The expert and the foreigner: Reflections of forensic transcultural psychopathology on a total of 86 reports by experts on criminal liability.

PubMed

Merzagora, Isabella; Amadasi, Alberto; Blandino, Alberto; Travaini, Guido

In recent times Italy has been experiencing massive migration flows, therefore the attention on the issue of crimes committed by foreigners is increasing. But within trials, in the evaluation of criminal liability of foreigners, how do experts deal with them? Do the performed evaluations take cultural diversity into account? The present study took origin from these questions and examined a total of 86 reports by experts on criminal liability of foreign persons (16 females and 70 males). Examinees have been declared indictable in 31 cases (36%), totally mentally ill in 40 cases (45%) and with diminished liability in 15 cases (17%); when liability was excluded, examinees were diagnosed in 11 cases with mood disorders, in 23 cases with personality disorders, in 4 cases with adaptation disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder and in 10 cases with different diagnoses (in some cases more than one diagnosis was present). None of the reports used the section of the DSM concerning "cultural framing". Tests were used in 48 surveys (56% of cases), with more tests for each examinee, for a total of 39 Rorschach, 14 Raven test, 8 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - MMPI - 4 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - WAIS - level test, 8 Thematic Apperception test. When subjects were diagnosed with mental disorder and with diminished liability, 42 (79%) were also socially dangerous. Results highlight the importance of the relationship between the expert and the foreigner. Many factors ought to be critically considered by experts dealing with foreigners, like cultural awareness, knowledge of verbal communication, critical consideration of meanings and diagnosis, knowledge of the foreigners' personal story, presence of tests with inexact information and cultural fallacy. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Minimizing liability risks under the ACMG recommendations for reporting incidental findings in clinical exome and genome sequencing.

PubMed

Evans, Barbara J

2013-12-01

Recent recommendations by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) for reporting incidental findings present novel ethical and legal issues. This article expresses no views on the ethical aspects of these recommendations and focuses strictly on liability risks and how to minimize them. The recommendations place labs and clinicians in a new liability environment that exposes them to intentional tort lawsuits as well to traditional suits for negligence. Intentional tort suits are especially troubling because of their potential to inflict ruinous personal financial losses on individual clinicians and laboratory personnel. This article surveys this new liability landscape and describes analytical approaches for minimizing tort liabilities. To a considerable degree, liability risks can be controlled by structuring activities in ways that make future lawsuits nonviable before the suits ever arise. Proactive liability analysis is an effective tool for minimizing tort liabilities in connection with the testing and reporting activities that the ACMG recommends.

Minimizing liability risks under the ACMG recommendations for reporting incidental findings in clinical exome and genome sequencing

PubMed Central

Evans, Barbara J.

2014-01-01

Recent recommendations by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) for reporting incidental findings present novel ethical and legal issues. This article expresses no views on the ethical aspects of these recommendations and focuses strictly on liability risks and how to minimize them. The recommendations place labs and clinicians in a new liability environment that exposes them to intentional tort lawsuits as well to traditional suits for negligence. Intentional tort suits are especially troubling because of their potential to inflict ruinous personal financial losses on individual clinicians and laboratory personnel. This article surveys this new liability landscape and describes analytical approaches for minimizing tort liabilities. To a considerable degree, liability risks can be controlled by structuring activities in ways that make future lawsuits nonviable before the suits ever arise. Proactive liability analysis is an effective tool for minimizing tort liabilities in connection with the testing and reporting activities that the ACMG recommends. PMID:24030435

The legal and economic forces that will shape the international market for cybersurgery.

PubMed

McLean, Thomas R

2006-12-01

Despite the common use of medical devices most health care providers have little understanding how a device alters medical malpractice litigation. Such knowledge will be increasingly valuable as cybersurgery (i.e. remote robotic surgery) becomes routine. Review of the laws governing products and telecommunication liability. Litigation after cybersurgery will be complex. In addition to being able to sue physicians and hospitals, patients who sustain an adverse outcome after cybersurgery will have the potential to sue the robotic manufacturer and telecommunication company. Robotics manufacturers can obtain virtual immunity from liability if they elected to place their devices on the market after obtaining [see text]360 per-market approval from the FDA. However, because [see text]360 pre-market approval is expensive and time consuming most medical devices on the market (including the robotic surgical instruments) do not have immunity to products liability. Consequently, after an adverse cybersurgical outcome a manufacturer of a robotic surgical instrument faces liability for failure to warn, design defects, and failure to properly manufacture. As for telecommunication providers, existing law provides them with immunity from liability. Litigation following cybersurgery will involve multiple defendants who are likely to use "finger pointing" defenses. Accordingly, there will be liability traps associated with providing cybersurgery. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Evidence for the hERG Liability of Antihistamines, Antipsychotics, and Anti-Infective Agents: A Systematic Literature Review From the ARITMO Project.

PubMed

Hazell, Lorna; Raschi, Emanuel; De Ponti, Fabrizio; Thomas, Simon H L; Salvo, Francesco; Ahlberg Helgee, Ernst; Boyer, Scott; Sturkenboom, Miriam; Shakir, Saad

2017-05-01

A systematic review was performed to categorize the hERG (human ether-a-go-go-related gene) liability of antihistamines, antipsychotics, and anti-infectives and to compare it with current clinical risk of torsade de pointes (TdP). Eligible studies were hERG assays reporting half-minimal inhibitory concentrations (IC50). A "hERG safety margin" was calculated from the IC50 divided by the peak human plasma concentration (free C max ). A margin below 30 defined hERG liability. Each drug was assigned an "uncertainty score" based on volume, consistency, precision, and internal and external validity of evidence. The hERG liability was compared to existing knowledge on TdP risk (www.credibledrugs.org). Of 1828 studies, 82 were eligible, allowing calculation of safety margins for 61 drugs. Thirty-one drugs (51%) had evidence of hERG liability including 6 with no previous mention of TdP risk (eg, desloratadine, lopinavir). Conversely, 16 drugs (26%) had no evidence of hERG liability including 6 with known, or at least conditional or possible, TdP risk (eg, chlorpromazine, sulpiride). The main sources of uncertainty were the validity of the experimental conditions used (antihistamines and antipsychotics) and nonuse of reference compounds (anti-infectives). In summary, hERG liability was categorized for 3 widely used drug classes, incorporating a qualitative assessment of the strength of available evidence. Some concordance with TdP risk was observed, although several drugs had hERG liability without evidence of clinical risk and vice versa. This may be due to gaps in clinical evidence, limitations of hERG/C max data, or other patient/drug-specific factors that contribute to real-life TdP risk. © 2016, The American College of Clinical Pharmacology.

Direct-to-consumer genetic testing for addiction susceptibility: a premature commercialisation of doubtful validity and value.

PubMed

Mathews, Rebecca; Hall, Wayne; Carter, Adrian

2012-12-01

Genetic research on addiction liability and pharmacogenetic research on treatments for addiction have identified some genetic variants associated with disease risk and treatment. Genetic testing for addiction liability and treatment response has not been used widely in clinical practice because most of the genes identified only modestly predict addiction risk or treatment response. However, many of these genetic tests have been commercialized prematurely and are available direct to the consumer (DTC). The easy availability of DTC tests for addiction liability and lack of regulation over their use raises a number of ethical concerns. Of paramount concern is the limited predictive power and clinical utility of these tests. Many DTC testing companies do not provide the consumer with the necessary genetic counselling to assist them in interpreting and acting on their test results. They may also engage in misleading marketing to entice consumers to purchase their products. Consumers' genetic information may be vulnerable to misuse by third parties, as there are limited standards to protect the privacy of the genetic information. Non-consensual testing and inappropriate testing of minors may also occur. The United States Food and Drug Administration plans to regulate DTC genetic tests. Based on the ethical concerns we discuss below, we believe there is a strong case for regulation of DTC genetic tests for addiction liability and treatment response. We argue that until this occurs, these tests have more potential to cause harm than to contribute to improved prevention and treatment of addiction. © 2012 The Authors, Addiction © 2012 Society for the Study of Addiction.

PMP22 related neuropathies: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A and Hereditary Neuropathy with liability to Pressure Palsies.

PubMed

van Paassen, Barbara W; van der Kooi, Anneke J; van Spaendonck-Zwarts, Karin Y; Verhamme, Camiel; Baas, Frank; de Visser, Marianne

2014-03-19

PMP22 related neuropathies comprise (1) PMP22 duplications leading to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A), (2) PMP22 deletions, leading to Hereditary Neuropathy with liability to Pressure Palsies (HNPP), and (3) PMP22 point mutations, causing both phenotypes. Overall prevalence of CMT is usually reported as 1:2,500, epidemiological studies show that 20-64% of CMT patients carry the PMP22 duplication. The prevalence of HNPP is not well known. CMT1A usually presents in the first two decades with difficulty walking or running. Distal symmetrical muscle weakness and wasting and sensory loss is present, legs more frequently and more severely affected than arms. HNPP typically leads to episodic, painless, recurrent, focal motor and sensory peripheral neuropathy, preceded by minor compression on the affected nerve. Electrophysiological evaluation is needed to determine whether the polyneuropathy is demyelinating. Sonography of the nerves can be useful. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding respectively a PMP22 duplication, deletion or point mutation. Differential diagnosis includes other inherited neuropathies, and acquired polyneuropathies. The mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant and de novo mutations occur. Offspring of patients have a chance of 50% to inherit the mutation from their affected parent. Prenatal testing is possible; requests for prenatal testing are not common. Treatment is currently symptomatic and may include management by a rehabilitation physician, physiotherapist, occupational therapist and orthopaedic surgeon. Adult CMT1A patients show slow clinical progression of disease, which seems to reflect a process of normal ageing. Life expectancy is normal.

PMP22 related neuropathies: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A and Hereditary Neuropathy with liability to Pressure Palsies

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

PMP22 related neuropathies comprise (1) PMP22 duplications leading to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A), (2) PMP22 deletions, leading to Hereditary Neuropathy with liability to Pressure Palsies (HNPP), and (3) PMP22 point mutations, causing both phenotypes. Overall prevalence of CMT is usually reported as 1:2,500, epidemiological studies show that 20-64% of CMT patients carry the PMP22 duplication. The prevalence of HNPP is not well known. CMT1A usually presents in the first two decades with difficulty walking or running. Distal symmetrical muscle weakness and wasting and sensory loss is present, legs more frequently and more severely affected than arms. HNPP typically leads to episodic, painless, recurrent, focal motor and sensory peripheral neuropathy, preceded by minor compression on the affected nerve. Electrophysiological evaluation is needed to determine whether the polyneuropathy is demyelinating. Sonography of the nerves can be useful. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding respectively a PMP22 duplication, deletion or point mutation. Differential diagnosis includes other inherited neuropathies, and acquired polyneuropathies. The mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant and de novo mutations occur. Offspring of patients have a chance of 50% to inherit the mutation from their affected parent. Prenatal testing is possible; requests for prenatal testing are not common. Treatment is currently symptomatic and may include management by a rehabilitation physician, physiotherapist, occupational therapist and orthopaedic surgeon. Adult CMT1A patients show slow clinical progression of disease, which seems to reflect a process of normal ageing. Life expectancy is normal. PMID:24646194

Reinforcer Pathology: The Behavioral Economics of Abuse Liability Testing.

PubMed

Bickel, W K; Snider, S E; Quisenberry, A J; Stein, J S

2017-02-01

Understanding the abuse liability of novel drugs is critical to understanding the risk these new compounds pose to society. Behavioral economics, the integration of psychology and economics, can be used to predict abuse liability of novel substances. Here, we describe the behavioral economic concept of reinforcer pathology and how it may predict the use of novel drugs in existing drug-users and initiation of use in the drug-naive. © 2016 American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

Malpractice liability and defensive medicine: a national survey of neurosurgeons.

PubMed

Nahed, Brian V; Babu, Maya A; Smith, Timothy R; Heary, Robert F

2012-01-01

Concern over rising healthcare expenditures has led to increased scrutiny of medical practices. As medical liability and malpractice risk rise to crisis levels, the medical-legal environment has contributed to the practice of defensive medicine as practitioners attempt to mitigate liability risk. High-risk specialties, such as neurosurgery, are particularly affected and neurosurgeons have altered their practices to lessen medical-legal risk. We present the first national survey of American neurosurgeons' perceptions of malpractice liability and defensive medicine practices. A validated, 51-question online-survey was sent to 3344 practicing U.S. neurosurgeon members of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, which represents 76% of neurosurgeons in academic and private practices. A total of 1028 surveys were completed (31% response rate) by neurosurgeons representing diverse sub-specialty practices. Respondents engaged in defensive medicine practices by ordering additional imaging studies (72%), laboratory tests (67%), referring patients to consultants (66%), or prescribing medications (40%). Malpractice premiums were considered a "major or extreme" burden by 64% of respondents which resulted in 45% of respondents eliminating high-risk procedures from their practice due to liability concerns. Concerns and perceptions about medical liability lead practitioners to practice defensive medicine. As a result, diagnostic testing, consultations and imaging studies are ordered to satisfy a perceived legal risk, resulting in higher healthcare expenditures. To minimize malpractice risk, some neurosurgeons have eliminated high-risk procedures. Left unchecked, concerns over medical liability will further defensive medicine practices, limit patient access to care, and increase the cost of healthcare delivery in the United States.

Malpractice Liability and Defensive Medicine: A National Survey of Neurosurgeons

PubMed Central

Smith, Timothy R.; Heary, Robert F.

2012-01-01

Background Concern over rising healthcare expenditures has led to increased scrutiny of medical practices. As medical liability and malpractice risk rise to crisis levels, the medical-legal environment has contributed to the practice of defensive medicine as practitioners attempt to mitigate liability risk. High-risk specialties, such as neurosurgery, are particularly affected and neurosurgeons have altered their practices to lessen medical-legal risk. We present the first national survey of American neurosurgeons’ perceptions of malpractice liability and defensive medicine practices. Methods A validated, 51-question online-survey was sent to 3344 practicing U.S. neurosurgeon members of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, which represents 76% of neurosurgeons in academic and private practices. Results A total of 1028 surveys were completed (31% response rate) by neurosurgeons representing diverse sub-specialty practices. Respondents engaged in defensive medicine practices by ordering additional imaging studies (72%), laboratory tests (67%), referring patients to consultants (66%), or prescribing medications (40%). Malpractice premiums were considered a “major or extreme” burden by 64% of respondents which resulted in 45% of respondents eliminating high-risk procedures from their practice due to liability concerns. Conclusions Concerns and perceptions about medical liability lead practitioners to practice defensive medicine. As a result, diagnostic testing, consultations and imaging studies are ordered to satisfy a perceived legal risk, resulting in higher healthcare expenditures. To minimize malpractice risk, some neurosurgeons have eliminated high-risk procedures. Left unchecked, concerns over medical liability will further defensive medicine practices, limit patient access to care, and increase the cost of healthcare delivery in the United States. PMID:22761745

Association of Liability Concerns with Decisions to Order Echocardiography and Cardiac Stress Tests with Imaging.

PubMed

Kini, Vinay; Weiner, Rory B; McCarthy, Fenton H; Wiegers, Susan E; Kirkpatrick, James N

2016-12-01

Professional societies have made efforts to curb overuse of cardiac imaging and decrease practice variation by publishing appropriate use criteria. However, little is known about the impact of physician-level determinants such as liability concerns and risk aversion on decisions to order testing. A web-based survey was administered to cardiologists and general practice physicians affiliated with two academic institutions. The survey consisted of four clinical scenarios in which appropriate use criteria rated echocardiography or stress testing as "may be appropriate." Respondents' degree of liability concerns and risk aversion were measured using validated tools. The primary outcome variable was tendency to order imaging, calculated as the average likelihood to order an imaging test across the clinical scenarios (1 = very unlikely, 6 = very likely). Linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between tendency to order imaging and physician characteristics. From 420 physicians invited to participate, 108 complete responses were obtained (26% response rate, 54% cardiologists). There was no difference in tendency to order imaging between cardiologists and general practice physicians (3.46 [95% CI, 3.12-3.81] vs 3.15 [95% CI, 2.79-3.51], P = .22). On multivariate analysis, a higher degree of liability concerns was the only significant predictor of decisions to order imaging (mean difference in tendency to order imaging, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.09-0.62; P = .01). In clinical situations in which performance of cardiac imaging is rated as "may be appropriate" by appropriate use criteria, physicians with higher liability concerns ordered significantly more testing than physicians with lower concerns. Copyright © 2016 American Society of Echocardiography. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Childhood trauma, psychosis liability and social stress reactivity: a virtual reality study.

PubMed

Veling, W; Counotte, J; Pot-Kolder, R; van Os, J; van der Gaag, M

2016-12-01

Childhood trauma is associated with higher risk for mental disorders, including psychosis. Heightened sensitivity to social stress may be a mechanism. This virtual reality study tested the effect of childhood trauma on level of paranoid ideations and distress in response to social stress, in interaction with psychosis liability and level of social stress exposure. Seventy-five individuals with higher psychosis liability (55 with recent onset psychotic disorder and 20 at ultra-high risk for psychosis) and 95 individuals with lower psychosis liability (42 siblings and 53 controls) were exposed to a virtual café in five experiments with 0-3 social stressors (crowded, other ethnicity and hostility). Paranoid ideation was measured after each experiment. Subjective distress was self-rated before and after experiments. Multilevel random regression analyses were used to test main effects of childhood trauma and interaction effects. Childhood trauma was more prevalent in individuals with higher psychosis liability, and was associated with higher level of (subclinical) psychotic and affective symptoms. Individuals with a history of childhood trauma responded with more subjective distress to virtual social stress exposures. The effects of childhood trauma on paranoia and subjective distress were significantly stronger when the number of virtual environmental stressors increased. Higher psychosis liability increased the effect of childhood trauma on peak subjective distress and stress reactivity during experiments. Childhood trauma is associated with heightened social stress sensitivity and may contribute to psychotic and affective dysregulation later in life, through a sensitized paranoid and stress response to social stressors.

40 CFR 264.147 - Liability requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... pursuant to a draft by the trustee of the standby trust will be deposited by the issuing institution into... operator may meet the requirements of this section by obtaining a trust fund for liability coverage as... bond, and trust fund, except that the owner or operator may not combine a financial test covering part...

Flavor improvement does not increase abuse liability of nicotine chewing gum.

PubMed

Houtsmuller, Elisabeth J; Fant, Reginald V; Eissenberg, Thomas E; Henningfield, Jack E; Stitzer, Maxine L

2002-06-01

Because the taste of nicotine gum has impeded compliance with dosing recommendations, nicotine gum with improved taste (mint, orange) was developed and marketed. Prior to marketing, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required a rigorous abuse liability assessment to examine whether enhanced palatability of nicotine gum would increase its abuse liability. Subjective, physiological, and psychomotor effects of mint flavor and original nicotine gum were tested in adult smokers (22-55 years old); a group of younger subjects (18-21 years old) was also included to allow for assessment of abuse liability in young adults specifically. Amphetamine and confectionery gum served as positive controls for abuse liability and palatability. Subjects rated palatability of mint gum higher than original nicotine gum, but substantially lower than confectionery gum. Palatability decreased with increasing dose of nicotine. Neither original nor mint gum increased ratings of traditional abuse liability predictors [Good Effect, Like Effect, Morphine-Benzedrine Group (MBG) scales of Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI)], while amphetamine increased ratings of all these measures. Both flavors of nicotine gum decreased craving during 2 h of abstinence. These effects were more pronounced in the adult group and mint gum was more effective than original gum. Younger subjects reported fewer withdrawal symptoms and lower ratings for drug effects and flavor. Improved flavor of nicotine gum does not increase abuse liability, but may be associated with enhanced craving reduction.

Opioid abusers’ ability to differentiate an opioid from placebo in laboratory challenge testing*

PubMed Central

Antoine, Denis G.; Strain, Eric C.; Tompkins, D. Andrew; Bigelow, George E.

2013-01-01

Background Abuse liability assessments influence drug development, federal regulation, and clinical care. One suggested procedure to reduce variability of assessments is a qualification phase, which assesses whether study applicants adequately distinguish active drug from placebo; applicants failing to make this distinction are disqualified. The present analyses assessed differences between qualification phase qualifiers and non-qualifiers. Methods Data were collected from 23 completers of the qualification phase of an abuse liability study. Opioid abusing participants received 30 mg oxycodone and placebo orally on separate days, and were characterized as qualifiers (vs. non-qualifiers) if their peak visual analog scale liking rating for oxycodone was at least 20 points higher than placebo’s peak rating. Groups were compared on demographic characteristics, drug history, and physiologic, subject and observer ratings. Results 61% of participants were qualifiers and 39% were non-qualifiers. Groups had similar demographic characteristics, drug use histories, and pupillary constriction responses. However, unlike qualifiers, non-qualifiers had an exaggerated placebo response for the liking score (p=0.03) and an attenuated oxycodone response for the liking score (p<.0001). Non-qualifiers’ failure to differentiate oxycodone versus placebo was evident for subject and observer ratings. Conclusion Different subjective responses to identical stimuli support the use of a qualification phase in abuse liability assessments. Further research should explore objective measures that may better account for these differences, determine optimal qualification criteria, and explore the developmental course of drug use. This study also documents certain opioid abusers fail to differentiate 30 mg of oxycodone from placebo, a phenomenon deserving further study. PMID:23369645

Medical students' and residents' clinical and educational experiences with defensive medicine.

PubMed

O'Leary, Kevin J; Choi, Jennifer; Watson, Katie; Williams, Mark V

2012-02-01

To assess medical students' and residents' experiences with defensive medicine, which is any deviation from sound medical practice due to a perceived threat of liability through either assurance or avoidance behaviors. Assurance behaviors include providing additional services of minimal clinical value. Avoidance behaviors include withholding services that are, or avoiding patients who are, perceived as high risk. The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of fourth-year medical students and third-year residents in 2010. Respondents rated how often malpractice liability concerns caused their teams to engage in four types of assurance and two types of avoidance behaviors using a four-point scale (never, rarely, sometimes, often). Respondents also rated how often their attending physicians explicitly recommended that liability concerns be taken into account when making clinical decisions. Overall, 126 of 194 medical students (65%) and 76 of 141 residents (54%) completed the survey. Of the responding medical students, 116 (92%) reported sometimes or often encountering at least one assurance practice, and 43 (34%) reported encountering at least one avoidance practice. Of the responding residents, 73 (96%) reported encountering at least one assurance practice, and 33 (43%) reported encountering at least one avoidance practice. Overall, 50 of 121 medical students (41%) and 36 of 68 residents (53%) reported that their attending physicians sometimes or often explicitly taught them to take liability into account when making clinical decisions. Medical trainees reported frequently encountering defensive medicine practices and often being taught to take malpractice liability into consideration during clinical decision making.

Measuring drug absorption improves interpretation of behavioral responses in a larval zebrafish locomotor assay for predicting seizure liability.

PubMed

Cassar, Steven; Breidenbach, Laura; Olson, Amanda; Huang, Xin; Britton, Heather; Woody, Clarissa; Sancheti, Pankajkumar; Stolarik, DeAnne; Wicke, Karsten; Hempel, Katja; LeRoy, Bruce

2017-11-01

Unanticipated effects on the central nervous system are a concern during new drug development. A larval zebrafish locomotor assay can reveal seizure liability of experimental molecules before testing in mammals. Relative absorption of compounds by larvae is lacking in prior reports of such assays; having those data may be valuable for interpreting seizure liability assay performance. Twenty-eight reference drugs were tested at multiple dose levels in fish water and analyzed by a blinded investigator. Responses of larval zebrafish were quantified during a 30min dosing period. Predictive metrics were calculated by comparing fish activity to mammalian seizure liability for each drug. Drug level analysis was performed to calculate concentrations in dose solutions and larvae. Fifteen drug candidates with neuronal targets, some having preclinical convulsion findings in mammals, were tested similarly. The assay has good predictive value of established mammalian responses for reference drugs. Analysis of drug absorption by larval fish revealed a positive correlation between hyperactive behavior and pro-convulsive drug absorption. False negative results were associated with significantly lower compound absorption compared to true negative, or true positive results. The predictive value for preclinical toxicology findings was inferior to that suggested by reference drugs. Disproportionately low exposures in larvae giving false negative results demonstrate that drug exposure analysis can help interpret results. Due to the rigorous testing commonly performed in preclinical toxicology, predicting convulsions in those studies may be more difficult than predicting effects from marketed drugs. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Conference on abuse liability and appeal of tobacco products: conclusions and recommendations.

PubMed

Henningfield, Jack E; Hatsukami, Dorothy K; Zeller, Mitch; Peters, Ellen

2011-07-01

The rate of initiation and progression to dependence and premature mortality are higher for tobacco products than for any other dependence producing substance. This is not explained simply by the addictiveness ("abuse liability") or by enticing product designs ("product appeal") alone, but rather by both of these factors in combination with marketing and social influences that also influence "product appeal". A working meeting of leading experts in abuse liability (AL) and product appeal was convened to examine how these disciplines could be more effectively applied to the evaluation of tobacco products for the purposes of regulation that would include setting standards for designs and contents intended to reduce the risk of initiation and dependence. It was concluded that abuse liability assessment (ALA) is a validated approach to testing pharmaceutical products but has not been extensively applied to tobacco products: such application has demonstrated feasibility, but special challenges include the diverse range of products, product complexity, and the absence of satisfactory placebo products. Consumer testing for product appeal is widely used by consumer product marketers as well as by researchers in their efforts to understand consumer product preferences and use but has not been extensively applied to tobacco products except by the tobacco industry. Recommendations for testing, methods development, and research were developed. A major recommendation was that tobacco products should be tested for AL and product appeal, and the results integrated and evaluated so as to more accurately predict risk of initiation, dependence, and persistence of use. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

NKTR-181: A Novel Mu-Opioid Analgesic with Inherently Low Abuse Potential.

PubMed

Miyazaki, Takahiro; Choi, Irene Y; Rubas, Werner; Anand, Neel K; Ali, Cherie; Evans, Juli; Gursahani, Hema; Hennessy, Marlene; Kim, Grace; McWeeney, Daniel; Pfeiffer, Juergen; Quach, Phi; Gauvin, David; Riley, Timothy A; Riggs, Jennifer A; Gogas, Kathleen; Zalevsky, Jonathan; Doberstein, Stephen K

2017-10-01

The increasing availability of prescription opioid analgesics for the treatment of pain has been paralleled by an epidemic of opioid misuse, diversion, and overdose. The development of abuse-deterrent formulations (ADFs) of conventional opioids such as oxycodone and morphine represents an advance in the field and has had a positive but insufficient impact, as most opioids are still prescribed in highly abusable, non-ADF forms, and abusers can tamper with ADF medications to liberate the abusable opioid within. The abuse liability of mu-opioid agonists appears to be dependent on their rapid rate of entry into the central nervous system (CNS), whereas analgesic activity appears to be a function of CNS exposure alone, suggesting that a new opioid agonist with an inherently low rate of influx across the blood-brain barrier could mediate analgesia with low abuse liability, regardless of formulation or route of administration. NKTR-181 is a novel, long-acting, selective mu-opioid agonist with structural properties that reduce its rate of entry across the blood-brain barrier compared with traditional mu-opioid agonists. NKTR-181 demonstrated maximum analgesic activity comparable to that of oxycodone in hot-plate latency and acetic-acid writhing models. NKTR-181 was distinguishable from oxycodone by its reduced abuse potential in self-administration and progressive-ratio break point models, with behavioral effects similar to those of saline, as well as reduced CNS side effects as measured by the modified Irwin test. The in vitro and in vivo studies presented here demonstrate that NKTR-181 is the first selective mu-opioid agonist to combine analgesic efficacy and reduced abuse liability through the alteration of brain-entry kinetics. Copyright © 2017 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

IQ and Schizophrenia in a Swedish National Sample: Their Causal Relationship and the Interaction of IQ with Genetic Risk

PubMed Central

Kendler, Kenneth S.; Ohlsson, Henrik; Sundquist, Jan; Sundquist, Kristina

2015-01-01

Objective To clarify the relationship between IQ and subsequent risk for schizophrenia. Method IQ was assessed at ages 18-20 in 1,204,983 Swedish males born 1951-1975. Schizophrenia was assessed by hospital diagnosis through 2010. Results IQ had a monotonic relationship with schizophrenia risk across the IQ range with a mean change of 3.8% in risk per IQ point. This association, stronger in the lower versus higher IQ range, was similar if onsets within five years of testing were censored. No increased risk for schizophrenia was seen in those with highest intelligence. Co-relative control analyses showed a similar IQ-schizophrenia association in the general population and in cousin, half-sibling and full-sibling pairs. A robust interaction was seen between genetic liability to schizophrenia and IQ in predicting schizophrenia risk. Genetic susceptibility for schizophrenia had a much stronger impact on risk of illness for those with low versus high intelligence. The IQ-genetic liability interaction arose largely from IQ differences between close relatives. Conclusions IQ assessed in late adolescence is a robust risk factor for subsequent onset of schizophrenia. This association is not the result of a declining IQ associated with insidious onset. In this large, representative sample, we found no evidence for a link between genius and schizophrenia. Co-relative control analyses show that the association between lower IQ and schizophrenia is not the result of shared familial risk factors and may be causal. The strongest effect was seen with IQ differences within families. High intelligence substantially attenuates the impact of genetic liability on the risk for schizophrenia. PMID:25727538

Physicians' communication skills with patients and legal liability in decided medical malpractice litigation cases in Japan

PubMed Central

Hamasaki, Tomoko; Takehara, Tadamichi; Hagihara, Akihito

2008-01-01

Background In medical malpractice litigations in recent years in Japan, it is notable that the growing number of medical litigation cases includes the issue of a doctor's explanation to the patient as a pivotal point. The objective of this study was to identify factors of physicians' communication skills with patients, as related to their legal liability, and differences in doctors' communication skills with patients by the type of medical facility. Methods Decisions of medical malpractice litigation cases between 1988 and 2005 in Japan, the pivotal issue of which was a physician's explanation, were analyzed in the study. The content of each decision was summarized using the study variables (information about the patient, doctor, manner of the doctor's explanation, and subsequent litigation), and a database comprising the content of each decision (N = 100) was constructed. In order to evaluate an association between doctors' communication skills with patients and the outcome of the litigation, the analysis was performed based on the outcome of litigation or the type of medical facility. Results The ratio of acknowledged physician liability by court decision was lower in cases in which the doctor's explanation occurred before treatment or surgery (p = 0.013). The ratio of acknowledged physician liability by court decision was higher in cases of elective or non-urgent treatment (p = 0.046). The ratio of acknowledged physician liability by court decision was higher in clinics than in hospital groups (p = 0.036). Conclusion These findings are beneficial for the prevention of medical disputes and improvement of patient-physician communication. PMID:18652700

Physicians' communication skills with patients and legal liability in decided medical malpractice litigation cases in Japan.

PubMed

Hamasaki, Tomoko; Takehara, Tadamichi; Hagihara, Akihito

2008-07-25

In medical malpractice litigations in recent years in Japan, it is notable that the growing number of medical litigation cases includes the issue of a doctor's explanation to the patient as a pivotal point. The objective of this study was to identify factors of physicians' communication skills with patients, as related to their legal liability, and differences in doctors' communication skills with patients by the type of medical facility. Decisions of medical malpractice litigation cases between 1988 and 2005 in Japan, the pivotal issue of which was a physician's explanation, were analyzed in the study. The content of each decision was summarized using the study variables (information about the patient, doctor, manner of the doctor's explanation, and subsequent litigation), and a database comprising the content of each decision (N = 100) was constructed. In order to evaluate an association between doctors' communication skills with patients and the outcome of the litigation, the analysis was performed based on the outcome of litigation or the type of medical facility. The ratio of acknowledged physician liability by court decision was lower in cases in which the doctor's explanation occurred before treatment or surgery (p = 0.013). The ratio of acknowledged physician liability by court decision was higher in cases of elective or non-urgent treatment (p = 0.046). The ratio of acknowledged physician liability by court decision was higher in clinics than in hospital groups (p = 0.036). These findings are beneficial for the prevention of medical disputes and improvement of patient-physician communication.

Guidelines and methodological reviews concerning drug abuse liability assessment.

PubMed

Balster, Robert L; Bigelow, George E

2003-06-05

Regulatory control of drugs with abuse liability is an important component of drug control policy and is believed to help prevent nonmedical use. To be maximally effective, this requires a scientific assessment of abuse liability of drugs considered for regulatory control. These assessments have relied extensively on laboratory-based animal and human testing, but also utilize information from clinical trials, actual abuse and other sources. Here, we discuss recommendations and guidelines that have been proposed for abuse liability assessment and describe important review papers and conference proceedings that have addressed this matter, focusing primarily on drugs with medical usefulness. Historically, there is substantial consensus about how to approach abuse liability evaluation of drugs with actions similar to those of abused opiates, stimulants, depressants, and to a somewhat lesser extent, cannabinoids and hallucinogens, and much of what has been recommended for abuse potential assessment in the past remains valid and useful. On the other hand, novel CNS-active medications which cannot be readily classified with these traditional drugs of abuse are increasingly under development. In addition, advances in the science of abuse liability assessment need to be incorporated into future guidelines and recommendations on this subject. Developers of new medications need guidance on how to utilize scientific research to maximize therapeutic benefit while minimizing risk for abuse. Thus, another goal of this review has been to identify areas where critical thinking and new guideline development are needed.

The liability of the hospital librarian. Why you need a professional medical librarian.

PubMed

Herin, N J

1991-01-01

Would you hire a cashier instead of a qualified accountant to manage your hospital's financial department? Certainly not--the stakes are too high. The same test holds for your hospital library: Besides running the risk of possible liability and embarrassment for your hospital, hiring an untrained person to manage your library would not serve the best interests of your medical staff and--most importantly--your patients.

Models of torsades de pointes: effects of FPL64176, DPI201106, dofetilide, and chromanol 293B in isolated rabbit and guinea pig hearts.

PubMed

Cheng, Hsien C; Incardona, Josephine

2009-01-01

For studying the torsades de pointes (TdP) liability of a compound, most high and medium throughput methods use surrogate markers such as HERG inhibition and QT prolongation. In this study, we have tested whether isolated hearts may be modified to allow TdP to be the direct readout. Isolated spontaneously beating rabbit and guinea pig hearts were perfused according to the Langendorff method in hypokalemic (2.1 mM) solution. The in vitro lead II ECG equivalent and the incidence of TdP were monitored for 1 h. In addition, heart rate, QTc, Tp-Te, short-term variability (STV), time to arrhythmia, and time to TdP were also analyzed. FPL64176, a calcium channel activator; and DPI201106, a sodium channel inactivation inhibitor, produced TdP in isolated rabbit and guinea pig hearts in a concentration dependent manner; guinea pig hearts were 3- to 5-fold more sensitive than rabbit hearts. Both compounds also increased QTc and STV. In contrast, dofetilide, an IKr inhibitor, produced no (or a low incidence of) TdP in both species, in spite of prolongation of QTc intervals. Chromanol 293B, an IKs inhibitor, did not produce TdP in rabbit hearts but elicited TdP concentration dependently in guinea pig hearts even though the compound had no effect on QTc intervals. IKs inhibition appears to be more likely to produce TdP in isolated guinea pig hearts than IKr inhibition. Chromanol 293B did not produce TdP in rabbit hearts presumably due to a low level of IKs channels in the heart. TdP produced in this study was consistent with the notion that its production was a consequence of reduced repolarization reserve, thereby causing rhythmic abnormalities. This isolated, perfused, and spontaneously beating rabbit and guinea pig heart preparation in hypokalemic medium may be useful as a preclinical test model for studying proarrhythmic liability of compounds in new drug development.

