Nuclear Weapons and Communication Studies: A Review Essay.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Taylor, Bryan C.

1998-01-01

Reviews the body of work inspired by the late Cold War period, where nuclear weapons briefly became a compelling object for communication scholars. Considers the prospects for nuclear communication scholarship in post-Cold War culture. Discusses "nuclear criticism" and issues regarding the bomb in communication. (SC)

Greed and Grievance and Drug Cartels: Mexico’s Commercial Insurgency

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-05-25

impunity as signs the problem has grown beyond mere organized crime. 23 As Sullivan and Elkus summarize, The fragmented and post ideological quality...are likely to dominate the post -Cold War world. Spiritual insurgency is the descent of the Cold War-era revolutionary insurgency. It will be driven by...the legitimacy of the organization as, “the de facto authority… [guaranteeing] living conditions for its inhabitants.”61 In areas where the

Essays on Strategy VII

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-01-01

framework for a post -Cold War strategy, but rather to give examples of the elements such a strategy might con- tain, as well as some suggestions of...aspects of our national strategy. We are, for example , rcvising our conception of the Warsaw Pact nations as a single entity and our perception of...imaginatively with the issues of the post -Cold War period. One of them addresses general US strategy for the 1990s. Three focus on high-level strategic

US conventional arms transfer policy. Strategy research project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Langhorst, R.H.

1996-04-15

Millions of people around the world have been killed by conventional arms since the end of World War II. If increasing access to conventional arms is partly responsible for political and military aggression in post-Cold War Europe, what should be the United States` response. This study explores the new US Conventional Arms Transfer Policy of February 1995 in terms of ends1 ways and means and its linkages to US National Security and National Military Strategies. Analysis focuses mainly on post- Cold War Europe, providing examples of multilateral arms control successes and recommendations for US policy implementation.

The Impact on Strategic Stability of Ballistic Missile Defense in Eastern Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-12

how did we get to this point? And what does it mean for strategic stability? Is there even still such a thing in a post-Cold War and post-Anti...Despite these radical changes to global security since the end of the Cold War, very few examinations of exactly what strategic stability means ...examining the historical definition of the phrase and researching the various perturbations that have resulted from changing national nuclear capabilities

The Post-Cold War Force-Sizing Debate: Paradigms, Metaphors, and Disconnects

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

Lynn D . Pullen, John Y. Schrader, and Michael D . Swaine, A New Strategy and Fewer Forces: The Pacifu: Dimension. RAND, R -4089/2- USDP, 1992. 80...and Forces, Vol. II. RAND, N-3098/2-DAG, October 1990. Wohlstetter, Roberta, Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision. Stan- ford: Stanford University Press, 1962. RAN D / R -4243-JS ...The Post-Cold War Force-Sizing Debate Paradigms, Metaphors, and Disconnects James A. Winnefeld RAN D I NATIONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

"A Hedge against the Future": The Post-Cold War Rhetoric of Nuclear Weapons Modernization

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Taylor, Bryan C.

2010-01-01

Rhetoric has traditionally played an important role in constituting the nuclear future, yet that role has changed significantly since the declared end of the Cold War. Viewed from the perspectives of nuclear criticism and postmodern theories of risk and security, current rhetoric of US nuclear modernization demonstrates how contingencies of voice…

Teaching Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era. ERIC Digest.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Graseck, Susan

This ERIC Digest discusses issues relating to teaching about U.S. foreign policy in the changing international environment following the end of the Cold War era and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The document treats: (1) the need and rationale for teaching and learning about current foreign policy issues; (2) main themes in foreign policy…

Secrecy and Physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Galison, Peter

2010-02-01

Secrecy in matters of national defense goes back far past antiquity. But our modern form of national secrecy owes a huge amount to a the large scale, systematic, and technical system of scientific secrecy that began in the Radar and Manhattan Projects of World War II and came to its current form in the Cold War. Here I would like to capture some of this trajectory and to present some of the paradoxes and deep conundrums that our secrecy system offers us in the Post-Cold War world. )

Russian perspectives: The past shapes the present

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Houck, R.P.

1994-11-01

This document contains an outline of a speech given to a group of professionals at Pacific Northwest Laboratory which was intended to give an unbiased view of Soviet perceptions. Topics discussed include: The new mission of US and Soviet labs and institutions to develop products and dedicate research to post cold war threat, historical prospectives of Russia, Russian military roles and missions, ideology of Russian politics, evils of capitalism, Russian civil war, communism, world war II, Russian losses during the war, the cold war, reasons why America should care what happens in Russia, the internal threat against a market-based economy,more » the US should help, and the Russian people and their attitudes.« less

The New Geopolitics of Educational Aid: From Cold Wars to Holy Wars?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Novelli, Mario

2010-01-01

The paper explores shifts in the nature, volume, trajectory and content of aid to education in the wake of post-9/11 Western preoccupations with the rise of Islamic radicalism. The paper develops a framework for understanding the dynamics of how educational aid appears to be becoming increasingly politicized in strategic conflict and post-conflict…

Spanish-American War to Vietnam: Booklet 4. Critical Thinking in American History. Teacher's Guide, Source Envelope, [and Student Manual].

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Reilly, Kevin

These curriculum materials in U.S. history are part of a series designed to teach critical thinking skills systematically. The teacher's guide presents a series of supplementary ready-to-use lesson plans for teaching high school students about the Spanish-American War, the Depression era, the cold war, and post-World War II issues. The…

The biomedicalisation of war and military remains: US nuclear worker compensation in the 'post-Cold War'.

PubMed

Krupar, Shiloh

2013-01-01

This paper analyses the recent legislation and administration of United States nuclear worker compensation--the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Programme Act (EEOICPA)--in order to show the domestic impacts of war and the social order that has been established to respond to the Cold War legacy of occupational exposures, illness, and death. Examining the epistemological politics and material effects of compensation, an insufficiently analysed aspect of the Cold War, I argue that the system designed to redress the occupational exposures of nuclear workers accomplishes something else: obscuring the ethical problem of misinformation and missing data from the Cold War era; mobilising an industry of knowledge and market-economic opportunities in the arena of biomedical exposure assessment and dose reconstruction for parts of the former US nuclear complex; and, lastly, dematerialising and depoliticising geographies of the Cold War and its differential impacts through an individualistic epidemiological reprocessing of radiation exposures. The paper shows how the general claims procedure, combined with two methods mandated by EEOICPA--dose reconstruction and the probability of causation--effectively de-link workers from each other, and worksites from homes, pin compensation to a cost-benefit logic, implicate genuine scientific complexity and uncertainty in an ongoing denial of the toxic legacies of war, and ethically undermine the social justice aims of the legislation. The article ends by considering some of the ways that US nuclear workers have responded to living as the remains of both US bomb production and the compensation system.

A Review of Supplementary Medical Aspects of Post-Cold War UN Peacekeeping Operations: Trends, Lessons Learned, Courses of Action, and Recommendations.

PubMed

Johnson, Ralph J

2015-01-01

Post-Cold War United Nations Peace Keeping Operations (UN PKOs) have been increasingly involved in dangerous areas with ill-defined boundaries, harsh and remote geographies, simmering internecine armed conflict, and disregard on the part of some local parties for peacekeepers' security and role. In the interest of force protection and optimizing operations, a key component of UN PKOs is healthcare and medical treatment. The expectation is that UN PKO medical support will adjust to the general intent and structure of UN PKOs. To do so requires effective policies and planning informed by a review of all medical aspects of UN PKO operations, including those considered supplementary, that is, less crucial but contributing nonetheless. Medical aspects considered paramount and key to UN PKOs have received relatively thorough treatment elsewhere. The intent of this article is to report on ancillary and supplemental medical aspects practical to post-Cold War UN PKO operations assembled through an iterative inquiry of open-source articles. Recommendations are made about possible courses of action in terms of addressing trends found in such medical aspects of PKOs and relevance of US/NATO/European Union models and research.

Thinking about Our Future: War, Society, and the Environment. A Series of Lesson Plans.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harik, Ramsay M.

This packet of 11 lesson plans is designed to help high school social studies classes examine socio-political issues facing the post-Cold War world. Though its multi-disciplinary approach touches upon a number of current topics, the packet's particular focus is on the wide-ranging impact of war and militarism on the planet's growing ecological…

Cold War America, 1946 to 1990. Almanacs of American Life.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gregory, Ross

This book offers an in-depth look at U.S. culture during a 45-year period when the threat of nuclear war loomed over millions worldwide, and post-World War II ideological tensions took form as an ever-deepening chasm separating two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. The book finds that the national and global societies that…

The lab and the land: overcoming the Arctic in Cold War Alaska.

PubMed

Farish, Matthew

2013-03-01

The militarization of Alaska during and after World War II created an extraordinary set of new facilities. But it also reshaped the imaginative role of Alaska as a hostile environment, where an antagonistic form of nature could be defeated with the appropriate combination of technology and training. One of the crucial sites for this reformulation was the Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory, based at Ladd Air Force Base in Fairbanks. In the first two decades of the Cold War, its employees conducted numerous experiments on acclimatization and survival. The laboratory is now best known for an infamous set of tests involving the application of radioactive tracers to indigenous Alaskans--experiments publicized by post-Cold War panels established to evaluate the tragic history of atomic-era human subject research. But little else has been written about the laboratory's relationship with the populations and landscapes that it targeted for study. This essay presents the laboratory as critical to Alaska's history and the history of the Cold War sciences. A consideration of the laboratory's various projects also reveals a consistent fascination with race. Alaskan Natives were enrolled in experiments because their bodies were understood to hold clues to the mysteries of northern nature. A scientific solution would aid American military campaigns not only in Alaska, but in cold climates everywhere.

Iran and Iraq - the proliferation challenge. Strategic research report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jordan, F.R.

1996-04-15

Worldwide proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles has been on the rise since the end of the Cold War. This escalation has brought a new set of challenges to post-Cold War strategists and policymakers. This study focus on the impact of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East. It assesses the possibility of Iran`s and Iraq`s ability to develop a nuclear capability within the next twenty to thirty years. United States` strategy and policy to counter this potential is also considered.

Creativity, Freedom and the Crash: How the Concept of Creativity Was Used as a Bulwark against Communism during the Cold War, and as a Means to Reconcile Individuals to Neoliberalism Prior to the Great Recession

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ward, Sophie

2013-01-01

At first glance, creativity in the classroom and global capitalism have little in common, yet scratch beneath the surface of "creativity" and we find a discourse of economic and cultural freedom that was used as a bulwark against communism during the Cold War, and more recently to reconcile individuals to neoliberalism in the post-Cold…

Exploring Greenland: science and technology in Cold War settings.

PubMed

Heymann, Matthias; Knudsen, Henrik; Lolck, Maiken L; Nielsen, Henry; Nielsen, Kristian H; Ries, Christopher J

2010-01-01

This paper explores a vacant spot in the Cold War history of science: the development of research activities in the physical environmental sciences and in nuclear science and technology in Greenland. In the post-war period, scientific exploration of the polar areas became a strategically important element in American and Soviet defence policy. Particularly geophysical fields like meteorology, geology, seismology, oceanography, and others profited greatly from military interest. While Denmark maintained formal sovereignty over Greenland, research activities were strongly dominated by U.S. military interests. This paper sets out to summarize the limited current state of knowledge about activities in the environmental physical sciences in Greenland and their entanglement with military, geopolitical, and colonial interests of both the USA and Denmark. We describe geophysical research in the Cold War in Greenland as a multidimensional colonial endeavour. In a period of decolonization after World War II, Greenland, being a Danish colony, became additionally colonized by the American military. Concurrently, in a period of emerging scientific internationalism, the U.S. military "colonized" geophysical research in the Arctic, which increasingly became subject to military directions, culture, and rules.

28. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

28. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is located at Fort Hood) building section & wall sections, plan number PE 1264.1 - Fort Hood, World War II Temporary Buildings, Cold Storage Building, Seventeenth Street, Killeen, Bell County, TX

31. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

31. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is located at Fort Hood) concrete dock details, plan number PE 1265.1 - Fort Hood, World War II Temporary Buildings, Cold Storage Building, Seventeenth Street, Killeen, Bell County, TX

34. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

34. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is located at Fort Hood) electrical riser plan, plan number PE 1268.2 - Fort Hood, World War II Temporary Buildings, Cold Storage Building, Seventeenth Street, Killeen, Bell County, TX

29. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

29. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is located at Fort Hood) building section & details, plan number PE 1264.2 - Fort Hood, World War II Temporary Buildings, Cold Storage Building, Seventeenth Street, Killeen, Bell County, TX

Memorandum of a Conference with President Eisenhower after Sputnik. The Constitution Community: Postwar United States (1945 to Early 1970s).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Traill, David

After World War II ended in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR) emerged as the two dominant countries in the post-war world. An arms race began, and this constant pursuit for respect and supremacy was called the Cold War. On October 4, 1957, the USSR launched the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile, with the first…

Swedish Defence Acquisition Transformation: A Research Agenda

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-13

presentation • A small country perspective • The swinging pendulum : “From preparedness to deployment to preparedness?” – or “from national defence to PSOs to...history of war The swinging (political) pendulum • A. 200 years of peace – Standing in preparedness • B. Post Cold War – Deployed on PSOs • C

Superpower nuclear minimalism in the post-Cold War era

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Graben, E.K.

1992-07-01

With the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union, the strategic environment has fundamentally changed, so it would seem logical to reexamine strategy as well. There are two main schools of nuclear strategic thought: a maximalist school, which emphasizes counterforce superiority and nuclear war-fighting capability, and a MAD-plus school, which emphasizes survivability of an assured destruction capability along with the ability to deliver small, limited nuclear attacks in the event that conflict occurs. The MAD-plus strategy is the more logical of the two strategies, because the maximalist strategy is based on an attempt to conventionalizemore » nuclear weapons which is unrealistic.« less

Superpower nuclear minimalism in the post-Cold War era?. Revised

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Graben, E.K.

1992-07-01

With the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union, the strategic environment has fundamentally changed, so it would seem logical to reexamine strategy as well. There are two main schools of nuclear strategic thought: a maximalist school, which emphasizes counterforce superiority and nuclear war-fighting capability, and a MAD-plus school, which emphasizes survivability of an assured destruction capability along with the ability to deliver small, limited nuclear attacks in the event that conflict occurs. The MAD-plus strategy is the more logical of the two strategies, because the maximalist strategy is based on an attempt to conventionalizemore » nuclear weapons which is unrealistic.« less

Reexamining Fourth Generation War as a Paradigm for Future War

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-04

Kuhn’s theory, a paradigm shift in science has far-reaching effects on the broader world . 4GW theorists embrace this aspect of Kuhn’s “paradigm...with the perplexing and hostile challenges of the chaotic post-Cold War world for which the ‘rules’ have not yet been written. The three-block war...events within its framework. In short, it was ready-made for military officers seeking a unifying frame for understanding the world and their experiences

The Politics of Identity: History, Nationalism, and the Prospect for Peace in Post-Cold War East Asia

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-01

Gerow, “Fantasies of War and Nation in Recent Japanese Cinema ,” Japan Focus, accessed at www.japanfocus.org/ products/details/1707J, p. 5. In his...about their country’s remarkable economic resurgence after the Korean War. President Bush was referring to the recent anti- Japanese protests in...interests, the emotional debates surrounding 3 the history of World War II and Japanese colonialism are treated as mere shibboleths of competing elites

The Greening of Global Security: The U.S. Military and International Environmental Security

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-12-16

the Cold War . Issues virtually ignored only five years ago now exhibit a new luster, a new importance, a new resonance among countries of the world ...America 283 298 363 0.8 Europe 511 515 516 0.2 Oceania 28 31 39 1.2 World 5420 6292 8545 1.7 Environmental problems are now causing sizable cutbacks in...direct participation and intercession can become blurred. With NATO’s new focus in today’s Post Cold War world --i.e., low intensity peacekeeping

77 FR 43117 - Meeting of the Cold War Advisory Committee for the Cold War Theme Study

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-23

... the Cold War Advisory Committee for the Cold War Theme Study AGENCY: National Park Service, Interior... Committee Act, 5 U.S.C. Appendix, that the Cold War Advisory Committee for the Cold War Theme Study will... National Park Service (NPS) concerning the Cold War Theme Study. DATES: The teleconference meeting will be...

33. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

33. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is located at Fort Hood) electric plan & light fixture schedule, plan number PE 1268.1 - Fort Hood, World War II Temporary Buildings, Cold Storage Building, Seventeenth Street, Killeen, Bell County, TX

32. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

32. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is located at Fort Hood) compressor, evaporative condenser & unit cooler schedules, plan number PE 1268 - Fort Hood, World War II Temporary Buildings, Cold Storage Building, Seventeenth Street, Killeen, Bell County, TX

United States Foreign Policy in the Middle East After the Cold War

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-06-06

region. Jerry L . Mraz summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of dual containment in his research paper in 1997.81 The advantages are that it...College Lecture, December 21, 1948, Kennan Papers, Box 17, quoted in Gaddis, John L . (1982) Strategies of containment. A critical Appraisal of Post war...Publishers, 1999), xi; quoted in Sami G. Hajjar, U.S. Military Presence in the Gulf: Challenges and Prospects (Carlisle: U.S. Army War College

The Application of USAID and the Department of Defense in a Comprehensive Government Approach

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-23

President Kennedy in 1961, the origins of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) were planted shortly after World War II ended in 1945...Building on the success of the Marshall Plan, which helped rebuild Europe’s economy and infrastructure after World War II, President Truman proposed...military relations because of legal concerns. However, because the post-Cold War world had brought the development community and the military into

Lobotomies and Botulism Bombs: Beckett's Trilogy and the Cold War.

PubMed

Piette, Adam

2016-06-01

The article argues that Beckett's Trilogy stages the effects of a lobotomy operation on a potentially politically subversive writer, and that the consequences of the operation can be traced in both the retreat of the narrator(s) of the Trilogy into the mind and into comatose mental states and in the detail of the operation itself, based on the 'icepick' lobotomies performed by neurologist Walter Freeman in the late 1940s and early 1950s. To write about extreme psychiatric situations in the post-war period is necessarily to invoke the political uses of psychosurgery with which this article engages. The article goes on to consider the figure of the brain-damaged mind as a Cold War trope in the references to botulism and the motif of the penetrated skull in The Unnamable.

Military westernization and state repression in the post-Cold War era.

PubMed

Swed, Ori; Weinreb, Alexander

2015-09-01

The waves of unrest that have shaken the Arab world since December 2010 have highlighted significant differences in the readiness of the military to intervene in political unrest by forcefully suppressing dissent. We suggest that in the post-Cold War period, this readiness is inversely associated with the level of military westernization, which is a product of the acquisition of arms from western countries. We identify two mechanisms linking the acquisition of arms from western countries to less repressive responses: dependence and conditionality; and a longer-term diffusion of ideologies regarding the proper form of civil-military relations. Empirical support for our hypothesis is found in an analysis of 2523 cases of government response to political unrest in 138 countries in the 1996-2005 period. We find that military westernization mitigates state repression in general, with more pronounced effects in the poorest countries. However, we also identify substantial differences between the pre- and post-9/11 periods. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Privatized Military Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-01-01

environment such as that in Abu Grahib prison , where military personnel tasked with similar duties to that of contractors have been held legally accountable... Grahib Prison . The Washington Post. Office of Management and Budget Circular A-76. (August 4, 1988. Revised 1999). Performance of Commercial...downsizes the military after the Global War on Terror as it did after the Cold War. Private contractors depend largely upon former service members to

U.S. National Security Strategy - The Magnitude of Second and Third-Order Effects on Smaller Nations: The Cases of Lebanon During the Cold War and Pakistan During the Global War on Terrorism

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-03-19

informal management style used during the war years was not suited to the longer-term security issues of the post-war era. As US grand strategy became...Eisenhower Doctrine in 1957. THE CASE OF LEBANON Each of the above mentioned security policies were products of American diplomacy aimed at managing the...consisting of its East and West entities, found itself a principle player in the American-led security alliance structure designed to check Soviet

Theoretical Approaches to Dealing with Somalia

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-17

because of a lack of assistance from the international community. 67 To use Thomas Friedman’s term, in The World Is Flat, Kaplan champions glocalization ...and board games. Wal-Mart makes the global local: glocalization . 69 Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace : Principles for a Post-Cold War World...30-31. Russett presents, as fact, democracies do not war against each other. 26 Seth Kaplan calls his version of glocalization an enmeshing

Joining Forces: Preparing to Fight Coalition Air War

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

as a communications officer, he graduated from pilot training and was assigned to Dyess AFB, Texas, as a B-1 pilot. Following an operational...the reality of the deficiencies themselves. The deficiencies may require a reduction in global commitments, which might increase security risks...the Air Power Challenges of the Post -Cold War Era (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 2011), 28. 13 Benjamin S. Lambeth, The Transformation of

Other Than War: The American Military Experience and Operations in the Post-Cold War Decade

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

drugs" did not seem to legitimize the en - terprise within the military services that viewed counter-drug operations as outside the normal scope of their... immigration generated considerable work for United States Southern Command was head- quartered first in Panama and by the end of the decade in...1994-1995 immigrant interdiction (Cubans) Sustain Liberty 1994-1997 defense/security During the decade, other Caribbean countries, particularly Cuba

U.S. Immigration Policy and Globalization.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Martin, Philip; Martin, Susan

2001-01-01

Focuses on U.S. immigration, exploring global issues that affect immigration, such as: economic trends, post-cold war events, and transnationalism. Addresses legal immigration, including permanent and temporary status, refugees and asylees, unauthorized migration, integrating immigrants, and administration of immigration programs. (CMK)

Vítězslav Orel (1926-2015): Gregor Mendel's biographer and the rehabilitation of genetics in the Communist Bloc.

PubMed

Paleček, Pavel

2016-09-01

At almost 90 years of age, we have lost the author of the founding historical works on Johann Gregor Mendel. Vítězslav Orel served for almost 30 years as the editor of the journal Folia Mendeliana. His work was beset by the wider problems associated with Mendel's recognition in the Communist Bloc, and by the way in which narratives of the history of science could be co-opted into the service of Cold War and post-Cold War political agendas. Orel played a key role in the organization of the Mendel symposium of 1965 in Brno, and has made a strong contribution to the rehabilitation of genetics generally, and to championing the work of Johann Gregor Mendel in particular. With Jaroslav Kříženecký, he cofounded the Mendelianum in Brno, which for decades has served as an intellectual bridge between the East and West. Orel's involvement with this institution exposed him to dangers both during and after the Cold War.

Coercive Air Strategy in Post-Cold War Peace Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-06-01

Fariborz L. Mokhtari , ed., Peacemaking, Peacekeeping and Coalition Warfare: The Future Role of the United Nations (Washington, D.C: National Defense...Technical Information Center, 1993. Mokhtari , Fariborz L. ed. “Peacemaking, Peacekeeping and Coalition Warfare: The Future Role of the United Nations

Visualizing a monumental past: Archeology, Nasser's Egypt, and the early Cold War.

PubMed

Carruthers, William

2017-09-01

This article examines geographies of decolonization and the Cold War through a case study in the making of archeological knowledge. The article focuses on an archeological dig that took place in Egypt in the period between the July 1952 Free Officers' coup and the 1956 Suez crisis. Making use of the notion of the 'boundary object', this article demonstrates how the excavation of ancient Egyptian remains at the site of Mit Rahina helped to constitute Nasserist revolutionary modernity and its relationship to wider, post-Second World War political geographies. The dig took place as a result of an Egyptian-American collaboration designed to institute the possibility of archeology taking place along the lines of the Point Four modernization program promoted by the United States. The article discusses how this situation not only engendered contention surrounding the role of the international 'experts' appointed to run this excavation work, but also - and as a result - helped to constitute the monumental visual and material shape that archeological evidence relating to the Egyptian past could now take. Egypt's revolution sat within wider Cold War political struggles, yet the 'ground-up' realities of this relationship helped to constitute the sort of past (and future) monumentality proposed by Nasser's government.

An Analysis of C4I Effectiveness Using the RESA Wargame

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-06-01

the Target from Both comunities based on Warfare Specialty. SOURCE DF SS MS F p War Spec 1 1.0 1.0 0.02 0.898 ERROR 22 1372.6 62.4 TOTAL 23 1373.6...requirements. During the post Cold War era, a declining defense budget has forced complicated decisions concerning which systems the military will be...F-14 NFO 24. LT Donald Zwick, USN, EA-6B NFO 69 Appendix B: Basic Experimental Results Coil Col2 Col3 CoW4 Col5 Col6 Co17 War SpeC Level Stk Pack Sup

The Industrial Age Versus The Information Age: Rethinking National Security in the 21st Century

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-02-01

new Gobalization /Post-Cold War Environment. The distinctions also help in conceiving new factors of merit that might provide more relevant insight...distinction relates to the national security and military sphere would be the ability of a military to win battles. Within Western culture , at least, the... cultures , the cultural willingness to accept large numbers of casualties over a long period can have the same war-winning effect as winning battles

Recasting NATO’s Strategic Concept. Possible Directions for the United States

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

the end of the Cold War, these missions have proven more and more challenging for the alliance as their distance from Brus - sels increases. Meanwhile...www.basicint.org/europe/NATO/afghanistan.pdf Sherwood-Randall, Elizabeth , Alliances and American National Security, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War...Huffington Post, April 1, 2008. As of July 14, 2009: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ elizabeth -sherwoodrandall/is-nato-dead-or alive_b_94469.html Sky, Emma

Army Doctrine and Irregular Warfare

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-06-05

Battle in Desert Storm, while adapting itself to the realities of the post Cold War era. The new doctrine seeks to include the entire spectrum of war in a...sending Sherman across the heart of the South’s rear to shock its population and destroy its will and ability to resist. Liddel Hart and his well known...doctrine stressed maneuver predominantly in the sense of moving to deliver firepower or to increase combat power. ŝ More detailed information on the

U.S. Decision Making and Post-Cold War NATO Enlargement

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

believed that President Yeltsin was truly committed to democratic reform in Russia and attributed Yeltsin’s public conflagrations to Russian...recommending any concrete steps toward enlargement.46 The position of America’s Allies began to change once the United States demonstrated its firm

The Cold War in the Soviet School: A Case Study of Mathematics Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Karp, Alexander

2007-01-01

This article is devoted to certain aspects of the cold war reflected in the teaching of mathematics in the Soviet Union. The author deals specifically with direct manifestations of the cold war, not with the teaching of mathematics during the cold war in general. His aim is not to present a comprehensive examination of school programs in…

Social science in the Cold War.

PubMed

Engerman, David C

2010-06-01

This essay examines ways in which American social science in the late twentieth century was--and was not--a creature of the Cold War. It identifies important work by historians that calls into question the assumption that all social science during the Cold War amounts to "Cold War social science." These historians attribute significant agency to social scientists, showing how they were enmeshed in both long-running disciplinary discussions and new institutional environments. Key trends in this scholarship include a broadening historical perspective to see social scientists in the Cold War as responding to the ideas of their scholarly predecessors; identifying the institutional legacies of World War II; and examining in close detail the products of extramural--especially governmental--funding. The result is a view of social science in the Cold War in which national security concerns are relevant, but with varied and often unexpected impacts on intellectual life.

American Naval Thinking in the Post-Cold War Era: The U.S. Navy and the Emergence of a Maritime Strategy, 1989-2007

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

and adopts a laissez - faire approach to advancing free-market and democratic ideals, which globalization seems to facilitate by itself. According to...uniquely preeminent role in protecting the system and sustaining the United States’ leadership position within it. By helping to prevent large-scale war...the means thereby marginalizing the Navy’s ability to influence U.S. strategy. In short, the style of U.S. defense leadership was industrial-managerial

Stability Operations: From the Post-Vietnam War Era to Today

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

Peacekeeping Doctrine, and Practice after the Cold War (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004), 88. 14 John D. Waghelstein, “What’s Wrong in Iraq? Or Ruminations of a...stability operations. “I don’t think our troops ought to be used for what’s called nation-building,” Bush contended during the 2000 presidential...Waghelstein John D. “What’s Wrong in Iraq? Or Ruminations of a Pachyderm.” Military Review 86, no. 1 (January-February 2006). Warner, Volney J., and James H

The Delivery of an Effective Collective Security Mechanism in West Africa: It Is Long Overdue

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-13

latter typical of conflicts of the context of bipolar dispute of post- World War II between the USA and the USSR, popularly known as the Cold War...the world powers, it generated an 3 unprecedented response to national and regional security cooperation and the requirement for a strong...stable world order can only be maintained with the benefit of a collective security system, with the military as an integral part to that cause

Determinants and Politics of German Military Transformation in the Post-Cold War Era

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

Jahrhundert, eds. Joachim Krause and Jan C. Irlenkaeuser (Opladen: Verlag Barbara Budrich, 2006), 97. 2 military changed after the end of the Cold...Anforderungen an deutsche Streitkräfte im 21. Jahrhundert, eds. Joachim Krause and Jan C. Irlenkaeuser (Opladen: Verlag Barbara Budrich, 2006), 182. 12...2007), 763–778; Svenja Sinjen and Johannes Varwick, 101-106; Wolfgang Wagner, ―Die Außen-, Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik der Europäischen

Politics of Military Interventions: Coalition Building in the Post Cold War Era

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-10

between antagonists, cause regime changes, or to assist in disarmament and reintegration of guerrilla style soldiers after political solutions have...sanctioned regime changes, or to assist in disarmament and reintegration of guerrilla style soldiers after political solutions have been reached. Given the...

Post Cold War Nuclear Weapons Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-20

are unknown.”14 This instability threatens the success and future of the NPT. According to scholar Joseph F. Pilat , While the vision of a nuclear...for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, April 2007. 15 Joseph F. Pilat , “Nonproliferation, Arms Control and Disarmament, and ExtendedDeterrence

Engineering Science Education and the Indian Institutes of Technology: Reframing the Context of the "Cold War and Science" (1950-1970)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Raina, Dhruv

2017-01-01

The last two decades have witnessed a revival of research interest in the Cold War, and on science during the Cold War, from a revised social theoretic perspective. Part of this reframing is evident in explorations of the relationship underpinning the Cold War discourse and modernisation theory. Drawing on this new turn, this article switches the…

An Emerging Security Community in the Americas?: A Theoretical Analysis of the Consequences of the Post-Cold War Inter-American Democracy Regime

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-03-01

1. The Kantian Perspective on Peace .....................................................7 2. A Neo- Kantian Perspective on Peace...10 a. The Empirical Evidence for a “Neo- Kantian Peace”............11 b. Potential Consequences of a Neo- Kantian Peace...

Strategic Analysis of the Asia-Pacific Region: Is a Forward-Based Aircraft Carrier Required in the Post-Cold War Era?

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-07

in maintaining regional stability moreso than forward-deploying from CONUS. See regional perspectives above and caveats. - Although the fcrwarcd-based...retainz defense responsibilities moreso than a forward-deployed strategy could, barring increaed deployment lengths. (Cost Comparison) A cost

The Divisive Threat of Immigration in Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-01

Wilders established the Party for Freedom (PVV), in 2005 with a strong anti-immigration agenda. The party believes Judeo-Christian and humanist ...Allied administration of post-WWI Europe. Right-wing movements of the 60’s and 80’s were a response to an existential threat during the Cold War rather

European Military and Political Environment in a Post Cold War Era

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-06-01

security issues. The embryo for such a system is already seen and indicated they would guide American policy. These standards in the consultations between...control over based on nationalist grounds; in this respect the their own destinies than the citizens of other socialist Milosevic and Tudjman phenomena

South Asia: A Strategic Assessment

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-01-01

deal with India and Pakistan m a comprehensive and coherent matter, especially m recent years In the post-Cold War context, our interest m “ global ... issues ,” especially non-prohferatlon, has driven U S r@atlons with both Palustan and India At present, our ablhty to conduct normal secunty relations

U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Latvia During the Inter-War Period, 1917- 1941

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-04-01

Latvia. and Lithuania in Lhe Twentieth Century. New York: Longman, 1991. Hixson, Walter L. George F. Kennan: Cold War Iconoclast . New York: Columbia...Walter L. George F. Kennan: Cold War Iconoclast . New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. Hodgson, Godfrey. The Colonel: The Life and Wars of...Cold War Iconoclast (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), 7. 64 The Russian Section furnished the State Department with considerable evidence that

Focus: new perspectives on science and the Cold War. Introduction.

PubMed

Heyck, Hunter; Kaiser, David

2010-06-01

Twenty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Cold War looks ever more like a slice of history rather than a contemporary reality. During those same twenty years, scholarship on science, technology, and the state during the Cold War era has expanded dramatically. Building on major studies of physics in the American context--often couched in terms of "big science"--recent work has broached scientific efforts in other domains as well, scrutinizing Cold War scholarship in increasingly international and comparative frameworks. The essays in this Focus section take stock of current thinking about science and the Cold War, revisiting the question of how best to understand tangled (and sometimes surprising) relationships between government patronage and the world of ideas.

U.S. Maritime Strategy In a Post-Cold War World?

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-16

worlo in wnIcn zne East-West squarea off across an iron curzain nas oeen- aramatically transformed . A chain reaction of nhslocic events in Eastern Europe...research will n e to exam int- tne -- ri :.me Componen t ot the Un itec St ates Natioanal M ~r z a , egov ,71tni1n the context of the changing geoo~o...experience. 12 :Zi. Historical BacKqrouna By maritime strategy we mean the principies wnicn govern a war in which the sea is a suostantia! factor. Naval

Building International Relations for Children through Sister Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pryor, Carolyn B.

1992-01-01

Inspired by Sister Cities International and the NASSP's school-to-school exchange program, "sister school" pairings have proved to be workable educational programs with long-range impact on participants. Some post-cold war efforts include U.S.-USSR High School Academic Partnerships, Project Harmony, and Center for U.S.-USSR Initiatives.…

Education for America's Role in World Affairs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fonte, John, Ed.; Ryerson, Andre, Ed.

This collection of essays by leading policy analysts and educators investigate the often contradictory claims of global, peace, multicultural and citizenship education and examines what U.S. students should know about world affairs in the post-cold war era. The essays suggest methods of change based on a strong academic core of history,…

Maintaining the Critical Balance: The United States, NATO, and the European Security Equilibrium in the Post-Cold War Operating Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-08

His Majesty The King of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Resolved: To reaffirm their faith in fundamental human ...intellectual ferment, global exploration , scientific and technological advances—not to mention economic and political revolutions—European states have

Third World Conflict and American Response in the Post-Cold War World

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-03-05

exemplify this problem. Deforestation is largely the result of actions taken by tropical countries (notably Brazil in the Amazon Basin) to convert into more...34productive" uses equatorial rainforests that historically created a kind of green band around the Earth’s middle. That band is slowly disappearing

The State of the World's Children, 1993.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grant, James P.

This report argues that despite all the problems of the post cold war world, the means are now at hand to end mass malnutrition, preventable disease, and widespread illiteracy among the world's children. UNICEF (the United Nations Children's Fund) estimates the cost of about $25 billion per year in additional aid to developing nations. To give…

Technophilic hubris and espionage styles during the Cold War.

