most effectively under outdoor conditions and illustrates the principles and procedures of air-drying lumber that were developed through field investigations and observations of industrial practices. Particular emphasis is placed on the yarding of lumber in unit packages. Included are topics such as why lumber is dried...

Engineering the Kentucky River: The Commonwealth’s Waterway

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-01-01

durable dugout canoes hollowed from the trunks of trees.6 After felling a tree, usually a poplar, sycamore, or pine , and stripping it of branches and...Skiles and Warren County interests to improve Green and Barren river navigation up to Bowling Green. Metcalfe be- came the first state official to...engi- neers employed to plan slackwater navigation on the Green and Barren rivers which would provide year-round navigation to Bowling Green. This was

Simplified Guidelines to Hardwood Lumber Grading

Treesearch

Walton R. Smith

1967-01-01

All native hardwood lumber is graded according to the rules established by the National Hardwood Lumber Association. The rules are complete and detailed so that they permit accurate lumber grading with a minimum of personal judgment. To the student lumber grader, the many fine points and exceptions by species are often confusing and hide the basic rules of standard...

Commercial lumber, round timbers, and ties

Treesearch

David E. Kretschmann

2010-01-01

When sawn, a log yields round timber, ties, or lumber of varying quality. This chapter presents a general discussion of grading, standards, and specifications for these commercial products. In a broad sense, commercial lumber is any lumber that is bought or sold in the normal channels of commerce. Commercial lumber may be found in a variety of forms, species, and types...

The influence of lumber grade on machine productivity in the rough mill

Treesearch

Philip H. Steele; Jan Wiedenbeck; Rubin Shmulsky; Anura Perera; Anura Perera

1999-01-01

Lumber grade effect on hardwood-part processing time was investigated with a digitally described lumber database in conjunction with a crosscut-first rough mill yield optimization simulator. In this study, the digital lumber sample was subdivided into five hardwood lumber grades. Three cutting bills with varying degrees of difficulty were Cut." The three cutting...

OPTIGRAMI: Optimum lumber grade mix program for hardwood dimension parts

Treesearch

David G. Martens; Jr., Robert L. Nevel; Jr. Nevel

1985-01-01

With rapidly increasing lumber prices and shortages of some grades and species, the furniture industry must find ways to use its hardwood lumber resource more efficiently. A computer program called OPTIGRAMI is designed to help managers determine the best lumber to use in producing furniture parts. OPTIGRAMI determines the least-cost grade mix of lumber required to...

The potential for developing alternate grading rules for birch lumber in Alaska

Treesearch

D. Nicholls; D. Parrent; K.J. Pavia

2004-01-01

Alaska birch lumber is often characterized by small knots and other character defects that can reduce its value when graded according to conventional hardwood lumber-grading rules. In this study, 626 boards (2,782 board feet of lumber) were graded; first according to standard National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) rules, and then a second time using an alternative...

Development of Grading Systems for Short-Length Lumber

Treesearch

Eugene M. Wengert; Robert W. Rice; James G. Schroeder

1987-01-01

The abundance of low grade hardwood timber and a shortage of high grade timber of many species has led to the examination of alternative processing methods for converting logs to lumber. However, present grading rules for short length lumber are not good predictors of the lumber's true value. A new method of grading short length lumber is proposed, with furniture...

HaLT2- an enhanced lumber grading trainer

Treesearch

Powsiri Klinkhachorn; Charles Gatchell; Charles McMillin; Ravi Kothari; Dennis Yost

1992-01-01

This paper reports on HaLT2, an improved version of HaLT (Hardwood Lumber Traning Program)- a computer program that provides training in lumber grading. The newly added enhancements In HaLT2 will provide training for both novice and experienced hardwood lumber graders in accordance with National Hardwood Lumber Assodation (NHLA) rules. HaLT2 is more accurate, easier to...

Factors affecting regional changes in hardwood lumber production

Treesearch

William G. Luppold; Gilbert P. Dempsey; Gilbert P. Dempsey

1994-01-01

Hardwood lumber production increased by nearly 1.8 billion board feet between 1986 and 1990 and decreased sharply in 1991. However, not all areas of the country experienced the same growth in hardwood lumber production during the 1980s. While lumber production in inland regions of the eastern United States and the west increased during the 1980s, lumber output in...

Quality drying of softwood lumber : guidebook - checklist

Treesearch

M. R. Milota; J. D. Danielson; R. S. Boone; D. W. Huber

The IMPROVE Lumber Drying Program is intended to increase awareness of the lumber drying system as a critical component in the manufacture of quality lumber. One objective of the program is to provide easy-to-use tools that a kiln operator can use to maintain an efficient kiln operation and therefore contribute to lumber drying quality. This report is one component of...

Value loss of hardwood lumber during air-drying

Treesearch

Leland F. Hanks; Margaret K. Peirsol

1975-01-01

Dry lumber prices were applied to green and air-dried lumber that was measured with a dry board rule. Values were summed by species, lumber grade, and thickness class. Differences between green and air-dried lumber value have been termed value losses and are given in dollars and in percentages. The percentages have been separated into loss due to shrinkage and loss due...

Quality drying of hardwood lumber : guidebook -- checklist

Treesearch

R. S. Boone; M. R. Milota; J. D. Danielson; D. W. Huber

The IMPROVE Lumber Drying Program is intended to increase awareness of the lumber drying system as a critical component in the manufacture of quality lumber. One objective of the program is to provide easy-to-use tools that a kiln operator can use to maintain an efficient kiln operation and therefore improve lumber drying quality. This report is one component of the...

Quality drying in a hardwood lumber predryer : guidebook--checklist

Treesearch

E. M. Wengert; R. S. Boone

The IMPROVE Lumber Drying Program is intended to increase awareness of the lumber drying system as a critical component in the manufacture of quality lumber. One objective of the program is to provide easy-to-use tools that a kiln/predryer operator can use to maintain an efficient drying operation and therefore improve lumber drying quality. This report is one...

Aspen lumber for building purposes

Treesearch

Louis W. Rees

1947-01-01

Recent shortages of lumber for building purposes make it desirable to seek out all possible supplies of additional lumber. Aspen, according to a study made in northern Minnesota during 1944, may be a source of lumber largely untapped. The results of that study are the main basis of this paper. In the past, aspen has received little consideration as a source of lumber,...

Second-order polynomial model to solve the least-cost lumber grade mix problem

Treesearch

Urs Buehlmann; Xiaoqiu Zuo; R. Edward Thomas

2010-01-01

Material costs when cutting solid wood parts from hardwood lumber for secondary wood products manufacturing account for 20 to 50 percent of final product cost. These costs can be minimized by proper selection of the lumber quality used. The lumber quality selection problem is referred to as the least-cost lumber grade mix problem in the industry. The objective of this...

Impacts of changing hardwood lumber consumption and price on stumpage and sawlog prices in Ohio

Treesearch

William Luppold; Matthew Bumgardner; T. Eric. McConnell

2014-01-01

In the early 2000s, increasing US furniture imports preceded declining US hardwood lumber demand and price. In the summer of 2002, however, hardwood lumber prices started to increase as demand by construction industries increased. By the mid-2000s, hardwood lumber prices hit all-time highs. Lumber prices hit all-time highs for red oak (Quercus spp...

Influence of Lumber Volume Maximization on Value in Sawing Hardwood Sawlogs

Treesearch

Philip H. Steele; Francis G. Wagner; Lalit Kumar; Philip A. Araman

1992-01-01

Research based on applying volume-maximizing sawing solutions to idealized hardwood log forms has shown that average lumber yield can be increased by 6 percent. It is possible, however, that a lumber volume-maximizing solution may result in a decrease in lumber grade and a net reduction in total value of sawn lumber. The objective of this study was to determine the...

Incidence of the 1996 U.S.-Canada Softwood lumber agreement among landowners, loggers, and lumber manufacturers in the U.S. South

Treesearch

Yanshu Li; Daowei Zhang

2010-01-01

A framework was developed to estimate the welfare incidence of the 1996 U.S.-Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement among producers in two-processing-stage markets--timberland owners, loggers, and lumber manufacturers--in the U.S. South. Timberland owners are the largest beneficiary whereas lumber manufacturers are the second and loggers the least. Empirically, without...

Lumber grades from young-growth Douglas-fir.

Treesearch

E.E. Matson

1952-01-01

Young Douglas-fir timber is known to produce much No. 1 Common and Better lumber but, little or no clear lumber. The volume of lumber produced from young-growth timber has become a sizable part of the cut from the Douglas-fir region of Oregon and Washington. No exact figures are available, but it is estimated that more than one-fourth of the lumber produced from this...

Crook and overlength in hardwood lumber:results from a 14-mill survey

Treesearch

Jan Wiedenbeck; John Brown; Neal Bennett

2003-01-01

Data on red oak lumber were collected at 14 furniture and cabinet industry rough mills to identify how crook and overlength are related to lumber grade and size from mill to mill. The amount of crook in a sample of dry, 4/4 thickness, red oak lumber was significantly influenced by lumber grade and length, supply region, and mill. There were no differences in crook...

Western redcedar lumber recovery from a western Washington sawmill.

Treesearch

E.E. Matson

1957-01-01

During the summer of 1956 a lumber-recovery study was made at E. C. Miller Lumber Company in Aberdeen, Wash. to determine the grades of lumber that can be expected from western redcedar logs. This sawmill is equipped with a 24-foot carriage, a 10-foot band headrig, a band pony headrig, and an edger. All of the upper grades of lumber are seasoned and then sent to the...

New estimates of hardwood lumber exports to Europe and Asia

Treesearch

William G. Luppold; R. Edward Thomas; R. Edward Thomas

1991-01-01

Explains how earlier estimates of hardwood-lumber exports were in error, discusses the procedures used to develop a new set of hardwood-lumber export estimates, and presents a detailed set of new hardwood-lumber export estimates for European and Asian markets.

A multivariate model and statistical method for validating tree grade lumber yield equations

Treesearch

Donald W. Seegrist

1975-01-01

Lumber yields within lumber grades can be described by a multivariate linear model. A method for validating lumber yield prediction equations when there are several tree grades is presented. The method is based on multivariate simultaneous test procedures.

A Computer Vision System for Automated Grading of Rough Hardwood Lumber Using a Knowledge-Based Approach

Treesearch

Tai-Hoon Cho; Richard W. Conners; Philip A. Araman

1990-01-01

A sawmill cuts logs into lumber and sells this lumber to secondary remanufacturers. The price a sawmiller can charge for a volume of lumber depends on its grade. For a number of species the price of a given volume of material can double in going from one grade to the next higher grade. Thus, accurately establishing the grade of a volume of hardwood lumber is very...

Chapter 9:Red maple lumber resources for glued-laminated timber beams

Treesearch

John J. Janowiak; Harvey B. Manbeck; Roland Hernandez; Russell C. Moody

2005-01-01

This chapter evaluates the performance of red maple glulam beams made from two distinctly different lumber resources: 1. logs sawn using practices normally used for hardwood appearance lumber recovery; and 2. lower-grade, smaller-dimension lumber primarily obtained from residual log cants.

19 CFR 12.142 - Entry of softwood lumber and softwood lumber products from any country into the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

....C. 1202 et seq.) that is entered or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, in the customs... estimated export charge data. (ii) Each importer of softwood lumber and softwood lumber products for which a...

19 CFR 12.142 - Entry of softwood lumber and softwood lumber products from any country into the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

....C. 1202 et seq.) that is entered or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, in the customs... estimated export charge data. (ii) Each importer of softwood lumber and softwood lumber products for which a...

Timber rivets in structural composite lumber

Treesearch

Ronald W. Wolfe; Marshall Begel; Bruce Craig

2004-01-01

Timber rivet connections, originally developed for use with glulam construction, may be a viable option for use with structural composite lumber (SCL) products. Tests were conducted on small samples to assess the performance and predictability of timber rivet connections in parallel strand lumber (PSL) and laminated strand lumber (LSL). The test joint configurations...

Drying hardwood lumber

Treesearch

Joseph Denig; Eugene M. Wengert; William T. Simpson

2000-01-01

Drying Hardwood Lumber focuses on common methods for drying lumber of different thickness, with minimal drying defects, for high quality applications. This manual also includes predrying treatments that, when part of an overall quality-oriented drying system, reduce defects and improve drying quality, especially of oak lumber. Special attention is given to drying white...

ALPS- A potential new automated lumber processing system

Treesearch

Charles W. McMillin; Richard W. Conners; Henry A. Huber

1984-01-01

During conventional production of solid wood furniture parts, logs are first sawed into lumber having defects randomly located throughout the board. The lumber is then remanufactured and the defects removed by ripping and crosscutting. The process is labor intensive, and saw kerf losses alone waste substantial volumes of lumber.

Kiln drying maple for structural uses

Treesearch

Xiping Wang; William T. Simpson; Brian K. Brashaw; Robert J. Ross

2002-01-01

Structural lumber products are traditionally manufactured from softwoods. However, with shrinking supplies of softwood lumber and abundant supplies of hardwood lumber, there is increasing interest in the use of hardwoods for structural applications. One factor that will be important in both the technical and economic feasibility of using hardwoods for structural lumber...

Cultural Resources Evaluation of Portions of the Aloha-Rigolette Area, Louisiana Flood Control Project, Grant Parish, Louisiana

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-11-01

OF ENGINEERS P.O. BOX 60267 NEW ORLEANS. LOUISIANA 70160-0267 REPLY TO ATTENTIONOF: May 5, 1992 Planning Division Environmental Analysis Branch To The...tools used for exploiting botanical as well as faunal resources. This includes mortars, pestles , and mealing stones (Rue 1990). The atlatl, or spear...included the J.A. Bently Lumber Co., Urania Lumber Co., Bodcaw Lumber Co., and Industrial Lumber Co. The expansion of the lumber industry directly related

Examination of worldwide hardwood lumber production, trade, and apparent consumption: 1995-2013

Treesearch

William G. Luppold; Matthew S. Bumgardner

2015-01-01

Worldwide hardwood lumber production fluctuated between 1995 and 2013 and changed considerably with respect to regional market shares. Similarly, worldwide hardwood lumber imports and exports have been constantly changing. Understanding these changes is important because collectively, they define the hardwood lumber consumption of a region or country. In 1995, North...

An econometric model of the hardwood lumber market

Treesearch

William G. Luppold

1982-01-01

A recursive econometric model with causal flow originating from the demand relationship is used to analyze the effects of exogenous variables on quantity and price of hardwood lumber. Wage rates, interest rates, stumpage price, lumber exports, and price of lumber demanders' output were the major factors influencing quantities demanded and supplied and hardwood...

Evolution of tensile design stresses for lumber

Treesearch

William L. Galligan; C. C. Gerhards; R. L. Ethington

1979-01-01

Until approximately 1965, allowable design stresses for lumber in tension were taken as equal to those assigned for bending. As interest in tensile properties increased, testing machines were designed specifically to stress lumber in tension. Research results that accumulated on tensile tests of full-size lumber suggested lower design stresses for tension than for...

Evaluation of an automated hardwood lumber grading system

Treesearch

D. Earl Kline; Philip A. Araman; Chris Surak

2001-01-01

Over the last 10 years, scientists at the Thomas M. Brooks Forest Products Center, the Bradley Department of Electrical Engineering, and the USDA Forest Service have been working on lumber scanning systems that can accurately locate and identify defects in hardwood lumber. Current R&D efforts are targeted toward developing automated lumber grading technologies....