A Teacher's Liability May Be Less Than You Think

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schimmel, David

1972-01-01

A lawyer-educator contends that over cautious administrators discourage teachers from launching innovations because many departures from traditional curriculums produce confused ideas concerning legal responsibilities. To clarify the teacher's responsibility, the author outlines three points of evidence that must be proved before a teacher can be…

75 FR 59799 - Office of Thrift Supervision

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-28

... DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Office of Thrift Supervision Purchase of Branch Office(s) and/or.... Comments should address one or more of the following points: a. Whether the proposed collection of... collection. Title of Proposal: Purchase of Branch Office(s) and/or Transfer of Assets/Liabilities. OMB Number...

Supervised extensions of chemography approaches: case studies of chemical liabilities assessment

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Chemical liabilities, such as adverse effects and toxicity, play a significant role in modern drug discovery process. In silico assessment of chemical liabilities is an important step aimed to reduce costs and animal testing by complementing or replacing in vitro and in vivo experiments. Herein, we propose an approach combining several classification and chemography methods to be able to predict chemical liabilities and to interpret obtained results in the context of impact of structural changes of compounds on their pharmacological profile. To our knowledge for the first time, the supervised extension of Generative Topographic Mapping is proposed as an effective new chemography method. New approach for mapping new data using supervised Isomap without re-building models from the scratch has been proposed. Two approaches for estimation of model’s applicability domain are used in our study to our knowledge for the first time in chemoinformatics. The structural alerts responsible for the negative characteristics of pharmacological profile of chemical compounds has been found as a result of model interpretation. PMID:24868246

[Assumption of medical risks and the problem of medical liability in ancient Roman law].

PubMed

Váradi, Agnes

2008-11-02

The claim of an individual to assure his health and life, to assume and compensate the damage from diseases and accidents, had already appeared in the system of the ancient Roman law in the form of many singular legal institutions. In lack of a unified archetype of regulation, we have to analyse the damages caused in the health or corporal integrity of different personal groups: we have to mention the legal interpretation of the diseases or injuries suffered by serves, people under manus or patria potestas and free Roman citizens. The fragments from the Digest od Justinian do not only demonstrate concrete legal problems, but they can serve as a starting point for further theoretical analyses. For example: if death is the consequence of a medical failure, does the doctor have any kind of liability? Was after-care part of the healing process according to the Roman law? Examining these questions, we should not forget to talk about the complex liability system of the Roman law, the compensation of the damages caused in a contractual or delictual context and about the lex Aquilia. Although these conclusions have no direct relation with the present legal regulation of risk assumption, we have to see that analysing the examples of the Roman law can be useful for developing our view of a certain theoretical problem, like that of the modern liability concept in medicine as well.

Legal liability in bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.

PubMed

Lo Russo, L; Ciavarella, D; Buccelli, C; Di Fede, O; Campisi, G; Lo Muzio, L; Pellegrino, G; Di Lorenzo, P

2014-09-01

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is an adverse reaction that may occur in patients administered with bisphosphonates (BP). This condition can cause high morbidity and hinder quality of life. Its treatment is complex and often unsatisfactory, and prevention strategies may have limited effectiveness, if any. Thus, managing patients treated with BP may result in exposure of the practitioner to legal liability or malpractice claims: legal actions pursuant to BRONJ are reported to be underway on three continents. Nonetheless, the attribution of liability, if any, is a complex process requiring, on the basis of current knowledge, a robust and pragmatic approach to the facts, which must be identified from the point of view of the time, place and individuals involved. This means a comprehensive consideration of the sequence of actions from bisphosphonates prescription to BRONJ occurrence (as well as immediately after, and any action potentially related to its causation or worsening) is required in order to determine if a breach in informing, diagnosing, managing or referring the patient took place, as well as determining if the patient was compliant in attending to prescriptions and follow-up programmes.

Hereditary Neuropathy With Liability to Pressure Palsies: Diverse Phenotypes in Childhood.

PubMed

Harada, Yohei; Puwanant, Araya; Herrmann, David N

2016-12-01

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) is a rare autosomal-dominant disorder that most commonly produces recurrent painless focal sensory and motor neuropathies often preceded by minor, mechanical stress, or minor trauma. Herein, we report 2 pediatric cases of HNPP with atypical presentations; isolated muscle cramping and toe walking. Electrophysiologic testing disclosed multifocal sensorimotor polyneuropathy with slowing of sensory conduction velocities in both cases, which prompted PMP 22 gene deletion testing. Multifocal sensorimotor electrophysiologic abnormalities, with slowing of sensory conduction velocities should raise consideration of HNPP in childhood. These case reports emphasize that the diagnosis of HNPP in children requires a high index of suspicion.

Exposure to antibacterial agents with QT liability in 14 European countries: trends over an 8-year period

PubMed Central

Raschi, Emanuel; Poluzzi, Elisabetta; Zuliani, Chiara; Muller, Arno; Goossens, Herman; De Ponti, Fabrizio

2009-01-01

AIMS (i) To classify antibacterial agents with QT liability on the basis of the available evidence, and (ii) to assess trends in their consumption over an 8-year period (1998–2005) in 14 European countries. METHODS Current published evidence on QT liability of antibiotics was retrieved through MEDLINE search and joined to official warnings from regulatory agencies. Each drug was classified according to an already proposed algorithm based on the strength of evidence: from group A (any evidence) to group E (clinical reports of torsades de pointes and warnings on QT liability). Consumption data were provided by the European Surveillance of Antibacterial Consumption (ESAC) project and were expressed as defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID). RESULTS Among 21 detected compounds, nine [six fluoroquinolones (FQs) and three macrolides (MACs)] belonged to group E. Use of group E drugs ranged from 1.3 (Sweden) to 4.1 DID (Italy) in 1998 and from 1.2 (Sweden) to 6.5 DID (Italy) in 2005. Significant exposure was observed in Italy and Spain (6.5 and 3.8 DID, respectively, in 2005). Only Denmark, Sweden and UK showed a slight decrease in use. Exposure to clarithromycin increased in 10 out of 14 countries, with a marked increment in Italy (3 DID in 2005). CONCLUSIONS Notwithstanding regulatory measures, in 2005 there was still significant exposure to antibacterials with strong evidence of QT liability and, in most countries, it was even increased. This warrants further investigation of appropriateness of use and suggests closer monitoring of group E drugs. Physicians should be aware when prescribing them to susceptible patients. PMID:19076158

Enhanced neurocognitive functioning and positive temperament in twins discordant for bipolar disorder.

PubMed

Higier, Rachel G; Jimenez, Amy M; Hultman, Christina M; Borg, Jacqueline; Roman, Cristina; Kizling, Isabelle; Larsson, Henrik; Cannon, Tyrone D

2014-11-01

Based on evidence linking creativity and bipolar disorder, a model has been proposed whereby factors influencing liability to bipolar disorder confer certain traits with positive effects on reproductive fitness. The authors tested this model by examining key traits known to be associated with evolutionary fitness, namely, temperament and neurocognition, in individuals carrying liability for bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia probands and their co-twins were included as psychiatric controls. Twin pairs discordant for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and control pairs were identified through the Swedish Twin Registry. The authors administered a neuropsychological test battery and temperament questionnaires to samples of bipolar probands, bipolar co-twins, schizophrenia probands, schizophrenia co-twins, and controls. Multivariate mixed-model analyses of variance were conducted to compare groups on temperament and neurocognitive scores. Bipolar co-twins showed elevated scores on a "positivity" temperament scale compared with controls and bipolar probands, while bipolar probands scored higher on a "negativity" scale compared with their co-twins and controls, who did not differ. Additionally, bipolar co-twins showed superior performance compared with controls on tests of verbal learning and fluency, while bipolar probands showed performance decrements across all neurocognitive domains. In contrast, schizophrenia co-twins showed attenuated impairments in positivity and overall neurocognitive functioning relative to their ill proband counterparts. These findings suggest that supra-normal levels of sociability and verbal functioning may be associated with liability for bipolar disorder. These effects were specific to liability for bipolar disorder and did not apply to schizophrenia. Such benefits may provide a partial explanation for the persistence of bipolar illness in the population.

7 CFR 1400.204 - Limited partnerships, limited liability partnerships, limited liability companies, corporations...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Limited partnerships, limited liability partnerships..., limited liability partnerships, limited liability companies, corporations, and other similar legal entities. (a) A limited partnership, limited liability partnership, limited liability company, corporation...

Genetic testing in the workplace: the employer's coin toss.

PubMed

French, Samantha

2002-09-05

A toss of the coin by the modern-day employer reveals two options regarding genetic testing in the workplace. The employer may choose to take advantage of increasingly precise, available, and affordable genetic testing in order to ascertain the genetic characteristics--and deficiencies--of its employees. This outcome exposes the employer to a vast array of potential litigation and liability relating to the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Fourth Amendment, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, and state legislation designed to protect genetic privacy. Alternatively, the employer may neglect to indulge in this trend of genetic testing and may face liability for employer negligence, violations of federal legislation such as OSHA regulations, and increased costs associated with insuring the health of genetically endangered employees. In the rapidly developing universe of genetic intelligence, the employer is faced with a staggering dilemma.

Optimal medical outcomes with limited liability: risk management principles for medical practices at the intersection of medicine, law, and business.

PubMed

Paterick, Timothy J; Paterick, Timothy E; Waterhouse, Blake E

2007-01-01

Physicians practice at the intersection of medicine, law, and business. Each discipline creates its own challenges for the practicing physician: to practice efficient, effective medicine; to limit potential liability; and to create a positive financial outcome. Those challenges increase with escalating costs and reduced reimbursements. In this paper, the common clinical presentation of chest pain has been used to create a paradigm to educate physicians to understand efficient and effective approaches to diagnosis and treatment, and how effective communication with patients and meticulous documentation of all medical encounters can limit the potential for liability. Ultimately, given today's reimbursement formulas, physicians must also understand the cost of testing, in relation to its benefits, in an attempt to yield a positive financial outcome.

ADMET Evaluation in Drug Discovery. 16. Predicting hERG Blockers by Combining Multiple Pharmacophores and Machine Learning Approaches.

PubMed

Wang, Shuangquan; Sun, Huiyong; Liu, Hui; Li, Dan; Li, Youyong; Hou, Tingjun

2016-08-01

Blockade of human ether-à-go-go related gene (hERG) channel by compounds may lead to drug-induced QT prolongation, arrhythmia, and Torsades de Pointes (TdP), and therefore reliable prediction of hERG liability in the early stages of drug design is quite important to reduce the risk of cardiotoxicity-related attritions in the later development stages. In this study, pharmacophore modeling and machine learning approaches were combined to construct classification models to distinguish hERG active from inactive compounds based on a diverse data set. First, an optimal ensemble of pharmacophore hypotheses that had good capability to differentiate hERG active from inactive compounds was identified by the recursive partitioning (RP) approach. Then, the naive Bayesian classification (NBC) and support vector machine (SVM) approaches were employed to construct classification models by integrating multiple important pharmacophore hypotheses. The integrated classification models showed improved predictive capability over any single pharmacophore hypothesis, suggesting that the broad binding polyspecificity of hERG can only be well characterized by multiple pharmacophores. The best SVM model achieved the prediction accuracies of 84.7% for the training set and 82.1% for the external test set. Notably, the accuracies for the hERG blockers and nonblockers in the test set reached 83.6% and 78.2%, respectively. Analysis of significant pharmacophores helps to understand the multimechanisms of action of hERG blockers. We believe that the combination of pharmacophore modeling and SVM is a powerful strategy to develop reliable theoretical models for the prediction of potential hERG liability.

Prenatal Genetic Testing Chart

MedlinePlus

... www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Prenatal-Genetic-Diagnostic-Tests › › Resources & Publications Committee Opinions Practice Bulletins Patient Education Green Journal Clinical Updates Practice Management Coding Health Info Technology Professional Liability Managing Your Practice Patient Safety & Quality ...

[Guidelines on medically assisted reproduction: legal issues and professional liability].

PubMed

Molinelli, A; Motroni Gherardi, S M; Picchioni, D M; Ventura, F

2007-08-01

The authors analyze the legal and medico-legal issues deriving from the recent Law No. 40 of February 19, 2004 concerning the Medically Assisted Reproduction. In particular, they analyze the contrasting points between the dispositions of Law No. 40/2004 and those of Law No. 194/1978 on the voluntary interruption of pregnancy, and they analyze the guidelines about the procedures and the techniques of the Medically Assisted Reproduction, issued by the Ministry of Health with D.M. of July 21, 2004. The Guidelines, as well as some sentences of several courts, lead to some reflections also about the consent and the professional liability, in particular considering the various moments of the medical action, from the first interview to the carrying out of the assisted reproduction techniques.

Evaluation of a residency program's experience with a one-week emergency medicine resident rotation at a medical liability insurance company.

PubMed

Houry, D; Shockley, L W

2001-07-01

The authors' residency program implemented a one-week rotation at the office of a medical liability insurance company. Residents examined 30 closed malpractice claims cases and sat in on settlement discussions. To review the residents' evaluations of their experiences and to determine whether this was a worthwhile addition to the emergency medicine (EM) residency curriculum. This was a five-year retrospective study that reviewed residents' annual evaluations from 1994 to 1999 regarding the medical liability rotation. A five-point scale was used to score specific categories in the rotation and an open-ended section was used to collect general comments. A total of 179 resident evaluations were reviewed. The quality of teaching ranked in the 80th percentile, the clinical caseload ranked in the 85th percentile, and level of responsibility ranked in the 79th percentile for all EM rotations. Specific comments included "All MDs should do this in their training"; "Quite an eye opener"; and "Good exposure to legal aspects of EM." Overall, EM residents found the one-week rotation to be invaluable and a good learning experience. This rotation ranked above average when compared with all of our other EM residency rotations.

Story-Telling as a Teaching-Learning Strategy: A Nonnative Instructor's Perspective.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ma, Ringo

The challenge facing the nonnative instructor is make his or her cultural uniqueness an asset instead of a liability. If nonnative speakers can never be fully accepted by American students because of their accent and different communication styles, they can employ teaching styles and methods that showcase their strong points. One teaching method…

Technology strategy and the balance sheet: 3 points to consider.

PubMed

Waldron, David J

2005-05-01

Most hospitals use technology strategically to differentiate themselves from their competition. The rapid rate of change in healthcare technologies necessitates development of a technology life-cycle management program. Having access to flexible sources of capital appropriate to each category of technology assets allows liabilities and assets to be matched on a "balanced" balance sheet.

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies presenting with sciatic neuropathy.

PubMed

Topakian, Raffi; Wimmer, Sibylle; Pischinger, Barbara; Pichler, Robert

2014-10-17

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) is an autosomal-dominant disorder associated with recurrent mononeuropathies following compression or trivial trauma. Reports on sciatic neuropathy as the presenting manifestation of HNPP are very scarce. We report on a 21-year-old previously healthy man who was admitted with sensorimotor deficits in his left leg. He had no history of preceding transient episodes of weakness or sensory loss. Clinical and electrophysiological examinations were consistent with sciatic neuropathy. Cerebrospinal fluid investigation and MRI of the nerve roots, plexus, and sciatic nerve did not indicate the underlying aetiology. When extended electrophysiological tests revealed multiple subclinical compression neuropathies in the upper limbs, HNPP was contemplated and eventually confirmed by genetic testing. 2014 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.

Engineering risk reduction in satellite programs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dean, E. S., Jr.

1979-01-01

Methods developed in planning and executing system safety engineering programs for Lockheed satellite integration contracts are presented. These procedures establish the applicable safety design criteria, document design compliance and assess the residual risks where non-compliant design is proposed, and provide for hazard analysis of system level test, handling and launch preparations. Operations hazard analysis identifies product protection and product liability hazards prior to the preparation of operational procedures and provides safety requirements for inclusion in them. The method developed for documenting all residual hazards for the attention of program management assures an acceptable minimum level of risk prior to program deployment. The results are significant for persons responsible for managing or engineering the deployment and production of complex high cost equipment under current product liability law and cost/time constraints, have a responsibility to minimize the possibility of an accident, and should have documentation to provide a defense in a product liability suit.

Shared liability? Consultants, pharmacists, and the emergency physician: legal cases and caveats.

PubMed

Moore, Joshua J; Matlock, Aaron G

2014-05-01

In caring for patients in the Emergency Department (ED), the emergency physician (EP) will often utilize consulting specialists and pharmacists. In the event of an untoward patient outcome, disagreement may arise regarding the liability of each provider. Here, we review a series of malpractice cases involving consulting physicians and pharmacists to illustrate the legal principles of physician-patient relationships and physician duty. Determination of liability in the courts will rest, in part, on whether a physician-patient relationship was formed via an "affirmative act". Consulting physicians may establish a relationship through an overt or implied agreement to participate in a patient's care, or by reviewing specific tests and studies for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment. The courts have defined the duty of the pharmacist to safely dispense medication, and have ascribed the duty to warn of medication side effects to the prescribing physician. Published by Elsevier Inc.

The Legal Past, Present and Future of Prenatal Genetic Testing: Professional Liability and Other Legal Challenges Affecting Patient Access to Services.

PubMed

Pergament, Deborah; Ilijic, Katie

2014-12-15

This chapter is an overview of the current status of the law in the United States regarding prenatal genetic testing with an emphasis on issues related to professional liability and other challenges affecting patient access to prenatal genetic testing. The chapter discusses the roles that federal regulations, promulgated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), play in the regulation of prenatal genetic tests. The chapter discusses tort litigation based on allegations of malpractice in the provision of prenatal genetic testing and how courts have analyzed issues related to causation, damages and mitigation of damages. The chapter provides reference information regarding how individual states address causes of action under the tort theories of wrongful birth and wrongful life. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future legal issues that may affect clinical prenatal genetic testing services arising from the continued expansion of prenatal genetic testing, legal restrictions on access to abortion and the potential development of embryonic treatments.

The Legal Past, Present and Future of Prenatal Genetic Testing: Professional Liability and Other Legal Challenges Affecting Patient Access to Services

PubMed Central

Pergament, Deborah; Ilijic, Katie

2014-01-01

This chapter is an overview of the current status of the law in the United States regarding prenatal genetic testing with an emphasis on issues related to professional liability and other challenges affecting patient access to prenatal genetic testing. The chapter discusses the roles that federal regulations, promulgated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), play in the regulation of prenatal genetic tests. The chapter discusses tort litigation based on allegations of malpractice in the provision of prenatal genetic testing and how courts have analyzed issues related to causation, damages and mitigation of damages. The chapter provides reference information regarding how individual states address causes of action under the tort theories of wrongful birth and wrongful life. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future legal issues that may affect clinical prenatal genetic testing services arising from the continued expansion of prenatal genetic testing, legal restrictions on access to abortion and the potential development of embryonic treatments. PMID:26237611

THE LIABILITY FORMS OF THE MEDICAL PERSONNEL.

PubMed

Bărcan, Cristian

2015-01-01

Current legislation, namely Law no. 95/2006 on healthcare reform in the medical malpractice domain stipulates that medical staff can be held accountable in the following forms: disciplinary liability, administrative liability, civil liability and criminal liability. Each form of legal liability presents its features, aspects that are found mainly in the procedural rules. However, the differences between the various legal forms of liability are not met only in the procedural rules but also in their effects and consequences. It is necessary to know what the procedure for disciplinary responsibility, administrative liability, civil liability, or criminal liability is. In addition to the differentiation determined by the consequences that may arise from the different forms of legal liability, it is important to know the competent authorities to investigate a case further and the solutions which various public institutions can take regarding the medical staff. Depending on the type of legal liability, authorities have a specialized authority. If the Disciplinary Committee is encountered at the College of Physicians, it may not intervene in cases before the monitoring and competence for malpractice cases Committee. The latter two committees cannot intervene directly in the legal assessment of civil or criminal cases, as no criminal investigation authorities cannot intervene in strictly civilian cases. Therefore, the importance of knowing the competent institutions is imperative.

46 CFR 298.38 - Partnership agreements and limited liability company agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Partnership agreements and limited liability company... liability company agreements. Partnership and limited liability company agreements must be in form and...) Duration of the entity; (b) Adequate partnership or limited liability company funding requirements and...

76 FR 15047 - Port of Ivory, LLC-Operation Exemption-Line of Railroad in Tulare County, CA

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-18

...--Operation Exemption--Line of Railroad in Tulare County, CA Port of Ivory, LLC (Port), a limited liability company and noncarrier, has filed a verified notice of exemption under 49 CFR 1150.31 to operate about 1... a rail line operated by the San Joaquin Valley Railroad Company (SJVR) at a point known as Ivory...

29 CFR 4219.11 - Withdrawal liability upon mass withdrawal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Withdrawal liability upon mass withdrawal. 4219.11 Section... Redetermination of Withdrawal Liability Upon Mass Withdrawal § 4219.11 Withdrawal liability upon mass withdrawal. (a) Initial withdrawal liability. The plan sponsor of a multiemployer plan that experiences a mass...

29 CFR 4219.11 - Withdrawal liability upon mass withdrawal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Withdrawal liability upon mass withdrawal. 4219.11 Section... Redetermination of Withdrawal Liability Upon Mass Withdrawal § 4219.11 Withdrawal liability upon mass withdrawal. (a) Initial withdrawal liability. The plan sponsor of a multiemployer plan that experiences a mass...

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy: two cases of difficult diagnosis.

PubMed

Beydoun, Said R; Cho, Justin

2013-09-01

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) is an inherited autosomal dominant disorder that causes a polyneuropathy with predisposition for involvement at sites of compression and is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed due to its heterogeneity in clinical and electrophysiological presentation. We report 2 cases of HNPP, which were initially diagnosed and treated as either an acquired demyelinating disorder or alternative inherited demyelinating disorder. Thorough evaluation of repeat electrodiagnostic studies and genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis of HNPP in both cases. One case showed the classic peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) deletion and the other case showed a previously reported single base pair deletion at Leu145 causing a frameshift mutation at the PMP22 gene. These cases underscore the difficulty of diagnosing HNPP, because of the variations in clinical and electrophysiological findings and reinforce the importance of a combination high index of clinical suspicion, electrodiagnostic testing, and genetic testing to make the diagnosis.

Environmental liability and redevelopment of old industrial land.

PubMed

Sigman, Hilary

2010-01-01

Many communities are concerned about the reuse of potentially contaminated land (brownfields) and believe that environmental liability is a hindrance to redevelopment. However, with land price adjustments, liability might not impede the reuse of this land. This article studies state liability rules-specifically, strict liability and joint and several liability-that affect the level and distribution of expected costs of private cleanup. It explores the effects of this variation on industrial land prices and vacancy rates and on reported brownfields in a panel of cities across the United States. In the estimated equations, joint and several liability reduces land prices and increases vacancy rates in central cities. The results suggest that liability is at least partly capitalized but does still deter redevelopment.

High and low-risk specialties experience with the U.S. medical malpractice system

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background “High-liability risk specialties” tend to be the focus of medical malpractice system research and debate, but concerns and fears are not limited to this group. The objective of this study was to examine whether “high-liability risk” medical specialties have a different experience with the malpractice system than “low-liability risk” specialties. Methods We reviewed claims data from the Physician Insurers Association of America’s Data Sharing Project between January 1985 and December 2008. We used linear regression, controlling for year, to determine how liability risk affected outcomes of interest. Results In high-liability risk specialties, 33% of claims result in indemnity payments compared to 28% for low-liability risk specialties (p < 0.001). The average indemnity payment for high-liability risk specialties was $315,314 compared to $267,146 for low-liability risk specialties (p = 0.25). Although only a small percentage of claims go to trial, low-liability risk specialties have significantly more claims that are ultimately dropped, withdrawn or dismissed, while high-liability risk specialties have significantly more claims that result in plaintiff settlement (p < 0.001). Conclusions Malpractice risk exists for all specialties. Variability in indemnity costs are found in both high- and low-liability risk specialties. Differences in the reasons for which claims are initiated for high- and low-liability risk specialties likely necessitate different risk management solutions. PMID:24192524

26 CFR 301.7701(i)-1 - Definition of a taxable mortgage pool.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... test. For example, any arrangement where the timing and amount of payments on liability obligations are.... (2) Paragraph (c) of this section provides the tests for determining whether substantially all of an... purposes of the 50 percent test. Paragraph (e) of this section defines two or more maturities and paragraph...

26 CFR 301.7701(i)-1 - Definition of a taxable mortgage pool.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... test. For example, any arrangement where the timing and amount of payments on liability obligations are.... (2) Paragraph (c) of this section provides the tests for determining whether substantially all of an... purposes of the 50 percent test. Paragraph (e) of this section defines two or more maturities and paragraph...

26 CFR 301.7701(i)-1 - Definition of a taxable mortgage pool.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... test. For example, any arrangement where the timing and amount of payments on liability obligations are.... (2) Paragraph (c) of this section provides the tests for determining whether substantially all of an... purposes of the 50 percent test. Paragraph (e) of this section defines two or more maturities and paragraph...

26 CFR 301.7701(i)-1 - Definition of a taxable mortgage pool.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... test. For example, any arrangement where the timing and amount of payments on liability obligations are.... (2) Paragraph (c) of this section provides the tests for determining whether substantially all of an... purposes of the 50 percent test. Paragraph (e) of this section defines two or more maturities and paragraph...

Longitudinal Dimensionality of Adolescent Psychopathology: Testing the Differentiation Hypothesis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sterba, Sonya K.; Copeland, William; Egger, Helen L.; Costello, E. Jane; Erkanli, Alaattin; Angold, Adrian

2010-01-01

Background: The differentiation hypothesis posits that the underlying liability distribution for psychopathology is of low dimensionality in young children, inflating diagnostic comorbidity rates, but increases in dimensionality with age as latent syndromes become less correlated. This hypothesis has not been adequately tested with longitudinal…

77 FR 59339 - Cross Waivers of Liability Clauses

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-27

... facilities and services; and (ii) All activities related to ground support, test, training, simulation, or... develop further a Payload's product or process for use other than for ISS-related activities in... (ii) All activities related to ground support, test, training, simulation, or guidance and control...

76 FR 25657 - Cross-Waiver of Liability Clauses

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-05

... activities related to ground support, test, training, simulation, or guidance and control equipment and... process for use other than for ISS-related activities in implementation of the IGA. (8) ``Related Entity... activities related to ground support, test, training, simulation, or guidance and control equipment, and...

Do Hospitals Owe A So-Called 'Non-Delegable' Duty of Care to their Patients?

PubMed

Beuermann, Christine

2018-02-01

It is not uncommon for the duty of care owed by a hospital to its patients to be described as 'non-delegable'. Use of this label suggests that a hospital may be held strictly liable to a patient for the wrongdoing of a third party beyond the circumstances in which vicarious liability might be imposed. To date, no higher court has used the label to impose such liability. Notwithstanding, it was assumed by Lord Sumption in Woodland v Swimming Teachers Association that the duty of care owed by a hospital to a patient could be so described when formulating his test for determining the existence of a 'non-delegable duty of care'. This article challenges that assumption and, in turn, the veracity of the test devised by Lord Sumption.

Short-term variability in QT interval and ventricular arrhythmias induced by dofetilide are dependent on high-frequency autonomic oscillations

PubMed Central

Champeroux, P; Thireau, J; Judé, S; Laigot-Barbé, C; Maurin, A; Sola, M L; Fowler, J S L; Richard, S; Le Guennec, J Y

2015-01-01

Background and Purpose The present study was undertaken to investigate an effect of dofetilide, a potent arrhythmic blocker of the voltage-gated K+ channel, hERG, on cardiac autonomic control. Combined with effects on ardiomyocytes, these properties could influence its arrhythmic potency. Experimental Approach The short-term variability of beat-to-beat QT interval (STVQT), induced by dofetilide is a strong surrogate of Torsades de pointes liability. Involvement of autonomic modulation in STVQT was investigated in healthy cynomolgus monkeys and beagle dogs by power spectral analysis under conditions of autonomic blockade with hexamethonium. Key Results Increase in STVQT induced by dofetilide in monkeys and dogs was closely associated with an enhancement of endogenous heart rate and QT interval high-frequency (HF) oscillations. These effects were fully suppressed under conditions of autonomic blockade with hexamethonium. Ventricular arrhythmias, including Torsades de pointes in monkeys, were prevented in both species when HF oscillations were suppressed by autonomic blockade. Similar enhancements of heart rate HF oscillations were found in dogs with other hERG blockers described as causing Torsades de pointes in humans. Conclusions and Implications These results demonstrate for the first time that beat-to-beat ventricular repolarization variability and ventricular arrhythmias induced by dofetilide are dependent on endogenous HF autonomic oscillations in heart rate. When combined with evidence of hERG-blocking properties, enhancement of endogenous HF oscillations in heart rate could constitute an earlier and more sensitive biomarker than STVQT for Torsades de pointes liability, applicable to preclinical regulatory studies conducted in healthy animals. PMID:25625756

Short-term variability in QT interval and ventricular arrhythmias induced by dofetilide are dependent on high-frequency autonomic oscillations.

PubMed

Champeroux, P; Thireau, J; Judé, S; Laigot-Barbé, C; Maurin, A; Sola, M L; Fowler, J S L; Richard, S; Le Guennec, J Y

2015-06-01

The present study was undertaken to investigate an effect of dofetilide, a potent arrhythmic blocker of the voltage-gated K(+) channel, hERG, on cardiac autonomic control. Combined with effects on ardiomyocytes, these properties could influence its arrhythmic potency. The short-term variability of beat-to-beat QT interval (STVQT ), induced by dofetilide is a strong surrogate of Torsades de pointes liability. Involvement of autonomic modulation in STVQT was investigated in healthy cynomolgus monkeys and beagle dogs by power spectral analysis under conditions of autonomic blockade with hexamethonium. Increase in STVQT induced by dofetilide in monkeys and dogs was closely associated with an enhancement of endogenous heart rate and QT interval high-frequency (HF) oscillations. These effects were fully suppressed under conditions of autonomic blockade with hexamethonium. Ventricular arrhythmias, including Torsades de pointes in monkeys, were prevented in both species when HF oscillations were suppressed by autonomic blockade. Similar enhancements of heart rate HF oscillations were found in dogs with other hERG blockers described as causing Torsades de pointes in humans. These results demonstrate for the first time that beat-to-beat ventricular repolarization variability and ventricular arrhythmias induced by dofetilide are dependent on endogenous HF autonomic oscillations in heart rate. When combined with evidence of hERG-blocking properties, enhancement of endogenous HF oscillations in heart rate could constitute an earlier and more sensitive biomarker than STVQT for Torsades de pointes liability, applicable to preclinical regulatory studies conducted in healthy animals. © 2015 The British Pharmacological Society.

76 FR 13656 - Notice of Submission of Proposed Information Collection to OMB Requirement for Contractors to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-14

... insurance provide evidence that worker's compensation and general liability, automobile liability insurance... insurance provide evidence that worker's compensation and general liability, automobile liability insurance...

Liability of professional and volunteer mental health practitioners in the wake of disasters: a framework for further considerations.

PubMed

Abdel-Monem, Tarik; Bulling, Denise

2005-01-01

Qualified immunity from civil liability exists for acts of disaster mental health (DMH) practitioners responding to disasters or acts of terrorism. This article reviews current legal regimens dictating civil liability for potentially wrongful acts of DMH professionals and volunteers responding to disasters. Criteria are proposed to inform determinations of civil liability for DMH workers in disaster response, given current legal parameters and established tort law in relevant areas. Specific considerations are examined that potentially implicate direct liability of DMH professionals and volunteers, and vicarious liability of DMH supervisors for actions of volunteer subordinates. The relevance of pre-event DMH planning and operationalization of the plan post-event is linked to considerations of liability. This article concludes with recommendations to minimize liability exposure for DMH workers in response efforts.

Abuse liability assessment in preclinical drug development: predictivity of a translational approach for abuse liability testing using methylphenidate in four standardized preclinical study models.

PubMed

Teuns, Greet B A; Geys, Helena M; Geuens, Sonja M A; Stinissen, Piet; Meert, Theo F

2014-01-01

Preclinical abuse liability assessment of novel clinical CNS-active candidates involves several tests, addressing different aspects characteristic for abuse potential, which are considered predictive for substance abuse of these candidates, thus ensuring an appropriate translational approach. To demonstrate how such a strategy could work, a known drug of abuse, methylphenidate was evaluated in a full rodent test battery, comprising four test models, and in accordance with the requirements of the FDA, ICH and EMA guidelines. Methylphenidate was tested orally at 2.5, 5 or 10mg/kg for its physical dependence potential in a repeated dose non-precipitated withdrawal test, for its drug profiling in a drug discrimination learning procedure (single escalating doses), and for its reinforcing properties in a conditioned place preference test (alternate dosing days) and an intravenous self-administration procedure (0.05 to 1mg/kg/IV infusion during 5 daily 1-h test sessions). The stimulant d-amphetamine served as positive control and was administered subcutaneously at 0.8mg/kg in the first three test models. In the intravenous self-administration procedure rats were habituated to intravenously self-administer d-amphetamine at 0.06mg/kg/IV infusion prior to methylphenidate substitution. Cessation of subchronic dosing up to 10mg/kg methylphenidate led to sustained or even exacerbated effects on locomotion and behavior, body temperature, body weight, food consumption, and alteration of the diurnal rhythm during withdrawal. Clear generalization to d-amphetamine was obtained in the drug discrimination test at 5 and 10mg/kg. Distinct reinforcing properties were present in the conditioned place preference test at 10mg/kg and in the intravenous self-administration study from 0.05mg/kg/IV infusion onwards. The maximum plasma exposure after oral administration of methylphenidate over the dose ranges tested in the present rat studies covered at least 1.9-fold to 18.9-fold the recommended human therapeutic exposure of 10ng/ml, a plasma level that is considered representative of the human efficacious methylphenidate dose. The ratio Cmax Hu/rat calculated from the intravenous self-administration data ranged from 14.9 to 576.5. Consequently the regulatory requirements, stating that preclinical drug abuse liability studies should include high doses that produce plasma levels that are multiples of the therapeutic dose were fulfilled (FDA, EMA, ICH). The presented preclinical models, implemented within a drug development environment, were considered highly predictive to assess the abuse potential of methylphenidate, and in accordance with the regulatory requirements of drug licensing authorities in terms of appropriate methods, dose selection and subsequent plasma exposure. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

High-throughput cardiac safety evaluation and multi-parameter arrhythmia profiling of cardiomyocytes using microelectrode arrays.