PubMed

Macrakis, Kristie

2010-06-01

During the Cold War the United States developed an espionage style that reflected its love affair with technology (technophilia) whereas the Soviet Union and the East Bloc continued a tradition of using humans to collect intelligence. This essay places the origins and development of these espionage styles during the Cold War in historical and social context, and assesses their strengths and weaknesses by drawing on examples from particular cases. While the United States won the Cold War, the East Bloc won the spy wars because of a more effective espionage style. I conclude with some reflections on the uses of history for future policy, and suggest areas for further study.

Post-cold war United Nations peacekeeping operations: a review of the case for a hybrid level 2+ medical treatment facility.

PubMed

Johnson, Ralph Jay

2015-01-01

Post-Cold War, UN peacekeeping operations (UN PKOs) have become larger, more mobile, multi-faceted and conducted over vast areas of remote, rugged, and harsh geography. They have been increasingly involved in dangerous areas with ill-defined boundaries, simmering internecine armed conflict, and disregard on the part of some local parties for peacekeepers' security and role. Yet progressively there have been expectations of financial restraint and austerity. Additionally, UN PKOs have become more "robust," that is, engaged in preemptive, assertive operations. A statistically positive and significant relationship exists between missions' size, complexity, remoteness, and aggressive tenor and a higher probability of trauma or death, especially as a result of hostile actions or disease. Therefore, in the interest of "force protection" and optimizing operations, a key component of UN PKOs is health care and medical treatment. The expectation is that UN PKO medical support must conform to the general intent and structure of current UN PKOs to become more streamlined, portable, mobile, compartmentalized, and specialized, but also more varied and complex to address the medical aspects of these missions cost-efficiently. This article contends that establishing a hybrid level 2-a level 2 with level 3 modules and components (i.e., level 2+)-is a viable course of action when considering trends in the medical aspects of Post-Cold War UN PKOs. A level 2 medical treatment facility has the potential to provide needed forward mobile medical treatment, especially trauma care, for extended, complex, large-scale, and comprehensive UN PKOs. This is particularly the case for missions that include humanitarian outreach, preventive medicine, and psychiatry. The level 2 treatment facility is flexible enough to expand into a hybrid level 2+ with augmentation of modules based on changes in mission requirements and variation in medical aspects.

The Origins of the Cold War.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Paterson, Thomas G.

1986-01-01

Briefly reviews conventional reasoning about the start of the Cold War. Describes contemporary revisionist views of the Cold War and the reasons they arose. Maintains that American leaders exaggerated the Soviet ideological and military threat, spurring an American arms build-up which ultimately led to the present-day arms race. (JDH)

Preventing war through non-violent direct involvement in conflict: I. Principles and background.

PubMed

2001-01-01

International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War now considers prevention of all violent armed conflict as one of its core objectives, as such conflict is incompatible with health. Health professionals have long been involved in this area with an inclination towards non-violent means. The growth of interest in the area of non-military peacemaking, the growth of knowledge and research in the last few years and the post-cold-war nature of most contemporary wars mean that IPPNW needs to approach war prevention in a systematic way, benefiting and co-operating with other creative forces in the field. In this first of two articles we present some important work by contemporary non-violent researchers. We seek to develop an imagination and a mode of thinking to enable health professionals to prepare to engage in Non-violent Direct Involvement in Conflict (NVDIC).

Superpower nuclear minimalism

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Graben, E.K.

1992-01-01

During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in building weapons -- now it seems like America and Russia are competing to get rid of them the fastest. The lengthy process of formal arms control has been replaced by exchanges of unilateral force reductions and proposals for reciprocal reductions not necessarily codified by treaty. Should superpower nuclear strategies change along with force postures President Bush has yet to make a formal pronouncement on post-Cold War American nuclear strategy, and it is uncertain if the Soviet/Russian doctrine of reasonable sufficiency formulated in the Gorbachev era actually heraldsmore » a change in strategy. Some of the provisions in the most recent round of unilateral proposals put forth by Presidents Bush and Yeltsin in January 1992 are compatible with a change in strategy. Whether such a change has actually occurred remains to be seen. With the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union, the strategic environment has fundamentally changed, so it would seem logical to reexamine strategy as well. There are two main schools of nuclear strategic thought: a maximalist school, mutual assured destruction (MAD) which emphasizes counterforce superiority and nuclear war- fighting capability, and a MAD-plus school, which emphasizes survivability of an assured destruction capability along with the ability to deliver small, limited nuclear attacks in the event that conflict occurs. The MAD-plus strategy is based on an attempt to conventionalize nuclear weapons which is unrealistic.« less

Historic Context and Building Assessments for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Built Environment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ullrich, R. A.; Sullivan, M. A.

2007-09-14

This document was prepared to support u.s. Department of Energy / National Nuclear Security Agency (DOE/NNSA) compliance with Sections 106 and 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is a DOE/NNSA laboratory and is engaged in determining the historic status of its properties at both its main site in Livermore, California, and Site 300, its test site located eleven miles from the main site. LLNL contracted with the authors via Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) to prepare a historic context statement for properties at both sites and to provide assessments of those properties of potentialmore » historic interest. The report contains an extensive historic context statement and the assessments of individual properties and groups of properties determined, via criteria established in the context statement, to be of potential interest. The historic context statement addresses the four contexts within which LLNL falls: Local History, World War II History (WWII), Cold War History, and Post-Cold War History. Appropriate historic preservation themes relevant to LLNL's history are delineated within each context. In addition, thresholds are identified for historic significance within each of the contexts based on the explication and understanding of the Secretary of the Interior's Guidelines for determining eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places. The report identifies specific research areas and events in LLNL's history that are of interest and the portions of the built environment in which they occurred. Based on that discussion, properties of potential interest are identified and assessments of them are provided. Twenty individual buildings and three areas of potential historic interest were assessed. The final recommendation is that, of these, LLNL has five individual historic buildings, two sets of historic objects, and two historic districts eligible for the National Register. All are eligible within the Cold War History context. They are listed in the table below, along with the Cold War preservation theme, period of significance, and criterion under which they are eligible.« less

Thrills, spills and pills: Bond, Benzedrine and the pharmacology of peace.

PubMed

Goodman, Sam

2010-06-01

This paper examines the conjunction of pharmacological science and espionage fiction of the post-war era. This paper argues that, during the 1950s, the relatively new science of pharmacology propounded the possibility that illness and human deficiency could be treated in a way that better reflected the post-war zeitgeist. The use of pharmacological medicine, perceived as cleaner and quicker than more 'bodily' forms of treatment, represented progress in contemporary medical science. It is argued that this philosophy extended to more overt means of pharmacological application, directly related to the geopolitical concerns of the 'Cold War'. A growing form of popular literature in this period was the espionage novel. This paper argues that the benefits proffered by pharmacology were incorporated into the fabric of espionage fiction, specifically the James Bond novels of Ian Fleming. Here, it is demonstrated how Fleming used pharmacological knowledge of Benzedrine throughout his novels. His works illustrate a belief that the augmentation of the spy's natural ability with pharmacological science would award decisive advantage in the Cold War conflict played out in spy fiction. However, the relationship between public use of Benzedrine and awareness of its side effects changed during the period of Fleming's publications, moving from a position of casual availability to one of controlled prescription. It is argued that the recognition of the dangers associated with the drug were over-ruled in favour of the benefits its use presented to the state. The continued use of the drug by Bond illustrates how the concerns of the nation are given priority over the health, and life, of the individual.

Nationalism, Nuclear Policy and Children in Cold War America.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stephens, Sharon

1997-01-01

Theorizes the place of children in America's "Cold War Consensus" of the 1950s-60s. Counterposes dominant Cold War images of abstract, generic children (inevitably white middle class) to actual children most vulnerable to risks associated with nuclear weapons production and testing. Concludes that in various ways, these children were all…

Post-Cold War American Foreign Policy: What, When, and Why

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

issues than international concerns. Something Condoleezza Rice firmly advocated for in a Foreign Affairs opinion piece written for the 2000 Republican... issues . Rice also called for establishing acceptable international 16 Max Boot, ―The...the future. Legitimate policies typically are ones not challenged either legally or morally by significant numbers of actors throughout the

US-Russian Cooperation in the Post Cold War Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-04-13

cooperate with Russia? On what should the United States and Russia cooperate? What principles should guide United States cooperation with Russia? The...On what should the United States and Russia cooperate? What principles should guide United States cooperation with Russia? Through his analysis, the...41 The Elements of US-Russia Cooperation: What Principles Should Guide United

The Intercontinental Ballistic Missile and Post Cold War Deterrence

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-02-17

Bonnetain, Hugues and Philippe Mazzoni. " Histoire De Missiles...Le 1er GMS Du Plateau D’Albion." http://www.capcomespace.net/dossiers/espace_europeen...Mazzoni, " Histoire De Missiles...Le 1er GMS Du Plateau D’Albion," http://www.capcomespace.net/dossiers/espace_europeen/albion/; Ministère de la Défense

Emergent Russia: The Geostrategic Impact

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-01

1 1 Historical Trends in Regional Dominance ..................................... 3 2 Post-Cold War Standing...Publishing, 2009), 1 . 2 Bressler, Understanding Contemporary Russia, 1 . 3 Olga Oliker et al., Russian Foreign Policy: Sources and Implications...Putin and edvedev,” Swedish Institute of International Affairs, Occasional Paper, no. 1 , 2010, 3 . http://www.ui.se/upl/files/44020.pdf 4 For analysis

The Future of Peace Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-01

the rise in intra-state conflicts (insurgencies, genocidal ethnic violence, civil wars, etc.) has complicated traditional peace operations. The new...resolve conflicts between states. Following the Cold War, the rise in intra-state conflicts (insurgencies, genocidal ethnic violence, civil wars...reform efforts. It focuses Following the Cold War, the rise in intra-state conflicts (insurgencies, genocidal ethnic violence, civil wars etc.) has

Copper Soldiers: Forging New Roles for the Chilean Military

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-09-01

post of the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces and Carabineros.” Finally, articles 95 and 96 created a National Security Council which included the...Nacional (RN) and the Unión Demócrata Independiente (UDI), felt an “independent security power”129 such as the military served as a check on the...Democracy: Latin America and the Caribbean in the Post -Cold War Era, ed. Jorge I. Domínguez (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998), 131

Affecting Reform: Explaining the Kingdom of Cambodia’s Contributions to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations in Comparative Context

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-01

Vietnamese Army PAVN People’s Army of Vietnam PRK People’s Republic of Kampuchea RAK Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea RCAF Royal Cambodian Armed...would initially be posted as the head of the diplomatic branch of the newly installed Peoples Republic of Kampuchea ( PRK ...81 Ibid., 211. 24 Faced with the need for economic self-sufficiency in the post-Cold War world, Hun Sen and the PRK looked to re-establish ties

The Role of Small States in the Post-Cold War Era: The Case of Belarus

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-01

immediately translated its displea- sure into economic sanctions. “The conflict included Russia’s ban on importing Belarusian milk , refusal to provide a...expected some support among the states in post-Soviet space. None of them supported Moscow in this. Absolutely isolated, Mos- cow was anxious to get...the most uncompromised views of Mos- cow . Following the demise of the USSR, resentment was so high in Estonia that it might have been the only state

Japan's anti-nuclear weapons policy misses its target, even in the war on terrorism.

PubMed

DiFilippo, Anthony

2003-01-01

While actively working to promote the abolition of all nuclear weapons from the world since the end of the cold war, Japan's disarmament policies are not without problems. Promoting the elimination of nuclear weapons as Japan remains under the US nuclear umbrella creates a major credibility problem for Tokyo, since this decision maintains a Japanese deterrence policy at the same time that officials push for disarmament. Tokyo also advocates a gradual approach to the abolition of nuclear weapons, a decision that has had no effect on those countries that have been conducting sub-critical nuclear testing, nor stopped India and Pakistan from carrying out nuclear tests. Consistent with Article 9 of the Constitution, the Japanese war-renouncing constitutional clause, Tokyo toughened Japan's sizeable Official Development Assistance (ODA) programme in the early 1990s. Because of the anti-military guidelines included in Japan's ODA programme, Tokyo stopped new grant and loan aid to India and Pakistan in 1998 after these countries conducted nuclear tests. However, because of the criticism Japan faced from its failure to participate in the 1991 Gulf War, Tokyo has been seeking a new Japanese role in international security during the post-cold war period. Deepening its commitment to the security alliance with the US, Tokyo has become increasingly influenced by Washington's global polices, including the American war on terrorism. After Washington decided that Pakistan would be a key player in the US war on terrorism, Tokyo restored grant and loan aid to both Islamabad and New Delhi, despite the unequivocal restrictions of Japan's ODA programme.

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: The Emergence of the ’New Macedonian Question’ in the Remains of Second Yugoslavia. Survivability of the New Postcold War State in the Balkans

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-12-01

Recently, there has been a dramatic rise in the drug trade, as Skopje is on the heroin route from Turkey to the Adriatic coast and Italian mafia cartels...links. Most of them went along the old traditional route of Nis- Skopje - Thessaloniki. It is by now very obvious to observers that the geopolitics of...the New Post-Cold War State in the Balkans 6 . AUTHOR(S) Charalampos Lekkas 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS

National military strategy in the post cold war era: Nuclear deterrence or an alternative. Study project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pooley, G.R.

In the aftermath of the Cold War it becomes necessary to explore the validity of nuclear deterrence as the cornerstone of the United States National Military Strategy for the upcoming period of transition in international relations. Using the current world situation as a starting point, the evolving trends in international relations, arms control and nuclear proliferation, the strategic threat and the evolution of technology will be analyzed in an effort to forecast the complexion of international relations twenty years hence. Then, within this context, nuclear deterrence and a non nuclear alternative nonoffensive defense, proposed by the Danish political scientist, Bjornmore » Moller, will be examined. In the final analysis, this project will suggest an appropriate direction for the evolution of the United States' National Military Strategy which, in the opinion of the author, provides the best probability for long term world peace.« less

The New Big Science: What's New, What's Not, and What's the Difference

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Westfall, Catherine

2016-03-01

This talk will start with a brief recap of the development of the ``Big Science'' epitomized by high energy physics, that is, the science that flourished after WWII based on accelerators, teams, and price tags that grew ever larger. I will then explain the transformation that started in the 1980s and culminated in the 1990s when the Cold War ended and the next big machine needed to advance high energy physics, the multi-billion dollar Superconducting Supercollider (SSC), was cancelled. I will go on to outline the curious series of events that ushered in the New Big Science, a form of research well suited to a post-Cold War environment that valued practical rather than esoteric projects. To show the impact of the New Big Science I will describe how decisions were ``set into concrete'' during the development of experimental equipment at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in Newport News, Virginia.

Who Won the Cold War? A Learning Packet for Secondary Level Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kansas Univ., Lawrence. Center for Russian and East European Studies.

Realizing that the Cold War is a topic that often is neglected as time runs short at the end of a school year, a group of University of Kansas (Lawrence) educators sought to create effective classroom materials for secondary/community college instructors to teach about the Cold War. The group's main goal was to create a flexible model that…

Introduction: the human sciences and Cold War America.

PubMed

Isaac, Joel

2011-01-01

Studies of the history of the human sciences during the Cold War era have proliferated over the past decade--in JHBS and elsewhere. This special issue focuses on the connections between the behavioral sciences and the culture and politics of the Cold War in the United States. In the recent literature, there is a tendency to identify the Cold War human sciences with two main paradigms: that of psychocultural analysis, on the one hand, and of the systems sciences, on the other. The essays in the special issue both extend understanding of each of these interpretive frameworks and help us to grasp their interconnection. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The Entrepreneurial State and Research Universities in the United States: Policy and New State-Based Initiatives

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Douglass, John Aubrey

2007-01-01

The convergence of United States federal science and economic policy that began in earnest under the Reagan administration formed the First Stage in an emerging post-Cold War drive toward technological innovation. A frenzy of new state-based initiatives now forms the Second Stage, further promoting universities as decisive tools for economic…

From "Postwar Pedagogy" to "Post-Cold War Pedagogy": An Overview of the History of Educational Theory in Japan 1945-2007

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Imai, Yasuo

2007-01-01

This paper examines the development of educational theory in Japan from 1945 to the present in five time divisions: (1) postwar "new education" and its critics (1945-52); (2) revisionist educational policy versus the people's education movement (1952-61); (3) the formation of "postwar pedagogy" as a self-reflection of the…

Towards a Critical Pedagogy of Comparative Public Diplomacy: Pseudo-Education, Fear-Mongering and Insecurities in Canadian-American Foreign Policy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nelles, Wayne

2008-01-01

Little research has examined public diplomacy as a comparative education issue, particularly regarding social-psychological, economic and political fears or personal and national insecurities. This paper discusses American public diplomacy as a mostly Cold War strategy adapted to post-9/11 national security interests, fears and desires. It further…

International News Flows in the Post-Cold War World: Mapping the News and the News Producers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sreberny-Mohammadi, Annabelle

1995-01-01

Reviews the global political environment, major global news providers, and technologies of global news production. Argues for a multinational comparative mapping of international news representation in the 1990s. Outlines a major international venture to update and elaborate the 1979 UNESCO/IAMCR study of foreign news in the media of 29 countries,…

Naval Arms Control: A Post-Cold War Reappraisal

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-01

94 A . BACKGRO UN D ......................................................................................... 94 B. WHY ...control, but that an appropriate time may come to exist in the future. For reasons why naval arms control may make more sense in the future, but not...34. Current Research on Peace And Violence. Tampere Peace Research Institute, Tampere Finland, Vol XIII, No. 2, 1990, pp. 65-86. For reasons why naval

The State of the World's Children, 1993. Summary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grant, James P.

This document is a summary of a report that argues that despite all the problems of the post cold war world, the means are now at hand to end mass malnutrition, preventable disease, and widespread illiteracy among the world's children at an estimated cost of $25 billion per year in additional aid to developing nations. To give this cause priority,…

Thaw in the Cold War: Eisenhower and Khrushchev at Gettysburg. Teaching with Historic Places.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Register of Historic Places, Washington, DC. Interagency Resources Div.

Using primary documents, maps, and visual data, this lesson packet describes how President Dwight Eisenhower working at his Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, farm, which is on the Historic Register of Historic Places, used personal diplomacy to help ease the tensions of the Cold War. The lesson materials can be used in U.S. history units on the Cold War,…

Rethinking Little Rock: The Cold War Politics of School Integration in the United States

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dejong-Lambert, William

2007-01-01

Though the impact of the cold war on the civil rights movement continued long after the desegregation crisis in Little Rock, the timing of the events in Arkansas, particularly the events at Central High School, constituted a unique moment in the history of the cold war. Up until the fall of 1957, the Soviet Union had been perceived as less…

The Third World Perspective on the Cold War: Making Curriculum and Pedagogy Relevant in History Classrooms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ahmad, Iftikhar

2017-01-01

American and global history curriculum frameworks for high schools across the 50 states generally present the topic of the Cold War from the Western political perspective and contain material about the impact of the US-Soviet ideological rivalry on American society. This article argues that since the Cold War impacted the lives of people in the…

Airplanes, Combat and Maintenance Crews, and Air Bases. The World War II and Early Cold War Architectural Legacy of Holloman Air Force Base (ca. 1942-1962)

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-11-01

to develop and build an atomic bomb. The project was under the direction of physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer , a former student at the Los Alamos Ranch...of AAF Facilities (1942- 1943 ) 39 Victory in Sight and the Atomic Age: Consolidation and Disposition of Facilities ( 1943 - 1945 ) 42 Cold War ( 1945 ...Sight and the Atomic Age ( 1943 - 1945 ) 61 Cold War Inception (July 1945 -January 1953) 63 Nuclear Escalation (January 1953-November 1963) 72 Detente

Advanced Sea Base Enabler (ASE) Capstone Design Project

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-09-21

Additionally, a study that examines a potential fleet architecture , which looks at a combination of sea base enabler platforms in order to close current...This change in premise spawned a post-Cold War naval intellectual renaissance , reflected in several Department of the Navy (DON) “white papers...information collected regarding the various systems is reliable. 3. Primary Areas of Focus Detailed engineering analyses, naval architecture or other

The Third Culture--A Conversation about Truth and Reconciliation: An African Americanist's Reflection on the "Two Cultures" Debate in Post-Modern Society

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wright, Josephine R. B.

2007-01-01

C. P. Snow launched the "Two Cultures" debate in 1959 during the Cold War era. While lamenting a widening gulf in communication between scientists and literary theorists, he championed the supremacy of scientific inquiry over canonical Western European literary traditions of his day. Globalization has forced many academics in the United…

Operation Desert Shield: Thunderstorms of Logistics: Did We Do Any Better During Post Cold War Interventions?

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-02-20

above hypothesis, we must examine the seams of the operation. They are force structuring, distribution management , logistics intelligence, and customer...Iron Mountains, which is exactly what happened. Distribution Management ALOC distribution management problems included an ineffective theater tracking...deployments later the problems remained the same. Force structure and distribution management issues, the use of manual “non-standard” requisition

Distinctive Competencies: Taming the Marine Corps-glomerate

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-01-01

strategic objectives, intentions , and designs of allies and adversaries alike. The post-Cold War replacement of threat-based forces by capabilities... intentions to remain engaged, implicitly exchanging a strategic paradigm centered on visible forward presence for one based on aloof power projection...by defense leaders to “adopt and adapt the lessons of the private sector,” it is worth considering private sector tools for strategic planning that

This Earthly World: Edward Said, the Praxis of Secular Humanisms and Situated Cosmopolitanisms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roman, Leslie G.

2006-01-01

This essay unearths the educational and socio-political implications of Edward W. Said's work for our understanding of what a secular humanism might mean in the highly charged atmosphere of the post-Cold War and September 11 discourses that have pervaded the USA and, to varying degrees, other parts of the world. It asks what it means to move…

Fair Share or Freeride: Burden Sharing in Post-Cold War NATO

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-23

military facilities in Europe. 56 Carl Elk, NATO Common Funds Burdensharing: Background and Current Issues (Washington DC: Congressional Research...Defense Minister Franz Joseph Jung replied, “our contribution is excellent.”114 Germany was clearly proud of its contribution to NATO operations, but...Monsanto, Portugal: NATO Joint Analysis Lessons Learned Centre (JALLC), 2011. Elk, Carl . NATO Common Funds Burdensharing: Background and Current

Peaceful atoms in agriculture and food: how the politics of the Cold War shaped agricultural research using isotopes and radiation in post war divided Germany.

PubMed

Zachmann, Karin

2015-01-01

During the Cold War, the super powers advanced nuclear literacy and access to nuclear resources and technology to a first-class power factor. Both national governments and international organizations developed nuclear programs in a variety of areas and promoted the development of nuclear applications in new environments. Research into the use of isotopes and radiation in agriculture, food production, and storage gained major importance as governments tried to promote the possibility of a peaceful use of atomic energy. This study is situated in divided Germany as the intersection of the competing socio-political systems and focuses on the period of the late 1940s and 1950s. It is argued that political interests and international power relations decisively shaped the development of "nuclear agriculture". The aim is to explore whether and how politicians in both parts of the divided country fostered the new field and exerted authority over the scientists. Finally, it examines the ways in which researchers adapted to the altered political conditions and expectations within the two political structures, by now fundamentally different.

Arms Control and Nonproliferation: A Catalog of Treaties and Agreements

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-07-21

Europe in the waning years of the Cold War . Other arrangements seek to slow the spread of technologies that nations could use to develop advanced...This provides each nation with the freedom to mix their forces as they see fit. This change reflects, in part, a lesser concern with Cold War models...CFE provisions reflected Cold War assumptions and did not fairly address its new national security concerns. Further, it argued that economic hardship

Universities and the Entrepreneurial State: Politics and Policy and a New Wave of State-Based Economic Initiatives. Research & Occasional Paper Series: CSHE.14.06

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Douglass, John Aubrey

2006-01-01

The convergence of US federal science and economic policy that began in earnest in the Reagan administration formed the first stage in an emerging post-Cold War drive toward technological innovation. A frenzy of new state-based initiatives now forms the Second Stage, further promoting universities as decisive tools for economic competitiveness.…

The New U.S. Strategic Debate

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-01-01

place a burgeoning debate is emerging about the nature of the post-Cold War world and the de- sired American role in it. Against this background...be read as a contribution to a better understanding of these factors. This study was produced as part of the "Beyond Containment: U.S. National...Chapter Two RETHINKING STRATEGY: THE NATURE OF THE GAME AND U.S. INTERESTS ............................ 5 Chapter Three THE NEW POLITICAL

Cold War salons, social science, and the cure for modern society.

PubMed

Cohen-Cole, Jamie

2009-06-01

This essay examines how post-World War II Americans linked their understanding of domestic society and international affairs by using a common lens of psychological and characterological analysis for both. That lens was fashioned by social scientists and developed to study conformity and its opposite, creative and autonomous selfhood. Creativity offered a means to achieve the liberal national society they desired. Social scientists managed their technical definitions of conformity and autonomy as a way of defining reasonable political sentiment. This essay details how, ultimately, the forms of self and sociality they advocated for America were grounded in the kinds of community and interpersonal interaction they valued in their own professional lives.

Deterrence from Cold War to Long War: Lessons from Six Decades of RAND Research

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

highly credible intention. Declaring an intention to retaliate for an attack on U.S. territory was no threat in Schelling’s formulation ; it was a...unconditional commitments are not rational . We shall say 14 Deterrence—From Cold War to Long War that they represent a non- rational element in...this method is impractical. Another strategy that Schelling discussed was embracing non- rationality and simply giving the impression that U.S

Charting Russia's Future in the Post-Soviet Era. Eighth Edition. Teacher Resource Book [and Student Text]. Public Policy Debate in the Classroom. Choices for the 21st Century.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fox, Sarah Cleveland

Russia struggle with questions of identity and economic stability sine ending its Cold War relationship with the United States. In this unit students are asked to see the world through Russian eyes and to contemplate Russian choices in the areas of economic development, political organization, and foreign policy. The unit focuses on three distinct…

Report on the Bottom-Up Review

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-10-01

security requirements: Most striking in the transition from the Cold War is the shift in the nature of the dangers to our interests, In 1989, the fall...decisionmaking. perhaps most important - set of dangers that U.S. Military power supports and is supported by politi- strategy must confront is economic...shelter, food, heavy equipment, and vehicles. It also included coor- One of the most significant dangers in the post- dinating large-scale air, land

European Security and NATO Enlargement: A View from Central Europe.

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-04-01

8217iii 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Final fieport European Security and NATO Enlargement: A View from Central Europe (U) 6. AUTHOR(S) Stephen J...of views , including some not often heard, on the issues connected with NATO enlargement. 14. SUBJECT TERMS United States; NATO; post-Cold War...298-102 EUROPEAN SECURITY AND NATO ENLARGEMENT: A VIEW FROM CENTRAL EUROPE Edited by Stephen J. Blank April 1998 f"W DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

Dilemmas of Brazilian Grand Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-01

a regional leader, and may in any case be stymied by Russian or Chinese opposition. It could also en - tail de -prioritizing one tenuous multilateral...strategic implications for the Army, the Department of De - fense, and the larger national security community. In addition to its studies, SSI...worked as a de - fense analyst in Washington, DC. Dr. Brands is the author of From Berlin to Baghdad: America’s Search for Purpose in the Post-Cold War

'Co-operation and Communism cannot work side by side': Organized Consumers and the Early Cold War in Britain.

PubMed

Gurney, Peter

2018-04-02

This article contributes to a better understanding of labour anti-communism in Britain through an exploration of the evolution of ideas and attitudes within the co-operative movement during the early Cold War. It demonstrates that the period witnessed an increasingly rigid separation of co-operation from communism and argues that this separation made it harder for activists within the co-operative movement to imagine a total or utopian alternative to capitalism. Drawing particularly on a close reading of the co-operative press as well as other sources, the study is divided into three main parts. The first section discusses sympathy among co-operators for the achievements of the Soviet Union, which increased during the war against fascism. The article then moves on to consider the continuing dialogue between British co-operators and their counterparts in European communist states and how international tensions shaped co-operators' views. The final major section explores the hardening of attitude towards communism after Marshall Aid was declared in June 1947, and underlines the role played by figures such as A. V. Alexander and Jack Bailey who worked with the Information Research Department at the Foreign Office to spread anti-communism within the movement. The conclusion reflects, more speculatively, on what implications this shift may have had for the medium and long-term decline of co-operation and the hegemony of capitalist consumerism post-war.

Cold-War Echoes in American Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winn, Ira Jay

1984-01-01

The author believes a cold war ideology permeates our culture and poisons the minds of youth. The challenge to education is to awaken people to a historical and global perspective and raise public consciousness of the necessity for peace. (MD)

Hope, Hostility, and Interest: What Motivated Teachers to Teach about the Soviet Union after World War II

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rapoport, Anatoli

2004-01-01

Historically, the cold war was a watershed that separated two epochs: the time of abnormal, although compelled, partnership of two political systems and the period of peaceful coexistence with barely hidden hostility. The peacefulness of the latter, however elusive and vulnerable it was from time to time, has to be credited to the cold war, a…

Cold War Propaganda.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bennett, Paul W.

1988-01-01

Briefly discusses the development of Cold War propaganda in the United States, Canada, and the USSR after 1947. Presents two movie reviews and a Canadian magazine advertisement of the period which illustrate the harshness of propaganda used by both sides in the immediate postwar years. (GEA)

Ocean sciences after September 11

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McPhaden, Michael J.

The terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington D.C. on September 11, 2001 shocked the world with their audacity and destruction. Shortly thereafter, bioterrorists struck through the U.S. postal system. Virtually overnight, major policy shifts took place in the United States that catapulted national security and homeland defense to the top of the political agenda. The consequences were unimaginable just a few months before: an international coalition at war against the Taliban in Afghanistan, major increases in U.S. defense spending, tightened security measures at airports, government facilities, and research laboratories, and a new sense of vulnerability in the post-cold war era. AGU itself was directly affected: three of its members perished in the hijacked planes, or on the ground in New York City.

Civil-Military Relations in Post Cold War Central America

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-04-07

ARTICULO 246: Cargos y atribuciones del Presidente en el Ejército. El Presidente de la República es el Comandante General del Ejército e impartirá sus...1995 Constitution of Nicaragua, Title V, the National Defense, ‘Only’ Chapter, Article 95 says “ ARTICULO 95. El Ejército de Nicaragua se regirá en...the aforementioned insurgents, the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN-Sandinistas) and external pressures, the Sandinist government of

Carcass of Dead Policies: The Irrelevance of NATO

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-01-01

busyness ” that provide the lifeblood of institutions trying to justify their exis- tence. At the same time, the theological mantra changed . Since there was... change was taking place in the post-Cold War security environment. In 1949, a genu- ine, measurable security threat justified NATO for all its members. Now...has changed so fundamentally that it has outgrown NATO-type alliances. For the first time in about 1,800 years, there is no world-class threat to or

Melancholy Reunion. A Report from the Future on the Collapse of Civil-Military Relations in the United States

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-01-01

its em ­ ployees scattered. Corporate loyalty, it seems, has its limits. The Rise of Postmodern Militarism At the same time the military’s post-cold...war politicization was on the rise , the public’s under- standing of and resistance to military influence was declining radically. Traditionally...Deploy the Airborne. Crime out of control? Put Guardsmen on the streets. Troubled youths? Marine role models and military boot camps. Need

GLOBALIZATION AND THE DECLINE OF THE UNITED STATES ECONOMIC INSTRUMENT OF POWER

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

GLOBALIZATION AND THE DECLINE OF THE UNITED STATES ECONOMIC INSTRUMENT OF POWER BY MAJOR JOSH WATKINS A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE...ABSTRACT In the post-Cold War era, the economic instrument of power has been one of the primary means the US uses to influence international actors...This study seeks to determine if globalization has had an impact on the US’s ability to leverage economic power in international relations, and whether

Contemporary Turkey: Avoiding the Mistakes of Post-WWII Vietnam

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-06

author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. U.S. Army... position between Europe, Russia, and Middle East and Turkey’s Ottoman Empire history have uniquely shaped Turkey’s secular government and Cold War and...expressed in this student academic research paper are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the

Revolution or Realism? United States-Iran Relations in the Post-Cold War Era

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-12-01

to mirror the American situation. 27 Tho wirhdawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan, the subsequent disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the... Kozyrev met with Rafsanjani in Tehran in March. The purpose of the visit was apparently to increase bilateral economic and strategic ties in order to...strengthen stability in Central Asia. Kozyrev also said his task was to demonstrate Moscow’s support for the presidents reforms. "There is no doubt that

US Intervention in Failed States: Bad Assumptions=Poor Outcomes

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-01-01

OUTCOMES THOMAS G. KNIGHT COURSE 5601 FUNDAMENTALS OF STRATEGIC LOGIC SEMINAR A PROFESSOR DR JANET BRESLIN-SMITH ADVISOR COL JACK... Outcomes 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7...in minor areas. - CNN effect - Post-Cold War ‘defense dividend’ possible imperative to ‘use it or lose it…’ - State failure = regional impacts

From Reform to Reduction: Reports on the Management of Navy and Department of Defense Laboratories in the Post-Cold War Era

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

with many private sector companies to manufacture, field , and develop the products it acquires. As mentioned, the percentages of work outsourced ...been involved from the conceptual development all the way to operational testing and fielding of every major weapons system our Marines and Sailors...the ability to collaborate with contractors and assess the defense value of private sector technologi- cal developments . The inherently governmental

Summary of Research Academic Departments 1992-1993

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-10-01

States should choose where and when to future. Settling on an internationalist destiny for engage its military forces in the post-Cold War the U.S...information during the growth of fruit fly biological information during the cell cycle and viral embryos . Kinetics of The Reaction AI(’P") + H 20 Over an...those cells various cell types in a growing embryo . These are totipotent in tissue culture (i.e., all cells can should provide insight into mechanisms

Bonebrake Theological Seminary - Most Secret A-Bomb Project Site

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sopka, Katherine R.; Sopka, Elisabeth M.

2004-05-01

In late 1943, a small number of nuclear scientists was urgently assembled in Dayton, Ohio by the U.S. Army Manhattan District Engineers and Monsanto Chemical Company Research Division to set up a top secret research project essential to counteract the German atomic bomb threat. The site chosen was an old stone building built in 1879 by the United Brethren Church in a residential area known locally as the Bonebrake Seminary. Centered on a sizeable open plot, the austere three story building was surrounded by a tall cyclone fence with a narrow gate and a minimal guard post - nothing revealed the site's intense research activity then or even in the post-WWII Cold War period. Bonebrake scientists would produce the highly radioactive polonium sources for the plutonium (Pu-239) bomb igniter used in August over Nagasaki just before the end of WWII against Japan. The existence of Bonebrake and its research/production work remained classified top secret throughout the Cold War. Only in recent times can any reference be found even to the existence of this project (unlike , for example, Los Alamos or Oak Ridge) and few, if any details, have ever been published. The primary source of information for this paper is Dr. John J. Sopka who was recruited from Princeton University by the Manhattan District in 1943 as physicist for this project.

Potential Effects of Permanent Neutrality on Mongolia’s Defense Foreign Cooperation

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

ideologies . The Shanghai Cooperation Organization, led by China and Russia, has only six member states, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has...organization in East Asia that can support Mongolia’s neutrality like European neutrals have enjoyed with ideological support from European Union, NATO, and...wars, and most significantly in considering the competing economic and political ideologies represented in the Cold War. During the Cold War

"Agricultural Statecraft" in the Cold War: a case study of Poland and the West from 1945 to 1957.