29 CFR 779.355 - Classification of lumber and building materials sales.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Classification of lumber and building materials sales. 779... Service Establishments Lumber and Building Materials Dealers § 779.355 Classification of lumber and building materials sales. (a) General. In determining, for purposes of the section 13(a)(2) and (4...

29 CFR 779.355 - Classification of lumber and building materials sales.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Classification of lumber and building materials sales. 779... Service Establishments Lumber and Building Materials Dealers § 779.355 Classification of lumber and building materials sales. (a) General. In determining, for purposes of the section 13(a)(2) and (4...

29 CFR 779.355 - Classification of lumber and building materials sales.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Classification of lumber and building materials sales. 779... Service Establishments Lumber and Building Materials Dealers § 779.355 Classification of lumber and building materials sales. (a) General. In determining, for purposes of the section 13(a)(2) and (4...

Economic choice for hardwood sawmill operations (ECHO)

Treesearch

P.H. Steele; Philip A. Araman; C. Boden

2002-01-01

Reductions in sawkerf on headrigs and resaws can dramatically increase lumber recovery. Research has also shown that lumber target size reductions are even more important than kerf reductions in providing increased lumber recovery. Decreases in either sawkerf or lumber size, however, always come at some cost in both capital and variable costs. Determining whether the...

Green Lumber Grade Yields for Subfactory Class Hardwood Logs

Treesearch

Leland F. Hanks; Leland F. Hanks

1973-01-01

Data on lumber grade yields for subfactory class logs are presented for ten species of hardwoods. Eogs of this type are expected to assume greater importance in the market. The yields, when coupled with lumber prices, will be useful to sawmill operators for developing log prices in terms of standard factory lumber.

Influence of markets and forest composition on lumber production in Pennsylvania

Treesearch

William G. Luppold; Matthew S. Bumgardner

2006-01-01

In this study, we examine regional differences in the hardwood timber resources of Pennsylvania and how the combined changes in inventory volume, forest composition, and lumber prices have influenced regional lumber production. Isolation of these relationships is important because shifts in lumber production reflect changes in harvesting activity. In turn, harvesting...

Lumber Grading With A Computer Vision System

Treesearch

Richard W. Conners; Tai-Hoon Cho; Philip A. Araman

1989-01-01

Over the past few years significant progress has been made in developing a computer vision system for locating and identifying defects on surfaced hardwood lumber. Unfortunately, until September of 1988 little research had gone into developing methods for analyzing rough lumber. This task is arguably more complex than the analysis of surfaced lumber. The prime...

Procedures used to estimate hardwood lumber consumption from 1963 to 2002

Treesearch

William Luppold; Matthew Bumgardner

2008-01-01

This paper presents an explanation for and procedures used to estimate hardwood lumber consumption by secondary hardwood processing industries from 1963 to 2002. This includes: classification of industry and industry groups, development of proxy prices used to estimate lumber consumption, assumptions used to convert dimension purchases to lumber consumption, estimation...

Integrated least-cost lumber grade-mix solver

Treesearch

U. Buehlmann; R. Buck; R.E. Thomas

2011-01-01

Hardwood lumber costs account for up to 70 percent of the total product costs of U.S. secondary wood products producers. Reducing these costs is difficult and often requires substantial capital investments. However, lumber-purchasing costs can be minimized by buying the least-cost lumber grade-mix that satisfies a company's component needs. Price differentials...

Degree of Hybridization in Seed Stands of Pinus engelmannii Carr. In the Sierra Madre Occidental, Durango, Mexico

PubMed Central

Ávila-Flores, Israel Jaime; Hernández-Díaz, José Ciro; González-Elizondo, Maria Socorro; Prieto-Ruíz, José Ángel; Wehenkel, Christian

2016-01-01

Hybridization is an important evolutionary force, because interspecific gene transfer can introduce more new genetic material than is directly generated by mutations. Pinus engelmannii Carr. is one of the nine most common pine species in the pine-oak forest ecoregion in the state of Durango, Mexico. This species is widely harvested for lumber and is also used in reforestation programmes. Interspecific hybrids between P.engelmannii and Pinus arizonica Engelm. have been detected by morphological analysis. The presence of hybrids in P. engelmannii seed stands may affect seed quality and reforestation success. Therefore, the goals of this research were to identify introgressive hybridization between P. engelmannii and other pine species in eight seed stands of this species in Durango, Mexico, and to examine how hybrid proportion is related to mean genetic dissimilarity between trees in these stands, using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers and morphological traits. Differences in the average current annual increment of putative hybrids and pure trees were also tested for statistical significance. Morphological and genetic analyses of 280 adult trees were carried out. Putative hybrids were found in all the seed stands studied. The hybrids did not differ from the pure trees in vigour or robustness. All stands with putative P. engelmannii hybrids detected by both AFLPs and morphological traits showed the highest average values of the Tanimoto distance, which indicates: i) more heterogeneous genetic material, ii) higher genetic variation and therefore iii) the higher evolutionary potential of these stands, and iv) that the morphological differentiation (hybrid/not hybrid) is strongly associated with the Tanimoto distance per stand. We conclude that natural pairwise hybrids are very common in the studied stands. Both morphological and molecular approaches are necessary to confirm the genetic identity of forest reproductive material. PMID:27064490

Degree of Hybridization in Seed Stands of Pinus engelmannii Carr. In the Sierra Madre Occidental, Durango, Mexico.

PubMed

Ávila-Flores, Israel Jaime; Hernández-Díaz, José Ciro; González-Elizondo, Maria Socorro; Prieto-Ruíz, José Ángel; Wehenkel, Christian

2016-01-01

Hybridization is an important evolutionary force, because interspecific gene transfer can introduce more new genetic material than is directly generated by mutations. Pinus engelmannii Carr. is one of the nine most common pine species in the pine-oak forest ecoregion in the state of Durango, Mexico. This species is widely harvested for lumber and is also used in reforestation programmes. Interspecific hybrids between P.engelmannii and Pinus arizonica Engelm. have been detected by morphological analysis. The presence of hybrids in P. engelmannii seed stands may affect seed quality and reforestation success. Therefore, the goals of this research were to identify introgressive hybridization between P. engelmannii and other pine species in eight seed stands of this species in Durango, Mexico, and to examine how hybrid proportion is related to mean genetic dissimilarity between trees in these stands, using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers and morphological traits. Differences in the average current annual increment of putative hybrids and pure trees were also tested for statistical significance. Morphological and genetic analyses of 280 adult trees were carried out. Putative hybrids were found in all the seed stands studied. The hybrids did not differ from the pure trees in vigour or robustness. All stands with putative P. engelmannii hybrids detected by both AFLPs and morphological traits showed the highest average values of the Tanimoto distance, which indicates: i) more heterogeneous genetic material, ii) higher genetic variation and therefore iii) the higher evolutionary potential of these stands, and iv) that the morphological differentiation (hybrid/not hybrid) is strongly associated with the Tanimoto distance per stand. We conclude that natural pairwise hybrids are very common in the studied stands. Both morphological and molecular approaches are necessary to confirm the genetic identity of forest reproductive material.

Predicting internal lumber grade from log surface knots: actual and simulated results.

Treesearch

Christine Todoroki; Robert A. Monserud; Dean L. Parry

2005-01-01

The purpose of this study was threefold: 1) compare actual with simulated lumber yields; 2) examine the effect of measurement errors associated with knot angles and morphology. on lumber grade; and 3) investigate methods for predicting lumber quality within unsawn logs from surface knots. Twenty-eight Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mii irb.)...

Automated hardwood lumber grading utilizing a multiple sensor machine vision technology

Treesearch

D. Earl Kline; Chris Surak; Philip A. Araman

2003-01-01

Over the last 10 years, scientists at the Thomas M. Brooks Forest Products Center, the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and the USDA Forest Service have been working on lumber scanning systems that can accurately locate and identify defects in hardwood lumber. Current R&D efforts are targeted toward developing automated lumber grading...

Maintenance Procedures for North American Visually-graded Dimension Lumber Design Values

Treesearch

David Kretschmann; Don DeVisser; Kevin Cheung; Bob Browder; Al Rozek

2014-01-01

ASTM International D1990 Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Visually-Graded Dimension Lumber from In-Grade Tests of Full-Size Specimens, that governs the development of design values for dimension lumber in North America, was first adopted in 1991with recognition that the resource and manufacturing of lumber could change over time impacting...

Laminated lumber may be more profitable than sawn lumber

Treesearch

P. Koch

1976-01-01

By laminating 1/4-in. rotary-cut veneer into structural lumber, manufacturers can expand lumber output by at least 30% without increasing volume logged. The idea merits intensive study. Manufacturing plus raw material costs should total about $142/Mbf; sales price for desirable widths and lengths of the strong laminated product should approach or exceed $200/Mbf.

HaLT: A computerized training program for hardwood lumber graders

Treesearch

P. Klinkhachorn; C.J. Schwehm; Charles W. McMillin; H.A. Huber

1989-01-01

A computer program for training both novice and experienced hardwood lumber graders in accordance with the National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) rules is presented. It is anticipated that this program will help alleviate the problems of improper grading by improved and continued training and make lumber manufacturers and purchasers more knowledgeable of the rules...

LamLum : a tool for evaluating the financial feasibility of laminated lumber plants

Treesearch

E.M. (Ted) Bilek; John F. Hunt

2006-01-01

A spreadsheet-based computer program called LamLum was created to analyze the economics of value- added laminated lumber manufacturing facilities. Such facilities manufacture laminations, typically from lower grades of structural lumber, then glue these laminations together to make various types of higher value laminated lumber products. This report provides the...

Influence of edging practices on cutting yields of Alaska birch lumber

Treesearch

David L. Nicholls; J.W. Funck; C.C. Brunner; J.E. Reeb

2009-01-01

Birch lumber is often characterized by a high degree of knots, bark pockets, heartwood, and other features which force sawmill owners to decide whether to edge and trim boards to produce standard grade lumber vs. proprietary grade character-marked lumber. In addition, the edging strategies used with irregularly shaped flitches can greatly influence cut-stock recovery....

Limitations of lumber-yield nomograms for predicting lumber requirements

Treesearch

Kristen Hoff

2000-01-01

Lumber yield nomograms developed during the last 30 years have limited use when predicting the volume of rough lumber required to fill a particular cutting bill. Inaccuracies occur when nomogram yields are applied to situations in which processing technologies differ from those used during data collection, and when a variety of lengths and widths are specified in the...

The reuse of treated wood

Treesearch

Robert L. Smith; David Bailey; Delton R. Alderman; Philip A. Araman

2006-01-01

The primary goals of this book chapter are to identify barriers to the reuse of treated lumber, to describe the physical properties of spent chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated lumber coming from residential decks and to identify potential products and markets that can use spent treated lumber. The primary focus will be on CCA-treated lumber because it has been the...

Regional Changes in the Timber Resources of and Lumber Production in Pennsylvania

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William G. Luppold; Matthew S. Bumgardner; Matthew S. Bumgardner

2005-01-01

In this study we examine regional differences in the hardwood timber resources of Pennsylvania and explain how the combined changes in this resource and in lumber prices have influenced regional lumber production. Isolation of these relationships is important because shifts in lumber production affect harvesting levels and harvesting activity influences long-term...

Improving lumber yield using a dual system

Treesearch

R. Edward Thomas; Omar Espinoza; Urs Buehlmann

2015-01-01

Rough mills embody the process of cutting up kiln-dried lumber to components used by discrete wood products manufacturers to manufacture products like furniture, kitchen cabinets, flooring, or other items. Rough mills traditionally have either ripped the lumber first (e.g., the lumber is first cut into strips lengthwise) then cut the strips to the required part lengths...

Efficacy of curtailment announcements as a predictor of lumber supply

Treesearch

Henry Spelter

2001-01-01

A practical method for tracking the effect of curtailment announcements on lumber supply is described and tested. Combining announcements of closures and curtailments with mill capacities enables the creation of accurate forward-looking assessments of lumber supply 1 to 2 months into the future. For three American and Canadian lumber- producing regions, the method...

ECHO: Machine feasibility program

Treesearch

Philip H. Steele; Craig Boden; Philip A. Araman

2000-01-01

Reductions in saw kerf (the term saw kerf refers to both the sawtooth width as well as the actual sawline made in sawing) on headrigs and resaws can dramatically increase lumber recovery. Research has also shown that lumber target size reductions are even more important than kerf reductions in providing increased lumber recovery. Decreases in either kerf or lumber size...

Ultrasonic inspection and analysis techniques in green and dried lumber

Treesearch

Mark E. Schafer; Robert J. Ross; Brian K. Brashaw; Roy D. Adams

1999-01-01

Ultrasonic inspection of lumber has been under investigation for over 20 years, with little commercial impact. Recently, the USDA Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) developed ultrasound-based scanning technology to examine both green and dried lumber. In green lumber, the bacterial infection called wetwood (a significant source of degradation in oak at the kiln-drying...

Evaluation of the retail market potential for locally produced paper birch lumber in Alaska.

Treesearch

David L. Nicholls

2002-01-01

An evaluation of the retail market potential for random-width paper birch ( Betula papyrifera Marsh.) lumber in Alaska was conducted. Information from lumber manufacturers and retail managers was used to identify current barriers to customer acceptance of locally produced paper birch lumber. Major retail markets and paper birch producing regions throughout Alaska were...

Growth and shifts in eastern hardwood lumber production

Treesearch

William G. Luppold; Gilbert P. Dempsey

1993-01-01

An analysis of recent trends in eastern U.S. hardwood lumber production indicates that total output increased sharply between 1977 and 1991. The increase, however, was much more pronounced in the East's northern tier of states than in the southern. This paper first examines recent hardwood lumber usage trends and historic hardwood lumber production trends. Changes...

Lumber grade recoverey from Hawaii-grown robusta Eucalyptus logs

Treesearch

Roger G. Skolmen

1970-01-01

In part to supplement meager data on lumber grade yield of Hawaii-grown timber, 30 robusta eucalyptus logs were shipped to a Michigan sawmill for processing. The logs were from 12 trees in three different stands. The lumber produced was graded according to National Hardwood Lumber Association standards. The sample was too small to provide a basis for predicting grade...

Characterizing the adoption of low-grade hardwood lumber by the secondary wood processing industry

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Robert L. Smith; Wibke Pohle; Philip Araman; Dan Cumbo

2004-01-01

This study investigated the adoption of low-grade lumber in the secondary hardwood industry. Factors influencing decisions regarding the utilization of low-grade lumber were identified and value-added opportunities to increase the use of low-grade lumber among manufacturers currently using higher grades were evaluated. Data were collected via a nationwide mail survey...

A profile of the nonresidential nonbuilding construction market for lumber and plywood

Treesearch

H. N. Spelter

Estimates of the amounts of lumber and plywood used in constructing nonresidential nonbuilding structures in 1982 are presented. The market is stratified by six construction types. Lumber and plywood use is stratified by two end-use categories. Total lumber use is estimated at 507 million board feet. Total plywood use at 362 million square feet (3/8-in. basis)....