PubMed

Gilchrist, Kristin H; Lewis, Gregory F; Gay, Elaine A; Sellgren, Katelyn L; Grego, Sonia

2015-10-15

Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) recording extracellular field potentials of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CM) provide a rich data set for functional assessment of drug response. The aim of this work is the development of a method for a systematic analysis of arrhythmia using MEAs, with emphasis on the development of six parameters accounting for different types of cardiomyocyte signal irregularities. We describe a software approach to carry out such analysis automatically including generation of a heat map that enables quick visualization of arrhythmic liability of compounds. We also implemented signal processing techniques for reliable extraction of the repolarization peak for field potential duration (FPD) measurement even from recordings with low signal to noise ratios. We measured hiPS-CM's on a 48 well MEA system with 5minute recordings at multiple time points (0.5, 1, 2 and 4h) after drug exposure. We evaluated concentration responses for seven compounds with a combination of hERG, QT and clinical proarrhythmia properties: Verapamil, Ranolazine, Flecainide, Amiodarone, Ouabain, Cisapride, and Terfenadine. The predictive utility of MEA parameters as surrogates of these clinical effects were examined. The beat rate and FPD results exhibited good correlations with previous MEA studies in stem cell derived cardiomyocytes and clinical data. The six-parameter arrhythmia assessment exhibited excellent predictive agreement with the known arrhythmogenic potential of the tested compounds, and holds promise as a new method to predict arrhythmic liability. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Asbestos, the Law.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McGovern, Matthew

1989-01-01

Describes structure and use of asbestos; diseases associated with asbestos exposure; legislation and regulations concerning asbestos; training requirements of individuals involved in asbestos abatement; sampling and testing whether a material contains asbestos; and liabilities. (MLF)

Impact of distance-based metric learning on classification and visualization model performance and structure-activity landscapes.

PubMed

Kireeva, Natalia V; Ovchinnikova, Svetlana I; Kuznetsov, Sergey L; Kazennov, Andrey M; Tsivadze, Aslan Yu

2014-02-01

This study concerns large margin nearest neighbors classifier and its multi-metric extension as the efficient approaches for metric learning which aimed to learn an appropriate distance/similarity function for considered case studies. In recent years, many studies in data mining and pattern recognition have demonstrated that a learned metric can significantly improve the performance in classification, clustering and retrieval tasks. The paper describes application of the metric learning approach to in silico assessment of chemical liabilities. Chemical liabilities, such as adverse effects and toxicity, play a significant role in drug discovery process, in silico assessment of chemical liabilities is an important step aimed to reduce costs and animal testing by complementing or replacing in vitro and in vivo experiments. Here, to our knowledge for the first time, a distance-based metric learning procedures have been applied for in silico assessment of chemical liabilities, the impact of metric learning on structure-activity landscapes and predictive performance of developed models has been analyzed, the learned metric was used in support vector machines. The metric learning results have been illustrated using linear and non-linear data visualization techniques in order to indicate how the change of metrics affected nearest neighbors relations and descriptor space.

Impact of distance-based metric learning on classification and visualization model performance and structure-activity landscapes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kireeva, Natalia V.; Ovchinnikova, Svetlana I.; Kuznetsov, Sergey L.; Kazennov, Andrey M.; Tsivadze, Aslan Yu.

2014-02-01

This study concerns large margin nearest neighbors classifier and its multi-metric extension as the efficient approaches for metric learning which aimed to learn an appropriate distance/similarity function for considered case studies. In recent years, many studies in data mining and pattern recognition have demonstrated that a learned metric can significantly improve the performance in classification, clustering and retrieval tasks. The paper describes application of the metric learning approach to in silico assessment of chemical liabilities. Chemical liabilities, such as adverse effects and toxicity, play a significant role in drug discovery process, in silico assessment of chemical liabilities is an important step aimed to reduce costs and animal testing by complementing or replacing in vitro and in vivo experiments. Here, to our knowledge for the first time, a distance-based metric learning procedures have been applied for in silico assessment of chemical liabilities, the impact of metric learning on structure-activity landscapes and predictive performance of developed models has been analyzed, the learned metric was used in support vector machines. The metric learning results have been illustrated using linear and non-linear data visualization techniques in order to indicate how the change of metrics affected nearest neighbors relations and descriptor space.

Reflections on system safety and the law

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hayes, D. F., Sr.

1971-01-01

The application of law to the determination of what constitutes safeness is discussed. The numerous factors are analyzed which enter into the decisions of courts in deciding what is safe and what is unsafe. It is pointed out that as technology changes, legal interpretations of safety also change. Arguements are given for the use of system safety techniques and better engineering analyses as instruments of defense against liability.

MF Scales: Instruments of Male Chauvinism or Responsible Tools of the Psychologist?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harmon, Lenore W.

A study is made of the validity of the use of MF scales. It is pointed out that femininity is often a liability in the psychologist's office. Clients who have MF scores considered to be more appropriate for the opposite sex are threatened by them. If the clinician assumes the client has an abnormal score, the ensuing therapy usually will be…

Safety pharmacology investigations on the nervous system: An industry survey.

PubMed

Authier, Simon; Arezzo, Joseph; Delatte, Marcus S; Kallman, Mary-Jeanne; Markgraf, Carrie; Paquette, Dominique; Pugsley, Michael K; Ratcliffe, Sian; Redfern, William S; Stevens, Joanne; Valentin, Jean-Pierre; Vargas, Hugo M; Curtis, Michael J

2016-01-01

The Safety Pharmacology Society (SPS) conducted an industry survey in 2015 to identify industry practices as they relate to central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system ('CNS') drug safety testing. One hundred fifty-eight (158) participants from Asia (16%), Europe (20%) and North America (56%) responded to the survey. 52% of participants were from pharmaceutical companies (>1000 employees). Oncology (67%) and neurology/psychiatry (66%) were the most frequent target indications pursued by companies followed by inflammation (48%), cardiovascular (43%), metabolic (39%), infectious (37%), orphan (32%) and respiratory (29%) diseases. Seizures (67% of participants), gait abnormalities (67%), tremors (65%), emesis (56%), sedation (52%) and salivation (47%) were the most commonly encountered CNS issues in pre-clinical drug development while headache (65%), emesis/nausea (60%), fatigue (51%) and dizziness (49%) were the most frequent issues encountered in Phase I clinical trials. 54% of respondents reported that a standard battery of tests applied to screen drug candidates was the approach most commonly used to address non-clinical CNS safety testing. A minority (14% of all participants) reported using electroencephalography (EEG) screening prior to animal inclusion on toxicology studies. The most frequent group size was n=8 for functional observation battery (FOB), polysomnography and seizure liability studies. FOB evaluations were conducted in a dedicated room (78%) by blinded personnel (66%) with control for circadian cycle (55%) effects (e.g., dosing at a standardized time; balancing time of day across treatment groups). The rat was reported as the most common species used for seizure liability, nerve conduction and drug-abuse liability testing. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Conference on Abuse Liability and Appeal of Tobacco Products: Conclusions and Recommendations*

PubMed Central

Hatsukami, Dorothy K.; Zeller, Mitch; Peters, Ellen

2011-01-01

The rate of initiation and progression to dependence and premature mortality are higher for tobacco products than for any other dependence producing substance. This is not explained simply by the addictiveness (“abuse liability”) or by enticing product designs (“product appeal”) alone, but rather by both of these factors in combination with marketing and social influences that also influence “product appeal”. A working meeting of leading experts in abuse liability (AL) and product appeal was convened to examine how these disciplines could be more effectively applied to the evaluation of tobacco products for the purposes of regulation that would include setting standards for designs and contents intended to reduce the risk of initiation and dependence. It was concluded that abuse liability assessment (ALA) is a validated approach to testing pharmaceutical products but has not been extensively applied to tobacco products: such application has demonstrated feasibility, but special challenges include the diverse range of products, product complexity, and the absence of satisfactory placebo products. Consumer testing for product appeal is widely used by consumer products marketers as well as by researchers in their efforts to understand consumer product preferences and use but has not been extensively applied to tobacco products except by the tobacco industry. Recommendations for testing, methods development, and research were developed. A major recommendation was that tobacco products should be tested for AL and product appeal, and the results integrated and evaluated so as to more accurately predict risk of initiation, dependence, and persistence of use. PMID:21376479

The College Professor's Professional Liability

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Griggs, Walter S.; Rubin, Harvey W.

1977-01-01

The growing number of professional liability suits against professors warrants a close examination of the need for and provisions of available insurance coverage. The evolution of tort liability, the question of negligence, and the professional liability policy are discussed. (LBH)

Genetic and environmental influences on last-year major depression in adulthood: a highly heritable stable liability but strong environmental effects on 1-year prevalence.

PubMed

Kendler, K S; Gardner, C O

2017-07-01

This study seeks to clarify the contribution of temporally stable and occasion-specific genetic and environmental influences on risk for major depression (MD). Our sample was 2153 members of female-female twin pairs from the Virginia Twin Registry. We examined four personal interview waves conducted over an 8-year period with MD in the last year defined by DSM-IV criteria. We fitted a structural equation model to the data using classic Mx. The model included genetic and environmental risk factors for a latent, stable vulnerability to MD and for episodes in each of the four waves. The best-fit model was simple and included genetic and unique environmental influences on the latent liability to MD and unique wave-specific environmental effects. The path from latent liability to MD in the last year was constant over time, moderate in magnitude (+0.65) and weaker than the impact of occasion-specific environmental effects (+0.76). Heritability of the latent stable liability to MD was much higher (78%) than that estimated for last-year MD (32%). Of the total unique environmental influences on MD, 13% reflected enduring consequences of earlier environmental insults, 17% diagnostic error and 70% wave-specific short-lived environmental stressors. Both genetic influences on MD and MD heritability are stable over middle adulthood. However, the largest influence on last-year MD is short-lived environmental effects. As predicted by genetic theory, the heritability of MD is increased substantially by measurement at multiple time points largely through the reduction of the effects of measurement error and short-term environmental risk factors.

Preclinical assessment of abuse liability of biologics: In defense of current regulatory control policies.

PubMed

Gauvin, David V; Zimmermann, Zachary J; Baird, Theodore J

2015-10-01

Current regulatory policies of both the US Food and Drug Administration and Drug Enforcement Administration do not delineate automatic exceptions for biologics with respect to preclinical assessments for abuse liability of all new entities. As defined in current guidance documents and drug control policies, an exception may be given upon thorough review of available data, therapeutic target and in consultation with the Controlled Substances Staff within the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research of the FDA, but a blanket exception for all biological entities is not currently available. We review the abuse liability testing of four known biologics with definitive positive abuse liability signals in the three core abuse liability assays, self-administration, drug discrimination, and dependence potential described in the FDA draft guidance document. Interestingly, while all four examplars have positive abuse liability signals in all three assays, two of these biologics are controlled under the Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act (CSA, 1970) and the other two are not currently controlled. Admittedly, these four biologics are small molecule entities. However, there is no reference to "molecular size" in the legally-binding statutory definition of biologics under the FD&C act or in the Controlled Substances Act. Neither of these drug control policy mandates have a bifurcated control status in which to make exceptions based solely on molecular size. With the current pharmaceutical focus on new technologies, such as "Trojan Horses", targeting the active transport of large molecule entities directly into the CNS, an argument to automatically exempt new molecular entities solely on molecular size is untenable. We argue that for the safety and health of general public the current regulatory control status be maintained until definitive criteria for exceptions can be identified and amended to both the FD&CA and CSA, if warranted. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

48 CFR 1852.228-76 - Cross-waiver of liability for space station activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... product or process except when such development is for Space Station-related activities in implementation...) All activities related to ground support, test, training, simulation, or guidance and control...

Can You Be Charged with Negligence?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robinson, Joseph C.

1982-01-01

Ten questions regarding classroom and shop safety are presented for the teacher and school administrator to test themselves and guard against a ruling of negligence and legal liability in the performance of their jobs. (CT)

75 FR 16645 - Increase in the Primary Nuclear Liability Insurance Premium

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-02

... Primary Nuclear Liability Insurance Premium AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ACTION: Final rule... impractical. The NRC is amending its regulations to increase the primary premium for liability insurance... protection requirements and indemnity agreements to increase the primary nuclear liability insurance layer...

26 CFR 1.704-2 - Allocations attributable to nonrecourse liabilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... disparity. (4) Special rule for year of revaluation. (e) Requirements to be satisfied. (f) Minimum gain... encumbers, a disposition of that property will generate gain that at least equals that excess (“partnership.... (3) Definition of nonrecourse liability. Nonrecourse liability means a nonrecourse liability as...

14 CFR 291.22 - Aircraft accident liability insurance requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Aircraft accident liability insurance... for All-Cargo Air Transportation § 291.22 Aircraft accident liability insurance requirement. No air... and maintains in effect aircraft accident liability coverage that meets the requirements of part 205...

46 CFR 5.69 - Evidence of criminal liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... INVESTIGATION REGULATIONS-PERSONNEL ACTION Statement of Policy and Interpretation § 5.69 Evidence of criminal liability. Evidence of criminal liability discovered during an investigation or hearing conducted pursuant... 46 Shipping 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Evidence of criminal liability. 5.69 Section 5.69...

14 CFR 1260.61 - Allocation of risk/liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Allocation of risk/liability. 1260.61 Section 1260.61 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION GRANTS AND COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS General Special Conditions § 1260.61 Allocation of risk/liability. Allocation of Risk/Liability...

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNPP): report of a family with a new point mutation in PMP22 gene.

PubMed

Fusco, Carlo; Spagnoli, Carlotta; Salerno, Grazia Gabriella; Pavlidis, Elena; Frattini, Daniele; Pisani, Francesco

2017-10-27

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNPP) is an autosomal dominant disorder most commonly presenting with acute-onset, non-painful focal sensory and motor mononeuropathy. Approximately 80% of patients carry a 1.5 Mb deletion of chromosome 17p11.2 involving the peripheral myelin protein 22 gene (PMP22), the same duplicated in Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A patients. In a small proportion of patients the disease is caused by PMP22 point mutations. We report on a familial case harbouring a new point mutation in the PMP22 gene. The proband is a 4-years-old girl with acute onset of focal numbness and weakness in her right hand. Electroneurography demonstrated transient sensory and motor radial nerves involvement. In her father, reporting chronic symptoms (cramps and exercise-induced myalgia), we uncovered mild atrophy and areflexia on clinical examination and a mixed (predominantly demyelinating) polyneuropathy with sensory-motor involvement on electrophysiological study. Both carried a nucleotidic substitution c.178 + 2 T > C on intron 3 of the PMP22 gene, involving the splicing donor site, not reported on databases but predicted to be likely pathogenic. We described a previously unreported point mutation in PMP22 gene, which led to the development of a HNPP phenotype in a child and her father. In children evaluated for a sensory and motor transient episode, HNPP disorder due to PMP22 mutations should be suspected. Clinical and electrophysiological studies should be extended to all family members even in the absence of previous episodes suggestive for HNPP.

12 CFR 965.2 - Authorized liabilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Authorized liabilities. 965.2 Section 965.2 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE BOARD FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK LIABILITIES SOURCE OF FUNDS § 965.2 Authorized liabilities. As a source of funds for business operations, each Bank is authorized to...

24 CFR 203.422 - Right and liability under Mutual Mortgage Insurance Fund.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Mortgage Insurance Fund and Distributive Shares § 203.422 Right and liability under Mutual Mortgage... to any liability arising under the mutuality of the Mutual Mortgage Insurance Fund. ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Right and liability under Mutual...

24 CFR 203.422 - Right and liability under Mutual Mortgage Insurance Fund.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Mortgage Insurance Fund and Distributive Shares § 203.422 Right and liability under Mutual Mortgage... to any liability arising under the mutuality of the Mutual Mortgage Insurance Fund. ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Right and liability under Mutual...

12 CFR 704.8 - Asset and liability management.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... CORPORATE CREDIT UNIONS § 704.8 Asset and liability management. (a) Policies. A corporate credit union must...) The purpose and objectives of the corporate credit union's asset and liability activities; (2) The... used as a basis of estimation. (b) Asset and liability management committee (ALCO). A corporate credit...

12 CFR 704.8 - Asset and liability management.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... CORPORATE CREDIT UNIONS § 704.8 Asset and liability management. (a) Policies. A corporate credit union must...) The purpose and objectives of the corporate credit union's asset and liability activities; (2) The... used as a basis of estimation. (b) Asset and liability management committee (ALCO). A corporate credit...

14 CFR 1274.916 - Liability and risk of loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Liability and risk of loss. 1274.916... AGREEMENTS WITH COMMERCIAL FIRMS Other Provisions and Special Conditions § 1274.916 Liability and risk of..., or indemnification of, developers of experimental aerospace vehicles. Liability and Risk of Loss July...

12 CFR 229.21 - Civil liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Civil liability. 229.21 Section 229.21 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM... Disclosure of Funds Availability Policies § 229.21 Civil liability. (a) Civil liability. A bank that fails to...

12 CFR 229.21 - Civil liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Civil liability. 229.21 Section 229.21 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM... Availability Policies § 229.21 Civil liability. (a) Civil liability. A bank that fails to comply with any...

12 CFR 229.21 - Civil liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Civil liability. 229.21 Section 229.21 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM... Availability Policies § 229.21 Civil liability. (a) Civil liability. A bank that fails to comply with any...

12 CFR 229.21 - Civil liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Civil liability. 229.21 Section 229.21 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM... Availability Policies § 229.21 Civil liability. (a) Civil liability. A bank that fails to comply with any...

12 CFR 229.21 - Civil liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Civil liability. 229.21 Section 229.21 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM... Disclosure of Funds Availability Policies § 229.21 Civil liability. (a) Civil liability. A bank that fails to...

Overview of environmental and hydrogeologic conditions at Moses Point, Alaska

USGS Publications Warehouse

Dorava, J.M.; Ayres, R.P.; Sisco, W.C.

1994-01-01

The Federal Aviation Administration facility at Moses Point is located at the mouth of the Kwiniuk River on the Seward Peninsula in northwestern Alaska. This area has long cold winters and short summers which affect the hydrology of the area. The Federal Aviation Administration owns or operates airport support facilities at the Moses Point site and wishes to consider the subsistence lifestyles of area residents and the quality of the current environment when evaluating options for remediation of environmental contamination at their facilities. Currently no operating wells are in the area, but the vulnerability of the aquifer and other alternative water supplies are being evaluated because the Federal Aviation Administration has a potential liability for the storage and use of hazardous materials in the area.

Impact of co-administration of oxycodone and smoked cannabis on analgesia and abuse liability.

PubMed

Cooper, Ziva D; Bedi, Gillinder; Ramesh, Divya; Balter, Rebecca; Comer, Sandra D; Haney, Margaret

2018-02-05

Cannabinoids combined with opioids produce synergistic antinociceptive effects, decreasing the lowest effective antinociceptive opioid dose (i.e., opioid-sparing effects) in laboratory animals. Although pain patients report greater analgesia when cannabis is used with opioids, no placebo-controlled studies have assessed the direct effects of opioids combined with cannabis in humans or the impact of the combination on abuse liability. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject study determined if cannabis enhances the analgesic effects of low dose oxycodone using a validated experimental model of pain and its effects on abuse liability. Healthy cannabis smokers (N = 18) were administered oxycodone (0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg, PO) with smoked cannabis (0.0, 5.6% Δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) and analgesia was assessed using the Cold-Pressor Test (CPT). Participants immersed their hand in cold water (4 °C); times to report pain (pain threshold) and withdraw the hand from the water (pain tolerance) were recorded. Abuse-related effects were measured and effects of oxycodone on cannabis self-administration were determined. Alone, 5.0 mg oxycodone increased pain threshold and tolerance (p ≤ 0.05). Although active cannabis and 2.5 mg oxycodone alone failed to elicit analgesia, combined they increased pain threshold and tolerance (p ≤ 0.05). Oxycodone did not increase subjective ratings associated with cannabis abuse, nor did it increase cannabis self-administration. However, the combination of 2.5 mg oxycodone and active cannabis produced small, yet significant, increases in oxycodone abuse liability (p ≤ 0.05). Cannabis enhances the analgesic effects of sub-threshold oxycodone, suggesting synergy, without increases in cannabis's abuse liability. These findings support future research into the therapeutic use of opioid-cannabinoid combinations for pain.

40 CFR 80.161 - Detergent additive certification program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the subject detergent additive in each test fuel, and the corresponding test results (percent flow... penalties in §§ 80.169 and 80.172. (iii) If both parties submit the required information, EPA will evaluate... customers who use the disqualified detergent. Failure to do so may subject the certifier to liabilities for...

40 CFR 80.161 - Detergent additive certification program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... corresponding test results (percent flow restriction demonstrated in the PFID test and milligrams of deposit per... penalties in §§ 80.169 and 80.172. (iii) If both parties submit the required information, EPA will evaluate... customers who use the disqualified detergent. Failure to do so may subject the certifier to liabilities for...

Family Conflict Interacts with Genetic Liability in Predicting Childhood and Adolescent Depression

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rice, Frances; Harold, Gordon T.; Shelton, Katherine H.; Thapar, Anita

2006-01-01

Objective: To test for gene-environment interaction with depressive symptoms and family conflict. Specifically, to first examine whether the influence of family conflict in predicting depressive symptoms is increased in individuals at genetic risk of depression. Second, to test whether the genetic component of variance in depressive symptoms…

Fair Employment and Performance Appraisal: Legal Requirements and Practical Guidelines.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Edwards, Keith J.

The use of tests in personnel decisions has become an increasing legal liability for employers. The major questions raised by the courts concerning this use of tests are described. Current federal guidelines for performance appraisal systems, as established by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, are explained and traced to Title VII of…

Solving multistage stochastic programming models of portfolio selection with outstanding liabilities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Edirisinghe, C.

1994-12-31

Models for portfolio selection in the presence of an outstanding liability have received significant attention, for example, models for pricing options. The problem may be described briefly as follows: given a set of risky securities (and a riskless security such as a bond), and given a set of cash flows, i.e., outstanding liability, to be met at some future date, determine an initial portfolio and a dynamic trading strategy for the underlying securities such that the initial cost of the portfolio is within a prescribed wealth level and the expected cash surpluses arising from trading is maximized. While the tradingmore » strategy should be self-financing, there may also be other restrictions such as leverage and short-sale constraints. Usually the treatment is limited to binomial evolution of uncertainty (of stock price), with possible extensions for developing computational bounds for multinomial generalizations. Posing as stochastic programming models of decision making, we investigate alternative efficient solution procedures under continuous evolution of uncertainty, for discrete time economies. We point out an important moment problem arising in the portfolio selection problem, the solution (or bounds) on which provides the basis for developing efficient computational algorithms. While the underlying stochastic program may be computationally tedious even for a modest number of trading opportunities (i.e., time periods), the derived algorithms may used to solve problems whose sizes are beyond those considered within stochastic optimization.« less

[Organisational responsibility versus individual responsibility: safety culture? About the relationship between patient safety and medical malpractice law].

PubMed

Hart, Dieter

2009-01-01

The contribution is concerned with the correlations between risk information, patient safety, responsibility and liability, in particular in terms of liability law. These correlations have an impact on safety culture in healthcare, which can be evaluated positively if--in addition to good quality of medical care--as many sources of error as possible can be identified, analysed, and minimised or eliminated by corresponding measures (safety or risk management). Liability influences the conduct of individuals and enterprises; safety is (probably) also a function of liability; this should also apply to safety culture. The standard of safety culture does not only depend on individual liability for damages, but first of all on strict enterprise liability (system responsibility) and its preventive effects. Patient safety through quality and risk management is therefore also an organisational programme of considerable relevance in terms of liability law.

Cost vs. Risk: Determining the Correct Liability Insurance Limit.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Klinksiek, Glenn

1996-01-01

Presents a model for evaluating liability insurance limits and selecting the correct limit for an individual institution. Argues that many colleges and universities may be making overly conservative decisions that lead to the purchase of too much liability insurance. Also discusses the financial consequences of an uninsured large liability loss.…

26 CFR 50.5 - Liability for the tax.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 17 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Liability for the tax. 50.5 Section 50.5... TAXES (CONTINUED) REGULATIONS RELATING TO THE TAX IMPOSED WITH RESPECT TO CERTAIN HYDRAULIC MINING § 50.5 Liability for the tax. Liability for tax attaches to any person engaged at any time during the...

26 CFR 301.7122-1 - Compromises.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... internal revenue laws prior to reference of a case involving such a liability to the Department of Justice... existence or amount of the correct tax liability under the law. Doubt as to liability does not exist where... of the full liability would undermine public confidence that the tax laws are being administered in a...

26 CFR 301.7122-1 - Compromises.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... internal revenue laws prior to reference of a case involving such a liability to the Department of Justice... existence or amount of the correct tax liability under the law. Doubt as to liability does not exist where... of the full liability would undermine public confidence that the tax laws are being administered in a...

25 CFR 141.57 - Procedures to cancel liability on bond.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Procedures to cancel liability on bond. 141.57 Section 141.57 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES BUSINESS... Procedures to cancel liability on bond. (a) Any surety who wishes to be relieved from liability arising on a...

Governing Board and Administrator Liability. ERIC/Higher Education Research Report No. 9.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hendrickson, Robert M.; Mangum, Ronald Scott

Matters of legal liability that are of concern to institutions of higher education are discussed in some detail in language for the layman. Among the subjects discussed are: the development of charitable corporations, and immunity prerogatives; the traditional bases of legal liability; liability for the new torts, including violation of…

76 FR 80410 - Pendency of Request for Approval of Special Withdrawal Liability Rules; the Cultural Institutions...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-23

... Liability Rules; the Cultural Institutions Pension Plan AGENCY: Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. ACTION... approval of a plan amendment providing for special withdrawal liability rules. Under Sec. 4203(f) of the... Liability Rules, a multiemployer pension plan may, with PBGC approval, be amended to provide for special...

37 CFR 10.78 - Limiting liability to client.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Limiting liability to client... Office Code of Professional Responsibility § 10.78 Limiting liability to client. A practitioner shall not attempt to exonerate himself or herself from, or limit his or her liability to, a client for his or her...

26 CFR 1.404(g)-1 - Deduction of employer liability payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 5 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Deduction of employer liability payments. 1.404(g)-1 Section 1.404(g)-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY.... § 1.404(g)-1 Deduction of employer liability payments. (a) General rule. Employer liability payments...

48 CFR 47.207-7 - Liability and insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... liability for injury to persons or damage to property other than the freight being transported; (2) The contractor's liability for loss of and/or damage to the freight being transported; and (3) The amount of... damage to the freight being transported is not specified, the usual measure of liability as prescribed in...

48 CFR 47.207-7 - Liability and insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... liability for injury to persons or damage to property other than the freight being transported; (2) The contractor's liability for loss of and/or damage to the freight being transported; and (3) The amount of... damage to the freight being transported is not specified, the usual measure of liability as prescribed in...

48 CFR 47.207-7 - Liability and insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... liability for injury to persons or damage to property other than the freight being transported; (2) The contractor's liability for loss of and/or damage to the freight being transported; and (3) The amount of... damage to the freight being transported is not specified, the usual measure of liability as prescribed in...

48 CFR 47.207-7 - Liability and insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... liability for injury to persons or damage to property other than the freight being transported; (2) The contractor's liability for loss of and/or damage to the freight being transported; and (3) The amount of... damage to the freight being transported is not specified, the usual measure of liability as prescribed in...

48 CFR 47.207-7 - Liability and insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... liability for injury to persons or damage to property other than the freight being transported; (2) The contractor's liability for loss of and/or damage to the freight being transported; and (3) The amount of... damage to the freight being transported is not specified, the usual measure of liability as prescribed in...

26 CFR 1.338-5 - Adjusted grossed-up basis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... target. AGUB is the amount for which new target is deemed to have purchased all of its assets in the... (iii) The liabilities of new target. (2) Time and amount of AGUB—(i) Original determination. AGUB is.... (e) Liabilities of new target—(1) In general. The liabilities of new target are the liabilities of...

26 CFR 50.5 - Liability for the tax.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 17 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Liability for the tax. 50.5 Section 50.5... TAXES (CONTINUED) REGULATIONS RELATING TO THE TAX IMPOSED WITH RESPECT TO CERTAIN HYDRAULIC MINING § 50.5 Liability for the tax. Liability for tax attaches to any person engaged at any time during the...

Teacher Liability in School-Shop Accidents.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kegin, Denis J.

The intent of the book is to stimulate interest in the problem of shop-teacher liability and to identify certain needs which have not been adequately met by existing laws and statutes. Chapter 1, The Significance of Teacher Liability, discusses basic legal considerations, the environment of the school shop, and the possibility of liability.…

40 CFR 113.4 - Size classes and associated liability limits for fixed onshore oil storage facilities, 1,000...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Size classes and associated liability... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS LIABILITY LIMITS FOR... privity and knowledge of the owner or operator, the following limits of liability are established for...

14 CFR 1266.104 - Cross-waiver of liability for launch agreements for science or space exploration activities...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... agreements for science or space exploration activities unrelated to the International Space Station. 1266.104... LIABILITY § 1266.104 Cross-waiver of liability for launch agreements for science or space exploration... cross-waiver of liability between the parties to agreements for NASA's science or space exploration...

14 CFR 1266.104 - Cross-waiver of liability for launch agreements for science or space exploration activities...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... agreements for science or space exploration activities unrelated to the International Space Station. 1266.104... LIABILITY § 1266.104 Cross-waiver of liability for launch agreements for science or space exploration... cross-waiver of liability between the parties to agreements for NASA's science or space exploration...

14 CFR 1266.104 - Cross-waiver of liability for launch agreements for science or space exploration activities...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... agreements for science or space exploration activities unrelated to the International Space Station. 1266.104... LIABILITY § 1266.104 Cross-waiver of liability for launch agreements for science or space exploration... cross-waiver of liability between the parties to agreements for NASA's science or space exploration...

29 CFR 790.4 - Liability of employer; effect of contract, custom, or practice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., this section relieves the employer from certain liabilities or punishments to which he might otherwise... by such employee is relieved from liability or punishment therefor if, and only if, such activities... an employer of liability or punishment only with respect to activities of the kind described, which...

29 CFR 790.4 - Liability of employer; effect of contract, custom, or practice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., this section relieves the employer from certain liabilities or punishments to which he might otherwise... by such employee is relieved from liability or punishment therefor if, and only if, such activities... an employer of liability or punishment only with respect to activities of the kind described, which...

29 CFR 790.4 - Liability of employer; effect of contract, custom, or practice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., this section relieves the employer from certain liabilities or punishments to which he might otherwise... by such employee is relieved from liability or punishment therefor if, and only if, such activities... an employer of liability or punishment only with respect to activities of the kind described, which...

29 CFR 790.4 - Liability of employer; effect of contract, custom, or practice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., this section relieves the employer from certain liabilities or punishments to which he might otherwise... by such employee is relieved from liability or punishment therefor if, and only if, such activities... an employer of liability or punishment only with respect to activities of the kind described, which...

48 CFR 1852.228-72 - Cross-waiver of liability for space shuttle services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... from space to develop further a payload's product or process except when such development is for Space..., test, training, simulation, or guidance and control equipment and related facilities or services. (6...

Liability concerns and shared use of school recreational facilities in underserved communities.

PubMed

Spengler, John O; Connaughton, Daniel P; Maddock, Jason E

2011-10-01

In underserved communities, schools can provide the physical structure and facilities for informal and formal recreation as well as after-school, weekend, and summer programming. The importance of community access to schools is acknowledged by authoritative groups; however, fear of liability is believed to be a key barrier to community access. The purpose of this study was to investigate perceptions of liability risk and associated issues among school administrators in underserved communities. A national survey of school administrators in underserved communities (n=360, response rate of 21%) was conducted in 2009 and analyzed in 2010. Liability perceptions in the context of community access were assessed through descriptive statistics. The majority of respondents (82.2%) indicated concern for liability should someone be injured on school property after hours while participating in a recreational activity. Among those that did not allow community access, 91% were somewhat to very concerned about liability and 86% believed that stronger legislation was needed to better protect schools from liability for after-hours recreational use. Among those who claimed familiarity with a state law that offered them limited liability protection, nearly three fourths were nevertheless concerned about liability. Liability concerns are prevalent among this group of school administrators, particularly if they had been involved in prior litigation, and even if they indicated they were aware of laws that provide liability protection where use occurs after hours. Reducing these concerns will be important if schools are to become locations for recreational programs that promote physical activity outside of regular school hours. Copyright © 2011 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

31 CFR 50.90 - Cap on annual liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Cap on annual liability. 50.90 Section 50.90 Money and Finance: Treasury Office of the Secretary of the Treasury TERRORISM RISK INSURANCE PROGRAM Cap on Annual Liability § 50.90 Cap on annual liability. Pursuant to Section 103 of the Act, if...

29 CFR 4062.7 - Calculating interest on liability and refunds of overpayments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... termination date, on any unpaid portion of the liability. Such interest accrues at the rate set forth in... amount of liability under this part, the PBGC shall refund the excess amount, with interest at the rate... compounded daily. (c) Interest rate. The interest rate on liability under this part and refunds thereof is...

26 CFR 1.338-5 - Adjusted grossed-up basis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... target. AGUB is the amount for which new target is deemed to have purchased all of its assets in the... (iii) The liabilities of new target. (2) Time and amount of AGUB—(i) Original determination. AGUB is...) Liabilities of new target—(1) In general. The liabilities of new target are the liabilities of target as of...

26 CFR 1.338-5 - Adjusted grossed-up basis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... target. AGUB is the amount for which new target is deemed to have purchased all of its assets in the... (iii) The liabilities of new target. (2) Time and amount of AGUB—(i) Original determination. AGUB is...) Liabilities of new target—(1) In general. The liabilities of new target are the liabilities of target as of...

26 CFR 1.338-5 - Adjusted grossed-up basis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... the amount for which new target is deemed to have purchased all of its assets in the deemed purchase... (iii) The liabilities of new target. (2) Time and amount of AGUB—(i) Original determination. AGUB is...) Liabilities of new target—(1) In general. The liabilities of new target are the liabilities of target as of...

12 CFR 360.8 - Method for determining deposit and other liability account balances at a failed insured...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... liability account balances at a failed insured depository institution. 360.8 Section 360.8 Banks and Banking... RECEIVERSHIP RULES § 360.8 Method for determining deposit and other liability account balances at a failed... FDIC will use to determine deposit and other liability account balances for insurance coverage and...

12 CFR 360.8 - Method for determining deposit and other liability account balances at a failed insured...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... liability account balances at a failed insured depository institution. 360.8 Section 360.8 Banks and Banking... RECEIVERSHIP RULES § 360.8 Method for determining deposit and other liability account balances at a failed... FDIC will use to determine deposit and other liability account balances for insurance coverage and...