PubMed

Spaulding, Robert Mark

2009-01-01

This paper examines how the rise and fall of Polish agriculture affected the larger political and economic relationship among Poland and three key members of the western alliance - the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Federal Republic of Germany - in the first decade of the Cold War. This period is revealing precisely because the reversal of fortunes in the Polish agricultural economy required the Polish government and some western counterparts to maneuver through periods of both agricultural advantage and disadvantage. Agricultural strategies as means and ends motivated the Polish, British, West German, and American governments to actions that bent, stretched, and limited some well-established practices in Cold War relations across divided Europe. By explicating the political consequences of changing flows of agricultural exports and imports in one specific context, this essay serves as case study of the role of agriculture in the global context of the Cold War.

The artifact of nature: 'Spaceship Earth' and the dawn of global environmentalism.

PubMed

Deese, R S

2009-06-01

The metaphor of 'Spaceship Earth' employed by a diverse array of scientists, economists and politicians during the 1960s and 1970s points to the Cold War origins of the first global environmentalist movement. With the advent of Spaceship Earth, nature itself became at once technological artifact and a vital object of Cold War gamesmanship. The evolution of this metaphor uncovers the connections between Cold War technologies such as nuclear weapons, space travel and cybernetics, and the birth of the first global environmentalist movement. Revisiting Spaceship Earth may help us to better understand the implicit assumptions that have both empowered and limited that movement.

CRREL, 30 Years Retrospective 1986-1991

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-01-01

development. During World War n, organizations were created which, in 1961, were brought together to form the Cold Re- gions Research and Engineering...and the Cold War has thawed. In early 1991, the United States and a coalition of 33 nations fought one of the most successful military campaigns in...the history of warfare in the desert of the Middle East-a war that may reshape military doctrine for years to come. The United States is committed

Waging the War of Ideas

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

Cloak without Dagger ’: How the Information Research Department Fought Britain’s Cold War in the Middle East, 1948–1956,’’ Cold War History 4:3...Afghanistan in late 2001, continues to demonstrate its potency, as shown by the deadly railway attack in Madrid in March 2004. However, the much greater...oppression, injustice, slaughter and plunder,’’ and has thus merited responses like the 9/11 attacks .21 Furthermore, waging jihad is not simply the

World War II, post-war reconstruction and British women chemists.

PubMed

Horrocks, Sally

2011-07-01

This paper draws on evidence from a range of sources to consider the extent to which World War II served as a turning point in the employment opportunities open to women chemists in Britain. It argues that wartime conditions expanded women's access to some areas of employment, but that these opportunities represented, in many ways, an expansion of existing openings rather than wholly new ones, and not all of them proved permanent. Instead, women chemists benefited more permanently from increased state expenditure on higher education and on research and development after the war. This enabled some women to remain in what had originally been temporary wartime posts and others to secure employment in wholly new positions. Women were most successful in securing positions created by the expansion of state welfare and support for agriculture, but also found new employment opportunities as a result of the heavy investment in weapons development that accelerated with the advent of the Cold War. In higher education, an initial expansion of openings was not sustained, and the proportion of women in university chemistry departments actually fell during the second half of the 1950s. Industry presents a rather ambiguous picture, with many firms continuing to refuse to employ women chemists, whereas elsewhere they enjoyed enhanced opportunities and better salaries than those offered before the war. This did not mean, however, that women chemists received equal treatment to their male colleagues, and, despite the changes, they remained concentrated in subordinate positions and were expected to concentrate on routine work. Prospects in the 1950s were certainly better than they had been during the 1930s, but they remained strongly gendered.

Trade and Technology: Maintaining the U.S.-Japan Security Relationship in the Post-Cold War Era

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-12-01

successful foreign firms in Japan which have demonstrated that these barriers can be overcome. For example, Coca - Cola maintains over 80 percent of...was scarce. Japan was the first place MIT’s media lab sought out for sponsorship , which by 1984 was providing approximately $500,000 a year (25...Japan’s cola market; Nestle has garnered 70 percent of the instant coffee market; Schick controls 70 percent of the razor market; and from 1986 to 1989

North Korean Foreign Relations in the Post-Cold War World

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-01

Intentions, written Dr. Scobell, was pub- lished in July 2005. The second monograph, Kim Jong Il and North Korea: The Leader and the System , also writ... system to that of an aggressive nation representing a mortal threat. As if in fear of the DPRK’s “tyranny of proximity,” however, all three of North...fu- ture of the post–Kim Il Sung system opens up room for the outside world to use whatever leverage it might have to nudge North Korean leaders

Sustainment in the Army 2020: Using the Army’s Sustainment Principles to Identify and Mitigate Risks Associated with Organizational Change

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-12

redesign itself to be better suited to a post Cold War world . In 2008, the Army established the brigade combat team as the primary basic unit of...important to understand models established for the business world and not just those used by the military. Historically, the term logistics as we know...involves every possible phase of the product support process.12 Peter Drucker, a renowned management consultant, argued that logistics is

The New Big Science at the NSLS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crease, Robert

2016-03-01

The term ``New Big Science'' refers to a phase shift in the kind of large-scale science that was carried out throughout the U.S. National Laboratory system, when large-scale materials science accelerators rather than high-energy physics accelerators became marquee projects at most major basic research laboratories in the post-Cold War era, accompanied by important changes in the character and culture of the research ecosystem at these laboratories. This talk explores some aspects of this phase shift at BNL's National Synchrotron Light Source.

(Mutual Security Mutual Affluence) Negative Factors = Sustained Stability: A Framework for Establishing Stability Between Like States

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-31

160-163. 2 The Concept of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) dates back to the post-WWFI em and the Cold War where the United States and Soviet Unions...United States. Following its defeat in W\\VH, Japan was in shambles. The bombing campaigns left nine million Japanese homeless and three million more...the United States, the Charlie Hebdo attacks in Paris in 2015, and the bombings in Istanbul in 2016. Michael Bamier, “From Mutual Assistance to

Stepping Up: Burden Sharing by NATO’s Newest Members

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-11-01

heat and does not lead only to a new sense of frustration and futility. This would be the worst outcome for the Alli- ance. But the great merit of...today. While the norms have remained constant, changes in the post-Cold War balance of power have placed ad- ditional stress on burden sharing...its more than 65 years of existence, many directly related to burden sharing concerns.5 Yet, the fall of the Soviet Union placed additional stress on

Defense planning for the Post-Cold War Era. Giving Meaning to Flexibility, Adaptiveness, and Robustness of Capability

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-01-01

with political leaders about alternative military strategies, there were few preliminary measures taken in response to strategic warning, the...NDRI). The project leader on this effort was Bernard Rostker. Rathbun, LCDR Robin E. (1992), " Strategic Mobility for the 1990s: The Mobility...PREFACE This study was prepared for the Joint Staff’s Director of Strategic Plans and Policy (D-5). It is intended primarily for mid- and high- level

The Budget of the United States Government. Department of Defense Budget for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-02-04

and reached agree- ment with the Student Loan Marketing Association (Sallie Mae) to assume man- agement responsibility for the HEAF port- folio in... Sensitivities 29 Part Two. THEMES AND PRIORITIES TV. Investing in the Future 1 A. Investing in Human Capital and Reforming American Education 3...With U.S. leadership, the global response to the Iraqi invasion has the potential to set a favor- able precedent for the post-Cold-War era

The United States, Russia, Europe, and Security: How to Address the Unfinished Business of the Post-Cold War Era

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-01

offered transparency and force limitations through clear rules of the game, enabling former enemies to keep suspicions in check. It guarantees...will have to change. Of course, it will change should oil prices drop to the point of getting Russia on its knees . Beyond such a scenario, there will...and addressing security challenges in and around Europe. Today’s declaratory policy hardly matches the facts on the ground, and the rules of the

U.S. Military Arms Sales to Taiwan: Deterrent or Provocation?

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-03-01

de facto Sino-U.S. alliance could provide a means of containing the USSR.” See Derek McDougall, The International Politics of the New Asia Pacific...Survey, July/August 2000, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 622-640. McDougall, Derek . The International Politics of the New Asia Pacific. Boulder: Lynne Rienner...Corporation. E-mail correspondence on 25 & 31 January 2002. Ong , R.C.M. “Japan and China: Security Interest in the Post-Cold War Era.” East Asia

Southeast Asian Perceptions of U.S. Security Policy in the Post-Cold War Era

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-06-01

of the islands or reefs in the Spratlys as sovereign Bruneian territory, other claimants pose a threat to Bruneian waters , where much of the country’s...Southeast Asian waters . Malaysia has grown very wary of China’s naval expansion and force projection in the South China Sea (Stubbs, 1992: 401...Malaysian territorial waters . Singapore has no formal alliances with the United States, but in January .1992 President Bush and Prime Minister Goh Chok

Instability in the Post-Cold War World: A Model for Evaluation and Decision Making

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-04-15

countries. 1 3 In Bosnia-Herzegovina the Serbs, a mainly Christian culture, use their religion as a partial justification for their "ethnic cleansing" of the...Bosnians, a predominately Moslem culture. The clash of religions is also central to the battles between the Moslem Azeris and the Christian Armenians...Russians of the trans-Dnester region. 14 Even Buddhism, renowned as a religion of peace, figures in conflicts. The low level civil unrest in Tibet is

Preparing for the 2009 Nuclear Posture Review: Post-Cold War Nuclear Deterrence and the 2001 NPR Debate

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

of relying upon the minimalist idea of maintaining strategic deterrence only to prevent nuclear attack.[87] Joseph Pilat agrees and tries to make...Record Straight,” The Washington Quarterly 28, no. 3 (Summer 2005): 136. 87. Payne (2005), Op. Cit., 140. 88. Pilat , Op. Cit., 43. 89. Payne (2005...152. 91. Payne (2005), Op. Cit., 142. 92. Ibid., 146. 93. Joseph F. Pilat , “The New Triad,” in Wirtz and Larson, eds., Nuclear Transformation

The Debate over Japan’s International Role: Contending Views of Opinion Leaders during the Persian Gulf Crisis.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-07-17

prominent and prestigious fora. Perhaps Japan’s leading exponent of the realist school is Seizaburo Sato , professor at Tokyo University, research director...involves Sato’s frank recognition of "how important military strength is to protect peace at this starting point of the post-cold war period.൩ Sato ...in an increasingly interdependent world.34 To Sato , noncoercive forms of power supplement traditional military might but they emphatically do not

Post-Cold War East Asia: A Geopolitical Overview With Recommendations for U.S. Force Posture

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-04-01

Its transition to institutional democracy was marked by assertive rhetoric and exploratory moves toward independence.21 From President Lee Teng-hui’s...accessed 18 April 2015). 59. Warren Strobel , “U.S. B-2 bombers sent to Korea on rare mission: diplomacy not destruction,” Reuters, 30 March 2013, http...Solomon, Jonathan F. “Demystifying Conventional Deterrence.” Strategic Studies Quarterly (Winter 2013): 117-157. Strobel , Warren. “U.S. B-2 bombers

Recent Cold War Studies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pineo, Ronn

2003-01-01

Cold War historiography has undergone major changes since the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union. For two years (1992-1993) the principal Soviet archives fell open to scholars, and although some of the richest holdings are now once again closed, new information continues to find its way out. Moreover, critical documentary information has become…

Cold War Geopolitics: Embassy Locations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vogeler, Ingolf

1995-01-01

Asserts that the geopolitics of the Cold War can be illustrated by the diplomatic ties among countries, particularly the superpowers and their respective allies. Describes a classroom project in which global patterns of embassy locations are examined and compared. Includes five maps and a chart indicating types of embassy locations. (CFR)

Metaphor and the Rhetorical Invention of Cold War "Idealists."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ivie, Robert L.

1987-01-01

Presents a procedure for identifying metaphorical concepts guiding the rhetorical invention of three Cold War "idealists": Henry Wallace, J. William Fulbright, and Helen Caldicott, whose collective failure to dispel threatening images of the Soviets is located in a recurrent system of metaphors that promotes a reversal of the enemy-image…

The Representation of the Cold War in Three Estonian History Textbooks

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Korbits, Keit

2015-01-01

The article looks at the discursive strategies different Estonian history textbooks employ to represent the Cold War period, and the "commonsense" ideologies instilled through these representations. The textbooks analysed include two history books dating back to the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic and, for contrast, one written during…

Fulcrum of Power: Essays on the United States Air Force and National Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-01-01

ARNOLD, THE ATOMIC BOMB, AND THE SURRENDER OF JAPAN 63 TH E POSTWAR WOR LD THE QUIET VICTORY 77 THE STRATEGIC WORLD OF 1946 91 PLANNING AND ORGANIZING...ROLES AN D MISS IONS THE DEFENSE UNIFICATION BATTLE, 1947–50 153 THE BATTLE OF THE B–36 167 THE QUIET COUP OF 1949 179 v TH E KOR EAN WAR TRUMAN’S WAR...191 THE FIRST FIVE YEARS OF THE FIRST 50 203 TH E COLD WAR THE BLUEPRINT FOR COLD WAR DEFENSE 217 THE NEW LOOK IN RETROSPECT 225 SCIENTISTS, POLITICS

The Rise of China: Redefining War in the 21st Century

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-22

Hegemony, Africa, Cold War, Cyber Attack, Deficit 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 19a. NAME OF...FORMAT: Strategy Research Project DATE: 22 March 2012 WORD COUNT: 5,825 PAGES: 30 KEY TERMS: Debt, Security, Hegemony, Africa, Cold War, Cyber ...significantly increasing economic aid. But it’s hard to buy affection; such ‘ friendship ’ does not stand the test of difficult times.”42 The United

Splitting the mind within the individual, nation and economy: reflections on the struggle for integration in post-war Germany.

PubMed

Plänkers, Tomas

2015-02-01

With respect to theorisations of psychical splitting, this paper explores the psychical mechanisms that underlie different forms of social splitting. The paper first outlines Freud's and Kleins different theorisations of the psychical mechanisms of splitting, where the good is split from the bad, the inside split from the outside, and the painful disavowed. I then consider the psychical mechanisms of splitting that underlie ideological supports of certain social systems, specifically that of National Socialist Germany, East Germany during the Cold War period, and neoliberal capitalism. Here, I consider ideological splits between good and evil, the relation between external and internal splits, the relation between geographical, social and internal splitting, as well as splitting as disavowal of the other. Copyright © 2015 Institute of Psychoanalysis.

War experiences and psychotic symptoms among former child soldiers in Northern Uganda: the mediating role of post-war hardships – the WAYS Study

PubMed Central

Amone-P’Olak, Kennedy; Otim, Balaam Nyeko; Opio, George; Ovuga, Emilio; Meiser-Stedman, Richard

2014-01-01

Psychotic symptoms have been associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and war experiences. However, the relationships between types of war experiences, the onset and course of psychotic symptoms, and post-war hardships in child soldiers have not been investigated. This study assessed whether various types of war experiences contribute to psychotic symptoms differently and whether post-war hardships mediated the relationship between war experiences and later psychotic symptoms. In an ongoing longitudinal cohort study (the War-Affected Youths Survey), 539 (61% male) former child soldiers were assessed for psychotic symptoms, post-war hardships, and previous war experiences. Regression analyses were used to assess the contribution of different types of war experiences on psychotic symptoms and the mediating role of post-war hardships in the relations between previous war experiences and psychotic symptoms. The findings yielded ‘witnessing violence’, ‘deaths and bereavement’, ‘involvement in hostilities’, and ‘sexual abuse’ as types of war experiences that significantly and independently predict psychotic symptoms. Exposure to war experiences was related to psychotic symptoms through post-war hardships (β = .18, 95% confidence interval = [0.10, 0.25]) accounting for 50% of the variance in their relationship. The direct relation between previous war experiences and psychotic symptoms attenuated but remained significant (β = .18, 95% confidence interval = [0.12, 0.26]). Types of war experiences should be considered when evaluating risks for psychotic symptoms in the course of providing emergency humanitarian services in post-conflict settings. Interventions should consider post-war hardships as key determinants of psychotic symptoms among war-affected youths. PMID:24718435

75 FR 57839 - National POW/MIA Recognition Day, 2010

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-22

... prisoners of war in distant lands, and to all servicemembers who have defended American lives and liberties... bring them home. Each year, specialists in our Department of Defense scour foreign battlefields and... those missing from the Vietnam War, Korean War, Cold War, World War II, and other conflicts. Their work...

Cold War: Talking with the Producers of the New Documentary Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Social Education, 1998

1998-01-01

Highlights the Cable News Network's (CNN) documentary series "The Cold War." Interviews executive producer Jeremy Issacs and producer Martin Smith about the series and its usefulness for educators. Includes a broadcast schedule for the 24 episodes. Notes that the series is endorsed by the National Council for the Social Studies. (DSK)

Socialism and Education in Cuba and Soviet Uzbekistan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Charon-Cardona, Euridice

2013-01-01

During the Cold War over half a million Asians, Africans and Latin Americans studied and graduated in the Soviet Union's universities and technical schools as part of this country's educational aid policies. Cuba was an intermediary player in the Cold War geopolitical contest between the United States and the Soviet Union, fuelled by the…

How the Cold War is Taught: Six American History Textbooks Examined.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Herz, Martin F.

This booklet is a comparative analysis of how six high school history textbooks present events and issues related to the Cold War. The texts are "History of a Free People" (Macmillan, 1973), "Rise of the American Nation" (Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1977), "The American Experience" (Addison-Wesley, 1975), "A New…

Assuming Identities, Enhancing Understanding: Applying Active Learning Principles to Research Projects

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Victoria C.

2006-01-01

This paper describes a pedagogical technique employed for an interdisciplinary course on Cold War America. Students had to "become" a fictional person and discuss how political and social changes during the Cold War era would have impacted that person. By doing a semester-long project that required primary source research, this…

International Education during the Cold War: Soviet Social Transformation and American Social Reproduction

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tsvetkova, Natalia

2008-01-01

During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union employed various cultural and informational and educational tools to establish and maintain friendly political regimes in foreign states. In this context international education programs became a major part of their strategy to win the "minds" and "allegiance" and to…

The Changing Role of Vietnam in Southeast Asia: Beyond the Cold War

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-01

Hanoi ," International Affairs (Moscow) (September 1989): 74. 25 D. VIETNAM’S FOREIGN POLICY CONCERNS A resolution of the Congress says that the goal...interests 19 ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) This thesis examines the United States relationship with Vietnam...in the aftermath of the Vietnam War and the end of the Cold War. Even though Vietnam’s path toward progress and growth is hindered by internal and

Between East and West: polio vaccination across the Iron Curtain in Cold War Hungary.

PubMed

Vargha, Dora

2014-01-01

In 1950s Hungary, with an economy and infrastructure still devastated from World War II and facing further hardships, thousands of children became permanently disabled and many died in the severe polio epidemic that shook the globe. The relatively new communist regime invested significantly in solving the public health crisis, initially importing a vaccine from the West and later turning to the East for a new solution. Through the history of polio vaccination in Hungary, this article shows how Cold War politics shaped vaccine evaluation and implementation in the 1950s. On the one hand, the threat of polio created a safe place for hitherto unprecedented, open cooperation among governments and scientific communities on the two sides of the Iron Curtain. On the other hand, Cold War rhetoric influenced scientific evaluation of vaccines, choices of disease prevention, and ultimately the eradication of polio.

20 CFR 404.1321 - Ninety-day active service requirement for post-World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... post-World War II veterans. 404.1321 Section 404.1321 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY... of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1321 Ninety-day active service requirement for post-World War II veterans. (a) The 90 days of active service required for post-World War II...

20 CFR 404.1321 - Ninety-day active service requirement for post-World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... post-World War II veterans. 404.1321 Section 404.1321 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY... of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1321 Ninety-day active service requirement for post-World War II veterans. (a) The 90 days of active service required for post-World War II...

20 CFR 404.1321 - Ninety-day active service requirement for post-World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... post-World War II veterans. 404.1321 Section 404.1321 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY... of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1321 Ninety-day active service requirement for post-World War II veterans. (a) The 90 days of active service required for post-World War II...

20 CFR 404.1321 - Ninety-day active service requirement for post-World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... post-World War II veterans. 404.1321 Section 404.1321 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY... of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1321 Ninety-day active service requirement for post-World War II veterans. (a) The 90 days of active service required for post-World War II...

Proliferation: Threat and response

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1996-04-01

During the height of the Cold War, the Russian physicist Andre Sakharov said, `Reducing the risk of annihilating humanity in a nuclear war carries an absolute priority over all other considerations.` The end of the Cold War has reduced the threat of global nuclear war, but today a new threat is rising from the global spread of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. Hostile groups and nations have tried - or have been able - to obtain these weapons, the technology, and homegrown ability to make them or ballistic missiles that can deliver the massive annihilation, poison, and death of thesemore » weapons hundreds of miles away. For rogue nations, these weapons are a ticket to power, stature, and confidence in regional war.« less

How Much War Should Be Included in a Course on World War II?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schilling, Donald G.

1993-01-01

Contends that end of Cold War increases need for students to understand causes and aftermath of World War II. Recommends spending less time on military aspects of the war and more time on the economic, social, and cultural impact of total war. Provides a selected list of resources to be used in a college level course on the war. (CFR)

The relationship between climate change and wars waged between nomadic and farming groups from the Western Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty period

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Y.; Liu, L.; Fang, X. Q.; Ma, Y. N.

2016-01-01

In ancient China, shifts in regional productivity of agriculture and animal husbandry, caused by climate change, either led to wars or peaceful relations between nomadic and farming groups. During the period spanning the Western Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, 367 wars were waged between these groups. While 69 % of the wars were initiated by nomads, 62.4 % were won by the farming groups. On a centennial timescale, the battlegrounds were mostly in northern areas (at an average latitude of 38.92° N) during warm periods, moving southward (at an average latitude of 34.66° N) during cold periods. On a decadal timescale, warm climates corresponded to a high incidence of wars (a correlation coefficient of 0.293). While farming groups were inclined to initiate wars during dry and cold periods, their chances of achieving victory were reduced at such times. The main reasons for this are, first, that a warm climate provided a solid material foundation for nomadic and farming groups, contributing especially to enhanced productivity among the former. However, the overriding desire of nomadic groups to expand essential subsistence means led to wars. Second, during cold periods, farming groups moved to and settled in the south, while nomadic groups occupied the Central Plain. Thus, the locations of the battlefields also changed. While other factors also influenced these wars, climate change served as a backdrop, playing an indirect role in wars between these groups.

Mapping Russia: Geographic and Cultural Diversity.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Khachikian, Arthur

For people living in the 20th century, Russia has been associated with images of communism, the Bolshevik Revolution, totalitarian regimes and leaders, and the fears and stereotypes of the Cold War era. The dissolution of the Soviet Union, the end of the Cold War, and the liberal revolutions of the 1980s-1990s have provided an opportunity to…

Private Higher Education in a Cold War World: Central America

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harrington, James J.

2009-01-01

In Central America the Cold War support of the elites by the United States was designed to ward off the communist threat. At the same time social and economic demands by the working and middle classes created revolutionary movements in the face of rigid and violent responses by Central American governments. Issues of social justice pervaded the…

On the Cultural Legacy of the Cold War: Sino-US Educational Exchange (1949-1990)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gu, Ning

2006-01-01

The Cold War affected the Sino-US educational exchange between 1949 and 1990. During those years, preparation for educational exchanges, personal contact and cross-government relations characterized the three periods of the exchanges. However, even though the relationship had developed very fast, it was by no means smooth sailing. These exchanges…

The Battle for the History Books: Who Won the Cold War?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meyerson, Adam

1990-01-01

Discusses liberal and conservative foreign policy contributions to the end of the Cold War, as marked by the rapid liberalization of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Emphasizes that the collapse of the Soviet empire occurred at the end of a decade of sustained conservative government in every major country of the Western world. (FMW)

Petrobarter: oil, inequality, and the political imagination in and after the Cold War.

PubMed

Rogers, Douglas

2014-04-01

Petrobarter--the exchange of oil for goods and services without reference to monetary currency--has been a widespread and underappreciated practice among corporations, states, and state agencies over the past half century. Analyzing this practice with reference to anthropological theories of barter adds to our understandings of two significant and intertwined concerns in contemporary social science: (1) the production and reproduction of inequality at various scales, from subnational regions to the international system as a whole, and (2) the generation and fate of mobilizing political imaginaries that challenge the abstracted, universalizing imaginaries so often associated with monetized exchange, especially in capitalist contexts. Barter exchanges featuring oil are, therefore, as analytically significant as the much more commonly studied transactions of oil and money. Ethnographic and historical case studies of petrobarter are drawn from the Perm region of the Russian Urals in the post-Soviet period and the global oil trade in the early Cold War. This view from the perspective of the socialist and postsocialist world, it is argued, provides an instructive counterpoint to the many existing studies of oil and money, both in and beyond anthropology, that are situated in the European-American colonial and postcolonial periphery.

United Nations Charter, Chapter VII, Article 43: Now or Never.

PubMed

Burkle, Frederick M

2018-04-25

For more than 75 years, the United Nations Charter has functioned without the benefit of Chapter VII, Article 43, which commits all United Nations member states "to make available to the Security Council, on its call, armed forces, assistance, facilities, including rights of passage necessary for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security." The consequences imposed by this 1945 decision have had a dramatic negative impact on the United Nation's functional capacity as a global body for peace and security. This article summarizes the struggle to implement Article 43 over the decades from the onset of the Cold War, through diplomatic attempts during the post-Cold War era, to current and often controversial attempts to provide some semblance of conflict containment through peace enforcement missions. The rapid growth of globalization and the capability of many nations to provide democratic protections to their populations are again threatened by superpower hegemony and the development of novel unconventional global threats. The survival of the United Nations requires many long overdue organizational structure and governance power reforms, including implementation of a robust United Nations Standing Task Force under Article 43. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;page 1 of 8).

20 CFR 404.1320 - Who is a post-World War II veteran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Who is a post-World War II veteran. 404.1320... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1320 Who is a post-World War II veteran. You are a post-World War II veteran if you...

20 CFR 404.1320 - Who is a post-World War II veteran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Who is a post-World War II veteran. 404.1320... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1320 Who is a post-World War II veteran. You are a post-World War II veteran if you...

20 CFR 404.1320 - Who is a post-World War II veteran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Who is a post-World War II veteran. 404.1320... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1320 Who is a post-World War II veteran. You are a post-World War II veteran if you...

20 CFR 404.1320 - Who is a post-World War II veteran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Who is a post-World War II veteran. 404.1320... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1320 Who is a post-World War II veteran. You are a post-World War II veteran if you...

Contributions of Psychology to War and Peace

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Christie, Daniel J.; Montiel, Cristina J.

2013-01-01

The contributions of American psychologists to war have been substantial and responsive to changes in U.S. national security threats and interests for nearly 100 years. These contributions are identified and discussed for four periods of armed conflict: World Wars I and II, the Cold War, and the Global War on Terror. In contrast, about 50 years…

Understanding an Adversary’s Strategic and Operational Calculus: A Late Cold War Case Study with 21st Century Applicability U.S. Views on Soviet Navy Strategy and Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-08-01

principal target is domestic. It is a peculiar form of inflated Western self - esteem that turns a literature read for profit in the Soviet Union into a...17  Christopher Ford and David Rosenberg on ‘High OPINTEL’ in the Era of the...and David Rosenberg , The Admiral’s Advantage: U.S. Navy Operational Intelligence in World War II and 5 the Cold War (Annapolis, MD: Naval

Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA)

Science.gov Websites

Conflicts Recently Accounted For World War II Service Personnel Not Recovered Following WWII Korean War annual publication of the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency. It chronicles Worldwide mission of our world VIETNAM WAR COLD WAR OTHER CONFLICTS NEWS, STORIES & SUMMARIES USS Oklahoma Sailor Killed During World

The Quest for Relevant Air Power: Continental European Responses to the Air Power Challenges of the Post-Cold War Era

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-01

Air Power Centre]), Col (GS) Thomas Lorber, FüAk (Führungsakademie); Lt Col Dr. Wolfgang Schmidt, Military- Historical Research Office, Potsdam; Lt Gen...Col (GS) Dr. Michael Wolfgang Romba, Col (GS) Hans-Dieter Schön and his staff, Col (GS) Lothar Schmidt, and Lt Col (GS) Michael Trautermann. In the...Multinational Air Wing (DMAW) Project,” accessed 2 March 2007, http://www.euroairgroup.org/act_DMAW.htm. 75. Wolfgang Lange, “Lufttransport—Ansätze

Reassessing the Security Treaty Between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States (ANZUS): Post-Cold War Security Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-01-01

Zealand in the World Since 1945 ( Auckland , New Zealand: 1975), 25. 23 Keith Sinclair, 31. 24 T.B. Millar, 221. 25 T.B. Millar, 143. 26 T.B...outrage that spilled over into anti-nuclear opinion. Further fuel to the fire was that the bombing had taken place inside the port of Auckland ; New...superficially seems to do in pure monetary terms but the purported increase in spending “…would not raise the proportion of the nation’s GDP , but would

Nukes in the Post-Cold War Era A View of the World from Inside the US Nuclear Weapons Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wood, Blake Philip

Why do we have nuclear weapons? What is in the US stockpile, how is it deployed and controlled, and how it has changed over the years? What is in the “nuclear weapons complex” and what does each lab and plant do? How do the DOE/NNSA Design Labs interact with the Intelligence Community? How does the US stockpile, NW complex, and NW policy compare with those of other countries? What is easy and hard about designing nuclear weapons?

Senate and INF ratification

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jones, D.T.

1992-11-16

The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty represented one of the first major accomplishments of the post-cold war era. In contrast to all arms control agreements which preceded it, INF resulted in the elimination of a whole category of weapons systems. The author describes and analyzes many issues which impinged on the Senate ratification process and stimulated intense political debate. In addition to national and international security questions, these issues involved constitutional, political, jurisdictional, and bureaucratic factors. The author concludes with lessons and recommendations for more expeditious ratification for future agreements.

The Russians Debate the Kuril Islands Territorial Dispute: An Aspect of Russo-Japanese Relations in the Post-Cold War World

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-06-01

the existence of a territorial problem up until the time of President Mikhail Gorbachev. When Gorbachev visited Japan in April 1991, he admitted that...Alexei Arbatov and Boris Makeyev , ’The Kuril Barrier," New Times (42.92), p. 26. 34 diplomats and politicians which has taken shape has yet to be overcome...in English GMT 3 Mar 92 (FBIS-SOV-92-042, 3 March 1992, p. 22). 52 IV. ECONOMIC INTERESTS A. OVERVIEW Mikhail Gorbachev officially announced his

Attacking the Mobile Ballistic Missile Threat in the Post-Cold War Environment. New Rules to an Old Game

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-05-01

harassment, it was not until the Allied ground forces over- ran the launch areas that the threat truly came to an end.21 By becoming mobile, the Germans had...SS-6 “ Sapwood .”28 Korolev’s RD-105/RD-106 propulsion concept for this missile involved a total of five engines—a simple design based on German...to-air missiles mobile because we had a big area to de- fend. Our stationary surface-to-air missile sites were primarily around Moscow and others

History and the End of the Cold War: A Whole New Ball Game?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clifford, J. Garry

1992-01-01

Contends end of the Cold War and demise of communism caught most historians by surprise. Questions whether increased military spending by Unites States was the primary cause of the fall of the Soviet Union and communist nations in Europe. Argues world is still a dangerous place, and the Unites States must be diplomatically skillful and encourage…

Environmental Assessment for the Space Complex-5 SCOUT Launcher Relocation, Vandenberg Air Force Base, California

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

Agreement (L,nderJ) ;ng PA) stipu atmg thaI Cold War propertIes significant for their distir.c:ivc physical characteristics and ~hclr historic function...launch complex th t dir Iy upported ooerational missions 0 the exceptionally imp rtant Cold War program. n You l1ave aiso submi tea a map that outlines

Chinese Crisis Decision Making: Using a Cybernetic Approach to Interpret and Predict Beijing’s Behavior Under Stress

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-01

Robert Keohane, “ Institutional Theory and the Realist Challenge after the Cold War,” in Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate, ed. David...George F. Kennan. New York: W.W. Norton, 1996, 270–79. Keohane, Robert. “ Institutional Theory and the Realist Challenge after the Cold War.” In

Working with the Cold War: Types of Knowledge in Swedish and Australian History Textbook Activities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ammert, Niklas; Sharp, Heather

2016-01-01

This article presents a comparative analysis of pupils' activities dealing with the Cold War in Swedish and Australian history textbooks. By focusing on textbook activities to which pupils respond in relation to their learning of a particular topic, this study identifies knowledge types included in a selection of history textbooks. The study also…

The End of the Cold War and Its Effect on Slavic and East European Collections in the West.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Olsen, Margaret S.

1995-01-01

Presents a historical background of effects that the end of the Cold War had on Slavic and East European collections, and focuses on declines in the acquisition of new materials via blanket orders and exchanges. Examines results of a survey of Slavic librarians to determine acquisition sources. Tables display survey responses. (JMV)

The Influence of the Cold War on the Racial Desegregation of American Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Watras, Joseph

2013-01-01

With the rise of the Cold War, federal officials in the United States sought to end the racial segregation that the U.S. Supreme Court had accepted in the 1896 decision of "Plessy v. Ferguson." Although the reforms began with changes in the armed services, they moved to reduce racial segregation in schools. Many forces brought about the…

Effectiveness and specificity of a classroom-based group intervention in children and adolescents exposed to war in Lebanon.

PubMed

Karam, Elie G; Fayyad, John; Nasser Karam, Aimee; Cordahi Tabet, Caroline; Melhem, Nadine; Mneimneh, Zeina; Dimassi, Hani

2008-01-01

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness and specificity of a classroom-based psychosocial intervention after war. All students (n=2500) of six villages in Southern Lebanon designated as most heavily exposed to war received a classroom-based intervention delivered by teachers, consisting of cognitive-behavioural and stress inoculation training strategies. A random sample of treated students (n=101) and a matched control group (n=93) were assessed one month post-war and one year later. Mental disorders and psychosocial stressors were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents - Revised with children and parents. War exposure was measured using the War Events Questionnaire. The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD), separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was examined pre-war, one month post-war (pre-intervention), and one year post-war. Specificity of treatment was determined by rating teachers' therapy diaries. The rates of disorders peaked one month post-war and decreased over one year. There was no significant effect of the intervention on the rates of MDD, SAD or PTSD. Post-war MDD, SAD and PTSD were associated with pre-war SAD and PTSD, family violence parameters, financial problems and witnessing war events. These findings have significant policy and public health implications, given current practices of delivering universal interventions immediately post-war.

Not Just About the Science: Cold War Politics and the International Indian Ocean Expedition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harper, K.