Hardwood Lumber Edger and Trimmer Training System

Treesearch

D. Earl Kline; Eugene M. Wengert; Philip A. Araman; Powsiri Klinkhachorn

1992-01-01

This paper describes a computerized hardwood lumber edger and trimming training system. The purpose of the training system is to help edger and trimmer operators and sawmill managers better understand how hardwood lumber grade, surface measure, and price interact to affect lumber value. The training system can be used both as a training tool and as a testing tool. As a...

Effects of log defects on lumber recovery.

Treesearch

James M. Cahill; Vincent S. Cegelka

1989-01-01

The impact of log defects on lumber recovery and the accuracy of cubic log scale deductions were evaluated from log scale and product recovery data for more than 3,000 logs. Lumber tally loss was estimated by comparing the lumber yield of sound logs to that of logs containing defects. The data were collected at several product recovery studies; they represent most of...

New estimates of hardwood lumber exports from the central hardwood region

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W. Luppold; E. Thomas

1991-01-01

Exports have become an increasingly important part of the overall hardwood lumber market. However, recent findings indicate that much of the reported growth of hardwood lumber exports in the 1980's was based on inflated volume data. This paper presents new estimates of hardwood lumber exports to Asia and Europe with emphasis on the central hardwood region of the...

Domestic hardwood lumber consumption and exports, yesterday and today

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William G. Luppold; Matt Bumgardner

2016-01-01

Domestic Hardwood lumber consumption has changed considerably in this century, but how do these changes differ from changes that have occurred over the last 50 years and how have they affected lumber price? In this article, we examine how changes in consumption have influenced aggregate Hardwood lumber prices as reported by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics adjusted...

Shrinkage and footage loss from drying 4/4-inch hard maple lumber.

Treesearch

Daniel E. Dunmire

1968-01-01

Equations are presented for estimating shrinkage and resulting footage losses due to drying hard maple lumber. The equations, based on board shrinkage data taken from a representative lumber sample, are chiefly intended for use with lots of hard maple lumber, such as carloads, truckloads, or kiln loads, but also can be used for estimating the average shrinkage of...

White fur lumber recovery at a western Washington sawmill.

Treesearch

E.E. Matson

1957-01-01

In April 1956 a study was made in western Washington to determine grades of lumber that could be expected from silver fir (Abies amabilis) and grand fir (Abies grandis) which are grouped together the lumber industry and sold as white fir. At the sawmill where the study was made, none of the lumber is seasoned and most of it is...

What Do Regional Changes in Lumber Production Tell Us About Future Competitiveness?

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William G. Luppold

2005-01-01

Between 1984 and 1999 Eastern hardwood lumber production increased by nearly 3 billion board feet (Figure I). More amazingly, hardwood lumber production in the 1990's was 10 percent higher than the previous peak period of 1904 to 1913. Since 1999, the hardwood lumber industry has suffered through four years of declining production and demand before experiencing a...

Manufacturers and distributors in the U.S. hardwood lumber supply chain: Perceptions of industry trends

Treesearch

Omar Espinoza; Urs Buehlmann; Matthew Bumgardner; Bob Smith

2011-01-01

Global competition, a slowing housing market, and shifts in the customer base have contributed to reduced demand for hardwood lumber and have increased the need for specialized services by suppliers of hardwood lumber such as sawmills or distributors. Customers of hardwood lumber suppliers also have started initiatives to reduce internal costs dramatically, frequently...

Intermediaries in the U.S. hardwood lumber market: comparing and contrasting sawmills and distributors

Treesearch

Omar Espinoza; Urs Buehlmann; Matthew Bumgardner; Robert Smith

2014-01-01

The objective of this study was to better understand changes in the hardwood lumber supply chain from the perspective of lumber producers and distributors and to assess the degree of judgmental convergence between suppliers and buyers of hardwood lumber. Results from two nationwide surveys conducted in 2008 and 2009 were used for the analysis. Findings confirmed a...

Lumber grades from Douglas-fir peeler logs.

Treesearch

E.E. Matson

1952-01-01

Sawmill companies often must decide whether it is more economical to sort and sell peeler logs than to cut them into lumber. If the mill owners have reliable data on the grade of lumber that can be expected from these logs, they will be better prepared to make the decision. The Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station has made several lumber grade recovery...

Enhancement of the Computer Lumber Grading Program to Support Polygonal Defects

Treesearch

Powsiri Klinkhachorn; R. Kathari; D. Yost; Philip A. Araman

1993-01-01

Computer grading of hardwood lumber promises to avoid regrading of the same lumber because of disagreements between the buyer and the seller. However, the first generation of computer programs for hardwood lumber grading simplify the process by modeling defects on the board as rectangles. This speeds up the grading process buy can inadvertently put a board into a lower...

Consumer preferences and willingness to pay for character-marked cabinets from Alaska birch.

Treesearch

Geof Donovan; David Nicholls

2003-01-01

Alaska birch lumber has a higher occurrence of defects (knots, bark pockets, flecks, spalting, etc.) when compared to competing hardwoods. These defects are a disadvantage when birch lumber is graded under standard National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) grading rules. This paper examines whether defects and other character markings found in birch lumber may be an...

Evaluation of a multi-sensor machine vision system for automated hardwood lumber grading

Treesearch

D. Earl Kline; Chris Surak; Philip A. Araman

2000-01-01

Over the last 10 years, scientists at the Thomas M. Brooks Forest Products Center, the Bradley Department of Electrical Engineering, and the USDA Forest Service have been working on lumber scanning systems that can accurately locate and identify defects in hardwood lumber. Current R&D efforts are targeted toward developing automated lumber grading technologies. The...

Lumber Grade Yields for Graded Aspen Logs and Trees

Treesearch

Leland F. Hanks; Robert L. Brisbin

1978-01-01

Green lumber grade yields for aspen were determined for use with the U.S. Forest Service hardwood log and tree grades. The yields for logs are expressed in percent of total lumber tally volume, and those for trees are expressed in board feet. Overruns for the International 1/4-inch and Scribner log rules along with lumber recovery factors are shown by log grade.

Changes in U.S. hardwood lumber exports, 1990 to 2008

Treesearch

William Luppold; Matthew Bumgardner

2011-01-01

The volume of hardwood lumber exported from the United States grew by 63 percent between 1990 and 2006 before decreasing by 29 percent between 2006 and 2008. Canada is both the largest export market for U.S. hardwood lumber and the largest source country for hardwood lumber imported into the United States. In the last 19 years China/Hong Kong has displaced Japan as the...

How low are hardwood lumber prices in real terms?

Treesearch

William Luppold

2012-01-01

Prices for grade hardwood lumber have remained stubbornly low for several years. But, just how low are lumber prices? While prices reported by Hardwood Market Report for #1C lumber in most Appalachian species have increased since the summer of 2009 low point, with the exception of yellow-poplar, they are 3 to 50 percent lower than they were in the fall of 2005. The...

Effect of cutting bill requirements on lumber yield in a rip-first rough mill

Treesearch

Urs Buehlmann; Janice K. Wiedenbeck; E. Earl Kline; E. Earl Kline

2003-01-01

In recent years, producers of solid wood dimension parts have emphasized improvements in lumber yield, focusing primarily on lumber grade and cutting technology rather than cutting bill design. Yet, cutting bills have a significant impact on yield. Using rip-first rough mill simulation software, a data bank of red oak lumber samples, and a cutting bill that resembles...

Hampton sets pace for third year : sawmill in Willamina fights off challengers for highest producer

Treesearch

Henry Spelter

2005-01-01

Over the last 50 years many changes have roiled lumber markets. On the positive side, treated lumber has created major opportunities for lumber use in outdoor applications. But some negative developments underscore the mature status of lumber as a commodity. Sheathing had been lost long ago to panels. Likewise, roof rafters and joists have been supplanted by less wood-...

Assessment of the lumber drying industry and current potential for value-added processing in Alaska.

Treesearch

David L. Nicholls; Kenneth A. Kilborn

2001-01-01

An assessment was done of the lumber drying industry in Alaska. Part 1 of the assessment included an evaluation of kiln capacity, kiln type, and species dried, by geographic region of the state. Part 2 of the assessment considered the value-added potential associated with lumber drying. Various costs related to lumber drying were evaluated in an Excel spreadsheet....

Temperature corrections for mechanically graded lumber

Treesearch

David W. Green; James W. Evans; James D. Logan; Jim Allen

1999-01-01

The continuous lumber tester (CLT) is the most widely used grading machine in the world. With the CLT, the flatwise bending stiffness of lumber is measured as it passes through the machine. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) is calculated from the force required to bend the lumber to a fixed deflection of 7.94 mm (5/16 in.), and this MOE is used in assigning a machine...

40 CFR 60.3067 - How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.3067 Section 60.3067... Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3067 How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? (a) Use Method 9 of...

40 CFR 60.3067 - How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.3067 Section 60.3067... Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3067 How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? (a) Use Method 9 of...

40 CFR 60.3067 - How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.3067 Section 60.3067... Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3067 How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? (a) Use Method 9 of...

40 CFR 60.3067 - How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.3067 Section 60.3067... Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3067 How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? (a) Use Method 9 of...

40 CFR 60.3067 - How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.3067 Section 60.3067... Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3067 How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? (a) Use Method 9 of...

Western hemlock lumber recovery at a western Washington sawmill.

Treesearch

E.E. Matson

1957-01-01

During April 1956, a study was made at a western Washington sawmill to determine lumber grades that my be expected from old-growth western hemlock timber. Lumber cut at this mill is not seasoned and most of it is sold surfaced-green. It is the practice at this plant to use the band headrig for producing side-cut lumber and to send the large cants—the full...

Hardwood lumber widths and grades used by the furniture and cabinet industries: Results of a 14-mill survey

Treesearch

Jan Wiedenbeck; John Brown; Neal Bennett; Everette Rast

2003-01-01

Data on red oak lumber width, length, and grade were collected at 14 furniture and cabinet industry rough mills to identify relationships among these lumber attributes and the degree to which they differ from mill to mill. Also, this information is needed to formulate valid lumber size distributions that will improve the quality of theresults obtained in mill and...

A Computer Vision System forAnalyzing Images of Rough Hardwood Lumber

Treesearch

Tai-Hoon Cho; Richard W. Conners; Philip A. Araman

1990-01-01

A sawmill cuts logs into lumber and sells this lumber to secondary remanufacturers. The price a sawmiller can charge for a volume of lumber depends on its grade. For a number of species the price of a given volume of material can double in going from one grade to the next higher grade. While the grade of a board largely depends on the distribution of defects on the...

Estimated demand for lumber and plywood in Hawaii by the year 2000

Treesearch

George D. Frazier

1965-01-01

By the year 2000, total lumber consumption in Hawaii is expected to be between 78 and 128 million board feet. Hardwood lumber consumption is expected to exceed 16 million board feet — an increase of nearly 2½ times the present level of use. In contrast, softwood lumber use is expected to remain at about the present level of 79 million board feet. Plywood...

Preliminary estimate of 1942 lumber production in the Carolinas, Virginia, West Virgina, Kentucky, and Tennessee

Treesearch

Ardie D. Toler

1943-01-01

This report, giving the estimated 1942 lumber production in six states of the Appalachian Forest Experiment Station's territory, is based on a complete canvass of all sawmills. It was made during the first half of 1943 by the U.S. Forest Service in cooperation wit the Bureau of the Census, the Lumber and Lumber products Branch of the War Production Board, and the...

40 CFR 60.3064 - What must I do if I close my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste and then restart it? 60.3064... Rule-Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3064 What must I do if I close my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard...

40 CFR 60.3063 - When must I comply if my air curtain incinerator burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... incinerator burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.3063 Section 60.3063 Protection of... Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3063 When must I comply if my air curtain incinerator burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? Table 1 of this subpart specifies the final...

40 CFR 60.3063 - When must I comply if my air curtain incinerator burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... incinerator burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.3063 Section 60.3063 Protection of... Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3063 When must I comply if my air curtain incinerator burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? Table 1 of this subpart specifies the final...

40 CFR 60.3064 - What must I do if I close my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste and then restart it? 60.3064... Rule-Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3064 What must I do if I close my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard...

40 CFR 60.3064 - What must I do if I close my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste and then restart it? 60.3064... Rule-Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3064 What must I do if I close my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard...

40 CFR 60.3063 - When must I comply if my air curtain incinerator burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... incinerator burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.3063 Section 60.3063 Protection of... Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3063 When must I comply if my air curtain incinerator burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? Table 1 of this subpart specifies the final...

ROMI 3.1 Least-cost lumber grade mix solver using open source statistical software

Treesearch

Rebecca A. Buck; Urs Buehlmann; R. Edward Thomas

2010-01-01

The least-cost lumber grade mix solution has been a topic of interest to both industry and academia for many years due to its potential to help wood processing operations reduce costs. A least-cost lumber grade mix solver is a rough mill decision support system that describes the lumber grade or grade mix needed to minimize raw material or total production cost (raw...

40 CFR 60.3063 - When must I comply if my air curtain incinerator burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... incinerator burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.3063 Section 60.3063 Protection of... Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3063 When must I comply if my air curtain incinerator burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? Table 1 of this subpart specifies the final...

40 CFR 60.3064 - What must I do if I close my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste and then restart it? 60.3064... Rule-Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3064 What must I do if I close my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard...

40 CFR 60.2972 - How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.2972 Section 60.2972... Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.2972 How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? (a) Use Method 9 of appendix A of this...

40 CFR 60.3064 - What must I do if I close my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste and then restart it? 60.3064... Rule-Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3064 What must I do if I close my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard...

40 CFR 60.2972 - How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.2972 Section 60.2972... Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.2972 How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? (a) Use Method 9 of appendix A of this...

40 CFR 60.3063 - When must I comply if my air curtain incinerator burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... incinerator burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.3063 Section 60.3063 Protection of... Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3063 When must I comply if my air curtain incinerator burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? Table 1 of this subpart specifies the final...

A comparison of kiln-drying schedules and quality outcomes for 4/4-thickness black cherry lumber sawn from small-diameter logs

Treesearch

Matthew S. Scholl; Janice K. Wiedenbeck; Paul R. Blankenhorn; Charles D. Ray; Lee R. Stover; Brian W. Beakler

2008-01-01

With high stumpage prices, many sawmills are interested in the feasibility of processing smaller diameter hardwood logs. Most of these mills do not know the lumber yield, lumber grade, or cost of processing these logs. In this project we investigated the impact of alternative dry kiln schedules on the grade yields and defect occurrence in lumber sawn from small-...

Live Load Response of Short Span Bridges with Parallam(R) Decks

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-01-01

Structural Composite Lumber (SCL) is reconstituted with high grade presorted veneers to enhance properties including higher and more uniform strength and stiffness than conventional lumber. Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL) is mainly constituted of wood s...

Recognizing interactions among lumber grading rules, gang-ripping technology, and industry needs could increase the use of No.2 Common lumber

Treesearch

Charles J. Gatchell; Charles J. Gatchell

1989-01-01

Recognizing the interactions among lumber grading rules, gang-ripping technology, and the parts needs of the furniture and cabinet industries could increase the use of No. 2 Common lumber as a raw material. The minimum piece size used in establishing the No.2 Common grade is 3 inches by 2 feet. Industry often needs shorter and narrower pieces than this. No.2 Common...