Perspective on a Modified Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Testing Strategy for Cancer Immunotherapy.

PubMed

Prell, Rodney A; Halpern, Wendy G; Rao, Gautham K

2016-05-01

The intent of cancer immunotherapy (CIT) is to generate and enhance T-cell responses against tumors. The tumor microenvironment establishes several inhibitory pathways that lead to suppression of the local immune response, which is permissive for tumor growth. The efficacy of different CITs, alone and in combination, stems from reinvigorating the tumor immune response via several mechanisms, including costimulatory agonists, checkpoint inhibitors, and vaccines. However, immune responses to other antigens (self and foreign) may also be enhanced, resulting in potentially undesired effects. In outbred mammalian pregnancies, the fetus expresses paternally derived alloantigens that are recognized as foreign by the maternal immune system. If unchecked or enhanced, maternal immunity to these alloantigens represents a developmental and reproductive risk and thus is a general liability for cancer immunotherapeutic molecules. We propose a tiered approach to confirm this mechanistic reproductive liability for CIT molecules. A rodent allopregnancy model is based on breeding 2 different strains of mice so that paternally derived alloantigens are expressed by the fetus. When tested with a cross-reactive biotherapeutic, small molecule drug, or surrogate molecule, this model should reveal on-target reproductive liabilities if the pathway is involved in maintaining pregnancy. Alternatively, allopregnancy models with genetically modified mice can be interrogated for exquisitely specific biotherapeutics with restricted species reactivity. The allopregnancy model represents a relatively straightforward approach to confirm an expected on-target reproductive risk for CIT molecules. For biotherapeutics, it could potentially replace more complex developmental and reproductive toxicity testing in nonhuman primates when a pregnancy hazard is confirmed or expected. © The Author(s) 2016.

Acquisition Dominance: Why The Make - Buy Decision And Decentralization Are Essential For DoDs Information Technology Acquisitions And Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-01

of contractors which may impact mission and security. Organic DOD subject matter experts can assure their IT-dependent missions. Utilizing in...involved typically conduct a ritualistic liability-focused finger-pointing that detracts from solving the mission- impacting problem. Resolving these...that if things go wrong, sufficient risk management actions have been taken to minimize the impact of failure. The military bears the consequences

The Explicit and Implicit Qualities of Alternative Fuels: Issues to Consider for Their Use in Marine Diesel Engines

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-30

problematic. However, such unfinished fuels are unlikely to be commercially available. Finishing those fuels by hydrotreating to remove excess...comparison, biodiesel does not meet several explicit properties because of higher acidity , viscosity, instability, pour point, and metals and ash content...would improve the remaining limiting properties of F-T and biodiesel fuels. Lubricity additives should remove the potential liability of the low

75 FR 48994 - Records Schedules; Availability and Request for Comments

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-12

..., asbestos liability, civil rights-- employment, civil rights--housing/accommodations, civil rights-- welfare..., product liability, asbestos liability, civil rights-- employment, civil rights--housing/accommodations...

The AVPR1A Gene and Substance Use Disorders: Association, Replication, and Functional Evidence

PubMed Central

Maher, Brion S.; Vladimirov, Vladimir I.; Latendresse, Shawn J.; Thiselton, Dawn L.; McNamee, Rebecca; Kang, Moonsu; Bigdeli, Tim B.; Chen, Xiangning; Riley, Brien P.; Hettema, John M.; Chilcoat, Howard; Heidbreder, Christian; Muglia, Pierandrea; Murrelle, E. Lenn; Dick, Danielle M.; Aliev, Fazil; Agrawal, Arpana; Edenberg, Howard J.; Kramer, John; Nurnberger, John; Tischfield, Jay A.; Devlin, Bernie; Ferrell, Robert E.; Kirillova, Galina P.; Tarter, Ralph E.; Kendler, Kenneth S.; Vanyukov, Michael M.

2014-01-01

Background The liability to addiction has been shown to be highly genetically correlated across drug classes, suggesting nondrug-specific mechanisms. Methods In 757 subjects, we performed association analysis between 1536 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 106 candidate genes and a drug use disorder diagnosis (DUD). Results Associations (p ≤ .0008) were detected with three SNPs in the arginine vasopressin 1A receptor gene, AVPR1A, with a gene-wise p value of 3 × 10−5. Bioinformatic evidence points to a role for rs11174811 (microRNA binding site disruption) in AVPR1A function. Based on literature implicating AVPR1A in social bonding, we tested spousal satisfaction as a mediator of the association of rs11174811 with the DUD. Spousal satisfaction was significantly associated with DUD in males (p <.0001). The functional AVPR1A SNP, rs11174811, was associated with spousal satisfaction in males (p = .007). Spousal satisfaction was a significant mediator of the relationship between rs11174811 and DUD. We also present replication of the association in males between rs11174811 and substance use in one clinically ascertained (n = 1399) and one epidemiologic sample (n = 2231). The direction of the association is consistent across the clinically-ascertained samples but reversed in the epidemiologic sample. Lastly, we found a significant impact of rs11174811 genotype on AVPR1A expression in a postmortem brain sample. Conclusions The findings of this study call for expansion of research into the role of the arginine vasopressin and other neuropeptide system variation in DUD liability. PMID:21514569

Malpractice Burden, Rural Location, and Discontinuation of Obstetric Care: A Study of Obstetric Providers in Michigan

PubMed Central

Xu, Xiao; Siefert, Kristine A.; Jacobson, Peter D.; Lori, Jody R.; Gueorguieva, Iana; Ransom, Scott B.

2011-01-01

Context It has long been a concern that professional liability problems disproportionately affect the delivery of obstetrical services to women living in rural areas. Michigan, a state with a large number of rural communities, is considered to be at risk for a medical liability crisis. Purpose This study examined whether higher malpractice burden on obstetric providers was associated with an increased likelihood of discontinuing obstetric care and whether there were rural-urban differences in the relationship. Methods Data on 500 obstetrician-gynecologists and family physicians who had provided obstetric care at some point in their career (either currently or previously) were obtained from a statewide survey in Michigan. Statistical tests and multivariate regression analyses were performed to examine the interrelationship among malpractice burden, rural location, and discontinuation of obstetric care. Findings After adjusting for other factors that might influence a physician’s decision about whether to stop obstetric care, our results showed no significant impact of malpractice burden on physicians’ likelihood to discontinue obstetric care. Rural-urban location of the practice did not modify the nature of this relationship. However, family physicians in rural Michigan had a nearly four fold higher likelihood of withdrawing obstetric care when compared to urban family physicians. Conclusions The higher likelihood of rural family physicians to discontinue obstetric care should be carefully weighed in future interventions to preserve obstetric care supply. More research is needed to better understand the practice environment of rural family physicians and the reasons for their withdrawal from obstetric care. PMID:19166559

12 CFR 303.15 - Certain limited liability companies deemed incorporated under State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Certain limited liability companies deemed... liability companies deemed incorporated under State law. (a) For purposes of the definition of “State bank... liability company (LLC) under the law of any State is deemed to be “incorporated” under the law of the State...

26 CFR 1.934-1 - Limitation on reduction in income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Islands will be computed as follows: (A) Add to the income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands...) Add to the income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands any credit against the tax allowed... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Limitation on reduction in income tax liability...

26 CFR 1.934-1 - Limitation on reduction in income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Islands will be computed as follows: (A) Add to the income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands...) Add to the income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands any credit against the tax allowed... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Limitation on reduction in income tax liability...

26 CFR 1.934-1 - Limitation on reduction in income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Islands will be computed as follows: (A) Add to the income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands...) Add to the income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands any credit against the tax allowed... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Limitation on reduction in income tax liability...

26 CFR 1.934-1 - Limitation on reduction in income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Islands will be computed as follows: (A) Add to the income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands...) Add to the income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands any credit against the tax allowed... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Limitation on reduction in income tax liability...

26 CFR 1.934-1 - Limitation on reduction in income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Islands will be computed as follows: (A) Add to the income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands...) Add to the income tax liability incurred to the Virgin Islands any credit against the tax allowed... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2014-04-01 2013-04-01 true Limitation on reduction in income tax liability...

29 CFR 4219.13 - Amount of liability for de minimis amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Amount of liability for de minimis amounts. 4219.13 Section... Redetermination of Withdrawal Liability Upon Mass Withdrawal § 4219.13 Amount of liability for de minimis amounts. An employer that is liable for de minimis amounts shall be liable to the plan for the amount by which...

29 CFR 4219.13 - Amount of liability for de minimis amounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Amount of liability for de minimis amounts. 4219.13 Section... Redetermination of Withdrawal Liability Upon Mass Withdrawal § 4219.13 Amount of liability for de minimis amounts. An employer that is liable for de minimis amounts shall be liable to the plan for the amount by which...

14 CFR § 1266.104 - Cross-waiver of liability for launch agreements for science or space exploration activities...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... agreements for science or space exploration activities unrelated to the International Space Station. § 1266...-WAIVER OF LIABILITY § 1266.104 Cross-waiver of liability for launch agreements for science or space... implement a cross-waiver of liability between the parties to agreements for NASA's science or space...

Telemetry video-electroencephalography (EEG) in rats, dogs and non-human primates: methods in follow-up safety pharmacology seizure liability assessments.

PubMed

Bassett, Leanne; Troncy, Eric; Pouliot, Mylene; Paquette, Dominique; Ascah, Alexis; Authier, Simon

2014-01-01

Non-clinical seizure liability studies typically aim to: 1) confirm the nature of EEG activity during abnormal clinical signs, 2) identify premonitory clinical signs, 3) measure plasma levels at seizure onset, 4) demonstrate that drug-induced seizures are self-limiting, 5) confirm that conventional drugs (e.g. diazepam) can treat drug-induced seizures and 6) confirm the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) at EEG. Our aim was to originally characterize several of these items in a three species comparative study. Cynomolgus monkey, Beagle dog and Sprague-Dawley rat with EEG telemetry transmitters were used to obtain EEG using the 10-20 system. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was used to determine seizure threshold or as a positive seizurogenic agent. Clinical signs were recorded and premonitory signs were evaluated. In complement, other pharmacological agents were used to illustrate various safety testing strategies. Intravenous PTZ doses required to induce clonic convulsions were 36.1 (3.8), 56.1 (12.7) and 49.4 (11.7) mg/kg, in Beagle dogs, cynomolgus monkeys and Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively. Premonitory clinical signs typically included decreased physical activity, enhanced physiological tremors, hypersalivation, ataxia, emesis (except in rats) and myoclonus. In Sprague-Dawley rats, amphetamine (PO) increased high (approximately 40-120Hz), and decreased low (1-14Hz) frequencies. In cynomolgus monkeys, caffeine (IM) increased power in high (14-127Hz), and attenuated power in low (1-13Hz) frequencies. In the rat PTZ infusion seizure threshold model, yohimbine (SC and IV) and phenobarbital (IP) confirmed to be reliable positive controls as pro- and anticonvulsants, respectively. Telemetry video-EEG for seizure liability investigations was characterized in three species. Rats represent a first-line model in seizure liability assessments. Beagle dogs are often associated with overt susceptibility to seizure and are typically used in seizure liability studies only if required by regulators. Non-human primates represent an important model in seizure liability assessments given similarities to humans and a high translational potential. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Perception of legal liability by registered nurses in Korea.

PubMed

Kim, Ki-Kyong; Kim, In-Sook; Lee, Won-Hee

2007-08-01

Liability to the nursing profession is imperative if nurses are to act as an autonomous body. Assessing and communicating effectively is a vital part of nursing for patient safety. This study was designed to identify the attitudes of Korean nurses toward liability in assessment and communication and to investigate the relationship among the variables (i.e., legal awareness, attitudes toward doctor's duty to supervise nurses). The attitudes toward doctor's duty reflect the status of nurses' dependency on doctor's supervision. The study participants were 288 registered nurses in RN-BSN courses at two colleges in Korea. The level of legal awareness was measured using a 25-item Legal Awareness Questionnaire developed by the authors. The measuring instrument for attitudes toward doctor's duty to supervise nurses and nurses' liability was the Attitude toward Duty and Liability Questionnaire, which was modified by the authors. There were significant correlation between attitude toward doctor's duty and nurses' liability, but not between legal awareness and liability attitude. The results of this study suggest that the present educational content aimed at improving liability attitudes of nurses should be refocused with attitude-oriented education and should include an understanding of the increased accountability that comes with greater autonomy in nursing practice.

Onus of responsibility: the changing responsible corporate officer doctrine.

PubMed

Bragg, Jennifer; Bentivoglio, John; Collins, Andrew

2010-01-01

The responsible corporate officer ("RCO") doctrine permits convictions of corporate officers for violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ("FDCA"), even in instances in which the corporate officer was not personally involved and lacked knowledge of the wrongdoing. Prosecutors have seldom prosecuted RCO FDCA cases since the doctrine was first described in 1943, but recent indications point to an imminent revival. Cases and statements from government officials indicate that this second wave of the RCO doctrine may sweep more broadly than did the first. For example, prosecutors appear ready to employ the RCO doctrine in strict liability cases, even though most past RCO FDCA cases involved knowledge on the part of the corporate officer. Moreover, the current environment promises stiffer penalties, less centralized case selection, and fewer jury trials than did the era in which the RCO doctrine was established. This article concludes with a call for the Department of Justice to issue guidelines for RCO prosecutions to ensure that this most unusual form of criminal liability is imposed fairly and consistently.

7 CFR 1773.45 - Regulatory liabilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... § 1773.45 Regulatory liabilities. The CPA's workpapers must document whether all regulatory liabilities comply with the requirements of SFAS No. 71. For electric borrowers only, the CPA's workpapers must...

7 CFR 1773.45 - Regulatory liabilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... § 1773.45 Regulatory liabilities. The CPA's workpapers must document whether all regulatory liabilities comply with the requirements of SFAS No. 71. For electric borrowers only, the CPA's workpapers must...

7 CFR 1773.45 - Regulatory liabilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... § 1773.45 Regulatory liabilities. The CPA's workpapers must document whether all regulatory liabilities comply with the requirements of SFAS No. 71. For electric borrowers only, the CPA's workpapers must...

7 CFR 1773.45 - Regulatory liabilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... § 1773.45 Regulatory liabilities. The CPA's workpapers must document whether all regulatory liabilities comply with the requirements of SFAS No. 71. For electric borrowers only, the CPA's workpapers must...

7 CFR 1773.45 - Regulatory liabilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... § 1773.45 Regulatory liabilities. The CPA's workpapers must document whether all regulatory liabilities comply with the requirements of SFAS No. 71. For electric borrowers only, the CPA's workpapers must...

National Costs Of The Medical Liability System

PubMed Central

Mello, Michelle M.; Chandra, Amitabh; Gawande, Atul A.; Studdert, David M.

2011-01-01

Concerns about reducing the rate of growth of health expenditures have reignited interest in medical liability reforms and their potential to save money by reducing the practice of defensive medicine. It is not easy to estimate the costs of the medical liability system, however. This article identifies the various components of liability system costs, generates national estimates for each component, and discusses the level of evidence available to support the estimates. Overall annual medical liability system costs, including defensive medicine, are estimated to be $55.6 billion in 2008 dollars, or 2.4 percent of total health care spending. PMID:20820010

75 FR 76946 - Demurrage Liability

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-10

... because the warehouseman--which otherwise has no incentive to agree to liability--can avoid liability... based on an unjust enrichment theory? The court rejected such an approach in Middle Atlantic, 353 F...

14 CFR 1266.104 - Cross-waiver of liability for launch agreements for science or space exploration activities...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... activities related to ground support, test, training, simulation, or guidance and control equipment and... are conducted on return from space to develop further a payload's product or process for use other...

Oral cannabidiol does not produce a signal for abuse liability in frequent marijuana smokers

PubMed Central

Babalonis, Shanna; Haney, Margaret; Malcolm, Robert J.; Lofwall, Michelle R.; Votaw, Victoria R.; Sparenborg, Steven; Walsh, Sharon L.

2017-01-01

Background Cannabidiol (CBD) is a naturally occurring constituent of the marijuana plant. In the past few years, there has been great interest in the therapeutic effects of isolated CBD and it is currently being explored for numerous disease conditions (e.g., pain, epilepsy, cancer, various drug dependencies). However, CBD remains a Schedule I drug on the U.S. Controlled Substances Act (CSA). Despite its status, there are no well-controlled data available regarding its abuse liability. Methods Healthy, frequent marijuana users (n=31) were enrolled in this within subject, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multisite study that administered oral cannabidiol (0, 200, 400, 800 mg) alone and in combination with smoked marijuana (0.01%, 5.3-5.8% THC). Participants received one dose combination across 8 once-weekly outpatient sessions (7.5 hrs). The primary findings on the drug interaction effects were previously reported (Haney et al., 2016). The present study is a secondary analysis of the data to examine the abuse liability profile of oral cannabidiol (200, 400, 800 mg) in comparison to oral placebo and active smoked marijuana (5.3-5.8% THC). Results Active marijuana reliably produced abuse-related subjective effects (e.g., high) (p<.05). However, CBD was placebo-like on all measures collected (p>.05). Conclusions Overall, CBD did not display any signals of abuse liability at the doses tested and these data may help inform U.S. regulatory decisions regarding CBD schedule on the CSA. PMID:28088032

Factors associated with the transition from abuse to dependence among substance abusers: Implications for a measure of addictive liability

PubMed Central

Ridenour, Ty A.; Maldonado-Molina, Mildred; Compton, Wilson M.; Spitznagel, Edward L.; Cottler, Linda B.

2005-01-01

This study was conducted to test the validity of a measure that has potential to bridge research on the addictive liability of drugs and on individuals' liability to addiction, which to date have evolved in largely parallel arenas. The length of time between onset of abuse and dependence (LOTAD) has evolved from recent findings on transitions through levels of addiction; it was hypothesized that shorter LOTAD is indicative of greater addictive liability. Hypotheses were based on animal studies and human studies. Retrospective data from the DSM-IV Substance Use Disorders Work Group were reanalyzed using configural frequency analysis, survival curves, bivariate Kendall's tau associations, and linear regression. The sample consisted of participants recruited from community and clinical settings. The measure was the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Substance Abuse Module (CIDI-SAM). The shortest LOTADs were observed for disorders related to use of cocaine and opiates, followed by cannabis and then alcohol regardless of the subsample that was analyzed. As hypothesized, females and early initiators of drug use had shorter LOTADs compared to men and other initiators of drug use; no consistent differences in LOTAD were observed between African-Americans and Caucasians. None of the LOTAD variance associated with differences between drugs could be accounted for by gender, early use of the drug, or ethnicity. Specific areas of research where LOTAD might be useful as well as how LOTAD might be improved are discussed. PMID:16157227

Policy statement—Professional liability insurance and medicolegal education for pediatric residents and fellows.

PubMed

Gonzalez, Jose Luis

2011-09-01

The American Academy of Pediatrics believes that pediatric residents and fellows should be fully informed of the scope and limitations of their professional liability insurance coverage while in training. The academy states that residents and fellows should be educated by their training institutions on matters relating to medical liability and the importance of maintaining adequate and continuous professional liability insurance coverage throughout their careers in medicine.

IQ and schizophrenia in a Swedish national sample: their causal relationship and the interaction of IQ with genetic risk.

PubMed

Kendler, Kenneth S; Ohlsson, Henrik; Sundquist, Jan; Sundquist, Kristina

2015-03-01

The authors sought to clarify the relationship between IQ and subsequent risk for schizophrenia. IQ was assessed at ages 18-20 in 1,204,983 Swedish males born between 1951 and 1975. Schizophrenia was assessed by hospital diagnosis through 2010. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate future risk for schizophrenia in individuals as a function of their IQ score, and then stratified models using pairs of relatives were used to adjust for familial cluster. Finally, regression models were used to examine the interaction between IQ and genetic liability on risk for schizophrenia. IQ had a monotonic relationship with schizophrenia risk across the IQ range, with a mean increase in risk of 3.8% per 1-point decrease in IQ; this association was stronger in the lower than the higher IQ range. Co-relative control analyses showed a similar association between IQ and schizophrenia in the general population and in cousin, half-sibling, and full-sibling pairs. A robust interaction was seen between genetic liability to schizophrenia and IQ in predicting schizophrenia risk. Genetic susceptibility for schizophrenia had a much stronger impact on risk of illness for those with low than high intelligence. The IQ-genetic liability interaction arose largely from IQ differences between close relatives. IQ assessed in late adolescence is a robust risk factor for subsequent onset of schizophrenia. This association is not the result of a declining IQ associated with insidious onset. In this large, representative sample, we found no evidence for a link between genius and schizophrenia. Co-relative control analyses showed that the association between lower IQ and schizophrenia is not the result of shared familial risk factors and may be causal. The strongest effect was seen with IQ differences within families. High intelligence substantially attenuates the impact of genetic liability on the risk for schizophrenia.

14 CFR 1266.102 - Cross-waiver of liability for agreements for activities related to the International Space Station.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... services; and (ii) All activities related to ground support, test, training, simulation, or guidance and... payload's product or process for use other than for ISS-related activities in implementation of the IGA...

Liability for Off-Campus Injuries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zirkel, Perry A.; Gluckman, Ivan B.

1984-01-01

Liability in cases involving students injured off school property generally hinges on whether districts fail to exercise due care in supervising students while on school premises. Typical activities that may occasion liability for negligence and possible defenses are listed. (MJL)

48 CFR 1852.228-80 - Insurance-Immunity From Tort Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., Insurance—Liability to Third Persons, and the associated NFS clause 1852.228-81, Insurance—Partial Immunity... clause at NFS 1852.228-82 Insurance—Total Immunity From Tort Liability, will be included in the contract...

48 CFR 1852.228-80 - Insurance-Immunity From Tort Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., Insurance—Liability to Third Persons, and the associated NFS clause 1852.228-81, Insurance—Partial Immunity... clause at NFS 1852.228-82 Insurance—Total Immunity From Tort Liability, will be included in the contract...

48 CFR 1852.228-80 - Insurance-Immunity From Tort Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., Insurance—Liability to Third Persons, and the associated NFS clause 1852.228-81, Insurance—Partial Immunity... clause at NFS 1852.228-82 Insurance—Total Immunity From Tort Liability, will be included in the contract...

48 CFR 1852.228-80 - Insurance-Immunity From Tort Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., Insurance—Liability to Third Persons, and the associated NFS clause 1852.228-81, Insurance—Partial Immunity... clause at NFS 1852.228-82 Insurance—Total Immunity From Tort Liability, will be included in the contract...

48 CFR 1852.228-80 - Insurance-Immunity From Tort Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., Insurance—Liability to Third Persons, and the associated NFS clause 1852.228-81, Insurance—Partial Immunity... clause at NFS 1852.228-82 Insurance—Total Immunity From Tort Liability, will be included in the contract...

Liability and Insurance for Suborbital Flights

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Masson-Zwaan, T.

2012-01-01

This paper analyzes and compares liability and liability insurance in the fields of aviation and spaceflight in order to propose solutions for a liability regime and insurance options for suborbital flights. Suborbital flights can be said to take place in the grey zone between air and space, between air law and space law, as well as between aviation insurance and space insurance. In terms of liability, the paper discusses air law and space law provisions in the fields of second and third party liability for damage to passengers and 'innocent bystanders' respectively, touching upon international treaties, national law and EU law, and on insurance to cover those risks. Although the insurance market is currently not ready to provide tailor-made products for operators of suborbital flights, it is expected to adapt rapidly once such flights will become reality. A hybrid approach will provide the best solution in the medium term.

Evaluative reports on medical malpractice policies in obstetrics: a rapid scoping review.

PubMed

Cardoso, Roberta; Zarin, Wasifa; Nincic, Vera; Barber, Sarah Louise; Gulmezoglu, Ahmet Metin; Wilson, Charlotte; Wilson, Katherine; McDonald, Heather; Kenny, Meghan; Warren, Rachel; Straus, Sharon E; Tricco, Andrea C

2017-09-06

The clinical specialty of obstetrics is under particular scrutiny with increasing litigation costs and unnecessary tests and procedures done in attempts to prevent litigation. We aimed to identify reports evaluating or comparing the effectiveness of medical liability reforms and quality improvement strategies in improving litigation-related outcomes in obstetrics. We conducted a rapid scoping review with a 6-week timeline. MEDLINE, EMBASE, LexisNexis Academic, the Legal Scholarship Network, Justis, LegalTrac, QuickLaw, and HeinOnline were searched for publications in English from 2004 until June 2015. The selection criteria for screening were established a priori and pilot-tested. We included reports comparing or evaluating the impact of obstetrics-related medical liability reforms and quality improvement strategies on cost containment and litigation settlement across all countries. All levels of screening were done by two reviewers independently, and discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer. In addition, two reviewers independently extracted relevant data using a pre-tested form, and discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer. The results were summarized descriptively. The search resulted in 2729 citations, of which 14 reports met our eligibility criteria. Several initiatives for improving the medical malpractice litigation system were found, including no-fault approaches, patient safety policy initiatives, communication and resolution, caps on compensation and attorney fees, alternative payment system and liabilities, and limitations on litigation. Only a few litigation policies in obstetrics were evaluated or compared. Included documents showed that initiatives to reduce medical malpractice litigation could be associated with a decrease in adverse and malpractice events. However, due to heterogeneous settings (e.g., economic structure, healthcare system) and variation in the outcomes reported, the advantages and disadvantages of initiatives may vary.

Proarrhythmia liability assessment and the comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA): An industry survey on current practice.

PubMed

Authier, Simon; Pugsley, Michael K; Koerner, John E; Fermini, Bernard; Redfern, William S; Valentin, Jean-Pierre; Vargas, Hugo M; Leishman, Derek J; Correll, Krystle; Curtis, Michael J

2017-07-01

The Safety Pharmacology Society (SPS) has conducted a survey of its membership to identify industry practices related to testing considered in the Comprehensive In vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA). Survey topics included nonclinical approaches to address proarrhythmia issues, conduct of in silico studies, in vitro ion channel testing methods used, drugs used as positive controls during the conduct of cardiac ion channel studies, types of arrhythmias observed in non-clinical studies and use of the anticipated CiPA ion channel assay. In silico studies were used to evaluate effects on ventricular action potentials by only 15% of responders. In vitro assays were used mostly to assess QT prolongation (95%), cardiac Ca 2+ and Na + channel blockade (82%) and QT shortening or QRS prolongation (53%). For de-risking of candidate drugs for proarrhythmia, those assays most relevant to CiPA including cell lines stably expressing ion channels used to determine potency of drug block were most frequently used (89%) and human stem cell-derived or induced pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocytes (46%). Those in vivo assays related to general proarrhythmia derisking include ECG recording using implanted telemetry technology (88%), jacketed external telemetry (62%) and anesthetized animal models (53%). While the CiPA initiative was supported by 92% of responders, there may be some disconnect between current practice and future expectations, as explained. Proarrhythmia liability assessment in drug development presently includes study types consistent with CiPA. It is anticipated that CiPA will develop into a workable solution to the concern that proarrhythmia liability testing remains suboptimal. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Risky Business - Questions To Ask Your Liability Insurance Agent and Attorney.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Strickland, James

2000-01-01

Discusses the unique vulnerabilities of the child care industry related to liability insurance. Presents questions for beginning liability- and coverage-related dialogue between the caregiver or center director and the attorney and insurance agent. (KB)

Toward enhancing estimates of Kentucky's heavy truck tax liabilities.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2002-08-01

The focus of this report is the effectiveness and reliability of the current models employed to calculate the weight-distance tax and fuel surtax liabilities. This report examines the current methodology utilized to estimate potential tax liabilities...

Beyond MICRA: new ideas for liability reform. American College of Physicians.

PubMed

1995-03-15

The existing medical liability system does not work. It does not deter negligence, provide timely compensation to injured persons, or resolve disputes fairly. Studies show that a large percentage of injured patients are not compensated and that physicians feel vulnerable to a lawsuit whether or not they practice high-quality medicine. The arbitrariness and inefficiency of the system disrupts the physician-patient relationship, increases health care costs, and, in some cases, hurts access to care. As a result, comprehensive changes to the liability system must be made. The American College of Physicians makes the following recommendations. 1. Congress should immediately pass the tort reforms contained in the California Medical Injury Compensation Reform Act (MICRA), particularly caps on noneconomic damages, as necessary short-term changes to a flawed system. 2. Federal legislation should be enacted that overturns recent court decisions that have relied on the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, a federal law that regulates pensions and other benefit plans, to bar plaintiffs from suing their health plan for negligence if the plan's benefits or treatment decisions lead to an injury. 3. Demonstration projects should be created and funded to examine the feasibility of using a set of caps for noneconomic damage awards that are based on the severity of injury suffered and the injured party's age. A set of caps could be seen as fairer to injured persons than flat caps but would still protect physicians from unlimited awards. 4. Demonstration projects should be authorized and funded to test enterprise liability and no-fault systems. These systems could take many forms, including administrative approaches; lists of accelerated compensation events; "early offer of settlement" approaches; and organizational liability for health plans, hospitals, or health systems. Such long-term reforms are consistent with trends in health care delivery and are necessary to promote quality of care, compensate injured persons, and protect physicians.

Cyber crimes.

PubMed

Nuzback, Kara

2014-07-01

Since it began offering cyber liability coverage in December 2011, the Texas Medical Liability Trust has received more than 150 cyber liability claims, most of which involved breaches of electronic protected health information. TMLT's cyber liability insurance will protect practices financially should a breach occur. The insurance covers a breach notification to customers and business partners, expenses for legal counsel, information security and forensic data services, public relations support, call center and website support, credit monitoring, and identity theft restoration services.

The Legal Doctrine on 'Limitation of Liability' in the Precedent Analysis on Plastic Surgery Medical Malpractice Lawsuits.

PubMed

Park, Bo Young; Pak, Ji-Hyun; Hong, Seung-Eun; Kang, So Ra

2015-12-01

This study intended to review the precedents on plastic surgery medical malpractice lawsuits in lower-court trials, classify the reasons of 'limitation of liability' by type, and suggest a standard in the acknowledgement of limitation of liability ratio. The 30 lower-court's rulings on the cases bearing the medical negligence of the defendants acknowledged the liability ratio of the defendants between 30% and 100%. Ten cases ruled that the defendants were wholly responsible for the negligence or malpractice, while 20 cases acknowledged the limitation of liability principle. In the determination of damage compensation amount, the court considered the cause of the victim side, which contributed in the occurrence of the damage. The court also believed that it is against the idea of fairness to have the assailant pay the whole compensation, even there is no victim-side cause such as previous illness or physical constitution of the patient, and applies the legal doctrine on limitation of liability, which is an independent damage compensation adjustment system. Most of the rulings also limited the ratio of responsibility to certain extent. When considering that the legal doctrine on limitation of liability which supports concrete validity for the fair sharing of damage, the tangible classification of causes of limitation of liability suggested in this study would be a useful tool in forecasting the ruling of a plastic surgery medical malpractice lawsuit.

The Legal Doctrine on 'Limitation of Liability' in the Precedent Analysis on Plastic Surgery Medical Malpractice Lawsuits

PubMed Central

Kang, So Ra

2015-01-01

This study intended to review the precedents on plastic surgery medical malpractice lawsuits in lower-court trials, classify the reasons of 'limitation of liability' by type, and suggest a standard in the acknowledgement of limitation of liability ratio. The 30 lower-court's rulings on the cases bearing the medical negligence of the defendants acknowledged the liability ratio of the defendants between 30% and 100%. Ten cases ruled that the defendants were wholly responsible for the negligence or malpractice, while 20 cases acknowledged the limitation of liability principle. In the determination of damage compensation amount, the court considered the cause of the victim side, which contributed in the occurrence of the damage. The court also believed that it is against the idea of fairness to have the assailant pay the whole compensation, even there is no victim-side cause such as previous illness or physical constitution of the patient, and applies the legal doctrine on limitation of liability, which is an independent damage compensation adjustment system. Most of the rulings also limited the ratio of responsibility to certain extent. When considering that the legal doctrine on limitation of liability which supports concrete validity for the fair sharing of damage, the tangible classification of causes of limitation of liability suggested in this study would be a useful tool in forecasting the ruling of a plastic surgery medical malpractice lawsuit. PMID:26713045

Abuse potential assessment of propofol by its subjective effects after sedation.

PubMed

Tezcan, Aysu Hayriye; Ornek, Dilsen Hatice; Ozlu, Onur; Baydar, Mustafa; Yavuz, Nurcan; Ozaslan, Nihal Gokbulut; Dilek, Kevser; Keske, Aylin

2014-01-01

In this study, we examined the euphoric effect of propofol and its high satisfaction ratio regarding its liability to be abused, particularly in painless procedures, such as colonoscopy. Fifty subjects aged between 18 and 65 years who fulfilled the criteria for ASA 1-2 and were prepared for colonoscopy were enrolled into this study. For intravenous sedation induction, 2 mg/kg propofol was used, and additional injections were administered according to BIS values. After colonoscopy, the subjects were taken to a recovery room and observed for 30 minutes. Patients were interviewed with the modified Brice questionnare regarding the incidence and the content of dreams. A 5-point Likert scale was used to classify their dreams, and the content of the dreams was also recorded. To assess the subjective effects of propofol, the patients were asked to use the Hall and Van der Castle emotion scale; their biological states were also assessed. The patients' feelings regarding propofol were each rated as absent or present. We used the Morphine-Benzedrine Group scale to measure the euphoric effects of propofol. At the end of the study, subjects scored their satisfaction on a five-point scale. There were no statistically significant differences in sex age, weight, propofol dose, or satisfaction ratio (p>0.05) in the groups, although male patients received a higher dose of propofol and had higher satisfaction ratio. Patients reported no residual after-effects. The incidence of dreaming was 42%. There was no statistically significant difference in dreaming between the sexes, but male patients had a higher dreaming ratio. Dreamers received higher propofol doses and had a higher satisfaction ratio (p>0.05). All dreamers reported happy dreams regarding daily life, and their mean MBG score was 10.5. There was no correlation between MBG scores and propofol doses (r= -0.044, p= 0.761). We conclude that propofol functions as a reward; that patients enjoy its acute effects; and that no residual after-effects should arise. We suggest that propofol may carry potential for abuse, and further abuse liability testing is indicated.