2016-12-01

The International Indian Ocean Expedition broke ground for a series of multi-national oceanographic expeditions starting in the late 1950s. In and of itself, it would have been historically significant—like the International Geophysical Year (1957-58)—for pulling together the international scientific community during the Cold War. However, US support for this and follow-on Indian Ocean expeditions were not just about the science; they were also about diplomacy, specifically efforts to bring non-aligned India into the US political orbit and out of the clutches of its Cold War enemy, the Soviet Union. This paper examines the behind-the-scenes efforts at the highest reaches of the US government to extract international political gain out of a large-scale scientific effort.

Nowhere to run, rabbit: the cold-war calculus of disease ecology.

PubMed

Anderson, Warwick

2017-06-01

During the cold war, Frank Fenner (protégé of Macfarlane Burnet and René Dubos) and Francis Ratcliffe (associate of A. J. Nicholson and student of Charles Elton) studied mathematically the coevolution of host resistance and parasite virulence when myxomatosis was unleashed on Australia's rabbit population. Later, Robert May called Fenner the "real hero" of disease ecology for his mathematical modeling of the epidemic. While Ratcliffe came from a tradition of animal ecology, Fenner developed an ecological orientation in World War II through his work on malaria control (with Ratcliffe and Ian Mackerras, among others)-that is, through studies of tropical medicine. This makes Fenner at least a partial exception to other senior disease ecologists in the region, most of whom learned their ecology from examining responses to agricultural challenges and animal husbandry problems in settler colonial society. Here I consider the local ecologies of knowledge in southeastern Australia during this period, and describe the particular cold-war intellectual niche that Fenner and Ratcliffe inhabited.

Mathematical models, rational choice, and the search for Cold War culture.

PubMed

Erickson, Paul

2010-06-01

A key feature of the social, behavioral, and biological sciences after World War II has been the widespread adoption of new mathematical techniques drawn from cybernetics, information theory, and theories of rational choice. Historians of science have typically sought to explain this adoption either by reference to military patronage, or to a characteristic Cold War culture or discursive framework strongly shaped by the concerns of national security. This essay explores several episodes in the history of game theory--a mathematical theory of rational choice--that demonstrate the limits of such explanations. Military funding was indeed critical to game theory's early development in the 1940s. However, the theory's subsequent spread across disciplines ranging from political science to evolutionary biology was the result of a diverse collection of debates about the nature of "rationality" and "choice" that marked the Cold War era. These debates are not easily reduced to the national security imperatives that have been the focus of much historiography to date.

The Hope for American School Reform: The Cold War Pursuit of Inquiry Learning in Social Studies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Evans, Ronald W.

2010-01-01

As the issue of school reform grows ever more intense, it is imperative that we learn what we can from previous efforts. The new social studies was a 1960's attempt to transform the teaching of history and the social sciences in schools. With origins in the Cold War, the movement sought to develop critical thinkers through "inquiry" and…

The Application of Hermeneutical Analysis to Research on the Cold War in Soviet Animation Media Texts from the Second Half of the 1940s

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fedorov, A. V.

2015-01-01

The Cold War era, which spawned a mutual ideological confrontation between communist and capitalist countries, left its mark on all categories of media texts, including cartoons and animations. Cartoons were used by the authorities as tools for delivering the necessary confrontational ideological content in an attractive folkloric, fairy-tale…

Native Americans in Cold War Public Diplomacy: Indian Politics, American History, and the US Information Agency

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Denson, Andrew

2012-01-01

This essay examines the depiction of Native Americans by the US Information Agency (USIA), the bureau charged with explaining American politics to the international public during the Cold War. In the 1950s and 1960s, the USIA broadcast the message that Americans had begun to acknowledge their nation's history of conquest and were working to…

Science and technology review, April 1997

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Upadhye, R.

1997-04-01

This month's issue has the following articles: (1) The Laboratory in the News; (2) Commentary by Tom Isaacs--Shaping Nuclear Materials Policy; (3) Dealing with a Dangerous Surplus from the Cold War--Since the end of the Cold War, the Laboratory has been spearheading studies on the disposition of surplus weapons plutonium; (4) Volcanoes: A Peek into Our Planet's Plumbing; and (5) Optical Networks: The Wave of the Future.

The Congress for Cultural Freedom, "Minerva," and the Quest for Instituting "Science Studies" in the Age of Cold War

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aronova, Elena

2012-01-01

The Congress for Cultural Freedom is remembered as a paramount example of the "cultural cold wars." In this paper, I discuss the ways in which this powerful transnational organization sought to promote "science studies" as a distinct--and politically relevant--area of expertise, and part of the CCF broader agenda to offer a renewed framework for…

Review of Cold War Freud, Psychiatry in Communist Europe, and Psiquiatría, Psicoánalisis y Cultura Comunista: Batallas Ideológicas en la Guerra Fria [Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and Communist Culture: Ideological Battles in the Cold War].

PubMed

Innamorati, Marco

2017-08-01

Reviews the books, Cold War Freud by D. Herzog (2016), Psychiatry in Communist Europe edited by M. Savelli and S. Marks (2015), and Psiquiatría, Psicoánalisis y Cultura Comunista: Batallas Ideológicas en la Guerra Fria [Psychiatry, psychoanalysis and communist culture: Ideological battles in the Cold War] by H. Vezzetti. On the whole, the three books show how the Cold War influenced, in various ways, psychiatric and psychotherapeutic cultures. Beyond the Iron Curtain, as one can perceive from the book edited by Savelli and Marks (2015), politics explicitly set the agenda for the psychological sciences, using them even to invent ad hoc nosologies, useful for purposes related to power. In the United States, on the other hand, as Herzog (2016) pinpoints, the political situation affected the same field, even if indirectly, as in the Christianization of a discipline-psychoanalysis-the creator of which proudly declared himself an atheist Jew. In other Western countries, the relationship between psychiatry and power could bring about paradoxical results. From Vezzetti's (2016) book, one can ascertain that psychiatric culture might assume an overtly opposing stance toward political power. Vezzetti scans the case of Argentina, and partly of France, but they were not isolated cases. In Italy, for example, a movement of radical psychiatrists understood their role as a necessary opposition to political power, having as an aim the "liberation" of patients locked up in the psychiatric hospitals (Foot, 2015). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).

"This war for men's minds": the birth of a human science in Cold War America.

PubMed

Martin-Nielsen, Janet

2010-01-01

The past decade has seen an explosion of work on the history of the human sciences during the Cold War. This work, however, does not engage with one of the leading human sciences of the period: linguistics. This article begins to rectify this knowledge gap by investigating the influence of linguistics and its concept of study, language, on American public, political and intellectual life during the postwar and early Cold War years. I show that language emerged in three frameworks in this period: language as tool, language as weapon, and language as knowledge. As America stepped onto the international stage, language and linguistics were at the forefront: the military poured millions of dollars into machine translation, American diplomats were required to master scores of foreign languages, and schoolchildren were exposed to language-learning on a scale never before seen in the United States. Together, I argue, language and linguistics formed a critical part of the rise of American leadership in the new world order - one that provided communities as dispersed as the military, the diplomatic corps, scientists and language teachers with a powerful way of tackling the problems they faced. To date, linguistics has not been integrated into the broader framework of Cold War human sciences. In this article, I aim to bring both language, as concept, and linguistics, as discipline, into this framework. In doing so, I pave the way for future work on the history of linguistics as a human science.

20 CFR 404.1363 - Treatment of social security benefits or payments where Federal benefit payable other than by...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...-sum death payment based on World War II or post-World War II wage credits after we receive notice from... War II or post-World War II active service, our payments to you are erroneous to the extent the payments are based on the World War II or post-World War II wage credits. The payments are erroneous...

20 CFR 404.1363 - Treatment of social security benefits or payments where Federal benefit payable other than by...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...-sum death payment based on World War II or post-World War II wage credits after we receive notice from... War II or post-World War II active service, our payments to you are erroneous to the extent the payments are based on the World War II or post-World War II wage credits. The payments are erroneous...

20 CFR 404.1322 - Post-World War II service included.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Post-World War II service included. 404.1322 Section 404.1322 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1322 Post-World War II...

20 CFR 404.1323 - Post-World War II service excluded.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Post-World War II service excluded. 404.1323 Section 404.1323 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1323 Post-World War II...

20 CFR 404.1323 - Post-World War II service excluded.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Post-World War II service excluded. 404.1323... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1323 Post-World War II service excluded. Your service was not in the active service...

20 CFR 404.1322 - Post-World War II service included.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Post-World War II service included. 404.1322... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1322 Post-World War II service included. Your service was in the active service of...

20 CFR 404.1322 - Post-World War II service included.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Post-World War II service included. 404.1322... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1322 Post-World War II service included. Your service was in the active service of...

20 CFR 404.1323 - Post-World War II service excluded.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Post-World War II service excluded. 404.1323... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1323 Post-World War II service excluded. Your service was not in the active service...

20 CFR 404.1322 - Post-World War II service included.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Post-World War II service included. 404.1322... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1322 Post-World War II service included. Your service was in the active service of...

20 CFR 404.1323 - Post-World War II service excluded.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Post-World War II service excluded. 404.1323... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1323 Post-World War II service excluded. Your service was not in the active service...

20 CFR 404.1322 - Post-World War II service included.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Post-World War II service included. 404.1322... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1322 Post-World War II service included. Your service was in the active service of...

20 CFR 404.1323 - Post-World War II service excluded.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Post-World War II service excluded. 404.1323... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1323 Post-World War II service excluded. Your service was not in the active service...

Ten Years of Legacy Management: U.S. DOE Office of Legacy Management Accomplishments - 13246

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carter, Tony; Miller, Judith

2013-07-01

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) established the Office of Legacy Management (LM) to provide a long-term, sustainable solution to environmental impacts that remain from nuclear weapons production during World War II and the Cold War. The production activities created adverse environmental conditions at over 100 sites. When LM was established on December 15, 2003, it became responsible for 33 sites where active environmental remediation was complete. Currently, LM is responsible for long-term surveillance and maintenance of environmental remedies, promotion of beneficial reuse of land and buildings, and management of records and information at 89 sites in 29 states andmore » Puerto Rico. LM is also responsible for meeting contractual obligations associated with former contractor workers' pensions and post-retirement benefits. Effectively addressing this environmental and human legacy will continue to require a focused and well-managed effort. (authors)« less

Medical support for Operation Cooperative Nugget '95: joint readiness training in the post-cold war era.

PubMed

Jerant, A F; Epperly, T D; Marionneaux, R D

1997-11-01

The purpose of this paper is to report the demographic characteristics, injury and illness profiles, and dispositions of patients seen at the 249th General Hospital during its month-long deployment in support of Operation Cooperative Nugget '95 at the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC), Fort Polk, Louisiana. A descriptive analysis of patient demographic, diagnostic, and disposition data was performed. A total of 769 patient contacts were made, with orthopedic injuries (31%), dermatologic disorders (17%), upper respiratory infections (6%), and heat injuries (5%) accounting for the majority of visits. Because of aggressive preventive medicine interventions, there were no cases of heat stroke despite daily heat indices of 110 to 120 degrees F. In addition to emphasizing the importance of anticipating environmental medical threats, the authors relate some lessons learned, which should be valuable to medical providers tasked for future multinational operations other than war at the JRTC and elsewhere.

"If You Had Told Me before That These Students Were Russians, I Would Not Have Believed It": An International Project about the (New) "Cold War"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wansink, Bjorn; Zuiker, Itzél; Wubbels, Theo; Kamman, Maurits; Akkerman, Sanne

2017-01-01

Bjorn Wansink and his co-authors have aligned their teaching of a recent and controversial historical issue--the Cold War--in the light of a contemporary incident. This article demonstrates a means of ensuring that students understand that different cultures' views of their shared past are nuanced, rather than monolithic--a different concept in…

To Be Black, & Gifted & Red: Cold War Period Yields New, Provocative Ground for Contemporary Scholars

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Keels, Crystal L.

2004-01-01

Today's climate of supercharged patriotism and apparent intolerance for comment or critique calls to mind an earlier period of U.S. history. The Cold War that began in the mid-to late-1940s, along with McCarthyism and the anti-communist movement in the early 1950s, created an atmosphere of national hysteria and paranoia. For the past decade,…

COMPETING IN THE SOCIAL BATTLESPACE: INFLUENCING THE THREE DOMAINS

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

Legacy (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2009), 33. 39 Norman Polmar and Kenneth J. Moore, Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S...and shot Brown six times in the back, killing him. Michael Brown would lay four hours on the pavement as additional police officers and...Cornell University Press. Polmar, Norman, and Kenneth J. Moore. Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines

The cold war context of the golden jubilee, or, why we think of mendel as the father of genetics.

PubMed

Wolfe, Audra J

2012-01-01

In September 1950, the Genetics Society of America (GSA) dedicated its annual meeting to a "Golden Jubilee of Genetics" that celebrated the 50th anniversary of the rediscovery of Mendel's work. This program, originally intended as a small ceremony attached to the coattails of the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) meeting, turned into a publicity juggernaut that generated coverage on Mendel and the accomplishments of Western genetics in countless newspapers and radio broadcasts. The Golden Jubilee merits historical attention as both an intriguing instance of scientific commemoration and as an early example of Cold War political theatre. Instead of condemning either Lysenko or Soviet genetics, the Golden Jubilee would celebrate Mendel - and, not coincidentally, the practical achievements in plant and animal breeding his work had made possible. The American geneticists' focus on the achievements of Western genetics as both practical and theoretical, international, and, above all, non-ideological and non-controversial, was fully intended to demonstrate the success of the Western model of science to both the American public and scientists abroad at a key transition point in the Cold War. An implicit part of this article's argument, therefore, is the pervasive impact of the Cold War in unanticipated corners of postwar scientific culture.

20 CFR 404.1343 - When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. 404.1343 Section 404.1343 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL... When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. The limits on...

20 CFR 404.1343 - When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. 404.1343 Section 404.1343 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL... When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. The limits on...

20 CFR 404.1343 - When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. 404.1343 Section 404.1343 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL... When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. The limits on...

20 CFR 404.1343 - When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. 404.1343 Section 404.1343 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL... When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. The limits on...

Economic Competitiveness in the Post Cold War Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-03-18

Joyce Quek , "Is Asia Breeding A Whole Pack of Tigers?," Bus-i.n.ess We.e.k, 15 June 1990, p. 153. 26. Robert Neff and Larmi Nakarmi, "Will An R&D...Gail E. Schares and John Templeman and Jonathan Kapstein, "One Big European Economy Seems Less Like A Dream," Business Week, 13 November 1989, p. 43...38 Jones, H’orcs; hucheon, Stephen; and QueK , Joyce. ’Is Asia Breeding A Wnole PacK of Figers?" Business Week, 15 June I ’c’, pp. 152-155. sarner

Defending the American Homeland 1993-2003 (Counterproliferation Papers, Future Warfare Series. Number 20)

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-11-01

fighter.” There is a major difference between attacks on child-care centers, pizza parlors or high-rise office buildings and legitimate military targets...frameworks of the Cold War were inadequate for examining homeland security. While some elements of the Cold War model remain relevant, such as...State and Defense and the Intelligence Community. However, a complete analytic model of homeland security must be suitable for use by federal, state

Defense Horizons. Number 31, September 2003. Technology, Transformation, and New Operational Concepts

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-09-01

armor would provide both individual and commander a continuous medical status report. Edible vaccines genetically engineered into food could deliver...Defense economic opportunities; transition from the familiar Cold War threat to one that is non-nodal, more pervasive, and often nonstate, nonde...The Role of Technology in Transformation The military that was developed to fight the Cold War in a bi- polar world must transform to meet current and

In the Shadow of the Cold War: The Caribbean and Central America in U.S. Foreign Policy. Teacher's Resource Book. Revised Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Malkasian, Mark; Davidson, Louise K.

This teacher's resource book is designed to be used with "In the Shadow of the Cold War: The Caribbean and Central America in U.S. Foreign Policy," which was written to help high school students to weigh important U.S. foreign policy issues. The resource book includes eight lessons. Lessons 3-6 focus specifically on the dimension of the…

USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, No. 10, October 1977

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-11-22

Stereotype Space exploration cannot begin until many complex scientific and technical problems have been solved. The very fact that a program of space...a time of cold war. It was precisely under these conditions that the rigid stereotype of American reaction to the crises it had encountered in the...the possibility of the improvement of their relations and were in a rush to advertise the end of the cold war, and they believed, with unwarranted

How adaptive optics may have won the Cold War

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tyson, Robert K.

2013-05-01

While there are many theories and studies concerning the end of the Cold War, circa 1990, I postulate that one of the contributors to the result was the development of adaptive optics. The emergence of directed energy weapons, specifically space-based and ground-based high energy lasers made practicable with adaptive optics, showed that a successful defense against inter-continental ballistic missiles was not only possible, but achievable in a reasonable period of time.

Turkey: Thwarted Ambition

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-01-01

t i o n A t the end of the Cold War every country was forced to re- examine the fundamental assumptions that had formed their security policies...for the last 45 years. Among the "victors" of the Cold War, few countries were faced with a more disparate set of new circumstances than Turkey...and cultural influence. It is this feature that makes Turkey sui generis and therefore such a difficult country to classify. Hence, while Mustafa

International health, the early cold war and Latin America.

PubMed

Cueto, Marcos

2008-01-01

This article offers a panoramic vision of the development of international health in Latin America during the late 1940s and the 1950s, when a series of bilateral and multilateral institutions, such as the World Health Organization and UNICEF, were founded and reshaped. The language, policies, and activities of these new institutional actors were heavily influenced by the context of the early Cold War between the era's superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union. Vertical campaigns against yaws and malaria--implemented under the leadership of Fred L. Soper, director of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau--symbolized international health's technical orientation, as well as its contribution to the modernization of the countries of the region. The Cold War period has received little attention by historians of medicine, though it bears certain similarities to historiographical discussions of the relationship between tropical medicine and imperialism in the early 20th century.

Biological warfare warriors, secrecy and pure science in the Cold War: how to understand dialogue and the classifications of science.

PubMed

Bud, Robert

2014-01-01

This paper uses a case study from the Cold War to reflect on the meaning at the time of the term 'Pure Science'. In 1961, four senior scientists from Britain's biological warfare centre at Porton Down visited Moscow both attending an International Congress and visiting Russian microbiological and biochemical laboratories. The reports of the British scientists in talking about a limited range of topics encountered in the Soviet Union expressed qualities of openness, sociologists of the time associated with pure science. The paper reflects on the discourses of "Pure Science", secrecy and security in the Cold War. Using Bakhtin's approach, I suggest the cordial communication between scientists from opposing sides can be seen in terms of the performance, or speaking, of one language among several at their disposal. Pure science was the language they were allowed to share outside their institutions, and indeed political blocs.

20 CFR 404.1340 - Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Wage credits for World War II and post-World... Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and Limits on Their Use § 404.1340 Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans. In determining your entitlement to, and the amount of, your monthly...

20 CFR 404.1340 - Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Wage credits for World War II and post-World... Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and Limits on Their Use § 404.1340 Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans. In determining your entitlement to, and the amount of, your monthly...

20 CFR 404.1340 - Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Wage credits for World War II and post-World... Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and Limits on Their Use § 404.1340 Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans. In determining your entitlement to, and the amount of, your monthly...

20 CFR 404.1340 - Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Wage credits for World War II and post-World... Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and Limits on Their Use § 404.1340 Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans. In determining your entitlement to, and the amount of, your monthly...

Emerging Threats, Force Structures, and the Role of Air Power in Korea

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-01-01

Cold War. From 1948 to 1989 two different ideolo- gies, Communism and Democracy, struggled for the hearts and minds of the people of the world. It...and eventually, space-based reconnaissance intelligence and communication sys- tems. Throughout the Cold War, large standing armies and navies...were still necessary to meet the threat. The two centers of Communism were the Soviet Union and China. To respond to the challenge from the spread of

A Study on the PRC-DPRK Alliance: Focusing on Historical Development of Alliance

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-12

contrast to their old relationship during the Cold War period. The purpose of this study is to predict how changes in the bilateral relationship ...certain is that it has fundamentally changed in contrast to their old relationship during the Cold War period. The purpose of this study is to...predict how changes in the bilateral relationship between China and the DPRK will affect the international security environment in the near future

The Search for a Cold War Grand Strategy: NSC 68 & 162

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-22

Robert Dallek, Harry S. Truman (New York: Times Books, 2008); Ernest R. May, American Cold War Strategy (New York: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press...Gave the Soviets the Atomic Bomb (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 119. 32Robert C. Williams , Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard...possibilities, including preemptive buying.”52 Dr. Ernest O. Lawrence was the final consultant engaged by the State-Defense Policy Review Group. The

Post-Cold War Science and Technology at Los Alamos

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Browne, John C.

2002-04-01

Los Alamos National Laboratory serves the nation through the development and application of leading-edge science and technology in support of national security. Our mission supports national security by: ensuring the safety, security, and reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile; reducing the threat of weapons of mass destruction in support of counter terrorism and homeland defense; and solving national energy, environment, infrastructure, and health security problems. We require crosscutting fundamental and advanced science and technology research to accomplish our mission. The Stockpile Stewardship Program develops and applies, advanced experimental science, computational simulation, and technology to ensure the safety and reliability of U.S. nuclear weapons in the absence of nuclear testing. This effort in itself is a grand challenge. However, the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, reminded us of the importance of robust and vibrant research and development capabilities to meet new and evolving threats to our national security. Today through rapid prototyping we are applying new, innovative, science and technology for homeland defense, to address the threats of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons globally. Synergistically, with the capabilities that we require for our core mission, we contribute in many other areas of scientific endeavor. For example, our Laboratory has been part of the NASA effort on mapping water on the moon and NSF/DOE projects studying high-energy astrophysical phenomena, understanding fundamental scaling phenomena of life, exploring high-temperature superconductors, investigating quantum information systems, applying neutrons to condensed-matter and nuclear physics research, developing large-scale modeling and simulations to understand complex phenomena, and exploring nanoscience that bridges the atomic to macroscopic scales. In this presentation, I will highlight some of these post-cold war science and technology advances including our national security contributions, and discuss some of challenges for Los Alamos in the future.

"Who's winning the human race?"Cold war as pharmaceutical political strategy.

PubMed

Tobbell, Dominique A

2009-10-01

Between 1959 and 1962, Senator Estes Kefauver led a congressional investigation into the pricing practices of U.S. drug firms. As part of its defense, the industry mobilized the rhetoric of cold war and promoted the industry as a critical national asset in the global war against communism. The industry argued that any effort to undermine corporate innovation by inviting, as Kefauver proposed, greater government involvement in drug development threatened the public's health and invited socialism-in the form of socialized medicine-into the domestic political economy. This strategy proved critical to the industry's efforts to build political support for itself, particularly among the medical profession, and undermine Kefauver's reform agenda.

20 CFR 404.1301 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., through December 31, 1956. These individuals are considered World War II or post-World War II veterans... military or naval service of an allied country during World War II. These individuals are considered World.... These individuals are considered members of the uniformed services. (b) World War II or post-World War...

20 CFR 404.1301 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., through December 31, 1956. These individuals are considered World War II or post-World War II veterans... military or naval service of an allied country during World War II. These individuals are considered World.... These individuals are considered members of the uniformed services. (b) World War II or post-World War...

20 CFR 404.1301 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., through December 31, 1956. These individuals are considered World War II or post-World War II veterans... military or naval service of an allied country during World War II. These individuals are considered World.... These individuals are considered members of the uniformed services. (b) World War II or post-World War...

Reassurance Strategy: Incentives for Use and Conditions for Success

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-01

Cold War, people hoped for a more peaceful world and expected a tremendous decrease in the frequency of war. However, war is still part of human life...war has been more common than peace.”7 It seems that the arguments of classical realists and neorealists are true in human history. They basically...states behave as they do is firmly rooted in human biological impulses: 4 Derek D. Smith, Deterring

Stretching and Exploiting Thresholds for High-Order War: How Russia, China, and Iran are Eroding American Influence Using Time-Tested Measures Short of War

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-01

war including the use of many nuclear weapons—on the other. Although the simplifications in linear sequencing theory were adequate to help U.S. deci ...Liberation Army SDF Self -Defense Forces 1 CHAPTER ONE Time-Tested Measures Short of War This report describes a dangerous strategic weakness of the...representative of standard—and long- standing—practices in international behavior.6 The bilateral, nuclear-era Cold War theories of military escalation that

The Cult of Reputation: Deterrent or a Cause of War?

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-01

tolerate any humiliation once they felt strong enough to oppose it. The 2008 Russia– Georgia war was their first opposition to the status quo...Georgia became the arena of the first clash between Russia and the United States, or the first proxy war after the end of the Cold War . The causes for...this conflict go far beyond 2008 Russia–Georgia War : it was just the first episode of the new Russia-U.S. rivalry. The next episodes would be the

The Causes and Dynamics of Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-05-10

economic stability gained from two trends: the spread of constitutional democracy and economic globalization. Two major occurrences, colonialism and the Cold War, prevented the Sub-Saharan states from following these two trends. The disruption in sovereignty caused by colonialism, which was then followed by hastily formed governments during the Cold War, spawned conditions of corruption, scarcity, and violent competition. These conditions make it difficult for African states to achieve lasting stability and advance economically. As a result, any stability gained is often

"We all go a little mad sometimes": Alfred Hitchcock, American psychoanalysis, and the construction of the Cold War psychopath.

PubMed

Genter, Robert

2010-01-01

This article explores the image of the psychopath in Alfred Hitchcock’s 1960 film Psycho. The famed director’s portrayal of a psychologically damaged young man connected with a much larger discussion over political and sexual deviance in the early Cold War, a discussion that cantered on the image of the psychopath as the dominant threat to national security and that played upon normative assumptions about adolescent development and mother-son relations.

Translations on USSR Military Affairs, Number 1309

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-10-17

correlation of forces in the world . In recent years, a turning away from the "cold war " to the re- laxation of tension and to the establishment of the...intensifying the arms race and trying to revive an atmosphere of confrontation and to return the world to the times of the "cold war ." 20 The...headed by V. I. Lenin, rose up for the decisive assault on the bourgeoisie- landlord system and crushed it. The first socialist state in the world

Cultural shift in mental illness: a comparison of stress responses in World War I and the Vietnam War.

PubMed

Skinner, Rasjid; Kaplick, Paul M

2017-12-01

Post-traumatic stress disorder is an established diagnostic category. In particular, over the past 20 years, there has been an interest in culture as a fundamental factor in post-traumatic stress disorder symptom manifestation. However, only a very limited portion of this literature studies the historical variability of post-traumatic stress within a particular culture. Therefore, this study examines whether stress responses to violence associated with armed conflicts have been a culturally stable reaction in Western troops. We have compared historical records from World War I to those of the Vietnam War. Reference is also made to observations of combat trauma reactions in pre-World War I conflicts, World War II, the Korean War, the Falklands War, and the First Gulf War. The data set consisted of literature that was published during and after these armed conflicts. Accounts of World War I Shell Shock that describe symptom presentation, incidence (both acute and delayed), and prognosis were compared to the observations made of Vietnam War post-traumatic stress disorder victims. Results suggest that the conditions observed in Vietnam veterans were not the same as those which were observed in World War I trauma victims. The paper argues that the concept of post-traumatic stress disorder cannot be stretched to cover the typical battle trauma reactions of World War I. It is suggested that relatively subtle changes in culture, over little more than a generation, have had a profound effect on how mental illness forms, manifests itself, and is effectively treated. We add new evidence to the argument that post-traumatic stress disorder in its current conceptualisation does not adequately account, not only for ethnocultural variation but also for historical variation in stress responses within the same culture.

History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Doctrine and a Path Forward

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chyba, Christopher

2007-04-01

During the Cold War, the United States considered a number of approaches for living in a world with nuclear weapons, including disarmament, preventive war, the incorporation of nuclear weapons into military strategy, passive and active defense, and deterrence. With the failure of early approaches to disarmament, and the rejection of preventive war against the Soviet Union (and later, China), deterrence became central to key nuclear relationships, though arms control continued to play an important role. The nuclear nonproliferation treaty made preventing the further spread of nuclear weapons another central component of U.S. policy. The Bush Administration has tried to devise a new policy for the post-Cold War period. Their approach has three salient pillars. First, it is characterized by an overall skepticism toward multilateral agreements, on the grounds that bad actors will not obey them, that agreements can lead to a false sense of security, and that such agreements are too often a way for the Lilliputians of the world to tie down Gulliver. The March 2005 U.S. National Defense Strategy declared that U.S. strength ``will continue to be challenged by those who employ a strategy of the weak, using international fora, judicial processes and terrorism.'' Second, the Bush Administration declared its intention to maintain a military dominance so great that other states simply would not try to catch up. The 2002 National Security Strategy states that ``Our forces will be strong enough to dissuade potential adversaries from pursuing a military build-up in hopes of surpassing, or equaling, the power of the United States.'' Third, the 2002 National Security Strategy (reaffirmed by the 2006 National Security Strategy) moved preventive war (which the strategies called ``preemptive war'') to a central position, rather than deterrence and nonproliferation. In part this was because of the claim that certain ``rogue'' states, and terrorist groups, were not deterrable. This talk will sketch this history, discuss the approach of the Bush Administration in more detail and assess its successes and failures, and suggest the lines of a new approach to U.S. nuclear weapons policy for the coming decades. This approach will follow that outlined in George Bunn and Christopher Chyba (eds.), ``U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy: Confronting Today's Threats'' (Brookings, 2006, 340 pp.).

A Rationale for the Outcomes of Insurgencies: A Comparison Case Study Between Insurgencies in Peru and Nepal

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-01

December 1987 and February 1992.100 Sigmund Freud notes such violent attitudes, and documents that human instincts are of two types—those that...Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series, 2010), 144. 101 Sigmund Freud , “Why War,” in Conflict after the Cold War: Arguments on Causes of War and

An Affair to Remember: America's Brief Fling with the University as a Public Good

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Labaree, David F.

2016-01-01

American higher education rose to fame and fortune during the Cold War, when both student enrollments and funded research shot upward. Prior to World War II, the federal government showed little interest in universities and provided little support. The war spurred a large investment in defence-based scientific research in universities, and the…

Reading Suggestions on 1945 for Classroom Instruction

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Critchfield, James W.

1970-01-01

Readings are organized for teachers by these topics: World War II; The Atomic Bomb; The Cold War; American Political Personalities; and, General Events in the United States. A 7-item list is presented for high school students. (DB)

On a Wing and a Prayer: A Holistic Vision for Airpower in Small Wars

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-05-25

Clausewitz, 156. 7 The MPU Model first and foremost starts with the political nature of war, appropriately defining its character and shape... starts with the beginning of the Cold War and the fight against Communism following World War II, with initial strategic guidance from President...defeat and withdrawal in 1954, a period of gradually increasing US involvement and violence began in and around Vietnam, initially starting with the

Post Cold War transformation of the medical function in support of the deployed soldier.

PubMed

Vekerdi, Zoltan

2013-12-01

This article summarises the changes that resulted in, and still act towards, final implementation of a separate medical function in operational medical support. This article is not intended to represent an historical account, but to provide concise supplemental material for decision makers to position medical under the commander, which enables medical staff to support and care for the troops and which can be used in the best possible way as an image forming factor for the force. The aim of this article is to clearly articulate the necessity for independence of the medical and logistic functions, while recognising the need for continued close coordination.

Politics of resistance and accommodation: managing refugee and immigrant movements in the post-Cold War era.

PubMed

Soguk, N

1995-04-01

"In recent years, the refugee and immigrant phenomena have unmistakably come to the fore. Enormous political, social, and technological changes, transformations, and numerous ethnic conflicts trigger mass movements of people in search of ¿better' and ¿safer' places.... Refugee and immigrant movements have both resistant (disruptive) and accommodative (recuperative) effects on a range of relations and institutions--community, citizenship, democracy, and welfare--that lie at the heart of a stable and secure national governance in the West. Responses to refugee and immigrant movements are thus significant in their implications for national polities and their governance in the future." excerpt

Sandia National Laboratories Institutional Plan FY1994--1999

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1993-10-01

This report presents a five year plan for the laboratory. This plan takes advantage of the technical strengths of the lab and its staff to address issues of concern to the nation on a scope much broader than Sandia`s original mission, while maintaining the general integrity of the laboratory. The plan proposes initiatives in a number of technologies which overlap the needs of its customers and the strengths of its staff. They include: advanced manufacturing technology; electronics; information and computational technology; transportation energy technology and infrastructure; environmental technology; energy research and technology development; biomedical systems engineering; and post-cold war defensemore » imperatives.« less

Special Issue on University Nonproliferation Education and Training Introduction.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Leek, K. M.

2006-07-31

Nonproliferation, like many aspects of security, has not played out as many expected following the end of the cold war. The peace dividend has been elusive in many countries. The notion that the world would become a safer and more secure place as nuclear weapons stockpiles were reduced has been trumped by the rise in international terrorism. Hopes that nuclear weapons would lose their salience as markers of elite status among nations along with pressures to acquire them have been dashed. The drive by some countries and terrorist groups to acquire nuclear weapons has not diminished, and the threat ofmore » proliferation has increased. At the level of the nation state, the Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) itself is under pressure as more nations acquire nuclear weapons, de facto weapons states fail to join, and nations that want to acquire them leave or threaten to leave. At the sub-state level, the convergence of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction (WMD) has introduced an element of uncertainty into nonproliferation that is unprecedented. Another feature of the post-cold war era that has taken many by surprise is the continued, and growing need for trained specialists in nonproliferation and nuclear materials management. Contained within the notion of disarmament and reduced strategic importance of nuclear weapons was the expectation of a diminishing workforce of trained nonproliferation and nuclear materials specialists. Events have overtaken this assumption.« less

20 CFR 404.1302 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... on September 16, 1940, with a country with which the United States was at war during the World War II... under a program or pension system set up by the agency or instrumentality. Post-World War II period... detailed definition of the World War II veteran and a post-World War II veteran, see §§ 404.1310 and 404...

20 CFR 404.1302 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... on September 16, 1940, with a country with which the United States was at war during the World War II... under a program or pension system set up by the agency or instrumentality. Post-World War II period... detailed definition of the World War II veteran and a post-World War II veteran, see §§ 404.1310 and 404...

20 CFR 404.1302 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... on September 16, 1940, with a country with which the United States was at war during the World War II... under a program or pension system set up by the agency or instrumentality. Post-World War II period... detailed definition of the World War II veteran and a post-World War II veteran, see §§ 404.1310 and 404...

20 CFR 404.1302 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... on September 16, 1940, with a country with which the United States was at war during the World War II... under a program or pension system set up by the agency or instrumentality. Post-World War II period... detailed definition of the World War II veteran and a post-World War II veteran, see §§ 404.1310 and 404...

The Cold War is Over. What Now?

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Hecker, S. S.

1995-04-01

As you might imagine, the end of the Cold War has elicited an intense reexamination of the roles and missions of institutions such as the Los Alamos National Laboratory. During the past few years, the entire defense establishment has undergone substantial consolidation, with a concomitant decrease in support for research and development, including in areas such as materials. The defense industry is down-sizing at a rapid pace. Even universities have experienced significant funding cutbacks from the defense community. I view this as a profound time in history, bringing changes encompassing much more than just the defense world. In fact, support for science and technology is being reexamined across the board more completely than at any other time since the end of World War II.

Aurora Borealis, A Painting by Frederic Edwin Church

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Love, J. J.