75 FR 61001 - Softwood Lumber Research, Promotion, Consumer Education and Industry Information Order

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-01

... Research, Promotion, Consumer Education and Industry Information Order; Proposed Rules #0;#0;Federal...-AD03 Softwood Lumber Research, Promotion, Consumer Education and Industry Information Order AGENCY... Softwood Lumber Research, Promotion, Consumer Education and Industry Information Order (Order). Softwood...

Bioaccessibility and Solubility of Copper in Copper-Treated Lumber

EPA Science Inventory

Micronized copper (MC)-treated lumber is a recent replacement for Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) and Ammonium Copper (AC)-treated lumbers; though little is known about the potential risk of copper (Cu) exposure from incidental ingestion of MC-treated wood. The bioaccessibility o...

Lumber production in Arizona and New Mexico, 1960

Treesearch

Robert L. Miller

1964-01-01

Arizona sawmills turned out 329,859,000 board feet of lumber in 1960. New Mexico's lumber production in the same year was 227,773,000 board feet. Output in both States was generally in line with the upward trend in production in recent years.

A survey of Bolivian lumber drying operations

Treesearch

Omar A. Espinoza; Brian H. Bond; Philip Araman

2007-01-01

The Bolivian secondary forest products industry has experienced substantial growth during the last 10 years. Particularly, important investment has taken place in lumber drying capacity. Unfortunately, little information is available regarding lumber drying technology and practices used, which is essential for the formulation of improvement strategies. The Bolivian...

Loss from variation in sawing precision

Treesearch

1964-01-01

A major loss sustained by small mills results from inaccurately cut lumber. Such lumber sells only at reduced prices and encounters stiffer sales resistance than lumber from the more accurately cutting band mills. A less apparent loss is the excessive loss of material that results from inaccurate cutting.

Preliminary lumber recovery for dead and live Engelmann spruce.

Treesearch

James M. Cahill

1980-01-01

Lumber recovery, lumber grade distribution, and log values are presented for logs cut from dead and live Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) trees. The dead sample includes standing and down trees killed by the Engelmann spruce beetle (Dendroctonus ruffipennis Kirby) over 20 years ago.

Potential for structural lumber substitutes

Treesearch

Theodore L. Laufenberg

1985-01-01

The potential for substitution of structural wood composites into solid-sawn lumber markets is presented from the technological viewpoint. Technological limitations of existing composite processes and products are reviewed in the context of the present laminated veneer lumber (LVL), flakeboard, and fiber/ paper industries. The limits of mechanical property potential...

78 FR 68297 - Hardwood Lumber and Hardwood Plywood Promotion, Research and Information Order

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-13

... Marketing Service 7 CFR Part 1211 Hardwood Lumber and Hardwood Plywood Promotion, Research and Information... Promotion, Research and Information Order AGENCY: Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA. ACTION: Proposed..., Research and Information Order (Order). Hardwood lumber and hardwood plywood are used in products like...

Metrics, Lumber, and the Shop Teacher

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Craemer, Peter J.

1978-01-01

As producers of lumber are preparing to convert their output to the metric system, wood shop and building construction teachers must become familiar with the metric measurement language and methods. Manufacturers prefer the "soft conversion" process of changing English to metric units rather than hard conversion, or redimensioning of lumber. Some…

Influence of Product and Supplier Attributes on Hardwood Lumber Purchase Decisions

Treesearch

Craig L. Forbes; Steven A. Sinclair; Robert J. Bush; Philip A. Araman

1994-01-01

This study determined the influence of product and supplier attributes on hardwood lumber purchases by wood furniture manufacturers and investigated differences across manufacturer type, geographic region, firm size, and kiln ownership. Professional lumber buyers rated the importance and difference across suppliers of various attributes. Purchase influence scores were...

Assessing the Release of Copper from Nanocopper-treated and Conventional Copper-treated Lumber into Marine Waters II: Forms and Bioavailability

EPA Science Inventory

One application of nanocopper is as a wood‐preserving pesticide in pressure‐treated lumber. Recent research has shown that pressure‐treated lumber amended with micronized copper azole (MCA), which contains nanosized copper, releases copper under estuarine and ma...

76 FR 22757 - Softwood Lumber Research, Promotion, Consumer Education and Industry Information Order

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-22

...-10-0015; PR-A2] RIN 0581-AD03 Softwood Lumber Research, Promotion, Consumer Education and Industry.... SUMMARY: This rule proposes a Softwood Lumber Research, Promotion, Consumer Education and Industry... proposed Order may be obtained from the Referendum Agent, Research and Promotion Branch, Fruit and...

77 FR 40878 - Notice of Administrative Settlement Agreement for Recovery of Past Response Costs Pursuant to the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-11

... recovery of past response costs (``Proposed Agreement'') associated with the Browning Lumber Company... Protection Agency, 1650 Arch Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. Comments should reference the ``Browning Lumber... past response costs (``Proposed Agreement'') associated with the Browning Lumber Company Superfund Site...

General Design and EIS, Humboldt Harbor and Bay, California. Navigation Improvements.

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-08-01

Bakeries , Inc. 75 Bakery products Halvorsen Lumber Products 65 Sawmill——remanufacturing plant Precision Lumber Cciupany 45 Lumber Bayley Suit , Inc. 40...governments receive revenue from retail sales and use taxes, local property taxes, and city business, license or franchise taxes. The sales tax is levied

Air-drying of Robusta eucalyptus lumber

Treesearch

Roger G. Skolmen

1964-01-01

A study of air-drying 4/4 Eucalyptus robusta lumber in Hilo, Hawaii showed that during typical summer weather it can be dried to below 20 percent moisture content in 2-1/2 months. Grade reduction in 36 percent of the lumber was caused by end splits, insect damage, warp, and surface checking.

Lumber defect detection by ultrasonics

Treesearch

K. A. McDonald

1978-01-01

Ultrasonics, the technology of high-frequency sound, has been developed as a viable means for locating most defects In lumber for use in digital form in decision-making computers. Ultrasonics has the potential for locating surface and internal defects in lumber of all species, green or dry, and rough sawn or surfaced.

76 FR 53816 - Softwood Lumber Research, Promotion, Consumer Education and Industry Information Order; Correction

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-30

...-10-0015C; FR] RIN 0581-AD03 Softwood Lumber Research, Promotion, Consumer Education and Industry.... Pello, Marketing Specialist, Research and Promotion Division, Fruit and Vegetable Programs, AMS, USDA, P... Softwood Lumber Research, Promotion, Consumer Education and Industry Information Order (Order). The purpose...

What's ahead in automated lumber grading

Treesearch

D. Earl Kline; Richard Conners; Philip A. Araman

1998-01-01

This paper discusses how present scanning technologies are being applied to automatic lumber grading. The presentation focuses on 1) what sensing and scanning devices are needed to measure information for accurate grading feature detection, 2) the hardware and software needed to efficiently process this information, and 3) specific issues related to softwood lumber...

Framing Lumber from Building Removal: How do We Best Utilize This Untapped Structural Resource?

Treesearch

Robert H. Falk; Steven Cramer; James Evans

2013-01-01

Compared with other construction materials, wood products are environmentally attractive because they sequester carbon, are renewable, and are low in embodied energy. Lumber salvaged from building removal possesses these same qualities but with additional environmental attributes. In spite of the environmental attractiveness of reclaimed lumber, its widespread...

Lumber Scanning System for Surface Defect Detection

Treesearch

D. Earl Kline; Y. Jason Hou; Richard W. Conners; Daniel L. Schmoldt; Philip A. Araman

1992-01-01

This paper describes research aimed at developing a machine vision technology to drive automated processes in the hardwood forest products manufacturing industry. An industrial-scale machine vision system has been designed to scan variable-size hardwood lumber for detecting important features that influence the grade and value of lumber such as knots, holes, wane,...

CT Imaging of Hardwood Logs for Lumber Production

Treesearch

Daniel L. Schmoldt; Pei Li; A. Lynn Abbott

1996-01-01

Hardwood sawmill operators need to improve the conversion of raw material (logs) into lumber. Internal log scanning provides detailed information that can aid log processors in improving lumber recovery. However, scanner data (i.e. tomographic images) need to be analyzed prior to presentation to saw operators. Automatic labeling of computer tomography (CT) images is...

40 years of hardwood lumber comsumption: 1963 to 2002

Treesearch

William Luppold; Matthew Bumgardner

2008-01-01

An analysis of hardwood lumber consumption found that demand has changed dramatically over the past four decades as a result of material substitution, changes in construction and remodeling products markets, and globalization. In 1963 furniture producers consumed 36 percent of the hardwood products lumber used by domestic manufacturers. Producers of hardwood...

Low-grade hardwood lumber production, markets, and issues

Treesearch

Dan Cumbo; Robert Smith; Philip A. Araman

2003-01-01

Due to recent downturn in the economy and changes in traditional hardwood markets. U.S. hardwood manufacturers are facing significant difficulties. In particular, markets for low-grade lumber have been diminishing, while increased levels of the material are being produced at hardwood sawmills in the United States. A nationwide survey of hardwood lumber manufacturers...

Determinant Product and Supplier Attributes in Domestic Markets for Hardwood Lumber

Treesearch

Robert J. Bush; Steven A. Sinclair; Philip A. Araman

1991-01-01

Product and supplier attributes that are critical in hardwood lumber purchase decisions (i.e., determinant) were investigated in four segments of the domestic market for hardwood lumber: millwork producers (Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 2431), hardwood dimension and flooring producers (SIC 2426), wood household furniture producers (SIC 2511), and wood...

Short Lumber: Concept and Acceptance

Treesearch

Janice K. Wiedenbeck

1993-01-01

The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate short length lumber (less than 8 feet long) utilization opportunities within the furniture and cabinet industries. If such a high-value market for short length lumber could be developed, the profit potential for many sawmills would increase and the forest resource management options in many areas would expand. Short...

24 CFR 200.943 - Supplementary specific requirements under the HUD building product standards and certification...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... under the HUD building product standards and certification program for the grademarking of lumber. 200... Supplementary specific requirements under the HUD building product standards and certification program for the... that the lumber was green or dry at the time of dressing; (7) Indication that the lumber was finger...

Relative price trends for hardwood stumpage, sawlogs, and lumber in Ohio

Treesearch

John E. Baumgras; William G. Luppold

1993-01-01

During the 1980's, the hardwood lumber industry experienced a rapidly changing domestic and international hardwood product market. These changes have significantly affected prices of hardwood lumber, and subsequently affected prices of hardwood sawlogs and stumpage. To illustrate these changes, this paper examines deflated prices and price trends for hardwood...

75 FR 30097 - Notice and Request for Comments: Canada-Compliance With Softwood Lumber Agreement

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-28

... Lumber Agreement (SLA), Canada agreed to impose export measures on Canadian exports of softwood lumber... bill becomes law by receiving royal assent, and if the Trade Representative finds that the law... On March 4, 2010, the Canadian Parliament introduced as part of the Federal budget an amendment to...

Fire resistance of structural composite lumber products

Treesearch

Robert H. White

2006-01-01

Use of structural composite lumber products is increasing. In applications requiring a fire resistance rating, calculation procedures are used to obtain the fire resistance rating of exposed structural wood products. A critical factor in the calculation procedures is char rate for ASTM E 119 fire exposure. In this study, we tested 14 structural composite lumber...

Life-cycle inventory of manufacturing hardwood lumber in Southeastern US

Treesearch

Richard D. Bergman; Scott A. Bowe

2012-01-01

Environmental impacts associated with the building industry have become of increasing importance. Materials and energy consumed during manufacture of building materials such as lumber affect a building’s environmental performance. This study determined environmental impacts of manufacturing hardwood lumber in the southeastern US using the life-cycle inventory method....

Factors determining lumber recovery in sawmilling

Treesearch

Philip H. Steele

1984-01-01

Lumber volume recovery in sawmilling is determined by a confusing interaction of several factors. The more one knows about each individual factor, the more one can understand how the factors interact. The author identifies and discusses in detail seven factors influencing lumber recovery. Past and current research is cited, and examples are given to illustrate the...

Infrared and colorimetric characterization of discolored kiln-dried hard maple lumber

Treesearch

Benjamin E. Dawson-Andoh; Michael Wiemann; Laurent Matuana; John Baumgras

2004-01-01

Discoloration of hard maple lumber commonly occurs during kiln-drying. In this study, discolored andnondiscolored kiln-dried hard maple lumber boards were characterized using a colorimetric method and Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Colorimetric measurements (L*, a*, b*) were found to be in good agreement with visual...

Sawmilling practices for hardwoods

Treesearch

John. Dramm

2013-01-01

The Sawmill Improvement Program (SIP) provides guidance to improve the bottom line of a sawmill both by recovering more lumber from a log and by using simplified procedures to produce more grade lumber. Lessons learned from SIP have led to improved yields of grade lumber through improved log manufacturing, reducing sawing variation by using thinner kerf saws and better...

Glued structural members

Treesearch

Russell C. Moody; Jen Y. Liu

1999-01-01

Glued structural members are manufactured in a variety of configurations. Structural composite lumber (SCL) products consist of small pieces of wood glued together into sizes common for solid-sawn lumber. Glued-laminated timber (glulam) is an engineered stress-rated product that consists of two or more layers of lumber in which the grain of all layers is oriented...

Prototyping an automated lumber processing system

Treesearch

Powsiri Klinkhachorn; Ravi Kothari; Henry A. Huber; Charles W. McMillin; K. Mukherjee; V. Barnekov

1993-01-01

The Automated Lumber Processing System (ALPS)is a multi-disciplinary continuing effort directed toward increasing the yield obtained from hardwood lumber boards during their process of remanufacture into secondary products (furniture, etc.). ALPS proposes a nondestructive vision system to scan a board for its dimension and the location and expanse of surface defects on...

Boron Diffusion in Surface-Treated Framing Lumber

Treesearch

Patricia K. Lebow; Stan T. Lebow; Steven A. Halverson

2013-01-01

The extent of boron penetration in framing lumber treated by spray applications during construction is not well quantified. This study evaluated the effect of formulation and concentration on diffusion of boron in lumber specimens that were equilibrated in conditions that produced wood moisture contents of 18 to 21 percent. One set of specimens was pressure treated...

Estimating Dermal Transfer of Copper Particles from the Surfaces of Pressure-Treated Lumber and Implications for Exposure

EPA Science Inventory

Lumber pressure-treated with micronized copper was examined for the release of copper and copper micro/nanoparticles using a surface wipe method to simulate dermal transfer. In 2003, the wood industry began replacing CCA treated lumber products for residential use with copper ba...

Match Your Hardwood Lumber to Current Market Needs

Treesearch

Robert J. Bush; Steven A. Sinclair; Philip A. Araman

1990-01-01

This article explains how hardwood lumber producers can best market their product. The study included four segments of the market for hardwood lumber. These segments were: furniture, cabinet, dimension and flooring, and molding/millwork manufacturers. The article explains how the study was conducted and the characteristics of companies (i.e., potential customers) that...

78 FR 67979 - Hardwood Lumber and Hardwood Plywood Promotion, Research and Information Order; Referendum...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-13

...-11-0074; PR-B] RIN 0581-AD24 Hardwood Lumber and Hardwood Plywood Promotion, Research and Information... whether issuance of a proposed Hardwood Lumber and Hardwood Plywood Promotion, Research and Information... submitted on the Internet at: http://www.regulations.gov or to the Promotion and Economics Division, Fruit...