Abuse potential assessment of propofol by its subjective effects after sedation

PubMed Central

Tezcan, Aysu Hayriye; Ornek, Dilsen Hatice; Ozlu, Onur; Baydar, Mustafa; Yavuz, Nurcan; Ozaslan, Nihal Gokbulut; Dilek, Kevser; Keske, Aylin

2014-01-01

Objective: In this study, we examined the euphoric effect of propofol and its high satisfaction ratio regarding its liability to be abused, particularly in painless procedures, such as colonoscopy. Methods: Fifty subjects aged between 18 and 65 years who fulfilled the criteria for ASA 1-2 and were prepared for colonoscopy were enrolled into this study. For intravenous sedation induction, 2 mg/kg propofol was used, and additional injections were administered according to BIS values. After colonoscopy, the subjects were taken to a recovery room and observed for 30 minutes. Patients were interviewed with the modified Brice questionnare regarding the incidence and the content of dreams. A 5-point Likert scale was used to classify their dreams, and the content of the dreams was also recorded. To assess the subjective effects of propofol, the patients were asked to use the Hall and Van der Castle emotion scale; their biological states were also assessed. The patients’ feelings regarding propofol were each rated as absent or present. We used the Morphine-Benzedrine Group scale to measure the euphoric effects of propofol. At the end of the study, subjects scored their satisfaction on a five-point scale. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in sex age, weight, propofol dose, or satisfaction ratio (p>0.05) in the groups, although male patients received a higher dose of propofol and had higher satisfaction ratio. Patients reported no residual after-effects. The incidence of dreaming was 42%. There was no statistically significant difference in dreaming between the sexes, but male patients had a higher dreaming ratio. Dreamers received higher propofol doses and had a higher satisfaction ratio (p>0.05). All dreamers reported happy dreams regarding daily life, and their mean MBG score was 10.5. There was no correlation between MBG scores and propofol doses (r= -0.044, p= 0.761). Conclusions: We conclude that propofol functions as a reward; that patients enjoy its acute effects; and that no residual after-effects should arise. We suggest that propofol may carry potential for abuse, and further abuse liability testing is indicated. PMID:25674117

School Psychological Services and Program Evaluation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

MacGregor, Mary Jo, Ed.

1972-01-01

A variety of court decisions and laws relevant to malpractice and liability of school psychologists are presented. Terms are defined and examples of faulty psychological testing, defamation, withholding information, and inferred imcompetence are provided. Suggestions regarding litigation and legal defenses are made and issues related to…

TESTING, PERFORMANCE VALIDATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL OF FIELD-PORTABLE INSTRUMENTATION

EPA Science Inventory

New technologies for field-portable monitoring instruments often have a long lead time in development and authorization. Some obstacles to the acceptance of these pilot technologies include concern about liabilities, reluctance to take risks on new technologies, and uncertainty a...

29 CFR 2590.732 - Special rules relating to group health plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... for accident (including accidental death and dismemberment); (ii) Disability income coverage; (iii) Liability insurance, including general liability insurance and automobile liability insurance; (iv) Coverage...) Automobile medical payment insurance; (vii) Credit-only insurance (for example, mortgage insurance); and...

29 CFR 2590.732 - Special rules relating to group health plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... for accident (including accidental death and dismemberment); (ii) Disability income coverage; (iii) Liability insurance, including general liability insurance and automobile liability insurance; (iv) Coverage...) Automobile medical payment insurance; (vii) Credit-only insurance (for example, mortgage insurance); and...

29 CFR 2590.732 - Special rules relating to group health plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... for accident (including accidental death and dismemberment); (ii) Disability income coverage; (iii) Liability insurance, including general liability insurance and automobile liability insurance; (iv) Coverage...) Automobile medical payment insurance; (vii) Credit-only insurance (for example, mortgage insurance); and...

College and University Liability under Superfund.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Manderfeld, Donald J.

1988-01-01

A discussion of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 concerning responsibility for toxic waste disposal looks at college and university liability under the act, institutional defenses that could be raised under the act, and the settlement process. (MSE)

Preclinical Assessment of a Strategy to Minimize the Abuse Liability of Opiate Medications for Pain

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-07-01

Animal subjects typically undergo handling by the experimenter prior to a pre- test phase, where their initial preference for one of the environments is...other words, the initial pre- test is presumed to be predictive 6 of the eventual post -treatment test , where animals are given a choice of...environments and if they spend more time in the drug-paired environment on the test day, they are thought to be drug seeking or craving. However, in the

Malpractice liability, technology choice and negative defensive medicine.

PubMed

Feess, Eberhard

2012-04-01

We extend the theoretical literature on the impact of malpractice liability by allowing for two treatment technologies, a safe and a risky one. The safe technology bears no failure risk, but leads to patient-specific disutility since it cannot completely solve the health problems. By contrast, the risky technology (for instance a surgery) may entirely cure patients, but fail with some probability depending on the hospital's care level. Tight malpractice liability increases care levels if the risky technology is chosen at all, but also leads to excessively high incentives for avoiding the liability exposure by adopting the safe technology. We refer to this distortion toward the safe technology as negative defensive medicine. Taking the problem of negative defensive medicine seriously, the second best optimal liability needs to balance between the over-incentive for the safe technology in case of tough liability and the incentive to adopt little care for the risky technology in case of weak liability. In a model with errors in court, we find that gross negligence where hospitals are held liable only for very low care levels outperforms standard negligence, even though standard negligence would implement the first best efficient care level.

Structural and functional screening in human induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes accurately identifies cardiotoxicity of multiple drug types

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Doherty, Kimberly R., E-mail: kimberly.doherty@quintiles.com; Talbert, Dominique R.; Trusk, Patricia B.

Safety pharmacology studies that evaluate new drug entities for potential cardiac liability remain a critical component of drug development. Current studies have shown that in vitro tests utilizing human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CM) may be beneficial for preclinical risk evaluation. We recently demonstrated that an in vitro multi-parameter test panel assessing overall cardiac health and function could accurately reflect the associated clinical cardiotoxicity of 4 FDA-approved targeted oncology agents using hiPS-CM. The present studies expand upon this initial observation to assess whether this in vitro screen could detect cardiotoxicity across multiple drug classes with known clinical cardiac risks.more » Thus, 24 drugs were examined for their effect on both structural (viability, reactive oxygen species generation, lipid formation, troponin secretion) and functional (beating activity) endpoints in hiPS-CM. Using this screen, the cardiac-safe drugs showed no effects on any of the tests in our panel. However, 16 of 18 compounds with known clinical cardiac risk showed drug-induced changes in hiPS-CM by at least one method. Moreover, when taking into account the Cmax values, these 16 compounds could be further classified depending on whether the effects were structural, functional, or both. Overall, the most sensitive test assessed cardiac beating using the xCELLigence platform (88.9%) while the structural endpoints provided additional insight into the mechanism of cardiotoxicity for several drugs. These studies show that a multi-parameter approach examining both cardiac cell health and function in hiPS-CM provides a comprehensive and robust assessment that can aid in the determination of potential cardiac liability. - Highlights: • 24 drugs were tested for cardiac liability using an in vitro multi-parameter screen. • Changes in beating activity were the most sensitive in predicting cardiac risk. • Structural effects add in-depth insight towards mechanism of cardiac toxicity. • Testing functional and structural endpoints enhances early cardiac risk assessment.« less

45 CFR 146.145 - Special rules relating to group health plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... circumstances. The following benefits are excepted in all circumstances— (i) Coverage only for accident..., including general liability insurance and automobile liability insurance; (iv) Coverage issued as a supplement to liability insurance; (v) Workers' compensation or similar coverage; (vi) Automobile medical...

45 CFR 146.145 - Special rules relating to group health plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... circumstances. The following benefits are excepted in all circumstances— (i) Coverage only for accident..., including general liability insurance and automobile liability insurance; (iv) Coverage issued as a supplement to liability insurance; (v) Workers' compensation or similar coverage; (vi) Automobile medical...

45 CFR 146.145 - Special rules relating to group health plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... circumstances. The following benefits are excepted in all circumstances— (i) Coverage only for accident..., including general liability insurance and automobile liability insurance; (iv) Coverage issued as a supplement to liability insurance; (v) Workers' compensation or similar coverage; (vi) Automobile medical...

Defining a Road Safety Audits Program for Enhancing Safety and Reducing Tort Liability

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-07-01

Table of Contents: (1) Introduction; (2) Review of Safety Issues; (3) Review of Legal Liability Issues; (4) Summary of Safety and Legal Liability Issues. Prepared in cooperation with Wyoming Univ., Laramie. Dept. of Civil and Architectural Engineerin...

Liability for Student Workers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tryon, Jonathan S.

1994-01-01

Examines liability issues for academic libraries=FE student workers. Discussion includes staff training; hiring practices; supervision; negligence; emergency procedures; the use of reasonable care; and knowledge of library rules. Specific nonlibrary liability cases are cited as examples of the importance of employee screening, training, and danger…

49 CFR 375.201 - What is my normal liability for loss and damage when I accept goods from an individual shipper?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...; CONSUMER PROTECTION REGULATIONS Before Offering Services to My Customers Liability Considerations § 375.201... Protection Obligation—In general, your liability is for the household goods that are lost, damaged, destroyed...

48 CFR 1426.7103 - The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (Superfund...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (Superfund Minority Contractors Utilization... Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (Superfund Minority Contractors Utilization...

48 CFR 1426.7103 - The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (Superfund...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (Superfund Minority Contractors Utilization... Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (Superfund Minority Contractors Utilization...

48 CFR 1426.7103 - The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (Superfund...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (Superfund Minority Contractors Utilization... Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (Superfund Minority Contractors Utilization...

48 CFR 1426.7103 - The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (Superfund...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (Superfund Minority Contractors Utilization... Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (Superfund Minority Contractors Utilization...

Negligent Liability of College Counselors

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sampson, James P., Jr.

1977-01-01

Discusses college counselors' liability for negligence in the performance of their duties, citing the only two court decisions involving college counselor negligence. Summarizes the circumstances in which college counselors may or may not be held negligent, and identifies present and future trends in counselor liability. (JG)

Data Supporting the Environmental Liability Reported on the FY 2000 Financial Statements

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-08-10

consolidated financial statements . This audit supports our audit of the FY 2000 DoD Agency-Wide Financial Statements, specifically the line item for environmental liabilities. The Army, the Navy, and the General Accounting Office also issued audit reports related to the reliability, completeness, and supportability of environmental liabilities for FY 2000. Environmental liabilities included estimated amounts for future cleanup of contamination resulting from waste disposal methods, leaks, spills, and other past activity which have created a public health or

Social Relationships Moderate Genetic Influences on Heavy Drinking in Young Adulthood.

PubMed

Barr, Peter B; Salvatore, Jessica E; Maes, Hermine H; Korhonen, Tellervo; Latvala, Antti; Aliev, Fazil; Viken, Richard; Rose, Richard J; Kaprio, Jaakko; Dick, Danielle M

2017-11-01

Social relationships, such as committed partnerships, limit risky behaviors like heavy drinking, in part, because of increased social control. The current analyses examine whether involvement in committed relationships or social support extend beyond a main effect to limit genetic liability in heavy drinking (gene-environment interaction) during young adulthood. Using data from the young adult wave of the Finnish Twin Study, FinnTwin12 (n = 3,269), we tested whether involvement in romantic partnerships or social support moderated genetic influences on heavy drinking using biometric twin modeling for gene-environment interaction. Involvement in a romantic partnership was associated with a decline in genetic variance in both males and females, although the overall magnitude of genetic influence was greater in males. Sex differences emerged for social support: increased social support was associated with increased genetic influence for females and reduced genetic influence for males. These findings demonstrate that social relationships are important moderators of genetic influences on young adult alcohol use. Mechanisms of social control that are important in limiting genetic liability during adolescence extend into young adulthood. In addition, although some relationships limit genetic liability equally, others, such as extensive social networks, may operate differently across sex.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gilchrist, Kristin H., E-mail: kgilchrist@rti.org; Lewis, Gregory F.; Gay, Elaine A.

Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) recording extracellular field potentials of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CM) provide a rich data set for functional assessment of drug response. The aim of this work is the development of a method for a systematic analysis of arrhythmia using MEAs, with emphasis on the development of six parameters accounting for different types of cardiomyocyte signal irregularities. We describe a software approach to carry out such analysis automatically including generation of a heat map that enables quick visualization of arrhythmic liability of compounds. We also implemented signal processing techniques for reliable extraction of the repolarization peak formore » field potential duration (FPD) measurement even from recordings with low signal to noise ratios. We measured hiPS-CM's on a 48 well MEA system with 5 minute recordings at multiple time points (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 h) after drug exposure. We evaluated concentration responses for seven compounds with a combination of hERG, QT and clinical proarrhythmia properties: Verapamil, Ranolazine, Flecainide, Amiodarone, Ouabain, Cisapride, and Terfenadine. The predictive utility of MEA parameters as surrogates of these clinical effects were examined. The beat rate and FPD results exhibited good correlations with previous MEA studies in stem cell derived cardiomyocytes and clinical data. The six-parameter arrhythmia assessment exhibited excellent predictive agreement with the known arrhythmogenic potential of the tested compounds, and holds promise as a new method to predict arrhythmic liability. - Highlights: • Six parameters describing arrhythmia were defined and measured for known compounds. • Software for efficient parameter extraction from large MEA data sets was developed. • The proposed cellular parameter set is predictive of clinical drug proarrhythmia.« less

The Extreme-Technology Industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoefflinger, Bernd

The persistent annual R&D quota of >15% of revenue in the semiconductor industry has been and continues to be more than twice as high as the OECD definition for High-Technology Industry. At the frontiers of miniaturization, the Cost-of-Ownership (COO) continues to rise upwards to beyond 10 billion for a Gigafactory. Only leaders in the world market for selected processors and memories or for foundry services can afford this. Others can succeed with high-value custom products equipped with high-performance application-specific standard products acquired from the leaders in their specific fields or as fabless original-device manufacturers buying wafers from top foundries and packaging/testing from contract manufacturers, thus eliminating the fixed cost for a factory. An overview is offered on the leaders in these different business models. In view of the coming highly diversified and heterogeneous world of nanoelectronic-systems competence, the point is made for global networks of manufacturing and services with the highest standards for product quality and liability.

Tort liability : a handbook for employees of the Virginia Department of Transportation and Virginia municipal corporations, June 2004.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2004-01-01

Court decisions concerning state government liability, as well as VDOT's continuing commitment to safety, have made tort liability an increasingly important concern. In response, the Virginia Transportation Research Council has published a tort liabi...

New entity for conducting group practice offers new potential.

PubMed

Rich, H I

1994-01-01

A new form of entity, the limited liability company (LLC), may be used by physicians to conduct group practices with the tax advantages of a partnership and insulation from liability for copractitioner's acts. The author reviews the New Jersey Limited Liability Company Act.

Liability.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hollander, Patricia A.

This chapter on liability covers a number of cases alleging negligence by colleges, universities, and university hospitals filed by patients and injured students. Liability issues are also part of defamation of character suits. Oral statements are known as slander, while written statements which defame are called libel. In certain situations,…

Media Defamation and the Free-Lance Writer.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stevens, George E.

1987-01-01

Discusses the responsibilities of publishers and freelance writers concerning the liability involved in defamatory statements. Reviews several court cases pertaining to publisher liability and claims that, if a writer is not under the immediate control or supervision of the publisher, the publisher may avoid liability. (MM)

48 CFR 228.311 - Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement contracts. 228.311 Section 228.311 Federal... liability insurance under cost-reimbursement contracts. ...

The impact of tort reform and quality improvements on medical liability claims: a tale of 2 States.

PubMed

Illingworth, Kenneth D; Shaha, Steven H; Tzeng, Tony H; Sinha, Michael S; Saleh, Khaled J

2015-05-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of tort reform and quality improvement measures on medical liability claims in 2 groups of hospitals within the same multihospital organization: one in Texas, which implemented medical liability tort reform caps on noneconomic damages in 2003, and one in Louisiana, which did not undergo significant tort reform during the same time period. Significant reduction in medical liability claims per quarter in Texas was found after tort reform implementation (7.27 to 1.4; P<.05). A significant correlation was found between the increase in mean Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services performance score and the decrease in the frequency of claims observed in Louisiana (P<.05). Although tort reform caps on noneconomic damages in Texas caused the largest initial decrease, increasing quality improvement measures without increasing financial burden also decreased liability claims in Louisiana. Uniquely, this study showed that increasing patient quality resulted in decreased medical liability claims. © 2014 by the American College of Medical Quality.

ECS Law & Education Center Footnotes. No. 5.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Education Commission of the States, Denver, CO. Law and Education Center.

To help public schools minimize litigation, this newsletter recommends constitutional and legal training for public school officials and examines relevant court cases involving school official liability, intelligence tests, and religion in the schools. According to the authors, the Maine v. Thiboutot and Owen v. City of Independence cases…

TREATMENT OF CERCLA (COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION, AND LIABILITY ACT) LEACHATES BY CARBON-ASSISTED ANAEROBIC FLUIDIZED BEDS (Journal)

EPA Science Inventory

Two anaerobic granular activated carbon (GAC) expanded-bed bioreactors were tested as pretreatment units for the decontamination of hazardous leachates containing volatile and semivolatile synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs). The different characteristics of the two leachate feed...

Association Between Substance Use Disorder and Polygenic Liability to Schizophrenia.

PubMed

Hartz, Sarah M; Horton, Amy C; Oehlert, Mary; Carey, Caitlin E; Agrawal, Arpana; Bogdan, Ryan; Chen, Li-Shiun; Hancock, Dana B; Johnson, Eric O; Pato, Carlos N; Pato, Michele T; Rice, John P; Bierut, Laura J

2017-11-15

There are high levels of comorbidity between schizophrenia and substance use disorder, but little is known about the genetic etiology of this comorbidity. We tested the hypothesis that shared genetic liability contributes to the high rates of comorbidity between schizophrenia and substance use disorder. To do this, polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia derived from a large meta-analysis by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium were computed in three substance use disorder datasets: the Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence (ascertained for tobacco use disorder; n = 918 cases; 988 control subjects), the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (ascertained for alcohol use disorder; n = 643 cases; 384 control subjects), and the Family Study of Cocaine Dependence (ascertained for cocaine use disorder; n = 210 cases; 317 control subjects). Phenotypes were harmonized across the three datasets and standardized analyses were performed. Genome-wide genotypes were imputed to the 1000 Genomes reference panel. In each individual dataset and in the mega-analysis, strong associations were observed between any substance use disorder diagnosis and the polygenic risk score for schizophrenia (mega-analysis pseudo-R 2 range 0.8-3.7%; minimum p = 4 × 10 -23 ). These results suggest that comorbidity between schizophrenia and substance use disorder is partially attributable to shared polygenic liability. This shared liability is most consistent with a general risk for substance use disorder rather than specific risks for individual substance use disorders and adds to increasing evidence of a blurred boundary between schizophrenia and substance use disorder. Copyright © 2017 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Development of liability syndromes for schizophrenia: where did they come from and where are they going?

PubMed

Stone, William S; Giuliano, Anthony J

2013-10-01

Three decades after Paul Meehl proposed the term "schizotaxia" to describe a conceptual framework for understanding the liability to schizophrenia, Ming Tsuang et al. at Harvard University reformulated the concept as a clinical syndrome with provisional research criteria. The reformulated view relied heavily on more recent data showing that many non-psychotic, un-medicated biological relatives of individuals with schizophrenia showed difficulties in cognitive and other clinical functions that resembled those seen in their ill relatives. The reformulation raised questions about both whether and when liability could be assessed validly in the absence of psychosis, and about the extent to which symptoms of liability are reversible. Both questions bear on the larger issue of early intervention in schizophrenia. This article reviews the efforts of Tsuang et al. to conceptualize and validate schizotaxia as one such syndrome of liability. Towards this end, liability is considered first more generally as an outcome of interactive genetic and environmental factors. Liability is then considered in the context of endophenotypes as a concept that is both broader and is potentially more specific (and predictive) than many DSM or ICD diagnostic symptoms. Liability syndromes are then considered in the context of their proximity to illness, first by reviewing prodromal syndromes (which are more proximal), and then by considering schizotaxia, which, as it is currently formulated, is pre-prodromal and, therefore, less proximal. Finally, challenges to validation and future directions for research are considered. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Liability Insurance: A Primer for College and University Counsel.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ende, Howard; Anderson, Eugene R.; Crego, Susannah

1997-01-01

Because of the rise in litigation involving colleges and universities, basic information about liability insurance is provided. Administrators are warned that previously purchased liability insurance may not cover damages and losses incurred today, and that insurance companies often benefit from extended litigation. College counsel must understand…

20 CFR 416.2140 - Liability for erroneous Medicaid eligibility determinations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Liability for erroneous Medicaid eligibility... SECURITY INCOME FOR THE AGED, BLIND, AND DISABLED Medicaid Eligibility Determinations § 416.2140 Liability for erroneous Medicaid eligibility determinations. If the State suffers any financial loss, directly...

14 CFR 1274.916 - Liability and risk of loss.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2011-01-01 2010-01-01 true Liability and risk of loss. 1274.916 Section 1274.916 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS..., or indemnification of, developers of experimental aerospace vehicles. Liability and Risk of Loss July...

14 CFR Sec. 2-5 - Revenue and accounting practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... date of all subaccounts supporting the Air Traffic Liability control account; the subsidiary trial balance must agree with the Air Traffic Liability control account or a reconciliation statement furnished... ledger. If the sales listing is not in agreement with the Air Traffic Liability control account, the...

47 CFR 32.3999 - Instructions for balance sheet accounts-liabilities and stockholders' equity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Instructions for balance sheet accounts-liabilities and stockholders' equity. 32.3999 Section 32.3999 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS... Instructions for Balance Sheet Accounts § 32.3999 Instructions for balance sheet accounts—liabilities and...

47 CFR 32.3999 - Instructions for balance sheet accounts-liabilities and stockholders' equity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Instructions for balance sheet accounts-liabilities and stockholders' equity. 32.3999 Section 32.3999 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS... Instructions for Balance Sheet Accounts § 32.3999 Instructions for balance sheet accounts—liabilities and...

Warning! Slippery Road Ahead: Internet Access and District Liability.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mazur, Joan M.

1995-01-01

As schools merge onto the information highway, districts must address their liability associated with Internet access. Schools need a practical policy supporting high access to global educational resources while limiting district liability. USENET provides easy access to controversial and pornographic materials. This article outlines federal…

Personal Malpractice Liability of Reference Librarians and Information Brokers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gray, John A.

1988-01-01

Reviews common law contract and tort bases for malpractice liability and their applicability to reference librarians, special librarians, and information brokers. The discussion covers the legal bases for professional malpractice liability, the librarian-patron relationship, the likelihood of lawsuits, and the need for personal liability…

42 CFR 438.106 - Liability for payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Liability for payment. 438.106 Section 438.106 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS MANAGED CARE Enrollee Rights and Protections § 438.106 Liability for...

48 CFR 3028.311 - Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement contracts. 3028.311 Section 3028.311... contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement contracts. ...

Association between older driver characteristics, on-road driving test performance, and crash liability.

PubMed

Keall, Michael D; Frith, William J

2004-06-01

From May 1999, a new system for licensing older drivers was introduced in New Zealand. It included a practical on-road driving test with expanded scope, to be completed every two years from the time the driver turns 80. The relationship between crashes and test performance needed to be studied to inform the debate regarding the testing system. The population studied was all drivers who entered this licensing system during its first three years of operation. They were defined as crash involved if they were involved in an injury crash during the two years following their first licensure under the new system. Logistic regression was used to describe the risk of crash involvement in terms of driving test performance and other driver characteristics. Each driving test failure was associated with a 33% increase in the odds of crash involvement (95% CI 14% to 55%), controlling for age, gender, minor traffic violations, and whether the older driver lived with another licensed driver or not. Minor traffic violations in the two years following the driving test were associated with twice the odds of crash involvement. These results suggest that the new on-road driving test does identify older driver behaviors or limitations that are related to crash liability. It is anticipated that the results presented here will provide essential information for discussing older driver licensing systems, whose impact will grow in importance as the population of drivers ages.

5-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran and phenazepam demonstrate the possibility of dependence by increasing dopamine levels in the brain.

PubMed

Cha, Hye Jin; Lee, Kwang-Wook; Eom, Jang-Hyeon; Kim, Young-Hoon; Shin, Jisoon; Yun, Jaesuk; Han, Kyoungmoon; Kim, Hyung Soo

2016-10-01

Although 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB) and 7-bromo-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (phenazepam) are being used as recreational drugs, research on their dependence liability or mechanisms of action is lacking. The present study aimed to evaluate the behavioral effects and dependence liability of these drugs using conditioned place preference and self-administration paradigms in rodents. Additionally, biochemical techniques were used to assess the substance-induced alterations in synaptosome-released dopamine. While both of the tested substances elicited increases in conditioned place preference and dopamine, neither of them facilitated self-administration, suggesting that 5-APB and phenazepam have rewarding effects, rather than reinforcing effects. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A Review of Alprazolam Use, Misuse, and Withdrawal

PubMed Central

Ait-Daoud, Nassima; Hamby, Allan Scott; Sharma, Sana; Blevins, Derek

2018-01-01

Alprazolam is one of the most widely prescribed benzodiazepines for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. Its clinical use has been a point of contention as most addiction specialists consider it to be highly addictive, given its unique psychodynamic properties which limit its clinical usefulness, whereas many primary care physicians continue to prescribe it for longer periods than recommended. Clinical research data has not fully shed light on its “abuse liability,” yet it is one of the most frequently prescribed benzodiazepines. “Abuse liability” is the degree to which a psychoactive drug has properties that facilitate people misusing it, or becoming addicted to it, and is commonly used in the literature. We have replaced it in our manuscript with “misuse liability” as it reflects a more updated terminology consistent with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). In this paper, we have reviewed alprazolam’s indications for use, its effect on pregnant women, misuse liability, withdrawal syndrome, pharmacodynamic properties, and suggest better clinical prescription practice of alprazolam by presenting an indepth theory of its clinical effects with use and withdrawal. PMID:28777203

26 CFR 1.401-2 - Impossibility of diversion under the trust instrument.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... thereafter before the satisfaction of all liabilities to employees or their beneficiaries covered by the... not solely designed for the proper satisfaction of all liabilities to employees or their beneficiaries... phrase “prior to the satisfaction of all liabilities with respect to employees and their beneficiaries...

Understanding Tort Liability and Its Relationship to Extension Professionals.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Long, Norman D.; And Others

This study focuses on tort liability and its relationship to extension professionals working with 4-H programs. Tort liability as related to extension professionals consists of ten components: due care, physical defects (inspection of premises), instruction and supervision, first aid and medical treatment, foreseeability, causation, defamation,…

12 CFR 205.6 - Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... transfers. 205.6 Section 205.6 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFERS (REGULATION E) § 205.6 Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers. (a) Conditions for liability. A consumer may be held liable, within the limitations described in...

12 CFR 205.6 - Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... transfers. 205.6 Section 205.6 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFERS (REGULATION E) § 205.6 Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers. (a) Conditions for liability. A consumer may be held liable, within the limitations described in...

32 CFR 536.123 - Limitation of liability for maritime claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Limitation of liability for maritime claims. 536... AND ACCOUNTS CLAIMS AGAINST THE UNITED STATES Maritime Claims § 536.123 Limitation of liability for maritime claims. For admiralty claims arising within the United States under the provisions of the...

HIV liability & disability services providers: an introduction to tort principles.

PubMed

Harvey, D C; Decker, C L

1991-08-01

Mental health and developmental disability services providers are concerned that liability issues regarding worker and client exposure to HIV have not been adequately addressed. By developing policy specifically in the areas of education, infection control practices, and confidentiality, providers may minimize findings of liability and protect patient rights.

18 CFR 367.2440 - Account 244, Derivative instrument liabilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Account 244, Derivative instrument liabilities. 367.2440 Section 367.2440 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY..., Derivative instrument liabilities. This account must include the change in the fair value of all derivative...

18 CFR 367.2440 - Account 244, Derivative instrument liabilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Account 244, Derivative instrument liabilities. 367.2440 Section 367.2440 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY..., Derivative instrument liabilities. This account must include the change in the fair value of all derivative...

26 CFR 20.2206-1 - Liability of life insurance beneficiaries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 14 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Liability of life insurance beneficiaries. 20.2206-1 Section 20.2206-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY... § 20.2206-1 Liability of life insurance beneficiaries. With respect to the right of the district...

26 CFR 20.2206-1 - Liability of life insurance beneficiaries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 14 2011-04-01 2010-04-01 true Liability of life insurance beneficiaries. 20.2206-1 Section 20.2206-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY... § 20.2206-1 Liability of life insurance beneficiaries. With respect to the right of the district...

48 CFR 1852.228-81 - Insurance-Partial Immunity From Tort Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Insurance-Partial Immunity... Provisions and Clauses 1852.228-81 Insurance—Partial Immunity From Tort Liability. As prescribed in 1828.311-270(c), insert the following clause: Insurance—Partial Immunity From Tort Liability (SEP 2000) (a...

48 CFR 1852.228-81 - Insurance-Partial Immunity From Tort Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true Insurance-Partial Immunity... Provisions and Clauses 1852.228-81 Insurance—Partial Immunity From Tort Liability. As prescribed in 1828.311-270(c), insert the following clause: Insurance—Partial Immunity From Tort Liability (SEP 2000) (a...

48 CFR 1852.228-81 - Insurance-Partial Immunity From Tort Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Insurance-Partial Immunity... Provisions and Clauses 1852.228-81 Insurance—Partial Immunity From Tort Liability. As prescribed in 1828.311-270(c), insert the following clause: Insurance—Partial Immunity From Tort Liability (SEP 2000) (a...

48 CFR 1852.228-81 - Insurance-Partial Immunity From Tort Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Insurance-Partial Immunity... Provisions and Clauses 1852.228-81 Insurance—Partial Immunity From Tort Liability. As prescribed in 1828.311-270(c), insert the following clause: Insurance—Partial Immunity From Tort Liability (SEP 2000) (a...

48 CFR 1852.228-81 - Insurance-Partial Immunity From Tort Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Insurance-Partial Immunity... Provisions and Clauses 1852.228-81 Insurance—Partial Immunity From Tort Liability. As prescribed in 1828.311-270(c), insert the following clause: Insurance—Partial Immunity From Tort Liability (SEP 2000) (a...

77 FR 69677 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Granting Approval of Proposed Rule Changes...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-20

... executive officer of such limited liability company, or (4) a general partner in an OTP Firm partnership...). \\7\\ ``OTP Firm'' means a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, limited liability company, or... Firms. \\13\\ An ``ETP Holder'' is a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, limited liability...

26 CFR 1.465-27 - Qualified nonrecourse financing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... partnership; incidental property. (i) X is a limited liability company that is classified as a partnership for.... (i) UTP1 and UTP2, both limited liability companies classified as partnerships, are the only general... as qualified nonrecourse financing. (4) Partnership liability. For purposes of section 465(b)(6) and...

20 CFR 410.563 - Liability of a certifying officer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Liability of a certifying officer. 410.563 Section 410.563 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL COAL MINE HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT OF 1969, TITLE IV-BLACK LUNG BENEFITS (1969- ) Payment of Benefits § 410.563 Liability of a...

17 CFR 230.414 - Registration by certain successor issuers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... succession the successor issuer had no assets or liabilities other than nominal assets or liabilities; (b) The succession was effected by a merger or similar succession pursuant to statutory provisions or the... all of the liabilities and obligations of the predecessor issuer; (c) The succession was approved by...

17 CFR 230.414 - Registration by certain successor issuers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... succession the successor issuer had no assets or liabilities other than nominal assets or liabilities; (b) The succession was effected by a merger or similar succession pursuant to statutory provisions or the... all of the liabilities and obligations of the predecessor issuer; (c) The succession was approved by...

17 CFR 230.414 - Registration by certain successor issuers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... succession the successor issuer had no assets or liabilities other than nominal assets or liabilities; (b) The succession was effected by a merger or similar succession pursuant to statutory provisions or the... all of the liabilities and obligations of the predecessor issuer; (c) The succession was approved by...

17 CFR 230.414 - Registration by certain successor issuers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... succession the successor issuer had no assets or liabilities other than nominal assets or liabilities; (b) The succession was effected by a merger or similar succession pursuant to statutory provisions or the... all of the liabilities and obligations of the predecessor issuer; (c) The succession was approved by...

17 CFR 230.414 - Registration by certain successor issuers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... succession the successor issuer had no assets or liabilities other than nominal assets or liabilities; (b) The succession was effected by a merger or similar succession pursuant to statutory provisions or the... all of the liabilities and obligations of the predecessor issuer; (c) The succession was approved by...

34 CFR 686.34 - Liability for and recovery of TEACH Grant overpayments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) OFFICE OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (CONTINUED) TEACHER EDUCATION ASSISTANCE FOR COLLEGE AND HIGHER EDUCATION (TEACH) GRANT PROGRAM Administration of Grant Payments § 686.34 Liability for... 34 Education 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Liability for and recovery of TEACH Grant overpayments...

34 CFR 686.34 - Liability for and recovery of TEACH Grant overpayments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) OFFICE OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION TEACHER EDUCATION ASSISTANCE FOR COLLEGE AND HIGHER EDUCATION (TEACH) GRANT PROGRAM Administration of Grant Payments § 686.34 Liability for and... 34 Education 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Liability for and recovery of TEACH Grant overpayments...

7 CFR 1767.19 - Liabilities and other credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... furnish complete information concerning each note and open account. 224Other Long-Term Debt A. This... this account shall be kept in such a manner that the utility can furnish full information as to the... Accounts § 1767.19 Liabilities and other credits. The liabilities and other credit accounts identified in...

18 CFR 367.2420 - Account 242, Miscellaneous current and accrued liabilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., FEDERAL POWER ACT AND NATURAL GAS ACT Balance Sheet Chart of Accounts Current and Accrued Liabilities... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Account 242, Miscellaneous current and accrued liabilities. 367.2420 Section 367.2420 Conservation of Power and Water...

31 CFR 315.56 - General instructions and liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false General instructions and liability. 315.56 Section 315.56 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... and, where one is available, a corporate stamp or issuing or paying agent's stamp. (b) Liability. The...

26 CFR 1.312-3 - Liabilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 4 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Liabilities. 1.312-3 Section 1.312-3 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Effects on Corporation § 1.312-3 Liabilities. The amount of any reductions in earnings and profits...

26 CFR 1.312-3 - Liabilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Liabilities. 1.312-3 Section 1.312-3 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Effects on Corporation § 1.312-3 Liabilities. The amount of any reductions in earnings and profits...

Civil Liability of Schools, Teachers and Pupils for Careless Behaviour.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wenham, David

1999-01-01

Identifies elements that (British) courts consider in school or teacher negligence cases. Reviews significant case law establishing liability of schools and teachers for harm sustained by pupils and children's personal liability for careless acts leading to personal harm. Discusses implications of a recent child negligence case. (Contains 14…

78 FR 49242 - Relief From Joint and Several Liability

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-13

... Relief From Joint and Several Liability AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury. ACTION: Notice... joint and several tax liability under section 6015 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) and relief from... are husband and wife to file a joint Federal income tax return. Married individuals who choose to file...

7 CFR 1717.151 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., liabilities, franchises and powers of those passing out of existence; (2) A merger where one company is... its own identity and acquiring the assets, liabilities, franchises and powers of the former; or (3) A... entirety the assets, liabilities, franchises, and powers of the transferor. New loan means a loan to a...