2015-12-01

This year marks the sesquicentennial anniversary of the end of the American Civil War. In 1865, the same year as the War's end, the great American landscape artist, Frederic Edwin Church, unveiled Aurora Borealis, a painting that depicts a fantastic, far-northern place, an auroral arch stretched across a quiet night-time sky, above dark mountains and a frozen sea. Church was born in Connecticut, lived in New York, and traveled to Labrador; he would have often seen the northern lights. Church might have also been influenced by the spectacular displays of aurora that were caused by some unusually intense magnetic storms in 1859. Aurora Borealis can certainly be interpreted in terms of 19th-century romanticism, scientific philosophy, and Arctic missions of exploration, all subjects of interest to Church. As with so many of his paintings, Church's meticulous attention to detail in Aurora Borealis reveals his deep admiration of nature. But his depiction of auroral light is a curious and possibly intentional departure from natural verisimilitude. Some art historians have suggested that Church painted Aurora Borealis as a subdued tribute to the end of the Civil War, with the drapery of auroral light forming an abstract representation of the American flag. If so, then colors of the flag have been unfurled across a cold and barren landscape, not in extravagant celebration, but in somber recognition of the reality of post-war desolation and an uncertain future.

The Reinvention of General Relativity: A Historiographical Framework for Assessing One Hundred Years of Curved Space-time.

PubMed

Blum, Alexander; Lalli, Roberto; Renn, M Jürgen

2015-09-01

The history of the theory of general relativity presents unique features. After its discovery, the theory was immediately confirmed and rapidly changed established notions of space and time. The further implications of general relativity, however, remained largely unexplored until the mid 1950s, when it came into focus as a physical theory and gradually returned to the mainstream of physics. This essay presents a historiographical framework for assessing the history of general relativity by taking into account in an integrated narrative intellectual developments, epistemological problems, and technological advances; the characteristics of post-World War II and Cold War science; and newly emerging institutional settings. It argues that such a framework can help us understand this renaissance of general relativity as a result of two main factors: the recognition of the untapped potential of general relativity and an explicit effort at community building, which allowed this formerly disparate and dispersed field to benefit from the postwar changes in the scientific landscape.

Youth mental health after civil war: the importance of daily stressors

PubMed Central

Newnham, Elizabeth A.; Pearson, Rebecca M.; Stein, Alan; Betancourt, Theresa S.

2015-01-01

Background Recent evidence suggests that post-conflict stressors in addition to war trauma play an important role in the development of psychopathology. Aims To investigate whether daily stressors mediate the association between war exposure and symptoms of post-traumatic stress and depression among war-affected youth. Method Standardised assessments were conducted with 363 Sierra Leonean youth (26.7% female, mean age 20.9, s.d. = 3.38) 6 years post-war. Results The extent of war exposures was significantly associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms (P<0.05) and a significant proportion was explained by indirect pathways through daily stressors (0.089, 95% CI 0.04–0.138, P<0.001). In contrast, there was little evidence for an association from war exposure to depression scores (P = 0.127); rather any association was explained via indirect pathways through daily stressors (0.103, 95% CI 0.048–0.158, P<0.001). Conclusions Among war-affected youth, the association between war exposure and psychological distress was largely mediated by daily stressors, which have potential for modification with evidence-based intervention. PMID:25497299

Youth mental health after civil war: the importance of daily stressors.

PubMed

Newnham, Elizabeth A; Pearson, Rebecca M; Stein, Alan; Betancourt, Theresa S

2015-02-01

Recent evidence suggests that post-conflict stressors in addition to war trauma play an important role in the development of psychopathology. To investigate whether daily stressors mediate the association between war exposure and symptoms of post-traumatic stress and depression among war-affected youth. Standardised assessments were conducted with 363 Sierra Leonean youth (26.7% female, mean age 20.9, s.d. = 3.38) 6 years post-war. The extent of war exposures was significantly associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms (P<0.05) and a significant proportion was explained by indirect pathways through daily stressors (0.089, 95% CI 0.04-0.138, P<0.001). In contrast, there was little evidence for an association from war exposure to depression scores (P = 0.127); rather any association was explained via indirect pathways through daily stressors (0.103, 95% CI 0.048-0.158, P<0.001). Among war-affected youth, the association between war exposure and psychological distress was largely mediated by daily stressors, which have potential for modification with evidence-based intervention. Royal College of Psychiatrists.

Relationship between climate change and wars between nomadic and farming groups from the Western Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty period

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Y.; Liu, L.; Fang, X. Q.; Ma, Y. N.

2015-07-01

In ancient China, the change in regional agriculture and animal husbandry productivity caused by climate change led to either wars or peaceful relations between nomadic and farming groups. From the Western Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty there were 367 wars between the two groups. The nomadic people initiated 69 % of the wars, but 62.4 % were won by the farmers. On a 30 year-period timescale, warm climates corresponded to a high incidence of wars. The conflicts between the nomadic and farming groups took place in some areas which are sensitive to climate change. During the cold periods, the battlefields were mostly in the southern regions. The main causes which leading to the above results are following: (1) warm climate provided a solid material foundation for nomadic and farming groups, especially contributed to improve the productivity of nomadic group; meanwhile, the excessive desire for essential means of subsistence in nomadic group could led to wars. (2) During the cold periods, people of farming group moved to the south and construct the south, meanwhile, nomadic group occupied the central plains, thus the battlefields also changed. As the background, climate change plays an indirect role in wars between groups.

Masculinities in the Motherland: Gender and Authority in the Soviet Union during the Cold War, 1945-1968

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fraser, Erica L.

2009-01-01

This dissertation starts from the premise that World War II changed Soviet ideas about manhood. The Soviet Union lost twenty-seven million combatants and civilians in World War II--twenty million of whom were men. Delineating, performing, negotiating, and resisting a variety of cultural ideas about manliness shaped Soviet militarism and ideology…

War on the Cheap: U.S. Military Advisors in Greece, Korea, The Philippines, and Vietnam

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

of the orthodox view, Herbert Feis, presents the post–1945 split between the wartime allies as rooted in conflicting ideological accounts of the war... Herbert Feis, From Trust to Terror: The Onset of the Cold War, 1945–1950 (New York: Norton, 1970). 11 and simultaneously supply the Soviets, while...156 Appy, Patriots, 83. 157 Spencer Tucker, The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, & Military History (New

The Collins Center Update. Volume 13, Issue 1, October-December 2010

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-10-01

Volume 13, Issue 1 October-December 2010 THE COLLINS CENTER UPDATE THE CENTER FOR STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP U.S. ARMY WAR COLLEGE CARLISLE...development.” Ambassador Cavanaugh noted the Army War College and the Patterson School both trace their origins to the 1898 Spanish- American War ...Japan in response to a territorial dispute, and reduced export quotas for rare earth’s by 35% for the first half of 2011. During the Cold War , American

20 CFR 404.1342 - Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits. 404.1342 Section 404.1342 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION... Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and Limits on Their Use § 404.1342 Limits on granting World War...

20 CFR 404.1342 - Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits. 404.1342 Section 404.1342 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION... Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and Limits on Their Use § 404.1342 Limits on granting World War...

20 CFR 404.1342 - Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits. 404.1342 Section 404.1342 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION... Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and Limits on Their Use § 404.1342 Limits on granting World War...

20 CFR 404.1342 - Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits. 404.1342 Section 404.1342 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION... Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and Limits on Their Use § 404.1342 Limits on granting World War...

Post-combat syndromes from the Boer war to the Gulf war: a cluster analysis of their nature and attribution.

PubMed

Jones, Edgar; Hodgins-Vermaas, Robert; McCartney, Helen; Everitt, Brian; Beech, Charlotte; Poynter, Denise; Palmer, Ian; Hyams, Kenneth; Wessely, Simon

2002-02-09

To discover whether post-combat syndromes have existed after modern wars and what relation they bear to each other. Review of medical and military records of servicemen and cluster analysis of symptoms. Records for 1856 veterans randomly selected from war pension files awarded from 1872 and from the Medical Assessment Programme for Gulf war veterans. Characteristic patterns of symptom clusters and their relation to dependent variables including war, diagnosis, predisposing physical illness, and exposure to combat; and servicemen's changing attributions for post-combat disorders. Three varieties of post-combat disorder were identified-a debility syndrome (associated with the 19th and early 20th centuries), somatic syndrome (related primarily to the first world war), and a neuropsychiatric syndrome (associated with the second world war and the Gulf conflict). The era in which the war occurred was overwhelmingly the best predictor of cluster membership. All modern wars have been associated with a syndrome characterised by unexplained medical symptoms. The form that these assume, the terms used to describe them, and the explanations offered by servicemen and doctors seem to be influenced by advances in medical science, changes in the nature of warfare, and underlying cultural forces.

Coercion and Reconciliation: Post-Conflict Resolution After the American Civil War

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-26

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Coercion and Reconciliation: Post -Conflict Resolution After the American Civil War A...Reconciliation: Post -Conflict Resolution After 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER The American Civil War 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6...policies. The conclusion is that during post -conflict resolution, having a moderate coercive body to maintain security, while allowing for political

20 CFR 404.1320 - Who is a post-World War II veteran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Who is a post-World War II veteran. 404.1320 Section 404.1320 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1320 Who is a post-Worl...

Transnational science during the Cold War: the case of Chinese/American scientists.

PubMed

Wang, Zuoyue

2010-06-01

This essay examines the experiences of about five thousand Chinese students/scientists in the United States after the Communist takeover of mainland China in 1949. These experiences illustrate the often hidden transnational movements of people, instruments, and ideas in science and technology across the Iron Curtain during the Cold War. I argue that those hundreds who returned to China represented a partial "Americanization" of Chinese science and technology, while the rest of the group staying in the United States contributed to a transnationalization of the American scientific community.

Turkey’s Iran Card: Energy Cooperation in American and Russian Vortex

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-06-01

Turkey and Iran During the Cold War,” Journal of Third World Studies, Spring 1999, Vol.16, No.1, p.23. 15 imports and 4 % of total exports to Turkey...16 Michael B.Bishku, “Turkey and Iran During the Cold War,” Journal of Third World Studies, Spring 1999, Vol.16, No.1, pp.23-24. 17 Andrew Mango ...result of Ukraine’s usage of the Russian exports to Germany. Therefore, the EU has to diversify its natural gas supply to ensure European energy

Department of Defense Cost Analysis Symposium (26th) on Cost Analysis in an Uncertain Defense Environment Held in Washington, DC on 9-11 September 1992

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-09-09

ASHER Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Program, Analysis & Evaluation) MR. JAMES C. PILGER Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army...CHANGES TO THE MAJOR WEAPONS SYSTEM ACQUISITION PROCESS The major weapon system acquisition processes forged during the Cold War may not be practical...No one can estimate the extent of cost growth with a high degree of accuracy. However, review of 30-40 years of cold war history dops allow the

The mesh of civilizations in the global network of digital communication.

PubMed

State, Bogdan; Park, Patrick; Weber, Ingmar; Macy, Michael

2015-01-01

Conflicts fueled by popular religious mobilization have rekindled the controversy surrounding Samuel Huntington's theory of changing international alignments in the Post-Cold War era. In The Clash of Civilizations, Huntington challenged Fukuyama's "end of history" thesis that liberal democracy had emerged victorious out of Post-war ideological and economic rivalries. Based on a top-down analysis of the alignments of nation states, Huntington famously concluded that the axes of international geo-political conflicts had reverted to the ancient cultural divisions that had characterized most of human history. Until recently, however, the debate has had to rely more on polemics than empirical evidence. Moreover, Huntington made this prediction in 1993, before social media connected the world's population. Do digital communications attenuate or echo the cultural, religious, and ethnic "fault lines" posited by Huntington prior to the global diffusion of social media? We revisit Huntington's thesis using hundreds of millions of anonymized email and Twitter communications among tens of millions of worldwide users to map the global alignment of interpersonal relations. Contrary to the supposedly borderless world of cyberspace, a bottom-up analysis confirms the persistence of the eight culturally differentiated civilizations posited by Huntington, with the divisions corresponding to differences in language, religion, economic development, and spatial distance.

Jerrold Zacharias and PSSC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holbrow, Charles H.

2007-03-01

In 1956 with NSF support Jerrold Zacharias, a notable professor of physics at MIT, called into existence the Physical Sciences Study Committee and launched the largest effort ever to change and improve the teaching of physics in American high schools. Zacharias had a talent for eliciting bold ideas from the best physicists of his day and then inspiring them to put their ideas into action. PSSC was just one of many instances when he did this. He was a member of that cohort of physicists whose accomplishments in World War II empowered them with confidence and authority that they applied with great effect in the early years of the Cold War. More than passive agents of the government, they influenced it to respond to various crises with broader vision and higher idealism than were associated with conventional views of defense. PSSC exemplifies their ability to spin the straw of Cold War tension and fear into the gold of major educational reform. I will describe some memorable aspects of the man and his times, and how he and Francis Friedman shaped the early efforts of PSSC. Charles H. Holbrow, Scientists, Security, and Lessons from the Cold War, Physics Today 59(7), 39-44 (2006). PSSC Remembered -- An AAPT Online Publication at http://www.aapt-doorway.org.

Migration, Knowledge Transfer, and the Emergence of Australian Post-War Skiing: The Story of Charles William Anton

PubMed Central

Strobl, Philipp

2016-01-01

Abstract Skiing underwent substantial changes during the post-war years when the sport turned into a multi-billion dollar industry and a leisure activity for the masses. Despite its global nature and popularity, skiing in academic writing has not gained much recognition. This paper explores the role of knowledge transfer during the pioneering phase of post-war skiing in Australia. It describes the life of Charles William Anton, an Austrian refugee from the Anschluss who migrated to Sydney and subsequently became one of the founding fathers of Australian post-war skiing. The following pages show the multi-layered nature of skiing as a global sport by exemplifying how ideas spread from pre-war Europe to post-war Australia. The paper will also provide a case study about refugee knowledge transfer and the ‘productive process of absorption, adoption or rejection of knowledge’ that takes place once an idea has been introduced into a new environment. PMID:29170603

Migration, Knowledge Transfer, and the Emergence of Australian Post-War Skiing: The Story of Charles William Anton.

PubMed

Strobl, Philipp

2016-11-01

Skiing underwent substantial changes during the post-war years when the sport turned into a multi-billion dollar industry and a leisure activity for the masses. Despite its global nature and popularity, skiing in academic writing has not gained much recognition. This paper explores the role of knowledge transfer during the pioneering phase of post-war skiing in Australia. It describes the life of Charles William Anton, an Austrian refugee from the Anschluss who migrated to Sydney and subsequently became one of the founding fathers of Australian post-war skiing. The following pages show the multi-layered nature of skiing as a global sport by exemplifying how ideas spread from pre-war Europe to post-war Australia. The paper will also provide a case study about refugee knowledge transfer and the 'productive process of absorption, adoption or rejection of knowledge' that takes place once an idea has been introduced into a new environment.

Recapitalizing the Air Force Intellect: Essays on War, Airpower, and Military Education

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-01

are poorly schooled in the history of warfare and, more specifi- cally, the history of airpower in war, a deficit which produces their assumption...the Soviet Union itself disintegrated. In the wake of the Cold War, it appeared the danger of the kind of war that might threaten the survival of...impres- sion upon the US Air Force. Airpower produced its prophets in the early years of the twentieth century, but in the wake of expe- rience

Cold War Agency: The United States and the Failure of the DIEM Experiment

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

2000s to establish democratic regimes in Afghanistan and Iraq reflect an American foreign policy tradition that began at the end of World War II. The...Afghanistan and Iraq reflect an American foreign policy tradition that began at the end of World War II. The pairing of national security interests...Afghanistan and Iraq reflect an American foreign policy tradition that began at the end of World War II. The pairing of national security interests with the

Renewing a Scientific Society: The American Association for the Advancement of Science from World War II to 1970.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wolfle, Dael

This book recounts the many challenges and successes achieved by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) from World War II to 1970. Included are: (1) the development of the National Science Foundation; (2) Cold War concerns about the loyalty and freedom of scientists; (3) efforts to develop an effective science curriculum…

The post-millennium development goals agenda: include 'end to all wars' as a public health goal!

PubMed

Jayasinghe, Saroj

2014-09-01

The process of identifying global post-millennium development goals (post-MDGs) has begun in earnest. Consensus is emerging in certain areas (e.g. eliminating poverty) and conflicts and violence are recognized as key factors that retard human development. However, current discussions focus on tackling intra-state conflicts and individual-based violence and hardly mention eliminating wars as a goal. Wars create public health catastrophes. They kill, maim, displace and affect millions. Inter-state wars fuel intra-state conflicts and violence. The peace agenda should not be the monopoly of the UN Security Council, and the current consensus-building process setting the post-MDG agenda is a rallying point for the global community. The human rights approach will not suffice to eliminate wars, because few are fought to protect human rights. The development agenda should therefore commit to eliminating all wars by 2030. Targets to reduce tensions and discourage wars should be included. We should act now. © The Author(s) 2014.

Reconstruction versus Transformation: Post-War Education and the Struggle for Gender Equity in Sierra Leone

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maclure, Richard; Denov, Myriam

2009-01-01

In post-war contexts, education is widely regarded as essential not only for civic reconciliation, but also as a key force for gender equity. In Sierra Leone, however, despite enhanced educational opportunities for girls, much of the emphasis on post-war educational reconstruction is unlikely to rectify gender inequities that remain entrenched…

Post-combat syndromes from the Boer war to the Gulf war: a cluster analysis of their nature and attribution

PubMed Central

Jones, Edgar; Hodgins-Vermaas, Robert; McCartney, Helen; Everitt, Brian; Beech, Charlotte; Poynter, Denise; Palmer, Ian; Hyams, Kenneth; Wessely, Simon

2002-01-01

Objectives To discover whether post-combat syndromes have existed after modern wars and what relation they bear to each other. Design Review of medical and military records of servicemen and cluster analysis of symptoms. Data sources Records for 1856 veterans randomly selected from war pension files awarded from 1872 and from the Medical Assessment Programme for Gulf war veterans. Main outcome measures Characteristic patterns of symptom clusters and their relation to dependent variables including war, diagnosis, predisposing physical illness, and exposure to combat; and servicemen's changing attributions for post-combat disorders. Results Three varieties of post-combat disorder were identified—a debility syndrome (associated with the 19th and early 20th centuries), somatic syndrome (related primarily to the first world war), and a neuropsychiatric syndrome (associated with the second world war and the Gulf conflict). The era in which the war occurred was overwhelmingly the best predictor of cluster membership. Conclusions All modern wars have been associated with a syndrome characterised by unexplained medical symptoms. The form that these assume, the terms used to describe them, and the explanations offered by servicemen and doctors seem to be influenced by advances in medical science, changes in the nature of warfare, and underlying cultural forces. What is already known on this topicService in the Gulf war is associated with an increased rate of reported symptoms and worsening subjective healthPost-combat syndromes have been described after most modern conflicts from the US civil war onwardsWhat this study addsThere seems to be no single post-combat syndrome but a number of variations on a themeThe ever changing form of post-combat syndromes seems to be related to advances in medical understanding, the developing nature of warfare, and cultural undercurrentsBecause reported symptoms are subject to bias and changing emphasis related to advances in medical science or the discovery of new diseases, the characterisation of individual syndromes has to be treated with cautionAttributions by servicemen are generally consistent with symptom characteristics, though there seems to be a growing reluctance to consider the stress of military service as a cause PMID:11834557

The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory: contributions to World War II.

PubMed

Folk, G Edgar

2010-09-01

The war contributions of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory in Cambridge, MA, were recorded in 169 Technical Reports, most of which were sent to the Office of the Quartermaster General. Earlier reports were sent to the National Research Council and the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Many of the reports from 1941 and later dealt with either physical fitness of soldiers or the energetic cost of military tasks in extreme heat and cold. New military emergency rations to be manufactured in large quantities were analyzed in the Fatigue Laboratory and then tested in the field. Newly designed cold weather clothing was tested in the cold chamber at -40 degrees F, and desired improvements were made and tested in the field by staff and soldiers in tents and sleeping bags. Electrically heated clothing was designed for high-altitude flight crews and tested both in laboratory chambers and field tests before being issued. This eye witness account of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory during World War II was recorded by Dr. G. Edgar Folk, who is likely the sole surviving member of that famous laboratory.

[The Early Years of Military Laser Research and Technology in the Federal Republic of Germany During the Cold War].

PubMed

Albrecht, Helmuth

2014-01-01

The invention of the laser in 1960 and the innovation process of laser technology during the following years coincided with the dramatic increase of the East-West-conflict during the 1960s - the peak of the so-called Cold War after the erection of the Berlin Wall in 1961. The predictable features of the new device, not only for experimental sciences, but also for technical and military applications, led instantly to a laser hype all over the world. Military funding and research played a major part in this development. Especially in the United States military laser research and development played an important role in the formation of Cold War sciences. The European allies followed this example to a certain degree, but their specific national environments led to quite different solutions and results. This article describes and analyzes the special features and background of this development for the Federal Republic of Germany in the area of conflict between science, politics and industry from 1960 to the early 1970s.

20 CFR 404.1361 - Federal benefit payable other than by Veterans Administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service before we determine and certify... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service after we determine and certify payment, we— (1) Stop payment of your benefits or recompute the amount of any further benefits that can be...

20 CFR 404.1361 - Federal benefit payable other than by Veterans Administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service before we determine and certify... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service after we determine and certify payment, we— (1) Stop payment of your benefits or recompute the amount of any further benefits that can be...

20 CFR 404.1361 - Federal benefit payable other than by Veterans Administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service before we determine and certify... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service after we determine and certify payment, we— (1) Stop payment of your benefits or recompute the amount of any further benefits that can be...

20 CFR 404.1361 - Federal benefit payable other than by Veterans Administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service before we determine and certify... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service after we determine and certify payment, we— (1) Stop payment of your benefits or recompute the amount of any further benefits that can be...

20 CFR 404.1361 - Federal benefit payable other than by Veterans Administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service before we determine and certify... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service after we determine and certify payment, we— (1) Stop payment of your benefits or recompute the amount of any further benefits that can be...

Military cold injury during the war in the Falkland Islands 1982: an evaluation of possible risk factors.

PubMed

Craig, R P

2007-01-01

Throughout the history of war, there have been many instances when the cold has ravaged armies more effectively than their enemies. Delineated risk factors are restricted to negro origins, previous cold injury, moderate but not heavy smoking and the possession of blood group O. No attention has been directed to the possibility that abnormal blood constituents could feasibly predispose to the development of local cold injury. This study considers this possibility and investigates the potential contribution of certain components of the circulating blood which might do so. Three groups of soldiers from two of the battalions who served during the war in the Falklands Islands in 1982 were investigated. The risk factors which were sought included the presence or absence of asymptomatic cryoglobulinaemia, abnormal total protein, albumin, individual gamma globulin or complement C3 or C4 levels, plasma hyperviscosity or evidence of chronic alcoholism manifesting as high haemoglobin, PCV, RBC, MCV or gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). No cases of cryoglobulinaemia were isolated and there was no haematological evidence to suggest that any of those men who had developed cold injury, one year before this study was performed, had abnormal circulating proteins, plasma hyperviscosity or indicators of alcohol abuse. Individual blood groups were not incriminated as a predisposing factor although the small numbers of negroes in this series fared badly. Although this investigation has excluded a range of potential risk factors which could contribute to the development of cold injury, the problem persists. Two areas of further study are needed: the first involves research into the production of better protective clothing in the form of effective cold weather boots and gloves and the second requires the delineation of those dietary and ethnic factors which allow certain communities to adapt successfully to the cold. A review of the literature in this latter area is presented.

20 CFR 404.1321 - Ninety-day active service requirement for post-World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Ninety-day active service requirement for post-World War II veterans. 404.1321 Section 404.1321 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II...

Deterring War or Courting Disaster: An Analysis of Nuclear Weapons in the Indian Ocean

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

16 II. DETERRING WAR BETWEEN THE U.S. AND U.S.S.R. ...................................17 A. DETERRENCE THEORY AND THE...thesis will show, the literature and theory developed around the Cold War does not accommodate the relatively small size and relative inexperience of...and theory regarding sea-based nuclear weapons. Close examination of the Indian Ocean rivalries and the assumptions underpinning the belief in

The Making of a Generation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Levine, Arthur

1993-01-01

Group interviews with college undergraduates revealed five social and political events that they felt had most influenced their generation: the "Challenger" shuttle explosion; the end of the Cold War; the Persian Gulf War; the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic; and the Rodney King beating and subsequent trials. (MSE)

The Air Force and the Cold War

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-09-01

March 2001. 49An Air Force Association Special Report 49An Air Force As ociation Special Report CANAN , James. War in Space. Harper & Row, 1982...Press, 1989. GARDNER, Lloyd C. Spheres of Influence: The Great Powers Partition Europe, From Munich to Yalta. Ivan R. Dee Publisher, 1993. GARTHOFF

Sandia National Laboratories, Tonopah Test Range Fire Control Bunker (Building 09-51): Photographs and Written Historical and Descriptive Data

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ullrich, Rebecca A.

The Fire Control Bunker (Building 09-51) is a contributing element to the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Tonopah Test Range (TTR) Historic District. The SNL TTR Historic District played a significant role in U.S. Cold War history in the areas of stockpile surveillance and non-nuclear field testing of nuclear weapons design. The district covers approximately 179,200 acres and illustrates Cold War development testing of nuclear weapons components and systems. This report includes historical information, architectural information, sources of information, project information, maps, blueprints, and photographs.

Sandia National Laboratories, Tonopah Test Range Assembly Building 9B (Building 09-54): Photographs and Written Historical and Descriptive Data

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ullrich, Rebecca A.

Assembly Building 9B (Building 09-54) is a contributing element to the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Tonopah Test Range (TTR) Historic District. The SNL TTR Historic District played a significant role in U.S. Cold War history in the areas of stockpile surveillance and non-nuclear field testing of nuclear weapons designs. The district covers approximately 179,200 acres and illustrates Cold War development testing of nuclear weapons components and systems. This report includes historical information, architectural information, sources of information, project information, maps, blueprints, and photographs.

Science& Technology Review December 2002

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Budil, K S

2002-10-28

This issue has the following articles: (1) ''Doing It All: Sustaining Our Working Solutions, Rising to New Challenges''; (2) ''Emerging from the Cold War: Stockpile Stewardship and Beyond''--When the Cold War ended, Lawrence Livermore stepped up to a new national challenge--maintaining the safety and reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile without underground testing. (3) ''Machines from Interlocking Molecules''--Fundamental chemistry and physics research will enable scientists to control and use individual molecules. (4) ''Laser Zaps Communication Bottleneck''--Using laser communications, the U.S. military will be able to transmit data from advanced remote sensors in real time.

Reanalysis of Korean War Anthropological Records to Support the Resolution of Cold Cases.

PubMed

Wilson, Emily K

2017-09-01

Re-investigation of previously unidentified remains from the Korean War has yielded 55 new identifications, each with corresponding records of prior anthropological analyses. This study compares biological assessments for age at death, stature, and ancestry across (i) anthropological analyses from the 1950s, (ii) recent anthropological analyses of those same sets of remains, and (iii) the reported antemortem biological information for the identified individual. A comparison of long bone measurements from both the 1950s and during reanalysis is also presented. These comparisons demonstrate commonalities and continuing patterns of errors that are useful in refining both research on Korean War cold case records and forensic anthropological analyses performed using methods developed from the 1950s identifications. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Civil Society Organizations in Post-War Liberia: The Role of Education and Training in Strengthening Organizational Capacity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Duo, Samuel N.

2011-01-01

The purpose of this study was to understand the role of non-formal education and training in the organizational change process of Civil society organizations (CSOs) in post war Liberia. CSOs are the local foundation for democracy and development in Liberia, and serve a wide range of roles in local communities. For example, in post-war Liberia,…

Gorbachev's unofficial arms-control advisers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

von Hippel, Frank

2014-05-01

After President Ronald Reagan's 1983 Star Wars speech, a puzzled group of Soviet scientists asked US colleagues opposed to ballistic-missile defense if they had changed their minds. This led to a collaborative brainstorming process that provided a basis for some of the key initiatives that helped end the Cold War.

Science and Public Policy since World War II.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rossiter, Margaret W.

1985-01-01

Discusses: material/personnel shortages and surpluses around 1950; federal aid to nonmilitary research; loyalty oaths and security checks; rise of the behavioral sciences; science education, from the Cold War to creationism; antinuclear protests and the limited test ban treaty, 1954-1963; Sputnik and the space program; and health, safety, and…

Causes of the Vietnam War: An Academic Look at Wilsoniasm and Cold War Effects

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-04-01

International Politics Makes Strange Bedfellows: Theories of the Radical Right and Radical Left,” American Political Science Review 68, no.1 (March 1874...Holsi, “The Study of International Politics Makes Strange Bedfellows: Theories of the Radical Right and Radical Left,” American Political Science

Counterinsurgency and Its Implications for the Norwegian Special Operations Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-01

purely domestic focus, or in the absence of any direct threat, a more international focus. The latter view has prevailed. Since 2001, the NAF have...characterized more by unorthodox threats like for example insurgencies, international terrorism ,etc., and less by “conventional” wars between...sought their independence; many by insurgency or a war of liberation . As the Cold War was at its height, most countries’ main focus was on large

Past as Prelude: The Defense Debate in the Cold War

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-03-01

There were also congressional * investigations of fraud and preparedness mismanagement during World War II and the Korean War. As a freshman 3 Democratic...increased above the levels of the Truman administration with the establishment of new treaty organizations in the Middle East and Southeast Asia . The...Berlin, Cuba, and Southeast Asia . Kennedy quickly became disenchanted with the advice of the JCS in 1961, due to military setbacks in Laos and the 1 5

20 CFR 404.1342 - Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits. 404.1342 Section 404.1342 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits...

20 CFR 404.1340 - Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans. 404.1340 Section 404.1340 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and...

Between "Official" and "Unofficial" Temperatures: Introducing a Complication to the Hot and Cold Ethnicity Theory from Odessa

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Polese, Abel

2014-01-01

The end of the cold war prompted most of the former Soviet republics to face ethnic issues that had remained latent or intangible for decades. Whilst some ethnic groups were actively campaigning for their rights, some others seemed uninterested in being represented politically. The recent theory of hot and cold ethnicity has been conceived to…

Treatment of Frostbite,

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-01-01

that has been exposed to cold has had serious cold injuries. Ten percent of our wounded casualties in both World War 1I (90,000) and Korea (9,000...have been damaged which compromises blood flow. Late complications of cold/wet injuries Include ulceration and chronic Infections. Although rare in...painful during rewarming usually starting as a tingling or burning pain followed by throbbing, swelling, and increased redness throughout the area

Climate not to blame for African civil wars

PubMed Central

Buhaug, Halvard

2010-01-01

Vocal actors within policy and practice contend that environmental variability and shocks, such as drought and prolonged heat waves, drive civil wars in Africa. Recently, a widely publicized scientific article appears to substantiate this claim. This paper investigates the empirical foundation for the claimed relationship in detail. Using a host of different model specifications and alternative measures of drought, heat, and civil war, the paper concludes that climate variability is a poor predictor of armed conflict. Instead, African civil wars can be explained by generic structural and contextual conditions: prevalent ethno-political exclusion, poor national economy, and the collapse of the Cold War system. PMID:20823241

Subjective quality of life in war-affected populations.

PubMed

Matanov, Aleksandra; Giacco, Domenico; Bogic, Marija; Ajdukovic, Dean; Franciskovic, Tanja; Galeazzi, Gian Maria; Kucukalic, Abdulah; Lecic-Tosevski, Dusica; Morina, Nexhmedin; Popovski, Mihajlo; Schützwohl, Matthias; Priebe, Stefan

2013-07-02

Exposure to traumatic war events may lead to a reduction in quality of life for many years. Research suggests that these impairments may be associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms; however, wars also have a profound impact on social conditions. Systematic studies utilising subjective quality of life (SQOL) measures are particularly rare and research in post-conflict settings is scarce. Whether social factors independently affect SQOL after war in addition to symptoms has not been explored in large scale studies. War-affected community samples were recruited through a random-walk technique in five Balkan countries and through registers and networking in three Western European countries. The interviews were carried out on average 8 years after the war in the Balkans. SQOL was assessed on Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life--MANSA. We explored the impact of war events, posttraumatic stress symptoms and post-war environment on SQOL. We interviewed 3313 Balkan residents and 854 refugees in Western Europe. The MANSA mean score was 4.8 (SD = 0.9) for the Balkan sample and 4.7 (SD = 0.9) for refugees. In both samples participants were explicitly dissatisfied with their employment and financial situation. Posttraumatic stress symptoms had a strong negative impact on SQOL. Traumatic war events were directly linked with lower SQOL in Balkan residents. The post-war environment influenced SQOL in both groups: unemployment was associated with lower SQOL and recent contacts with friends with higher SQOL. Experiencing more migration-related stressors was linked to poorer SQOL in refugees. Both posttraumatic stress symptoms and aspects of the post-war environment independently influence SQOL in war-affected populations. Aid programmes to improve wellbeing following the traumatic war events should include both treatment of posttraumatic symptoms and social interventions.

Subjective quality of life in war-affected populations

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Exposure to traumatic war events may lead to a reduction in quality of life for many years. Research suggests that these impairments may be associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms; however, wars also have a profound impact on social conditions. Systematic studies utilising subjective quality of life (SQOL) measures are particularly rare and research in post-conflict settings is scarce. Whether social factors independently affect SQOL after war in addition to symptoms has not been explored in large scale studies. Method War-affected community samples were recruited through a random-walk technique in five Balkan countries and through registers and networking in three Western European countries. The interviews were carried out on average 8 years after the war in the Balkans. SQOL was assessed on Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life - MANSA. We explored the impact of war events, posttraumatic stress symptoms and post-war environment on SQOL. Results We interviewed 3313 Balkan residents and 854 refugees in Western Europe. The MANSA mean score was 4.8 (SD = 0.9) for the Balkan sample and 4.7 (SD = 0.9) for refugees. In both samples participants were explicitly dissatisfied with their employment and financial situation. Posttraumatic stress symptoms had a strong negative impact on SQOL. Traumatic war events were directly linked with lower SQOL in Balkan residents. The post-war environment influenced SQOL in both groups: unemployment was associated with lower SQOL and recent contacts with friends with higher SQOL. Experiencing more migration-related stressors was linked to poorer SQOL in refugees. Conclusion Both posttraumatic stress symptoms and aspects of the post-war environment independently influence SQOL in war-affected populations. Aid programmes to improve wellbeing following the traumatic war events should include both treatment of posttraumatic symptoms and social interventions. PMID:23819629

Mediators of the relation between war experiences and suicidal ideation among former child soldiers in Northern Uganda: the WAYS study.