75 FR 71458 - Cranberry Lumber Company Including Workers of the Following Operating Entities: Butternut One...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-23

... production of green and kiln dried lumber. The workers are not separately identifiable by product line. At... Stafftrak Beckley, WV, Cranberry Lumber Company Including Workers of Greenbrier Forest Products, Inc. Smoot... Cranberry Hardwoods, Inc., in Beckley, West Virginia; Greenbrier Forest Products in Smoot, West Virginia...

Regional analysis of hardwood lumber production: 1963 - 2005

Treesearch

William Luppold; Matthew Bumgardner

2008-01-01

Between 1963 and 2005 hardwood lumber production in the eastern United States increased by more than 50%. Production more than doubled in the northeastern and north central regions while increasing by less than 25% in the southeastern and south central regions. Increased lumber production in the northern regions was facilitated by an expanding sawtimber inventory,...

An examination of the relationships between hardwood lumber and stumpage prices in Ohio

Treesearch

William G. Luppold; Jeffrey P. Prestemon; John E. Baumgras

1998-01-01

Understanding the relationship between hardwood lumber and stumpage prices is critical in evaluating market efficiency and in understanding the potential impact of changing technology on stumpage markets. Unfortunately, the complexity of the hardwood lumber market and lack of reliable data make it difficult to evaluate this relationship using traditional econometric...

Effect of temperature and tree species on damage progression caused by whitespotted sawyer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae in recently burned logs.

PubMed

Bélanger, Sébastien; Bauce, Eric; Berthiaume, Richard; Long, Bernard; Labrie, Jacques; Daigle, Louis-Frédéric; Hébert, Christian

2013-06-01

The whitespotted sawyer, Monochamus scutellatus scutellatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Ce-rambycidae), is one of the most damaging wood-boring insects in recently burned boreal forests of North America. In Canada, salvage logging after wildfire contributes to maintaining the timber volume required by the forest industry, but larvae of this insect cause significant damage that reduces the economic value of lumber products. This study aimed to estimate damage progression as a function of temperature in recently burned black spruce (Picea mariana (Miller) Britton, Sterns, and Poggenburg) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lambert) trees. Using axial tomographic technology, we modeled subcortical development and gallery depth progression rates as functions of temperature for both tree species. Generally, these rates were slightly faster in black spruce than in jack pine logs. Eggs laid on logs kept at 12 degrees C did not hatch or larvae were unable to establish themselves under the bark because no larval development was observed. At 16 degrees C, larvae stayed under the bark for > 200 d before penetrating into the sapwood. At 20 degrees C, half of the larvae entered the sapwood after 30-50 d, but gallery depth progression stopped for approximately 70 d, suggesting that larvae went into diapause. The other half of the larvae entered the sapwood only after 100-200 d. At 24 and 28 degrees C, larvae entered the sapwood after 26-27 and 21 d, respectively. At 28 degrees C, gallery depth progressed at a rate of 1.44 mm/d. Temperature threshold for subcortical development was slightly lower in black spruce (12.9 degrees C) than in jack pine (14.6 degrees C) and it was 1 degrees C warmer for gallery depth progression for both tree species. These results indicate that significant damage may occur within a few months after fire during warm summers, particularly in black spruce, which highlights the importance of beginning postfire salvage logging as soon as possible to reduce economic losses.

A system for optimal edging and trimming of rough hardwood lumber

Treesearch

Sang-Mook Lee; A. Lynn Abbott; Daniel L. Schmoldt; Philip A. Araman

2003-01-01

Despite the importance of improving lumber processing early in manufacturing, scanning of unplaned, green hardwood lumber has received relatively little attention in the research community. This has been due in part to the difficulty of clearly imaging fresh-cut boards whose fibrous surfaces mask many wood features. This paper describes a prototype system that scans...

Automatic scanning of rough hardwood lumber for edging and trimming

Treesearch

A. Lynn Abbott; Daniel L. Schmoldt; Philip A. Araman; Sang-Mook Lee

2001-01-01

Scanning of unplaned, green hardwood lumber has received relatively little attention in the research community. This has been due in part to the difficulty of clearly imaging fresh-cut boards whose fibrous surfaces mask many wood features. Nevertheless, it is important to improve lumber processing early in the manufacturing stream because much wood material is...

Evolution of allowable stresses in shear for lumber

Treesearch

Robert L. Ethington; William L. Galligan; Henry M. Montrey; Alan D. Freas

1979-01-01

This paper surveys research leading to allowable shear stress parallel to grain for lumber. In early flexure tests of lumber, some pieces failed in shear. The estimated shear stress at time of failure was generally lower than shear strength measured on small, clear, straight-grained specimens. This and other engineering observations gave rise to adjustments that...

Defect reduction in low-value white oak lumber using restrained drying

Treesearch

Shawn T. Grushecky; Oluwatosin Adedipe; Charlie II Collins; Brian Cox; Colin Dougherty

2008-01-01

Increasing emphasis is being placed on alternative processing methods for low-value hardwoods. Extensive research has shown that drying softwood lumber using edge-wise restraint improves product and value yields. Currently, the effects of restraint drying on product and value yields from low-grade hardwood lumber have not been investigated. We evaluated the use of a...

The pallet industry: a changing hardwood market

Treesearch

G.P. Dempsey; D.G. Martens

1991-01-01

From its inception during World War II, the wooden pallet industry has grown to become the Nation's largest industrial consumer of hardwood lumber products. Since most of the raw material in wooden pallets is lower grade lumber, the pallet industry's growth, efficiency, and changing raw material inputs must be of concern to the grade hardwood lumber industry...

U.S. secondary wood manufacturers are becoming larger – are there implications for hardwood sawmills?

Treesearch

Matthew Bumgardner; Urs Buehlmann; Omar Espinoza

2017-01-01

Previous research has shown that large secondary wood manufacturers request numerous product-related services from their hardwood lumber suppliers. In addition, large secondary manufacturers also source more of their lumber directly from hardwood sawmills than do smaller secondary manufacturers, which tend to purchase more lumber from distributors. Current trends in...

Implementation of a real-time statistical process control system in hardwood sawmills

Treesearch

Timothy M. Young; Brian H. Bond; Jan Wiedenbeck

2007-01-01

Variation in sawmill processes reduces the financial benefit of converting fiber from a log into lumber. Lumber is intentionally oversized during manufacture to allow for sawing variation, shrinkage from drying, and final surfacing. This oversizing of lumber due to sawing variation requires higher operating targets and leads to suboptimal fiber recovery. For more than...

Hardwood sawyer trainer

Treesearch

Luis G. Occeña; Eknarin Santitrakul; Daniel L. Schmoldt

2000-01-01

It is well understood by now that the initial breakdown of hardwood logs into lumber has a tremendous impact on the total lumber value and conversion efficiency. The focus of this research project is the development of a computer-aided sawing trainer tool for the primary breakdown of hardwood logs. Maximum lumber recovery is dependent on the proper log orientation as...

Modelling the charring behaviour of structural lumber

Treesearch

Peter W.C. Lau; Robert White; Ineke Van Zealand

1999-01-01

Charring rates for large-section timber based on experimental data have been generally established. The established rates may not be appropriately used for the prediction of failure times of lumber members which are small by comparison. It is questionable whether a constant rate can be safely assumed for lumber members since the rate is likely to increase once the...

Rough-Part Sizes Needed from Lumber for Manufacturing Furniture and Kitchen Cabinets

Treesearch

Philip A. Araman

1982-01-01

This report summarizes the results from a recent survey of the rough-part sizes needed from lumber for manufacturing furniture and kitchen cabinets. Twenty furniture and twelve cabinet companies participated in the survey. Lumber thicknesses needed and rough-part qualities desired are presented along with distributions describing the required rough-part dimensions....

U.S. hardwood lumber production: 1963 to 2003

Treesearch

William Luppold; Matthew Bumgardner

2008-01-01

Between 1963 and 2003 northern hardwood lumber production more than doubled while production in the southern regions increased by less than 25 percent. In 1963 the major users of hardwood lumber were the furniture manufacturers located in the southeast region, and hardwood flooring producers located in the south central region. By contrast more than 60 percent of the...

The automatic lumber planing mill

Treesearch

Peter Koch

1957-01-01

It is probable that a truly automatic planning operation could be devised if some of the variables commonly present in the mill-run lumber were eliminated and the remaining variables kept under close control. This paper will deal with the more general situation faced by mostl umber manufacturing plants. In other words, it will be assumed that the incoming lumber has...

Metrication of the United States Lumber Industry and Its Effects on Wood Consuming Industrial Education Courses.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Craemer, Peter J.

A study investigated the direction United States lumber industries are moving concerning the implementation of the metric system and what implications this has concerning wood consuming industrial education courses. The procedure included a literature review and investigating the major producers of softwood dimensional lumber by a detailed survey…

Regional softwood sawmill processing variables as influenced by productive capacity

Treesearch

P. H. Steele; F. G. Wagner; K. E. Skog

The relationship between annual softwood sawmill production and lumber processing variables was examined using data from Sawmill Improvement Program (SIP) studies of 650 softwood mills. The variables were lumber recovery factor (LRF); headrig and resaw kerf width; total sawing variation, rough green size, and oversizing-undersizing for 4/4 and 8/4 lumber; planer...

Design and operation of a solarheated dry kiln for tropical latitudes

Treesearch

Brian Bond; Omar Espinoza; Philip Araman

2011-01-01

Lumber is usually dried to a specific moisture content prior to further manufacturing or use. While lumber can be air-dried, the ambient humidity in most localities prevents the lumber from reaching the moisture content necessary for dimensional stability and use, especially for interior use. Solar kilns are an inexpensive alternative to conventional steam-heated kilns...

Software analyzes feasibility of saw kerf reduction for hardwood mills

Treesearch

Philip H. Steele

2005-01-01

Reductions in saw kerf on head rigs and resaws can dramatically increase lumber recovery in hardwood sawmills. Research has shown that lumber sawing variation reduction will increase lumber recovery above that obtained solely from kerf reduction. Reductions in sawing machine kerf or variation always come at some cost in both capital and variable costs. Determining...

Lumber stress grades and design properties

Treesearch

David E. Kretschmann; David W. Green

1999-01-01

Lumber sawn from a log, regardless of species and size, is quite variable in mechanical properties. Pieces may differ in strength by several hundred percent. For simplicity and economy in use, pieces of lumber of similar mechanical properties are placed in categories called stress grades, which are characterized by (a) one or more sorting criteria, (b) a set of...

Factors affecting the quality of walnut lumber and veneer

Treesearch

Daniel L. Cassens

2004-01-01

Walnut is a unique species in both its timber and wood characteristics. Although market conditions vary it is generally considered a valuable species. Because of these factors, setting quality (value) levels for both lumber and veneer can be involved. Lumber grades are quantitative thus straight forward once the system is understood. Determining quality in veneer is...

Machine grading of lumber : practical concerns for lumber producers

Treesearch

William L. Galligan; Kent A. McDonald

2000-01-01

Machine lumber grading has been applied in commercial operations in North America since 1963, and research has shown that machine grading can improve the efficient use of wood. However, industry has been reluctant to apply research findings without clear evidence that the change from visual to machine grading will be a profitable one. For instance, mill managers need...

Automatic Edging and Trimming of Hardwood Lumber

Treesearch

D. Earl Kline; Eugene M. Wengert; Philip A. Araman

1990-01-01

Studies have shown that there is a potential to increase hardwood lumber value by more than 20 percent through optimum edging and trimming. Even a small portion of this percentage can boost the profitability of hardwood lumber manufacturers substantially. The objective of this research project is to develop an automated system which would assist in correct edging and...

The Dollars and Cents of Conventional Processing of Standard-Size Blanks

Treesearch

Philip A. Araman; Bruce G. Hansen

1983-01-01

Manufacturers of furniture and cabinets normally use over 2 billion board feet of hardwood lumber or about one-third of all hardwood lumber demanded each year. Although the current market for hardwood lumber reflects the overall economic downturn, competition for limited better grade hardwood resources will intensify when the economy improves. So, we need to improve...

Character-marked furniture: potential for lumber yield increase in crosscut-first rough mills

Treesearch

Urs Buehlmann; Janice K. Wiedenbeck; E. Earl Kline; E. Earl Kline

1999-01-01

Including character marks in dimension parts of the furniture, cabinet, and dimension industries offers an opportunity to increase lumber yield substantially. However, little quantitative knowledge exists as to how the incorporation of character marks in parts influences yield when processing lumber in a crosscut-first rough mill. Using computer simulation, this study...

Study of overlength on red oak lumber drying quality and rough mill yield

Treesearch

Brian Bond; Janice Wiedenbeck

2006-01-01

Lumber stacking practices can directly affect drying defects, drying rate, and moisture content uniformity. The effect of overlength on drying is generally thought to be detrimental, yet large volumes of overlength lumber are used by secondary manufacturers. Managers of secondary manufacturing facilities need quantitative information to assist them in determining if...

Predicting yields from Appalachian red oak logs and lumber

Treesearch

Daniel E. Dunmire

1971-01-01

One utilization problem is in pinpointing how to efficiently and effectively recover usable parts from logs, bolts, and lumber. Yields, which are output divided by input, provide a key to managers who make processing decisions. Research results are applied to indicate yields of graded lumber and dimension stock from graded Appalachian red oak (group) logs. How to...

Why do stumpage prices increase more than lumber prices?

Treesearch

William G. Luppold; John E. Baumgras; John E. Baumgras

1998-01-01

Every sawmiller who has been in business more than 5 years realizes that hardwood stumpage prices tend to increase faster than lumber prices, decreasing the margin between these two prices. Although increases in stumpage versus lumber prices are readily apparent, the reason for the decrease in the margin is not. Recent research findings indicate that the stumpage/...

From a contractors perspective: what is needed to recover used CCA treated lumber?

Treesearch

Delton R. Alderman; Robert L. Smith; Philip A. Araman

2003-01-01

The rationale of this research was to discern the factors that currently are preventing contractors from recovering and recycling spent chromated copper arsenate (CCA) lumber. This study examines the effects of evaluations and beliefs, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and awareness of the contractor's decision intention to recover used CCA lumber....

A profile of CCA-treated lumber removed from service in the southeastern United States decking market

Treesearch

Delton Alderman; Robert Smith; Philip A. Araman

2003-01-01

This research developed a profile of used chromated copper arsenate (CCA) lumber removed from the demolition of residential decking. This was achieved by gathering and compiling information regarding the construction, demolition, deck remodeling, deck replacement factors, and factors affecting the recovery of spent CCA lumber. In addition, qualitative responses...

Does gang ripping hold the potential for higher clear cutting yields

Treesearch

Hiram Hallock; Pamela Giese

1980-01-01

Cutting yields from gang ripping hardwood lumber graded by the National Hardwood Lumber Association standard grades are determined using the technique of mathematical modeling. The lumber used is the same as that in an earlier mathematically modeled determination of cutting yields from traditional rough mill procedures. Mechanical cutting factors such as kerf, cutting...