7 CFR 1717.151 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., liabilities, franchises and powers of those passing out of existence; (2) A merger where one company is... its own identity and acquiring the assets, liabilities, franchises and powers of the former; or (3) A... entirety the assets, liabilities, franchises, and powers of the transferor. New loan means a loan to a...

7 CFR 1717.151 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., liabilities, franchises and powers of those passing out of existence; (2) A merger where one company is... its own identity and acquiring the assets, liabilities, franchises and powers of the former; or (3) A... entirety the assets, liabilities, franchises, and powers of the transferor. New loan means a loan to a...

7 CFR 1717.151 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., liabilities, franchises and powers of those passing out of existence; (2) A merger where one company is... its own identity and acquiring the assets, liabilities, franchises and powers of the former; or (3) A... entirety the assets, liabilities, franchises, and powers of the transferor. New loan means a loan to a...

7 CFR 1717.151 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., liabilities, franchises and powers of those passing out of existence; (2) A merger where one company is... its own identity and acquiring the assets, liabilities, franchises and powers of the former; or (3) A... entirety the assets, liabilities, franchises, and powers of the transferor. New loan means a loan to a...

Liability Insurance in California Public Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

California State Dept. of Education, Sacramento.

In the mid-1970s, an increased number of high-cost liability lawsuits combined with other financial difficulties insurance companies were experiencing to cause drastic increases in insurance rates for schools and a reluctance on the part of insurance carriers to provide liability coverage. Questionnaires returned by county and district school…

31 CFR 321.15 - Liability for losses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Liability for losses. 321.15 Section... INSTITUTIONS OF UNITED STATES SAVINGS BONDS AND UNITED STATES SAVINGS NOTES (FREEDOM SHARES) Losses Resulting From Erroneous Payments § 321.15 Liability for losses. Under the governing statute, as amended (31 U.S...

Liability.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hollander, Patricia A.

Tort liability covers most injurious, civil, wrongful acts that occur between individuals. For tort liability to exist, four elements must be present: a duty to use due care, a breach of that duty, a direct causal relationship between the conduct complained of and the injury suffered, and proof of actual injury. Recent court cases involving tort…

26 CFR 1.357-2 - Liabilities in excess of basis.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... exchange as to which under section 357(b) (relating to assumption of liabilities for tax-avoidance purposes... 1.357-2 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Effects on Shareholders and Security Holders § 1.357-2 Liabilities in excess of...

76 FR 69320 - Agency Request for Reinstatement of a Previously Approved Information Collection(s): Aircraft...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-08

... Previously Approved Information Collection(s): Aircraft Accident Liability Insurance AGENCY: Office of the...: Aircraft Accident Liability Insurance. Form Numbers: OST Forms 6410 and 6411. Type of Review: Reinstatement... air carrier accident liability insurance to protect the public from losses. This insurance information...

26 CFR 20.2206-1 - Liability of life insurance beneficiaries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 14 2014-04-01 2013-04-01 true Liability of life insurance beneficiaries. 20.2206-1 Section 20.2206-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY... § 20.2206-1 Liability of life insurance beneficiaries. With respect to the right of the district...

26 CFR 20.2206-1 - Liability of life insurance beneficiaries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 14 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Liability of life insurance beneficiaries. 20.2206-1 Section 20.2206-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY... § 20.2206-1 Liability of life insurance beneficiaries. With respect to the right of the district...

26 CFR 20.2206-1 - Liability of life insurance beneficiaries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 14 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Liability of life insurance beneficiaries. 20.2206-1 Section 20.2206-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY... § 20.2206-1 Liability of life insurance beneficiaries. With respect to the right of the district...

Colleges' New Liabilities: An Emerging New In Loco Parentis.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gibbs, Annette; Szablewicz, James J.

1988-01-01

Describes and documents the changing legal theories about the college-student relationship currently used by the courts. Notes that the most recent legal actions focus on contract law, landowner liability, guest and host, and negligence. Looks specifically at cases involving liability for sexual attacks on students and for alcohol-related…

49 CFR 1152.29 - Prospective use of rights-of-way for interim trail use and rail banking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... liability arising out of the use of the right-of-way (unless the user is immune from liability, in which... arising out of the transfer or use of (unless the user is immune from liability, in which case it need...

48 CFR 1812.301 - Solicitation provisions and contract clauses for the acquisition of commercial items. (NASA...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...-Waiver of Liability for Science or Space Exploration Activities unrelated to the International Space....301 Section 1812.301 Federal Acquisition Regulations System NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE..., Cross-Waiver of Liability for Space Shuttle Services. (L) 1852.228-76, Cross-Waiver of Liability for...

33 CFR 153.405 - Liability to the pollution fund.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Liability to the pollution fund... (CONTINUED) POLLUTION CONTROL OF POLLUTION BY OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES, DISCHARGE REMOVAL Administration of the Pollution Fund § 153.405 Liability to the pollution fund. The owner or operator of the vessel...

33 CFR 153.405 - Liability to the pollution fund.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Liability to the pollution fund... (CONTINUED) POLLUTION CONTROL OF POLLUTION BY OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES, DISCHARGE REMOVAL Administration of the Pollution Fund § 153.405 Liability to the pollution fund. The owner or operator of the vessel...

42 CFR 422.132 - Protection against liability and loss of benefits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM MEDICARE ADVANTAGE PROGRAM Benefits and Beneficiary Protections § 422.132 Protection against liability and loss of benefits. Enrollees of MA organizations are... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Protection against liability and loss of benefits...

Grounding the Management of Liabilities in the Risk Analysis Framework

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Phillips, Peter W. B.; Smyth, Stuart

2007-01-01

Discussions of socioeconomic liability and compensation must necessarily start from an understanding of the socioeconomic, legal, and scientific basis for identifying, assessing, managing, and apportioning blame for hazards related to innovations. Public discussions about the nature of the liability challenge related to genetically modified (GM)…

33 CFR 153.405 - Liability to the pollution fund.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Liability to the pollution fund... (CONTINUED) POLLUTION CONTROL OF POLLUTION BY OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES, DISCHARGE REMOVAL Administration of the Pollution Fund § 153.405 Liability to the pollution fund. The owner or operator of the vessel...

33 CFR 153.405 - Liability to the pollution fund.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Liability to the pollution fund... (CONTINUED) POLLUTION CONTROL OF POLLUTION BY OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES, DISCHARGE REMOVAL Administration of the Pollution Fund § 153.405 Liability to the pollution fund. The owner or operator of the vessel...

33 CFR 153.405 - Liability to the pollution fund.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Liability to the pollution fund... (CONTINUED) POLLUTION CONTROL OF POLLUTION BY OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES, DISCHARGE REMOVAL Administration of the Pollution Fund § 153.405 Liability to the pollution fund. The owner or operator of the vessel...

12 CFR 205.6 - Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... transfers. 205.6 Section 205.6 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFERS (REGULATION E) § 205.6 Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers. (a) Conditions for liability. A consumer may be held liable, within the limitations described in...

12 CFR 205.6 - Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... transfers. 205.6 Section 205.6 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFERS (REGULATION E) § 205.6 Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers. (a) Conditions for liability. A consumer may be held liable, within the limitations described in...

12 CFR 205.6 - Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... transfers. 205.6 Section 205.6 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFERS (REGULATION E) § 205.6 Liability of consumer for unauthorized transfers. (a) Conditions for liability. A consumer may be held liable, within the limitations described in...

27 CFR 31.234 - Liability for special (occupational) tax.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... special (occupational) tax in accordance with the laws and regulations in effect at that time. The tax... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Liability for special... Liability for special (occupational) tax. The special (occupational) tax on alcohol beverage dealers was...

Overcoming Legal Liability Concerns for School-Based Physical Activity Promotion

PubMed Central

Zimmerman, Sara; Kramer, Karen

2013-01-01

Schools have been identified as a priority environment for physical activity promotion as a component of efforts to help prevent childhood obesity. A variety of school-based environmental and programmatic strategies have been proven effective in promoting physical activity both on-site and in the surrounding community. However, many schools are deterred by fears of increased risk of legal liability for personal injuries. We examine 3 school-based strategies for promoting physical activity—Safe Routes to School programs, joint use agreements, and playground enhancement—from a tort liability perspective, and describe how schools can substantially minimize any associated liability risk through injury prevention and other strategies. We also recommend approaches to help schools overcome their liability concerns and adopt these critically needed healthy school policies. PMID:24028226

Assessment of substance abuse liability in rodents: self-administration, drug discrimination, and locomotor sensitization.

PubMed

Paterson, Neil E

2012-09-01

Assessing abuse liability is a crucial step in the development of a novel chemical entity (NCE) with central nervous system (CNS) activity or with chemical or pharmacological properties in common with known abused substances. Rodent assessment of abuse liability is highly attractive due to its relatively low cost and high predictive validity. Described in this unit are three rodent assays commonly used to provide data on the potential for abuse liability based on the acute effects of NCEs: specifically, self-administration, drug discrimination, and locomotor sensitization. As these assays provide insight into the potential abuse liability of NCEs as well as in vivo pharmacological mechanism(s) of action, they should form a key part of the development process for novel therapeutics aimed at treating CNS disorders.

Thermal Coatings Seminar Series Training Part 1: Properties of Thermal Coatings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Triolo, Jack

2015-01-01

This course will present an overview of a variety of thermal coatings-related topics, including: coating types and availability, thermal properties measurements, environmental testing (lab and in-flight), environmental impacts, contamination impacts, contamination liabilities, determination of BOLEOL values, and what does specularity mean to the thermal engineer.

Thermal Coatings Seminar Series Training Part 2: Environmental Effects

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Triolo, Jack

2015-01-01

This course will present an overview of a variety of thermal coatings-related topics, including: coating types and availability, thermal properties measurements, environmental testing (lab and in-flight), environmental impacts, contamination impacts, contamination liabilities, determination of BOLEOL values, and what does specularity mean to the thermal engineer.

Schools and the Law: Legal Trouble Spots and How To Avoid Them.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Rebecca

2000-01-01

To reduce liability risks, there are no substitutes for knowing law and policies, consulting with an attorney beforehand, providing adequate staff training, and documenting efforts. School law hot spots include negligence, religion, discipline policies, sexual harassment, magnet school diversity policies, and high-stakes testing. (MLH)

A Legal Audit for School Counseling Programs Serving Hearing-Impaired Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCrone, William P.; And Others

1987-01-01

School counselors working with hearing-impaired students are introduced to the preventive legal audit strategy to avoid common civil and criminal liability situations. Sample legal audit questions concern negligence/malpractice, confidentiality/privileged communication, child abuse, testing, Public Law 94-142, and other civil and criminal…

40 CFR 80.156 - Liability for violations of the interim detergent program controls and prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., or detergent-additized post-refinery component satisfied relevant requirements when it left their... detergent satisfied all relevant requirements when it left the detergent manufacturer's control; and (B... manufactured. (2) The test results must accurately establish that, when it left the manufacturer's control, the...

Liability of emergency physicians for studies ordered in the emergency department: court cases and legal defenses.

PubMed

Moore, Gregory P

2011-02-01

Laboratory tests are frequently ordered in the Emergency Department (ED), with results returning at a later time. Emergency physicians (EPs) are frequently held liable when the test results are not followed-up. Recent legal malpractice cases are presented to provide examples of the medical-legal risks encountered when poor patient outcomes occur because the results of laboratory tests and other studies done in the ED are not followed-up and communicated to the patient. Emergency physicians are obligated to follow-up with patients when the results of laboratory and radiographic studies ordered in the ED are returned at a later time, and EPs are liable for any poor outcome if there is no follow-up. Appropriate follow-up mechanisms must be in place to improve patient outcomes and reduce the risk for the physician. Knowledge of the legal concepts of contributory negligence and comparative fault allows EPs to place themselves in an optimal position for a legal defense if a challenge is raised. It is imperative that abnormal results of tests done for ED evaluation and orders must be properly noted and followed-up. Optimal communication and relay of information to both the patient and the primary physician will reduce physician liability and enhance patient outcomes. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Prescription for fairness: a new approach to tort liability of brand-name and generic drug manufacturers.

PubMed

Rostron, Allen

2011-02-01

Over the past two decades, courts have consistently ruled that the manufacturer of a brand-name prescription drug cannot be liable for injuries suffered by those taking generic imitations of its product. This meant that a patient injured by a generic drug could have no remedy at all because in many instances the generic drug manufacturer would escape liability on the ground that it did not produce any information on which the patient's doctor relied. It was a perplexing dilemma. The generic drug manufacturer made the product that the plaintiff received, the brand-name manufacturer produced all of the information the patient's doctor saw, and neither manufacturer could be held liable even if each acted negligently. The California Court of Appeal recently issued a stunning decision in which it concluded that a brand-name drug manufacturer could be liable to a plaintiff who took a generic version of its product. The reaction to the decision has been overwhelmingly negative. Commentators have condemned the decision as one of the worst rulings made by any court in recent years. Judges around the country have dismissed it as a misguided aberration from the otherwise strong judicial consensus on the issue. Although the decision has been the subject of scathing criticism, this Article argues that the California court's ruling actually represents the first time that a court has properly examined this issue. In addition, the Article points out some weaknesses in the California court's reasoning and proposes a novel general framework for analyzing the liability of brand-name and generic drug manufacturers.

How can we improve our understanding of cardiovascular safety liabilities to develop safer medicines?

PubMed Central

Laverty, HG; Benson, C; Cartwright, EJ; Cross, MJ; Garland, C; Hammond, T; Holloway, C; McMahon, N; Milligan, J; Park, BK; Pirmohamed, M; Pollard, C; Radford, J; Roome, N; Sager, P; Singh, S; Suter, T; Suter, W; Trafford, A; Volders, PGA; Wallis, R; Weaver, R; York, M; Valentin, JP

2011-01-01

Given that cardiovascular safety liabilities remain a major cause of drug attrition during preclinical and clinical development, adverse drug reactions, and post-approval withdrawal of medicines, the Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science hosted a workshop to discuss current challenges in determining, understanding and addressing ‘Cardiovascular Toxicity of Medicines’. This article summarizes the key discussions from the workshop that aimed to address three major questions: (i) what are the key cardiovascular safety liabilities in drug discovery, drug development and clinical practice? (ii) how good are preclinical and clinical strategies for detecting cardiovascular liabilities? and (iii) do we have a mechanistic understanding of these liabilities? It was concluded that in order to understand, address and ultimately reduce cardiovascular safety liabilities of new therapeutic agents there is an urgent need to: Fully characterize the incidence, prevalence and impact of drug-induced cardiovascular issues at all stages of the drug development process. Ascertain the predictive value of existing non-clinical models and assays towards the clinical outcome. Understand the mechanistic basis of cardiovascular liabilities; by addressing areas where it is currently not possible to predict clinical outcome based on preclinical safety data. Provide scientists in all disciplines with additional skills to enable them to better integrate preclinical and clinical data and to better understand the biological and clinical significance of observed changes. Develop more appropriate, highly relevant and predictive tools and assays to identify and wherever feasible to eliminate cardiovascular safety liabilities from molecules and wherever appropriate to develop clinically relevant and reliable safety biomarkers. PMID:21306581

Strategies for Limiting Engineers' Potential Liability for Indoor Air Quality Problems.

PubMed

von Oppenfeld, Rolf R; Freeze, Mark E; Sabo, Sean M

1998-10-01

Engineers face indoor air quality (IAQ) issues at the design phase of building construction as well as during the investigation and mitigation of potential indoor air pollution problems during building operation. IAQ issues that can be identified are "building-related illnesses" that may include problems of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). IAQ issues that cannot be identified are termed "sick building syndrome." Frequently, microorganism-caused illnesses are difficult to confirm. Engineers who provide professional services that directly or indirectly impact IAQ face significant potential liability to clients and third parties when performing these duties. Potential theories supporting liability claims for IAQ problems against engineers include breach of contract and various common law tort theories such as negligence and negligent misrepresentation. Furthermore, an increasing number of federal, state, and local regulations affect IAQ issues and can directly increase the potential liability of engineers. A duty to disclose potential or actual air quality concerns to third parties may apply for engineers in given circumstances. Such a duty may arise from judicial precedent, the Model Guide for Professional Conduct for Engineers, or the Code of Ethics for Engineers. Practical strategies engineers can use to protect themselves from liability include regular training and continuing education in relevant regulatory, scientific, and case law developments; detailed documentation and recordkeeping practices; adequate insurance coverage; contractual indemnity clauses; contractual provisions limiting liability to the scope of work performed; and contractual provisions limiting the extent of liability for engineers' negligence. Furthermore, through the proper use of building materials and construction techniques, an engineer or other design professional can effectively limit the potential for IAQ liability.

Extended Heroin Access Increases Heroin Choices Over a Potent Nondrug Alternative

PubMed Central

Lenoir, Magalie; Cantin, Lauriane; Vanhille, Nathalie; Serre, Fuschia; Ahmed, Serge H

2013-01-01

Epidemiological research shows that the proportion of drug users who become addicted to heroin is higher than to cocaine. Here we tested whether this difference could be due to a difference in the addiction liability between the two drugs. Addiction liability was assessed under a discrete-trials choice procedure by measuring the proportion of rats that prefer the drug over a potent alternative reward (ie, water sweetened with saccharin). Previous research on choice between self-administration of i.v. cocaine or sweet water showed that the proportion of cocaine-preferring rats remains relatively low and invariable (ie, 15%), even after extended drug access and regardless of past drug consumption (ie, total drug use before choice testing). By contrast, the present study shows that under similar choice conditions, the proportion of heroin-preferring rats considerably increases with extended heroin access (6–9 h per day for several weeks) and with past heroin consumption, from 11 to 51% at the highest past drug consumption level. At this level, the proportion of drug-preferring rats was about three times higher with heroin than with cocaine (51% vs 15%). This increase in the rate of heroin preference after extended heroin access persisted even after recovery from acute heroin withdrawal. Overall, these findings show that choice procedures are uniquely sensitive to different drugs and suggest that heroin is more addictive than cocaine. This higher addiction liability may contribute to explain why more drug users become addicted to heroin than to cocaine in epidemiological studies. PMID:23322185

Investigating motivating factors for sound hospital waste management.

PubMed

Ali, Mustafa; Wang, Wenping; Chaudhry, Nawaz

2016-08-01

Sustainable management of hospital waste requires an active involvement of all key players. This study aims to test the hypothesis that three motivating factors, namely, Reputation, Liability, and Expense, influence hospital waste management. The survey for this study was conducted in two phases, with the pilot study used for exploratory factor analysis and the subsequent main survey used for cross-validation using confirmatory factor analysis. The hypotheses were validated through one-sample t tests. Correlations were established between the three motivating factors and organizational characteristics of hospital type, location, category, and size. The hypotheses were validated, and it was found that the factors of Liability and Expense varied considerably with respect to location and size of a hospital. The factor of Reputation, however, did not exhibit significant variation. In conclusion, concerns about the reputation of a facility and an apprehension of liability act as incentives for sound hospital waste management, whereas concerns about financial costs and perceived overburden on staff act as disincentives. This paper identifies the non economic motivating factors that can be used to encourage behavioral changes regarding waste management at hospitals in resource constrained environments. This study discovered that organizational characteristics such as hospital size and location cause the responses to vary among the subjects. Hence a policy maker must take into account the institutional setting before introducing a change geared towards better waste management outcomes across hospitals. This study covers a topic that has hitherto been neglected in resource constrained countries. Thus it can be used as one of the first steps to highlight and tackle the issue.

Rethinking blood shield statutes in view of the hepatitis C pandemic and other emerging threats to the blood supply.

PubMed

Rueda, A

2001-01-01

Researchers have identified at least twenty-five pathogens that can be transmitted through blood transfusions. Four percent of patients who receive the average amount of blood during a transfusion are at risk of being infected with a contaminated unit, and exposed to the danger of serious adverse reactions, including future debilitating conditions. Victims of transfusion-related diseases, however, generally have been unsuccessful when making claims against the purveyors of blood products because of blood shield statutes that were initially enacted in response to unknown pathogens that made the blood an "unavoidably unsafe" product. Today, blood purveyors are aware of the possibility of epidemics from unsafe blood and have continued to research and supervise the blood supply to create mechanisms that detect and inactivate various blood-borne pathogens. In response to the current and advancing methods of blood purification, this Article suggests that a hybrid strict liability/negligence standard be implemented to ensure advancements in safety of blood transfusions. A strict liability standard should attach for infections that can be detected and eliminated through current testing and inactivation methods. A negligence standard should govern infections for which no current test or inactivating method is available. Under this approach, blood purveyors would be compelled to take account of the risks of any manufacturing decisions that they make, and they would not enjoy the freedom from liability that the blood shield statutes now provide. The costs necessary to ensure compliance with this hybrid structure are small in comparison to the social and economic costs exacted by thousands of transfusion-related diseases.

Preclinical Assessment of a Strategy to Minimize the Abuse Liability of Opiate Medications for Pain

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

This type of CPP design assumes that if an animal subject initially prefers one environment, then it will have a preference for that environment...regardless of the drug treatment. In other words, the initial pre- test is presumed to be predictive of the eventual post - treatment test , where animals...are given a choice of environments and if they spend more time in the drug-paired environment on the test day, they are thought to be drug seeking

12 CFR 1008.309 - Absence of liability for good-faith administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 8 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Absence of liability for good-faith... for Administration of the NMLSR § 1008.309 Absence of liability for good-faith administration. The... action or proceeding for monetary damages by reason of the good-faith action or omission of any officer...

12 CFR 1008.309 - Absence of liability for good-faith administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 8 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Absence of liability for good-faith... for Administration of the NMLSR § 1008.309 Absence of liability for good-faith administration. The... action or proceeding for monetary damages by reason of the good-faith action or omission of any officer...

12 CFR 1008.309 - Absence of liability for good-faith administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 8 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Absence of liability for good-faith... for Administration of the NMLSR § 1008.309 Absence of liability for good-faith administration. The... action or proceeding for monetary damages by reason of the good-faith action or omission of any officer...

27 CFR 26.193 - Notification of tax liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Notification of tax liability. 26.193 Section 26.193 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE... Rico § 26.193 Notification of tax liability. (a) If the chemist of the Treasury of Puerto Rico finds...

43 CFR 3733.2 - Liability of United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Liability of United States. 3733.2 Section... WITHDRAWALS: GENERAL Risk of Operation § 3733.2 Liability of United States. The Act in section 3 provides in part as follows: Provided, That the United States, its permittees and licensees shall not be...

43 CFR 3733.2 - Liability of United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Liability of United States. 3733.2 Section... WITHDRAWALS: GENERAL Risk of Operation § 3733.2 Liability of United States. The Act in section 3 provides in part as follows: Provided, That the United States, its permittees and licensees shall not be...

43 CFR 3733.2 - Liability of United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Liability of United States. 3733.2 Section... WITHDRAWALS: GENERAL Risk of Operation § 3733.2 Liability of United States. The Act in section 3 provides in part as follows: Provided, That the United States, its permittees and licensees shall not be...

43 CFR 3733.2 - Liability of United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Liability of United States. 3733.2 Section... WITHDRAWALS: GENERAL Risk of Operation § 3733.2 Liability of United States. The Act in section 3 provides in part as follows: Provided, That the United States, its permittees and licensees shall not be...

48 CFR 1852.228-82 - Insurance-Total Immunity From Tort Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Insurance-Total Immunity... Provisions and Clauses 1852.228-82 Insurance—Total Immunity From Tort Liability. As prescribed in 1828.311-270(d), insert the following clause: Insurance—Total Immunity From Tort Liability (SEP 2000) (a) The...

48 CFR 1852.228-82 - Insurance-Total Immunity From Tort Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true Insurance-Total Immunity... Provisions and Clauses 1852.228-82 Insurance—Total Immunity From Tort Liability. As prescribed in 1828.311-270(d), insert the following clause: Insurance—Total Immunity From Tort Liability (SEP 2000) (a) The...

48 CFR 1852.228-82 - Insurance-Total Immunity From Tort Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Insurance-Total Immunity... Provisions and Clauses 1852.228-82 Insurance—Total Immunity From Tort Liability. As prescribed in 1828.311-270(d), insert the following clause: Insurance—Total Immunity From Tort Liability (SEP 2000) (a) The...

48 CFR 1852.228-82 - Insurance-Total Immunity From Tort Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Insurance-Total Immunity... Provisions and Clauses 1852.228-82 Insurance—Total Immunity From Tort Liability. As prescribed in 1828.311-270(d), insert the following clause: Insurance—Total Immunity From Tort Liability (SEP 2000) (a) The...

48 CFR 1852.228-82 - Insurance-Total Immunity From Tort Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Insurance-Total Immunity... Provisions and Clauses 1852.228-82 Insurance—Total Immunity From Tort Liability. As prescribed in 1828.311-270(d), insert the following clause: Insurance—Total Immunity From Tort Liability (SEP 2000) (a) The...

16 CFR 802.10 - Stock dividends and splits; reorganizations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... of corporation C. C is converted to a limited liability company in which A holds 60% and B holds 40% of the membership interests. No new assets are contributed. The conversion to a limited liability... holds 45% in the new limited liability company, the conversion is not exempt for B and may require...

7 CFR 4290.160 - Special rules for Partnership RBICs and LLC RBICs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... general partner of a Partnership RBIC which is a corporation, limited liability company or partnership (an “Entity General Partner”), or a managing member of an LLC RBIC which is a corporation, limited liability... corporation, operating agreement if a limited liability company, or partnership agreement if a partnership. (3...

31 CFR 50.92 - Determination of pro rata share.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... INSURANCE PROGRAM Cap on Annual Liability § 50.92 Determination of pro rata share. (a) Pro rata loss... providing property and casualty insurance under the Program if there were no cap on annual liability under... estimates that aggregate insured losses may exceed the cap on annual liability for a Program Year, then...

22 CFR 211.9 - Liability for loss damage or improper distribution of commodities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... specify how such losses occurred; (E) Obtain copies of port and/or ship records including scale weights... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Liability for loss damage or improper... § 211.9 Liability for loss damage or improper distribution of commodities. (Where the instructions in...

22 CFR 211.9 - Liability for loss damage or improper distribution of commodities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... specify how such losses occurred; (E) Obtain copies of port and/or ship records including scale weights... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Liability for loss damage or improper... § 211.9 Liability for loss damage or improper distribution of commodities. (Where the instructions in...

29 CFR 4211.36 - Modifications to the determination of initial liabilities, the amortization of initial...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., the amortization of initial liabilities, and the allocation fraction. 4211.36 Section 4211.36 Labor... initial liabilities, and the allocation fraction. (a) General rule. A plan using any of the allocation... participation under their prior plans. An amendment under this paragraph must include an allocation fraction...

26 CFR 1.404(g)-1 - Deduction of employer liability payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...(g)-1 Section 1.404(g)-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY.... § 1.404(g)-1 Deduction of employer liability payments. (a) General rule. Employer liability payments... deductible under section 404(g) and this section only if the payment satisfies the conditions of section 162...

26 CFR 1.404(g)-1 - Deduction of employer liability payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...(g)-1 Section 1.404(g)-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY.... § 1.404(g)-1 Deduction of employer liability payments. (a) General rule. Employer liability payments... deductible under section 404(g) and this section only if the payment satisfies the conditions of section 162...

26 CFR 1.404(g)-1 - Deduction of employer liability payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...(g)-1 Section 1.404(g)-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY.... § 1.404(g)-1 Deduction of employer liability payments. (a) General rule. Employer liability payments... deductible under section 404(g) and this section only if the payment satisfies the conditions of section 162...

31 CFR 240.18 - Lack of authority to shift liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Lack of authority to shift liability. 240.18 Section 240.18 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued... depositor(s) under authority of state law. (b) A financial institution's liability under this part is not...

7 CFR 760.113 - Refunds; joint and several liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Refunds; joint and several liability. 760.113 Section... Agricultural Disaster Assistance Programs § 760.113 Refunds; joint and several liability. (a) In the event that... provided that interest will in all cases run from the date of the original disbursement. (b) All persons...

12 CFR 704.8 - Asset and liability management.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... CORPORATE CREDIT UNIONS § 704.8 Asset and liability management. (a) Policies. A corporate credit union must...) The purpose and objectives of the corporate credit union's asset and liability activities; (2) The... corporate credit union's ALCO must have at least one member who is also a member of the board of directors...

12 CFR 704.8 - Asset and liability management.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... CORPORATE CREDIT UNIONS § 704.8 Asset and liability management. (a) Policies. A corporate credit union must...) The purpose and objectives of the corporate credit union's asset and liability activities; (2) The... corporate credit union's ALCO must have at least one member who is also a member of the board of directors...

12 CFR 704.8 - Asset and liability management.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... CORPORATE CREDIT UNIONS § 704.8 Asset and liability management. (a) Policies. A corporate credit union must...) The purpose and objectives of the corporate credit union's asset and liability activities; (2) The... corporate credit union's ALCO must have at least one member who is also a member of the board of directors...

Torts Liability for Strike Action and Third Party Rights.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Raday, Frances

1979-01-01

Studies the nature of the torts liability incurred in strikes and the extent of existing immunities bestowed on strikers and their organizers, and explores the principles that should govern liability and immunity. Available from Israel Law Review Association, c/o Faculty of Law, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, P.O.B. 24100, Jerusalem…

32 CFR 220.11 - Special rules for automobile liability insurance and no-fault automobile insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Special rules for automobile liability insurance and no-fault automobile insurance. 220.11 Section 220.11 National Defense Department of Defense... OF REASONABLE CHARGES FOR HEALTHCARE SERVICES § 220.11 Special rules for automobile liability...

32 CFR 220.11 - Special rules for automobile liability insurance and no-fault automobile insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Special rules for automobile liability insurance and no-fault automobile insurance. 220.11 Section 220.11 National Defense Department of Defense... OF REASONABLE CHARGES FOR HEALTHCARE SERVICES § 220.11 Special rules for automobile liability...

32 CFR 220.11 - Special rules for automobile liability insurance and no-fault automobile insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Special rules for automobile liability insurance and no-fault automobile insurance. 220.11 Section 220.11 National Defense Department of Defense... OF REASONABLE CHARGES FOR HEALTHCARE SERVICES § 220.11 Special rules for automobile liability...

32 CFR 220.11 - Special rules for automobile liability insurance and no-fault automobile insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Special rules for automobile liability insurance and no-fault automobile insurance. 220.11 Section 220.11 National Defense Department of Defense... OF REASONABLE CHARGES FOR HEALTHCARE SERVICES § 220.11 Special rules for automobile liability...

32 CFR 220.11 - Special rules for automobile liability insurance and no-fault automobile insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Special rules for automobile liability insurance and no-fault automobile insurance. 220.11 Section 220.11 National Defense Department of Defense... OF REASONABLE CHARGES FOR HEALTHCARE SERVICES § 220.11 Special rules for automobile liability...

42 CFR 411.39 - Automobile and liability insurance (including self-insurance), no-fault insurance, and workers...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Automobile and liability insurance (including self-insurance), no-fault insurance, and workers' compensation: Final conditional payment amounts via Web portal... Coverage That Limits Medicare Payment: General Provisions § 411.39 Automobile and liability insurance...

42 CFR 411.39 - Automobile and liability insurance (including self-insurance), no-fault insurance, and workers...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Automobile and liability insurance (including self-insurance), no-fault insurance, and workers' compensation: Final conditional payment amounts via Web portal... Coverage That Limits Medicare Payment: General Provisions § 411.39 Automobile and liability insurance...

10 CFR 1015.304 - Joint and several liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Joint and several liability. 1015.304 Section 1015.304 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) COLLECTION OF CLAIMS OWED THE UNITED STATES Standards for the Compromise of Claims § 1015.304 Joint and several liability. (a) When two or more debtors are...

24 CFR 965.215 - Lead-based paint liability insurance coverage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Lead-based paint liability... Insurance Coverage § 965.215 Lead-based paint liability insurance coverage. (a) General. The purpose of this... with lead-based paint activities that the PHA undertakes, in accordance with the PHA's ACC with HUD...

24 CFR 965.215 - Lead-based paint liability insurance coverage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Lead-based paint liability... Insurance Coverage § 965.215 Lead-based paint liability insurance coverage. (a) General. The purpose of this... with lead-based paint activities that the PHA undertakes, in accordance with the PHA's ACC with HUD...

24 CFR 965.215 - Lead-based paint liability insurance coverage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Lead-based paint liability... Insurance Coverage § 965.215 Lead-based paint liability insurance coverage. (a) General. The purpose of this... with lead-based paint activities that the PHA undertakes, in accordance with the PHA's ACC with HUD...

24 CFR 965.215 - Lead-based paint liability insurance coverage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Lead-based paint liability... Insurance Coverage § 965.215 Lead-based paint liability insurance coverage. (a) General. The purpose of this... with lead-based paint activities that the PHA undertakes, in accordance with the PHA's ACC with HUD...

48 CFR 328.311 - Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement contracts. 328.311 Section 328.311 Federal... Insurance 328.311 Solicitation provision and contract clause on liability insurance under cost-reimbursement...

24 CFR 965.215 - Lead-based paint liability insurance coverage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Lead-based paint liability... Insurance Coverage § 965.215 Lead-based paint liability insurance coverage. (a) General. The purpose of this... with lead-based paint activities that the PHA undertakes, in accordance with the PHA's ACC with HUD...

48 CFR 1812.301 - Solicitation provisions and contract clauses for the acquisition of commercial items. (NASA...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Security. (K) 1852.228-72, Cross-Waiver of Liability for Space Shuttle Services. (L) 1852.228-76, Cross-Waiver of Liability for Space Station Activities. (M) 1852.228-78, Cross-Waiver of Liability for NASA... 1812.301 Federal Acquisition Regulations System NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION...

48 CFR 1828.371 - Clauses for cross-waivers of liability for Space Shuttle services, Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... of liability for Space Shuttle services, Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) launches, and Space Station... of liability for Space Shuttle services, Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) launches, and Space Station activities. (a) In agreements covering Space Shuttle services, certain ELV launches, and Space Station...

48 CFR 1828.371 - Clauses for cross-waivers of liability for Space Shuttle services, Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... of liability for Space Shuttle services, Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) launches, and Space Station... of liability for Space Shuttle services, Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) launches, and Space Station activities. (a) In agreements covering Space Shuttle services, certain ELV launches, and Space Station...

48 CFR 252.247-7016 - Contractor liability for loss or damage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... loss or damage. 252.247-7016 Section 252.247-7016 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... CLAUSES Text of Provisions And Clauses 252.247-7016 Contractor liability for loss or damage. As prescribed in 247.270-3(k), use the following clause: Contractor Liability for Loss or Damage (DEC 1991) (a...

48 CFR 1852.228-78 - Cross-waiver of liability for science or space exploration activities unrelated to the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... for science or space exploration activities unrelated to the International Space Station. 1852.228-78... Cross-waiver of liability for science or space exploration activities unrelated to the International... Liability for Science or Space Exploration Activities Unrelated to the International Space Station (OCT 2012...