PubMed

Amone-P'Olak, Kennedy; Lekhutlile, Tlholego Molemane; Meiser-Stedman, Richard; Ovuga, Emilio

2014-09-24

Globally, suicide is a public health burden especially in the aftermath of war. Understanding the processes that define the path from previous war experiences (WE) to current suicidal ideation (SI) is crucial for defining opportunities for interventions. We assessed the extent to which different types of previous WE predict current SI and whether post-war hardships and depression mediate the relations between WE and SI among former child soldiers (FCS) in Northern Uganda. We performed cross-sectional analyses with a sample of 539 FCS (61% male) participating in an on-going longitudinal study. The influence of various types of previous WE on current SI and mediation by post-war hardships and depression were assessed by regression analyses. The following types of war experiences: "witnessing violence", "direct personal harm", "deaths", "Involvement in hostilities", "sexual abuse" and "general war experiences" significantly predicted current SI in a univariable analyses whereas "direct personal harm", "involvement in hostilities", and "sexual abuse" independently predicted current SI in a multivariable analyses. General WE were linked to SI (β = 0.18 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.25)) through post-war hardships (accounting for 69% of the variance in their relationship) and through depression/anxiety (β = 0.17 (95% CI 0.12 to 0.22)) accounting for 65% of the variance in their relationship. The direct relationship between previous WE and current SI reduced but remained marginally significant (β = .08, CI: (.01, .17) for depression/anxiety but not for post-war hardships (β = .09, CI: (-.03, .20). Types of WE should be examined when assessing risks for SI. Interventions to reduce SI should aim to alleviate post-war hardships and treat depression/anxiety.

Comparison of anthropometric and biochemical indices of adolescents born during and after the Iran-Iraq war; Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

PubMed

Ramezankhani, Azra; Mehrabi, Yadollah; Mirmiran, Parvin; Azizi, Fereidoun

2011-01-01

A country's developmental progress and overall changes in socio-economic structure are reflected in the outcome of secular trend studies on physical growth of children. The aim of this study was to compare anthropometric and biochemical indices of adolescent boys and girls born during and after the Iran-Iraq war. Adolescents, aged 11 - 18 years, were selected from the TLGS cohort and divided into two groups. In the first group, adolescents born during the war and in the second group adolescents born after the war were included. Height, weight, serum lipids, FBS, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and BMI were compared amongst adolescents of the same ages between the two groups. Mean weight and height increased at the ages of 12, 13, 14, and 17 years in boys of the post-war group. The mean weight of girls in the post-war group increased at the ages of 11, 13, and 14 years. Between 11 - 14 years, the means for total and LDL cholesterol, and between the ages of 15 - 18 years FBS, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol decreased in boys of the post-war group. For girls between the ages of 11 - 14, FBS, total cholesterol, TG and LDL cholesterol, and between the ages of 15 - 18 years, FBS, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol decreased in the post-war group. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased at all ages in both groups. This study showed that some anthropometric indices such as height and weight increased in boys who were born after the war; but in girls, the mean weight in the age groups increased. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and some lipid profiles decreased in boys and girls of the post-war group.

The strokes that killed Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin.

PubMed

Ali, Rohaid; Connolly, Ian D; Li, Amy; Choudhri, Omar A; Pendharkar, Arjun V; Steinberg, Gary K

2016-07-01

From February 4 to 11, 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States, Soviet Union Premier Joseph Stalin, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met near Yalta in Crimea to discuss how post-World War II (WWII) Europe should be organized. Within 2 decades of this conference, all 3 men had died. President Roosevelt died 2 months after the Yalta Conference due to a hemorrhagic stroke. Premier Stalin died 8 years later, also due to a hemorrhagic stroke. Finally, Prime Minister Churchill died 20 years after the conference because of complications due to stroke. At the time of Yalta, these 3 men were the leaders of the most powerful countries in the world. The subsequent deterioration of their health and eventual death had varying degrees of historical significance. Churchill's illness forced him to resign as British prime minister, and the events that unfolded immediately after his resignation included Britain's mismanagement of the Egyptian Suez Crisis and also a period of mistrust with the United States. Furthermore, Roosevelt was still president and Stalin was still premier at their times of passing, so their deaths carried huge political ramifications not only for their respective countries but also for international relations. The early death of Roosevelt, in particular, may have exacerbated post-WWII miscommunication between America and the Soviet Union-miscommunication that may have helped precipitate the Cold War.

"Making better use of U.S. women" Psychology, sex roles, and womanpower in post-WWII America.

PubMed

Rutherford, Alexandra

2017-07-01

The relationship between American psychology and gender ideologies in the two decades following World War II was complicated and multivalent. Although many psy-professionals publicly contributed to the cult of domesticity that valorized women's roles as wives and mothers, other psychologists, many of them women, reimagined traditional sex roles to accommodate and deproblematize the increasing numbers of women at work, especially working mothers. In this article, I excavate and highlight the contributions of several of these psychologists, embedding their efforts in the context of the paradoxical expectations for women that colored the postwar and increasingly Cold War landscape of the United States. By arguing that conflict was inherent in the lives of both women and men, that role conflict (when it did occur) was a cultural, not intrapsychic, phenomenon, and that maternal employment itself was not damaging to children or families, these psychologists connected the work of their first-wave, first-generation forebears with that of the explicitly feminist psychologists who would come after them. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

20 CFR 404.1343 - When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. 404.1343 Section 404.1343 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services...

The changing proliferation threat

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sopko, J.F.

Technological advances and new adversaries with new motives have reduced the relevancy and effectiveness of the American nonproliferation strategy that was developed during the Cold War. The Cold War`s end and the breakup of the Soviet Union have created new proliferation dangers even as they have reduced others. The familiar balance of nuclear terror that linked the superpowers and their client states for nearly 50 years in a choreographed series of confrontations has given way to a much less predictable situation, where weapons of unthinkable power appear within the grasp of those more willing to use them. Rogue nations andmore » {open_quotes}clientless{close_quotes} states, terrorist groups, religious cults, ethnic minorities, disaffected political groups, and even individuals appear to have jointed a new arms race toward mass destruction. The author describes recent events that suggest the new trends and a serious challenge to US national security.« less

The 1965 coup and reformasi 1998: two critical moments in Indonesia-Malaysia relations during and after the Cold War.

PubMed

Maksum, Ali; Bustami, Reevany

2014-01-01

This article discusses the significant impact of the two crucial moments in Indonesia namely, the 1965 coup and reformasi (reformation) in May 1998 and the impact towards the Indonesia-Malaysia relationship. History had demonstrated that both events were followed by some changes in the bilateral relationship. The 1965 coup for instance resulted the fall of Sukarno and the collapse of PKI, while reformasi brought the fall of Suharto and the collapse of New Order. However, it was undeniable that the demands of international situation especially during and after the Cold War were significant factor in driving of those events.

Secret Science: Exploring Cold War Greenland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harper, K.

2013-12-01

During the early Cold War - from the immediate postwar period through the 1960s - the United States military carried out extensive scientific studies and pursued technological developments in Greenland. With few exceptions, most of these were classified - sometimes because new scientific knowledge was born classified, but mostly because the reasons behind the scientific explorations were. Meteorological and climatological, ionospheric, glaciological, seismological, and geological studies were among the geophysical undertakings carried out by military and civilian scientists--some in collaboration with the Danish government, and some carried out without their knowledge. This poster will present some of the results of the Exploring Greenland Project that is coming to a conclusion at Denmark's Aarhus University.

More a plowshare than a sword: the legacy of US Cold War agricultural diplomacy.

PubMed

McGlade, Jacqueline

2009-01-01

Recently, agriculture has assumed an elevated role in world diplomacy due to pressing issues like international poverty relief, changing environmental conditions, farm trade imbalances, rising food prices, and the diversion of crops into bio-fuel production. Consequently, agricultural interests and production have become increasingly entwined with the politics of national protectionism and identity, domestic security, and the preservation of trading advantage in developed and developing countries alike. This study examines the current impasse in world agricultural negotiations as an outgrowth of US foreign aid and trade policymaking as it evolved during the Cold War. In particular, it chronicles the historic shift in US foreign policy away from "give-away" food aid and surplus sales and toward the championing of global agricultural redevelopment under such programs as the Marshall Plan and PL 480, the Food for Peace program. As more a plowshare than a sword, the American Cold War push for worldwide agricultural modernization led many countries to experience new levels of food self-efficiency and export capabilities. Along with production parity, however, has come escalating levels of trade competition and national protectionism, which challenges again the achievement of world agricultural stability and prosperity.

Special Education in East Germany under Communist Domination.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sengstock, Wayne L.; Ruttgardt, Sieglind Ellger

1995-01-01

This article describes the development of special education in East Germany from the close of World War II through the cold war period, and examines the problems and challenges currently facing special education in a reunified Germany. These include a lack of infrastructure, economic needs, staffing problems, and needed curriculum changes. (DB)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shaffer, J.; Ederington, B.

The new security environment has a number of distinguishing characteristics. The formerly dominant bipolar power structure now exists only artificially, in the nuclear balance. By every measure of usable power, economic and political as well as military, the world is at a thoroughly multilateral stage, albeit with a single and unquestioned lead actor: the United States. But more and more states in the developing world have the ability to challenge U.S. and allied military forces, a fact demonstrated repeated by Saddam Hussein's Iraq. From an intense focus on a single global threat, Western defense planning has moved to the moremore » complex and varied task of analyzing and preparing for regional crises and wars involving a kaleidoscopic variety of potential aggressors and victims. In part it has done so because such operations may be more likely today than during the cold war, when the risk of escalation to superpower war lurked in all regional conflicts. This shift demands, among other things, forces that are more flexible and agile than those deployed during the cold war. It also requires better intelligence on the developing world, where most immediate military missions lie.« less

The Evolution of India’s Nuclear Program: Implications for the United States

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-22

be a part of the global nuclear regime: “On the one hand, nuclear weapons were considered a shameful badge worn by the great powers of the cold war ...Asian region, balancing their policies between the needed Pakistani support for the Global War on Terror (GWOT) with the desire to maintain India as an...1990s: On the Brink of Nuclear War in South Asia .................................................... 25 Section 3: Indian Military Capability

War and first onset of suicidality: the role of mental disorders.

PubMed

Karam, E G; Salamoun, M M; Mneimneh, Z N; Fayyad, J A; Karam, A N; Hajjar, R; Dimassi, H; Nock, M K; Kessler, R C

2012-10-01

Suicide rates increase following periods of war; however, the mechanism through which this occurs is not known. The aim of this paper is to shed some light on the associations of war exposure, mental disorders, and subsequent suicidal behavior. A national sample of Lebanese adults was administered the Composite International Diagnostic Interview to collect data on lifetime prevalence and age of onset of suicide ideation, plan, and attempt, and mental disorders, in addition to information about exposure to stressors associated with the 1975-1989 Lebanon war. The onset of suicide ideation, plan, and attempt was associated with female gender, younger age, post-war period, major depression, impulse-control disorders, and social phobia. The effect of post-war period on each type of suicide outcome was largely explained by the post-war onset of mental disorders. Finally, the conjunction of having a prior impulse-control disorder and either being a civilian in a terror region or witnessing war-related stressors was associated with especially high risk of suicide attempt. The association of war with increased risk of suicidality appears to be partially explained by the emergence of mental disorders in the context of war. Exposure to war may exacerbate disinhibition among those who have prior impulse-control disorders, thus magnifying the association of mental disorders with suicidality.

The protective role of maternal post-traumatic growth and cognitive trauma processing in Palestinian mothers and infants: a longitudinal study.

PubMed

Diab, Safwat Y; Isosävi, Sanna; Qouta, Samir R; Kuittinen, Saija; Punamäki, Raija-Leena

2018-02-21

Women at pre partum and post partum are especially susceptible to war trauma because they struggle to protect their infants from danger. Trauma research suggests increased problems in maternal mental health and infant development. Yet many cognitive-emotional processes affect the trauma survivors' mental health, such as post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic cognition. The aim of this study was to examine whether a mother's high post-traumatic growth and optimal post-traumatic cognition could protect their own mental health and their infant's stress regulation from the effects of traumatic war experiences. This three-wave prospective study involved Palestinian women living in the Gaza Strip who were at the second trimester of pregnancy (T1), women with infants aged 4 months (T2), and women with children aged 12 months (T3) months. The participants reported their war experiences in a 30-item checklist of losses, destruction, and atrocities in the 2008-09, 2012, and 2014 military offensives. Post-traumatic growth was assessed by a 21-item scale and post-traumatic cognition by a 36-item scale. Maternal mental health was assessed by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive, anxiety, and dissociation symptoms at T1 and T3, and infants' stress regulation was assessed with the Infant Behaviour Questionnaire at T2 and T3. We included 511 women at T1, 481 women at T2, and 454 women at T3. High maternal post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic cognition had protective roles. Post-traumatic growth had a protective effect on maternal mental health since severe exposure to traumatic war experiences was not associated with maternal PTSD, depression, and dissociation if women showed high post-traumatic growth, as indicated by the significant interaction effect between post-traumatic growth and war trauma on each of the three symptoms. Post-traumatic cognition had a protective effect on infant development since severe exposure was not associated with dysfunctional infant emotion regulation when mothers reported optimal post-traumatic cognition, as indicated by the significant interaction effect between post-traumatic cognition and war trauma on each of negative affectivity and surgency or extraversion. The nature of cognitive emotional processing of war trauma could explain the distinct roles of post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic cognition. High post-traumatic growth involves increased social affiliation, spiritual awareness, and psychological strengths resulting from painful and traumatic experiences. In the national struggle for independence, post-traumatic growth is often associated with heroism and even hardiness, which might benefit a mother's mental health but not their infant's wellbeing. Optimal post-traumatic cognition indicates successful and harmonious trauma processing, which enables mothers to be more reflective and sensitive to their infant's needs. Interventions to promote healthy infant development in war settings should encourage and support mothers' effective cognitive-emotional processing of traumatic experiences. The Academy of Finland and University of Tampere, Finland. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

World Wars at Home: U.S. Response to World War II Propaganda.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nagy, Alex

1990-01-01

Focuses on how the United States Post Office reacted to the massive influx of political propaganda, primarily from the Soviet Union, immediately prior to and during World War II. Describes how the Post Office played an active role in stopping and burning some 50 tons of incoming material. (RS)

The Future of Nuclear Archaeology: Reducing Legacy Risks of Weapons Fissile Material

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wood, Thomas W.; Reid, Bruce D.; Toomey, Christopher M.

2014-01-01

This report describes the value proposition for a "nuclear archeological" technical capability and applications program, targeted at resolving uncertainties regarding fissile materials production and use. At its heart, this proposition is that we can never be sure that all fissile material is adequately secure without a clear idea of what "all" means, and that uncertainty in this matter carries risk. We argue that this proposition is as valid today, under emerging state and possible non-state nuclear threats, as it was in an immediate post-Cold-War context, and describe how nuclear archeological methods can be used to verify fissile materials declarations, ormore » estimate and characterize historical fissile materials production independently of declarations.« less

``Science-trained professionals''—A new breed for the new century

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tobias, Sheila

1996-09-01

If students of science are to have more career options in the future, the people who hire and work with them are going to have to know more science and more about what scientists do. That's one of the conclusions of a recent study of the perceptions and realities that young and mid-career physical scientists are having to cope with in a post-cold war environment. It's also the conclusion of a survey of CEO's from 500 of the Fortune 1000 companies in the U.S, undertaken in September and October 1995 by the Johnson School of Management at Cornell. Corporations are becoming more and more concerned about "science and technological illiteracy" on the part of their managers.

Telling Stories about Post-war Britain: Popular Individualism and the 'Crisis' of the 1970s.

PubMed

Robinson, Emily; Schofield, Camilla; Sutcliffe-Braithwaite, Florence; Thomlinson, Natalie

2017-06-01

This article argues that, by the 1970s, people in Britain were increasingly insistent about defining and claiming their individual rights, identities and perspectives. Using individual narratives and testimonies, we show that many were expressing desires for greater personal autonomy and self-determination. We suggest that this was an important trend across the post-war decades, and of particular importance to understanding the 1970s. This popular individualism was not the result of Thatcher; if anything, it was a cause of Thatcherism. But this individualism had multiple political and cultural valences; desires for greater individual self-determination, and anger with the 'establishment' for withholding it, did not lead inexorably to Thatcherism. There were, in fact, some sources for, and potential outlets for, popular individualism on the left-outlets that explicitly challenged class, gender and racial inequalities. With this, we suggest the possibility of a new meta-narrative of post-war Britain, cutting across the political narrative that organizes post-war British history into three periods: social democracy, 'crisis' and the triumph of 'neoliberalism'. The 1970s was a key moment in the spread of a popular, aspirational form of individualism in post-war Britain, and this development is critical to our understanding of the history of the post-war years. © The Author [2017]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Antisocial Personality Disorder and Pathological Narcissism in Prolonged Conflicts and Wars of the 21st Century.

PubMed

Burkle, Frederick M

2016-02-01

The end of the Cold War brought with it many protracted internal conflicts and wars that have lasted for decades and whose persistent instability lies at the heart of both chronic nation-state and regional instability. Responsibility for these chronically failed states has been attributed to multiple unresolved root causes. With previous governance and parties to power no longer trusted or acceptable, the vacuum of leadership in many cases has been filled with "bad leadership." This Concept piece argues that in a number of cases opportunistic leaders, suffering from severe antisocial character disorders, have emerged first as saviors and then as despots, or as common criminals claiming to be patriots, sharing a psychological framework that differs little from those responsible for World War II and the Cold War that followed. I describe the identifying characteristics of this unique and poorly understood subset of the population who are driven to seek the ultimate opportunity to control, dictate, and live out their fantasies of power on the world scene and discuss why their destructive actions remain unabated in the 21st century. Their continued antisocial presence, influence, and levels of violence must be seen as a global security and strategic issue that is not amenable to conventional diplomatic interventions, negotiations, mediations, or international sanctions.

Aggressive ISR in the War on Terrorism: Breaking the Cold War Paradigm

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-04-01

1 “Declaration of War Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places,” from Osama bin Laden’s 1996 declaration of...and Procedures for Foreign Internal Defense, 26 June 1996 , I-1. “FID is primarily focused on the diplomatic element of national power.” JP 3-07.1...forwarding intelligence to the shooter in near-real-time for engagement of a target. One example from the opening minutes of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM was

Military Planning in the Twentieth Century, Proceedings of the Military History Symposium (11th) Held on 10-12 October 1984,

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-01-01

World War II, which includes war service with the Board of Economic Warfare from 1942 to 1943, with the Office of Strategic Services in France and... economic vulnerabilities for a long and even for a short war left him rather cold. He counted on early blitzkrieg victories that would give him...keenly aware of their own continuing shortcomings, especially economic gaps and vulnerabilities. These, they figured, would detract seriously 21 from the

A Shrinking Army in Europe: Can the US Achieve Its Military Strategic Goals Without It?

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-13

question is the US’s 2003 intervention in the 2nd Liberian Civil War . There are several reasons for this selection. First , this incident was a EUCOM led... first democratically elected female head of state in Africa.206 Although the peace agreement ended the civil war and the conflict in Monrovia...SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT Since the end of the Cold War , the US Army in Europe (USAREUR) has reduced its size from over 213,000 soldiers at

Differential roles of childhood adversities and stressful war experiences in the development of mental health symptoms in post-war adolescents in northern Uganda.

PubMed

Okello, James; De Schryver, Maarten; Musisi, Seggane; Broekaert, Eric; Derluyn, Ilse

2014-09-09

Previous studies have shown a relationship between stressful war experiences and mental health symptoms in children and adolescents. To date, no comprehensive studies on the role of childhood adversities have been conducted with war-exposed adolescents living in post-war, low-resource settings in Sub-Saharan Africa. A cross-sectional study of 551 school-going adolescents aged 13-21 years old was undertaken four years post-war in northern Uganda. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires assessing demographics, stressful war experiences, childhood adversities, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms. Our analyses revealed a main effect of gender on all mental health outcomes except avoidance symptoms, with girls reporting higher scores than boys. Stressful war experiences were associated with all mental health symptoms, after adjusting for potential confounders. Childhood adversity was independently associated with depression symptoms but not PTSD, anxiety, and PTSD cluster symptoms. However, in situations of high childhood adversity, our analyses showed that stressful war experiences were less associated with vulnerability to avoidance symptoms than in situations of low childhood adversity. Both stressful war experiences and childhood adversities are risk factors for mental health symptoms among war-affected adolescents. Adolescents with histories of high childhood adversities may be less likely to develop avoidance symptoms in situations of high stressful war experiences. Further exploration of the differential roles of childhood adversities and stressful war experiences is needed.

Library Feminism and Library Women's History: Activism and Scholarship, Equity and Culture.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hildenbrand, Suzanne

2000-01-01

Discusses the development of library women's history in the context of library feminism and American history. Considers the aftermath of World War II and the Cold War and suggests that the earlier equity or fairness orientation is today challenged by a cultural orientation in both library feminism and library women's history. (Contains 70…

Disarming Hatred: History Education, National Memories, and Franco-German Reconciliation from World War I to the Cold War

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Siegel, Mona; Harjes, Kirsten

2012-01-01

On May 4, 2006, French and German cultural ministers announced the publication of "Histoire/Geschichte", the world's first secondary school history textbook produced jointly by two countries. Authored by a team of French and German historians and published simultaneously in both languages, the book's release drew considerable public…

Through the Glass Darkly. The Unlikely Demise of Great-Power War

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

Biddle ...Cold War,” International Security 15, no. 3 (Winter 1990/91): 54; and Barry R. Posen, “The Security Dilemma and Eth- nic Conflict,” Survival 35, no...2000). for a pessimistic account, see Biddle , Military Power. 20. John Orme, “The Utility of force in a World of Scarcity,” International

Inside The Cold War. A Cold Warrior’s Reflections

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-09-01

years . Downsizing after such a lengthy time was very painful because, for the first time in our recent history , everyone in uniform was a volunteer...Commendation Medal w/30LCs, and the Combat Crew Medal. When he retired from active duty in February 1983, Chris Adams became associate director of Los Alamos ...respective countries faithfully during those critical years of roller coaster politics, inconsistent diplomacy, and occasional lunacy. The Cold

War and first onset of suicidality: the role of mental disorders

PubMed Central

Karam, E. G.; Salamoun, M. M.; Mneimneh, Z. N.; Fayyad, J. A.; Karam, A. N.; Hajjar, R.; Dimassi, H.; Nock, M. K.; Kessler, R. C.

2014-01-01

Background Suicide rates increase following periods of war; however, the mechanism through which this occurs is not known. The aim of this paper is to shed some light on the associations of war exposure, mental disorders, and subsequent suicidal behavior. Method A national sample of Lebanese adults was administered the Composite International Diagnostic Interview to collect data on lifetime prevalence and age of onset of suicide ideation, plan, and attempt, and mental disorders, in addition to information about exposure to stressors associated with the 1975–1989 Lebanon war. Results The onset of suicide ideation, plan, and attempt was associated with female gender, younger age, post-war period, major depression, impulse-control disorders, and social phobia. The effect of post-war period on each type of suicide outcome was largely explained by the post-war onset of mental disorders. Finally, the conjunction of having a prior impulse-control disorder and either being a civilian in a terror region or witnessing war-related stressors was associated with especially high risk of suicide attempt. Conclusions The association of war with increased risk of suicidality appears to be partially explained by the emergence of mental disorders in the context of war. Exposure to war may exacerbate disinhibition among those who have prior impulse-control disorders, thus magnifying the association of mental disorders with suicidality. PMID:22370047

Germ Wars

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alderson, Kris

2009-01-01

It's estimated that at least 22 million school days are lost every year because of colds caught by students and faculty, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). There's still no cure for the common cold, but there is a time-honored way to prevent it: handwashing, ideally with good old soap and water. It's still the best…

Predicting adolescent posttraumatic stress in the aftermath of war: differential effects of coping strategies across trauma reminder, loss reminder, and family conflict domains.

PubMed

Howell, Kathryn H; Kaplow, Julie B; Layne, Christopher M; Benson, Molly A; Compas, Bruce E; Katalinski, Ranka; Pasalic, Hafiza; Bosankic, Nina; Pynoos, Robert

2015-01-01

The vast majority of youth who lived through the Bosnian war were exposed to multiple traumatic events, including interpersonal violence, community destruction, and the loss of a loved one. This study examined factors that predict post-war psychological adjustment, specifically posttraumatic stress, in Bosnian adolescents. Regression analyses evaluated theorized differential relations between three types of post-war stressors - exposure to trauma reminders, loss reminders, and intrafamilial conflict - specific coping strategies, and posttraumatic stress symptom dimensions. We examined 555 Bosnian adolescents, aged 15-19 years, to predict their long-term posttraumatic stress reactions in the aftermath of war. Findings indicated that post-war exposure to trauma reminders, loss reminders, and family conflict, as well as engagement and disengagement coping strategies, predicted posttraumatic stress symptoms. Secondary control engagement coping responses to all three types of post-war stressors were inversely associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms, whereas primary control engagement coping responses to family conflict were inversely associated with hyperarousal symptoms. Disengagement responses to trauma reminders and family conflict were positively associated with re-experiencing symptoms. These findings shed light on ways in which trauma reminders, loss reminders, and family conflict may intersect with coping responses to influence adolescent postwar adjustment.

John Foster Dulles, his medical history and its impact on Cold War politics.

PubMed

Pappas, Theodore N; Willett, Christopher G

2018-01-01

John Foster Dulles was the United States Secretary of State during the administration of President Dwight D Eisenhower. At the height of the Cold War, Dulles was Eisenhower's emissary, traveling over 450,000 international miles, leading United States foreign policy. In November of 1956, during an international crisis involving the Suez Canal, Dulles became ill and underwent an operation for a perforated colon cancer. During much of his impactful term as Secretary of State, Dulles was being treated for this cancer that ultimately resulted in his death in May of 1959. This paper highlights the medical care of John Foster Dulles and the global events during his illness.

Does Europe have a centre? Reflections on the history of Western and Central Europe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mout, Nicolette

2006-05-01

Any definition of Central Europe based on geographical and/or historical facts causes difficulties. The line dividing Europe during the Cold War has a very limited use because it does not take into account Central Europe as a special part of the continent. Historians such as Geoffrey Barraclough, Hugh Seton-Watson and Oskar Halecki discussed the idea of a separate identity of Central Europe during the Cold War. Especially after the fall of the Berlin Wall, this discussion was re-opened. From a historian's point of view, the most important contributions came from Piotr Wandycz and Jeno Szucs. An imaginary centre of Europe can only be found in the continent's common history.

United States and environmental security: Deforestation and conflict in southeast Asia. Master's thesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Greenwald, P.T.

In the post Cold War era, the East-West conflict may be succeeded by a new confrontation which pits an industrialized North against a developing South. In June 1992, world attention was fixed on the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. This event marked a milestone in global environmental awareness; but just as the end of the Cold War has provided new opportunities for the US, the world is now faced with new sources of conflict which have advanced to the forefront of the national security debate. Among the new sources of conflict, environmental problems are rapidly becoming preeminent. Within nationalmore » security debates, those environmental problems which respect no international boundary are of particular concern. Worldwide deforestation, and the related issues of global warming and the loss of biodiversity, represent a clear threat to national security. Two percent of the Earth's rainforests are lost each year; one 'football field' is lost each second. Deforestation has already led to conflict and instability within several regions of the world including Southeast Asia. The United States must recognize the character and dynamics of these new sources of conflict in order to successfully realize its policy aims in national security. The US should preempt conflict through cooperation and develop a shared concern for the environment throughout the world. The US military may play a key role in this effort. Rainforest, Deforestation, Tropical timber, Logging, Southeast Asia, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma, Laos, Japan Cambodia, Vietnam, Human rights, Plywood, Pulp, Paper, World Bank, U.S. Agency for International Development.« less

Mutations in Soviet public health science: post-Lysenko medical genetics, 1969-1991.

PubMed

Bauer, Susanne

2014-09-01

This paper traces the integration of human genetics with Soviet public health science after the Lysenko era. For nearly three decades, USSR biology pursued its own version of anti-bourgeois, Soviet 'creative Darwinism', departing from western, post-WWII scientific developments. After Lysenko was suspended, research niches of immunology, biophysics and mutation research formed the basis of new departments at the Institute of Medical Genetics, which was founded in 1969 as part of the Soviet Academy of Medical Sciences. Focussing on early research activities and collaborations at the institute, I show how the concept of mutagenesis, a pivotal issue during the Cold War, became mobilized from Drosophila genetics to human heredity and to society as a whole. This mode of scaling up and down through population studies shaped not only Soviet human biology and genetics; it also brought about changes in clinical practice and public health as well as in the monitoring and regulation of mutagenic agents in the environment. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in Korean War veterans 50 years after the war.

PubMed

Ikin, Jillian F; Sim, Malcolm R; McKenzie, Dean P; Horsley, Keith W A; Wilson, Eileen J; Moore, Michael R; Jelfs, Paul; Harrex, Warren K; Henderson, Scott

2007-06-01

There has been no comprehensive investigation of psychological health in Australia's Korean War veteran population, and few researchers are investigating the health of coalition Korean War veterans into old age. To investigate the association between war service, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in Australia's 7525 surviving male Korean War veterans and a community comparison group. A survey was conducted using a self-report postal questionnaire which included the PTSD Checklist, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale and the Combat Exposure Scale. Post-traumatic stress disorder (OR 6.63, P<0.001), anxiety (OR 5.74, P<0.001) and depression (OR 5.45, P<0.001) were more prevalent in veterans than in the comparison group. These disorders were strongly associated with heavy combat and low rank. Effective intervention is necessary to reduce the considerable psychological morbidity experienced by Korean War veterans. Attention to risk factors and early intervention will be necessary to prevent similar long-term psychological morbidity in veterans of more recent conflicts.

Healing a Sick World: Psychiatric Medicine and the Atomic Age.

PubMed

Zwigenberg, Ran

2018-01-01

The onset of nuclear warfare in Hiroshima and Nagasaki had far-reaching implications for the world of medicine. The study of the A-bomb and its implications led to the launching of new fields and avenues of research, most notably in genetics and radiation studies. Far less understood and under-studied was the impact of nuclear research on psychiatric medicine. Psychological research, however, was a major focus of post-war military and civilian research into the bomb. This research and the perceived revolutionary impact of atomic energy and warfare on society, this paper argues, played an important role in the global development of post-war psychiatry. Focusing on psychiatrists in North America, Japan and the United Nations, this paper examines the reaction of the profession to the nuclear age from the early post-war period to the mid 1960s. The way psychiatric medicine related to atomic issues, I argue, shifted significantly between the immediate post-war period and the 1960s. While the early post-war psychiatrists sought to help society deal with and adjust to the new nuclear reality, later psychiatrists moved towards a more radical position that sought to resist the establishment's efforts to normalise the bomb and nuclear energy. This shift had important consequences for research into the psychological trauma suffered by victims of nuclear warfare, which, ultimately, together with other research into the impact of war and systematic violence, led to our current understanding of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Healing a Sick World: Psychiatric Medicine and the Atomic Age

PubMed Central

Zwigenberg, Ran

2018-01-01

The onset of nuclear warfare in Hiroshima and Nagasaki had far-reaching implications for the world of medicine. The study of the A-bomb and its implications led to the launching of new fields and avenues of research, most notably in genetics and radiation studies. Far less understood and under-studied was the impact of nuclear research on psychiatric medicine. Psychological research, however, was a major focus of post-war military and civilian research into the bomb. This research and the perceived revolutionary impact of atomic energy and warfare on society, this paper argues, played an important role in the global development of post-war psychiatry. Focusing on psychiatrists in North America, Japan and the United Nations, this paper examines the reaction of the profession to the nuclear age from the early post-war period to the mid 1960s. The way psychiatric medicine related to atomic issues, I argue, shifted significantly between the immediate post-war period and the 1960s. While the early post-war psychiatrists sought to help society deal with and adjust to the new nuclear reality, later psychiatrists moved towards a more radical position that sought to resist the establishment’s efforts to normalise the bomb and nuclear energy. This shift had important consequences for research into the psychological trauma suffered by victims of nuclear warfare, which, ultimately, together with other research into the impact of war and systematic violence, led to our current understanding of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PMID:29199929

California forest industry wood consumption and characteristics, 1972.

Treesearch

James O. Howard

1972-01-01

The California forest industry as it exists today is the product of dramatic post-World War II changes. Before World War II, the industry consisted almost entirely of sawmills, depending primarily upon redwood and pines for their raw material supply. Responding to the post-War building boom and local population growth, the sawmill industry increased rapidly—from 450 to...

The anthropology of war and peace

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Turner, P.R.; Pitt, D.

1989-01-01

Drawing parallels between tribal behavior and international relations to demonstrate that societies are not inherently aggressive but are led into conflict when pride or in-group pressures push people to fight, this profound look at the chilling reality of cold war and its arsenal of nuclear destruction offers valuable new insights into how prejudices and stereotypes contribute to what may seem like an inexorable drift to war. Yet the authors conclude that war is not inevitable, as they offer suggestions for an end to the arms race in, the nuclear age. Based on original research, this is a long overdue contributionmore » to the study of war and peace in our time and a text for newly emerging courses on the subject.« less

"Hypothetical machines": the science fiction dreams of Cold War social science.

PubMed

Lemov, Rebecca

2010-06-01

The introspectometer was a "hypothetical machine" Robert K. Merton introduced in the course of a 1956 how-to manual describing an actual research technique, the focused interview. This technique, in turn, formed the basis of wartime morale research and consumer behavior studies as well as perhaps the most ubiquitous social science tool, the focus group. This essay explores a new perspective on Cold War social science made possible by comparing two kinds of apparatuses: one real, the other imaginary. Even as Merton explored the nightmare potential of such machines, he suggested that the clear aim of social science was to build them or their functional equivalent: recording machines to access a person's experiential stream of reality, with the ability to turn this stream into real-time data. In this way, the introspectometer marks and symbolizes a broader entry during the Cold War of science-fiction-style aspirations into methodological prescriptions and procedural manuals. This essay considers the growth of the genre of methodological visions and revisions, painstakingly argued and absorbed, but punctuated by sci-fi aims to transform "the human" and build newly penetrating machines. It also considers the place of the nearly real-, and the artificial "near-substitute" as part of an experimental urge that animated these sciences.

Values in History: Changing Interpretations of the American Presidency from 1945-1965.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, James R.

The paper traces the period 1945-65 when scholars of the American presidency changed their emphasis from the study of individual presidents to examination of the presidency itself and the powers it encompassed. The change was prompted by events such as World War II, development of the atomic bomb, and the Cold War. Evidence that mankind was…

Contractors and the Cost of War: Research into Economic and Cost-Effectiveness Arguments

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-12-01

Outsourcing, and Competitive Sourcing.......................9 B. PRIVITIZATION AND OUTSOURCING AFTER THE COLD WAR..11 1. A Historical Perspective...companies Sandline International and Executive Outcomes provided direct military advice and mercenary troops in Africa . It would certainly be a...government employees—military or civilian). The economics of privatization activities are more formally explained in Chapter 3. B. PRIVITIZATION

Inverting Images of the 40s: The Berlin Wall and Collective Amnesia.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Loshitzky, Yosefa

1995-01-01

Examines images of World War II invoked in two live, international music concerts (one rock, one classical) celebrating the fall of the Berlin Wall. Argues that Western television's choice of imagery represented the Wall's demise as a marker of the end of the Cold War rather than a vanishing monument of Germany's conflicted struggle with Holocaust…

All the Lonely People: The Struggle for Private Meaning and Public Purpose in Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goodson, Ivor

2007-01-01

This paper argues that the "new world order" achieved at the end of the cold war is in crisis, not generated from the threat of "war" between Christian and Islamic worlds but from "within" western societies, specifically from the growing commercialisation and "privatisation" of social and community life which has uncoupled the systems and…

Adult Public Education for Nuclear Terrorism: An Analysis of Cold War and War on Terror Preparedness Discourses

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fisher, Debra A.