Life cycle inventory of oil palm lumber production: A gate-to-gate case study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shamsudin, Noor Ainna; Sahid, Ismail; Mokhtar, Anis; Muhamad, Halimah; Ahmad, Shamim

2018-04-01

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been applied in the Malaysian oil palm industry since 2010. It is important to ensure that this main industry is ready to meet the demands and expectations of European market on the environmental performance of the oil palm industry. In addition, oil palm biomass, especially oil palm trunk (OPT) are abundantly available after replanting every year. In order to maximize the usage of OPT as a green product, it can be converted to palm lumber as a value-added product. Palm lumber act as a basis product from OPT before it is converted to panel product such as plywood, sandwich board and so on. However, the LCA study on palm lumber production is still scarce in Malaysia. Hence, this paper aims to perform and collect the inventory data for palm lumber production, which is known as Life Cycle Inventory (LCI). A gate-to-gate system boundary and the functional unit of 1 m3 of palm lumber produced have been used in this study. This inventory data was collected from three batches of the production cycle. The inputs are mainly the raw materials which are the OPT and the energy from diesel and electricity from the grid. Generally, each consumption of input such as energy and fossil fuel were different at each stage of palm lumber production. Kiln-drying represents a prominent stage in terms of energy consumption, which electrical use in the dryer represents 94% of total electrical grid consumption as compared to another stage of palm lumber production. By adding the inventory information especially in the downstream sector of biomass industry, hopefully it can improve the sustainability of oil palm industry in Malaysia.

Impact of elliptical shaped red oak logs on lumber grade and volume recovery

Treesearch

Patrick M. Rappold; Brian H. Bond; Janice K. Wiedenbeck; Roncs Ese-Etame

2007-01-01

This research examined the grade and volume of lumber recovered from red oak logs with elliptical shaped cross sections. The volume and grade of lumber recovered from red oak logs with low (e ≤ 0.3) and high (e ≥ 0.4) degrees of ellipticity was measured at four hardwood sawmills. There was no significant difference (...

Green lumber grade yields from factory grade logs of three oak species

Treesearch

Daniel A. Yaussy

1986-01-01

Multivariate regression models were developed to predict green board foot yields for the seven common factory lumber grades processed from white, black, and chestnut oak factory grade logs. These models use the standard log measurements of grade, scaling diameter, log length, and proportion of scaling defect. Any combination of lumber grades (such as 1 Common and...

Investigating the linearity assumption between lumber grade mix and yield using design of experiments (DOE)

Treesearch

Xiaoqiu Zuo; Urs Buehlmann; R. Edward Thomas

2004-01-01

Solving the least-cost lumber grade mix problem allows dimension mills to minimize the cost of dimension part production. This problem, due to its economic importance, has attracted much attention from researchers and industry in the past. Most solutions used linear programming models and assumed that a simple linear relationship existed between lumber grade mix and...

Potential for yield improvement in combined rip-first and crosscut-first rough mill processing

Treesearch

Ed Thomas; Urs Buehlmann

2016-01-01

Traditionally, lumber cutting systems in rough mills have either first ripped lumber into wide strips and then crosscut the resulting strips into component lengths (rip-first), or first crosscut the lumber into component lengths, then ripped the segments to the required widths (crosscut-first). Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Crosscut-first typically...

Lumber recovery of Douglas-fir from the Coast and Cascade Ranges of Oregon and Washington.

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Susan Willits; Thomas D. Fahey

1988-01-01

This report summarizes the results of lumber recovery studies at four sawmills in western Oregon and western Washington; two dimension mills, one grade mill, and one timber mill were included. Results from individual mills are reported and discussed. The four mills were also combined to approximate "average" conversion of logs to lumber for the region....

Efficient utilization of red maple lumber in glued-laminated timber beams

Treesearch

J. J. Janowiak; H. B. Manbeck; R. Hernandez; R. C. Moody; P. R. Blankenhorn; P. Labosky

The feasibility of utilizing cant-sawn hardwood lumber, which would not usually be desired for furniture manufacture, was studied for the manufacture of structural glued-laminated (glulam) timber. Two red maple beam combinations were evaluated: (1) a glulam combination designed with E-rated lumber in 25 percent of the outer laminations (top and bottom) and No. 3 grade...

Method for adjusting warp measurements to a different board dimension

Treesearch

William T. Simpson; John R. Shelly

2000-01-01

Warp in lumber is a common problem that occurs while lumber is being dried. In research or other testing programs, it is sometimes necessary to compare warp of different species or warp caused by different process variables. If lumber dimensions are not the same, then direct comparisons are not possible, and adjusting warp to a common dimension would be desirable so...

Mechanical Performance of Nail-Laminated Posts Manufactured from Reclaimed Chromated Copper Arsenate-Treated Decking Lumber

Treesearch

John J. Janowiak; Robert H. Falk; Brad A. Gething; John A. Tsirigotis

2014-01-01

This study determined the mechanical properties of nail-laminated (nail-lam) posts manufactured from reclaimed chromated copper arsenate (CCA)–treated decking lumber. Though CCA-treated lumber is no longer accepted for use in residential applications, it is permitted in agricultural and industrial applications where health and environmental impacts are deemed to be...

Preliminary Full-Scale Tests of the Center for Automated Processing of Hardwoods' Auto-Image

Treesearch

Philip A. Araman; Janice K. Wiedenbeck

1995-01-01

Automated lumber grading and yield optimization using computer controlled saws will be plausible for hardwoods if and when lumber scanning systems can reliably identify all defects by type. Existing computer programs could then be used to grade the lumber, identify the best cut-up solution, and control the sawing machines. The potential value of a scanning grading...

A Multivariate Model and Analysis of Competitive Strategy in the U.S. Hardwood Lumber Industry

Treesearch

Robert J. Bush; Steven A. Sinclair

1991-01-01

Business-level competitive strategy in the hardwood lumber industry was modeled through the identification of strategic groups among large U.S. hardwood lumber producers. Strategy was operationalized using a measure based on the variables developed by Dess and Davis (1984). Factor and cluster analyses were used to define strategic groups along the dimensions of cost...

Wane detection on rough lumber using surface approximation

Treesearch

Sang-Mook Lee; A. Lynn Abbott; Daniel L. Schmoldt

2000-01-01

The initial breakdown of hardwood logs into lumber produces boards with rough surfaces. These boards contain wane (missing wood due to the curved log exterior) that is removed by edge and trim cuts prior to sale. Because hardwood lumber value is determined using a combination of board size and quality, knowledge of wane position and defects is essential for selecting...

Surface shape analysis of rough lumber for wane detection

Treesearch

Sang-Mook Lee; A. Lynn Abbott; Daniel L. Schmoldt

2003-01-01

The initial breakdown of hardwood logs into lumber produces boards with rough surfaces. These boards contain wane (missing wood that emanates from the log exterior, often containing residual bark) that is removed by edge and trim cuts prior to sale. Because hardwood lumber value is determined based on board size and quality, knowledge of wane position and defects is...

Investment opportunity : the FPL EGAR lumber manufacturing system

Treesearch

George B. Harpole; Ed Williston; Hiram H. Hallock

1979-01-01

A model of present-day computer-controlled sawmilling technology is modified for the manufacture of any desired width of EGAR dimension lumber from small logs. EGAR lumber is manufactured via headrig production of 2-inch-thick flitches which are in turn dried, edged full width, edge-glued, and gang-novelty-ripped to wide widths (EGAR). The EGAR system is compared to...

Seasoning small quantities of lumber

Treesearch

E.F. Rasmussen

1965-01-01

The owner of a small quantity of green lumber or logs is often confronted with seasoning it to a state of dryness suitable for use in furniture, wood carving, or other handiwork. He cannot follow the practice of commercial mills, which employ dry kilns for the purpose. because kilns are too costly. On the other hand, air seasoning outdoors usually does not dry lumber...

Feasibility of producing value-added wood products from reclaimed hemlock lumber

Treesearch

John J. Janowiak; Robert H. Falk; Jeffery D. Kimmel

2007-01-01

This study evaluated the feasibility of producing value-added wood products from hemlock lumber salvaged from building deconstruction. About 6,000 board feet of lumber, ranging in size from 3 in. by 8 in. to 3 in. by 12 in., was remilled into four products including log cabin siding, V-groove paneling, beadboard (wainscoting), and tongue and groove flooring. The...

Drying hard maple (Acer saccharum L.) lumber in a small dehumidification kiln

Treesearch

Neal Bennett

2013-01-01

Portable sawmill owners quickly recognize the advantage to kiln drying lumber they produce. Having the ability to provide properly kiln-dried lumber opens new market opportunities and can increase profit margins. However, the construction and operation of a dry kiln must be economical and simple. A small dehumidification dry kiln constructed and tested in Princeton, WV...

Lumber-grade recovery from 110-year-old Douglas-fir thinnings.

Treesearch

Norman P. Worthington

1955-01-01

What lumber-grade and yield recovery is possible from thinnings in low Site III, 110-year-old, young-growth Douglas -fir stand? A lumber-grade recovery study of sawtimber cut in recent thinning experiments at the Wind River Experimental Forest, Skamania County, Washington, gives some idea of the answer. The thinning experiments were designed to determine increment and...

Operation and cost of a small dehumidification dry kiln

Treesearch

Richard D. Bergman

2008-01-01

Obtaining small quantities of custom kiln-dried lumber can be an expensive process for an individual woodworker. Building and operating a small kiln capable of drying custom cuts of lumber (such as slabs, bowl blanks) gives woodworkers another option. Our approach was to build and operate a small dehumidification dry kiln. The four charges of lumber ranged from 600 to...

The effect of changes in lumber and furniture prices on wood furniture manufacturers' lumber usage

Treesearch

William G. Luppold

1983-01-01

Wood furniture manufacturers' demands for oak, maple, poplar, open-grain, and close-grain lumber are estimated using cross-sectional, time-series techniques. The analyses indicate that the demand for open-grain species is more price responsive than the demand for close-grain species. The calculated cross-price elasticities indicate that furniture producers do...

Environmental impact of producing hardwood lumber using life-cycle inventory

Treesearch

Richard D. Bowe Bergman

2008-01-01

Using sustainable building materials is gaining a significant presence in the US. This study examined hardwood lumber manufacturing using life-cycle inventory methodology. Material flow and energy use were identified for hardwood sawmills in northeastern US. A hardwood log volume conversion of 43.7% to planed dry lumber was found. Values of 608 MJ/m3 of electrical and...

Confidence intervals for predicting lumber strength properties based on ratios of percentiles from two Weibull populations.

Treesearch

Richard A. Johnson; James W. Evans; David W. Green

2003-01-01

Ratios of strength properties of lumber are commonly used to calculate property values for standards. Although originally proposed in terms of means, ratios are being applied without regard to position in the distribution. It is now known that lumber strength properties are generally not normally distributed. Therefore, nonparametric methods are often used to derive...

U.S. Policy and Canadian Lumber: Effects of the 1986 Memorandum of Understanding

Treesearch

David N. Wear; Karen J. Lee

1993-01-01

A 1986 Memorandum of Understanding on softwood lumber imports (MOU) between Canada and the United States required that provinvial governments levy export taxes on softwood lumber shipped to the United States. This agreement, with subsequent amendments, influenced trade from 1987 until it was abandoned by Canada in October of 1991. This paper investigates the market...

Drying hardwoods with impinging jets.

Treesearch

Howard N. Rosen

1980-01-01

Silver maple, yellow poplar, and black walnut lumber was dried in a prototype jet dryer over a range of temperatures from 120 degrees to 400 degrees Fahrenheit and air velocities from 1,000 to 9,000 fpm. Different drying schedules were developed for each type of wood. The quality of the jet-dried lumber was good and compared favorably with kiln-dried lumber.

The Pacific Basin market for wood products for military support activities

Treesearch

John D. Zinnikas

1966-01-01

Military support activities in Hawaii use between 50 and 150 thousand board feet of lumber annually for which locally grown and produced hardwood lumber might be used. In addition, the "other Pacific" market uses about 2 million board feet of hard-wood lumber annually. The Pacific Basin can be an important market for the Hawaii timber products industry...

Lumber yield and log values of Shasta red fir.

Treesearch

John B. Grantham; Douglas L. Hunt

1963-01-01

The value of lumber produced from each of 362 Shasta red fir logs of southern Oregon was determined through a cooperative study in 1960. Lumber grade yield from each log provided the basis for calculating the comparative value of each log grade-log diameter class, in accordance with grading and scaling practices used both east and west of the...

40 CFR 60.2972 - How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.2972 Section 60.2972... PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Operator Training and Qualification Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn... incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? (a) Use Method 9 of appendix A of this...

40 CFR 60.2971 - What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.2971 Section 60... Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.2971 What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? (a) Within...

40 CFR 60.3066 - What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.3066 Section 60... Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3066 What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste...

40 CFR 60.3066 - What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.3066 Section 60... Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3066 What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste...

40 CFR 60.3066 - What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.3066 Section 60... Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3066 What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste...

Increasing Hardwood Lumber Recovery and Value at the Edger and Trimmer

Treesearch

D. Earl Kline; Philip A. Araman; C. Regalado

1991-01-01

There are over 3500 sawmills producing hardwood lumber in the Southeastern portion of the United States for the household furniture, cabinet, millwork, dimension, and flooring industries as well as for the export market. To stay in business, these sawmills must be able to produce the highest possible value lumber from any given saw log. In these mills, about 20 percent...

A STUDY OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY IN IDAHO, PART II.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

LOUDERMILK, KENNETH M.

A MORE FORMAL STUDY OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY (SEE VT 002 152 AND VT 002 153) RESULTED IN IMPRESSIONS OF THE WORKERS AND WORKING CONDITIONS. THERE ARE TWO GENERAL TYPES OF EMPLOYEE--(1) THOSE VIEWING LUMBERING AS STOPGAP EMPLOYMENT WHICH SERVES AS A SOURCE OF WAGES FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES OR AS AN INTERIM JOB WHILE BETTER EMPLOYMENT IS SOUGHT, AND…

Hardwood lumber scanning tests to determine NHLA lumber grades

Treesearch

Philip A. Araman; Ssang-Mook Lee; A. Lynn Abbott; Matthew F. Winn

2011-01-01

This paper concerns the scanning, and grading of kiln-dried hardwood lumber. A prototype system is described that uses laser sources and a video camera to scan boards. The system automatically detects defects and wane, grades the boards, and then searches for higher value boards within the original board. The goal is to derive maximum commercial value based on current...

The market for U. S. hardwoods in the United Kingdom: market needs and satisfaction with U. S. Products

Treesearch

Robert J. Bush; Philip A. Araman

1993-01-01

Importers of hardwood lumber in the United Kingdom were studied to determine the product and supplier attributes that most influenced their purchase decisions. Importers of North American hardwoods were least satisfied with Lumber Straightness. Straightness, Absence of Stain and the Absence of Surface Checks were the most important lumber attributes. On Time Shipment...

40 CFR 60.3066 - What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.3066 Section 60... Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3066 What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste...

40 CFR 60.2971 - What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.2971 Section 60... Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.2971 What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? (a) Within...

40 CFR 60.3066 - What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.3066 Section 60... Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.3066 What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste...

40 CFR 60.2971 - What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.2971 Section 60... Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.2971 What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? (a) Within...