48 CFR 1852.228-78 - Cross-waiver of liability for science or space exploration activities unrelated to the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... for science or space exploration activities unrelated to the International Space Station. 1852.228-78... Cross-waiver of liability for science or space exploration activities unrelated to the International... Liability for Science or Space Exploration Activities Unrelated to the International Space Station (OCT 2012...

45 CFR 30.24 - Joint and several liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Joint and several liability. 30.24 Section 30.24 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CLAIMS COLLECTION Debt Compromise § 30.24 Joint and several liability. (a) When two or more debtors are jointly and severally liable...

24 CFR 236.765 - Determination of eligible immigration status of applicants and tenants; protection from liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... immigration status of applicants and tenants; protection from liability. 236.765 Section 236.765 Housing and... eligible immigration status of applicants and tenants; protection from liability. (a) Housing owner's... citizenship or immigration status of applicants and tenants in accordance with the procedures of 24 CFR part 5...

Computers in medicine: liability issues for physicians.

PubMed

Hafner, A W; Filipowicz, A B; Whitely, W P

1989-07-01

Physicians routinely use computers to store, access, and retrieve medical information. As computer use becomes even more widespread in medicine, failure to utilize information systems may be seen as a violation of professional custom and lead to findings of professional liability. Even when a technology is not widespread, failure to incorporate it into medical practice may give rise to liability if the technology is accessible to the physician and reduces risk to the patient. Improvement in the availability of medical information sources imposes a greater burden on the physician to keep current and to obtain informed consent from patients. To routinely perform computer-assisted literature searches for informed consent and diagnosis is 'good medicine'. Clinical and diagnostic applications of computer technology now include computer-assisted decision making with the aid of sophisticated databases. Although such systems will expand the knowledge base and competence of physicians, malfunctioning software raises a major liability question. Also, complex computer-driven technology is used in direct patient care. Defective or improperly used hardware or software can lead to patient injury, thus raising additional complicated questions of professional liability and product liability.

Liability of physicians supervising nonphysician clinicians.

PubMed

Paterick, Barbara B; Waterhouse, Blake E; Paterick, Timothy E; Sanbar, Sandy S

2014-01-01

Physicians confront a variety of liability issues when supervising nonphysician clinicians (NPC) including: (1) direct liability resulting from a failure to meet the state-defined standards of supervision/collaboration with NPCs; (2) vicarious liability, arising from agency law, where physicians are held accountable for NPC clinical care that does not meet the national standard of care; and (3) responsibility for medical errors when the NPC and physician are co-employees of the corporate enterprise. Physician-NPC co-employee relationships are highlighted because they are new and becoming predominant in existing healthcare models. Because of their novelty, there is a paucity of judicial decisions determining liability for NPC errors in this setting. Knowledge of the existence of these risks will allow physicians to make informed decisions on what relationships they will enter with NPCs and how these relationships will be structured and monitored.

Liability exposure for surgical robotics instructors.

PubMed

Lee, Yu L; Kilic, Gokhan; Phelps, John Y

2012-01-01

Surgical robotics instructors provide an essential service in improving the competency of novice gynecologic surgeons learning robotic surgery and advancing surgical skills on behalf of patients. However, despite best intentions, robotics instructors and the gynecologists who use their services expose themselves to liability. The fear of litigation in the event of a surgical complication may reduce the availability and utility of robotics instructors. A better understanding of the principles of duty of care and the physician-patient relationship, and their potential applicability in a court of law likely will help to dismantle some concerns and uncertainties about liability. This commentary is not meant to discourage current and future surgical instructors but to raise awareness of liability issues among robotics instructors and their students and to recommend certain preventive measures to curb potential liability risks. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Wisconsin statutes regarding HIV testing in primary care: frequent questions and answers.

PubMed

Vergeront, J M; Reiser, W J; Druckenmiller, J K; Krchnavek, K A; Davis, J P

1998-12-01

The authors review Wisconsin statutes related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing in primary care, including the areas of written informed consent, documentation of consent, testing without consent, testing of minors, disclosure of test results without the consent of the test subject, reporting requirements, discrimination, access by insurance companies and third-party payors to HIV test results, and civil liabilities and criminal penalties associated with violation of HIV-related state statutes. During the course of the HIV epidemic in Wisconsin, many individuals (service providers, legislators, consumers and advocates) supported the enactment of HIV-related legislation. Today, Wisconsin has some of the nation's most comprehensive HIV legislation. These laws have set a legal framework that balances the rights of individuals with protection of public's health. The relatively low seroprevalence of HIV infection in Wisconsin can be attributed, in part, to the state's HIV-related legislation. While Wisconsin HIV legislation is broadly focused, much of it is concerned with HIV testing. This article examines common questions as they pertain to HIV testing in primary care and to the following areas addressed by state statutes: counseling and referral for health and support services [Wisconsin statute s. 252 14(3)] informed consent for testing or disclosure [Wisconsin statute s. 252.15(2)] written consent to disclose [Wisconsin statute s. 252.15(3) & (4)] testing without consent of the test subject [Wisconsin statute s. 252.15(2)] confidentiality of an HIV test [Wisconsin statute s. 252.15(5)] reporting of positive test results [Wisconsin statute s. 252.15(7)] discrimination [Wisconsin statute s. 252.14(2)] civil and criminal liabilities [Wisconsin statute s. 252.14(4); 252.15(8) & (9)].

Medical Liability Reform Crisis 2008

PubMed Central

2008-01-01

The crisis of medical liability has resulted in drastic increases in insurance premiums and reduced access for patients to specialty care, particularly in areas such as obstetrics/gynecology, neurosurgery, and orthopaedic surgery. The current liability environment neither effectively compensates persons injured from medical negligence nor encourages addressing system errors to improve patient safety. The author reviews trends across the nation and reports on the efforts of an organization called “Doctors for Medical Liability Reform” to educate the public and lawmakers on the need for solutions to the chaotic process of adjudicating medical malpractice claims in the United States. PMID:18989732

Expanded managed care liability: what impact on employer coverage?

PubMed

Studdert, D M; Sage, W M; Gresenz, C R; Hensler, D R

1999-01-01

Policymakers are considering legislative changes that would increase managed care organizations' exposure to civil liability for withholding coverage or failing to deliver needed care. Using a combination of empirical information and theoretical analysis, we assess the likely responses of health plans and Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) plan sponsors to an expansion of liability, and we evaluate the policy impact of those moves. We conclude that the direct costs of liability are uncertain but that the prospect of litigation may have other important effects on coverage decision making, information exchange, risk contracting, and the extent of employers' involvement in health coverage.

[Legal aspects of the health care institution liability for nosocomial infections].

PubMed

Garus-Pakowska, Anna; Szatko, Franciszek; Pakowski, Maciej

2009-01-01

In this paper, the basic concepts concerning the liability of health care institution for nosocomial infections are presented. The principles of ex contracto and ex delicto liabilities, as well as the concept of so-called anonymous guilt are discussed. The range of duties for both the health care institution and the employed medical personnel is indicated, the duties and the consequences of their non-fulfillment are systematized, and the obligatory jurisdiction concerning the functioning of prima facie evidence is considered. The author aimed at explaining the principles governing the civil liability of health care institutions and their employees.

Professional liability insurance and medical error disclosure.

PubMed

McLennan, Stuart; Shaw, David; Leu, Agnes; Elger, Bernice

2015-01-01

To examine medicolegal stakeholders' views about the impact of professional liability insurance in Switzerland on medical error disclosure. Purposive sample of 23 key medicolegal stakeholders in Switzerland from a range of fields between October 2012 and February 2013. Data were collected via individual, face-to-face interviews using a researcher-developed semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using conventional content analysis. Participants, particularly those with a legal or quality background, reported that concerns relating to professional liability insurance often inhibited communication with patients after a medical error. Healthcare providers were reported to be particularly concerned about losing their liability insurance cover for apologising to harmed patients. It was reported that the attempt to limit the exchange of information and communication could lead to a conflict with patient rights law. Participants reported that hospitals could, and in some case are, moving towards self-insurance approaches, which could increase flexibility regarding error communication The reported current practice of at least some liability insurance companies in Switzerland of inhibiting communication with harmed patients after an error is concerning and requires further investigation. With a new ethic of transparency regarding medical errors now prevailing internationally, this approach is increasingly being perceived to be misguided. A move away from hospitals relying solely on liability insurance may allow greater transparency after errors. Legalisation preventing the loss of liability insurance coverage for apologising to harmed patients should also be considered.

24 CFR 3400.309 - Absence of liability for good-faith administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 5 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Absence of liability for good-faith... NMLSR § 3400.309 Absence of liability for good-faith administration. HUD or any organization serving as...-faith action or omission of any officer or employee of any such entity, while acting within the scope of...

24 CFR 3400.309 - Absence of liability for good-faith administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 5 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Absence of liability for good-faith... NMLSR § 3400.309 Absence of liability for good-faith administration. HUD or any organization serving as...-faith action or omission of any officer or employee of any such entity, while acting within the scope of...

24 CFR 3400.309 - Absence of liability for good-faith administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 5 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Absence of liability for good-faith... NMLSR § 3400.309 Absence of liability for good-faith administration. HUD or any organization serving as...-faith action or omission of any officer or employee of any such entity, while acting within the scope of...

14 CFR 1266.102 - Cross-waiver of liability for agreements for activities related to the International Space Station.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Cross-waiver of liability for agreements for activities related to the International Space Station. 1266.102 Section 1266.102 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION CROSS-WAIVER OF LIABILITY § 1266.102 Cross-waiver of...

14 CFR 1266.102 - Cross-waiver of liability for agreements for activities related to the International Space Station.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2011-01-01 2010-01-01 true Cross-waiver of liability for agreements for activities related to the International Space Station. 1266.102 Section 1266.102 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION CROSS-WAIVER OF LIABILITY § 1266.102 Cross-waiver of...

14 CFR 1266.102 - Cross-waiver of liability for agreements for activities related to the International Space Station.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Cross-waiver of liability for agreements for activities related to the International Space Station. 1266.102 Section 1266.102 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION CROSS-WAIVER OF LIABILITY § 1266.102 Cross-waiver of...

75 FR 68020 - Watco Holdings, Inc., Watco Companies, Inc., and Watco Transportation Services, Inc.-Corporate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-04

... Railroads. In addition, Watco will convert from a Kansas corporation to a Delaware limited liability company... from a Kansas corporation to a Kansas limited liability company and will continue to directly control..., AWR, and BRSR will be converted to either a limited liability company or a C corporation, depending on...

26 CFR 301.6905-1 - Discharge of executor from personal liability for decedent's income and gift taxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 18 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Discharge of executor from personal liability... Transferees and Fiduciaries § 301.6905-1 Discharge of executor from personal liability for decedent's income..., the executor of a decedent's estate may make written application to the applicable internal revenue...

26 CFR 20.2204-1 - Discharge of executor from personal liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 14 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Discharge of executor from personal liability... § 20.2204-1 Discharge of executor from personal liability. (a) General rule. The executor of a decedent... filed, the executor will be notified of the amount of the tax and, upon payment thereof, he will be...

26 CFR 20.6905-1 - Discharge of executor from personal liability for decedent's income and gift taxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 14 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Discharge of executor from personal liability... DYING AFTER AUGUST 16, 1954 Procedure and Administration § 20.6905-1 Discharge of executor from personal liability for decedent's income and gift taxes. For regulations concerning the discharge of an executor from...

26 CFR 25.6905-1 - Discharge of executor from personal liability for decedent's income and gift taxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 14 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Discharge of executor from personal liability... 31, 1954 Procedure and Administration § 25.6905-1 Discharge of executor from personal liability for decedent's income and gift taxes. For regulations concerning the discharge of an executor from personal...

76 FR 20593 - Guidance Under Section 108(a) Concerning the Exclusion of Section 61(a)(12) Discharge of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-13

... a disregarded entity under this provision is a domestic single member limited liability company that.... Examples of disregarded entities include a domestic single member limited liability company that does not... Federal income tax purposes, all assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit of a...

26 CFR 1.6015-1 - Relief from joint and several liability on a joint return.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... they claim losses attributable to H's limited partnership interest in Partnership A. In January 2006... 26 Internal Revenue 13 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Relief from joint and several liability on a... joint and several liability on a joint return. (a) In general. (1) An individual who qualifies and...

13 CFR 125.10 - Who does SBA consider to control an SDVO SBC?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... partners, with control over all partnership decisions. (d) Control over a limited liability company. In the case of a limited liability company, one or more service-disabled veterans (or in the case of a veteran... managing members, with control over all decisions of the limited liability company. (e) Control over a...

40 CFR 80.28 - Liability for violations of gasoline volatility controls and prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Liability for violations of gasoline... Prohibitions § 80.28 Liability for violations of gasoline volatility controls and prohibitions. (a) Violations... refiner (if he is not an ethanol blender) at whose refinery the gasoline was produced or the importer at...

40 CFR 80.28 - Liability for violations of gasoline volatility controls and prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Liability for violations of gasoline... Prohibitions § 80.28 Liability for violations of gasoline volatility controls and prohibitions. (a) Violations... refiner (if he is not an ethanol blender) at whose refinery the gasoline was produced or the importer at...

40 CFR 80.28 - Liability for violations of gasoline volatility controls and prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Liability for violations of gasoline... Prohibitions § 80.28 Liability for violations of gasoline volatility controls and prohibitions. (a) Violations... refiner (if he is not an ethanol blender) at whose refinery the gasoline was produced or the importer at...

40 CFR 80.28 - Liability for violations of gasoline volatility controls and prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Liability for violations of gasoline... Prohibitions § 80.28 Liability for violations of gasoline volatility controls and prohibitions. (a) Violations... refiner (if he is not an ethanol blender) at whose refinery the gasoline was produced or the importer at...

40 CFR 80.28 - Liability for violations of gasoline volatility controls and prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Liability for violations of gasoline... Prohibitions § 80.28 Liability for violations of gasoline volatility controls and prohibitions. (a) Violations... refiner (if he is not an ethanol blender) at whose refinery the gasoline was produced or the importer at...

26 CFR 1.381(c)(16)-1 - Obligations of distributor or transferor corporation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... obligation of a distributor or transferor corporation which gives rise to a liability after the date of... shall govern: (i) If the obligation gave rise to a liability before the date of distribution or transfer, see section 381(c)(4) and the regulations thereunder. (ii) If the obligation gives rise to a liability...

40 CFR 80.30 - Liability for violations of diesel fuel control and prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Liability for violations of diesel... Prohibitions § 80.30 Liability for violations of diesel fuel control and prohibitions. (a) Violations at refiners or importers facilities. Where a violation of a diesel fuel standard set forth in § 80.29 is...

40 CFR 80.30 - Liability for violations of diesel fuel control and prohibitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Liability for violations of diesel... Prohibitions § 80.30 Liability for violations of diesel fuel control and prohibitions. (a) Violations at refiners or importers facilities. Where a violation of a diesel fuel standard set forth in § 80.29 is...

19 CFR 158.4 - Liability of carrier for lost or missing packages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Liability of carrier for lost or missing packages... EXPORTED Lost or Missing Packages and Deficiencies in Contents of Packages § 158.4 Liability of carrier for lost or missing packages. Upon a joint determination or independent determination of quantity as set...

19 CFR 158.4 - Liability of carrier for lost or missing packages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Liability of carrier for lost or missing packages... EXPORTED Lost or Missing Packages and Deficiencies in Contents of Packages § 158.4 Liability of carrier for lost or missing packages. Upon a joint determination or independent determination of quantity as set...

19 CFR 158.4 - Liability of carrier for lost or missing packages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Liability of carrier for lost or missing packages... EXPORTED Lost or Missing Packages and Deficiencies in Contents of Packages § 158.4 Liability of carrier for lost or missing packages. Upon a joint determination or independent determination of quantity as set...

19 CFR 158.4 - Liability of carrier for lost or missing packages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Liability of carrier for lost or missing packages... EXPORTED Lost or Missing Packages and Deficiencies in Contents of Packages § 158.4 Liability of carrier for lost or missing packages. Upon a joint determination or independent determination of quantity as set...

19 CFR 158.4 - Liability of carrier for lost or missing packages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Liability of carrier for lost or missing packages... EXPORTED Lost or Missing Packages and Deficiencies in Contents of Packages § 158.4 Liability of carrier for lost or missing packages. Upon a joint determination or independent determination of quantity as set...

32 CFR Appendix A to Part 625 - Dependent Travel Waiver of Liability

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Dependent Travel Waiver of Liability A Appendix A...—Dependent Travel Waiver of Liability “I (Name of dependent) will be accompanying _____, (Name of employee... business in or while using a Government vehicle. Dates of travel are from _____ to _____ 19__. I do hereby...

26 CFR 1.704-2 - Allocations attributable to nonrecourse liabilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... gain is determined with reference to the property's book basis. See also paragraph (i)(4) of this... under this section are made with reference to the property's book value. See section 704(c) and § 1.704... liability. (i) In general. (ii) Allocating liabilities. (3) Partnership minimum gain if there is a book/tax...

10 CFR 140.107 - Appendix G-Form of indemnity agreement with licensees processing plutonium for use in plutonium...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... policies as proof of financial protection. 140.107 Section 140.107 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION... specified in Item 2 of the Attachment and in the form of the nuclear energy liability insurance policy... liability of any Nuclear Energy Liability-Property Insurance Association policy designated in Item 5 of the...

10 CFR 140.107 - Appendix G-Form of indemnity agreement with licensees processing plutonium for use in plutonium...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... policies as proof of financial protection. 140.107 Section 140.107 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION... specified in Item 2 of the Attachment and in the form of the nuclear energy liability insurance policy... liability of any Nuclear Energy Liability-Property Insurance Association policy designated in Item 5 of the...

10 CFR 140.107 - Appendix G-Form of indemnity agreement with licensees processing plutonium for use in plutonium...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... policies as proof of financial protection. 140.107 Section 140.107 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION... specified in Item 2 of the Attachment and in the form of the nuclear energy liability insurance policy... liability of any Nuclear Energy Liability-Property Insurance Association policy designated in Item 5 of the...

9 CFR 203.10 - Statement with respect to insolvency; definition of current assets and current liabilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... cycle of the business, which is considered to be one year. (2) Current liabilities means obligations... consumed in the normal operating cycle of the business; (7) accounts due from employees, if collectable; (8... classifiable as current assets or the creation of other current liabilities during the one year operating cycle...

40 CFR 113.4 - Size classes and associated liability limits for fixed onshore oil storage facilities, 1,000...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 23 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Size classes and associated liability limits for fixed onshore oil storage facilities, 1,000 barrels or less capacity. 113.4 Section 113.4 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS LIABILITY LIMITS FOR...

40 CFR 113.4 - Size classes and associated liability limits for fixed onshore oil storage facilities, 1,000...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 22 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Size classes and associated liability limits for fixed onshore oil storage facilities, 1,000 barrels or less capacity. 113.4 Section 113.4 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS LIABILITY LIMITS FOR...

10 CFR 140.107 - Appendix G-Form of indemnity agreement with licensees processing plutonium for use in plutonium...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... policies as proof of financial protection. 140.107 Section 140.107 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION... specified in Item 2 of the Attachment and in the form of the nuclear energy liability insurance policy... liability of any Nuclear Energy Liability-Property Insurance Association policy designated in Item 5 of the...

10 CFR 140.107 - Appendix G-Form of indemnity agreement with licensees processing plutonium for use in plutonium...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... policies as proof of financial protection. 140.107 Section 140.107 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION... specified in Item 2 of the Attachment and in the form of the nuclear energy liability insurance policy... liability of any Nuclear Energy Liability-Property Insurance Association policy designated in Item 5 of the...

42 CFR 455.202 - Limitation on contractor liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Limitation on contractor liability. 455.202 Section... § 455.202 Limitation on contractor liability. (a) A program contractor, a person, or an entity employed... contractor will not be held to have violated any criminal law and will not be held liable in any civil action...

26 CFR 1.456-4 - Cessation of liability or existence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 6 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Cessation of liability or existence. 1.456-4... of liability or existence. (a) If a taxpayer has elected to apply the provisions of section 456 to a trade or business in connection with which prepaid dues income is received, and if the taxpayer's...

75 FR 49411 - Consumer Price Index Adjustments of Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Limits of Liability-Vessels and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-13

... collection OMB Control Number 1625-0046 entitled ``Financial Responsibility for Water Pollution (Vessels... Consumer Price Index Adjustments of Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Limits of Liability--Vessels and Deepwater..., the Coast Guard amended the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 limits of liability for vessels and deepwater...

Development of Extraction Tests for Determining the Bioavailability of Metals in Soil

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-06-01

Liability Information System COV coefficient of variance Cr(III) trivalent chromium Cr(VI) hexavalent chromium DCB dithionite citrate bicarbonate...indicated that bioavailability was a less important issue for chromium than understanding the form of chromium (i.e., trivalent or hexavalent) that is...7.3.3 Chromium 50 7.3.4 Lead 50 7.3.5 Summary of In Vitro Testing for Wildlife Receptors 51 7.4 References 51 Supplemental Materials for

Psychometric modeling of abuse and dependence symptoms across six illicit substances indicates novel dimensions of misuse

PubMed Central

Clark, Shaunna L.; Gillespie, Nathan A.; Adkins, Daniel E.; Kendler, Kenneth S.; Neale, Michael C.

2015-01-01

Aims This study explored the factor structure of DSM III-R/IV symptoms for substance abuse and dependence across six illicit substance categories in a population-based sample of males. Method DSM III-R/IV drug abuse and dependence symptoms for cannabis, sedatives, stimulants, cocaine, opioids and hallucinogens from 4179 males born 1940-1970 from the population-based Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders were analyzed. Confirmatory factor analyses tested specific hypotheses regarding the latent structure of substance misuse for a comprehensive battery of 13 misuse symptoms measured across six illicit substance categories (78 items). Results Among the models fit, the latent structure of substance misuse was best represented by a combination of substance-specific factors and misuse symptom-specific factors. We found no support for a general liability factor to illicit substance misuse. Conclusions Results indicate that liability to misuse illicit substances is drug class specific, with little evidence for a general liability factor. Additionally, unique dimensions capturing propensity toward specific misuse symptoms (e.g., tolerance, withdrawal) across substances were identified. While this finding requires independent replication, the possibility of symptom-specific misuse factors, present in multiple substances, raises the prospect of genetic, neurobiological and behavioral predispositions toward distinct, narrowly defined features of drug abuse and dependence. PMID:26517709

CHARACTERIZATION AND EH/PH-BASED LEACHING TESTS OF MERCURY-CONTAINING MINING WASTES FROM THE SULFUR BANK MERCURY MINE, LAKE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

EPA Science Inventory

Mine waste rock and roaster tailings were collected from the Sulfur Bank Mercury Mine (SBMM) located in Clearlake Oaks, California. The site has been under investigation as a Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) site. Leaching profiles o...

Debt Illusion among Local Taxpayers: An Empirical Investigation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Landers, James R.; Byrnes, Patricia E.

This paper reports on a multijurisdictional study of the influence of school district long-term guaranteed debt liabilities on housing values. The empirical setting for the study was the Columbus, Ohio, metropolitan area. The objective of the research was to empirically test the debt-illusion hypothesis by examining the extent to which long-term…

Woodworking Safety. A Guide for Teachers of Limited English Proficient Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Umatilla Education Service District, OR.

This packet of materials was developed (1) to address the liability concerns of woodworking instructors by providing safety instruction materials and tests for limited English proficient (LEP) or Spanish-speaking students, and (2) to provide some ideas, strategies, and resources for working effectively with LEP students in the vocational…

76 FR 16452 - TUV Rheinland PTL, LLC; Recognition as an NRTL

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-23

...: This recognition becomes effective on March 23, 2011 and will be valid until March 23, 2016, unless... testing for product safety. TUVPTL's major owner is a subsidiary of the parent company of TUVRNA, the NRTL... limited liability company whose sole member is the ASU Foundation. The ASU Foundation is an independent...

Effects of Child Maltreatment and Inherited Liability on Antisocial Development: An Official Records Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jonson-Reid, Melissa; Presnall, Ned; Drake, Brett; Fox, Louis; Bierut, Laura; Reich, Wendy; Kane, Phyllis; Todd, Richard D.; Constantino, John N.

2010-01-01

Objective: Evidence is steadily accumulating that a preventable environmental hazard, child maltreatment, exerts causal influences on the development of long-standing patterns of antisocial behavior in humans. The relationship between child maltreatment and antisocial outcome, however, has never previously been tested in a large-scale study in…

29 CFR 4204.13 - Net income and net tangible assets tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... LIABILITY FOR MULTIEMPLOYER PLANS VARIANCES FOR SALE OF ASSETS Variance of the Statutory Requirements § 4204... purchaser was not obligated to contribute to the plan before the sale, the amount of unfunded vested... date of determination, or (ii) If the purchaser was obligated to contribute to the plan before the sale...

From the Cover: Development and Application of a Dual Rat and Human AHR Activation Assay.

PubMed

Brown, Martin R; Garside, Helen; Thompson, Emma; Atwal, Saseela; Bean, Chloe; Goodall, Tony; Sullivan, Michael; Graham, Mark J

2017-12-01

Significant prolonged aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation, classically exhibited following exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, can cause a variety of undesirable toxicological effects. Novel pharmaceutical chemistries also have the potential to cause activation of AHR and consequent toxicities in pre-clinical species and man. Previous methods either employed relatively expensive and low-throughput primary hepatocyte dosing with PCR endpoint, or low resolution overexpressing reporter gene assays. We have developed, validated and applied an in vitro microtitre plate imaging-based medium throughput screening assay for the assessment of endogenous species-specific AHR activation potential via detection of induction of the surrogate transcriptional target Cytochrome P450 CYP1A1. Routine testing of pharmaceutical drug development candidate chemistries using this assay can influence the chemical design process and highlight AHR liabilities. This assay should be introduced such that human AHR activation liability is flagged early for confirmatory testing. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

[Addictive potential in man: methodological aspects].

PubMed

Warot, D; Marra, D

1995-01-01

Different methods have been developed in clinical abuse liability testing in man. Tolerance, psychic and/or physical dependence must be investigated through clinical studies during drug development of a new substance. Adequate methodology is needed using double-blind, time-blind evaluations, comparisons of different dose levels and duration of treatment for a given drug, abrupt and gradual interruption of treatment, appropriate period of observation after treatment cessation ... The optimal scale to evaluate properly the symptoms occurring after drug discontinuation is still under investigation. These studies will or should permit the differentiation of rebound, withdrawal and recurrence. Methods developed to study reinforcing effects in post-addicts and healthy subjects are self-administration and choice procedures. In addition, the more traditional approach has been through assessing self-reported effects in which standardized questionnaires are used (Addiction Research Center Inventory or A.R.C.I.; Single Dose Questionnaire or S.D.Q.). A third focus of measurement has been discrimination studies performed in individuals with histories of drug abuse as well as healthy subjects. Abuse-liability testing of a new compound needs a multidimensional assessment to optimize the predictivity in defining the relative risk.

14 CFR § 1266.102 - Cross-waiver of liability for agreements for activities related to the International Space Station.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Cross-waiver of liability for agreements for activities related to the International Space Station. § 1266.102 Section § 1266.102 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION CROSS-WAIVER OF LIABILITY § 1266.102 Cross...

49 CFR 375.701 - May I provide for a release of liability on my delivery receipt?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false May I provide for a release of liability on my... REGULATIONS Delivery of Shipments § 375.701 May I provide for a release of liability on my delivery receipt? (a) Your delivery receipt or shipping document must not contain any language purporting to release or...

26 CFR 1.412(l)(7)-1 - Mortality tables used to determine current liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... liability. 1.412(l)(7)-1 Section 1.412(l)(7)-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE... Plans, Etc. § 1.412(l)(7)-1 Mortality tables used to determine current liability. (a) In general. The... under section 412(l)(7) for participants and beneficiaries (other than disabled participants) for plan...

12 CFR 987.7 - Liability of Banks, Finance Board, Office of Finance and Federal Reserve Banks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Liability of Banks, Finance Board, Office of Finance and Federal Reserve Banks. 987.7 Section 987.7 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE BOARD OFFICE OF FINANCE BOOK-ENTRY PROCEDURE FOR CONSOLIDATED OBLIGATIONS § 987.7 Liability of Banks, Finance...

An analysis of PILT-related payments and likely property tax liability of Federal resource management lands

Treesearch

Ervin G. Schuster; Paul R. Beckley; Jennifer M. Bushur; Krista M. Gebert; Michael J. Niccolucci

1999-01-01

This report stems from Congressional concern over the equivalency between Federal payments to counties containing Federal resource management lands, the likely tax liability, and other county-level benefits and costs associated with those lands. Results indicate that the overall tax liability on Federal lands is almost three times the Federal payments. A survey of...

32 CFR 750.25 - Scope of liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Scope of liability. 750.25 Section 750.25... Federal Tort Claims Act § 750.25 Scope of liability. (a) Territorial limitations. The FTCA does not apply... 46 U.S.C. 741-752 or 781-790. Claims under the Death on the High Seas Act (46 U.S.C. 761), however...

Understanding legacy liabilities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ossi, G.J.

2005-08-01

Among the most immediate issues facing operations with a workforce represented by the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) are the so-called 'legacy liabilities'. Legacy liabilities fall under two categories: retiree health care and pension. The retiree health benefit obligations fall into two categories; statutory - those created under the Coal Industry Retiree Health Benefit Act of 1992 and contractual - the 1993 Employer Benefit Plan and the Individual Employer Plans. The pension liabilities are more straightforward; there are three different retirement plans in the NBCWA; the UMWA 1950 Pension Plan, the UMWA 1974 Pension Plan and the UMWA Cashmore » Deferred Savings Plan of 1988.« less

RCRA, Superfund and EPCRA hotline training module. Introduction to: Superfund liability, enforcement, and settlements (updated February 1998); Directive

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1998-06-01

The goal of this module is to describe the liability, enforcement, and settlement provisions of CERCLA; list the CERCLA enforcement mechanisms available to EPA; explain CERCLA sections 104 and 106 provisions; define potentially responsible party; explain CERCLA section 107 liability; cite and locate the relevant CERCLA documents on enforcement and liability; explain the differences between administrative and judicial enforcement and settlement procedures; list and compare the differences between enforcement authorities as they apply to removal and remedial actions; list the key enforcement steps in EPA`s response process; and specify noncompliance penalties and provide statutory citations.

Safety and Liability Aspects of Solar Power Satellites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jakhu, Ram S.; Howard, Diane

2010-09-01

It is an undisputed fact that the global need for energy will grow exponentially in the future and the search for alternative energy sources will intensify. One alternative source will be space based solar power(SSP), to be collected in space and transmitted to Earth by solar power satellites(SPS). As the appropriate technology becomes proven, the economic and operational viability for the launch of SPS system(s) will, to a large extent, depend upon favorable political and legal determinants. One of such determinants relates to safety risks and possible liability of the operator(s) of SPS system(s). This paper identifies safety risks of, and analyses liability for, damage caused by SPS. Issues, specifically analyzed mainly under international law, include damage caused(in outer space, in the air and on the Earth) by electronic transmission, and mechanisms to manage liability including inter alia insurance coverage, waivers of liability, and dispute settlement mechanisms. The paper contains recommendations for the concerned governments(and their respective private entities) to take regulatory precautions in order to avoid the risks of possible liability and thereby enhances the chances for launch and operation of SPS system(s).

[Beginners' operations and medical specialist standards : Avoidance of criminal liability and civil liability].

PubMed

Schneider, H

2018-05-16

In all phases, patients are entitled to receive medical treatment according to medical specialist standards. This does not mean that patients necessarily have to be treated by a medical specialist. Operations performed by "beginners", e. g. assistant physicians, are permitted. However, there are increased liability risks, both for the specialist and the assistant physician. Furthermore, there are risks of criminal responsibility for causing bodily harm by negligence or negligent manslaughter. This article portrays the requirements of civil liability and criminal responsibility concerning beginners' operations on the basis of cases and judgments of the Federal Court and the Higher Regional Courts in Germany. Additionally, the reception of the jurisprudence by the relevant legal literature will be discussed. Jurisprudence and legal literature categorize breaches of duty of care. Assistant physicians can be subject to contributory negligence liabilities, while specialists can bear liabilities for negligent selection, organization or supervision. Responsible specialist and assistant physicians can protect themselves (and the patient) and avoid legal risks by only performing operations adequate to their educational level or by delegating operations to beginners and ensuring intervention by a specialist by supervision of the operation which is suitable to the assistant physician's level of education.

ADHD and the externalizing spectrum: direct comparison of categorical, continuous, and hybrid models of liability in a nationally representative sample.

PubMed

Carragher, Natacha; Krueger, Robert F; Eaton, Nicholas R; Markon, Kristian E; Keyes, Katherine M; Blanco, Carlos; Saha, Tulshi D; Hasin, Deborah S

2014-08-01

Alcohol use disorders, substance use disorders, and antisocial personality disorder share a common externalizing liability, which may also include attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, few studies have compared formal quantitative models of externalizing liability, with the aim of delineating the categorical and/or continuous nature of this liability in the community. This study compares categorical, continuous, and hybrid models of externalizing liability. Data were derived from the 2004-2005 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 34,653). Seven disorders were modeled: childhood ADHD and lifetime diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, marijuana dependence, cocaine dependence, and other substance dependence. The continuous latent trait model provided the best fit to the data. Measurement invariance analyses supported the fit of the model across genders, with females displaying a significantly lower probability of experiencing externalizing disorders. Cocaine dependence, marijuana dependence, other substance dependence, alcohol dependence, ASPD, nicotine dependence, and ADHD provided the greatest information, respectively, about the underlying externalizing continuum. Liability to externalizing disorders is continuous and dimensional in severity. The findings have important implications for the organizational structure of externalizing psychopathology in psychiatric nomenclatures.

Abuse liability assessment of an e-cigarette refill liquid using intracranial self-stimulation and self-administration models in rats

PubMed Central

LeSage, MG; Staley, M; Muelken, P; Smethells, JR; Stepanov, I; Vogel, RI; Pentel, PR; Harris, AC

2016-01-01

Background The popularity of electronic cigarettes (ECs) has increased dramatically despite their unknown health consequences. Because the abuse liability of ECs is one of the leading concerns of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), models to assess it are urgently needed to inform FDA regulatory decisions regarding these products. The purpose of this study was to assess the relative abuse liability of an EC liquid compared to nicotine alone in rats. Because this EC liquid contains non-nicotine constituents that may enhance its abuse liability, we hypothesized that it would have greater abuse liability than nicotine alone. Methods Nicotine alone and nicotine dose-equivalent concentrations of EC liquid were compared in terms of their acute effects on intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds, acquisition of self-administration, reinforcing efficacy (i.e., elasticity of demand), blockade of these behavioral effects by mecamylamine, nicotine pharmacokinetics and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding and activation. Results There were no significant differences between formulations on any measure, except that EC liquid produced less of an elevation in ICSS thresholds at high nicotine doses. Conclusions Collectively, these findings suggest that the relative abuse liability of this EC liquid is similar to that of nicotine alone in terms of its reinforcing and reinforcement-enhancing effects, but that it may have less aversive/anhedonic effects at high doses. The present methods may be useful for assessing the abuse liability of other ECs to inform potential FDA regulation of those products. PMID:27627814

Medical professional liability insurance and its relation to medical error and healthcare risk management for the practicing physician.