2014-01-01

The nuclear terrorist threat is far greater today than ever before, but the United States is unprepared to respond to the aftermath of a nuclear attack, whether perpetrated by rogue nuclear countries or the terrorist groups they support. Following the detonation of an improvised nuclear device (IND), citizens, not government personnel, become the…

The Sixties and the Cold War University: Madison, Wisconsin and the Development of the New Left

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Levin, Matthew

2009-01-01

The history of the sixties at the University of Wisconsin-Madison is both typical of other large universities in the United States and, at the same time, distinctive within the national and even international upheaval that marked the era. Madison's history shows how higher education transformed in the decades after World War II, influenced…

James V. Neel and Yuri E. Dubrova: Cold War debates and the genetic effects of low-dose radiation.

PubMed

Goldstein, Donna M; Stawkowski, Magdalena E

2015-01-01

This article traces disagreements about the genetic effects of low-dose radiation exposure as waged by James Neel (1915-2000), a central figure in radiation studies of Japanese populations after World War II, and Yuri Dubrova (1955-), who analyzed the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. In a 1996 article in Nature, Dubrova reported a statistically significant increase in the minisatellite (junk) DNA mutation rate in the children of parents who received a high dose of radiation from the Chernobyl accident, contradicting studies that found no significant inherited genetic effects among offspring of Japanese A-bomb survivors. Neel's subsequent defense of his large-scale longitudinal studies of the genetic effects of ionizing radiation consolidated current scientific understandings of low-dose ionizing radiation. The article seeks to explain how the Hiroshima/Nagasaki data remain hegemonic in radiation studies, contextualizing the debate with attention to the perceived inferiority of Soviet genetic science during the Cold War.

[Max Planck--an adversary of Christianity? The debate about Planck's attitude towards religion after World War II].

PubMed

Löhr, Gebhard

2012-03-01

The article discusses a debate which unfolded in the early 1950s and 1960s between East German Marxist philosophers and historians of science and West German theologians and scientists. The subject treated was the attitude towards religion of famous physicist Max Planck who had died a few years earlier, in 1947. The article analyses the different positions of the contributors, mainly with a view to developing a categorial framework usable in descriptions and analyses of the religious attitudes of natural scientists. Moreover the different stages of the debate are outlined in order to exhibit their connections to the larger historical context, i.e. the unfolding of the cold war. In the light of this the debate can be regarded as a religious or ideological war, albeit a cold one, on German soil, which fortunately did not escalate into a hot conflict. It ended, as can be illustrated in a late contribution to the debate, with the collapse of the GDR in 1989 or shortly thereafter.

We all lost the Cold War

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lebow, R.N.; Stein, J.G.

1994-12-31

The purpose of the book is to use the experience of two actual Cold War crises to test the hypothesis that it was the U.S. strategy of deterrence that was primarily responsible for preventing war with the Soviet Union and teaching them that aggression would not pay. The two crises; the Cuban missile crisis of 1962 and the Middle East crisis of 1973 have been widely interpreted as victories for U.S. deterence strategy. The authors draw on sources that were previously unavailable, both documents and interviews. The authors show that it was the fear of any nuclear use, not quantitativemore » assessments of the nuclear balance, that deterred both Soviet and American leaders in the two crises examined. Each side believed that the loss of even a single city was unacceptable. This implies that the benefits of nuclear weapons derive from their ability to annihilate cities. A policy of finite deterence would rely almost exclusively on this threat to civilians, raising further moral questions.« less

Behavioral Problems and Emotional Difficulties at Children and Early Adolescents of the Veterans of War with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

PubMed

Selimbasic, Zihnet; Sinanovic, Osman; Avdibegovic, Esmina; Brkic, Maja; Hamidovic, Jasmin

2017-02-01

Behavioral problems and emotional difficulties at children of the veterans of war with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have not been researched entirely. In our country, which has a lot of persons suffering from some psychological traumas, this trauma seems to continue. The aim of this study was to determine the exposure, manifestations of behavioral problems and emotional difficulties at children and early adolescents, whose fathers were the veterans of war demonstrating post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. The analyzed group comprised 120 school age children (10-15 years of age), whose parents/fathers were the veterans of war. The children were divided into two groups, and each group into the following two age sub-groups: 10-12 (children) and 13-15 (early adolescents) according to PTSD presence at their fathers - veterans of war. PTSD symptoms at fathers, veterans of war, were assessed using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire-Bosnia and Herzegovina version and MKB-10 - audit of criteria. To assess the behavioral problems of children, the Child Behavior Checklist for parents was used, and to evaluate the neuroticism at children Hanes-Scale of neuroticism-extraversion was used while the depression level was evaluated using the Depression self-rating scale (DSRS). To analyze the obtained results, SPSS 17 program was used. The value p <0. 05 is considered significant. Children of fathers, the veterans of war, demonstrating the PTSD symptoms show more problems in activity, social and school conduct as well as in symptoms of behavioral problems compared to the children whose fathers do not demonstrate the PTSD symptoms (p<0. 001). Children of the war veterans demonstrating the symptoms of the post-traumatic stress disorder show significant difference at neuroticism sub-scales (p<0.001). Negative correlation between PTSD and activity, social and school conduct has been determined (p <0. 01), while positive correlation was determined between PTSD of war veterans with symptoms and neuroticism at children (p <0. 01). Depression symptoms are found at 17.5% children, while 28.3% are in the risky group and the girls demonstrate higher depression level. Children and early adolescents of fathers - veterans of war with post-traumatic stress disorder show significant differences in competencies, behavior, emotional difficulties and neuroticism. Significant correlation was found between psychopathology of parents - fathers the veterans of war and their children. Impact of psychological conditions of fathers - the veterans of war with post-traumatic stress disorder to children is strong and they represent a significant risky group for development of mental disorders.

Russian war surgery in 1812: 200 years since Russia's war triumph.

PubMed

Boсkeria, Leo A; Glyantsev, Sergey P; Kolesnikov, Yan G

2012-01-01

Specific wounds inflicted on soldiers and officers of the Russian Army by French firearms and cold weapon and wound treatment by Russian surgeons during 1812 Napoleon's invasion (better known in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812) are discussed. An inference is made that the then surgical treatment was not only administered at a high level but was also versatile and efficient and thus could make a certain contribution to the victory of the Russian arms. Copyright © 2012 Surgical Associates Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

How to Deal with a Difficult Past? History Textbooks Supporting Enemy Images in Post-War Bosnia and Herzegovina

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Torsti, Pilvi

2007-01-01

This study examines the national division of history teaching in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the war and post-war period. The process of division of schooling into three curricula (Bosnian Serb, Bosnian Croat, and Bosniak) is presented. Representations of other national groups are central in 8th-grade history textbooks used by the three national…

The Unintended Hegemonic Effects of a Limited Concession: Institutional Incorporation of Chinese Schools in Post-War Hong Kong

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wong, Ting-Hong

2012-01-01

Using the case of Chinese schools in post-Second World War Hong Kong, this paper explores the unintended consequences of an incomplete hegemonic project. After World War II, anti-imperialist pressures and rising educational demands in the local setting propelled the colonial authorities to be more active in providing and funding Chinese schools.…

Social Foundations of Public-Private Partnerships in Education: The Historical Cases of Post-War Singapore and Hong Kong

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wong, Ting-Hong

2015-01-01

This paper compares public-private partnerships (PPPs) in education in post-war Singapore and Hong Kong. After the Second World War the Singapore government shied away from PPPs, while the state in Hong Kong collaborated extensively with the non-state sector in education. Singapore was a small city-state flanked by two Muslim nations, and its…

91. World War II observation post, Cabarello level looking from ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

91. World War II observation post, Cabarello level looking from Carmen Bastion (similar to HABS PR-48-24) - Castillo de San Felipe del Morro, Northwest end of San Juan, San Juan, San Juan Municipio, PR

Contributions of psychology to war and peace.

PubMed

Christie, Daniel J; Montiel, Cristina J

2013-10-01

The contributions of American psychologists to war have been substantial and responsive to changes in U.S. national security threats and interests for nearly 100 years. These contributions are identified and discussed for four periods of armed conflict: World Wars I and II, the Cold War, and the Global War on Terror. In contrast, about 50 years ago, largely in reaction to the threat of nuclear war, some psychologists in the United States and around the world broke with the tradition of supporting war and began focusing their scholarship and activism on the prevention of war and promotion of peace. Today, peace psychology is a vibrant area of psychology, with theory and practice aimed at understanding, preventing, and mitigating both episodes of organized violence and the pernicious worldwide problem of structural violence. The growth, scope, and content of peace psychology are reviewed along with contributions to policies that promote peace, social justice, and human well-being. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved

Peace and security in Northeast Asia: The nuclear issue and the Korean Peninsula

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kihl, Y.W.; Hayes, P.; Scalapino, R.A.

1996-01-01

Korean security was the focus of world-wide attention and concern in 1993--95 with North Korea's 'suspected' nuclear weapons program. Dubbed by some as the first post-Cold War nuclear crisis, it was triggered by the United Nations Security Council's move to impose economic sanctions on North Korea. Although the immediate crisis was defused diplomatically, the nuclear time bomb continues to tick on the Korean peninsula, and the issues remain under close international surveillance. This important book examines North Korea's nuclear controversy from a variety of perspectives, including nuclear reactor technology and technology transfer, economic sanctions and incentives, strategic calculus and confidence-buildingmore » measures, the major powers, and environmental challenges that a nuclear-free zone in Korea will present.« less

Dissociative symptoms and amnesia in Dutch concentration camp survivors.

PubMed

Merckelbach, Harald; Dekkers, Theo; Wessel, Ineke; Roefs, Anne

2003-01-01

We examined to what extent dissociative phenomena in concentration camp survivors are related to post-traumatic stress symptoms. Self-reports of amnesia for traumatic war events and other dissociative experiences were studied in a sample of 31 Dutch survivors of World War II (WWII) Japanese concentration camps. Seventeen survivors treated for war-related psychiatric symptoms were compared to 14 concentration camp survivors who had no psychiatric diagnosis. Although survivors who received treatment scored significantly higher on the Impact of Event Scale and the Post-Traumatic Symptom Scale than control survivors, the two groups did not differ in terms of accessibility of war memories or dissociative experiences. Levels of post-traumatic stress symptoms were not significantly correlated with dissociative experiences. In both groups, reports of psychogenic amnesia for traumatic events were rare. Our results support previous studies demonstrating that post-traumatic stress symptoms are not necessarily accompanied by dissociative experiences. They also contradict the suggestion that amnesia is a common phenomenon in people who have been exposed to war atrocities. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

Evolution of Pre- and Post-Copulatory Traits in Male Drosophila melanogaster as a Correlated Response to Selection for Resistance to Cold Stress

PubMed Central

Singh, Karan; Samant, Manas Arun; Tom, Megha Treesa; Prasad, Nagaraj Guru

2016-01-01

Background In Drosophila melanogaster the fitness of males depends on a broad array of reproductive traits classified as pre- and post-copulatory traits. Exposure to cold stress, can reduce sperm number, male mating ability and courtship behavior. Therefore, it is expected that the adaptation to cold stress will involve changes in pre- and post-copulatory traits. Such evolution of reproductive traits in response to cold stress is not well studied. Methods We selected replicate populations of D. melanogaster for resistance to cold shock. Over 37–46 generations of selection, we investigated pre- and post-copulatory traits such as mating latency, copulation duration, mating frequency, male fertility, fitness (progeny production) and sperm competitive ability in male flies subjected to cold shock and those not subjected to cold shock. Results We found that post cold shock, the males from the selected populations had a significantly lower mating latency along with, higher mating frequency, fertility, sperm competitive ability and number of progeny relative to the control populations. Conclusion While most studies of experimental evolution of cold stress resistance have documented the evolution of survivorship in response to selection, our study clearly shows that adaptation to cold stress involves rapid changes in the pre- and post-copulatory traits. Additionally, improved performances under stressful conditions need not necessarily trade-off with performance under benign conditions. PMID:27093599

Device physics vis-à-vis fundamental physics in Cold War America: the case of quantum optics.

PubMed

Bromberg, Joan Lisa

2006-06-01

Historians have convincingly shown the close ties U.S. physicists had with the military during the Cold War and have raised the question of whether this alliance affected the content of physics. Some have asserted that it distorted physics, shifting attention from fundamental problems to devices. Yet the papers of physicists in quantum electronics and quantum optics, fields that have been exemplary for those who hold the distortion thesis, show that the same scientists who worked on military devices simultaneously pursued fundamental and foundational topics. This essay examines one such physicist, Marlan O. Scully, with attention to both his extensive foundational studies and the way in which his applied and basic researches played off each other.

Modernization of US Nuclear Forces: Costs in Perspective

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tapia-Jimenez, D.

This short research paper addresses two topics that have emerged in the debate about whether, when, and how to modernize U.S. nuclear forces.1 The first topic relates to the size and scale of the planned nuclear force, with some critics of the modernization plan arguing that the United States is simply replicating the Cold War force for a very different era. The second topic relates to the cost of the modernization effort, with some critics arguing that the cost is unaffordable.2 This paper begins with a review of the changes in the size and scale of U.S. nuclear forces sincemore » the Cold War. It then examines the expected costs of modernization in a comparative perspective.« less

Hair cortisol as a biomarker of stress in the 2011 Libyan war.

PubMed

Etwel, Fatma; Russell, Evan; Rieder, Michael J; Van Uum, Stan H; Koren, Gideon

2014-12-01

There is a substantial body of research that utilizes saliva cortisol levels to examine wartime stress; however, there is a paucity of literature that utilizes hair cortisol levels, which allows for long-term assessment of chronic stress, to investigate the stress of war. The present study aimed to evaluate changes in hair cortisol concentrations before, during, and after the 2011 Libyan war. This study examined hair cortisol concentrations of young adult women who were living in Tripoli, Libya during the 2011 war. The participants were recruited at the campus of Tripoli University. Participants needed to have at least 24 cm of hair and to have resided in Tripoli before, during and after the 2011 Libyan war. Hair was sectioned to reflect 3 month windows of cortisol exposure corresponding to periods before, during and after the war. Hair cortisol concentrations were quantified using a modified salivary ELISA test. The women were also asked to complete the Perceived Stress Scale pertaining to the post-war period. Median hair cortisol concentrations in the post-war period (226.11 ng/g; range 122.95-519.85 ng/g) were significantly higher than both the pre-war (180.07 ng/g; 47.13-937.85 ng/g) and wartime (186.65 ng/g; 62.97-771.79 ng/g) periods (P<0.05). The mean PSS score (24) was in the range of “much higher than the mean” for this test and the vast majority of participants were either in the “much higher than the mean” or “slightly higher than the mean” ranges. Hair cortisol determination suggests that in Tripoli, the post-war period appears to have been more stressful than the war itself. This is consistent with the fact that during the war the civilian participants were not directly involved with warfare, nor were they targeted by the international coalition fighting Gaddafi. In contrast, the post-war period was characterized by chaos and total lack of authority, with the participants exposed to injury, lack of food and destruction. This study documents the utility of hair cortisol levels to retrospectively assess stress before, during, and after an armed conflict.

The Problems of Teaching the Holocaust in the History Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Russell, Lucy

2004-01-01

The topic of the Holocaust has been included in successive versions of the National Curriculum for History where it is currently one of only four named historical events that must be taught in Key Stage 3 (KS3), the other three being the two World Wars and the Cold War (DfEE, 1999). Initial drafts of the 2000 Order for History included the…

3 CFR 8787 - Proclamation 8787 of March 23, 2012. Greek Independence Day: A National Day of Celebration of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

.... Through two World Wars and a long Cold War, America and Greece stood as allies in the pursuit of peace... 3 The President 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Proclamation 8787 of March 23, 2012. Greek... Greeks brought forth the world’s first democracy and kindled a philosophical tradition that would stand...

Equality of Educational Opportunity: Its Relation to Human Capital, and Its Measures

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johanningmeier, E. V.

2008-01-01

Since the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War, public education has been high on the national agenda. The nation's need for human capital and the need to provide equality of educational opportunity to all children and youth without regard to their race, ethnicity, or social status are the two needs that then framed education…

Nuclear Deterrence in Cyber-ia: Challenges and Controversies

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

acceptance of possible opponents. In short, the task of managing a nuclear crisis demands clear thinking and good information. But the employment of...economy, and social infrastructure. (Stuxnet was an exceptional, purpose-built destroyer of targeted nuclear facilities.) Failure of deterrence can...lead to historically unprecedented and socially catastrophic damage even in the case of a “limited” nuclear war by Cold War standards. 58 | Air

Future Role of Fire Service in Homeland Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-01

to fight terrorism (Office of the President, 2007). In his letter to Americans in which he introduced the NSHS, President Bush explained that...structures struggling to fight non-state terrorists operating without clearly defined leadership. Furthermore, according to James R. Locker III...learned from World War II and designed to fight the Cold War. Current exposure to terrorism and terrorist cells is vastly different 16 from

Human population studies and the World Health Organization.

PubMed

de Chadarevian, Soraya

2015-01-01

This essay draws attention to the role of the WHO in shaping research agendas in the biomedical sciences in the postwar era. It considers in particular the genetic studies of human populations that were pursued under the aegis of the WHO from the late 1950s to 1970s. The study provides insights into how human and medical genetics entered the agenda of the WHO. At the same time, the population studies become a focus for tracking changing notions of international relations, cooperation, and development and their impact on research in biology and medicine in the post-World War I era. After a brief discussion of the early history of the WHO and its position in Cold War politics, the essay considers the WHO program in radiation protection and heredity and how the genetic study of "vanishing" human populations and a world-wide genetic study of newborns fitted this broader agenda. It then considers in more detail the kind of support offered by the WHO for these projects. The essay highlights the role of single individuals in taking advantage of WHO support for pushing their research agendas while establishing a trend towards cooperative international projects in biology.

'We are faced everywhere with a growing population': demographic change and the British state, 1955-64.

PubMed

O' Hara, Glen

2004-01-01

The early 1960s was a period of relative expansion for the welfare state, and the return to the use of planning techniques in macroeconomic policy. This has hitherto been explained by reference to a number of general causes. These have included party political electoral necessity, the need to gain popular support for the cold war by spreading the benefits of liberal capitalism, the power of welfare professionals, the growing realization that the post-war welfare state was not working as well as previously thought, and generational changes in politics and the civil service. Whilst not denying the importance of all these factors, this essay seeks to make clear the importance of another vital element in this story: the implications for the welfare state and the managed economy of the rise in the birth rate, and the perceived' population explosion', of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Statistical estimates are presented here that show just how large the implied expansion of the welfare state, and just how serious the pressure of a growing dependent population, would have been had the population predictions of the early 1930s proved to be accurate.

Sex Complexity and Politics in Black Dogs by Ian McEwan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abbasiyannejad, Mina; Talif, Rosli

Ian McEwan's Black Dogs (BD) is a story of socio-political conflict during the critical era of the Cold War. Black Dogs is riddled with party (political) domination and its outcomes in society. Europe is still suffering the consequences of the Second World War, perhaps the biggest war of the twentieth century. In the aftermath of such worldwide upheaval, the conflicts that were in tandem with the scramble for political domination emerged in diverse ways, affecting nations and their human populations. Systematic sexual assault during the war years showed that sex was used both for intimidation and humiliation. This study attempts to picture the multidimensional aspects of politics which are practically related to the most intimate human relationship, that is, sex. It pictures how personal is equated with the political and vice versa. The theory of sexual politics is the theoretical framework used to scrutinize power-structure relationship. By reviewing the major conflicts in such a scenario, as the Cold War, and societal restriction, this study concludes that conflict in the macrocosm (world and society) affects the microcosm (individual) in McEwan's Black Dogs. It provides a rather broad picture of politics and sexuality and highlights the stresses of wider society on human dysfunctional relationships. Rape as a tactic of war for a political goal demonstrates another aspect of sex. Reviewing the period in which the story takes place and relating it to the conflicts in society, the study goes beyond simple cause and effect problems among individuals and portrays a holistic view of sexuality and society.

Post-War Research on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Part I. Research before 1989.

PubMed

Rutkowski, Krzysztof; Dembińska, Edyta

2016-10-31

The paper presents the post-war history of post-traumatic research conducted at the Department of Psychiatry of the Jagiellonian University and the analysis of the main research approaches and selected publications. The time after World War II passed in Poland in two directions: coping with the finished war trauma and simultaneously the experience of communist persecution trauma. First scientific publications appeared in the fifties and were focused on the research of former concentration camps prisoners (KZ-Syndrome). Between 1962 and 1989 a special edition of Przegląd Lekarski, which concentrated entirely on war trauma research, was published. The journal was nominated for the Peace Nobel Prize twice. The research team from the Department of Psychiatry headed by Professor Antoni Kępiński made a very extensive description of KZ-Syndrome issues. The paper summarizes the most important contemporary research findings on psychopathology of KZ-Syndrome (Szymusik), reaction dynamics (Teutsch), after camp adjustment (Orwid), paroxysmal hypermnesia (Półtawska), somatic changes (Gatarski, Witusik). The result of the study was the basis for the development of a methodology and a new look at the classification of the consequences of post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as the development of ethical attitudes towards patients.

Mental Health Effects of Stress over the Life Span of Refugees.

PubMed

Hollifield, Michael; Warner, Teddy D; Krakow, Barry; Westermeyer, Joseph

2018-02-06

Information about the relative impact of stressful events across the lifespan on the mental health of refugees is needed. Cross-sectional data from a community sample of 135 Kurdish and 117 Vietnamese refugees were fit to a path model about the effects of non-war stress, war-related stress, and post-migration stress on mental health. Kurdish and Vietnamese data were generally consistent with the model. However, war-related stress produced no direct but a large indirect effect through post-migration stress on mental health in Kurds. Vietnamese data indicated a modest direct war-related stress effect but no indirect influence through post-migration stress. Different types of stressful events lead to adverse mental health of displaced refugees in a somewhat group-dependent manner. Implications for prevention and treatment are discussed.

Liberia’s Post-War Development: Key Issues and U.S. Assistance

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-25

former President Taylor was arrested in Nigeria and transferred to the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) to face war crimes charges. He was...50 War Crimes , Human Rights Cases, and Transitional Justice...56 Potential for War Crimes Tribunal in Liberia

Managing Records for the Long Term - 12363

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Montgomery, John V.; Gueretta, Jeanie

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible for managing vast amounts of information documenting historical and current operations. This information is critical to the operations of the DOE Office of Legacy Management. Managing legacy records and information is challenging in terms of accessibility and changing technology. The Office of Legacy Management is meeting these challenges by making records and information management an organizational priority. The Office of Legacy Management mission is to manage DOE post-closure responsibilities at former Cold War weapons sites to ensure the future protection of human health and the environment. These responsibilities include environmental stewardship andmore » long-term preservation and management of operational and environmental cleanup records associated with each site. A primary organizational goal for the Office of Legacy Management is to 'Preserve, Protect, and Share Records and Information'. Managing records for long-term preservation is an important responsibility. Adequate and dedicated resources and management support are required to perform this responsibility successfully. Records tell the story of an organization and may be required to defend an organization in court, provide historical information, identify lessons learned, or provide valuable information for researchers. Loss of records or the inability to retrieve records because of poor records management processes can have serious consequences and even lead to an organisation's downfall. Organizations must invest time and resources to establish a good records management program because of its significance to the organization as a whole. The Office of Legacy Management will continue to research and apply innovative ways of doing business to ensure that the organization stays at the forefront of effective records and information management. DOE is committed to preserving records that document our nation's Cold War legacy, and the Office of Legacy Management will keep records management as a high priority. (authors)« less

Photographs and Pamphlet about Nuclear Fallout. The Constitution Community: Postwar United States (1945 to Early 1970s).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lawlor, John M., Jr.

In August 1945, the United States unleashed an atomic weapon against the Japanese at Hiroshima and Nagasaki and brought an end to World War II. These bombs killed in two ways -- by the blast's magnitude and resulting firestorm, and by nuclear fallout. After the Soviet Union exploded its first atom bomb in 1949, the Cold War waged between the two…

From War to Peace: A History of Past Conversions

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-01-01

the VeamWar. and uetiles- Federal Garerament polaes to asists those tranit-cs- It places the ctzrrmt Rtapn-Bush Cold Wa. drjudown in historcal ...all veterans who served for at least 90 days after September 16, 1940. Educational benefits included tuition costs , laboratorv and other fees (not to...policies were also significant. The Government adopted liberal amortization provisions that allowed industry for tax purposes to charge off the cost of

Airpower in an Age of Limited War

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-05-25

independent US Air Force and the nuclear bomb —further influenced airpower theory. The ensuing Cold War had the potential to drastically simplify airpower...transportation of supplies and personnel, and even bombing of enemy troops, supplies, and facilities, both day and night. In short, most of the...only to make high-explosive bombing raids over any sector of the enemy’s territory, but also to ravage his whole country by chemical and

After the Cold War: Living with Lower Defense Spending

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-02-01

McTague Atlantic Aerospace Electronics Corp. Vice President for Technical Affairs Jerry R. Crowley Ford Motor Co. Entrepreneur Basil Papadales...Arms Manufacture," in The Geography of Peace and War, edited by David Pepper and Alan Jenkins, London: Basil Blackwell, 1985, pp. 90-103; and Breandain...than many areas. However, the regional concentra- solvents, pesticides , paint strippers, and fuel on tion of skills, experiences, and brain power

Studies in Intelligence. Volume 54, Number 3, September 2010

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-01

ADDRESS( ES ) Center for the Study of Intelligence,Central Intelligence Agency,Washington,DC,20505 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9...SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS( ES ) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY...The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War by Thaddeus Holt •Eyes In The Sky: Eisenhower, The CIA and Cold War Aerial Es

School of the Americas: At War With Democracy? Study Guide. Episode #804. America's Defense Monitor, Educational TV for the Classroom.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Flaherty, Sean L.

This program examines the 50-year practice of the U.S. training of Latin American soldiers at the School of the Americas. Originally designed as a jungle warfare training center in the 1950s, the program evolved into a Cold War program to promote stability and democracy in Latin America. Human rights abuses have been charged against these elite…

Nationalism, Mass Politics, and Sport: Cold War Case Studies at Seven Degrees

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-01

20 2. The Age of Imperialism.....................................................................23 3. The Twentieth Century...1896 games in the era of nationalism in the age of imperialism has remained an important feature of sports and politics since then. After World War...a horrible, dismal place. A world in which justice does not exist for large groups of people for no other reason than the color of their skin or

NATO or Neutrality : Decisions by Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-09-01

implications and affect international relations on a continuing basis. B. LITERATURE REVIEW Although individual histories have been written about...do so. Few of these studies have analyzed these questions with an eye toward history , however; and this will be the unique perspective of this thesis...Foreign Policy Since the Second World War (London: Hugh Evelyn Limited, 1968); Johan Stenfeldt, “Positioning in the Cold War: Swedish and Danish History

Wartime nuclear weapons research in Germany and Japan.

PubMed

Grunden, Walter E; Walker, Mark; Yamnazaki, Masakatsu

2005-01-01

This article compares military research projects during the Second World War to develop nuclear weapons in Germany and Japan, two countries who lost the war and failed to create nuclear weapons. The performance and motivations of the scientists, as well as the institutional support given the work, is examined, explaining why, in each case, the project went as far as it did-but no further. The story is carried over into the postwar period, when the two cultures and their scientists had to deal with the buildup of nuclear weapons during the cold war and the new nuclear power industry.

Epidemiologic evidence of health effects from long-distance transit of chemical weapons fallout from bombing early in the 1991 Persian Gulf War.

PubMed

Haley, Robert W; Tuite, James J

2013-01-01

Military intelligence data published in a companion paper explain how chemical fallout from US and Coalition bombing of Iraqi chemical weapons facilities early in the air campaign transited long distance, triggering nerve agent alarms and exposing US troops. We report the findings of a population-based survey designed to test competing hypotheses on the impact on chronic Gulf War illness of nerve agent from early-war bombing versus post-war demolition. The US Military Health Survey performed computer-assisted telephone interviews of a stratified random sample of Gulf War-era veterans (n = 8,020). Early-war exposure was measured by having heard nerve agent alarms and post-war exposure, by the computer-generated plume from the Khamisiyah demolition. Gulf War illness was measured by two widely published case definitions. The OR (95% CI) for the association of alarms with the Factor case definition was 4.13 (95% CI 2.51-6.80) compared with 1.21 (95% CI 0.86-1.69) for the Khamisiyah plume. There was a dose-related trend for the number of alarms (p(trend) < 0.001) but not for the number of days in the Khamisiyah plume (p(trend) = 0.17). Exposure to low-level sarin nerve agent in fallout from bombing early in the air campaign contributed more to chronic illness than post-war demolition. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Helping Children Outgrow War. SD Technical Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Vachel W.; Affolter, Friedrich W.

Helping children outgrow war is an overarching goal of educational reconstruction in post-conflict settings, but responses must be highly adaptive and informed by insights gained from interventions elsewhere. This guidebook offers seven examples of successful interventions in post-conflict settings internationally, situating them within a…

Resource Geopolitics: Cold War Technologies, Global Fertilizers, and the Fate of Western Sahara.

PubMed

Camprubí, Lino

2015-07-01

When, after years of geological and geophysical exploration, a phosphate mine was discovered at Bu-Craa in 1964, Western Sahara received renewed geopolitical attention. Several countries competing for the control of the world fertilizer market, including Morocco, Spain, France, and the United States, developed diverging strategies to gain control of the mineral. After intense negotiations revolving around the materiality of mining technologies and involving reserve estimations, sabotage, and flexing of diplomatic muscles, Morocco took over the Spanish colony in 1975. While this secured Morocco's place in the world market, it condemned the local population to exile and domination. This article explores three technological stages of the exploitation of phosphate in Western Sahara that underpin the geopolitical history. This perspective yields new visions of cold war technology and postcolonial markets.

Nuclear proliferation: Will the Soviet Union's collapse spawn a new arms race

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Griffin, R.D.

Almost 30 years ago, in the midst of the US-Soviet arms race, President John F. Kennedy warned of the danger of nuclear proliferation. Ironically, now that the Cold War is over, the prospect has become a reality. The collapse of the Soviet Union may have calmed fears of a nuclear Armageddon, but it has aroused new concerns about the spread of nuclear weapons. More than a dozen nations either have or are feverishly trying to develop nuclear arsenals, including Third World nations riven by religious and territorial disputes. If the world fails to contain the spread of nuclear-weapons technology, themore » balance of power that kept relative peace during the four decades of the Cold War may be displaced by a balance of terror.« less

Mental Health Effects of Stress over the Life Span of Refugees

PubMed Central

Hollifield, Michael; Krakow, Barry; Westermeyer, Joseph

2018-01-01

Information about the relative impact of stressful events across the lifespan on the mental health of refugees is needed. Cross-sectional data from a community sample of 135 Kurdish and 117 Vietnamese refugees were fit to a path model about the effects of non-war stress, war-related stress, and post-migration stress on mental health. Kurdish and Vietnamese data were generally consistent with the model. However, war-related stress produced no direct but a large indirect effect through post-migration stress on mental health in Kurds. Vietnamese data indicated a modest direct war-related stress effect but no indirect influence through post-migration stress. Different types of stressful events lead to adverse mental health of displaced refugees in a somewhat group-dependent manner. Implications for prevention and treatment are discussed. PMID:29415443

The effect of war on infant mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

PubMed

Lindskog, Elina Elveborg

2016-10-06

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has suffered from war and lingering conflicts in East DRC and has one of the highest infant mortality rates in the world. Prior research has documented increases in infant and child mortality associated with war, but the empirical evidence is limited in several respects. Measures of conflict are quite crude or conflict is not tightly linked to periods of exposure to infant death. Few studies have distinguished between the effects of war on neonatal versus post-neonatal infants. No study has considered possible differences between women who give birth during wartime and those who do not that may be related to greater infant mortality. The analysis used the nationally representative sample of 15,103 mothers and 53,768 children from the 2007 and 2013/2014 Demographic Health Survey in the DRC and indicators of conflict events and conflict deaths from the 2013 Uppsala Conflict Data. To account for unobserved heterogeneity across women, a multi-level modeling approach was followed by grouping all births for each woman and estimating random intercepts in discrete time event history models. Post-neonatal mortality increased during the Congolese wars, and was highest where conflict events and deaths were extreme. Neonatal mortality was not associated with conflict levels. Infant mortality was not higher in East DRC, where conflicts continued during the post Congolese war period. Models specifying unobserved differences between mothers who give birth during war and those who have children in peacetime did not reduce the estimated effect of war, i.e., no support was found for selectivity in the sample of births during war. Differences in effects of the Congolese war on neonatal versus post-neonatal mortality suggest that conflict influences the conditions of infants' lives more than the aspects of mothers' pregnancy conditions and delivery that are relevant for infant mortality. These differences may, however, be specific to the nature of conflict and prior conditions in the DRC. Because of continued political instability, violent conflict may be expected to continue in contexts such as the DRC; we must therefore continue to document, analyze and monitor the mechanisms through which war influences infant mortality.

A literature review of the application of the Geriatric Depression Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist to community nursing cohorts.

PubMed

Allen, Jacqui; Annells, Merilyn

2009-04-01

To explore through literature review the appropriateness of three common tools for use by community nurses to screen war veteran and war widow(er) clients for depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. War veterans and, to a lesser extent, war widow(er)s, are prone to mental health challenges, especially depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Community nurses do not accurately identify such people with depression and related disorders although they are well positioned to do so. The use of valid and reliable self-report tools is one method of improving nurses' identification of people with actual or potential mental health difficulties for referral to a general practitioner or mental health practitioner for diagnostic assessment and treatment. The Geriatric Depression Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist are frequently recommended for mental health screening but the appropriateness of using the tools for screening war veteran and war widow(er) community nursing clients who are often aged and have functional impairment, is unknown. Systematic review. Current literature informs that the Geriatric Depression Scale accurately predicts a diagnosis of depression in community nursing cohorts. The three Depression Anxiety Stress Scales subscales of depression, anxiety and stress are valid; however, no studies were identified that compared the performance of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in predicting diagnoses of depression or anxiety. The Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist predicts post-traumatic stress disorder in community cohorts although no studies meeting the selection criteria included male participants. This review provides recommendations for the use of the Geriatric Depression Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales and The Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist based on examination of the published evidence for the application of these screening tools in samples approximated to community nursing cohorts. Findings and recommendations would guide community nurses, managers and health planners in the selection of mental health screening tools to promote holistic community nursing care.

Information-Technology Based Physics Education

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, J. S.; Lee, K. H.