Lumber attributes, characteristics, and species preferences as indicated by secondary wood products firms in the continental United States.

Treesearch

David L. Nicholls; Joseph Roos

2006-01-01

The purpose of this research was to evaluate selected lumber attributes, species preferences, and lumber use properties among secondary wood manufacturers in the United States. Our sample included producers of kitchen cabinets, furniture, doors, windows, and molded products who attended regional and national wood manufacturing events. More than 51% of respondents had...

Characterization of Defects in Lumber Using Color, Shape, and Density Information

Treesearch

B.H. Bond; D. Earl Kline; Philip A. Araman

1998-01-01

To help guide the development of multi-sensor machine vision systems for defect detection in lumber, a fundamental understanding of wood defects is needed. The purpose of this research was to advance the basic understanding of defects in lumber by describing them in terms of parameters that can be derived from color and x-ray scanning technologies and to demonstrate...

Lumber use trends in mobile home construction

Treesearch

H. E. Dickerhoof

1977-01-01

The mobile home industry is a large and expanding lumber market within the housing industry. A sturdy wood frame lies under the metal wall and roof skin found on most mobile home units. When compared with data compiled in 1970 (1), the latest Forest Service, Department of Agriculture survey findings indicate the average mobile home now uses much more lumber for framing...

Tree grades, yields and values for some Appalachian hardwoods

Treesearch

Robert A. Campbell

1951-01-01

Foresters ahve long recognized the need for a better method of appraising standing timber in terms of quality as well as volume of lumber that trees may be expected to produce. Because the range in price between high-grade lumber and low-grade lumber is extremely wide, a stand of high-quality timber is much more valuable than a low-quality stand. In spite of this,...

Quality Characteristics of Appalachian Red Oak Lumber

Treesearch

Janice K Wiedenbeck; Charles J. Gatchell; Elizabeth S. Walker

1995-01-01

Red oak lumber defect information derived from a well-constructed board data bank was analyzed. The potential utility of No. 1 Common and No. 2A Common lumber is indicated by the finding that 23 percent of the No. 1 Common boards and 35 percent of the No. 2A Common boards in the data bank contain clear-face cutting percentages that meet the minimum requirement for the...

Processing mill scale study data on a type 650 electronic machine.

Treesearch

Floyd A. Johnson

1956-01-01

During April 1956, about 20,000 boards from 210 white fir and 290 western hemlock logs were measured at a lumber mill in western Washington. A magnetic drum, data-processing machine (type 650) was then used to calculate board-feet volumes by lumber grade for each log, and average board-foot volumes by lumber grade for each log diameter-class within log grades and...

The "great" price spike of '93: an analysis of lumber and stumpage prices in the Pacific Northwest.

Treesearch

Brent L. Sohngen; Richard W. Haynes

1994-01-01

Lumber prices for coast Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) swung rapidly from a low of $306 per thousand board feet (MBF) in September 1992 to a high of $495/MBF in March 1993. This price spike represented a sizable increase in the value of lumber over a short period, but it was not the historical...

Manufacturing Hardwood Dimension Products Directly from Logs: Potential Opportunities

Treesearch

D. Earl Kline; Wenjie Lin; Philip A. Araman

1993-01-01

When a hardwood log is sawn into lumber, over 16 percent of the volume is converted to sawdust. Furthermore, 12 percent of the log is converted to slabs and 17 percent is converted to edging and trimming pieces, all of which are chipped. Hence, less than 55 percent of the log is actually converted to lumber. Lumber must meet the requirements of specific NHLA grades and...

The changing structure of the hardwood lumber industry with implications on technology adaptation

Treesearch

William Luppold; John Baumgras; John Baumgras

2000-01-01

The hardwood sawmilling industry has been changing over the last 50 years as a result of changes in hardwood sawtimber inventory and in the demand for hardwood lumber. In 1950 the industry was composed of numerous individual mills, few of which produced more than 3 million board feet of lumber annually. During this time the furniture industry was the major user of...

Federal timber restrictions, interregional spillovers, and the impact on US softwood markets

Treesearch

David N. Wear; Brian C. Murray

2004-01-01

An econometric model of the US softwood lumber and timber markets is estimated and used to simulate the price, trade, and welfare effects of reductions in federal timber sales in the western US commencing in the late 1980s. Results indicate that the timber sale reductions increased lumber prices by roughly 15 percent in the mid-1990s. Lumber consumers were the...

International trade of U.S. hardwood lumber and logs, 1990-2013

Treesearch

William G. Luppold; Matthew S. Bumgardner

2014-01-01

United States (U.S.) hardwood log and lumber exports surged in the early- and mid-1970s in response to the adoption of floating exchange rates. However, assessing these changes in international trade became difficult in the 1980s due to increased underreporting of hardwood lumber and log shipments between the U.S. and Canada. By 1990, these data problems were rectified...

Data bank for short-length red oak lumber

Treesearch

Janice K. Wiedenbeck; Charles J. Gatchell; Elizabeth S. Walker

1994-01-01

This data bank for short-length lumber (less than 8 feet long) contains information on board outlines and defect size and quality for 426 414-inch-thick red oak boards. The Selects, 1 Common, 2A Common, and 3A Common grades are represented in the data bank. The data bank provides the kind of detailed lumber description that is required as input by computer programs...

Hardwood lumber and stumpage prices in two eastern hardwood markets: The real story

Treesearch

Neal P. Kingsley; Paul S. DeBald; Paul S. DeBald

1987-01-01

Current and real prices of hardwood lumber and stumpage prices are discussed. Results show that inflation wiped out most of the apparent price increases in two major hardwood lumber markets. Stumpage prices also failed to increase in real terms for most species in Ohio. Current and real prices trends for eight major eastern species are shown for the period 1964 through...

Lumber recovery from young-growth red and white fir in northern California.

Treesearch

W.Y. Pong

1982-01-01

Lumber recovery data from 1,106 logs from 341 young-growth white fir (Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.) and red fir (A. magnifica A. Murr) trees are presented. All logs were processed through a quad-band headsaw. Nominal 2x4's and 2x6's made up over 93 percent of the lumber volume; nearly 70...

Examination of lumber price trends for major hardwood species

Treesearch

William G. Luppold; Matthew S. Bumgardner

2007-01-01

Over the last 40 years, trends in interspecies and intergrade hardwood lumber prices have been erratic. In the early 1960s, high- and midgrade hard maple commanded high prices while red oak was the least valuable lumber regardless of grade. In the 1980s, high- and midgrade oak prices surged, but prices of all grades of maple and yellow-poplar declined. During the 1990s...

Employment changes in U.S. hardwood lumber consuming industries during economic expansions and contractions since 1991

Treesearch

William G. Luppold; Matt Bumgardner

2016-01-01

Understanding employment trends is important for discerning the economic vitality of U.S. hardwood lumber users. After a period of growth in the 1990s, employment in industries consuming hardwood lumber has declined in the 21st century. The wood household furniture industry has experienced the greatest decline, with North Carolina, Virginia, and California being the...

Rough Mill Simulations Reveal That Productivity When Processing Short Lumber Can Be High

Treesearch

Janice K. Wiedenbeck; Philip A. Araman

1995-01-01

Handling rates and costs associated with using short-length lumber (less than 8 ft. long) in furniture and cabinet industry rough mills have been assumed to be prohibitive. Discrete-event systems simulation models of both a crosscut-first and gang-rip-first rough mill were built to measure the effect of lumber length on equipment utilization and the volume and value of...

Opportunities for expanded and higher value utilization of No. 3A Common hardwood lumber

Treesearch

Brian P. Shepley; Jan Wiedenbeck; Robert L. Smith

2004-01-01

The percentage of low-grade material composing the annual hardwood lumber production in the United States is on the rise. As a result, finding markets for low-grade and low-value lumber has been identified as a top priority by researchers and industry associations. This research used the ROMI-RIP and ROMI-CROSS simulation programs to determine specific conditions that...

Potential sources of variation that influence the final moisture content of kiln-dried hardwood lumber

Treesearch

Hongmei Gu; Timothy M. Young; William W. Moschler; Brian H. Bond

2004-01-01

Excessive variability in the final moisture content (MC) of hardwood lumber may have a significant impact on secondary wood processing and final product performance. Sources of final MC variation during kiln- drying have been studied in prior research. A test examining the final MC of red oak (Quercus spp.) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) lumber after kiln-...

Method for estimating air-drying times of lumber

Treesearch

William T. Simpson; C. Arthur Hart

2001-01-01

Published information on estimated air-drying times of lumber is of limited usefulness because it is restricted to a specific location or to the time of year the lumber is stacked for drying. At best, these estimates give a wide range of possible times over a broad range of possible locations and stacking dates. In this paper, we describe a method for estimating air-...

Statistical models for the distribution of modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture in lumber with implications for reliability calculations

Treesearch

Steve P. Verrill; Frank C. Owens; David E. Kretschmann; Rubin Shmulsky

2017-01-01

It is common practice to assume that a two-parameter Weibull probability distribution is suitable for modeling lumber properties. Verrill and co-workers demonstrated theoretically and empirically that the modulus of rupture (MOR) distribution of visually graded or machine stress rated (MSR) lumber is not distributed as a Weibull. Instead, the tails of the MOR...

Wood-framed building deconstruction : a source of lumber for construction?

Treesearch

Bob Falk

2002-01-01

The sounds are much like those found at any building site. Hammers pounding. Saws whining. Lumber in motion. However, everything here seems to be in reverse ... windows and doors are being unhung rather than set in place, nails are being pounded out of boards instead of into them, lumber is being stacked up, banded, and hauled away rather than delivered and unstacked....

The state of hardwood lumber markets

Treesearch

Gilbert P. Dempsey; William G. Luppold

1992-01-01

Although the 1990-91 recession has temporarily dampened the demand for hardwood lumber, the decade of the 1980s was a period of strong growth in the hardwood market. After experiencing a flat market in 1980 and a decline in 1982, the demand for hardwood lumber by both the domestic industry and the export market increased strongly—from 8 billion board feet in 1982 to 11...

The international hardwood lumber market and potential impacts on your bottom line

Treesearch

Bill Luppold; Matthew Bumgardner

2014-01-01

Even if you don't sell logs or lumber to foreign customers, the international hardwood market can impact your business in significant ways, and smart business leaders are taking notice so that they are ready for shifting market impacts. Many people believe that lumber exporting is only an opportunity for larger sawmills. However, even if you have a portable mill...

Lumber and plywood used in California apartment construction, 1969

Treesearch

George B. Harpole

1973-01-01

The volume of lumber and plywood products used in apartment construction in California was estimated from a sample of apartments for which architectural plans were completed in 1969. Excluding wood mouldings, doors, cabinets, and shelving, an average of 4.85 board feet of lumber and 2.03 square feet (318-inch basis) of plywood per square foot of floor area were used in...

Lumber recovery from Douglas-fir thinnings at a bandmill and two chipping canters.

Treesearch

Thomas D. Fahey; Douglas L. Hunt

1972-01-01

Trees cut in thinning of Douglas-fir stands were processed into lumber at a profiled cant chipper, a square cant chipper with resaw, and a bandmill. Results are reported in terms of both cubic feet and Scribner long log scale. Included are tables by log input by diameter class for three studies, recovery by lumber grade and dimension item for three...

40 CFR 60.2972 - How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.2972 Section 60.2972... Commenced on or After June 16, 2006 Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.2972 How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste...

40 CFR 60.2974 - Am I required to apply for and obtain a title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and... and Qualification Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste... incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? Yes, if your air curtain incinerator is...

40 CFR 60.2972 - How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? 60.2972 Section 60.2972... Commenced on or After June 16, 2006 Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.2972 How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn only wood waste...

40 CFR 60.3069 - Am I required to apply for and obtain a title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and... December 9, 2004 Model Rule-Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard... incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? Yes, if your air curtain incinerator is...

40 CFR 60.3069 - Am I required to apply for and obtain a title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and... December 9, 2004 Model Rule-Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard... incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? Yes, if your air curtain incinerator is...

40 CFR 60.3069 - Am I required to apply for and obtain a title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and... December 9, 2004 Model Rule-Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard... incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? Yes, if your air curtain incinerator is...

40 CFR 62.14815 - What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber and/or yard waste? 62.14815... Before November 30, 1999 Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn 100 Percent Wood Wastes, Clean Lumber And/or... percent wood wastes, clean lumber and/or yard waste? (a) After the date the initial test for opacity is...

40 CFR 60.3069 - Am I required to apply for and obtain a title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and... December 9, 2004 Model Rule-Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard... incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? Yes, if your air curtain incinerator is...

40 CFR 60.2974 - Am I required to apply for and obtain a title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and... and Qualification Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste... incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? Yes, if your air curtain incinerator is...

40 CFR 62.14815 - What are the emission limitations for air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber and/or yard waste? 62.14815... Before November 30, 1999 Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn 100 Percent Wood Wastes, Clean Lumber And/or... percent wood wastes, clean lumber and/or yard waste? (a) After the date the initial test for opacity is...

40 CFR 62.14820 - How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, and/or yard waste? 62.14820 Section... Before November 30, 1999 Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn 100 Percent Wood Wastes, Clean Lumber And/or... wood wastes, clean lumber, and/or yard waste? (a) Use Method 9 of 40 CFR part 60, Appendix A to...

40 CFR 60.3069 - Am I required to apply for and obtain a title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and... December 9, 2004 Model Rule-Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard... incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? Yes, if your air curtain incinerator is...

40 CFR 60.2974 - Am I required to apply for and obtain a title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and... and Qualification Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste... incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and yard waste? Yes, if your air curtain incinerator is...

40 CFR 62.14820 - How must I monitor opacity for air curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... curtain incinerators that burn 100 percent wood wastes, clean lumber, and/or yard waste? 62.14820 Section... Before November 30, 1999 Air Curtain Incinerators That Burn 100 Percent Wood Wastes, Clean Lumber And/or... wood wastes, clean lumber, and/or yard waste? (a) Use Method 9 of 40 CFR part 60, Appendix A to...

An analysis of declines in hardwood lumber price of the past 40 years

Treesearch

William G. Luppold; Matthew S. Bumgardner

2010-01-01

Over the last 40 years, hardwood lumber prices have fluctuated as a result of overall economic activity and periodic inventory adjustment. Still, the decline in price for major hardwood species that began in the spring of 2004 and continued until the summer of 2009 is by far the most significant. In this article, we will examine just how much hardwood lumber prices...

29 CFR 570.54 - Forest fire fighting and forest fire prevention occupations, timber tract occupations, forestry...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....34(m) and 570.54(c): (i) Straightening, marking, or tallying lumber on the dry chain or the dry drop sorter. (ii) Pulling lumber from the dry chain, except minors under 16 years of age may not pull lumber from the dry chain as such youth are prohibited from operating or tending power-driven machinery by...

29 CFR 570.54 - Forest fire fighting and forest fire prevention occupations, timber tract occupations, forestry...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....34(m) and 570.54(c): (i) Straightening, marking, or tallying lumber on the dry chain or the dry drop sorter. (ii) Pulling lumber from the dry chain, except minors under 16 years of age may not pull lumber from the dry chain as such youth are prohibited from operating or tending power-driven machinery by...