PubMed

Abbott, Richard L; Weber, Paul; Kelley, Betsy

2005-12-01

To review the history and current issues surrounding medical professional liability insurance and its relationship to medical error and healthcare risk management. Focused literature review and authors' experience. Medical professional liability insurance issues are reviewed in association with the occurrence of medical error and the role of healthcare risk management. The rising frequency and severity of claims and lawsuits incurred by physicians, as well as escalating defense costs, have dramatically increased over the past several years and have resulted in accelerated efforts to reduce medical errors and control practice risk for physicians. Medical error reduction and improved patient outcomes are closely linked to the goals of the medical risk manager by reducing exposure to adverse medical events. Management of professional liability risk by the physician-led malpractice insurance company not only protects the economic viability of physicians, but also addresses patient safety concerns. Physician-owned malpractice liability insurance companies will continue to be the dominant providers of insurance for practicing physicians and will serve as the primary source for loss prevention and risk management services. To succeed in the marketplace, the emergence and importance of the risk manager and incorporation of risk management principles throughout the professional liability company has become crucial to the financial stability and success of the insurance company. The risk manager provides the necessary advice and support requested by physicians to minimize medical liability risk in their daily practice.

41 CFR 301-10.8 - What is my liability if, for personal convenience, I travel by an indirect route or interrupt...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What is my liability if, for personal convenience, I travel by an indirect route or interrupt travel by a direct route? 301-10....8 What is my liability if, for personal convenience, I travel by an indirect route or interrupt...

26 CFR 301.6326-1 - Administrative appeal of the erroneous filing of notice of federal tax lien.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... on any one of the following allegations: (1) The tax liability that gave rise to the lien, plus any... of lien; (2) The tax liability that gave rise to the lien was assessed in violation of the deficiency procedures set forth in section 6213 of the Internal Revenue Code; (3) The tax liability that gave rise to...

26 CFR 301.6326-1 - Administrative appeal of the erroneous filing of notice of federal tax lien.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... on any one of the following allegations: (1) The tax liability that gave rise to the lien, plus any... of lien; (2) The tax liability that gave rise to the lien was assessed in violation of the deficiency procedures set forth in section 6213 of the Internal Revenue Code; (3) The tax liability that gave rise to...

75 FR 750 - Consumer Price Index Adjustments of Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Limits of Liability-Vessels and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-06

... applicability of the OPA 90 single-hull tank vessel limits of liability. DATES: This final rule is effective... amendments to clarify the applicability of the single-hull tank vessel limits of liability, and solicited... regulations, at 33 CFR part 138, subpart A, to single- hull tank vessels that do not carry oil as cargo. As...

Negligent Liability Issues Involving Colleges and Students: Does an Ethic of Caring Heighten Institutional Liability?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beckham, Joseph; Pearson, Douglas

This paper--part of a collection of 54 papers from the 48th annual conference of the Education Law Association held in November 2002--addresses the question of how and to what extent institutions of higher learning could be held liable for negligence involving students. The paper is, mainly, a review of recent case law related to the liability of…

12 CFR 987.7 - Liability of Banks, Finance Board, Office of Finance and Federal Reserve Banks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Liability of Banks, Finance Board, Office of Finance and Federal Reserve Banks. 987.7 Section 987.7 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE BOARD OFFICE OF FINANCE BOOK-ENTRY PROCEDURE FOR CONSOLIDATED OBLIGATIONS § 987.7 Liability of Banks, Finance Board, Office of Finance and Federal Reserve...

Mixed Model Association with Family-Biased Case-Control Ascertainment.

PubMed

Hayeck, Tristan J; Loh, Po-Ru; Pollack, Samuela; Gusev, Alexander; Patterson, Nick; Zaitlen, Noah A; Price, Alkes L

2017-01-05

Mixed models have become the tool of choice for genetic association studies; however, standard mixed model methods may be poorly calibrated or underpowered under family sampling bias and/or case-control ascertainment. Previously, we introduced a liability threshold-based mixed model association statistic (LTMLM) to address case-control ascertainment in unrelated samples. Here, we consider family-biased case-control ascertainment, where case and control subjects are ascertained non-randomly with respect to family relatedness. Previous work has shown that this type of ascertainment can severely bias heritability estimates; we show here that it also impacts mixed model association statistics. We introduce a family-based association statistic (LT-Fam) that is robust to this problem. Similar to LTMLM, LT-Fam is computed from posterior mean liabilities (PML) under a liability threshold model; however, LT-Fam uses published narrow-sense heritability estimates to avoid the problem of biased heritability estimation, enabling correct calibration. In simulations with family-biased case-control ascertainment, LT-Fam was correctly calibrated (average χ 2 = 1.00-1.02 for null SNPs), whereas the Armitage trend test (ATT), standard mixed model association (MLM), and case-control retrospective association test (CARAT) were mis-calibrated (e.g., average χ 2 = 0.50-1.22 for MLM, 0.89-2.65 for CARAT). LT-Fam also attained higher power than other methods in some settings. In 1,259 type 2 diabetes-affected case subjects and 5,765 control subjects from the CARe cohort, downsampled to induce family-biased ascertainment, LT-Fam was correctly calibrated whereas ATT, MLM, and CARAT were again mis-calibrated. Our results highlight the importance of modeling family sampling bias in case-control datasets with related samples. Copyright © 2017 American Society of Human Genetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The preclinical testing strategy for the development of novel chemical entities for the treatment of asthma.

PubMed

Hahn, Christian; Erb, Klaus Joseph

2008-06-01

Identifying and developing novel chemical entities (NCE) for the treatment of asthma is a time-consuming process and liabilities that endanger the successful progression of a compound from research into the patient are found throughout all phases of drug discovery. In particular the failure of advanced compounds in clinical studies due to lack of efficacy and/or safety concerns is tremendously costly. Therefore, in order to try and reduce the failure rate in clinical trials various in vitro and in vivo tests are performed during preclinical development, to rapidly identify liabilities, eliminate high risk compounds and promote promising potential drug candidates. To achieve this objective, numerous prerequisites have to be met regarding the physico-chemical properties of the compound, and bioactivity or model systems are needed to rate the therapeutic potential of new compounds. Drug liabilities such as target and species specificity, formulation issues, pharmacokinetics as well as pharmacodynamics and the toxic potential of the compound have to be analyzed in great detail before a compound can enter a clinical trial. A particularly challenging aspect of developing novel NCEs for the treatment of asthma is choosing and setting up in vivo models believed to be predictive for human disease. Numerous companies have in the past and are currently developing NCEs targeting many different pathways and cells with the aim to treat asthma. However, currently the only NCE having a significant market share are long-acting beta-agonists (LABA), inhaled and orally active steroids and leukotriene receptor antagonists. In the past many novel NCE for the treatment of asthma were effective in animal models but failed in the clinic. In this review we outline the prerequisites of novel NCE needed for clinical development.

Increasing Liability Premiums in Obstetrics - Analysis, Effects and Options.

PubMed

Soergel, P; Schöffski, O; Hillemanns, P; Hille-Betz, U; Kundu, S

2015-04-01

Whenever people act, mistakes are made. In Germany, it is thought that a total of 40 000 cases of malpractice occur per year. In recent years, costs for liability insurance have risen significantly in almost all spheres of medicine as a whole. Liability in the health care sector is founded on the contractual relationship between doctor and patient. Most recently, case law developed over many years has been codified with the Patients' Rights Act. In obstetrics, the focus of liability law is on brain damage caused by hypoxia or ischemia as a result of management errors during birth. The costs per claim are made up of various components together with different shares of damage costs (increased needs, in particular therapy costs and nursing fees, acquisition damage, treatment costs, compensation). In obstetrics in particular, recent focus has been on massively increased liability payments, also accompanied by higher liability premiums. This causes considerable financial burdens on hospitals as well as on midwives and attending physicians. The premiums are so high, especially for midwives and attending physicians, that professional practice becomes uneconomical in some cases. In recent years, these circumstances have also been intensely debated in the public sphere and in politics. However, the focus here is on the occupation of midwife. In 2014, in the GKV-FQWG (Statutory Health Insurance - Quality and Further Development Act), a subsidy towards the occupational liability premium was defined for midwives who only attended a few deliveries. However, to date, a complete solution to the problem has not been found. A birth will never be a fully controllable risk, but in rare cases will always end with injury to the child. The goal must be to minimise this risk, through good education and continuous training, as well as constant critical analysis of one's own activities. Furthermore, it seems sensible, especially in non-clinical Obstetrics, to look at the current study data more closely. Among the many solutions which have been proposed, such as the development of quality management, risk management and prevention, better remuneration, a waiver on recourse claims by social insurance underwriters, a cap on damage costs of liability insurers, state liability, an indemnity fund, a system change to Medical Treatment Risk Insurance, as well as a discussion on whether or not it makes sense to use non-clinical obstetrics for the prevention of a further increase in premiums, not one stands out as being especially convincing. On the contrary, a meaningful coordination of various concepts should follow. What seems sensible is a higher remuneration per birth, taking into account the liability premiums as well as, in the medium term, the establishment of a liability fund which, from a certain limit upwards, steps in as liable third party.

Increasing Liability Premiums in Obstetrics – Analysis, Effects and Options

PubMed Central

Soergel, P.; Schöffski, O.; Hillemanns, P.; Hille-Betz, U.; Kundu, S.

2015-01-01

Whenever people act, mistakes are made. In Germany, it is thought that a total of 40 000 cases of malpractice occur per year. In recent years, costs for liability insurance have risen significantly in almost all spheres of medicine as a whole. Liability in the health care sector is founded on the contractual relationship between doctor and patient. Most recently, case law developed over many years has been codified with the Patientsʼ Rights Act. In obstetrics, the focus of liability law is on brain damage caused by hypoxia or ischemia as a result of management errors during birth. The costs per claim are made up of various components together with different shares of damage costs (increased needs, in particular therapy costs and nursing fees, acquisition damage, treatment costs, compensation). In obstetrics in particular, recent focus has been on massively increased liability payments, also accompanied by higher liability premiums. This causes considerable financial burdens on hospitals as well as on midwives and attending physicians. The premiums are so high, especially for midwives and attending physicians, that professional practice becomes uneconomical in some cases. In recent years, these circumstances have also been intensely debated in the public sphere and in politics. However, the focus here is on the occupation of midwife. In 2014, in the GKV-FQWG (Statutory Health Insurance – Quality and Further Development Act), a subsidy towards the occupational liability premium was defined for midwives who only attended a few deliveries. However, to date, a complete solution to the problem has not been found. A birth will never be a fully controllable risk, but in rare cases will always end with injury to the child. The goal must be to minimise this risk, through good education and continuous training, as well as constant critical analysis of oneʼs own activities. Furthermore, it seems sensible, especially in non-clinical Obstetrics, to look at the current study data more closely. Among the many solutions which have been proposed, such as the development of quality management, risk management and prevention, better remuneration, a waiver on recourse claims by social insurance underwriters, a cap on damage costs of liability insurers, state liability, an indemnity fund, a system change to Medical Treatment Risk Insurance, as well as a discussion on whether or not it makes sense to use non-clinical obstetrics for the prevention of a further increase in premiums, not one stands out as being especially convincing. On the contrary, a meaningful coordination of various concepts should follow. What seems sensible is a higher remuneration per birth, taking into account the liability premiums as well as, in the medium term, the establishment of a liability fund which, from a certain limit upwards, steps in as liable third party. PMID:26028694

Direct to confusion: lessons learned from marketing BRCA testing.

PubMed

Matloff, Ellen; Caplan, Arthur

2008-06-01

Myriad Genetics holds a patent on testing for the hereditary breast and ovarian cancer genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, and therefore has a forced monopoly on this critical genetic test. Myriad launched a Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) marketing campaign in the Northeast United States in September 2007 and plans to expand that campaign to Florida and Texas in 2008. The ethics of Myriad's patent, forced monopoly and DTC campaign will be reviewed, as well as the impact of this situation on patient access and care, physician liability, and the future of DTC campaigns for genetic testing.

Plans, providers experimenting with outbound call programs for Medicare risk seniors.

PubMed

1997-10-01

Putting a new spin on health care call centers: They've been used for commercial and Medicaid populations, but now plans and providers are testing the call center concept among their Medicare seniors. And while it may hold great promise for controlling utilization, there are big start-up costs and serious liability concerns.

[Professional liability claims against dentists].

PubMed

Moscoso Matus, Karla; Smok Vásquez, Pía

2015-03-01

The frequency and features of malpractice lawsuits against dentists in Chile are not well known. To determine the magnitude and frequency of professional liability claims against dentists. A retrospective analysis of the Medical Liability Unit of the Legal Medical Service of Chile database. This public organization deals with most professional liability claims in Chile. Between 2007 and 2012, 3,990 expert opinions about liability of health care professionals were requested. Odontology was the fifth specialty most commonly sued and dentists, the second most frequently sued professionals. Sixty nine percent of cases originated in private clinics, which is coincident with a higher frequency of dentists working in private practice. Most petitioners were adult women and most claims originated from surgical interventions and infections. In 35% of claims against dentists, a violation of Lex Artis was confirmed, compared with 9% of all expert opinions that generated in the unit. Claims against dentists are more common than previously thought and these professionals should adopt preventive measures to avoid them.

Liability: the complicated task of licensing law enforcement technologies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hops, Larry W.; Overlin, Trudy K.

1997-01-01

This paper discusses a situation where a company (licensor) requires a liability policy as a condition of a license agreement, when licensing law enforcement technologies. The purpose of this discussion is to evaluate the reasons behind the need for extensive liability policies to protect licensors when marketing their law enforcement technologies to private industry. Finding a solution to the problem, therefore reducing the potential for high liability insurance costs, would be desirable. Since the risks associated with most technologies are virtually unknown, and because such technologies are used in very unpredictable legal environments, alternative ways of guaranteeing research and development enterprises that they will be covered against product liability are needed. Without such protection, licensors may require licensees to indemnify them beyond the usual guarantees provided in a licensing agreement, which may make the license too costly for smaller businesses. When the share of the market is limited to larger corporations, competition suffers and ultimately the cost to law enforcement agencies increases.

Fire Risk Assessment of Some Indian Coals Using Radial Basis Function (RBF) Technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nimaje, Devidas; Tripathy, Debi Prasad

2017-04-01

Fires, whether surface or underground, pose serious and environmental problems in the global coal mining industry. It is causing huge loss of coal due to burning and loss of lives, sterilization of coal reserves and environmental pollution. Most of the instances of coal mine fires happening worldwide are mainly due to the spontaneous combustion. Hence, attention must be paid to take appropriate measures to prevent occurrence and spread of fire. In this paper, to evaluate the different properties of coals for fire risk assessment, forty-nine in situ coal samples were collected from major coalfields of India. Intrinsic properties viz. proximate and ultimate analysis; and susceptibility indices like crossing point temperature, flammability temperature, Olpinski index and wet oxidation potential method of Indian coals were carried out to ascertain the liability of coal to spontaneous combustion. Statistical regression analysis showed that the parameters of ultimate analysis provide significant correlation with all investigated susceptibility indices as compared to the parameters of proximate analysis. Best correlated parameters (ultimate analysis) were used as inputs to the radial basis function network model. The model revealed that Olpinski index can be used as a reliable method to assess the liability of Indian coals to spontaneous combustion.

Challenges of Implementing a Communication-and-Resolution Program Where Multiple Organizations Must Cooperate.

PubMed

Mello, Michelle M; Armstrong, Sarah J; Greenberg, Yelena; McCotter, Patricia I; Gallagher, Thomas H

2016-12-01

To implement a communication-and-resolution program (CRP) in a setting in which liability insurers and health care facilities must collaborate to resolve incidents involving a facility and separately insured clinicians. Six hospitals and clinics and a liability insurer in Washington State. Sites designed and implemented CRPs and contributed information about cases and operational challenges over 20 months. Data were qualitatively analyzed. Data from interviews with personnel responsible for CRP implementation were triangulated with data on program cases collected by sites and notes recorded during meetings with sites and among project team members. Sites experienced small victories in resolving particular cases and streamlining some working relationships, but they were unable to successfully implement a collaborative CRP. Barriers included the insurer's distance from the point of care, passive rather than active support from top leaders, coordinating across departments and organizations, workload, nonparticipation by some physicians, and overcoming distrust. Operating CRPs where multiple organizations must collaborate can be highly challenging. Success likely requires several preconditions, including preexisting trust among organizations, active leadership engagement, physicians' commitment to participate, mechanisms for quickly transmitting information to insurers, tolerance for missteps, and clear protocols for joint investigations and resolutions. © Health Research and Educational Trust.

Industrial Base Actions in a Period of Rising Tensions.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-08-01

termination liability includin~g those available under Title 3 of - the Defense Production Act (DPA). e Encourage the use of experienced contractor or...start up new suppliers, offering long-term commitments and assuming liability for start-up costs would probably be most effective. Also, the general...and termination liability in the event - of cancellation) to lower-tier firms; *support the extension of DNS/DPS ratings by the Commerce Department to

26 CFR 1.752-7 - Partnership assumption of partner's § 1.752-7 liability on or after June 24, 2003.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... cash for a 50% interest in PRS. Assume that the partnership complies with the substantial economic... specially allocated to A, the § 1.752-7 liability partner, under section 704(c)(1)(A) and § 1.704-3. No book... satisfaction of the § 1.752-7 liability is allocated, for both book and tax purposes, according to the...

Banking System Reform in China: The Challenges of Moving Toward a Market-Oriented Economy

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

The gradual nature of China’s reform process has ensured 1 International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database , April 2006, World Trade...Liabilities (RMB billion) (RMB billion) (RMB billion) (RMB billion) Forex reserves –373 Forex assets +373 Capital +373 (=US$ 45 billion) (=US...CCB Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities (RMB billion) (RMB billion) (RMB billion) (RMB billion) Forex assets –373 Forex assets +373 Capital

Commercial host (dram shop) liability: current status and trends.

PubMed

Mosher, James F; Cohen, Elena N; Jernigan, David H

2013-09-01

Commercial host liability (CHL, also called dram shop liability) holds alcohol retailers liable for alcohol-attributable harm caused by serving alcohol, illegally, to a patron who is already intoxicated (adult liability) or underage (underage liability). The Community Preventive Services Task Force, based on a systematic research literature review, concluded that CHL is an effective strategy for reducing excessive alcohol consumption. The current article describes the key components of CHL, its grounding in American jurisprudence, its adoption in the 50 states, and changes since 1989, when a similar assessment of these policies was conducted. The current paper focuses on three legislatively enacted restrictions: (1) increased evidentiary requirements; (2) limitations on damage awards; and (3) limitations on who may be sued. Data were collected in 2011 and analyzed in 2012 and 2013. There has been substantial erosion of CHL during the past 2 decades. Fewer states recognized CHL in 2011 than in 1989, and more statutory restrictions were imposed during the study period among states that did recognize CHL; states are more likely to recognize underage than adult liability; and six states recognized a Responsible Beverage Services Practices affirmative defense in both 1989 and 2011. Implications of these findings for public health practitioners are discussed. Copyright © 2013 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. All rights reserved.

Safety and compliance-related hazards in the medical practice: Part one.

PubMed

Calway, R C

2001-01-01

Safety and risk management hazards are a fact of life for the medical practice, and the costs of these incidents can place the group at significant risk of liability. Good compliance and risk management programs help minimize these incidents, improve staff morale, increase a practice's visibility in the community, and positively affect the practice's financial and operational bottom line performance. Medical practices that implement effective safety and risk management programs can realize savings in staffing costs, operational efficiency, morale, insurance premiums, and improved third-party relationships while at the same time avoiding embarrassing risks, fines, and liability. This article outlines some of the most common safety and risk management-related deficiencies seen in medical practices today. The author explains how to remedy these deficiencies and provides a self-test tool to enable the reader to assess areas within his or her own practice in need of attention.

Maternity care and liability: least promising policy strategies for improvement.

PubMed

Sakala, Carol; Yang, Y Tony; Corry, Maureen P

2013-01-01

The present liability system is not serving well childbearing women and newborns, maternity care clinicians, or those who pay for maternity care. Examination of evidence about the impact of this system on maternity care led us to identify seven aims for a high-functioning liability system in this clinical context. Herein, we identify policy strategies that are unlikely to meet the proposed criteria and contribute to needed improvements. A companion paper considers more promising strategies. We considered whether 25 strategies that have been used or proposed for improvement have met or could meet the seven aims. We used a best available evidence approach and drew on more recent empirical legal studies and health services research about maternity care and liability, when available, and considered other studies when unavailable. Fifteen strategies seem to have little potential to improve liability matters in maternity care. Despite support for capping non-economic damages, a series of studies has found a modest impact at best on maternity care. Maternity-specific studies also do not lend support to tort reforms collectively and several other specific tort reforms. Some tort alternative and liability insurance reform strategies have narrow aims and are not policy priorities. Caps on non-economic damages and other tort reforms have narrow aims and have been marginally effective at best in the context of maternity care. Several other possible reforms similarly are not promising. Continued focus on these strategies is unlikely to result in the high-performing liability system that maternity care stakeholders need. Copyright © 2013 Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Th17/T regulator cell balance and NK cell numbers in relation to psychosis liability and social stress reactivity.

PubMed

Counotte, J; Drexhage, H A; Wijkhuijs, J M; Pot-Kolder, R; Bergink, V; Hoek, H W; Veling, W

2018-03-01

Psychotic disorders are characterized by a deranged immune system, including altered number and function of Natural Killer (NK) and T cells. Psychotic disorders arise from an interaction between genetic vulnerability and exposure to environmental risk factors. Exposure to social adversity during early life is particularly relevant to psychosis risk and is thought to increase reactivity to subsequent minor daily social stressors. Virtual reality allows controlled experimental exposure to virtual social stressors. To investigate the interplay between social adversity during early life, cell numbers of NK cells and T helper subsets and social stress reactivity in relation to psychosis liability. Circulating numbers of Th1, Th2, Th17, T regulator and NK cells were determined using flow cytometry in 80 participants with low psychosis liability (46 healthy controls and 34 siblings) and 53 participants with high psychosis liability (14 ultra-high risk (UHR) patients and 39 recent-onset psychosis patients), with and without the experience of childhood trauma. We examined if cell numbers predicted subjective stress when participants were exposed to social stressors (crowdedness, hostility and being part of an ethnic minority) in a virtual reality environment. There were no significant group differences in Th1, Th2, Th17, T regulator and NK cell numbers between groups with a high or low liability for psychosis. However, in the high psychosis liability group, childhood trauma was associated with increased Th17 cell numbers (p = 0.028). Moreover, in the high psychosis liability group increased T regulator and decreased NK cell numbers predicted stress experience during exposure to virtual social stressors (p = 0.015 and p = 0.009 for T regulator and NK cells, respectively). A deranged Th17/T regulator balance and a reduced NK cell number are associated intermediate biological factors in the relation childhood trauma, psychosis liability and social stress reactivity. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Medical-device risk management and public safety: using cost-benefit as a measurement of effectiveness

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hughes, Allen A.

1994-12-01

Public safety can be enhanced through the development of a comprehensive medical device risk management. This can be accomplished through case studies using a framework that incorporates cost-benefit analysis in the evaluation of risk management attributes. This paper presents a framework for evaluating the risk management system for regulatory Class III medical devices. The framework consists of the following sixteen attributes of a comprehensive medical device risk management system: fault/failure analysis, premarket testing/clinical trials, post-approval studies, manufacturer sponsored hospital studies, product labeling, establishment inspections, problem reporting program, mandatory hospital reporting, medical literature surveillance, device/patient registries, device performance monitoring, returned product analysis, autopsy program, emergency treatment funds/interim compensation, product liability, and alternative compensation mechanisms. Review of performance histories for several medical devices can reveal the value of information for many attributes, and also the inter-dependencies of the attributes in generating risk information flow. Such an information flow network is presented as a starting point for enhancing medical device risk management by focusing on attributes with high net benefit values and potential to spur information dissemination.

7 CFR 1216.85 - Personal liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AGREEMENTS AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PEANUT PROMOTION, RESEARCH, AND INFORMATION ORDER Peanut Promotion, Research, and Information Order Miscellaneous § 1216.85 Personal liability...

7 CFR 1216.85 - Personal liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AGREEMENTS AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PEANUT PROMOTION, RESEARCH, AND INFORMATION ORDER Peanut Promotion, Research, and Information Order Miscellaneous § 1216.85 Personal liability...

7 CFR 1280.229 - Personal liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AGREEMENTS AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LAMB PROMOTION, RESEARCH, AND INFORMATION ORDER Lamb Promotion, Research, and Information Order Miscellaneous § 1280.229 Personal liability...

Improvements Needed in the Oversight of the Medical-Support Services and Award-Fee Processes under the Camp As Sayliyah, Qatar, Base Operations Support Services Contract

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-26

in the Contract 5 Army Regulation Contradicts Federal Acquisition Regulation Requirement 6 Medical Malpractice Liability...to reflect the requirements in FAR subpart 37.4. Medical Malpractice Liability Transferred to the Government By allowing the ASG-QA command...surgeon to supervise the contractor physician assistants, contracting officials may have transferred the risk of liability for medical 7 malpractice

Medical Malpractice: No Agreement on the Problems or Solutions.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-02-01

sources of basic and excess liability coverage for hospitals and reinsurance for the primary insurers Page 23 GAO/HRI.8640 Medical Malpractice L .I Chapter...affiliated organizations believed major problems will result during the next 5 years from insufficient sources of (1) basic and excess liability...N=5) Major problems C F C F Physicians unable to find a source from which the desired X X levels of basic liability coverage can be purchased

The legal liability regime: how well is it doing in assuring quality, accounting for costs, and coping with an evolving reality in the health care marketplace?

PubMed

Blumstein, James F

2002-01-01

Professor Blumstein's timely article deals with two competing paradigms that provide the poles in the spectrum of legal liability regimes. The "professional" or "scientific" model of liability assumes a rigidly normative approach to medical practice while the second more recent paradigm reflects the principles of marketplace economics in considering cost and resource availability to determine quality of care standards. Professor Blumstein concludes that the traditional approach to determining legal liability is being eroded by both the economics of managed care and the recent emphasis on systemic management of health care to promote patient safety, and that the traditional regime will have to "bend" in order to remain legally viable.

Proceedings of Cabin Safety Conference and Workshop Held on December 11-14, 1984.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-08-01

Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Govern- - ment assumes no liability for its contents or use ...presently used FR urethane foam. Tests were also performed to study and compare the behavior of FR cushions with various blocking layers. The tests were... guinea pigs in front of such a large audience. (Pause: As cast returns to seats) Now, let’s get back to the real world. The FAA’s recent staff study

School administrators' perceptions of factors that influence children's active travel to school.

PubMed

Price, Anna E; Pluto, Delores M; Ogoussan, Olga; Banda, Jorge A

2011-12-01

Increasing children's active travel to school may be 1 strategy for addressing the growing prevalence of obesity among school age children. Using the School Travel Survey, we examined South Carolina school district leaders' perceptions of factors that influence elementary and middle school students walking to school. Frequency distributions and chi-square tests were used to analyze the survey responses; open-ended questions were reviewed qualitatively for recurring topics and themes. School and district leaders (N = 314) most often reported street crossing safety (54.0%) and number of sidewalks (54.0%) as priority factors that should be addressed to increase students' active travel to school, followed by distance to school (46.0%), traffic volume (42.4%), parental attitudes (27.0%), traffic speed (26.7%), neighborhood condition (24.4%), and student attitudes (10.0%). Several respondents expressed concerns about liability issues related to students' active travel to school while others reported that schools are not responsible for students' safety once students leave school grounds. Independent of their comments about liability, respondents were concerned about the safety of students while walking to school. Those promoting active travel to school may benefit from addressing those factors perceived as most important by school and district leaders, including street crossing safety, number of sidewalks, and by educating school and district leaders about liability and safety issues related to students walking to school. © 2011, American School Health Association.

17 CFR 3.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Commission; if a limited liability company or limited liability partnership, any director, the president... sole proprietorship, the proprietor; if a partnership, any general partner; if a corporation, any...

Tips and Tricks of Incorporating Industry Standards into a Library Collection

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Abbott, Jennifer; Sandberg, Tami

Professional literature on the incorporation of industry standards into a library collection is somewhat limited. The objective of this presentation is to discuss the intricate details of acquiring, managing, and delivering electronic industry standards to library patrons in a seamless manner. Lessons learned regarding vendor selection and license agreements will also be discussed. Results from a survey administer at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory will be used to analyze how collection policies can properly be developed to incorporate industry standards into a library setting. The key points of acquisition decisions, avoidance of liability issues, and cost will be addressed.

15 CFR 996.4 - Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... REQUIREMENTS FOR NOAA HYDROGRAPHIC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR NOAA HYDROGRAPHIC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES General § 996.4 Liability. The Government of the United States...

15 CFR 996.4 - Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... REQUIREMENTS FOR NOAA HYDROGRAPHIC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR NOAA HYDROGRAPHIC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES General § 996.4 Liability. The Government of the United States...

15 CFR 996.4 - Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... REQUIREMENTS FOR NOAA HYDROGRAPHIC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR NOAA HYDROGRAPHIC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES General § 996.4 Liability. The Government of the United States...

15 CFR 996.4 - Liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... REQUIREMENTS FOR NOAA HYDROGRAPHIC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR NOAA HYDROGRAPHIC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES General § 996.4 Liability. The Government of the United States...

7 CFR 1207.365 - Personal liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AGREEMENTS AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE POTATO RESEARCH AND PROMOTION PLAN Potato Research and Promotion Plan Miscellaneous § 1207.365 Personal liability. No member of the...

Liability in the Laboratory.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Purvis, Johnny; And Others

1986-01-01

Presents two scenarios to illustrate the difference between liability and negligence. Also presents highlights of four actual cases related to laboratory security, appropriate facilities, proper instructions, and protective gear. (JN)

7 CFR 3565.151 - Eligible borrowers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... local public agencies or an instrumentality thereof, partnerships, limited liability companies, trusts.... citizens or permanent legal residents; a U.S. owned corporation, or a limited liability company, or...

7 CFR 1207.365 - Personal liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... AGREEMENTS AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE POTATO RESEARCH AND PROMOTION PLAN Potato Research and Promotion Plan Miscellaneous § 1207.365 Personal liability. No member of the...

7 CFR 1207.365 - Personal liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... AGREEMENTS AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE POTATO RESEARCH AND PROMOTION PLAN Potato Research and Promotion Plan Miscellaneous § 1207.365 Personal liability. No member of the...

7 CFR 1207.365 - Personal liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... AGREEMENTS AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE POTATO RESEARCH AND PROMOTION PLAN Potato Research and Promotion Plan Miscellaneous § 1207.365 Personal liability. No member of the...

7 CFR 1207.365 - Personal liability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... AGREEMENTS AND ORDERS; MISCELLANEOUS COMMODITIES), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE POTATO RESEARCH AND PROMOTION PLAN Potato Research and Promotion Plan Miscellaneous § 1207.365 Personal liability. No member of the...

How to Fund Cancellation Ceilings on Multiyear Defense Contracts: A Risk Pooling Alternative

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-01-01

R t- Government faces a termination liability after the first year of the contract for EOQ material. This causes a need for higher authorizations...le items to the Defense inventory. EOQ liability on multiyear programs is currently fully funded to guarantee delivery of all prior- year systems...ýach program years’ buy of systems and the entire EOQ liability each year. -- Best satisfies Congress’ desire for protection against long-term

High psychosis liability is associated with altered autonomic balance during exposure to Virtual Reality social stressors.

PubMed

Counotte, Jacqueline; Pot-Kolder, Roos; van Roon, Arie M; Hoskam, Olivier; van der Gaag, Mark; Veling, Wim

2017-06-01

Social stressors are associated with an increased risk of psychosis. Stress sensitisation is thought to be an underlying mechanism and may be reflected in an altered autonomic stress response. Using an experimental Virtual Reality design, the autonomic stress response to social stressors was examined in participants with different liability to psychosis. Fifty-five patients with recent onset psychotic disorder, 20 patients at ultra-high risk for psychosis, 42 siblings of patients with psychosis and 53 controls were exposed to social stressors (crowdedness, ethnic minority status and hostility) in a Virtual Reality environment. Heart rate variability parameters and skin conductance levels were measured at baseline and during Virtual Reality experiments. High psychosis liability groups had significantly increased heart rate and decreased heart rate variability compared to low liability groups both at baseline and during Virtual Reality experiments. Both low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) power were reduced, while the LF/HF ratio was similar between groups. The number of virtual social stressors significantly affected heart rate, HF, LF/HF and skin conductance level. There was no interaction between psychosis liability and amount of virtual social stress. High liability to psychosis is associated with decreased parasympathetic activity in virtual social environments, which reflects generally high levels of arousal, rather than increased autonomic reactivity to social stressors. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Overview of the Government of Canada Nuclear Legacy Liabilities Program - 13551

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Metcalfe, D.; McCauley, D.; Miller, J.

Nuclear legacy liabilities have resulted from more than 60 years of nuclear research and development carried out on behalf of Canada. The liabilities are located at Atomic Energy of Canada Limited's (AECL) Chalk River Laboratories in Ontario and Whiteshell Laboratories in Manitoba, as well as three shutdown prototype reactors in Ontario and Quebec that are being maintained in a safe storage state. Estimated at about $7.4 billion (current day dollars), these liabilities consist of disused nuclear facilities and associated infrastructure, a wide variety of buried and stored waste, and contaminated lands. In 2006, the Government of Canada adopted a long-termmore » strategy to deal with the nuclear legacy liabilities and initiated a five-year, $520 million start-up phase, thereby creating the Nuclear Legacy Liabilities Program (NLLP). The Government of Canada renewed the NLLP in 2011 with a $439-million three-year second phase that ends March 31, 2014. The projects and activities carried out under the Program focus on infrastructure decommissioning, environmental restoration, improving the management of legacy radioactive waste, and advancing the long-term strategy. The NLLP is being implemented through a Memorandum of Understanding between Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) and AECL whereby NRCan is responsible for policy direction and oversight, including control of funding, and AECL is responsible for implementing the program of work and holding and administering all licences, facilities and lands. (authors)« less

Final Environmental Assessment: Demolition of Barracks (Building T-2) at Ipswich Antenna Test Facility

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

EIAP), managed the preparation and was the primary author of this environmental assessment. QAULITY ASSURANCE LEADER Cravedi, Gregory. 66 ABG/CE...BMP Best Management Practice CEQ Council on Environmental Quality CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act...Assessment EMCS Energy Management Control System ESC Electronic Systems Center FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FIRM Federal