2001-04-01

Developing countries emphasize expansion of the educated population but demand for quality improvement follows later. Current science education reform is driven in part by post cold war restructuring of the global economy and associated focus on the education of a more scientifically literate society, due to the industrial change from labor-intensive to high-technology type, and the societal change inherent in the present information era. Industry needs employees of broad and flexible background with inter disciplinary training, engineers with better physics training, and well trained physicists. Education researches have proved that active-learning based methods are superior to the traditional methods and the information technology (IT) has lot to offer in this. Use of IT for improving physics education is briefly discussed with prospects for collaboration in the Asia-Pacific region via Asian Physics Education Network (ASPEN), UNESCO University Foundation Course in Physics (UUFCP), etc.

Disruptive technologies and force transformation: a Canadian perspective (Keynote Address)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moen, Ingar O.; Walker, Robert S.

2005-05-01

Transformation of Canada"s military forces is being pursued to ensure their relevancy and impact in light of the new defence and security environment. This environment is characterized by an increasingly complex spectrum of military operations spanning pre- and post-conflict, the emergence of an asymmetric threat that differs substantially from the peer-on-peer threat of the Cold War, and the globalization of science and technology. Disruptive technologies - those that have a profound impact on established practice - are increasingly shaping both the civil and military sectors, with advances in one sector now regularly seeding disruptions in the other. This paper postulates the likely sources of disruptive technologies over the next 10-20 years. It then looks at how science and technology investments can contribute to force transformation either to take advantage of or mitigate the effects of these disruptions.

The cultural politics of eating in Shenzhen.

PubMed

O'Donnell, Mary Ann

2010-01-01

Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, construction in Shenzhen symbolized both the transformation of Chinese socialism and the concomitant integration of Chinese society into global capitalist networks. This article tells the story of Shenzhen from the perspective of this first generation of immigrants, the so-called Old Shenzheners, who use nostalgia about food to define, debate, and ultimately retreat from conversations about what Shenzhen culture was and what it ought to be. Their food nostalgia is part of a larger cultural tradition of Chinese alimentary politics and has allowed Shenzheners to indigenize capitalist globalization to make the city their own. Old Shenzheners' food nostalgia represents an important moment in the Chinese transition to a post socialist political economy, redefining what it means to be both Chinese and global in a post–cold war world order.

The War on Women in Psychoanalytic Theory Building: Past to Present.

PubMed

Balsam, Rosemary H

2015-01-01

Psychoanalysis has both waged "hot" war on women overtly and "cold" war covertly over the years by colluding with cultural stereotypes offered as "theory," starting with Freud and his Viennese circle. True freedom of thinking, however, broke through in Freud's originality even then, and from time to time subsequently in the history of the movement only to keep retreating. Fritz Wittels's thesis on the "Child Woman" will exemplify Horneys (1924, 1926, 1933) and Jones's (1927) grounds for engaging in the "hot war" in the 1920s and challenging the unselfconscious inbuilt denigration of women. This skirmish had little impact, however, in the New World up till the 1970s. In the aftermath of the second wave of feminism, there were (and are) bursts of new thought about sex and gender that remain fragmented and unintegrated into general acceptance. The contemporary situation has been more like a "cold" war waged by ennui in the field. A sexed and agendered theories of mind as a "no man's land" absorb an intense focus away from the sexual and gender specificities that were alive, contentious, and unresolved in Freud's libido theory. The third sociocultural wave of feminism, since the 1990s, has refocused vitality on individuality, race, and varieties of sexual identity. I identify the latter as the psychoanalytic space for a potential renewed interest in theorizing the female body within heterosexual, homosexual, queer, or transgendered individuals. The "wars" have shown how fruitless for peace and new discovery is the compulsive (but still common) close comparison between males and females developmentally. Female development is as fresh and unsettled a theoretical question as it once was with Freud.

JPRS Report, China.

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-17

By any stretch of the imagination this will be a very important decade. The year 1990, which signifies the beginning of a brand -new era, also...indulging in unbridled propaganda to the effect that "communism has become bankrupt throughout the world," but also its specific policies and actions...5478): "The Serious Effects of the Cold War on Eastern Europe"] INTERNATIONAL JPRS-CAR-90-038 17 May 1990 [Text] After World War II, the countries

Book Analysis of Containing the Soviet Union.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-01

30:239) The hardline "cold war internationalists" might caution against the lesson of Munich--"That appeasement leads to war and that tardy ...is exploiting turbulence to "weaken the United States and expand its own interests." (30:234) Potential problem areas include the Philippines , Mexico...like Central America, vital to American security, is threatened by Soviet surrogates; or an area like the Philippines , vital to the regional balance of

Physics and Metaphysics of Deterrence: The British Approach (Newport Paper, Number 8, December 1994)

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-12-01

the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for... of Bismarck. With the smashing of the prevailing Cold War paradigm, therefore, the time has come to rethink Britain’s postwar role and perhaps... his com­ ments and evaluation of the original manuscript. Professor Lawrence Freedman, Department of War Studies at King’s Col­ lege, London, was

Blending Science & Art: Cold War Lessons for Strategy Development in Postmodern War

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

resisted the creation of West German government due to political pressures within France . 10 Likewise, Stalin correctly assessed the importance of...knew Stalin was determined to force the US out of Berlin as an “international counterattack” to recent setbacks in Italy, France , Finland and...knew the Soviet pressure tactics were designed to intimidate the West and deter the Allies, especially France , from pressing ahead with a separate West

Overview of U.S. Navy Antisubmarine Warfare (ASW) Organization During the Cold War Era

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-08-12

ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1 Historical Context for World War I ASW .................................................................... 2 2 Historical...positioned off the continental United States: they were engaged in anti-access tactics against our naval forces Unt d K n d mP o u to Figure 2 . Historical...President: ( 1 ) the extent and nature of the submarine threat, ( 2 ) the technical possibilities for coping with this threat, (3) the extent to which the

Transnistria: The Hot Nature of a Frozen Conflict

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-23

assumption is based upon an 7 understanding the origins of 1992 Transnistrian War suggested by Charles King in his book, The Moldovans: Romania , Russia...have become the first target of this export, and therefore everything that was Romanian or related to Romania was defamed.82 The same propaganda style...Unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT Over the past 20 years a conflict reminiscent of the Cold War has raged on in Eastern Europe

CIA’s Support to the Nazi War Criminal Investigations

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-01-01

anxious to explore supposed cabals between American intelligence agencies and such personalities as Josef Mengele , the �Angel of Death� at Auschwitz, and...the United States.� With this statement, the GAO has left room for further speculation about the US Government�s actions during the Cold War. Mengele ...and Waldheim In 1985, the Mengele investigation created a media frenzy as sightings of the German doctor were reported throughout South America

The Great War: Online Resources.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Duncanson, Bruce

2002-01-01

Presents an annotated bibliography of Web sites about World War I. Includes: (1) general Web sites; (2) Web sites with information during the war; (3) Web sites with information about post-World War I; (4) Web sites that provide photos, sound files of speeches, and propaganda posters; and (5) Web sites with lesson plans. (CMK)

Effects of post-exercise recovery in a cold environment on muscle glycogen, PGC-1α, and downstream transcription factors.

PubMed

Slivka, Dustin; Heesch, Matthew; Dumke, Charles; Cuddy, John; Hailes, Walter; Ruby, Brent

2013-06-01

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the impact of post-exercise environmental cold exposure on muscle glycogen, PGC-1α, and downstream transcription factors. Eight males cycled for 1h and recovered in either 7 °C (cold) or 20 °C (room temp) environment for 4h. Muscle biopsies were obtained pre, post, and 4h post exercise for the analysis of muscle glycogen and mRNA. During recovery participants consumed 1.8 g kg⁻¹ of body weight of an oral dextrose solution immediately following the post biopsy and 2h into recovery. Blood samples were obtained post exercise and at 30, 60, 120, 150, 180, and 240 min post exercise for the analysis of serum glucose and insulin AUC. Oxygen uptake was lower during room temp than during cold recovery (0.40 ± 0.05 L x min⁻¹ vs. 0.80 ± 0.12 L x min⁻¹; p<0.01). There was no effect of temperature on muscle glycogen recovery or glucose AUC. However, insulin AUC was greater during the room temp trial compared to the cold trial (5139 ± 1412 vs. 4318 ± 1272, respectively; p=0.025). PGC-1α gene expression was higher (p=0.029), but ERRα and NRF2 were lower (p=0.019 and p=0.046, respectively) after recovery in the cold. There were no differences in NRF1 (p=.173) or TFAM (p=0.694). This investigation shows no effect of a cold recovery environment on glycogen re-synthesis but does demonstrate reduced ERRα and NRF2 mRNA despite elevations in PGC-1α mRNA when recovery post-exercise takes place in a cold environment. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Exposures to war-related traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among displaced Darfuri female university students: an exploratory study

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background With the deaths of hundreds of thousands and the displacement of up to three million Darfuris, the increasingly complex and on-going war in Darfur has warranted the need to investigate war-related severity and current mental health levels amongst its civilian population. The purpose of this study is to explore the association between war-related exposures and assess post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms amongst a sample of Darfuri female university students at Ahfad University for Women (AUW) in Omdurman city. Methods An exploratory cross-sectional study among a representative sample of Darfuri female university students at AUW (N = 123) was conducted in February 2010. Using an adapted version of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), war-related exposures and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed. Means and standard deviations illustrated the experiential severity of war exposure dimensions and PTSD symptom sub-scales, while Pearson correlations tested for the strength of association between dimensions of war exposures and PTSD symptom sub-scales. Results Approximately 42 % of the Darfuri participants reported being displaced and 54 % have experienced war-related traumatic exposures either as victims or as witnesses (M = 28, SD = 14.24, range 0 – 40 events). Also, there was a strong association between the experiential dimension of war-related trauma exposures and the full symptom of PTSD. Moreover, the refugee-specific self-perception of functioning sub-scale within the PTSD measurement scored a mean of 3.2 (SD = .56), well above the 2.0 cut-off. Conclusions This study provides evidence for a relationship between traumatic war-related exposures and symptom rates of PTSD among AUW Darfuri female students. Findings are discussed in terms of AUW counseling service improvement. PMID:22863107

Exposures to war-related traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among displaced Darfuri female university students: an exploratory study.

PubMed

Badri, Alia; Crutzen, Rik; Van den Borne, H W

2012-08-03

With the deaths of hundreds of thousands and the displacement of up to three million Darfuris, the increasingly complex and on-going war in Darfur has warranted the need to investigate war-related severity and current mental health levels amongst its civilian population. The purpose of this study is to explore the association between war-related exposures and assess post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms amongst a sample of Darfuri female university students at Ahfad University for Women (AUW) in Omdurman city. An exploratory cross-sectional study among a representative sample of Darfuri female university students at AUW (N = 123) was conducted in February 2010. Using an adapted version of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), war-related exposures and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed. Means and standard deviations illustrated the experiential severity of war exposure dimensions and PTSD symptom sub-scales, while Pearson correlations tested for the strength of association between dimensions of war exposures and PTSD symptom sub-scales. Approximately 42 % of the Darfuri participants reported being displaced and 54 % have experienced war-related traumatic exposures either as victims or as witnesses (M = 28, SD = 14.24, range 0 - 40 events). Also, there was a strong association between the experiential dimension of war-related trauma exposures and the full symptom of PTSD. Moreover, the refugee-specific self-perception of functioning sub-scale within the PTSD measurement scored a mean of 3.2 (SD = .56), well above the 2.0 cut-off. This study provides evidence for a relationship between traumatic war-related exposures and symptom rates of PTSD among AUW Darfuri female students. Findings are discussed in terms of AUW counseling service improvement.

The War on Cancer: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Is Fighting the Good Fight.

PubMed

Mertz, Leslie

2017-01-01

Located on the north shore of Long Island in New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (Figure 1) started out with a marine biology emphasis at the end of the 19th century, but it soon established itself as a prominent cancer research facility. That strong emphasis on cancer work continues today as this private, not-for-profit research institution enters its 127th year (Figure 2).

Sex ratio at birth and war in Croatia (1991-1995).

PubMed

Polasek, O; Kolcic, I; Kolaric, B; Rudan, I

2005-09-01

We have investigated sex ratio at birth (expressed as the proportion of males) in Croatia before, during and after the war (1991-1995). Data for each of 21 counties in Croatia (861 516 births) were collected and pooled into two groups: the first, consisting of the counties unaffected by the war, and the second, comprising the counties affected by war events. Odds ratios of being born as a male were calculated, with being born in a county exposed to war defined as the risk factor. No significant deviations from the expected ratio of 0.514 were found in pre-war, wartime or post-war period at the national level. The ratio was 0.515 during the pre-war and wartime periods, and 0.514 in the post-war period. Comparison of the ratios in the three periods in both affected and unaffected counties revealed no significant increase in the sex ratio. The only significant increase in the sex ratio was registered in two counties unaffected by the warfare. This study indicates that warfare did not cause a detectable increase of the sex ratio at birth in Croatia, in contrast to what might have been predicted based on earlier reports in the literature.

Self-reported post-exertional fatigue in Gulf War veterans: roles of autonomic testing

PubMed Central

Li, Mian; Xu, Changqing; Yao, Wenguo; Mahan, Clare M.; Kang, Han K.; Sandbrink, Friedhelm; Zhai, Ping; Karasik, Pamela A.

2014-01-01

To determine if objective evidence of autonomic dysfunction exists from a group of Gulf War veterans with self-reported post-exertional fatigue, we evaluated 16 Gulf War ill veterans and 12 Gulf War controls. Participants of the ill group had self- reported, unexplained chronic post-exertional fatigue and the illness symptoms had persisted for years until the current clinical study. The controls had no self-reported post-exertional fatigue either at the time of initial survey nor at the time of the current study. We intended to identify clinical autonomic disorders using autonomic and neurophysiologic testing in the clinical context. We compared the autonomic measures between the 2 groups on cardiovascular function at both baseline and head-up tilt, and sudomotor function. We identified 1 participant with orthostatic hypotension, 1 posture orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, 2 distal small fiber neuropathy, and 1 length dependent distal neuropathy affecting both large and small fiber in the ill group; whereas none of above definable diagnoses was noted in the controls. The ill group had a significantly higher baseline heart rate compared to controls. Compound autonomic scoring scale showed a significant higher score (95% CI of mean: 1.72–2.67) among ill group compared to controls (0.58–1.59). We conclude that objective autonomic testing is necessary for the evaluation of self-reported, unexplained post-exertional fatigue among some Gulf War veterans with multi-symptom illnesses. Our observation that ill veterans with self-reported post-exertional fatigue had objective autonomic measures that were worse than controls warrants validation in a larger clinical series. PMID:24431987

Lessons Learned, Headquarters, 2d Infantry Division

DTIC Science & Technology

responsibilities under the Armistice Agreement of 1953 in sector; (2) conduct anti-infiltration, anti-raiding, counter-espionage, and counter-sabotage activities; and (3) implement 2d Infantry Division portion of EUSA Cold War program.

Nuclear threat on the Korean peninsula: The present and the future. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kang, S.

1994-04-01

Forty years after they were divided by the Cold War, South and North Korea are closer to reunification than ever before. However, North Korea's nuclear weapons program might cause South Koreans to be much less sure about reunification. Today the Cold War is over, but the Korean peninsula is still divided into two Koreas despite the new era of reconciliation. Since December 1991 when a non-aggression pact was signed barring nuclear weapons, North Korea has pursued its nuclear weapon development. In March 1993, North Korea declared its intention to withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and has been refusing amore » full inspection of its nuclear program. North Korea's nuclear issue is an international issue today. This paper discusses 'what threat we have today' and 'what should be done in the future.'.« less

What Are Nuclear Weapons For?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drell, Sidney

2007-03-01

Through the decades of the Cold War the prospect of a nuclear holocaust was all too real. With the demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, that threat to civilization as we know it had receded. But today we face a grave new danger, the acquisition of nuclear weapons by hostile or unstable governments and terrorists. What can and should we be doing to meet this challenge and prevent the world's most dangerous weapons from falling into very dangerous hands? Are there any reasons for us to still retain thousands of nuclear warheads in our arsenals? What are they for? Can we rekindle the bold vision of a world free of nuclear weapons that President Reagan and General Secretary Gorbachev brought to their remarkable summit meeting at Reykjavik twenty years ago, and define practical steps toward achieving such a goal?

"All in the Day's Work": Cold War Doctoring and Its Discontents in William Burroughs's Naked Lunch.

PubMed

Jarvis, Michael

In Naked Lunch, the institutions and practices of science and medicine, specifically with regard to psychiatry/psychology, are symptoms of a bureaucratic system of control that shapes, constructs, defines, and makes procrustean alterations to both the mind and body of human subjects. Using sickness and junk (or heroin) as convenient metaphors for both a Cold War binary mentality and the mandatory consumption of twentieth-century capitalism, Burroughs presents modern man as fundamentally alienated from any sense of a personal self. Through policing the health of citizens, the doctors are some of the novel's most overt "Senders," or agents of capital-C Control, commodifying and exploiting the individual's humanity (mind and body) as a raw material in the generation of a knowledge that functions only in the legitimation and reinforcement of itself as authoritative.

The IGY and the Satellite Race: A Reconsideration of a Cold War Crisis that Never Should Have Been

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Launius, R. D.

2006-05-01

In October 1957 the Soviet Union launched the first Earth-circling artificial satellite and the crisis that resulted led to numerous actions in the United States aimed at "remediating" a Cold War crisis. This included the establishment of a separate civilian space agency charged with the conduct of an official program of scientific and technological space exploration, consolidation of Department of Defense space activities, the passage of the National Defense Education Act, the creation of a Presidential Science Advisor, and a host of lesser actions. The politics of these changes is fascinating, and has been interpreted as an appropriate political response to a unique crisis situation. Interest groups, all for differing reasons, prodded national leaders to undertake large-scale efforts, something the president thought unnecessarily expensive and once set in place impossible to dismantle. But was the Sputnik crisis truly a crisis in any real sense? Was it made into one by interest groups who used it for their own ends? This paper will trace briefly some of the major themes associated with the IGY and Sputnik and describe the political construction of the crisis as it emerged in 1957- 1958. It will also discuss something about the transformation of federal science and technology that took place in the aftermath of the "crisis" and how it set in train a series of processes and policies that did not unravel until the end of the Cold War.

Graphical methods and Cold War scientific practice: the Stommel Diagram's intriguing journey from the physical to the biological environmental sciences.

PubMed

Vance, Tiffany C; Doel, Ronald E

2010-01-01

In the last quarter of the twentieth century, an innovative three-dimensional graphical technique was introduced into biological oceanography and ecology, where it spread rapidly. Used to improve scientists' understanding of the importance of scale within oceanic ecosystems, this influential diagram addressed biological scales from phytoplankton to fish, physical scales from diurnal tides to ocean currents, and temporal scales from hours to ice ages. Yet the Stommel Diagram (named for physical oceanographer Henry Stommel, who created it in 1963) had not been devised to aid ecological investigations. Rather, Stommel intended it to help plan large-scale research programs in physical oceanography, particularly as Cold War research funding enabled a dramatic expansion of physical oceanography in the 1960s. Marine ecologists utilized the Stommel Diagram to enhance research on biological production in ocean environments, a key concern by the 1970s amid growing alarm about overfishing and ocean pollution. Before the end of the twentieth century, the diagram had become a significant tool within the discipline of ecology. Tracing the path that Stommel's graphical techniques traveled from the physical to the biological environmental sciences reveals a great deal about practices in these distinct research communities and their relative professional and institutional standings in the Cold War era. Crucial to appreciating the course of that path is an understanding of the divergent intellectual and social contexts of the physical versus the biological environmental sciences.

The phytotronist and the phenotype: plant physiology, Big Science, and a Cold War biology of the whole plant.

PubMed

Munns, David P D

2015-04-01

This paper describes how, from the early twentieth century, and especially in the early Cold War era, the plant physiologists considered their discipline ideally suited among all the plant sciences to study and explain biological functions and processes, and ranked their discipline among the dominant forms of the biological sciences. At their apex in the late-1960s, the plant physiologists laid claim to having discovered nothing less than the "basic laws of physiology." This paper unwraps that claim, showing that it emerged from the construction of monumental big science laboratories known as phytotrons that gave control over the growing environment. Control meant that plant physiologists claimed to be able to produce a standard phenotype valid for experimental biology. Invoking the standards of the physical sciences, the plant physiologists heralded basic biological science from the phytotronic produced phenotype. In the context of the Cold War era, the ability to pursue basic science represented the highest pinnacle of standing within the scientific community. More broadly, I suggest that by recovering the history of an underappreciated discipline, plant physiology, and by establishing the centrality of the story of the plant sciences in the history of biology can historians understand the massive changes wrought to biology by the conceptual emergence of the molecular understanding of life, the dominance of the discipline of molecular biology, and the rise of biotechnology in the 1980s. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Moral Education and Post-War Societies: The Peruvian Case

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frisancho, Susana; Reategui, Felix

2009-01-01

This article analyses the unique challenges and needs of moral and citizenship education in post-war Peruvian society. It assumes the explanation of the roots, the facts and the enduring negative consequences of violence as described in the final report of the Comision de la Verdad y Reconciliacion (CVR) [Truth and Reconciliation Commission]…

Psychosocial Adjustment in Siblings of Children with War-Related Injuries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Khamis, Vivian

2013-01-01

The study assessed the prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic symptomatology and emotional and behavioral difficulties in siblings of children who incurred war-related injuries. It was predicted that injury severity, gender and attributional style would account for a significant amount of the variance in post-traumatic stress symptoms and…

Continuity and Change in Disaster Education in Japan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kitagawa, Kaori

2015-01-01

This article aims to describe post-war continuity and change in disaster education in Japan. Preparedness for natural disasters has been a continuous agenda in Japan for geographical and meteorological reasons, and disaster education has been practised in both formal and informal settings. Post-war disaster management and education have taken a…

Student Life Transformed: A Post-World War Two Institutional Case Study of St. Francis Xavier University.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cameron, James D.

2003-01-01

Provides an institutional case study of St. Francis Xavier University in Nova Scotia, a church-related college, regarding how post-World War II social trends reconfigured Canadian universities and substantially altered the undergraduate experience. Found that rising enrollments, physical plant expansion, faculty laicization, the campaign for…

Language Situation in Post-War Sudan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Siddiek, Ahmed Gumaa

2010-01-01

The theme behind this paper is to review the language policy and language planning in the Sudan, after the institutionalization of peace; by exploring the recent policy of political factions in the North and the South towards languages in post-war Sudan. This effort aims at encouraging non-Arabic speaking-ethnic-groups to accept the Arabic…

The Hegemony of English in Science and Technology.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kaplan, Robert B.

A discussion of the dominant role of English in international science and technology looks at the interplay of several factors occurring during the post-World War II period: (1) imposition of English on the post-war world by the English-speaking victors (Britain, United States, Australia, New Zealand); (2) development of the first international…

Impunity: Countering Illicit Power in War and Transition

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-01

Post -Conflict: The Lessons from Timor-Leste..........347 Deniz Kocak CHAPTER 17 A Granular Approach to Combating Corruption and Illicit Power Structures...transregional security,” and central to our task “is strengthening our global network of allies and partners.”4 In the current post -“Big Footprint” era...after the post -2001 political settlement, which was built on the distribution of political power between factions formed during the country’s civil war

Americas First: Shared Visions and Shared Threats

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-25

increased rural poverty and increases in endemic diseases like malaria and dengue fever .19 Surely the U.S. stands to be negatively impacted by the first...mature states in the region , such as Brazil , Mexico or Chile, together with the Organization of American States, step up to support Colombia...for both parties. Prosecution of the long Cold War and Drug War in the region , when the U.S. too hastily or austerely transitioned from a military focus

Bearing Capacity Tests on Ice Reinforced With Geogrid

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-12-01

reinforce an ice bridge on rivers, lakes and oceans every winter in cold re- the Imjin River in Korea; Carnes (1964) reports that gions around the...increased the flexural aircraft in World War U. Although this "Pykrete," strength up to 31%. Creep tests on ice beams with as it was called, never was used...The Second World War , Clos- CONCLUSIONS ing the Ring, vol. 5. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, pp. 75-76. Thebearingcapacity testsconductedinCRREL’s

Army Communicator. Volume 33, Number 1, Winter 2008

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

1983, with the Cold War still going strong, a movie called “War Games” de- picted an eccentric computer hacker named David Lightman, played by Matthew...After an abbreviated, but successful, reception and staging operations, including another small COMMEX, in the “dustbowl;” the Regiment began a phased...stationed at Fort Riley Kan., STB 3HBCT 1AR Division. JNN training: 25Q, PFC Logan Davis, tests his knowledge on a Ku satellite transportable trailer

Managing Risk in USAF Force Planning

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

Magnitudes of Damage to U.S. National Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx 2.1. Tree Diagram to Support a Decision to Invest in a New Capability...insurgency (COIN) that it had developed. Europe once again became the top priority for invest- ment. Major new conventional (e.g., F-15, F-16, F-14, M-1...works of interest are John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History, New York: Penguin, 2006; and John Prados, Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Defense & Arms Control Studies Program

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-01-01

can we offer those in government who formulate national policy? For what wars should American forces prepare? How should defense firms think about their...Haitis or was our withdrawal from Somalia the start of a trend toward isolationism? How big should the defense budget be and what should be its...and I are often asked to identify the strategy the United States should adopt now that the Cold War has become a fast fading memory. What guidance

Projected Costs of U.S. Nuclear Forces, 2017 to 2026

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-02-01

CBO FEBRUARY 2017 Projected Costs of U.S. Nuclear Forces, 2017 to 2026 Nuclear weapons have been a cornerstone of U.S. national security since they...were developed during World War II. In the Cold War, nuclear forces were central to U.S. defense policy, resulting in the buildup of a large...arsenal. Since that time, nuclear forces have figured less prominently than conventional forces, and the United States has not built any new nuclear

Parameters: US Army War College Quarterly. Volume 21. Number 1. Spring 1991

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-01

continuing deterrence and immediate crisis response. Notwithstanding the dramatic growth in US trade in the Pacific Basin, with a corresponding increase ...warning time or, as I would prefer to call it, "available response time," is truly increasing with respect to any future conflict in Europe, that fact...posture, readiness levels, and other Cold War defense burdens. Increased warning time will be a curse, however, if it lulls us and our alliance partners

Neurologic sequelae of deficiency diseases in World War II prisoners of war: Extracts from a videographic narrative.

PubMed

Kumar, Neeraj; Boes, Christopher J; Vilensky, Joel

2010-03-01

This report aims at bringing attention to still frames from a film that provides a videographic narrative of neurologic deficiency diseases in post World War II prisoners of war. An abbreviated version of the original film is provided as Supplementary material. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The social nature of the mother's tie to her child: John Bowlby's theory of attachment in post-war America.

PubMed

Vicedo, Marga

2011-09-01

This paper examines the development of British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby's views and their scientific and social reception in the United States during the 1950s. In a 1951 report for the World Health Organization Bowlby contended that the mother is the child's psychic organizer, as observational studies of children worldwide showed that absence of mother love had disastrous consequences for children's emotional health. By the end of the decade Bowlby had moved from observational studies of children in hospitals to animal research in order to support his thesis that mother love is a biological need. I examine the development of Bowlby's views and their scientific and social reception in the United States during the 1950s, a central period in the evolution of his views and in debates about the social implications of his work. I argue that Bowlby's view that mother love was a biological need for children influenced discussions about the desirability of mothers working outside the home during the early Cold War. By claiming that the future of a child's mind is determined by her mother's heart, Bowlby's argument exerted an unusually strong emotional demand on mothers and had powerful implications for the moral valuation of maternal care and love.

Media triggers of post-traumatic stress disorder 50 years after the Second World War.

PubMed

Hilton, C

1997-08-01

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may present many years after the original trauma. Case studies of two elderly patients are described. Both had experienced life-threatening combat situations and witnessed intense suffering during the Second World War. Marked distress was triggered by the media commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the end of the war. PTSD patients often avoid talking of their traumatic experiences because of associated distress. Without taking a military and trauma history from elderly patients the diagnosis is likely to be missed.

The Collision of Romanticism and Modernism in Post-World War II American Cinema: A Theoretical Defense of Intellectual History in the Undergraduate Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ferris, Daniel Hunter

2013-01-01

The post-World War II era in the United States, which ran from 1945 to 1970, has long been divided into two distinct periods; the late 1940s and 1950s and the 1960s. Out of this separation has come a view of the late 1940s and 1950s as a time dominated by a conservative conformist culture that did little to rival pre-war norms. On the other hand,…

Turning nuclear waste into glass

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pegg, Ian L.

2015-02-15

Vitrification has emerged as the treatment option of choice for the most dangerous radioactive waste. But dealing with the nuclear waste legacy of the Cold War will require state-of-the-art facilities and advanced glass formulations.

1. General oblique view of north and east sides, view ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. General oblique view of north and east sides, view to southwest, showing main loading docks - Fort Hood, World War II Temporary Buildings, Cold Storage Building, Seventeenth Street, Killeen, Bell County, TX

21. Detail of typical refrigeration unit in the southwest corner ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

21. Detail of typical refrigeration unit in the southwest corner of the fruit and vegetable storage room - Fort Hood, World War II Temporary Buildings, Cold Storage Building, Seventeenth Street, Killeen, Bell County, TX

2. General oblique view of north loading dock showing loading ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. General oblique view of north loading dock showing loading docks with doors opening into refrigerated rooms - Fort Hood, World War II Temporary Buildings, Cold Storage Building, Seventeenth Street, Killeen, Bell County, TX

Intimate partner violence in the post-war context: Women’s experiences and community leaders’ perceptions in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka

PubMed Central

Guruge, Sepali; Ford-Gilboe, Marilyn; Varcoe, Colleen; Jayasuriya-Illesinghe, Vathsala; Ganesan, Mahesan; Sivayogan, Sivagurunathan; Kanthasamy, Parvathy; Shanmugalingam, Pushparani; Vithanarachchi, Hemamala

2017-01-01

Background Exposure to armed conflict and/or war have been linked to an increase in intimate partner violence (IPV) against women. A substantial body of work has focused on non-partner rape and sexual violence in war and post-war contexts, but research about IPV is limited, particularly in Asian settings. This paper presents the finding of a study conducted in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. The study explored women’s experiences of and responses to IPV as well as how health and social service providers perceive the problem. It also explored the IPV-related services and supports available after the end of a 30-year civil war. Method We conducted in-depth, qualitative interviews with 15 women who had experienced IPV and 15 service providers who were knowledgeable about IPV in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. Interviews were translated into English, coded and organized using NVivo8, and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results Participants described IPV as a widespread but hidden problem. Women had experienced various forms of abusive and controlling behaviours, some of which reflect the reality of living in the post-war context. The psychological effects of IPV were common, but were often attributed to war-related trauma. Some men used violence to control women and to reinstate power when their gender roles were reversed or challenged due to war and post-war changes in livelihoods. While some service providers perceived an increase in awareness about IPV and more services to address it, this was discordant with women’s fears, feelings of oppression, and perception of a lack of redress from IPV within a highly militarized and ethnically-polarized society. Most women did not consider leaving an abusive relationship to be an option, due to realistic fears about their vulnerability to community violence, the widespread social norms that would cast them as outsiders, and the limited availability of related services and supports. Implications These findings revealed the need for more research about IPV in post-war contexts. Women’s experiences in such contexts are influenced and may be masked by a complex set of factors that intersect to produce IPV and entrap women in violence. A more nuanced understanding of the context-specific issues that shape women’s experiences of IPV- and community responses to it—is needed to develop more comprehensive solutions that are relevant to the local context. PMID:28362862

Intimate partner violence in the post-war context: Women's experiences and community leaders' perceptions in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka.

PubMed

Guruge, Sepali; Ford-Gilboe, Marilyn; Varcoe, Colleen; Jayasuriya-Illesinghe, Vathsala; Ganesan, Mahesan; Sivayogan, Sivagurunathan; Kanthasamy, Parvathy; Shanmugalingam, Pushparani; Vithanarachchi, Hemamala

2017-01-01

Exposure to armed conflict and/or war have been linked to an increase in intimate partner violence (IPV) against women. A substantial body of work has focused on non-partner rape and sexual violence in war and post-war contexts, but research about IPV is limited, particularly in Asian settings. This paper presents the finding of a study conducted in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. The study explored women's experiences of and responses to IPV as well as how health and social service providers perceive the problem. It also explored the IPV-related services and supports available after the end of a 30-year civil war. We conducted in-depth, qualitative interviews with 15 women who had experienced IPV and 15 service providers who were knowledgeable about IPV in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. Interviews were translated into English, coded and organized using NVivo8, and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Participants described IPV as a widespread but hidden problem. Women had experienced various forms of abusive and controlling behaviours, some of which reflect the reality of living in the post-war context. The psychological effects of IPV were common, but were often attributed to war-related trauma. Some men used violence to control women and to reinstate power when their gender roles were reversed or challenged due to war and post-war changes in livelihoods. While some service providers perceived an increase in awareness about IPV and more services to address it, this was discordant with women's fears, feelings of oppression, and perception of a lack of redress from IPV within a highly militarized and ethnically-polarized society. Most women did not consider leaving an abusive relationship to be an option, due to realistic fears about their vulnerability to community violence, the widespread social norms that would cast them as outsiders, and the limited availability of related services and supports. These findings revealed the need for more research about IPV in post-war contexts. Women's experiences in such contexts are influenced and may be masked by a complex set of factors that intersect to produce IPV and entrap women in violence. A more nuanced understanding of the context-specific issues that shape women's experiences of IPV- and community responses to it-is needed to develop more comprehensive solutions that are relevant to the local context.

War exposure and post-traumatic stress as predictors of Portuguese colonial war veterans' physical health.

PubMed

Maia, Angela; McIntyre, Teresa; Pereira, M Graça; Ribeiro, Eugènia

2011-05-01

The relationship between war exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been largely investigated but the impact of the combat experience on physical health has only recently merited attention. The authors investigated the relationship between war exposure and psychological and physical health among 350 Portuguese colonial war veterans. The role of current PTSD symptoms as a mediator of these relationships was also investigated. The results showed that 39% of the veterans met criteria for current PTSD diagnosis and psychological distress was present in half of the sample. Pain, fatigue, and sleep problems were the most reported physical symptoms and mental health and gastro-intestinal problems, the most reported illnesses. Combat exposure variables were significant predictors of current health. The results indicated that veterans with higher exposure to war trauma maintained higher current levels of psychological distress and presented more physical health problems and physical symptoms than those less exposed. Mediation analyses showed that current PTSD was a full mediator of the relationship between war exposure and physical health outcomes.

Aspects of Education for Democratic Citizenship in Post-War Germany

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Phillips, David

2012-01-01

Interest in post-crisis education and concomitantly in education for democracy and citizenship, manifest in a large number of recent initiatives and publications, provides an opportunity to revisit the period of occupation in Germany after the Second World War, when there was concern--at least in the Western Zones--to create an awareness of the…

Lebanese Youth Narratives: A Bleak Post-War Landscape

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Khalaf, Roseanne Saad

2014-01-01

To identify the themes that define the lives of a generation living in a conflict-ridden post-war society, I explore the changing views of Lebanese students through an analysis of the personal narrative texts that they created during my creative writing workshops over a 16-year period (1997-2012). Increasingly, young Lebanese feel trapped in a…