29 CFR 570.54 - Forest fire fighting and forest fire prevention occupations, timber tract occupations, forestry...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....34(m) and 570.54(c): (i) Straightening, marking, or tallying lumber on the dry chain or the dry drop sorter. (ii) Pulling lumber from the dry chain, except minors under 16 years of age may not pull lumber from the dry chain as such youth are prohibited from operating or tending power-driven machinery by...

29 CFR 570.54 - Forest fire fighting and forest fire prevention occupations, timber tract occupations, forestry...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....34(m) and 570.54(c): (i) Straightening, marking, or tallying lumber on the dry chain or the dry drop sorter. (ii) Pulling lumber from the dry chain, except minors under 16 years of age may not pull lumber from the dry chain as such youth are prohibited from operating or tending power-driven machinery by...

Long-Term Exposure of Tropical Soils to Pressure Treated Lumber, Barro Colorado Island, Panama: Impacts on Soil Metal Mobility and Microbial Community Structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marietta, M. L.; Fowle, D. A.; Roberts, J. A.

2008-12-01

Pressure treated lumber (CCA) has been used in a variety of structures for over seven decades, but recent concerns have been raised about leaching of metals such as chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As) into proximal soils and water supplies. Pressure treated lumber abundance and its continued use necessitate a thorough understanding of metal release and sequestration in the subsurface. To date, no long-term, in situ study on the migration of CCA compounds from lumber has been performed. Barro Colorado Island, Panama is the site of several previous CCA studies and provides an opportunity to investigate the long-term (>70 years) effects of pressure treated lumber in oxisols, where high rainfall and warm temperatures may represent an end-member condition for the leaching and mobility of these metals. Soil samples from CCA and control sites were measured for Cr, As, Cu, Zn, and Fe abundances, microbial biomass and community structure via phospholipid fatty acid analysis, along with basic soil properties. CCA lumber samples were also characterized for their metal abundance. Lumber treated with zinc meta-arsenite displayed advanced decay with elevated As, Cu, and Zn concentrations observed in the adjacent soil. Increased soil organic matter and microbial biomass correlate to decreases in Fe and Fe-associated metals compared to the control. High As concentrations persist to <1 m of the source. Lumber treated with potassium dichromate contained high chromium concentrations and displayed little decay, however, soil concentrations of Cr, Fe, and Cu were generally less than control soils. Over these same intervals, soil organic matter and microbial biomass increased, particularly the fraction of metal reducing bacteria (MRB). We hypothesize that organic carbon loading from lumber stimulates MRB, leading to mobilization of Fe and Fe-associated metals from these oxide-rich soils. Principal component analysis of PLFA data confirms a distinction between controls and samples with elevated metal abundance at each site. This study provides fundamental insight into the long-term persistence of CCA compounds in Fe-rich soils and could serve in practical applications related to CCA contamination.

JBFA - buoyant flight

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ohari, T.

1982-01-01

A method was developed whereby a balloon was used to carry lumber out of a forest in order to continue lumber production without destroying the natural environment and view of the forest. Emphasis was on the best shape for a logging balloon, development of a balloon logging system suitable for cutting lumber and safety plans, tests on balloon construction and development of netting, and weather of mountainous areas, especially solutions to problems caused by winds.

To Make Long Character-Marked Cuttings From Low-Grade Yellow-Poplar Lumber - Rip First

Treesearch

Philip A. Araman

1979-01-01

Long, character-marked furniture cuttings are easily obtained when low-grade (2A and 2B Common) yellow-poplar lumber is first ripped into strips and then crosscut to remove objectionable defects. Overall yields of character-marked material using this procedure were 78% from 1 Common and 2A Common and 70% from 2B Common yellow-poplar lumber. Furthermore, 82% of the 1...

The influence of cutting-bill requirements on lumber yield using a fractional-factorial design part II, correlation and number of part sizes

Treesearch

Urs Buehlmann; D. Earl Kline; Janice K. Wiedenbeck; R., Jr. Noble

2008-01-01

Cutting-bill requirements, among other factors, influence the yield obtained when cutting lumber into parts. The first part of this 2-part series described how different cutting-bill part sizes, when added to an existing cutting-bill, affect lumber yield, and quantified these observations. To accomplish this, the study employed linear least squares estimation technique...

Test of the Center for Automated Processing of Hardwoods' Auto-Image Detection and Computer-Based Grading and Cutup System

Treesearch

Philip A. Araman; Janice K. Wiedenbeck

1995-01-01

Automated lumber grading and yield optimization using computer controlled saws will be plausible for hardwoods if and when lumber scanning systems can reliably identify all defects by type. Existing computer programs could then be used to grade the lumber, identify the best cut-up solution, and control the sawing machines. The potential value of a scanning grading...

Factors influencing changes in U.S. hardwood log and lumber exports from 1990 to 2011. BioResources

Treesearch

William G. Luppold; Matthew S. Bumgardner

2013-01-01

Domestic consumption of hardwood products in the United States since 2000 has trended downward, making exports the single most important market for higher grade hardwood lumber and a major market for higher value hardwood logs. Between 1990 and 2011, hardwood lumber exports increased by 46%. During most of this period, Canada was the largest export market for U.S....

Effect of cross grain on stress waves in lumber

Treesearch

C.C. Gerhards

1980-01-01

An evaluation is made of the effect of cross grain on the transit time of longitudinal compression stress waves in Douglas-fir 2 by 8 lumber. Cross grain causes the stress wave to advance with a front or contour skewed in the direction of the grain angle, rather than to advance with a front normal to the long axis of lumber. Thus, the timing of the stress wave in...

Long length cuttings from no. 2 common hardwood lumber

Treesearch

Edwin L. Lucas; Edwin L. Lucas

1973-01-01

Long length cuttings (up to 60 inches) are obtainable in abundance from No. 2 Common oak lumber. Cutting for the maximum area of clear one face (ClF) parts 18 to 60 inches in length, we found that 46 percent of all the cuttings were 36 inches long or longer. The recovery of the long length cuttings did not reduce the overall yield of parts produced from the lumber....

Effects of Market Prices and Silvicultural Practices on Lumber Value of Standing Trees In Uneven-Ages Plots

Treesearch

David W. Patterson

1998-01-01

Uneven-aged management plots were established using three variables (site index, basal area, and maximum diameter). This study looked at the significance of the variables on the lumber volume per acre, lumber value per thousand board feet (Mbf), and stand value per acre as well as the influence on these analysis by market prices (May 1997, May 1998, and October 1998)....

Decline in the U.S. furniture industry: a case study of the impacts to the hardwood lumber supply chain

Treesearch

Shawn T. Grushecky; Urs Buehlmann; Al Schuler; William Luppold; Ed Cesa

2006-01-01

Traditionally, the wood household furniture industry has accounted for a sizeable portion of total hardwood lumber use in the United States. However, for more than a decade, imports have gained an increasing share of the hardwood furniture market, and lumber consumption by this industry has declined dramatically in the last 5 years. We used a case study methodology to...

Kiln drying lumber in the United States : a survey of volume, species, kiln capacity, equipment, and procedures, 1992-1993

Treesearch

Robert W. Rice; Jeffrey L. Howe; R. Sidney Boone; John L. Tschernitz

1994-01-01

A survey was conducted of primary and secondary manufacturing firms that have at least one dry kiln and process approximately 2 million board feet or more of lumber annually. More than 1,500 surveys were completed, representing manufacturers in 43 states. According to survey respondents, approximately 5 billion board feet of hardwood lumber and 24 billion board feet of...

Market for Hawaii hardwood lumber in new single-family houses on Oahu, Hawaii

Treesearch

John D. Zinnikas; R. Sidney Boone

1967-01-01

The total potential market for flooring, siding, and cabinet and millwork in new single-family houses on Oahu was between 10½ and 11 million board feet of lumber in 1963. The total possible market for lumber in new single-family house construction from 1965 to 1970 is estimated at 18 to 23 million square feet of floor-ing, 28 to 36 million square feet of...

40 CFR 60.2974 - Am I required to apply for and obtain a title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and... Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.2974 Am I required to apply for and obtain a title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber...

40 CFR 60.2974 - Am I required to apply for and obtain a title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber, and... Incinerators That Burn Only Wood Waste, Clean Lumber, and Yard Waste § 60.2974 Am I required to apply for and obtain a title V operating permit for my air curtain incinerator that burns only wood waste, clean lumber...

Sorption Isotherm of Southern Yellow Pine-High Density Polyethylene Composites.

PubMed

Liu, Feihong; Han, Guangping; Cheng, Wanli; Wu, Qinglin

2015-01-20

Temperature and relative humidity (RH) are two major external factors, which affect equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of wood-plastic composites (WPCs). In this study, the effect of different durability treatments on sorption and desorption isotherms of southern yellow pine (SYP)-high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites was investigated. All samples were equilibriumed at 20 °C and various RHs including 16%, 33%, 45%, 66%, 75%, 85%, 93%, and100%. EMCs obtained from desorption and absorption for different WPC samples were compared with Nelson's sorption isotherm model predictions using the same temperature and humidity conditions. The results indicated that the amount of moisture absorbed increased with the increases in RH at 20 °C. All samples showed sorption hysteresis at a fixed RH. Small difference between EMC data of WPC samples containing different amount of ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers were observed. Similar results were observed among the samples containing different amount of zinc borate (ZB). The experimental data of EMCs at various RHs fit to the Nelson's sorption isotherm model well. The Nelson's model can be used to predicate EMCs of WPCs under different RH environmental conditions.

Assessing the release of copper from nanocopper-treated and conventional copper-treated lumber into marine waters I: Concentrations and rates.

PubMed

Parks, Ashley N; Cantwell, Mark G; Katz, David R; Cashman, Michaela A; Luxton, Todd P; Ho, Kay T; Burgess, Robert M

2018-03-25

Little is known about the release of metal engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) from consumer goods, including lumber treated with micronized copper. Micronized copper is a recent form of antifouling wood preservative containing nanosized copper particles for use in pressure-treated lumber. The present study investigated the concentrations released and the release rate of total copper over the course of 133 d under freshwater, estuarine, and marine salinity conditions (0, 1, 10, and 30‰) for several commercially available pressure-treated lumbers: micronized copper azole (MCA) at 0.96 and 2.4 kg/m 3 , alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) at 0.30 and 9.6 kg/m 3 , and chromated copper arsenate (CCA) at 40 kg/m 3 . Lumber was tested as blocks and as sawdust. Overall, copper was released from all treated lumber samples. Under leaching conditions, total release ranged from 2 to 55% of the measured copper originally in the lumber, with release rate constants from the blocks of 0.03 to 2.71 (units per day). Generally, measured release and modeled equilibrium concentrations were significantly higher in the estuarine conditions compared with freshwater or marine salinities, whereas rate constants showed very limited differences between salinities. Furthermore, organic carbon was released during the leaching and demonstrated a significant relationship with released copper concentrations as a function of salinity. The results indicate that copper is released into estuarine/marine waters from multiple wood treatments including lumber amended with nanoparticle-sized copper. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;9999:1-13. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

Evaluation of a reduced section modulus model for determining effects of incising on bending strength and stiffness of structural lumber

Treesearch

Roland Hernandez; Jerrold E. Winandy

2005-01-01

A quantitative model is presented for evaluating the effects of incising on the bending strength and stiffness of structural dimension lumber. This model is based on the premise that bending strength and stiffness are reduced when lumber is incised, and the extent of this reduction is related to the reduction in moment of inertia of the bending members. Measurements of...

Effect of curve sawing on lumber recovery and warp of short cherry logs containing sweep

Treesearch

Brian H. Bond; Philip Araman

2008-01-01

It has been estimated that approximately one-third of hardwood sawlogs have a significant amount of sweep and that 7 to nearly 40 percent of the yield is lost from logs that have greater than 1 inch of sweep. While decreased yield is important, for hardwood logs the loss of lumber value is likely more significant. A method that produced lumber while accounting for log...

Review on antibacterial biocomposites of structural laminated veneer lumber

PubMed Central

Chen, Zi-xiang; Lei, Qiong; He, Rui-lin; Zhang, Zhong-feng; Chowdhury, Ahmed Jalal Khan

2015-01-01

In this review, the characteristics and applications of structural laminated veneer lumber made from planted forest wood is introduced, and its preparation is explained, including various tree species and slab qualities, treatments for multiple effects and reinforced composites. The relevant factors in the bonding technology and pressing processes as well as the mechanical properties, research direction and application prospects of structural laminated veneer lumber made from planted forest wood are discussed. PMID:26858559

Political pressure: An examination of U S Senators actions in restricting Canadian softwood lumber imports

Treesearch

Joseph Godwin; Daowei Zhang

2012-01-01

Over the past 30 years the U.S.–Canadian softwood lumber trade dispute has resulted in three managed trade agreements that have not been voted on in the U.S. Congress. Nevertheless, U.S. Senators have played an important role in shaping the political environment that has nurtured these agreements. In this paper we construct a lumber influence index based on 14 known...

Global Markets and the Health of American Forests: A Forest Service Perspective

Treesearch

Sally Collins; David Darr; David Wear; Hutch Brown

2008-01-01

The United States is rich in forests, yet about 39% of the softwood lumber used by Americans in 2005 came from other countries (WWPA 2006). In fact, the United States has not been “self-sufficient” in lumber (with exports exceeding imports) for more than 40 years. According to Haynes et al. (2007), the trade deficit in lumber has grown from 4.1 billion board feet (bbf...

7 CFR 1217.60 - Programs, plans, and projects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... and advertising designed to: (1) Maintain, develop, expand and grow markets for softwood lumber; (2... strength, safety, environmental and sustainable benefits and technical applications of softwood lumber; and...

7 CFR 1217.60 - Programs, plans, and projects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... and advertising designed to: (1) Maintain, develop, expand and grow markets for softwood lumber; (2... strength, safety, environmental and sustainable benefits and technical applications of softwood lumber; and...

7 CFR 1217.60 - Programs, plans, and projects.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... and advertising designed to: (1) Maintain, develop, expand and grow markets for softwood lumber; (2... strength, safety, environmental and sustainable benefits and technical applications of softwood lumber; and...

Within-grade quality differences for 1 and 2A common lumber affect processsing and yields when gang-ripping red oak lumber

Treesearch

Charles J. Gatchell; R. Edward Thomas; R. Edward Thomas

1997-01-01

Using a new computer grading program (UGRS), 1 and 2A Common lumber was sorted based on the percentage of board surface measure found in the maximum allowable number of grading cuttings. For 1 Common, 46.0 percent of 921 boards had percentages in the FAS range (83-1/3% and above). For 2A Common, 54.7 percent of 825 boards had percentages in the 1 Common range. When...

Duplicate Class IV (Lumber) Ordering Within Defense Logistics Agency and Its Impact in Each Combatant Command

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

this vignette, the assumption is that all processes occur as they are designed with no variability, and that all lumber supply stocks have been...is available, then SGT Doe, or a designated command representative, can pick up the lumber at the SSA using a manual paper form, conducting a process...requested by SGT Doe’s order, then a new government contract is solicited after the designated contract administration service (CAS) approves the request

Pierce Lumber, Inc.

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The EPA is providing notice of a proposed Administrative Penalty Assessment against Pierce Lumber, Inc. (“Respondent”), located at 1629 13th Street, Belle Plaine, IA for alleged violations of its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit (perm